**Centralized Hydrogen Production from Wind**

Wind power is currently utilized as a renewable power technology for
generating electricity. Combining this electricity with water
electrolysis, wind can provide hydrogen with few emissions and with very
low consumption of petroleum. Grid electricity supplements the
electricity from wind in order to increase the capacity factor of the
electrolyzer for the Future case. The petroleum energy use and resultant
CO~2~ emissions from this process are associated with hydrogen delivery,
as well as the use of grid electricity for the Future case.

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  -------------------- ------------ ------------ -------------- --------------
  **Well-to-Wheels                                              
  Energy and                                                    
  Greenhouse Gas                                                
  Emissions Data**                                              

                       **Current    **Current    **Current      **Future
                       (2005)       (2005)       (2005) Central (2030) Central
                       Gasoline ICE Gasoline     Electrolysis   Electrolysis
                       Vehicle**    Hybrid       Using Wind -   Using
                                    Electric     FCV**          Wind/Grid -
                                    Vehicle**                   FCV**

  **Well-to-Wheels     5,900        4,200        3,800          4,700
  Total Energy Use                                              
  (Btu/mile)**                                                  

  **Well-to-Wheels     5,300        3,800        20             100
  Petroleum Energy Use                                          
  (Btu/mile)**                                                  

  **Well-to-Wheels     470          340          50             50
  Greenhouse Gas                                                
  Emissions (g/mile)**                                          

  **Cost of Hydrogen                             9.50           2.70
  (\$/gge,                                                      
  Delivered)**                                                  
  -------------------- ------------ ------------ -------------- --------------

> **Notes: Centralized Hydrogen Production from Wind**

1.  Source: Well-to-wheels energy, petroleum and greenhouse gas
    emissions information from the Argonne National Laboratory GREET
    model, Version 1.7. Well-to-wheels values represent primary fuel
    production, electricity production, hydrogen production, and
    hydrogen delivery. Fossil resource exploration and equipment
    manufacture is not included.

2.  Source: Cost, resource requirements, energy requirements, all fuel
    and feedstock energy contents, and efficiency values for the
    Current (2005) case is from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
    and the H2A model, Version 1.0.9 for a 125,000 kg/day capacity wind
    electrolysis facility.

3.  Source: Cost, resource requirements, energy requirements, all fuel
    and feedstock energy contents, and efficiency values for the
    Future (2030) case is from the H2A model cases modified to reflect
    the Department of Energy's Hydrogen Fuel Cells, and Infrastructure
    Technologies Program 2015 cost goals as of November 2005.

4.  Basis is 1 kg of hydrogen, dispensed from filling station for 5,000
    psi fills. A kg of hydrogen contains approximately the same amount
    of energy as one gallon of gasoline, or one gallon of gasoline
    equivalent (gge).

5.  Diagram is for Future (2030) case, showing feedstock and energy
    consumption levels required to meet technology cost goals. Flows in
    diagram represent direct energy and emissions between production and
    dispensing, and are not based on well-to-wheels calculations.

6.  Cost of Future (2030) case assumes electricity assistance provided
    by grid to maintain capacity factor at 97%; the electricity to the
    electrolyzer is assumed to be 50% wind, 50% grid. Current (2005)
    case uses only wind-generated electricity, with an electrolyzer
    capacity factor of 41%. While the higher capacity factor is required
    for an economic future (2030) case, it results in higher
    well-to-wheels total energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. The
    greenhouse gas emissions are higher slightly for the future (2030)
    case, although rounding to significant figures hides this effect. In
    the future (2030) case, grid electricity is purchased at the avoided
    price of \$0.03/kWh. Avoided cost estimates the incremental cost of
    fuel and capacity displaced by a unit of the specified resource and
    more accurately reflects its as-dispatched energy value than
    comparison to the levelized cost of other individual technologies.
    See http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/electricity.html for more
    details.

7.  The price of electricity produced from wind in the current (2005)
    case was calculated from the current (2005) central wind
    electrolysis H2A case and assumed to be the price wind electricity
    was produced at in the model. In the future case (2030) it was
    assumed the grid and wind electricity prices were the same at
    \$0.03/kWh.

8.  The petroleum use and resultant GHG emissions are associated with
    the grid electricity for delivery, as well as for grid assistance in
    the future (2030) case. Fossil-based power plants generating grid
    electricity for the future (2030) case are assumed to sequester
    carbon emissions at a rate of 85%.

9.  Energy from incoming wind was not included in the overall energy
    balance, although the wind-generated electricity is.

10. The hydrogen delivery in the Current (2005) case assumes liquid
    hydrogen delivery by truck from a central plant located 76 miles
    from the forecourt station. Liquefier efficiency is 77.4%. Truck
    fuel consumption is 6 mi/gallon. Data were obtained from the H2A
    Delivery Scenario Model and GREET. The Future (2030) case assumes
    hydrogen pipeline delivery over 76 miles. Delivery costs include
    necessary compression and/or liquefaction equipment.

11. Cost of hydrogen delivery for the current (2005) and future (2030)
    cases is assumed to be \$3.50/kg and \$1.00/kg, respectively.

12. Future (2030) case assumes pipeline compressed gas delivery to the
    forecourt station. Pipeline energy use calculated using the H2A
    Scenario Model.

13. The efficiency of the electric forecourt compressor, which raises
    the pressure of the gaseous hydrogen for 5,000 psi fills, is 94%.

14. For the Current (2005) case, hydrogen is assumed to be received at
    the forecourt as a liquid and dispensed as a gas for 5,000 psi
    fills. For the Future (2030) case, hydrogen is assumed to be
    received at the forecourt as gaseous hydrogen at 250 psi by pipeline
    and dispensed for 5,000 psi fills. The cost of dispensing is
    included in the delivery cost.

15. Current (2005) electrolyzer uses 53.4 kWh of electricity per kg of
    hydrogen generated. Future (2030) electrolyzer uses 44.5 kWh/kg. The
    LHV electrolyzer efficiencies for the current (2005) and
    future (2030) cases are 64% and 76%, respectively.

16. Installed electrolyzer capital cost for 2005 and 2030 cases is
    \$800/kW and \$180/kW, respectively.

17. Efficiency results are presented in terms of lower heating value
    (LHV) of hydrogen.

18. Cost of hydrogen is the minimum required to obtain a 10% internal
    rate of return after taxes on the capital investment.

19. The data relevant to the Centralized Hydrogen Production from Wind
    technology diagram above is provided in the table below.

  ---------------------------------------- --------------- ---------------
                                           **Current       **Future (2030)
                                           (2005) Central  Central
                                           Electrolysis    Electrolysis
                                           Using Wind -    Using
                                           FCV**           Wind/Grid -
                                                           FCV**

  **Feedstock Price (\$/million Btu)**     N/A - Wind      N/A - Wind
                                           Energy          Energy

  **Energy in Feedstock (Btu)**            N/A - Wind      N/A - Wind
                                           Energy          Energy

  **Grid Electricity Consumed (kWh)**      N/A - Wind      22
                                           Energy          

  **Grid Electricity Price (\$/kWh)**      N/A - Wind      0.030
                                           Energy          

  **Wind Electricity Price (\$/kWh)**      0.049           0.030

  **Electricity to Process (Btu)**         182,000         152,000

  **Energy Losses from Process (Btu)**     66,000          36,000

  **Pressure of Hydrogen from Production   300             300
  (psi)**                                                  

  **Energy Use for Delivery Forecourt      Negligible      7,200
  Operations (Btu)**                                       

  **Energy Use for Delivery Transport      34,000          2,000
  (Btu)**                                                  

  **Hydrogen Dispensing Fill Pressure      5,000           5,000
  (psi)**                                                  

  **Plant Gate Energy Use Including        182,000         152,000
  Feedstock (Btu)**                                        

  **Production Process Efficiency**        64%             76%

  **Pathway Efficiency**                   54%             72%
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