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*The American Beekeeping Federation, Inc.*

**TESTIMONY OF**

**DAVID MENDES**

**VICE PRESIDENT**

**AMERICAN BEEKEEPING FEDERATION, INC.**

**NORTH FORT MEYERS, FLORIDA**

**FOR THE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE**

**SUBCOMMITTEE ON**

**HORTRICULTURE AND ORGANIC AGRICULTURE**

**Hearing on the Status of Research on Pollinator Health**

**Including Colony Collapse Disorder in Honey Bee Colonies**

**U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES**

**JUNE 26, 2008**

**Chairman Cardoza and Members of the Subcommittee:**

Thank you for the opportunity to address you and the other members of
the Subcommittee who have continued to demonstrate your concern about
honey bee Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD). My name is David Mendes. I am
representing the American Beekeeping Federation, a national beekeepers
association of about 1,100 members in all 50 states. I hope to speak for
this organization and also to share with you my own personal
observations as a beekeeper in the field. I will try to keep my comments
brief and will be happy to answer any questions that you or the
Subcommittee may have.

I started keeping bees when I was in the seventh grade. By the time I
was in high school, I was in the bee business with over 300 hives. Today
I operate 7000+ hives from a base in Florida, with annual migration up
the East Coast to pollinate blueberries in Maine and cranberries in
Massachusetts. This past February I sent 15 tractor-trailer loads of
bees to California to pollinate almonds.

My experience with CCD started with a phone call from my good friend
Dave Hackenberg in November 2006. I was attending the California State
Beekeepers convention when Dave told me that something was very wrong
with his bees. I flew back to Florida a few days later and met with Dave
to look at the bees he was having problems with. Out of a load of over
400 hives he had brought to Florida from Pennsylvania in October, less
than 40 were still alive a few weeks later. Hackenberg went on to
discover that many of his other hives were also dying and by the end of
the year almost 70% of his hives were dead. This episode was the opening
chapter in the story of Colony Collapse Disorder. During that winter of
2006-2007 many other beekeepers experienced excessive hive mortality
resulting in over 30% hive loss nationwide. The winter of 2007-2008 has
been worse with some reports of over 37% loss nationwide.

I would like to be able to tell you that over the last 18 months we have
figured out the cause of CCD, but that would not be an accurate
statement. What I can tell you is that many beekeepers have a pretty
good idea of what is hurting their bees. I hope to share with you my
opinions on the problem and what we need to do about it. I need to
emphasize the frustration and in many cases desperation felt by
beekeepers that have watched large numbers of their bees die and felt
helpless to do anything about it. Beekeepers are not very good at asking
for help. We tend to be an independent and self-reliant bunch. But what
is happening now is different than anything that we have seen before,
and I am convinced that we will not solve this problem without a
significant research effort. So far, there has been tremendous media
coverage of CCD and a lot of talk about efforts to "solve" this problem,
but actual research money spent in the field has been very little. I
would encourage you to add up the dollars invested so far. You would be
amazed to know how little money has been made available for such a "big"
problem.

It is my opinion that CCD is more than just a beekeeping problem. There
is something in the environment that is making our bees "sick." It is
generally accepted that honey bees can be used as indicators of
environmental quality. The Defense Department has funded projects to use
honey bees to locate land mines and biological agents that may be used
in chemical warfare. I can direct you to people that are doing this
research. It is amazing that a honey bee can detect such low levels of
toxins even in the parts per billion range.

I participated in a project coordinated by Dennis VanEngelsdorp from the
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture to collect samples of bees, comb,
pollen, and honey from my hives from March 2007 to January 2008. The
purpose of this study was to monitor as many variables as possible in a
small sample of hives to see if any patterns emerge that can identify
factors causing hive mortality. Two other East Coast beekeepers were
also involved. For each of us 18 to 24 hives were selected and marked.
The goal was to take samples out of each hive each time they were moved
to a new location. Sampling began while the bees were in Florida citrus
groves and followed each beekeeper as they migrated up to the northern
crops they would pollinate. In my case, hives were sampled 7 times,
twice in Florida in the spring of 2007, once in Maine on blueberry
pollination, once in Massachusetts on cranberry pollination, and three
more times in Florida through the following fall and winter.

Samples were collected for analysis with the intent that some
conclusions could be drawn to compare the conditions in the hive that
result in survival or death of these hives. Varroa mite levels and
Nosema spore counts were to be examined to either confirm or deny their
role in hive mortality. One of the most interesting aspects of this
study to me is the ability to do pollen analysis for pesticide,
fungicide, and herbicide levels inside the hive. Unfortunately this type
of testing is costly and only a few of the samples collected have been
analyzed so far. The balance are in storage awaiting funding for the
analyses.

The information from the samples that have been run is absolutely
amazing and certainly the type of data that beekeepers need to direct
where they can safely keep their bees. My first samples from Florida
citrus showed levels of imidacloprid and aldicarb inside the pollen that
are much higher than expected. The samples taken while my bees were in
Massachusetts cranberries show levels of fungicide in the pollen as high
as 7000 ppb. It may be interesting for you to know that of the 18 hives
that began this study in March 2007, only 4 of these hives were still
alive 10 months later in January 2008. Of these 4 hives only one was of
sufficient strength to pollinate almonds in California in February. My
calculations show this to be a 95% loss on these test hives in ten
months.

I am here this morning to appeal to you that a first step in figuring
out CCD is to develop a comprehensive program to look inside beehives
all across the nation to find out what types of substances our bees are
exposed to. Beekeepers understand that something is making our bees
sick, but in order to be taken seriously by regulatory officials who
control the use of agricultural products, we need data to back up our
opinions. I personally contacted the pesticide regulatory department in
Florida to discuss the levels of imidacloprid and aldicarb that my bees
were exposed to in Florida citrus groves and was told that nothing could
be done to protect my bees without proper data collection to show that
these products were performing differently than shown in their original
EPA certification. In effect, I was "educated" on how the regulatory
system works. It is data and not opinion that is needed. This makes
sense to me and that is why we need to "get to work" collecting this
data.

I know that monitoring beehives and lab analysis of samples is
expensive. The work that has been done thus has been paid for by the
industry through our organizations and the National Honey Board, with
some supplemental funding by Agricultural Research Service. The
institutions doing the CCD work, both government and universities, have
had to divert money from other projects to cover these costs.

Who should be shouldering this cost? Right now the beekeepers are
getting hit with all the expense in the form of dead beehives. It would
likely be appropriate for the manufacturers of pesticides, fungicides,
and herbicides share in the cost of monitoring the distribution of their
products in the environment. This should be included as a normal cost of
selling agricultural chemicals. Honey bees could be a valuable tool to
monitor how these products travel in the plants, water and soil that
they are applied to.

I am sure that most of the people at this hearing are aware of recent
actions in Germany to restrict the use of many systemic pesticides. This
follows regulatory actions originally implemented in France to limit the
use of these products until they can be "clearly proven" to be safe to
honey bees and other beneficial insects. Our regulatory system in the
United States is different than in Europe, and it may require more data
collection to challenge products that have already received EPA
approval. I say that the effort to collect the data that either proves
or disproves the safety of these products needs to be required now.

Much of the frustration felt by beekeepers is directed at the lack of
any concrete actions to address the causes of CCD. A comprehensive
program to sample hives all over the country would be a visible first
step to get the ball rolling. If a person is sick, the first thing a
doctor does is take their vital signs and run lab tests. This is the
place to begin with CCD. The answers to this problem will only be
discovered if we take the time to look inside our hives.

I appreciate the opportunity to speak to you this morning. I would be
glad to offer much more detail or answer questions about any of our
field observations.

Thank you,

David Mendes

239 340 0625 or
[[davidmendesn@aol.com]{.underline}](mailto:davidmendesn@aol.com)