![](media/image1.png){width="6.513888888888889in"
height="0.8798611111111111in"}**Bibliography of Literature on**

**Seabirds as Indicators of the Marine Environment**

January 2006

Prepared by:

Ann M. A. Harding, John F. Piatt and William J. Sydeman

*Background and purpose*: We can observe seabirds at sea and study them
at their colonies with relative ease, and so quantify many aspects of
seabird behavior and biology. Seabirds forage over a wide range of
marine habitats, and therefore serve as sensitive and cost-effective
indicators of the health and status of marine ecosystems. Because of
this, the North Pacific Research Board (NPRB,
[http://www.nprb.org/)](http://www.nprb.org/) ) called for a synthesis
of the current state of knowledge of seabirds as indicators of marine
ecosystems and change in the North Pacific. To meet that request, we are
working with our colleagues to: 1) review literature on seabirds as
indicators, 2) hold a symposium to consolidate current knowledge about
seabirds as indicators and publish those findings, and, 3) to
incorporate the results of the symposium into a cost-effective research
and monitoring plan for the NPRB that identifies species and parameters
best suited for long-term study and most likely to be useful indicators
of ecosystem status and change in the North Pacific. This bibliography
comprises our effort to review literature on seabirds as indicators, and
make it available as a bibliography for use in preparing products from
the symposium and to locate reference material for the NPRB research
plan.

*Organization:* Citations in this bibliography are organized into four
main sections. First are papers that deal specifically or largely with
using seabirds as indicators of some aspect of the marine environment.
Following that are citations organized loosely into three categories of
papers that deal with seabirds as indicators of the forage base, habitat
or climate change. The bulk of these papers are not about seabirds as
indicators *per se*, but represent good examples of studies in which
aspects of seabird ecology provide insight into changes in the marine
environment. In other words, examples where seabirds are *actually*
*used* as indicators. This bibliography was created by searching several
online databases for indicator-type papers, and by searching through our
personal libraries. While the list of papers on using seabirds as
indicators is fairly complete, the list of papers which illustrate how
seabirds are used as indicators is by no means exhaustive and deals
mostly with studies conducted during the past 20 years or so.

*Recommended citation*: Harding, A.M., J.F. Piatt and W.J. Sydeman.
2005. Bibliography of literature on seabirds as indicators of the marine
environment. USGS Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska. 20 pp.
<http://alaska.usgs.gov/science/biology/seabirds_foragefish/sai/>

A ProCite version of this bibliography is also available at the above
web site.

**1. Seabirds as Indicators**

*Literature specifically about using seabirds as indicators of the
marine environment*

Adams, N. J., P. J. Seddon, and Y. M. Vanheezik. 1992. Monitoring of
seabirds in the Benguela upwelling system - can seabirds be used as
indicators and predictors of change in the marine-environment. South
African Journal of Marine Science 12: 959-974.

Ainley, D. G., W. J. Sydeman, and J. Norton. 1995. Upper trophic level
predators indicate interannual negative and positive anomalies in the
California current food web. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 118: 69-79.

Barrett, R. T. 2002. Atlantic puffin *Fratercula arctica* and common
guillemot *Uria aalge* chick diet and growth as indicators of fish
stocks in the Barents Sea. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 230: 275-287.

Boersma, P. D. 1986. Ingestion of petroleum by seabirds can serve as a
monitor of water quality. Science 231(4736): 373-376.

Bost, C. A., and Y. Lemaho. 1993. Seabirds as bio-indicators of changing
marine ecosystems - new perspectives. Acta Oecologica-International
Journal of Ecology 14(3): 463-470.

Cairns, D. K. 1992. Bridging the gap between ornithology and fisheries
science: use of seabird data in stock assessment models. Condor. 94(4):
811-824.

Cairns, D. K. 1988. Seabirds as indicators of marine food supplies.
Biological Oceanography. 5(4): 261-271.

Camphuysen, K. 1998. Beached bird surveys indicate decline in chronic
oil pollution in the North Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 36(7):
519-526.

Carscadden, J. E. 2005. Did signals from seabirds indicate changes in
capelin biology during the 1990s? - comment on Davoren & Montevecchi
(2003). Marine Ecology-Progress Series 285: 289-297.

Cherel, Y., and H. Weimerskirch. 1995. Seabirds as indicators of marine
resources: black-browed albatrosses feeding on ommastrephid squids in
Kerguelen waters. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 129(1-3): 295-300.

Dale, V. H., and S. C. Beyeler. 2001. Challenges in the development and
use of ecological indicators. Ecological Indicators 1: 3-10.

Davoren, G. K., and W. A. Montevecchi. 2005. Did signals from seabirds
indicate changes in capelin biology? - reply to Carscadden (2004).
Marine Ecology-Progress Series 285: 299-309.

Davoren, G. K., and W. A. Montevecchi. 2003. Signals from seabirds
indicate changing biology of capelin stocks. Marine Ecology-Progress
Series 258: 253-261.

Dearborn, D. C., A. D. Anders, and E. N. Flint. 2001. Trends in
reproductive success of Hawaiian seabirds: is guild membership a good
criterion for choosing indicator species? Biological Conservation
101(1): 97-103.

Diamond, A. W., and C. M. Devlin. 2003. Seabirds as indicators of
changes in marine ecosystems: ecological monitoring on Machias Seal
Island. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 88: 153-175.

Furness, R. W., and C. J. Camphuysen. 1997. Seabirds as monitors of the
marine environment. Ices Journal of Marine Science 54(4): 726-737.

Gill, V. A., S. A. Hatch, and R. B. Lanctot. 2002. Sensitivity of
breeding parameters to food supply in black-legged kittiwakes *Rissa
tridactyla*. Ibis 144: 268-283.

Gjerdrum, C., A. M. J. Vallée, C. C. St. Clair, D. F. Bertram, and J. L.
Ryder. 2003. Tufted puffin reproduction reveals ocean climate
variability. Ecology 100(16): 9377-9382.

Gray, C. M., R. A. Phillips, and K. C. Hamer. 2003. Non-random nestling
mortality in northern fulmars: implications for monitoring marine
environments. Journal of Zoology 259: 109-113.

Hatch, S. A., and G. A. Sanger. 1992. Puffins as samples of juvenile
pollock and other forage fish in the Gulf of Alaska. Marine
Ecology-Progress Series 80: 1-14.

Kushlan, J. A. 1993. Colonial waterbirds as bioindicators of
environmental-change. Colonial Waterbirds 16(2): 223-251.

Lanctot, R. B., S. A. Hatch, V. A. Gill, and M. Eens. 2003. Are
corticosterone levels a good indicator of food availability and
reproductive performance in a kittiwake colony? Hormones and Behavior
43: 489-502.

Le Corre, M., and S. Jaquemet. 2005. Assessment of the seabird community
of the Mozambique Channel and its potential use as an indicator of tuna
abundance. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 63(3): 421-428.

Lemaho, Y., J. P. Gendner, E. Challet, C. A. Bost, J. Gilles, C. Verdon,
C. Plumere, J. P. Robin, and Y. Handrich. 1993. Undisturbed breeding
penguins as indicators of changes in marine resources. Marine
Ecology-Progress Series 95(1-2): 1-6.

Miller, G. D., and L. S. Davis. 1993. Foraging flexibility of Adelie
penguins *Pygoscelis Adeliae* - consequences for an indicator Species.
Biological Conservation 63(3): 223-230.

Monaghan, P., J. D. Uttley, and J. D. Okill. 1989. Terns and sandeels -
seabirds as indicators of changes in marine fish populations. Journal of
Fish Biology 35: 339-340.

Montevecchi, W. A., and R. A. Myers. 1996. Dietary changes of seabirds
indicate shifts in pelagic food webs. Sarsia 80(4): 313-322.

Montevecchi, W. A., and R. A. Myers. 1995. Prey harvests of seabirds
reflect pelagic fish and squid abundance on multiple spatial and
temporal scales. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 117(1-3): 1-9.

Parrish, J. K., and S. G. Zador. 2003. Seabirds as indicators: An
exploratory analysis of physical forcing in the Pacific Northwest
coastal environment. Estuaries 26: 1044-1057.

Regehr, H. M., and W. A. Montevecchi. 1997. Interactive effects of food
shortage and predation on breeding failure of black-legged kittiwakes:
Indirect effects of fisheries activities and implications for indicator
species. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 155: 249-260.

Reid, K., J. P. Croxall, D. R. Briggs, and E. J. Murphy. 2005. Antarctic
ecosystem monitoring: quantifying the response of ecosystem indicators
to variability in Antarctic Krill. Ices Journal of Marine Science 62(3):
366-373.

Robards, M. D., P. J. Gould, and J. F. Piatt. 1997. The highest global
concentrations and increased abundance of oceanic plastic debris in the
North Pacific: evidence from seabirds. Pages 71-80 in J. M. Coe and D.
B. Rogers, editors. Marine Debris. Springer-Verlag , New York, USA.

Rogers, S. I., and B. Greenaway. 2005. A UK perspective on the
development of marine ecosystem indicators. Marine Pollution Bulletin
50: 9-19.

Ryan, P. G., and M. W. Fraser. 1988. The use of great skua pellets as
indicators of plastic pollution in seabirds. Emu 88: 16-19.

Tasker, M. L., and R. W. Furness. 2003. Seabirds as monitors of the
marine environment. ICES Cooperative Research Report. Copenhagen.

Thompson, D. R., R. W. Furness, and P. M. Walsh. 1992. Historical
changes in mercury concentrations in the marine ecosystem of the North
and North-East Atlantic-Ocean as indicated by seabird feathers. Journal
of Applied Ecology 29(1): 79-84.

Thompson, D. R., F. M. Stewart, and R. W. Furness. 1990. Using seabirds
to monitor mercury in marine environments. The validity of conversion
ratios for tissue comparisons. Marine Pollution Bulletin 21: 339-342.

van Franeker, J. A. 1992 . Top predators as indicators for ecosystem
events in the confluence zone and marginal ice zone of the Weddell and
Scotia Seas, Antarctica, November 1988 to January 1989. Polar Biology
12(1): 93-102.

Velarde, E., M. S. Tordesillas, L. Vieyra, and R. Esquivel. 1994.
Seabirds as indicators of important fish populations in The Gulf of
California. Reports of California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries
Investigations 35: 137-143.

Vermeer, K. 1976. Colonial auks and eiders as potential indicators of
oil pollution. Marine Pollution Bulletin 7(6): 165-167.

Walsh, P. M. 1990. The use of seabirds as monitors of heavy metals in
the marine environment. Pages 183-204 in R. W. Furness and P. S.
Rainbow, editors CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (USA).

Weimerskirch, H., P. Inchausti, C. Guinet, and C. Barbraud. 2003. Trends
in bird and seal populations as indicators of a system shift in the
Southern Ocean. Antarctic Science 15(2): 249-256.

Williams, T. D., and J. P. Croxall. 1990. Is chick fledging weight a
good index of food availability in seabird populations? Oikos 59(3):
414-416.

Wilson, R. P., D. Grémillet, J. Syder, M. A. M. Kierspel, S. G. Garthe,
H. Weimerskirch, C. Schäfer-Neth, J. A. Scolaro, C.-A. Bost , J. Plötz,
and D. Nel. 2002. Remote-sensing systems and seabirds: their use, abuse
and potential for measuring marine environmental variables. Marine
Ecology-Progress Series 228: 241-261.

2\. Seabirds as Indicators of the Forage Base

*(a) indicator of forage base characteristics like community*

*composition, diversity, size, energy value, etc.*

Abraham, C. L., and W. J. Sydeman. In Press. Prey-switching by Cassin\'s
auklet *Ptychoramphus aleuticus* reveals the seasonal cycle of
*Euphausia pacifica* and *Thysanoessa spinifera* relative to ocean
climate in the Gulf of the Farallones, California. Marine
Ecology-Progress Series .

Baillie, S. M., and I. L. Jones. 2004. Response of Atlantic puffins to a
decline in capelin abundance at the Gannet Islands, Labrador. Waterbirds
27(1): 102-111.

Ballance, L. T., R. L. Pitman, and S. B. Reilly. 1997. Seabird community
structure along a productivity gradient: importance of competition and
energetic constraint. Ecology 78(5): 1502-1518.

Bryant, R., I. L. Jones, and J. M. Hipfner. 1999. Responses to changes
in prey availability by common murres and thick-billed murres at the
Gannet Islands, Labrador. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: 1278-1287.

Bunce, A. 2004. Do dietary changes of Australasian gannets (*Morus
serrator*) reflect variability in pelagic fish stocks? Wildlife Research
31(4): 383-387.

Carscadden, J. E., W. A. Montevecchi, G. K. Davoren, and B. S.
Nakashima. 2002. Trophic relationships among capelin (*Mallotus
villosus*) and seabirds in a changing ecosystem. Ices Journal of Marine
Science 59(5): 1027-1033.

Croxall, J. P., K. Reid, and P. A. Prince. 1999. Diet, provisioning and
productivity responses of marine predators to differences in
availability of Antarctic Krill. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 177:
115-131.

Davoren, G. K. 2000. Variability in foraging in response to changing
prey distributions in rhinoceros auklets. Marine Ecology-Progress Series
198: 283-291.

Hill, H. J., P. N. Nathan, J. P. Croxall, and J. L. Watkins. 1996. A
comparison of Antarctic krill *Euphausia superba* caught by nets and
taken by Macaroni penguins *Eudyptes chrysolophus:* evidence for
selection? Marine Ecology-Progress Series 140: 1-11.

Kakela, R., A. Kakela, S. Kahle, P. H. Becker, A. Kelly, and R. W.
Furness. 2005. Fatty acid signatures in plasma of captive herring gulls
as indicators of demersal or pelagic fish diet. Marine Ecology-Progress
Series 293: 191-200.

Litzow, M. A., J. F. Piatt, A. K. Prichard, and D. D. Roby. 2002.
Response of pigeon guillemots to variable abundance of high-lipid and
low-lipid prey. Oecologia 132(2): 286-295.

Sydeman, W. J., K. A. Hobson, P. Pyle, and E. B. McClaren. 1997. Trophic
relationships among seabirds in Central California: Combined stable
isotope and conventional dietary approach. The Condor 99: 327-336.

Wanless, S., M. P. Harris, P. Redman, and J. R. Speakman. 2005. Low
energy values of fish as a probable cause of a major seabird breeding
failure in the North Sea. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 294: 1-8.

Wanless, S., P. J. Wright, M. P. Harris, and D. A. Elston. 2004.
Evidence for decrease in size of lesser sandeels *Ammodytes marinus* in
a North Sea aggregation over a 30-yr period. Marine Ecology-Progress
Series 279: 237-246.

*(b) indicator of forage base relationships, prediction of stock size,*

*functional/numerical responses, ecosystem dynamics*

Abraham, C. L., and W. J. Sydeman. 2004. Ocean climate, euphausiids and
auklet nesting: inter-annual trends and variation in phenology, diet and
growth of a planktivorous seabird, *Ptychoramphus aleuticus*. Marine
Ecology-Progress Series 274: 235-250.

Barrett, R. T., and Y. V. Krasnov. 1996. Recent responses to changes in
stocks of prey species by seabirds breeding in the southern Barents Sea.
Ices Journal of Marine Science 53(4): 713-722.

Burger, A. E., and J. F. Piatt. 1990. Flexible time budgets in breeding
common murres: buffers against variable prey abundance. Studies of Avian
Biology 14: 71-83.

Durant, J. M., T. Anker-Nilssen, and N. C. Stenseth. 2003. Trophic
interactions under climate fluctuations: the Atlantic puffin as an
example. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological
Sciences 270(1523): 1461-1466.

Frederiksen, M., S. Wanless, P. Rothery, and L. J. Wilson. 2004. The
role of industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of
North Sea black-legged kittiwakes. Journal of Applied Ecology 41(6):
1129-1139.

Frederiksen, M., P. J. H. M. P. Wright, R. A. Mavor, M. Heubeck, and S.
Wanless. 2005. Regional patterns of kittiwakes *Rissa tridactyla*
breeding success are related to variability in sandeel recruitment.
Marine Ecology-Progress Series 300: 201-211.

Furness, R. W., and R. T. Barrett. 1991. Seabirds and fish declines.
Research & Exploration 7(1): 82-95.

Furness, R. W., and M. L. Tasker. 2000. Seabird-fishery interactions:
quantifying the sensitivity of seabirds to reductions in sandeel
abundance, and identification of key areas for sensitive seabirds in the
North Sea. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 202: 253-264.

Gaston, A. J., K. Woo, and J. M. Hipfner. 2003. Trends in forage fish
populations in northern Hudson Bay since 1981, as determined from the
diet of nestling thick-billed murres *Uria lomvia*. Arctic 56(3):
227-233.

Grémillet, D., G. Kuntz, F. Delbart, M. Mellet, A. Kato, J. P. Robin, P.
E. Chaillon, J. P. Gendner, S. H. Lorentsen, and Y. Le Maho. 2004.
Linking the foraging performance of a marine predator to local prey
abundance. Functional Ecology 18(6): 793-801.

Hennicke, J. C., and B. M. Culik. 2005. Foraging performance and
reproductive success of Humboldt penguins in relation to prey
availability. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 296: 173-181.

Hislop, J. R. G., and M. P. Harris. 1983. Recent changes in the food of
young puffins *Fratercula arctica* on the Isle of May in relation to
fish stock*s*. Ibis 127: 234-239.

Houston, A. I. 2000. Prey size of single-prey loaders as an indicator of
prey abundance. Ecology Letters 3(1): 5-6.

Hunt, G. L. Jr. 1991. Occurrence of polar seabirds at sea in relation to
prey concentrations and oceanographic factors. Polar Research 10(2):
553-559.

Hunt, G. L. Jr, M. B. Decker, and A. S. Kitaysky. 1996. Fluctuations in
the Bering Sea ecosystem as reflected in the reproductive ecology and
diets of kittiwakes on the Pribilof Islands, 1975 to 1990. Pages 142-153
in S. P. R. Greenstreet and M. L. Tasker, editors. Aquatic Predators and
their Prey. Blackwell Sciences Ltd., London.

Kitaysky, A. S., J. C. Wingfield, and J. F. Piatt. 1999. Dynamics of
food availability, body condition and physiological stress response in
breeding black-legged kittiwakes. Functional Ecology 13: 577-584.

Litzow, M. A., J. F. Piatt, A. A. Abookire, A. K. Prichard, and M. D.
Robards. 2000. Monitoring temporal and spatial variability in sandeel
(*Ammodytes hexapterus*) abundance with pigeon guillemot (*Cepphus
columba*) diets. Ices Journal of Marine Science 57(4): 976-986.

Mills, J. L., T. Laidig, S. Ralston, and W. J. Sydeman. In Press. Top
predator diet as an indicator of pelagic juvenike rockfish (*Sebastes*
spp.) recruitment in the California Current System, with implications
for ecosystm-based fisheries management. Fisheries Oceanography .

Monaghan, P., P. Walton, S. Wanless, J. D. Uttley, and M. D. Burns.
1994. Effects of prey abundance on the foraging behaviour, diving
efficiency and time allocation of breeding guillemots *Uria aalge*. Ibis
136: 214-222.

Oka, N., N. Maruyama, and I. Skira. 1987. Chick growth and mortality of
short-tailed shearwaters in comparison with sooty shearwaters, as a
possible index of fluctuations of Australian krill abundance.
Proceedings of the NIPR Symposium on Polar Biology 1: 166-174.

Oro, D., E. Cam, R. Pradel, and A. Martinez-Abrain. 2004. Influence of
food availability on demography and local population dynamics in a
long-lived seabird. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series
B-Biological Sciences 271(1537): 387-396.

Oro, D., X. Ruiz, L. Jover, V. Pedrocchi, and González-solís. 1997.
Audouin\'s gull diet and adult time budget responses on changes in food
availability induced by commercial fisheries. Ibis 112: 242-255.

Piatt, J. F. 1990. Aggregative response of Common Murres and Atlantic
Puffins to their prey. Studies in Avian Biology 14: 36-51.

Poloczanska, E. S., R. M. Cook, G. D. Ruxton, and P. J. Wright. 2004.
Fishing vs. natural recruitment variation in sandeels as a cause of
seabird breeding failure at Shetland: a modelling approach. Ices Journal
of Marine Science 61(5): 788-797.

Reid, K., M. Sims, R. W. White, and K. W. Gillon. 2004. Spatial
distribution of predator/prey interactions in the Scotia Sea:
Implications for measuring predator/fisheries overlap. Deep-Sea Research
Part II-Topical Studies in Oceanography 51(12-13): 1383-1396.

Rindorf, A., S. Wanless, and M. P. Harris. 2000. Effects of changes in
sandeel availability on the reproductive output of seabirds. Marine
Ecology-Progress Series 202: 241-252.

Suryan, R. M., D. B. Irons, and J. Benson. 2000. Inter-annual variation
in diet and foraging effort of kittiwakes in relation to prey abundance.
Condor 102: 374-384.

Uttley, J. D., P. Walton, P. Monaghan, and G. Austin. 1994. The effects
of food abundance on breeding performance and adult time budgets of
guillemots *Uria aalge*. Ibis 136: 205-213.

Velarde, E., E. Ezcurra, M. A. Cisneros-Mato, and M. F. Lavín. 2004 .
Seabird ecology, El Nińo anomalies, and prediction of sardine fisheries
in the Gulf of California. Ecological Applications 14(2): 607-615.

Votier, S. C., R. W. Furness, S. Bearhop, J. E. Crane, R. W. G. Caldow,
P. Catry, K. Ensor, K. C. Hamer, A. V. Hudson, E. Kalmbach, N. I. Klomp,
S. Pfeiffer, R. A. Phillips, I. Prieto, and D. R. Thompson. 2004.
Changes in fisheries discard rates and seabird communities. Nature
427(6976): 727-730.

3\. Seabirds as Indicators of Habitat

*(a) indicator of oceanographic features, habitat quality, spatial
variability*

Barbraud, C., H. Weimerskirch, C. Guinet, and P. Jouventin. 2000. Effect
of sea-ice extent on adult survival of an Antarctic top predator: the
snow petrel *Pagodroma nivea*. Oecologia 125(4): 483-488.

Daunt, F., G. Peters, B. Scott, D. Gremillet, and S. Wanless. 2003.
Rapid-response recorders reveal interplay between marine physics and
seabird behaviour. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 255: 283-288.

Davoren, G. K., W. A. Montevecchi, and J. T. Anderson. 2003.
Distributional patterns of a marine bird and its prey: habitat selection
based on prey and conspecific behaviour. Marine Ecology-Progress Series
256: 229-242.

Hyrenbach, K. D., and R. R. Veit. 2003. Ocean warming and seabird
communities of the southern California Current System (1987-98):
Response at multiple temporal scales. Deep-Sea Research Part II-Topical
Studies in Oceanography 50(14-16): 2537-2565.

Piatt, J. F., and A. M. Springer. 2003. Advection, pelagic food webs,
and the biogeography of seabirds in Beringia. Marine Ornithology 31:
141-154.

Piatt, J. F., Wetzel/ J., K. Bell, A. DeGange, G. Balogh, G. Drew, T.
Geernaert, C. Ladd, and G. V. Byrd. 2005. Predictable hotspots and
foraging habitat of the endangered short-tailed albatross (*Phoebastria
albatrus*) in the North Pacific: implications for conservation. Deep Sea
Research.

Pinaud, D., Y. Cherel, and H. Weimerskirch. 2005. Effect of
environmental variability on habitat selection, diet, provisioning
behaviour and chick growth in yellow-nosed albatrosses. Marine
Ecology-Progress Series 298: 295-304.

Raymond, B., and E. J. Woehler. 2003. Predicting seabirds at sea in the
southern Indian Ocean. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 263: 275-285.

Ribic, C. A., D. G. Ainley, and L. B. Spear. 1997. Scale-related
seabird-environmental relationships in Pacific equatorial waters, with
reference to El Nińo Southern Oscillation Events. Marine
Ecology-Progress Series 156: 183-203.

Spear, L. B., L. T. Ballance, and D. G. Ainley. 2001. Response of
seabirds to thermal boundaries in the tropical Pacific: the thermocline
versus the equatorial front. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 219:
275-289.

Springer, A. M., J. F. Piatt, and G. Van Vliet. 1996. Sea birds as
proxies of marine habitats and food webs in the western Aleutian arc.
Fisheries Oceanography 5(1): 45-55.

Wanless, S., D. Grémillet, and M. P. Harris. 1998. Foraging activity and
performance of shags *Phalacrocorax aristotelis* in relation to
environmental charactersitics. Journal of Avian Biology 29: 49-54.

Weimerskirch, H., C. P. Doncaster, and F. Cuenotchaillet. 1994. Pelagic
seabirds and the marine environment - foraging patterns of wandering
albatrosses in relation to prey availability and distribution.
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences
255(1343): 91-97.

Wilson, P. R., D. G. Ainley, N. Nur, S. S. Jacobs, K. J. Barton, G.
Ballard, and J. C. Comiso. 2001. Adelie penguin population change in the
Pacific sector of Antarctica: relation to sea-ice extent and the
Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Marine Ecology-Progress Series 213:
301-309.

Yen, P. P. W., W. J. Sydeman, K. H. Morgan, and F. A. Whitney. 2005. Top
predator distribution and abundance across the eastern Gulf of Alaska:
Temporal variability and ocean habitat associations. Deep-Sea Research
II 52: 799-822.

Yen, P. P. W., W. J. Sydeman, and K. D. Hyrenbach. 2004. Marine bird and
cetacean associations with bathymetric habitats and shallow-water
topographies: Implications for trophic transfer and conservation.
Journal of Marine Systems 50: 79-99.

*(b) indicator of habitat degradation, oil pollution, contaminants,
plastics, etc.*

Barrett, R. T., J. U. Skaare, and G. W. Gabrielsen. 1996. Recent changes
in levels of persistent organochlorines and mercury in eggs of seabirds
from the Barents Sea. Environmental Pollution 92(1): 13-18.

Blais, J. M., L. E. Kimpe, D. McMahon, B. E. Keatley, M. L. Mallory, M.
S. V. Douglas, and J. P. Smol. 2005. Arctic seabirds transport
marine-derived contaminants. Science 309(5733): 445.

Bustnes, J. O., K. E. Erikstad, J. U. Skaare, V. Bakken, and F. Mehlum.
2003. Ecological effects of organochlorine pollutants in the Arctic: a
study of the glaucous gull. Ecological Applications 13(2): 504-515.

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