![](media/image1.png){width="4.083333333333333in" height="0.625in"}

# (pubmed.gov)

-   PubMed^^ is a database developed by the National Center for
    Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine
    (NLM) available on the Web.

-   PubMed is one of several databases under NCBI's Entrez retrieval
    system.

-   PubMed, a database of over 15 million bibliographic citations back
    to the 1950s provides access, free of charge, to MEDLINE^^ .

-   PubMed also has links to the full‑text of articles at participating
    publishers' Web sites, biological data, sequence centers, etc. from
    third parties.

-   PubMed provides links to the integrated molecular biology databases
    maintained by NCBI. These databases contain: DNA and protein
    sequences, genome mapping data, and 3‑D protein structures, aligned
    sequences from populations, and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in
    Man (OMIM).

# Interrelationships between Entrez Databases

-   Links between MEDLINE records and sequence records make it easy to
    find MEDLINE abstracts associated with sequence records and vice
    versa.

-   The following diagram illustrates the relationships between some of
    the information resources in Entrez:

![](media/image2.png){width="3.2916666666666665in"
height="2.0729166666666665in"}

# Publisher Supplied Citations

-   These are citations that are supplied electronically by publishers
    directly to PubMed. The citations are then forwarded to NLM's Index
    Section to be processed. (Not all citations are supplied
    electronically).

-   Citations received electronically have the status tag: **\[PubMed -
    as supplied by publisher\]**.

**Sample PubMed citation that was submitted electronically but
processing has not yet begun:**

![](media/image3.png){width="4.15625in" height="0.8125in"}

# 

# 

# 

# 

# 

# 

# 

# 

# 

# In Process

-   These citations are being reviewed for inclusion in MEDLINE and, if
    in scope, subsequently are indexed with MeSH^^ vocabulary. In
    addition the bibliographic data in these records is being checked
    for accuracy.

-   In process records carry the status tag: **\[PubMed -- in
    process\].**

-   In process records are added to PubMed Tuesday-Saturday.

## Sample of an In Process citation in PubMed:

![](media/image4.png){width="4.03125in" height="0.875in"}

**MEDLINE**

-   This is NLM's premier bibliographic database covering the fields of
    medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care
    system, the preclinical sciences, and other areas of the life
    sciences.

-   MEDLINE records contain bibliographic citations and in most cases
    author abstracts from more than 4,800 biomedical journals published
    in the United States and 70 other countries.

-   Although most records are from English-language sources or have
    English abstracts.

-   Approximately 76% of MEDLINE records include abstracts as they
    appear in the journal.

-   MEDLINE has 13 million records from 1966 to the present.

-   MEDLINE records are added to PubMed Tuesday-Saturday.

-   After MeSH terms (NLM's controlled vocabulary terms) and other
    indexing terms are added, the in process citations graduate to
    MEDLINE records. These "completed" records have also been checked
    for bibliographic accuracy.

-   Fully indexed MEDLINE records carry the status tag **\[PubMed --
    indexed for MEDLINE\].**

# Sample MEDLINE citation in PubMed 

# 

  ------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
  Notice the    ![](media/image5.png){width="4.0in"
  \[PubMed --   height="0.7708333333333334in"}
  indexed for   
  MEDLINE\]     
  status tag.   

  ------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

#  

# OLDMEDLINE CITATIONS

-   These citations are to articles from international biomedical
    journals covering the fields of medicine, preclinical sciences, and
    allied health sciences.

-   The over 1.7 million OLDMEDLINE citations, which do not include
    abstracts, were originally printed in hardcopy indexes published
    from 1950 through 1965.

-   OLDMEDLINE citations have been created using standards that are
    different from the data entry standards for MEDLINE records. There
    are also variations among OLDMEDLINE citations in the data fields
    present as well as in their format, depending on the original source
    from which the citations were obtained.

-   OLDMEDLINE citations lack the accumulated changes and improvements
    that have been made to data in MEDLINE during annual maintenance.

-   OLDMEDLINE records carry the status tag **\[PubMed -- OLDMEDLINE for
    Pre1966**\]

**Sample OLDMEDLINE citation in PubMed**

[]{.mark}

# []{.mark}

# ![](media/image6.png){width="5.989583333333333in" height="0.9375in"}

# Non-MeSH Indexed Citations

-   Some citations received electronically from publishers never become
    MEDLINE citations.

-   These records are not indexed with MeSH terms.

-   These records have either the status tag **\[PubMed\]** or
    **\[PubMed -- as supplied by publisher\]** and remain in PubMed but
    are not MEDLINE citations.

-   There are three sources of these types of records:

## 1. Out-of-scope articles from selectively indexed MEDLINE journals

-   This may occur when a particular article in a selectively indexed
    journal is out-of-scope for MEDLINE (such as a geology article in a
    general scientific journal like *Science* or *Nature*).

-   These citations have been reviewed for accurate bibliographic data.

-   The status tag **\[PubMed\]** appears on these citations.

**Sample citation for an article that is out of scope for MEDLINE:**

  ------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------
  *Notice the  ![](media/image7.png){width="5.6722222222222225in"
  \[PubMed\]   height="0.7097222222222223in"}
  status tag.* 

  ------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------

**Sample citation for an article from the same journal issue that *is*
indexed for MEDLINE:**

  ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  *Notice the ![](media/image8.png){width="5.069444444444445in"
  \[PubMed-   height="0.5597222222222222in"}
  indexed for 
  MEDLINE\]   
  status      
  tag.*       

  ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------

## 

## 2. Articles from issues of journals published prior to selection for MEDLINE indexing

-   These earlier citations will not be indexed with MeSH headings.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Prior to late 2003:

► the citations were *not* reviewed for accurate bibliographic data

► the status tag of **\[PubMed -- as supplied by publisher\]** appears

-   Beginning in late 2003:

► the citations have been reviewed for accurate bibliographic data

► the status tag of **\[PubMed\]** appears

**Example:** NLM began indexing the journal, *The Neurologist* with v.
9, no. 1, 2003. However, the publisher electronically supplied NLM with
citations from earlier volumes. The citations from back volumes were
entered into PubMed but will not be indexed with MeSH.

![](media/image9.png){width="5.74375in" height="0.6666666666666666in"}

![](media/image10.png){width="5.670833333333333in"
height="0.6194444444444445in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Indexing information for a particular journal can be found
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         in the "Indexed In" field in the NLM Catalog. Use PubMed's
                                                         Journals Database to link to this information.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

## 3. Articles from non-MEDLINE journals

-   Beginning in July 2005:

► the citations have been reviewed for accurate bibliographic data

► the status tag of **\[PubMed\]** appears

![](media/image12.png){width="5.853472222222222in"
height="0.9791666666666666in"}

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| #       | #                                                          |
|  ![](me |                                                            |
| dia/ima | See next page for a Citation Status Tags Summary Table.    |
| ge11.jp |                                                            |
| eg){wid |                                                            |
| th="0.8 |                                                            |
| 2986111 |                                                            |
| 1111111 |                                                            |
| 2in" he |                                                            |
| ight="0 |                                                            |
| .920833 |                                                            |
| 3333333 |                                                            |
| 333in"} |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

# 

+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
| **PubMed Citation Status |            |      |      |              |
| Tags**                   |            |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
| **Summary Table**        |            |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
| **Citation Status Tag    | **Cond     | *    | *    | **How to     |
| Value**                  | ition(s)** | *MeS | *Bib | search**     |
|                          |            | H-in | lio- |              |
|                          |            | dexe | gra  |              |
|                          |            | d?** | phic |              |
|                          |            |      | data |              |
|                          |            |      | ch   |              |
|                          |            |      | ecke |              |
|                          |            |      | d?** |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
| **\[PubMed -- as         |            |      |      |              |
| supplied by              |            |      |      |              |
| publisher\]**            |            |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
|                          | -          | No   | No   | publisher    |
|                          |  Citations |      |      | \[sb\]       |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |   supplied |      |      |              |
|                          |     elec   |      |      |              |
|                          | tronically |      |      |              |
|                          |     when   |      |      |              |
|                          |     first  |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |  received. |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
|                          | -          |      |      |              |
|                          |  Citations |      |      |              |
|                          |     from   |      |      |              |
|                          |     issues |      |      |              |
|                          |     of     |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |   journals |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |  published |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |    before. |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          | -          |      |      |              |
|                          |    journal |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |   selected |      |      |              |
|                          |     for    |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |    MEDLINE |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |   indexing |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |   (records |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |   received |      |      |              |
|                          |     prior  |      |      |              |
|                          |     to     |      |      |              |
|                          |     late   |      |      |              |
|                          |     2003). |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
|                          | -          |      |      |              |
|                          |  Citations |      |      |              |
|                          |     from   |      |      |              |
|                          |     n      |      |      |              |
|                          | on-MEDLINE |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |   journals |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |   (records |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |   received |      |      |              |
|                          |     prior  |      |      |              |
|                          |     to     |      |      |              |
|                          |     June   |      |      |              |
|                          |     2005). |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
| **\[PubMed -- in         |            |      |      |              |
| process\]**              |            |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
|                          | -          | No   | No   | in process   |
|                          |  Citations |      |      | \[sb\]       |
|                          |     in     |      |      |              |
|                          |     review |      |      |              |
|                          |     for    |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |  inclusion |      |      |              |
|                          |     in     |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |   MEDLINE. |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
| **\[PubMed -- indexed    |            |      |      |              |
| for MEDLINE\]**          |            |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
|                          | -   Fully  | Yes  | Yes  | medline      |
|                          |            |      |      | \[sb\]       |
|                          |    indexed |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          | citations. |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
| **\[PubMed -- OLDMEDLINE |            |      |      |              |
| for Pre1966\]**          |            |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
|                          | -          | No   | Yes  | oldmedline   |
|                          |  Citations |      |      | \[sb\]       |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          | originally |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |    printed |      |      |              |
|                          |     in     |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |   hardcopy |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |    indexes |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |  published |      |      |              |
|                          |     from   |      |      |              |
|                          |     1953   |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |    through |      |      |              |
|                          |     1965.  |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
| **\[PubMed\]**           |            |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
|                          | -   Ou     | No   | Yes  | pubm         |
|                          | t-of-scope |      |      | ednotmedline |
|                          |            |      |      | \[sb\]       |
|                          |   articles |      |      |              |
|                          |     from   |      |      |              |
|                          |     s      |      |      |              |
|                          | electively |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |    indexed |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |    MEDLINE |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |  journals. |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+
|                          | -   Since  |      |      |              |
|                          |     late   |      |      |              |
|                          |     2003,  |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |  citations |      |      |              |
|                          |     from   |      |      |              |
|                          |     issues |      |      |              |
|                          |     of     |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |   journals |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |  published |      |      |              |
|                          |     prior  |      |      |              |
|                          |     to     |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |  selection |      |      |              |
|                          |     for    |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |    MEDLINE |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |  indexing. |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          | -   Since  |      |      |              |
|                          |     June   |      |      |              |
|                          |     2005,  |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |  citations |      |      |              |
|                          |     from   |      |      |              |
|                          |     n      |      |      |              |
|                          | on-MEDLINE |      |      |              |
|                          |            |      |      |              |
|                          |  journals. |      |      |              |
+--------------------------+------------+------+------+--------------+

#  PubMed's Home Page

## The Sidebar

+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ###            | ### About Entrez -- Click h                         |
|                | ere to find out more about NCBI's Entrez databases. |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| #              | ### Text Ver                                        |
| ## ![](media/i | sion - specifically for users who require special a |
| mage13.png){wi | daptive equipment to access the Web and use PubMed. |
| dth="1.3645833 |                                                     |
| 333333333in" h |                                                     |
| eight="5.24930 |                                                     |
| 5555555556in"} |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | ### Entrez PubMed                                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   The **Overview** provides a detailed            |
|                |     description of the PubMed database including    |
|                |     database coverage and PubMed journal            |
|                |     information.                                    |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   Click on **Help** for explanations of all the   |
|                |     features and search and retrieval options       |
|                |     within PubMed. **FAQs** are frequently asked    |
|                |     questions and answers about PubMed.             |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   Click on **Tutorial** for a Web-based,          |
|                |     interactive training program for PubMed.        |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   **New/Noteworthy** provides information about   |
|                |     PubMed system enhancements.                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   **E-Utilities** are tools that provide access   |
|                |     to Entrez data outside of the regular web query |
|                |     interface.                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | ### PubMed Services                                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   Use the **Journals Database** to search for     |
|                |     journals. The list of journals with links to    |
|                |     full‑text is also included in the browser.      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   The **MeSH Database** allows you to find and    |
|                |     select terms from the MeSH Vocabulary.          |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   The **Single Citation Matcher** allows you to   |
|                |     locate a specific article.                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   The **Batch Citation Matcher** is a tool for    |
|                |     publishers.                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   The **Clinical Queries** page was designed for  |
|                |     clinicians and has built-in search "filters"    |
|                |     including systematic reviews.                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   The **Special Queries** link provides access to |
|                |     a directory of topic-specific PubMed queries.   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   **LinkOut** provides users with links from      |
|                |     PubMed and other Entrez databases to a wide     |
|                |     variety of relevant web-accessible online       |
|                |     resources including full-text publications.     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   **My NCBI** allows you to store search          |
|                |     strategies to get updates -- including          |
|                |     automatic e-mailed updates. This feature also   |
|                |     lets you set filters to group your retrieval by |
|                |     topics of interest to you.                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | **Related Resources**                               |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   **Order Documents** is a link to the Loansome   |
|                |     Doc feature to order full‑text copies of        |
|                |     articles from a local medical library (local    |
|                |     fees and delivery methods may vary).            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   Click on **NLM Catalog** to access NLM          |
|                |     bibliographic data for journals, books,         |
|                |     audiovisuals, computer software, electronic     |
|                |     resources, and other materials.                 |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   Click on the **NLM Gateway** to access NLM's    |
|                |     other Web-based service that also provides      |
|                |     access to PubMed/MEDLINE and additional NLM     |
|                |     databases.                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   **TOXNET** has databases on toxicology,         |
|                |     hazardous chemicals, and related areas.         |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   **Consumer Health** is a link to MedlinePlus,   |
|                |     NLM's Web site for consumer health information. |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   **Clinical Alerts** expedite the release of     |
|                |     findings from the NIH‑funded clinical trials    |
|                |     that could significantly affect morbidity and   |
|                |     mortality.                                      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   Click on **ClinicalTrials.gov** to access the   |
|                |     NIH/NLM Web site to locate clinical research    |
|                |     studies open to participation.                  |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
|                | -   **PubMed Central** is an archive of life        |
|                |     science journals. Access is free and            |
|                |     unrestricted.                                   |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+

#  

# The Footnote

![](media/image14.png){width="3.6458333333333335in"
height="0.7708333333333334in"}

-   Click on **Write to the Help Desk** to send an e-mail message to NLM
    Customer Service.

-   Click on **NCBI, NLM, NIH** or **Department of Health & Human
    Services** to access the Web pages of the agencies responsible for
    the creation and maintenance of PubMed.

-   Click on **Privacy Statement** to read NLM Privacy Policy

-   Click on **Freedom of Information Act** (FOIA) to access the NIH
    FOIA Home Page.

-   Click on **Disclaimer** to read copyright and disclaimer statement.

**[N]{.underline} [O]{.underline} [T]{.underline} [E]{.underline}
[S]{.underline}**

# How it Works

## 

## Subject Searching

**Search:** *Find citations to articles about having a rash and a
fever.*

![](media/image15.png){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="0.4270833333333333in"}

## Entering Search Terms 

-   Enter significant terms in the query box (e.g., ***rash fever***).

-   Click on the **Go** button.

-   Use the **Clear** button to erase the contents of the query box.

## 

## 

## PubMed Automatic Term Mapping

## Unqualified terms that are entered in the query box are matched against (in this order):

1.  MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) Translation Table

2.  Journals Translation Table

3.  Full Author Translation table

4.  Author Index

##  

## 1. MeSH Translation Table contains:

-   MeSH Headings

-   Subheadings

-   Publication Types

-   Entry Term mappings (also known as synonyms) for MeSH terms

-   Mappings derived from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)

-   Supplementary Concepts and synonyms to the Supplementary Concepts

If a match is found in this translation table:

-   the term will be mapped to the appropriate MeSH term and searched as
    MeSH

-   the searcher's term will be searched as a Text Word.

-   In the case of Entry Terms, a "mapped to" MeSH term will also be
    searched in the title and abstract fields in citations that have yet
    been assigned MeSH terms

**Example:** ![](media/image16.png){width="4.333333333333333in"
height="0.2708333333333333in"}

**PubMed's Translation:**

(\"exanthema\"\[TIAB\] NOT Medline\[SB\]) OR \"exanthema\"\[MeSH Terms\]
OR rash\[Text Word\]

-   Rash is an Entry Term for the MeSH term, Exanthema.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   When a term is searched as a MeSH Heading, PubMed
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         automatically searches that heading and the more specific
                                                         headings underneath in the hierarchy. This is called
                                                         exploding a term.

                                                         For example, when searched as a MeSH Term, PubMed will
                                                         search the heading Exanthema as well as the more specific
                                                         term(s) in the hierarchy:
  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

![](media/image17.png){width="1.9791666666666667in"
height="0.4479166666666667in"}

## 2. Journals Translation Table contains:

-   Full journal title

-   MEDLINE abbreviation

-   International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)

## Example: 

## ![](media/image18.png){width="5.179861111111111in" height="0.2777777777777778in"}

PubMed Translation: \"J Cell Biol\"\[Journal\]

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   If a name of a journal also happens to be a MeSH term or
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         a one-word title, it must be searched with a field tag
                                                         (see the Search Field Descriptions section of this
                                                         workbook). Otherwise, PubMed will search the term as a
                                                         MeSH heading and as a Text Word, and the search will
                                                         ***not*** include the term as a journal name. For
                                                         example, the search for Science untagged will not search
                                                         for citations from the journal *Science*.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------

## 

**3. Full Author Translation Table** includes:

-   Full author names for articles published from **2002 forward and to
    journals that publish using the full names of authors**.

-   Full author searching can be entered in natural or inverted order:

> julia s wong
>
> wong julia s

-   When searching a full name using the inverted order, a comma
    following the last name is generally optional, omit periods after
    initials, and put all suffixes, e.g., Jr, at the end. For example,
    to search for the author Bruce J. Herron, you may use any of the
    following formats:

> herron, bruce j
>
> herron bruce j
>
> bruce j herron

-   For some names, however, it is necessary to distinguish which name
    is the last name by using the comma following the last name:

ryan, james

james, ryan

-   Full author name searching allows for automatic truncation of the
    forename. If you don\'t know the middle initial, enter only the last
    and first names:

> herron bruce

**4. Author Index**

-   If the phrase is not found in the MeSH **or** Journal Translation
    Tables and even if it is found in the Full Author Name Translation
    Table, PubMed checks the Author Index for a match.

-   Enter the author's name in the form of Last Name (space) Initials:

**Examples:**

> o'brien jm
>
> adams sh
>
> pogonka t

-   If only the first initial is used, PubMed automatically truncates
    the author's name to account for varying initials.

## Example:

![](media/image19.png){width="4.066666666666666in"
height="0.3111111111111111in"}

-   This search retrieves citations to articles written by o'brien j,
    o'brien ja, o'brien jz, etc.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   If only an author's last name is entered, PubMed will
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         search that name in All Fields (Author field plus all other
                                                         searchable fields). It will not default to the Author Index
                                                         because the last name is not followed by an initial.
                                                         Special attention is needed when the last name is the same
                                                         as a MeSH term (see the Search Field Descriptions section
                                                         of this workbook).

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

# If no match is found?

-   PubMed breaks apart the phrase and repeats the automatic term
    mapping process until a match is found.

-   Terms that don't make a match will be searched in "All Fields."
    Individual terms will be combined (ANDed) together.

## Example:

![](media/image20.png){width="4.311805555555556in"
height="0.2708333333333333in"}

## PubMed Translation:

((pressure \[MeSH Terms\] OR pressure\[Text Word\]) AND point\[All
Fields\])

-   PubMed breaks apart a long phrase from right to left:

## 

## Example:

![](media/image21.png){width="5.009027777777778in"
height="0.29930555555555555in"}

+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| [Searches     | [Resu             | [Action:]{.underline}           |
| for:          | lts:]{.underline} |                                 |
| ]{.underline} |                   |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| head lice     | No match found    | Removes term on right to re-run |
| shampoo       |                   | Automatic Term Mapping process. |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| head lice     | Match found in    | ***head lice*** will be         |
|               | MeSH Translation  | searched as                     |
|               | Table             | ***(\"pediculus\"\[TIAB\] NOT   |
|               |                   | Medline\[SB\]) OR               |
|               |                   | \"pediculus\"\[MeSH Terms\] OR  |
|               |                   | head lice\[Text Word\]***       |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| shampoo       | No match found in | ***shampoo*** will be searched  |
|               | Translation       | as                              |
|               | Tables            |                                 |
|               |                   | ***shampoo\[All Fields\]***     |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+

## PubMed then combines (ANDs) the terms to produce a single search strategy:

(\"pediculus\"\[TIAB\] NOT Medline\[SB\]) OR \"pediculus\"\[MeSH Terms\]
OR head lice\[Text Word\]

**AND**

shampoo\[All Fields\]

**Phrase Searching**

-   PubMed searches for phrases under these conditions:

1\. The phrase is entered with a search tag:

> kidney allograft \[tw\]

2\. The phrase is enclosed in double quotes: (The absence of a search
tag indicates the search should be conducted in All Fields.)

"kidney allograft"

3.  The term is hyphenated:

first-line

4.  The term is truncated:

kidney allograft\*

## Example:

![](media/image22.png){width="4.374305555555556in" height="0.28125in"}

**PubMed Translation:** \"pressure point\"\[All Fields\]

-   The above formats for phrase searching instruct PubMed to
    ***bypass*** automatic term mapping. Instead PubMed looks for the
    phrase in its Index of searchable terms. If the phrase is in the
    Index, PubMed will retrieve citations that contain the phrase.

    -   PubMed may fail to find a phrase because it is not in the Index.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   When you enclose a phrase in double quotes, PubMed will
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         ***not*** perform automatic term mapping which includes
                                                         explosions of MeSH terms. For example, "health planning "
                                                         ***will*** include citations that have the MeSH heading,
                                                         Health Planning, but ***will not*** include the more
                                                         specific indentations (e.g., Health Care Rationing, Health
                                                         Care Reform) that are included with automatic MeSH mapping
                                                         and explosion.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

# Truncation (finding all terms that begin with a given text string): 

-   Place an asterisk (\*) at the end of a string of characters to
    search for all terms that begin with that string. The asterisk may
    only be used at the ***end*** of a string of characters.

**Example:** mimic\* will find all terms that begin with the letters
m-i-m-i-c-; e.g., mimic, mimics, mimicing.

-   PubMed searches the first 600 variations of a truncated term. If a
    truncated term, e.g., tox\*, produces more than 600 variations,
    PubMed displays the following warning message on the Results screen
    in pink near the top of the screen:

-   

![](media/image23.png){width="6.497222222222222in"
height="0.41597222222222224in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Truncation turns off automatic term mapping. For example,
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         heart attack\* will not map to the MeSH term, Myocardial
                                                         Infarction or include any of its more specific terms, e.g.,
                                                         Myocardial Stunning.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

# PubMed Stopword List

PubMed also compares each search to a list of commonly found terms that
are referred to as "stopwords." Stopwords may be ignored. This list is
available in PubMed's Help.

# Spell Check Feature

-   Suggests alternative spellings for search terms that include
    misspellings.

-   Terms entered with a search tag (e.g., \[mh\]; \[majr\]; \[tw\])
    will *not* generate alternative spellings.

Example :

  ------------------------------------------------------------ -------------
  ![](media/image24.png){width="5.020833333333333in"           *Click on the
  height="0.6354166666666666in"}                               hyperlinked
                                                               alternative
                                                               spelling to
                                                               generate that
                                                               search.*

  ------------------------------------------------------------ -------------

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ![]     | -   The alternative spellings are not based on a           |
| (media/ |     dictionary but rather the frequency with which a term  |
| image11 |     appears in PubMed.                                     |
| .jpeg){ |                                                            |
| width=" | -   The spell checking function will not display an        |
| 0.82986 |     alternative spelling for misspellings that have a high |
| 1111111 |     frequency of occurrence in PubMed or for terms with    |
| 1112in" |     numbers or fewer than five characters.                 |
| he      |                                                            |
| ight="0 |                                                            |
| .920833 |                                                            |
| 3333333 |                                                            |
| 333in"} |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

# Search Results Screen

Once you click on **Go** or press the Enter key, PubMed will
automatically:

-   Run the search

-   Retrieve and display citations

-   Provides option to Save Search via My NCBI feature

The following is the Results screen returned by PubMed for the search
example:

## *Find citations to articles about having a rash and fever.*

![](media/image25.png){width="5.356944444444444in" height="4.15in"}

**See next page for further explanation.**

# Results Screen

## Query Box containing current search

![](media/image26.png){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="0.23472222222222222in"}

-   The query box displays **your** search.

-   This box is active; you can modify the current search by adding or
    eliminating terms.

-   Click on the **Clear** button to clear the search in the query box
    and start a new search.

# Action Bar Selections

-   These options are available both at the top and bottom of the
    Results screens.

-   The next few workbook pages will explain each function.

![](media/image27.png){width="6.488888888888889in"
height="0.9895833333333334in"}

# Display Options

## Summary Format

PubMed citations are initially displayed in the **Summary** format.

![](media/image28.png){width="6.0in" height="0.8229166666666666in"}

The Summary format may include the following:

-   **Author Name(s):** All authors from the record are displayed.

-   **Corporate Author:** Identifies the corporate authorship of an
    article.

-   **Links:** Available links such as Related Articles, Protein,
    Nucleotide, LinkOut, Books, etc.

-   **Title of the article:** Most foreign language titles will be
    translated into English and placed within brackets.

-   **Source:** Includes journal title abbreviation, date of
    publication, volume, issue, and pagination. Mouseover of journal
    title abbreviation displays full journal title.

-   **Abstract/Free Full text icons:**

![](media/image29.png){width="6.493055555555555in"
height="0.23194444444444445in"}

Note the following icons to the right of the retrieved abstracts:

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image30.png){width="0.23958333333333334in"   Citation includes no abstract.
  height="0.3541666666666667in"}                         

  ![](media/image31.png){width="0.28125in"               Citation includes an abstract.
  height="0.40625in"}                                    

  ![](media/image32.png){width="0.3125in"                An icon with an orange and green banner indicates free full text
  height="0.3854166666666667in"}                         is available from PubMed Central (PMC), NLM's free digital
                                                         archive of life sciences journal literature.

  ![](media/image33.png){width="0.2916666666666667in"    An icon with a green banner indicates there is a link to full
  height="0.40625in"}                                    text and no payment or subscription is required.
  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------

-   May also include language (for non-English articles) and Publication
    Type if the article is a review or retracted publication. Articles
    without abstracts will display the notation: "No abstract available"
    and the No Abstract icon.

-   Annotations to associated citations (e.g., Errata).

-   PubMed Unique Identifier (PMID).

-   A status tag: **\[PubMed - as supplied by publisher\]**,
    **\[PubMed - in process\]**, **\[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE\],**
    or **\[PubMed\]**

# Additional Display Options

You can access other display formats from the Results screen in the
following manner:

-   **Individual Citations:** Clicking on the author name link or the
    abstract icon link will display the citation in the Abstract display
    format.

-   **All Citations:** Select the format.

-   **Selected Citations**: Clicking on the box found to the left of the
    item number allows you to select one or multiple items. Select
    desired display format from the pull-down menu.

# Other Display Formats

The **Display** pull-down allows the user to select available display
formats:

![](media/image34.png){width="2.1979166666666665in"
height="2.1770833333333335in"}

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| # ![      | Summary, Abstract, Citation, MEDLINE, and Related        |
| ](media/i | Articles are the most appropriate display selections for |
| mage11.jp | bibliographic information.                               |
| eg){width |                                                          |
| ="0.82986 |                                                          |
| 111111111 |                                                          |
| 12in" hei |                                                          |
| ght="0.92 |                                                          |
| 083333333 |                                                          |
| 33333in"} |                                                          |
|  {#sectio |                                                          |
| n-27 .Tak |                                                          |
| eNote .un |                                                          |
| numbered} |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

# Abstract Format

May include the following information:

+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| -   Source (journal title       | -   Abstract (if present) from     |
|     abbreviation - mouseover    |     published article              |
|     for full title, date of     |                                    |
|     publication, volume, issue  |                                    |
|     and pagination)             |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| -   Title                       | -   Publication Types (except for  |
|                                 |     "Journal Article")             |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| -   On non-English *language*   | -   Annotations to associated      |
|     articles, \[Article in      |     citations (e.g., errata)       |
|     language\] tag              |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| -   Author(s) with author names | -   PMID                           |
|     displayed as \"search       |                                    |
|     links\" to author searches. |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| -   Corporate Author            | -   Status tag                     |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| -   Affiliation (address) of    | -   Links                          |
|     first author                |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+

  --------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click on ![](media/image35.png){width="5.264583333333333in"
  the       height="3.9680555555555554in"}
  linked    
  name to   
  run a     
  search    
  for that  
  author    
  name.*    

  --------- -------------------------------------------------------------

#  

# Citation Format

May include the following information:

+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| -   Source (journal title          | -   MeSH Terms                  |
|     abbreviation -- mouseover for  |                                 |
|     full title, date of            |                                 |
|     publication, volume, issue and |                                 |
|     pagination)                    |                                 |
+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| -   Title                          | -   Personal Name as Subject    |
|                                    |     (if present)                |
+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| -   On non-English *language*      | -   Chemical substances (if     |
|     articles, \[Article in         |     present)                    |
|     language\] tag                 |                                 |
+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| -   Author(s) with author names    | -   Grant numbers (if present)  |
|     displayed as \"search links\"  |                                 |
|     to author searches.            |                                 |
+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| -   Corporate Author               | -   PMID                        |
+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| -   Affiliation (address) of first | -   Status tag                  |
|     author                         |                                 |
+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| -   Publication Types (except for  | -   Links                       |
|     "Journal Article")             |                                 |
+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| -   Annotations to associated      | -   ClinicalTrials.gov          |
|     citations (e.g., errata)       |     identifier number           |
+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+

  ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click on  ![](media/image36.png){width="5.448611111111111in"
  the linked height="5.957638888888889in"}
  name to    
  run a      
  search for 
  that       
  author     
  name.*     

  ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------

**MEDLINE Format**

Two- to four-character tagged field format displaying all fields of the
PubMed record.

![](media/image37.png){width="6.485416666666667in"
height="7.178472222222222in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Use this format for downloading records into bibliographic
  height="0.9201388888888888in"}                         management software programs.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

#  Retrieval Summary

![](media/image27.png){width="6.488888888888889in"
height="0.9895833333333334in"}

The retrieval summary line displays:

-   Total number of citations retrieved by the search **(All tab)**

-   Total number of citations from search results that have been
    assigned the Publication Type, Review (**Review tab**)

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   **Tool symbol** (hammer and wrench) to the right of the filter tabs
    links you to My NCBI where users who are signed in can add or modify
    their Filter selections. (See My NCBI section of workbook for
    further information.)

-   How many pages of citations there are given the selected number of
    citations per page (see Show).

# Page Selection

![](media/image38.png){width="6.488888888888889in" height="0.96875in"}

-   Use links for **Previous** and **Next** to navigate through search
    results.

-   To move to a non-adjacent page, enter the desired page number and
    then press the **Page** button.

-   The current page number is displayed in the Page box. 

# Show pull-down menu

-   PubMed initially displays search results in batches of 20 citations
    per page.

> ![](media/image39.png){width="6.499305555555556in"
> height="1.4791666666666667in"}

-   Click on the **Show** pull-down menu to select a higher/lower
    number.

-   PubMed redisplays the citations based on your selection.

**Sort**

-   To sort items by author, journal, or publication date, click on the
    **Sort by** pull-down menu to select a sort field.

![](media/image40.png){width="6.499305555555556in" height="0.96875in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8402777777777778in"   You can sort directly from the results screen, or you can
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         collect citations on the Clipboard and sort the items
                                                         there.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

**Send to File**

# ![](media/image41.png){width="6.488888888888889in" height="1.3125in"}

-   To save and send your **entire set of search results** to a file,
    use the Display pull-down menu to select the desired format. Then
    select **File** from the **Send to** menu. This saves the results in
    the display format selected.

-   To mark **selected citations** to save and send to a file, click on
    the check-box to the left of the item number as you go through each
    page of your retrieval. After you have finished selecting citations,
    choose a display format. Then select File from the Send to menu.

#  

# Send to Text

![](media/image42.png){width="6.499305555555556in"
height="1.3229166666666667in"}

-   Use Text to redisplay citations omitting the Web or HTML components.

-   Use Text when printing so you don't print PubMed's sidebar and
    buttons and save paper!

-   Text will display either selected citations, or if no citations are
    selected, all the citations on the page.

-   Before using the **Text** option, consider changing the display
    format and the number of items displayed on each page.

-   Select **Text** and from the **Send to** pull-down menu.

-   When finished with the Text display, use your Web browser's Back
    button to return to your results in the regular format.

# 

# Printing

-   Use the Print function of your Web browser**,** which will print all
    the information and citations displayed on your Web page.

-   Consider using the **Text** button described above.

-   Think about changing the display format and using the Show pull-down
    menu to display all of your citations on one Web page. You can only
    print the citations from the displayed page.

# Send to Clipboard 

# ![](media/image43.png){width="6.509722222222222in" height="1.3229166666666667in"}

# 

-   The Clipboard allows you to collect selected citations from one
    search or several searches that you may want to print, save, or
    order.

-   The maximum number of items that can be placed in the Clipboard is
    **500**.

-   To place an item in the Clipboard, click on the box to the left of
    the citation and select **Clipboard** from the Send to menu.

-   Once you have added a citation to the Clipboard, the item number
    color will change.

-   Using the Clipboard is discussed in the Feature Tabs Section of this
    Workbook.

#  

# Send to E-mail

![](media/image44.png){width="6.509722222222222in"
height="1.3020833333333333in"}

# 

-   Select E-mail from the Send to menu.

-   You are brought to an options screen:

+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| *Settings on | ![](media/image45.png){width="4.989583333333333in"    |
| the options  | height="4.010416666666667in"}                         |
| screen       |                                                       |
| reflect      |                                                       |
| selections   |                                                       |
| on the       |                                                       |
| Results page |                                                       |
| and can be   |                                                       |
| modified if  |                                                       |
| desired.*    |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| *Add a       |                                                       |
| message if   |                                                       |
| you wish.*   |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| *Enter       |                                                       |
| e-mail       |                                                       |
| address.*    |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| *Click       |                                                       |
| **Mail**     |                                                       |
| button.*     |                                                       |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+

**E-mail Tips:**

-   You may E-mail up to 500 items.

-   The HTML option allows the PubMed e-mail messages to display as a
    results page with hyperlinks to Related Articles, LinkOut, etc. The
    recipient\'s e-mail service must be set for HTML view to allow for
    proper display.

-   A default E-mail address may be stored via My NCBI User Preferences.

    **Send to Order**

![](media/image46.png){width="6.530555555555556in" height="1.3125in"}

-   Select **Order** from the Send to menu to use an automated document
    ordering program called **Loansome Doc**.

-   You can also **Order** directly from the Clipboard.

**What is Loansome Doc?**

The Loansome Doc feature allows you to order the full-text of an article
from a Loansome Doc participating library. Prior to using this feature,
you need to establish an agreement with a Loansome Doc participating
library. Your Loansome Doc library will provide you with their **Library
ID**, which is needed when setting up the service within PubMed or the
NLM Gateway.

**What does it cost?**

The library providing you this service will explain their ordering fees,
if any. This service is generally **not** free.

**What library can provide me with this kind of service?**

Call your Regional Medical Library at **1-800-338-7657** Monday-Friday,
8:30 A.M. -- 5:00 P.M. in all time zones to find out which medical
library in your area can set you up with the Loansome Doc ordering
service. Or visit
**http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/loansome_doc.html** to find out
more about Loansome Doc.

To order articles, select the citations for the articles by clicking on
the check-box to the left of each item.

-   Select **Order** from the Send to menu.

-   You are brought to the page shown below.

![](media/image47.png){width="6.497222222222222in"
height="4.054166666666666in"}

On this page you can:

-   log into Loansome Doc using your Email address

-   obtain a status report of your orders

-   update your Loansome Doc account information

-   sign up for a Loansome Doc account

-   link to FAQs

-   learn more about Loansome Doc

Once you have logged in, Loansome Doc brings you to the **Place**
**Order** screen confirming the citations you ordering. Click on the
**Proceed to Delivery Options** button at the bottom of the screen.

![](media/image48.png){width="6.495833333333334in"
height="4.788888888888889in"}

Click on the **Copyright Compliance** link to read the statement. Then
click the checkbox and the **Continue** button.

![](media/image49.png){width="6.499305555555556in"
height="4.845138888888889in"}

  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
               

  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

Next you are brought to the **Confirm Order** screen, which confirms
your order. Review the information. Click **Send Order** button at
bottom of screen.

![](media/image50.png){width="6.496527777777778in"
height="6.940972222222222in"}

#  

# Loansome Doc then brings you to the Order Sent screen:

# 

# ![](media/image51.png){width="6.496527777777778in" height="6.8590277777777775in"} 

# Practice Exercises

1.  Find references about shingles and facial paralysis. Display the
    records in the format that shows the abstract and the MeSH headings.
    How does PubMed map the term, shingles?

2.  Find references about hypertension and a nosebleed. How does PubMed
    map the term, nosebleed? Display all of the retrieved records on one
    Web page.

3.  Find references about genetically modified food. Display the
    retrieved records in the format where you display the abstract but
    not the MeSH headings.

4.  Are there articles by G. Barrera-Hernandez referenced in MEDLINE?

5.  Please find information about wisdom tooth pain. Using the Details
    screen, determine to what MeSH Heading wisdom tooth maps.

#  

# Suggested Answers

1.  Find references about shingles and facial paralysis. Display the
    records in the format that shows the abstract and the MeSH headings.
    How does PubMed map the term, shingles?

Enter shingles facial paralysis in the query box, click **Go**. Click on
**Details** to see that the term shingles maps to the MeSH heading
**Herpes Zoster**.

![](media/image52.png){width="5.770833333333333in"
height="4.510416666666667in"}

Use the **Citation** display format to display both the abstract and
MeSH headings.

![](media/image53.png){width="5.761805555555555in"
height="8.376388888888888in"}

2\. Find references about hypertension and a nosebleed. How does PubMed
map the term, nosebleed? Display all of the retrieved records on one Web
page.

**Details:**

![](media/image54.png){width="6.125in" height="4.416666666666667in"}

The term, nosebleed, maps to the MeSH heading, **epistaxis**. From the
**Show** pull-down menu, choose a number higher than your final
retrieval set in order to display all the records on one Web page.

3\. Find references about genetically modified food. Display the
retrieved records in the format where you display the abstract but not
the MeSH Headings.

**Details:**

![](media/image55.png){width="5.927083333333333in" height="4.625in"}

Use the **Abstract** display format to display the records with
abstracts (if present) but not MeSH headings.

4\. Are there articles by G. Barrera-Hernandez referenced in MEDLINE?

![](media/image56.png){width="4.930555555555555in"
height="3.4784722222222224in"}

5\. Please find information about wisdom tooth pain. Using the Details
screen, determine to what MeSH Heading wisdom tooth maps.

  ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  ***Molar,   ![](media/image57.png){width="5.590972222222222in"
  Third** is  height="3.5965277777777778in"}
  the MeSH    
  term to     
  which       
  wisdom      
  tooth maps* 

  ----------- -------------------------------------------------------------

# Feature Tabs

![](media/image58.png){width="4.364583333333333in"
height="0.3229166666666667in"}

The Feature tabs offer several additional functions.

# Limits

-   Click on **Limits** from the Feature tabs to bring up the Limits
    page.

![](media/image59.png){width="5.958333333333333in"
height="3.0520833333333335in"}

+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| ## Field Selection                              | ![](               |
|                                                 | media/image60.png) |
| -   You may limit your search terms to a        | {width="1.78125in" |
|     specific search field.                      | height="2.1875in"} |
|                                                 |                    |
| -   To select a specific field, click the All   |                    |
|     Fields pull-down menu and select a search   |                    |
|     field. Enter multiple terms separated by    |                    |
|     Boolean operators.                          |                    |
|                                                 |                    |
| > Example: Select MeSH Terms from the           |                    |
| > pull-down, enter bed rest AND pain in the     |                    |
| > query box, click **Go**.                      |                    |
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------+

+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| ## Only items with abstracts              | ![]                      |
|                                           | (media/image61.png){widt |
| -   Click in this box to limit your       | h="1.8854166666666667in" |
|     retrieval to only citations with an   | height                   |
|     abstract.                             | ="0.2604166666666667in"} |
+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------+

+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| ## Publication Types                      | ![]                      |
|                                           | (media/image62.png){widt |
| -   You may limit your retrieval based on | h="2.0729166666666665in" |
|     the type of material the citation     | height                   |
|     represents.                           | ="1.6458333333333333in"} |
|                                           |                          |
| -   The Publications Types pull-down menu |                          |
|     contains a list of frequently         |                          |
|     searched publication types. The full  |                          |
|     list of Publication Types can be      |                          |
|     found in Help. Or use the             |                          |
|     Preview/Index feature to view and     |                          |
|     search Publication Types.             |                          |
+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------+

+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| ## Languages                                   | ![](media/image63   |
|                                                | .png){width="1.0in" |
| -   Journals from approximately forty          | height="1.59375in"} |
|     languages are indexed.                     |                     |
|                                                |                     |
| -   The Languages pull-down menu contains a    |                     |
|     list of frequently searched languages. The |                     |
|     full list of Languages can be viewed and   |                     |
|     searched using the Preview/Index feature.  |                     |
+------------------------------------------------+---------------------+

+---------------------------------------------+------------------------+
| ## Ages                                     | ![](med                |
|                                             | ia/image64.png){width= |
| -   To search for a specific age group for  | "2.2291666666666665in" |
|     human studies, click on the Ages        | height="               |
|     pull-down menu and make a selection.    | 2.1145833333333335in"} |
+---------------------------------------------+------------------------+

+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| ## Gender                                        | ![](media/image65 |
|                                                  | .png){width="0.79 |
| -   To search for a specific gender, click on    | 16666666666666in" |
|     the Gender pull-down menu and make a         | height="0.770     |
|     selection.                                   | 8333333333334in"} |
+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------+

+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------+
| ## Human or Animal                                 | ![](me          |
|                                                    | dia/image66.png |
| -   To search for a specific study group, click on | ){width="1.5416 |
|     the Humans or Animals pull-down menu and make  | 666666666667in" |
|     a selection.                                   | height="0.80208 |
|                                                    | 33333333334in"} |
+----------------------------------------------------+-----------------+

## Dates

-   PubMed contains citations published back to the 1950s.

-   New citations are added Tuesday-Saturday.

-   You may restrict to two date fields from the Limits screen:

-   Entrez Date: the date the citation was initially added to PubMed

-   Publication Date: the date the article was published

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   When PubMed displays your search results, the citations are
    displayed in Entrez Date order -- last in, first out.

+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+
| ## Limiting by Dates                                 | ![](media/im  |
|                                                      | age67.png){wi |
| -   Use the Entrez Date pull-down menu to limit your | dth="1.052083 |
|     search back in time from 30 days to 10 years.    | 3333333333in" |
|                                                      | heig          |
|                                                      | ht="1.7708333 |
|                                                      | 333333333in"} |
+------------------------------------------------------+---------------+

+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| -   The            | ![]                                             |
|     Publication    | (media/image68.png){width="4.416666666666667in" |
|     Date pull-down | height="0.53125in"}                             |
|     menu toggles   |                                                 |
|     between        |                                                 |
|     Publication    |                                                 |
|     Date and       |                                                 |
|     Entrez Date.   |                                                 |
|                    |                                                 |
| -   Use the From:  |                                                 |
|     and To: boxes  |                                                 |
|     to specify a   |                                                 |
|     range of       |                                                 |
|     dates.         |                                                 |
|                    |                                                 |
| -   Enter the      |                                                 |
|     dates in the   |                                                 |
|     format of      |                                                 |
|     YYYY/MM/DD     |                                                 |
|     (month and day |                                                 |
|     are optional). |                                                 |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| **Examples:**      |                                                 |
|                    |                                                 |
| ![](media/imag     |                                                 |
| e69.png){width="4. |                                                 |
| 427083333333333in" |                                                 |
| height="0.52       |                                                 |
| 08333333333334in"} |                                                 |
|                    |                                                 |
| ![](media/imag     |                                                 |
| e70.png){width="4. |                                                 |
| 416666666666667in" |                                                 |
| height="0.51       |                                                 |
| 04166666666666in"} |                                                 |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| ## Subsets                                | ![]                      |
|                                           | (media/image71.png){widt |
| Allows you to limit your retrieval to one | h="1.9895833333333333in" |
| of the four types of groupings of         | height                   |
| records:                                  | ="2.2708333333333335in"} |
|                                           |                          |
| 1\. Citation status:                      |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| -   MEDLINE: completed citations with     |                          |
|     MeSH headings and other indexing      |                          |
|     terms that have also been checked for |                          |
|     accuracy                              |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| -   OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966: citations     |                          |
|     without abstracts or current MeSH     |                          |
|     indexing that were originally printed |                          |
|     in hardcopy indexes published from    |                          |
|     1950 through 1965                     |                          |
+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| 2\. Subjects:                             |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| -   AIDS                                  |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| -   Bioethics                             |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| -   Cancer                                |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| -   Complementary Medicine                |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| -   History of Medicine                   |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| ```{=html}                                |                          |
| <!-- -->                                  |                          |
| ```                                       |                          |
| -   Space Life Sciences                   |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| -   Toxicology                            |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| 3\. Journal groupings:                    |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| -   Core clinical journals: 120           |                          |
|     English-language journals from the    |                          |
|     formerly published *Abridged Index    |                          |
|     Medicus*                              |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| ```{=html}                                |                          |
| <!-- -->                                  |                          |
| ```                                       |                          |
| -   Dental                                |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| ```{=html}                                |                          |
| <!-- -->                                  |                          |
| ```                                       |                          |
| -   Nursing                               |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| 4\. Other:                                |                          |
|                                           |                          |
| -   PubMed Central: citations for         |                          |
|     articles available free in NLM's      |                          |
|     archive of life sciences journal      |                          |
|     literature                            |                          |
+-------------------------------------------+--------------------------+

## 

## Limits Indicator

![](media/image72.png){width="4.53125in" height="0.3854166666666667in"}

-   Once you have selected Limits, a check box appears next to the
    Limits on the Feature tabs.

-   If you run a search, the limits in effect will appear in the yellow
    bar above the Display button:

> ![](media/image73.png){width="1.9166666666666667in"
> height="0.28125in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   To **turn off all of the limits** before you run your next
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         search, click on the check box next to Limits on the
                                                         Feature tabs to remove the check and turn off the limits.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| # H    | # ![](media/im                                              |
| istory | age74.png){width="4.09375in" height="0.3541666666666667in"} |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------+

-   History temporarily holds up to 100 searches and links to results.

-   The History screen displays:

    -   Your search query

    -   The time of the search

    -   The number of citations in your search results

    -   Search statement numbers menu for combining searches

![](media/image75.png){width="6.495833333333334in"
height="2.582638888888889in"}

**Using History**

-   You can use the search statement numbers shown in History in search
    strategies.

  -------------- --------------------------------------------------------------
  **Example:**   ![](media/image76.png){width="6.028472222222222in"
                 height="0.29444444444444445in"}

  -------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Type Boolean operators in all caps as shown in the example
  height="0.9194444444444444in"}                         above.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

**Other examples:** #8 AND #10

#7 OR #14

**Search Statement Number Menu**

-   Click on the search statement number to open an Options menu:

![](media/image78.png){width="6.497222222222222in"
height="2.1527777777777777in"}

**Options Menu** includes:

-   Boolean operators AND, OR or NOT to add the search to the query box

-   Delete the individual search from History

-   Re-run the search using the Go option

-   Display the search details

**History Tips:**

-   Maximum number of searches that can be held in History is **100**.

-   The search history will be **deleted after 8 hours of inactivity**.

-   PubMed will move a search statement number to the top of the History
    a new search is the same as a previous search.

-   A separate Search History will be kept for each of the Entrez
    databases although the search statement numbers will be assigned
    sequentially for all databases.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Click on the **Clear History** button available at the
  height="0.9194444444444444in"}                         bottom of the History screen to remove all searches from
                                                         the History.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| # P          | ![](media/image79.png){width="4.239583333333333in"    |
| review/Index | height="0.3854166666666667in"}                        |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+

*This page is home to two functions: Preview and Index.*

Use Preview/Index to:

-   Preview the number of search results before displaying the
    citations.

-   Refine search strategies by adding one or more terms, one at a time.

-   Add terms to a strategy from specific search fields.

-   View and select terms from the Index to develop search strategies.

-   View your search strategy as you continue to refine your search.

# Preview

## Previewing the number of search results before displaying the citations

**Search Request:** *Find citations about xylitol and tooth decay.*

-   Enter terms in the query box and click **Preview**.

![](media/image80.png){width="6.311111111111111in"
height="0.3770833333333333in"}

-   PubMed returns the number of citations but not the actual results.

+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ![](media/image81.png){width="5.722916666666666in"        | **       |
| height="1.4916666666666667in"}                            | Result** |
|                                                           | shows    |
|                                                           | the      |
|                                                           | number   |
|                                                           | of       |
|                                                           |          |
|                                                           | ci       |
|                                                           | tations. |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+

##  

## Refining search strategies by adding one or more terms at a time

-   Add another term (e.g., tooth decay) to the query box and click
    Preview.

-   View your search strategy and number of results as you continue to
    refine your search.

  -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  ***Preview**   ![](media/image82.png){width="5.391666666666667in"
  shows search   height="1.9375in"}
  strategy and   
  number of      
  results as     
  each term is   
  added.*        

  -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   **Preview** displays the last three queries from History.
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         Use History to review up to the last 100 queries. The Clear
                                                         History button in History also clears the history
                                                         information from the Preview/Index.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   History will be lost after 8 hours of inactivity on
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         PubMed.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

**Index**

## 

## Viewing and selecting terms from the Index to develop search strategies

-   Use the Index button to view and select terms from the Index and to
    add them to your search strategy.

-   The Index allows you to view a listing of searchable terms within a
    search field.

-   You may also select terms to build a search strategy using Boolean
    operators.

## 

## Selecting a field and entering a term to look up in the Index

**Search Request:** *Find patient information about anthrax.*

On the Preview/Index screen enter anthrax in the PubMed query box:

![](media/image83.png){width="6.499305555555556in"
height="0.28402777777777777in"}

-   Select Publication Type from the pull-down menu, type the term,
    patient education and click on the Index button.

![](media/image84.png){width="5.302083333333333in"
height="2.4895833333333335in"}

## Selecting a term from the Index

-   Click on the term to highlight it.

![](media/image85.png){width="5.229166666666667in" height="2.4375in"}

-   Click on Preview.

-   Continue viewing, selecting, and previewing search terms until your
    strategy is complete.

![](media/image86.png){width="5.638888888888889in"
height="2.1354166666666665in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8402777777777778in"   **Preview** automatically ANDs together selected search
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         terms and previews the search. Use the **Boolean
                                                         operators** to combine search terms as needed. If you use
                                                         the Boolean operators, your search terms are added to the
                                                         PubMed query box and you must click Preview to see the
                                                         number of results.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   To **OR** together multiple terms from an Index display and
  height="0.9194444444444444in"}                         then add (i.e., **AND**) them to your search, click on each
                                                         term while holding down the Crtl-key (PC) or the
                                                         Command-key (Mac). When all the terms you want are
                                                         highlighted, click the connector AND to add the terms
                                                         (OR'ed together) to the query.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| # C      | # ![](media/im                                            |
| lipboard | age87.png){width="4.125in" height="0.3333333333333333in"} |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

-   Clipboard allows you to collect selected citations from one search
    or several searches.

![](media/image88.png){width="6.113888888888889in"
height="4.061805555555556in"}

-   You can sort, print, save, or order the citations on the Clipboard.

-   To place items on the Clipboard, click on the check-box to the left
    of the citation.

-   Then select Clipboard from Send to pull-down menu. You get a
    confirmation message stating that the items are added to the
    Clipboard.

![](media/image89.png){width="4.635416666666667in" height="0.53125in"}

-   Once the citations are added to the Clipboard, the items number
    color changes.

**Clipboard Tips:**

-   If you send items to the **Clipboard** without selecting citations
    using the check-box, PubMed will add up to 500 citations from your
    retrieval to the clipboard.

-   The maximum number of items that can be added to the clipboard is
    500.

-   The clipboard will be lost after 8 hours of inactivity.

**Using the Clipboard**

-   To view the contents of your clipboard, click on Clipboard from the
    Feature tabs.

![](media/image90.png){width="6.113888888888889in"
height="4.124305555555556in"}

**Deleting citations from the Clipboard**

-   To delete citations on the Clipboard, click on the check-box to the
    left of the item number, and then select **Clip Remove** from the
    Send to menu.

-   To empty the Clipboard, select **Clip Remove** from the Send to
    menu.

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](med   | Citations on the Clipboard may be incorporated into a    |
| ia/image7 | search statement using #0. For example, limit the items  |
| 7.jpeg){w | on the Clipboard to English language citations using the |
| idth="0.8 | following search:                                        |
| 298611111 |                                                          |
| 111112in" | #0 AND english \[la\]                                    |
| hei       |                                                          |
| ght="0.91 | This does not affect or replace the Clipboard contents.  |
| 944444444 |                                                          |
| 44444in"} |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

  ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  **Details**   ![](media/image91.png){width="4.229166666666667in"
                height="0.3333333333333333in"}

  ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

-   Clicking on Details displays your search query as it was translated
    by PubMed including MeSH term and PubMed phrase index mappings.

-   Error messages (e.g., stopwords, truncation warnings, misspellings)
    are also displayed.

-   The PubMed Query box in Details allows you to edit a search strategy
    and resubmit it.

-   Details also allows you to save a search strategy.

**Here's a closer look at Details:**

+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| You can      | ![](media/image92.png){width="4.722916666666666in"    |
| modify the   | height="3.9166666666666665in"}                        |
|              |                                                       |
| search       |                                                       |
| strategy if  |                                                       |
| you wish and |                                                       |
| then click   |                                                       |
| on           |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| the          |                                                       |
| **Search**   |                                                       |
| button.      |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| Click on the |                                                       |
| **URL**      |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| button to    |                                                       |
| create a URL |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| that allows  |                                                       |
| you to save  |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| your search  |                                                       |
| strategy.    |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| Click on the |                                                       |
| **Result**   |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| number       |                                                       |
| hyperlink to |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| return to    |                                                       |
| the current  |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| search       |                                                       |
| results.     |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| PubMed       |                                                       |
| Translations |                                                       |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+

# Saving a search strategy from Details:

-   Click on the **URL** button. PubMed will return to the search
    results screen. The translated search strategy will be displayed in
    the query box and this search strategy will also be embedded as part
    of the URL.

-   Next, use your Web browser's bookmark (favorite) function to save
    the URL as a bookmark. After saving the bookmark, you may want to
    use your Web browser's edit functions to rename the bookmark.

-   Save a search strategy using the **URL** button if you want to email
    the URL to a colleague or create a link on a Web page.

# Current Awareness Searching

If you wish to run a search periodically to retrieve recent information
since you last ran the search, you can use My NCBI. See **My NCBI
section** of this workbook for detailed information on **My NCBI Stored
Searches**.

**Practice Exercises**

1.  Using only the query box, find some information about using a living
    donor for a liver transplantation. Using Limits, further restrict
    the search to the publication type, Clinical Trial. Display the
    results so you can see the MeSH Headings and the entire retrieval is
    on one page.

2.  Locate citations about using a baboon for a bone marrow transplant
    that were published between 1997-2000.

3.  Find references about injuries from backpacks or backpacking.
    Bookmark this search strategy so the search can be run again at a
    later date.

4.  Search the phrase pressure point from the Text Word Index (available
    on Preview/Index).

5.  Find citations about using botox to treat migraines. Add the search
    results to the Clipboard. Go to the Clipboard to see the items.

6.  A patron is interested in references about tuberculosis,
    particularly in the early literature (pre1966).

# Suggested Answers

1.  Using only the query box, find some information about using a living
    donor for a liver transplantation. Using Limits, further restrict
    the search to the publication type, Clinical Trial. Display the
    results so you can see the MeSH Headings and the entire retrieval is
    on one page.

![](media/image93.png){width="6.436805555555556in"
height="3.6034722222222224in"}

Then Display the results so you see the MeSH headings and the entire
retrieval is on one page.

![](media/image94.png){width="5.220833333333333in"
height="1.4319444444444445in"}

2\. Locate citations about using a baboon for a bone marrow transplant
that were published between 1997-2000.

![](media/image95.png){width="5.84375in" height="3.1875in"}

3.  Find references about injuries from backpacks or backpacking.
    Bookmark this search strategy so the search can be run again at a
    later date.

**Details:**

![](media/image96.png){width="5.222916666666666in"
height="4.269444444444445in"}

Use the URL button from Details to have PubMed embed the search strategy
into a URL. Use your Web browser's bookmark function to save this URL.

4\. Search the phrase pressure point from the Text Word Index (available
on Preview/Index).

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *Select    | ![](media/image97.png){width="4.692361111111111in"      |
| Text Word  | height="3.4895833333333335in"}                          |
| from the   |                                                         |
| All Fields |                                                         |
| p          |                                                         |
| ull-down.* |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Enter     |                                                         |
| pressure   |                                                         |
| point in   |                                                         |
| the text   |                                                         |
| box.*      |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Click on  |                                                         |
| **Index**  |                                                         |
| to see     |                                                         |
| pressure   |                                                         |
| point in   |                                                         |
| the Text   |                                                         |
| Word       |                                                         |
| Index.*    |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Use       |                                                         |
| **Ctrl**   |                                                         |
| key to OR  |                                                         |
| together   |                                                         |
| both the   |                                                         |
| singular   |                                                         |
| and plural |                                                         |
| forms.*    |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Click     |                                                         |
| **P        |                                                         |
| review**.* |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

To search from the Index, select pressure point and click **Preview**.

![](media/image98.png){width="5.854166666666667in"
height="3.5833333333333335in"}

5\. Find citations about using botox to treat migraines. Add the search
results to the Clipboard. Go to the Clipboard to see the items.

  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  *Enter botox    ![](media/image99.png){width="5.607638888888889in"
  migraines in    height="3.2743055555555554in"}
  the query box.  
  Select          
  **Clipboard**   
  from Send to    
  menu to add all 
  the items to    
  the Clipboard.* 

  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

Once you send the items to Clipboard, the following message tells you
the items were added.

![](media/image100.png){width="3.926388888888889in"
height="0.5416666666666666in"}

To see the items on the Clipboard, click on **Clipboard** on the
Features Bar.

6\. A patron is interested in references about tuberculosis,
particularly in the early literature (pre1966).

![](media/image101.png){width="5.822916666666667in"
height="4.114583333333333in"}

**[N]{.underline} [O]{.underline} [T]{.underline} [E]{.underline}
[S]{.underline}**

# Related Articles/LinkOut

## Related Articles

-   Citations in PubMed have a **Related Articles** link. Clicking on
    this link will access the citations in PubMed that are most closely
    related to the original citation.

-   To create this list of Related Articles PubMed compares words from
    the Title and Abstract of each citation, as well as the MeSH
    headings assigned, using a powerful word-weighted algorithm.

-   The Related Articles citations display is in rank order from most to
    least relevant. The citation you linked from is displayed first.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   A detailed explanation of the Related Articles algorithm
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         is available in the PubMed **Help** under **Links, Related
                                                         Articles, Computation of Related Articles**.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

**Example:** *Find citations to articles wrestling and crash diets.*

  ----------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  ![](media/image102.png){width="5.5465277777777775in"        Related
  height="1.6694444444444445in"}                              Articles
                                                              Link

  ----------------------------------------------------------- -----------

-   This search retrieves only 1 citation. Now click on the Related
    Articles link and PubMed will display a list of related citations:

![](media/image103.png){width="5.96875in" height="3.3645833333333335in"}

## 

## Refining your Related Articles retrieval set:

-   Click History

-   The Related Articles link is represented as: Related Articles for
    PubMed (Select 5947515), where 5947515 is the PMID in this example.

![](media/image104.png){width="6.0in" height="1.7083333333333333in"}

Use the search statement number (e.g., #2) and use Limits or combine
with another concept:

Example: #2 AND english \[la\]

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| # ![]    | #                                                         |
| (media/i |                                                           |
| mage11.j | Refining will remove the ranking by relevancy.            |
| peg){wid |                                                           |
| th="0.82 |                                                           |
| 98611111 |                                                           |
| 111112in |                                                           |
| " height |                                                           |
| ="0.9208 |                                                           |
| 33333333 |                                                           |
| 3333in"} |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

#  LinkOut

# 

LinkOut provides links from PubMed and other Entrez databases to a wide
variety of relevant web‑accessible online resources including full‑text
publications.

Full-text is available when you see an icon link on the Abstract or
Citation display formats. Free full-text icons are displayed on the
Summary, Abstract or Citation display formats.

  ----------- --------------------------------------------------------------
  *The icon   ![](media/image105.png){width="5.235416666666667in"
  link to     height="3.952777777777778in"}
  full-text   
  from the    
  Abstract    
  format.*    

  ----------- --------------------------------------------------------------

Links back to citations in PubMed are often provided within the
references at the end of an article viewed from a publisher's Web site:

  ------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  Click on                        ![](media/image106.png){width="5.247222222222222in"
  \[**[Medline\]]{.underline}**   height="1.9548611111111112in"}
  link to go to the PubMed record 
  for this reference.             

  ------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

  ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  *To see the full ![](media/image107.png){width="5.549305555555556in"
  list of          height="1.85625in"}
  web‑accessible   
  online resources 
  for an item,     
  select LinkOut   
  from the Links   
  pull-down menu.* 

  ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Click  | ![](media/image108.png){width="5.486111111111111in"        |
| on icon | height="4.875in"}                                          |
| to view |                                                            |
| a       |                                                            |
| legend  |                                                            |
| of icon |                                                            |
| dis     |                                                            |
| plays.* |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *       |                                                            |
| LinkOut |                                                            |
| Li      |                                                            |
| braries |                                                            |
| a       |                                                            |
| fter"J" |                                                            |
| was     |                                                            |
| sel     |                                                            |
| ected.* |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| ![         | To limit your retrieval to full-text, use the following |
| ](media/im | Subset \[sb\] values or set these filters within My     |
| age77.jpeg | NCBI.                                                   |
| ){width="0 |                                                         |
| .829861111 | **free full text \[sb\]**  - Citations with a link to a |
| 1111112in" | free full-text article.\                                |
| height="0. | **full text \[sb\]** - Citations with a link to a       |
| 9194444444 | full-text article.                                      |
| 444444in"} |                                                         |
|            | **Example:** diabetes AND full text \[sb\]              |
|            |                                                         |
|            | See Search Field Descriptions section to learn more     |
|            | about Subsets and My NCBI section to learn more about   |
|            | My NCBI.                                                |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

**Books Link**

-   Books links take you from terms in titles and abstracts to the
    **Bookshelf** database. This is a collection of biomedical books.

**Example:** *Search PubMed for BRCA1.*

-   For the first item, use the Links pull-down menu to select the Books
    link.

-   This takes you to a facsimile of the Citation format, in which some
    terms are links. These correspond to terms that are also found in
    the books available on the Bookshelf.

  -------- ------------------------------------------------------------------
  Note the ![](media/image109.png){width="6.020833333333333in"
  links.   height="5.09375in"}

  -------- ------------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   To learn more about Books, go to the Bookshelf at
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

Clicking on a link (e.g., BRCA1) takes you to a list of books in which
the phrase is found:

  --------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click on the link    ![](media/image110.png){width="5.59375in" height="4.53125in"}
  (i.e., [44            
  items]{.underline})   
  to see sections of    
  Cancer Medicine that  
  discuss this gene.*   

  --------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

  --------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  *Choose a ![](media/image111.png){width="5.861805555555556in"
  section   height="2.045138888888889in"}
  title to  
  learn     
  more      
  about the 
  BRCA1     
  gene.*    

  --------- ----------------------------------------------------------------

**[\
]{.underline}**

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| # My NCBI                         | # ![](m                           |
|                                   | edia/image112.png){width="2.22916 |
|                                   | 66666666665in" height="0.5625in"} |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

### My NCBI Features

### Saved Searches: save search strategies to get updates - including automatic e-mailed updates. 

### Filters: Group your retrieval by topics of interest to you

### Getting to My NCBI

+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| -   PubMed\'s banner will display links to My   | ![](media/image1   |
|     NCBI.                                       | 13.png){width="1.2 |
|                                                 | 395833333333333in" |
| -   The **My NCBI** link goes to your list of   | height="0.55       |
|     saved searches.                             | 20833333333334in"} |
|                                                 |                    |
| -   **Sign In** links to the Sign In page.      |                    |
|                                                 |                    |
| -   **Register** links to the My NCBI           |                    |
|     registration page.                          |                    |
+-------------------------------------------------+--------------------+

# Registering for My NCBI

-   To use My NCBI you need to register for an account.

**Sign In: Session-Only or Automatic**

+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| *The check box,   | ![](                                             |
| \"Keep me signed  | media/image114.png){width="3.6666666666666665in" |
| in unless I sign  | height="3.1354166666666665in"}                   |
| out\" is          |                                                  |
| un-checked as the |                                                  |
| default.*         |                                                  |
|                   |                                                  |
| *This means that  |                                                  |
| My NCBI features  |                                                  |
| will be available |                                                  |
| **for your        |                                                  |
| current           |                                                  |
| session**.*       |                                                  |
|                   |                                                  |
| *Check the box if |                                                  |
| you want My NCBI  |                                                  |
| features to be    |                                                  |
| available from    |                                                  |
| that computer     |                                                  |
| without signing   |                                                  |
| in again. This is |                                                  |
| done by use of a  |                                                  |
| **permanent       |                                                  |
| cookie** which    |                                                  |
| remains on the    |                                                  |
| computer.*        |                                                  |
|                   |                                                  |
| *Click **About    |                                                  |
| automatic sign    |                                                  |
| in** for more     |                                                  |
| information about |                                                  |
| this feature.*    |                                                  |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

**Important Facts about the E-mail for My NCBI Account**

-   Each My NCBI account can have **only one** e-mail address that will
    be used for all automatic e-mail updates saved in that account.

-   If, at a later time, you change the e-mail address for your account,
    the new e-mail address will be used for **all** automatic updates
    following confirmation (see below).

-   To change the e-mail address on an account, go to **User
    Preferences** on the My NCBI sidebar.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8194444444444444in"   The address for PubMed's Send to E-mail feature *can* be
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         changed for individual e-mails on the Send to E-mail page
                                                         without affecting the e-mail address used for the My NCBI
                                                         account.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

**The Confirmation E-mail**

-   The first time an automatic e-mail update is created for an account,
    or if the e-mail is changed in User Preferences, a confirmation
    e-mail will be sent to that address.

-   No automatic updates will be sent to an address until it has been
    confirmed.

**Saving Searches**

-   Run your PubMed search.

-   From the Results page, click on the **Save Search** link to the
    right of the query box.

  -------------------------------------------------------------- --------
  ![](media/image115.png){width="5.646527777777778in"            *Click
  height="2.196527777777778in"}                                  here.*

  -------------------------------------------------------------- --------

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   PubMed uses the search as it is stored in the History, so it
  height="0.9194444444444444in"}                         is important to run a search in order for it to appear in
                                                         the History.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

PubMed will open a separate window in your browser to start the saving
process. (If you are not already signed into My NCBI, you will be
prompted to do so.)

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *You can  | ![](media/image116.png){width="4.704166666666667in"      |
| edit the  | height="2.134027777777778in"}                            |
| name of   |                                                          |
| the       |                                                          |
| search.*  |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *This     |                                                          |
| name will |                                                          |
| be part   |                                                          |
| of the    |                                                          |
| Subject   |                                                          |
| line of   |                                                          |
| automatic |                                                          |
| e-mail    |                                                          |
| updates.* |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

-   Next, indicate whether or not you want to have the updates
    automatically e-mailed.

-   If you leave the setting as No, the search is saved and you can
    update it at your convenience.

-   If you select the Yes button, the window will extend to display
    additional options for customizing the update:

![](media/image117.png){width="6.434027777777778in"
height="4.470138888888889in"}

**Setting up automatic updating**

Searches saved for automatic updating require that additional details be
supplied.

-   If the e-mail box is blank, enter an **e-mail address** for the
    account. ***All*** automatic updates will be sent to that address
    following confirmation

-   Select **How often** you want to get updates - monthly, weekly, or
    daily.

-   Select the **format** (Summary, Abstract, etc.)**,** and either an
    HTML or text e-mail.

-   Select the **maximum number of items to be sent** with each update.
    Don't worry about picking a number that is too low. You can use a
    link in the e-mail that takes you to the total update results in
    PubMed.

-   If you want to know when an update retrieved no citations, select,
    **Send e-mail when there are no new results**.

-   The **Additional text** box will default to the search name. You can
    replace this text, keeping in mind that this text will display on
    each e-mail update as "Sender's message" and the strategy is also
    displayed in the e-mail message. Many users will prefer not to
    include additional text.

  ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click on the ![](media/image118.png){width="5.569444444444445in"
  word,         height="3.9784722222222224in"}
  "**here**" to 
  view the      
  complete      
  results. For  
  this example, 
  to see all 10 
  citations.*   

  ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

**Partial e-mail update results**

**Manually Updating Searches**

-   To manually update a search, go to your saved searches in My NCBI.

-   Check the box to the left of the search to be updated and click
    **What's New for Selected** at the bottom of the page.

-   My NCBI will indicate if there are any new citations retrieved by
    the strategy since your last update.

-   If you link to the results, i.e., complete the update, your saved
    search list will reflect the date and time of the update.

**Additional Functions available from My Saved Searches page**

+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| *In the     | ![](media/image119.png){width="5.076388888888889in"    |
| **Details** | height="2.3645833333333335in"}                         |
| column      |                                                        |
| click on    |                                                        |
| the         |                                                        |
| frequency   |                                                        |
| (Daily,     |                                                        |
| Weekly,     |                                                        |
| Monthly) to |                                                        |
| go to the   |                                                        |
| Search      |                                                        |
| Details     |                                                        |
| page where  |                                                        |
| you can     |                                                        |
| make        |                                                        |
| changes.*   |                                                        |
|             |                                                        |
| *Hold your  |                                                        |
| cursor over |                                                        |
| the data in |                                                        |
| the **Last  |                                                        |
| Updated**   |                                                        |
| column to   |                                                        |
| show the    |                                                        |
| date the    |                                                        |
| next e-mail |                                                        |
| update will |                                                        |
| be sent, or |                                                        |
| in the case |                                                        |
| of No       |                                                        |
| Schedule,   |                                                        |
| you will    |                                                        |
| see the     |                                                        |
| date you    |                                                        |
| last        |                                                        |
| manually    |                                                        |
| generated   |                                                        |
| new         |                                                        |
| citations.* |                                                        |
|             |                                                        |
| *Saved      |                                                        |
| searches    |                                                        |
| can be run  |                                                        |
| to retrieve |                                                        |
| total       |                                                        |
| results,    |                                                        |
| i.e., not   |                                                        |
| limited to  |                                                        |
| new         |                                                        |
| citations.  |                                                        |
| Click on    |                                                        |
| the name of |                                                        |
| the search. |                                                        |
| (This will  |                                                        |
| not affect  |                                                        |
| future      |                                                        |
| updates.)*  |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

**Modifying a Strategy: Save a New One and Delete the Old**

-   Saved search strategies cannot be edited. To modify a strategy,
    re-save it with your changes.

-   To delete a search, select the search using the check box and click
    on the **Delete Selected** button at the bottom of the page.

**Changing the E-mail Address for an Account**

-   User Preferences is accessible via a link on the My NCBI sidebar.
    You can change the e-mail address for your My NCBI account here.

-   Keep in mind, anytime you change the e-mail for an account, all
    automatic updates will be sent to that address following
    confirmation.

**Search Statement Numbers in Saved Searches**

-   My NCBI allows you to save searches with search statement numbers
    (#2 OR #3) AND #1.

-   Be aware that the default search name does not include any Boolean
    operators and search tags, if entered.

Example: (#1 OR #2) AND #4

#1: wrist

#2: shoulder

#4: arthroscopy

![](media/image120.png){width="6.496527777777778in"
height="2.107638888888889in"}

-   This name does not affect the strategy, so it is advisable to edit
    it to something short, yet meaningful.

-   Be sure to run your search before saving it, in order for it to
    appear in the History and be successfully saved.

# 

# About the Updates

-   The update strategies used for My NCBI are detailed in PubMed's
    Help.

-   New or modified searches can be generated no sooner than the next
    day. For example, this morning, you changed the frequency for an
    update from Monthly to Daily. The first update will be sent
    tomorrow.

**Filters**

-   My NCBI includes a Filters feature which groups search results by
    areas of interest.

-   You can have up to **five** active filters using My NCBI.

**The Tabs**

-   "All" tab shows the total retrieval for the search. "Review" tab
    shows the total retrieval for review articles.

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| *The     | ![](media/image121.png){width="5.420138888888889in"       |
| **All**  | height="2.015972222222222in"}                             |
| tab      |                                                           |
| shows    |                                                           |
| the      |                                                           |
| total    |                                                           |
| r        |                                                           |
| etrieval |                                                           |
| for the  |                                                           |
| search.  |                                                           |
| The      |                                                           |
| **       |                                                           |
| Review** |                                                           |
| tab      |                                                           |
| shows    |                                                           |
| the      |                                                           |
| total    |                                                           |
| r        |                                                           |
| etrieval |                                                           |
| for      |                                                           |
| review   |                                                           |
| ar       |                                                           |
| ticles.* |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *To the  |                                                           |
| right of |                                                           |
| the      |                                                           |
| "Review" |                                                           |
| tab, the |                                                           |
| hammer   |                                                           |
| and      |                                                           |
| wrench   |                                                           |
| icon*    |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *links   |                                                           |
| you to   |                                                           |
| My NCBI  |                                                           |
| where    |                                                           |
| you can  |                                                           |
| add or   |                                                           |
| modify   |                                                           |
| your     |                                                           |
| filter   |                                                           |
| c        |                                                           |
| hoices.* |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

# 

# Adding Filters

-   Use the ![](media/image122.png){width="0.22916666666666666in"
    height="0.23958333333333334in"} icon to link to the **Quick Pick**
    list of commonly-requested filters:

  ------------ -------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click in    ![](media/image123.png){width="5.611111111111111in"
  the          height="3.277083333333333in"}
  checkboxes   
  to select or 
  deselect     
  filters.*    

  ------------ -------------------------------------------------------------

# 

# Browse

# Click on Browse to see additional options for PubMed filters. 

# On the Browse page there are three categories:

#  LinkOut

#  Links

#  Properties

# Users interested in subject-related filters for their searches should look at Properties.

# 

  ------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------
  *There are over 70 ![](media/image124.png){width="5.502777777777778in"
  filter options     height="2.970833333333333in"}
  under              
  **Properties**.*   

  ------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------

# Under Properties, use the links to see the available filters for each sub-category. Here's the one for Publication Types:

# 

+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| #      | # ![](media/image125.png){                                  |
|        | width="5.5152777777777775in" height="2.4791666666666665in"} |
| #      |                                                             |
|        |                                                             |
| #      |                                                             |
|        |                                                             |
| #      |                                                             |
|        |                                                             |
| #      |                                                             |
|        |                                                             |
| # *Us  |                                                             |
| e the  |                                                             |
| link f |                                                             |
| or the |                                                             |
|  desir |                                                             |
| ed fil |                                                             |
| ter to |                                                             |
|  go to |                                                             |
|  a pag |                                                             |
| e wher |                                                             |
| e you  |                                                             |
| can se |                                                             |
| lect t |                                                             |
| hat fi |                                                             |
| lter.* |                                                             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------+

# 

+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------+
| #      | # !                                                         |
|        | [](media/image126.png){width="5.5125in" height="2.15625in"} |
| *Click |                                                             |
| in the |                                                             |
| ch     |                                                             |
| eckbox |                                                             |
| to     |                                                             |
| select |                                                             |
| the    |                                                             |
| fi     |                                                             |
| lter.* |                                                             |
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------+

# 

**LinkOut Filters**

-   Filters in this category group results by full text providers,
    libraries, and other outside resources.

**Adding your library's holdings as a filter**

-   **From the LinkOut filters page:**

  --------------- --------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click on       ![](media/image127.png){width="5.645833333333333in"
  **Libraries**   height="5.072916666666667in"}
  link.*          

  --------------- --------------------------------------------------------------

This will bring up a page with all of the LinkOut-participating
libraries.

-   Use your browser's Find feature to locate your library.

-   Click on the desired library link.

-   Then click on the checkboxes to add a result tab and/or display the
    library's icon:

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Notice   | ![](media/image128.png){width="5.199305555555555in"      |
| the use   | height="2.3958333333333335in"}                           |
| of        |                                                          |
| "br       |                                                          |
| eadcumbs" |                                                          |
| on the    |                                                          |
| Filters   |                                                          |
| pages.*   |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Each     |                                                          |
| b         |                                                          |
| readcrumb |                                                          |
| for a     |                                                          |
| higher    |                                                          |
| level is  |                                                          |
| a link to |                                                          |
| that      |                                                          |
| page.*    |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Click in |                                                          |
| the       |                                                          |
| c         |                                                          |
| heckboxes |                                                          |
| to add    |                                                          |
| these     |                                                          |
| sel       |                                                          |
| ections.* |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ![]     | -   Results tabs for LinkOut providers display the LinkOut |
| (media/ |     user name.                                             |
| image11 |                                                            |
| .jpeg){ | -   Place your cursor over this ID to see the name of the  |
| width=" |     provider.                                              |
| 0.81944 |                                                            |
| 4444444 | -   Users who connect to PubMed with a URL that includes a |
| 4444in" |     library\'s holdings parameter will continue to see     |
| he      |     their library icon even if they do not select their    |
| ight="0 |     library in My NCBI. Users should select their library  |
| .920833 |     filter if they want to see a filter tab for their      |
| 3333333 |     library in the search results.                         |
| 333in"} |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

# 

# My Selections

-   Click on My Selections at any time to check on the filters selected:

![](media/image129.png){width="6.041666666666667in" height="2.90625in"}

**Using the Filter Tabs**

-   Click on a filter tab to go to the citations for a particular
    filter. Select any display format you wish.

-   When you click on the filter name (tab) to see the results for a
    filter, a tack symbol will appear in the tab:

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| *        | ![](media/image131.png){width="5.420138888888889in"       |
| Clicking | height="2.5083333333333333in"}                            |
| on the*  |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| ![](m    |                                                           |
| edia/ima |                                                           |
| ge130.pn |                                                           |
| g){width |                                                           |
| ="0.1770 |                                                           |
| 83333333 |                                                           |
| 33334in" |                                                           |
| height=  |                                                           |
| "0.19791 |                                                           |
| 66666666 |                                                           |
| 6666in"} |                                                           |
| *icon    |                                                           |
| \        |                                                           |
| "tacks\" |                                                           |
| that     |                                                           |
| filter   |                                                           |
| onto the |                                                           |
| search   |                                                           |
| query.*  |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ![]     | -   Filters added this way will display in the query box   |
| (media/ |     with the \[Filter\] tag.                               |
| image77 |                                                            |
| .jpeg){ | -   If you want to save this search, click on Save Search. |
| width=" |                                                            |
| 0.82986 | -   Many filter topics can be added to the search via the  |
| 1111111 |     Limits page. Either way will yield the same results.   |
| 1112in" |                                                            |
| he      |                                                            |
| ight="0 |                                                            |
| .919444 |                                                            |
| 4444444 |                                                            |
| 444in"} |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

#########  **User Preferences**

-   Available from My NCBI sidebar

-   Change the display format for the Links menu on your search results
    screen.

-   Save an e-mail address for Send to E-mail as well as automatic
    e-mail updates.

-   Choose to highlight PubMed search words in retrieval when you are
    signed into My NCBI.

**Activating Highlighting Feature:**

+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Hig      | ![](media/image132.png){width="5.3277777777777775in"      |
| hlighting | height="2.9694444444444446in"}                            |
| default   |                                                           |
| is set to |                                                           |
| **Off**.* |                                                           |
|           |                                                           |
| *         |                                                           |
| Selecting |                                                           |
| a color   |                                                           |
| and       |                                                           |
| clicking  |                                                           |
| **OK**    |                                                           |
| activates |                                                           |
| this      |                                                           |
| feature.* |                                                           |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

Searching with MeSH

Two selections are available for MeSH searching from the field selection
pull-down menu in Limits:

-   MeSH Terms - Use when you want to specify that a term is searched
    only as a MeSH heading not also as a Text Word.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   When a term is searched as a MeSH Heading, PubMed
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         automatically searches that heading and the more specific
                                                         headings underneath in the hierarchy. This is called
                                                         exploding a term.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

For example, the MeSH term **Face** when searched as MeSH Term in PubMed
would search the heading Face as well as all the more specific terms
below the term in the hierarchy:

![](media/image133.png){width="1.7395833333333333in" height="2.09375in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Searching with MeSH terms will ***exclude*** in process
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         citations and publisher-supplied citations as they have not
                                                         been indexed with MeSH headings.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

-   MeSH Major Topic - Use when you wish to limit to articles where the
    topic is the main point of the article.

# MeSH Database

The MeSH Database allows you to:

-   Locate and select MeSH terms (Headings, Subheadings, & Publication
    Types); Supplementary Concept terms (Substance Names) and
    Pharmacological Action terms.

-   See the definition and other helpful information for a MeSH term.

-   Build a PubMed search strategy.

-   Display MeSH terms in the hierarchy.

-   Limit MeSH terms to a major concept for a search.

-   Attach subheadings for a search.

-   Link to the NLM MeSH Section's MeSH Browser

## How to Get There

-   Click on **MeSH Database** on the sidebar.

Let's use the MeSH Database to find the proper **MeSH term** for
condition of *double vision* and then search PubMed for relevant
citations.

  ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  *Enter the  ![](media/image134.png){width="5.447916666666667in"
  term,       height="1.4048611111111111in"}
  **double    
  vision**,   
  in the      
  query box   
  and click   
  the **Go**  
  button.*    

  ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------

Summary format:

-   Select PubMed from the Links pull-down menu to run a PubMed search
    with that term.

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| ***Sugge | ![](media/image135.png){width="5.4222222222222225in"      |
| stions** | height="2.5277777777777777in"}                            |
| are MeSH |                                                           |
| or Entry |                                                           |
| terms    |                                                           |
| g        |                                                           |
| enerated |                                                           |
| by an    |                                                           |
| a        |                                                           |
| lgorithm |                                                           |
| that     |                                                           |
| compares |                                                           |
| letter   |                                                           |
| combin   |                                                           |
| ations.* |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *Scope   |                                                           |
| Note     |                                                           |
| (meaning |                                                           |
| for this |                                                           |
| concept  |                                                           |
| is       |                                                           |
| disp     |                                                           |
| layed.)* |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| **       |                                                           |
| *Links** |                                                           |
| allows   |                                                           |
| you to   |                                                           |
| use the  |                                                           |
| term in  |                                                           |
| a PubMed |                                                           |
| search,  |                                                           |
| the MeSH |                                                           |
| Section  |                                                           |
| MeSH     |                                                           |
| Browser  |                                                           |
| or       |                                                           |
| Clinical |                                                           |
| Q        |                                                           |
| ueries.* |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

Let's search for the supplementary concept term:
**1,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene**

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   Some substance names are long and \"complicated.\" Please
  height="0.7416666666666667in"}                         note also that when searching any Entrez database for a term
                                                         with parentheses, e.g., 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene, do
                                                         *not* enter the parentheses.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

**Summary format:**

  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  *These terms    ![](media/image136.png){width="5.4840277777777775in"
  will display in height="2.9368055555555554in"}
  search          
  retrieval with  
  the label       
  **\[Substance   
  Name\]**.*      

  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

Click on the term link to see the **Full display** that may include
additional information:

  ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  *To see       ![](media/image137.png){width="5.138194444444444in"
  complete      height="2.6284722222222223in"}
  information   
  for any term, 
  use the link  
  to the **NLM  
  MeSH          
  Browser**     
  from the      
  **Links**     
  menu*         

  ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8229166666666666in"   The Feature tabs (Limits, History, etc.) from the MeSH
  height="0.7527777777777778in"}                         Database deal specifically with the MeSH Database not the
                                                         PubMed database.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

Now, let's use the MeSH Database to build a search strategy for a search
for citations about the *diagnosis of* *bursitis* which requires the use
of a subheading.

  -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
  *Enter the     ![](media/image138.png){width="5.920138888888889in"
  term,          height="2.222916666666667in"}
  **bursitis** , 
  in the query   
  box and click  
  the **Go**     
  button.*       

  -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

PubMed displays retrieval from this database in the Summary format:

  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  Click on the ![](media/image139.png){width="5.284027777777778in"
  term to see  height="2.71875in"}
  the Full     
  display.     

  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

The **Full** Display provides more information about the term:

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Use    | ![](media/image140.png){width="5.4847222222222225in"       |
| the     | height="4.804166666666666in"}                              |
| check   |                                                            |
| boxes   |                                                            |
| to      |                                                            |
| select  |                                                            |
| subhe   |                                                            |
| adings. |                                                            |
| Click   |                                                            |
| on the  |                                                            |
| *       |                                                            |
| *Subhea |                                                            |
| dings** |                                                            |
| link to |                                                            |
| see a   |                                                            |
| list of |                                                            |
| sub     |                                                            |
| heading |                                                            |
| defini  |                                                            |
| tions.* |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *Use    |                                                            |
| these   |                                                            |
| che     |                                                            |
| ckboxes |                                                            |
| to      |                                                            |
| r       |                                                            |
| estrict |                                                            |
| to      |                                                            |
| major   |                                                            |
| topic   |                                                            |
| or to   |                                                            |
| not     |                                                            |
| explode |                                                            |
| a       |                                                            |
| term.*  |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *Entry  |                                                            |
| Terms   |                                                            |
| (sy     |                                                            |
| nonyms) |                                                            |
| are     |                                                            |
| pro     |                                                            |
| vided.* |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *MeSH   |                                                            |
| hi      |                                                            |
| erarchy |                                                            |
| is      |                                                            |
| di      |                                                            |
| splayed |                                                            |
| with    |                                                            |
| s       |                                                            |
| earched |                                                            |
| term in |                                                            |
| bol     |                                                            |
| dface.* |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

**Send to Search Box**

To specify a search for:

## *Citations about the diagnosis of bursitis*

1.  Select the diagnosis subheading from the Full display screen.

2.  Select Search Box with AND from the **Send to** pull-down menu.

![](media/image141.png){width="6.374305555555556in"
height="4.790972222222222in"}

The term with any specifications will appear in the Search Box:

![](media/image142.png){width="5.729166666666667in"
height="1.0104166666666667in"}

To add additional terms to this strategy, continue searching the
database and add terms to the Search Box using the Send to Search Box
feature.

Now, let's adjust our search to specifically look for articles
discussing the ***diagnosis of bursitis in the knee joint***.

Enter **knee joint** in the Query box, click **Go**.

![](media/image143.png){width="5.6722222222222225in"
height="2.1798611111111112in"}

This brings you to the Summary display for **Knee Joint**.

![](media/image144.png){width="5.8125in" height="0.8020833333333334in"}

Next, click on the **Knee Joint** term link to see the Full display for
this term.

Now, let's restrict to citations where the **major focus of the article
is knee joints** and then add this term to the strategy we are building:

1.  Click in the check box for: Restrict Search to Major Topics only.

2.  Select Search Box with AND from the **Send to** pull-down menu.

![](media/image145.png){width="6.457638888888889in"
height="5.593055555555556in"}

Now, the search is built and is ready to be run in PubMed. Click the
**Search PubMed** button below the Search box:

  ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click     ![](media/image146.png){width="5.75in" height="1.0in"}
  **Search   
  PubMed**   
  button.*   

  ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------

# Practice Exercises

Try using the MeSH database to build your searches that require the use
of MeSH headings.

1\. Find articles discussing prostate cancer as the main focus of the
article. Build this search in the MeSH Database. After searching this in
PubMed, use the PubMed Limits to retrieve citations to articles entered
in the last 2 years.

2\. Find citations to articles discussing the surgical or drug treatment
of osteosarcoma in children (Hint: use subheadings). Limit to studies
involving the drug, cisplatin. Also, limit to English language articles.

3.  Find references discussing the economics of community-acquired
    pneumonia.

4.  Using the MeSH database, find the proper term for mad cow disease.
    Use the Links menu to search the term in PubMed.

# Suggested Answers:

1\. Find articles discussing prostate cancer as the main focus of the
article. Build this search in the MeSH Database. After searching this in
PubMed, use the PubMed Limits to retrieve citations to articles entered
in the last 2 years.

MeSH database Summary display:

  ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  *Click term ![](media/image147.png){width="5.48125in"
  to reach    height="2.9895833333333335in"}
  Full        
  display.*   

  ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Once   | ![](media/image148.png){width="5.547916666666667in"        |
| specifi | height="4.524305555555555in"}                              |
| cations |                                                            |
| are     |                                                            |
| c       |                                                            |
| hecked, |                                                            |
| select  |                                                            |
| "Search |                                                            |
| Box     |                                                            |
| with    |                                                            |
| AND"    |                                                            |
| from    |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| **Send  |                                                            |
| to**    |                                                            |
| pu      |                                                            |
| ll-down |                                                            |
| menu.*  |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *Check  |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| Major   |                                                            |
| Topic   |                                                            |
| only    |                                                            |
| sele    |                                                            |
| ction.* |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

Restricting to Major Topic:

To run search strategy in PubMed, click on the Search PubMed button
below Search box:

![](media/image149.png){width="5.6875in" height="0.9479166666666666in"}

Now, restrict to those citations entered into the database in the last 2
years using the Limits screen:

![](media/image150.png){width="5.739583333333333in"
height="3.0729166666666665in"}

2\. Find citations to articles discussing the surgical or drug treatment
of osteosarcoma in children. (Hint: Use subheadings.) Limit to studies
involving the drug, cisplatin. Also, limit to English language articles.

Choosing appropriate subheadings from the Full display for Osteosarcoma:

+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Once     | ![](media/image151.png){width="5.533333333333333in"       |
| speci     | height="5.136111111111111in"}                             |
| fications |                                                           |
| are       |                                                           |
| checked,  |                                                           |
| select    |                                                           |
| "Search   |                                                           |
| Box with  |                                                           |
| AND" from |                                                           |
| the       |                                                           |
| **Send    |                                                           |
| to**      |                                                           |
| pull-down |                                                           |
| menu.*    |                                                           |
|           |                                                           |
| *Check    |                                                           |
| the two   |                                                           |
| ap        |                                                           |
| propriate |                                                           |
| subh      |                                                           |
| eadings.* |                                                           |
+-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

Searching Cisplatin and sending the term to the search box as you build
your strategy:

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Once    | ![](media/image152.png){width="5.4215277777777775in"      |
| term is  | height="3.551388888888889in"}                             |
| s        |                                                           |
| elected, |                                                           |
| select   |                                                           |
| "Search  |                                                           |
| Box with |                                                           |
| And"     |                                                           |
| from the |                                                           |
| **Send   |                                                           |
| to**     |                                                           |
| menu.*   |                                                           |
|          |                                                           |
| *Check   |                                                           |
| the      |                                                           |
| term.*   |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

Now, let's take this strategy into PubMed and then continue our search
from PubMed using the Limits feature.

![](media/image153.png){width="5.770833333333333in"
height="0.9583333333333334in"}

Back in PubMed using the Limits feature:

![](media/image154.png){width="5.729166666666667in" height="1.78125in"}

3\. Find references discussing the economics of community-acquired
pneumonia.

Selecting the subheading of economics to attach to the MeSH heading,
pneumonia from the Full display in the MeSH database:

![](media/image155.png){width="6.218055555555556in"
height="3.5618055555555554in"}

Searching for the next term:

  --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  *Read the Scope ![](media/image156.png){width="5.545138888888889in"
  Note. If        height="3.622916666666667in"}
  relevant, click 
  on the term to  
  see the Full    
  Display for     
  more            
  information     
  including       
  subheadings.*   

  --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

Final strategy ready to send to PubMed:

![](media/image157.png){width="5.770833333333333in"
height="1.0520833333333333in"}

4\. Using the MeSH database, find the proper term for mad cow disease.
Use the Links menu to search the term in PubMed.

![](media/image158.png){width="6.498611111111111in"
height="4.473611111111111in"}

# 

# [N]{.underline} [O]{.underline} [T]{.underline} [E]{.underline} [S]{.underline}

# 

# Search Rules and Syntax

**Boolean Operators**

Boolean logic is a system of logic that symbolically represents
relationships between entities.

-   The Boolean operators AND, OR, NOT must be entered in uppercase
    letters.

-   Boolean connectors are processed left to right.

Logical Operator **AND:**

-   Used to retrieve a set in which each citation contains all search
    terms.

*Example:* **salmonella AND hamburger**

Logical Operator **OR:**

-   Used to retrieve a set in which each citation contains at least one
    of the search terms.

-   Use **OR** when you want to pull together articles on similar
    topics.

*Example:* **football OR hockey OR soccer**

Logical Operator **NOT**

-   Retrieves a set from which citations to articles containing
    specified search terms following the **NOT** operator are
    eliminated.

-   Use the **NOT** operator with caution; you might eliminate relevant
    articles.

*Example:* **arthritis NOT letter**

**Nesting**

-   To change the order in which terms are processed, enclose the
    terms(s) in parentheses. The terms inside the set of parentheses
    will be processed as a unit and then incorporated into the overall
    strategy. **This is called nesting.**

**Example:** *shoulder joint \[mh\] AND (baseball \[mh\] OR hockey
\[mh\]) AND arthroscopy \[mh\]*

**Search Field Descriptions**

-   Search fields can be specified using PubMed's search field tags. A
    list of the available field names, abbreviations, and brief field
    descriptions may be found in PubMed Help under Search Field
    Descriptions and Tags -- not all searchable fields are included in
    this workbook section.

-   Each search term should be followed with the appropriate search
    field tag, which indicates which field will be searched. The search
    field tag must follow the term.

Correct entry: aromatherapy \[mh\]

Incorrect entry: \[mh\] aromatherapy

-   Search field tags must be enclosed in **square brackets**.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Case and spacing do not matter: ice \[mh\] = Ice \[mh\] = ICE \[MH\]

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   Terms entered with a search tag (e.g., \[mh\]; \[majr\];
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         \[tw\]) will not generate alternative spellings (PubMed's
                                                         spell check feature).

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

# MeSH headings \[MH\]

-   MeSH headings can be qualified using two search field tags:

\[mh\] to search a MeSH heading

\[majr\] to search a MeSH heading that is a major topic of an article

-   PubMed **automatically** searches the MeSH headings as well as the
    more specific terms beneath that heading in the MeSH hierarchy;
    i.e., **the term is exploded**.

-   To turn off automatic explosion of MeSH headings, use one of the
    following tags:

\[mh:noexp\] or \[majr:noexp\]

***Example:** thromboembolism \[majr:noexp\]*

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Alternatively, consider using the "Do not explode"
  height="0.9173611111111111in"}                         selection from the Detailed Display in the MeSH Database.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   Searching with MeSH headings will exclude in process and
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         publisher-supplied citations, as they are not indexed with
                                                         MeSH.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

#  Subheadings \[SH\]

-   You can directly attach subheadings to MeSH headings using the
    format MeSH heading/subheading.

-   Two letter abbreviations for subheadings or the full subheading name
    may be used.

Examples:

thromboembolism/pc \[mh\]

thromboembolism/prevention and control \[mh\]

toes/in \[majr\]

toes/injuries \[majr\]

-   Only one subheading may be attached to a MeSH heading at a time. To
    attach multiple subheadings, combine each MeSH/subheading
    combination with the OR connector or use the MeSH Browser.

**Example:** *Thromboembolism/pc \[majr\] OR thromboembolism/di
\[majr\]*

-   For a MeSH/subheading combination, PubMed always explodes the MeSH
    term and also searches the subheading and its grouping if there is
    one.

In the example below, the subheading therapy or members of the therapy
grouping (e.g., diet therapy) will be attached to the MeSH term
(hypertension) or one of its indentions (e.g., hypertension, malignant).

**Example:** *hypertension/th*

  ------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  Hypertension with its indentions:           Subheading grouping for therapy:

  ![](media/image159.png){width="3.15625in"   ![](media/image160.png){width="2.567361111111111in"
  height="1.9597222222222221in"}              height="1.9118055555555555in"}
  ------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   A list of subheadings and subheading groupings appears in
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         PubMed's Help.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](     | To **turn off both** the MeSH heading explosion and       |
| media/im | subheading groupings, you would enter:                    |
| age77.jp |                                                           |
| eg){widt | hypertension/th \[mh:noexp\]                              |
| h="0.833 |                                                           |
| 33333333 | hypertension/th \[majr:noexp\]                            |
| 33334in" |                                                           |
| height   | These search for **only** the subheading therapy attached |
| ="0.9194 | to **only** the MeSH term hypertension (with "majr," only |
| 44444444 | as the main point).                                       |
| 4444in"} |                                                           |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------+

-   You may also choose to "free-float" a subheading with a MeSH heading
    using the Boolean AND and the subheading field tag of \[sh\]. This
    is typically done when you want to search for a subheading that
    cannot be applied to the MeSH heading you are also searching.

**Example:**

child rearing \[mh\] AND complications \[sh\]

-   To **turn off the subheading grouping**, use the tag \[sh:noexp\].
    You may *only* do this when "free-floating" a subheading.

# Pharmacologic Action \[PA\]

-   Use of a term with the Pharmacologic Action \[pa\] field tag
    instructs PubMed to OR together terms from a list made up of a PA
    term and the drug/substance terms known to have that action.

-   Any MeSH terms on the list are searched with the no explode
    specification, \[mh:noexp\], so as not to include possible
    indentions of the term that might not share the pharmacologic
    action.

**Why?**

-   Use this search method when you want to include retrieval for all
    MeSH terms with a particular pharmacologic action.

**Example:**

neoplasms \[mh\] AND antioxidants \[pa\]

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   If you enter a MeSH term that happens to be a PA term,
  height="0.9194444444444444in"}                         without using a field tag, PubMed will search the term as
                                                         \[mh\], \[pa\], and \[tw\].

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

# 

# Truncation Symbol

-   The asterisk (\*) is PubMed's truncation symbol.

### 

# Text Words \[TW\]

-   Terms or numbers that are searched with the Text Words \[tw\] field
    tag will be searched in the following fields:

-   Title

-   Abstract

-   MeSH headings and Subheading (includes single words and phrases)

-   Other Terms field

-   Chemical Names of Substances

-   Secondary Source Identifier (The SI field identifies other data
    sources, databanks and accession numbers of molecular sequences
    discussed in MEDLINE articles.)

-   Personal Name as Subject

# Other Terms \[OT\]

# 

-   The Other Terms field contains largely non-MeSH subject terms.

-   For OLDMEDLINE citations, this field contains the original index
    terms. These terms are not updated.

-   The OT field is searchable with the Text Word and Other Term search
    tags.

**Example:**

*tuberculin test \[ot\]*

# 

# Title Word Searching \[TI\]

-   Enter significant terms (numbers, too) from the title of an article.

-   Each word must be followed by the \[TI\] search field tag.

-   Words should be combined with the AND operator.

**Example:** *I'm looking for an article. The title is "Memory
improvement following cardiac transplantation".*

**Query box:** memory \[ti\] AND improvement \[ti\] AND cardiac \[ti\]
AND transplantation \[ti\]

  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------
  **Result:**   ![](media/image161.png){width="6.163194444444445in"
                height="0.9888888888888889in"}

  ------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Consider using the Single Citation Matcher available from
  height="0.9173611111111111in"}                         the sidebar. When using Single Citation Matcher, you do not
                                                         have to tag each title word.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

#  

# Author Searching \[AU\]

-   Use the Last Name + Initial(s) format. The \[au\] tag is optional.

-   If the first initial is included, PubMed automatically truncates the
    author's name to account for varying initials.

**Example:** *o'brien j \[au\]*

-   Two situations where the \[au\] tag is *required*:

> 1\. To **turn off automatic truncation of an author's name,** surround
> the author's name with double quotes *and* use the \[au\] search tag.

  ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  *Note only    ![](media/image162.png){width="5.279166666666667in"
  occurrences   height="2.876388888888889in"}
  of **O'Brien  
  J**.*         

  ------------- ------------------------------------------------------------

2\. Use the \[au\] tag when entering only a last name. Example: *woods
\[au\]*

![](media/image163.png){width="6.468055555555556in"
height="3.2284722222222224in"}

# Full Author Searching

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Searching by full author name limits to citations to
  height="0.9173611111111111in"}                         articles published **from 2002 forward, and to journals that
                                                         publish using the full names of authors**. For comprehensive
                                                         results, use conventional author searching, i.e., lastname +
                                                         initial(s).

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

-   Unlike conventional author searching (e.g., smith js), full author
    searching can be entered in natural or inverted order and you may
    optionally use the \[fau\] tag:

> julia s wong
>
> wong julia s

# 

# When searching a full name using the inverted order, a comma following the last name is generally optional, omit periods after initials, and put all suffixes, e.g., Jr, at the end. 

# 

#  For example, to search for the author Bruce J. Herron, you may use any of the following formats: 

# 

#  herron, bruce j 

#  herron bruce j 

#  bruce j herron 

# 

# For some names, however, it is necessary to distinguish which name is the last name by using the comma following the last name: 

# 

#  ryan, james 

#  james, ryan 

# 

# Full author name searching allows for automatic truncation of the forename. If you don\'t know the middle initial, enter only the last and first names: 

# 

#  herron bruce

-   Names with multiple middle initials, e.g., Peter F H Schwab, have a
    space in between the initials. Use any of the following searching
    formats:

> peter schwab
>
> peter f schwab
>
> peter f h schwab

-   Some full author names occur in the database in more than one way.
    This is an entry where the name, Castro is part of the last name:

FAU - Castro Cabezas, Manuel

This is an entry from another citation for the same author, where Castro
is part of the forename:

FAU - Cabezas, Manuel Castro

In order to retrieve both occurrences search this name as:

manuel castro cabezas

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| #         | -   You can browse full author names in the **Full       |
|           |     Author Name index** available on the                 |
| # ![      |     **Preview/Index** screen. Select Full Author Name on |
| ](media/i |     the Fields pull-down menu, enter a last name in the  |
| mage11.jp |     box, and click on Index.                             |
| eg){width |                                                          |
| ="0.83333 | -   Author names display in the Summary, Abstract, and   |
| 333333333 |     Citation formats using the data from the Author      |
| 34in" hei |     field, i.e., last name + initial(s). The full author |
| ght="0.92 |     names can be seen in the MEDLINE format.             |
| 083333333 |                                                          |
| 33333in"} |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

# 

#  

# First Author Searching

# 

# Enter an author name followed by the first author search tag, \[1au\] .

-   First author searching uses data from the Author field, so use the
    lastname + initial(s) format to enter a name.

# 

# ![](media/image164.png){width="6.468055555555556in" height="5.051388888888889in"}

# 

# 

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| # ![      | # Alternatively, you ca                                  |
| ](media/i | n search by first author in the Single Citation Matcher. |
| mage11.jp |                                                          |
| eg){width | -   You can browse the First Author Index on the         |
| ="0.83333 |     Preview/Index screen.                                |
| 333333333 |                                                          |
| 34in" hei | -   This feature works with personal author names, *not* |
| ght="0.92 |     corporate author names.                              |
| 083333333 |                                                          |
| 33333in"} |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

#  

# Corporate Author \[CN\]

-   Use the \[cn\] tag to search for corporate authorship of an article.
    Search the whole name or individual words from the name.

**Examples:** *american dental association \[cn*\]

*american \[cn\] AND dental \[cn\] AND association \[cn\]*

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Notice | # ![](media/image165.png)                                  |
| that    | {width="5.659027777777778in" height="4.433333333333334in"} |
| the     |                                                            |
| Co      |                                                            |
| rporate |                                                            |
| Author  |                                                            |
| appears |                                                            |
| after a |                                                            |
| sem     |                                                            |
| i-colon |                                                            |
| fo      |                                                            |
| llowing |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| author  |                                                            |
| names,  |                                                            |
| or, if  |                                                            |
| there   |                                                            |
| are no  |                                                            |
| author  |                                                            |
| names,  |                                                            |
| in that |                                                            |
| part of |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| cit     |                                                            |
| ation.* |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

# 

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](med   | This field was added in 2001; however some earlier       |
| ia/image7 | citations may include this field. Citations indexed      |
| 7.jpeg){w | pre-2000 and some citations indexed in 2000-2001 display |
| idth="0.8 | corporate authors at the end of the title field. For     |
| 298611111 | comprehensive searches, consider including terms and/or  |
| 111112in" | words searched in the title field.                       |
| hei       |                                                          |
| ght="0.91 | Example:                                                 |
| 736111111 |                                                          |
| 11111in"} | *american dental association \[cn\] OR american dental   |
|           | association \[ti\]*                                      |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

#  

# Personal Name as Subject \[PS\]

-   Use the \[ps\] tag to search for citations to articles about a named
    individual. The name is searched in the conventional author
    searching format: lastname + initial(s)

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   The Personal Name as Subject field is *not* available from
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         the Search Field pull-down menu in Limits.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

**Example:** *lincoln a \[ps\]*

![](media/image166.png){width="6.145138888888889in"
height="3.263888888888889in"}

# Journal Title \[TA\]

-   Search for journals using the full journal title, or the MEDLINE
    abbreviation, or the ISSN.

Examples: journal of biological chemistry \[ta\]

j biol chem \[ta\]

0021-9258 \[ta\]

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ![]     | All single-word journal titles should be tagged with       |
| (media/ | \[ta\].                                                    |
| image77 |                                                            |
| .jpeg){ | **Example:** *cell \[ta\]*                                 |
| width=" |                                                            |
| 0.82986 |                                                            |
| 1111111 |                                                            |
| 1112in" |                                                            |
| he      |                                                            |
| ight="0 |                                                            |
| .917361 |                                                            |
| 1111111 |                                                            |
| 111in"} |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

**Languages \[LA\]**

-   The language the article is written in.

-   First three letters of the language may be used as an abbreviation
    when searching. (There are a few exceptions. Example: JPN for
    Japanese)

Language values may also be spelled out.

Examples: common cold \[mh\] AND chi \[la\]

common cold \[mh\] AND chinese \[la\]

common cold \[mh\] AND por \[la\]

common cold \[mh\] AND portuguese \[la\]

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Commonly-searched **Languages** are available from the
  height="0.9173611111111111in"}                         pull-down menu in Limits. The full list of **Languages**
                                                         can be viewed and searched using the Preview/Index feature.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

# 

# Entrez Date \[EDAT\]

-   The Entrez Date field contains the date that the record was
    initially added to PubMed.

-   Search this in the format yyyy/mm/dd \[edat\]

**Example:** *1999/07/10 \[edat\]*

-   Month and day are optional:

**Example:** *1999 \[edat\]*

**Example:** *1999/07 \[edat\]*

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   Be aware that the Entrez Date will remain unchanged and is
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         not updated to reflect the date a publisher-supplied record
                                                         is elevated to in process, or when an in process record is
                                                         elevated to MEDLINE status.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   The Entrez Date pull-down menus in Limits make searching
  height="0.9173611111111111in"}                         and ranging this date easy.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

# Publication Date \[DP\]

-   The date that the article was published in the format of YYYY/MM/DD.

-   Use the \[dp\] search tag.

**Example:** *1984/10/06 \[dp\]*

-   Month and day are optional:

**Example:** *1984/10 \[dp\]*

**Example:** *1984 \[dp\]*

# Date Ranging (EDAT and DP)

-   The colon (:) is used between ranging values.

-   To search on Publication Date from 1993 to 1997, enter:

> 1993:1997 \[dp\]

-   To search on a date, use the format YYYY/MM/DD

**Example 1**: *Search on citations entered into PubMed from Jan 16,
1998 to Feb 13, 1998*

> 1998/01/16:1998/02/13 \[edat\] where edat is the abbreviation for
> Entrez Date

**Example 2**: *Search on citations published in January or February
1998*

> 1998/01:1998/02 \[dp\]

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   The Publication Date fill-in-the-blank selection in Limits
  height="0.9173611111111111in"}                         makes searching and ranging dates easy.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

# Publication Type \[PT\]

-   Describes the type of material the citation represents

-   Examples: Twin Study, News, Review, Clinical Trial, Retracted
    Publication, Letter

-   Use the \[pt\] tag for searching

**Example:** *vascular diseases \[majr\] AND twin study \[pt\]*

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   PubMed's Help includes a listing of all available
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         Publication Types. Publication Types are also included in
                                                         the MeSH Database.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   Commonly-searched **Publication Types** are available from
  height="0.9166666666666666in"}                         the pull-down menu in Limits. Use the Preview/Index feature
                                                         to view and search Publication Types.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

# Place of Publication \[PL\]

-   This field indicates the cited journal's country of publication.

-   Use the \[pl\] tag.

**Example:** *aids AND nigeria \[pl\]*

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   Geographic Place of Publication regions are not searchable.
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         In order to retrieve records for all countries in a region
                                                         (e.g., North America), it is necessary to OR together the
                                                         countries of interest.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

# Subset \[SB\]

-   Allows you to limit your search to various PubMed subsets.

-   Use the \[sb\] tag for searching

-   Available values include:

+---------------------+----------------+------------------+-----------+
| **Citation Status** | **Subject**    | **PubMed         | **Full    |
|                     |                | Central**        | Text**    |
| **Subsets**         | **Subsets**    |                  |           |
+---------------------+----------------+------------------+-----------+
| > medline \[sb\]    | > aids \[sb\]  | pubmed pmc local | free full |
|                     |                | \[sb\]           | text      |
|                     |                |                  | \[sb\]    |
+---------------------+----------------+------------------+-----------+
| > in process \[sb\] | > bioethics    |                  | full text |
|                     | > \[sb\]       |                  | \[sb\]    |
+---------------------+----------------+------------------+-----------+
| > publisher \[sb\]  | > cam \[sb\]   |                  |           |
| >                   | >              |                  |           |
| > oldmedline \[sb\] | >              |                  |           |
| >                   | (Complementary |                  |           |
| > pubme             | > Medicine)    |                  |           |
| dnotmedline\[sb\]\* |                |                  |           |
+---------------------+----------------+------------------+-----------+
|                     | > cancer       |                  |           |
|                     | > \[sb\]       |                  |           |
+---------------------+----------------+------------------+-----------+
|                     | > history      |                  |           |
|                     | > \[sb\]       |                  |           |
+---------------------+----------------+------------------+-----------+
|                     | > space \[sb\] |                  |           |
+---------------------+----------------+------------------+-----------+
|                     | > systematic   |                  |           |
|                     | > \[sb\]       |                  |           |
|                     | > (Systematic  |                  |           |
|                     | > Reviews)     |                  |           |
+---------------------+----------------+------------------+-----------+
|                     | > tox \[sb\]   |                  |           |
|                     | >              |                  |           |
|                     | > (Toxicology) |                  |           |
+---------------------+----------------+------------------+-----------+
| \*This retrieves    |                |                  |           |
| citations with the  |                |                  |           |
| status tag,         |                |                  |           |
| \[PubMed\].         |                |                  |           |
+---------------------+----------------+------------------+-----------+

**Example:** *hospice care AND aids \[sb\]*

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   Each Subject Subset uses its own specialized search
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         strategy to aid in the retrieval of citations on these
                                                         topics. You may view these strategies at
                                                         <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/pubmed_subsets.html>.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------

**Secondary Source Identifier \[SI\]**

-   Identifies a secondary source that supplies information, e.g., other
    data sources, databanks and accession numbers of molecular sequences
    (e.g., GenBank; ClinicalTrials.gov -- beginning in July 2005)

-   Use the \[si\] search tag.

> **Examples:** genbank/af113832 \[si\]
>
> clinicaltrials.gov/nct00000419 \[si\]
>
> clinicaltrials.gov \[si\]

-   The field is composed of a source followed by a slash followed by an
    accession number.

> **Unique Identifier Searching**

-   To search using the PubMed Unique Identifier (PMID), type in the
    number with or without the search field tag \[uid\].

**Example:** *11073054*

-   You can search for several Unique Identifier numbers by entering
    each number in the query box separated by a space, PubMed will OR
    them together. Do ***not*** enter the OR connector.

**Example:** *7715939 11073054*

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| Unique    | ![](media/image167.png){width="5.084027777777778in"      |
| Id        | height="2.532638888888889in"}                            |
| entifiers |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| as        |                                                          |
| entered   |                                                          |
| in the    |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| query     |                                                          |
| box.      |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| PubMed    |                                                          |
| finds the |                                                          |
| 2         |                                                          |
| c         |                                                          |
| itations. |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

-   To search a **Unique Identifier in combination with other terms**
    you ***must*** use the search field tag, \[uid\].

**Example:** *smith \[au\] AND (10403340 \[uid\] OR vaccines \[mh\])*

# 

# Affiliation \[AD\]

-   May include the institutional affiliation and address (including
    email address) of the first author of the article as it appears in
    the journal.

-   Use the \[ad\] search tag.

-   This field can be used to search for work done at specific
    institutions.

**Example:** *cleveland \[ad\] AND clinic \[ad\]*

# Grant Number \[GR\]

-   Research grant numbers, contract numbers, or both that designates
    financial support by an agency of the US PHS (Public Health
    Service).

-   Use the \[gr\] search tag.

**Example:** *LM05545/lm/nlm \[gr\]*

-   The three pieces of the grant number (e.g., LM05545 -- number; LM --
    acronym; and NLM -- institute mnemonic) are each individually
    searchable using the \[gr\] tag.

**Example:** *nlm \[gr\]*

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8333333333333334in"   PubMed's online Help links to a table listing Institute
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         Abbreviations and Acronyms.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

# Practice Exercises

\[The practice exercises may be done outside of the monitored class
time.\]

Use search field tags when doing these exercises. Remember you can use
the History feature to obtain search numbers to combine searches.

1\. Find references to articles discussing decision-making by nurse
practitioners. The phrase decision-making should be in the title.

2\. Find references to articles about Winston Churchill.

3\. Find references to articles indexed with the MeSH headings for video
display terminals and carpal tunnel syndrome. Use the Related Articles
feature to find similar articles. Combine the list of Related Articles
with the publication type, Review. (Hint: Use History.)

4\. Using the MeSH database, find citations to articles about the
prevention of chickenpox or measles during pregnancy. Combine these
results to retrieve English language articles that have abstracts on the
PubMed citation.

# Suggested Answers

1\. Find references to articles discussing decision-making by nurse
practitioners. The phrase decision-making should be in the title.

![](media/image168.png){width="6.166666666666667in"
height="2.1770833333333335in"}

2\. Find references to articles about Winston Churchill.

> ![](media/image169.png){width="4.104166666666667in"
> height="0.2604166666666667in"}

3\. Find references to articles indexed with the MeSH headings for video
display terminals and carpal tunnel syndrome. Use the Related Articles
feature to find similar articles. Combine the list of Related Articles
with the publication type, Review. (Hint: Use History.)

History screen:

![](media/image170.png){width="5.416666666666667in"
height="2.4791666666666665in"}

> Final History screen:

![](media/image171.png){width="5.416666666666667in"
height="3.5416666666666665in"}

4\. Using the MeSH database, find citations to articles about the
prevention of chickenpox or measles during pregnancy. Combine these
results to retrieve English language articles that have abstracts on the
PubMed citation.

Full display for the MeSH term Chickenpox with the subheading prevention
& control selected:

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Select  | ![](media/image172.png){width="5.29375in"                  |
| "Search | height="4.091666666666667in"}                              |
| Box     |                                                            |
| with    |                                                            |
| AND"    |                                                            |
| from    |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| **Send  |                                                            |
| to**    |                                                            |
| menu to |                                                            |
| begin   |                                                            |
| to      |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| build   |                                                            |
| your    |                                                            |
| st      |                                                            |
| rategy. |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

Next, search measles in the MeSH database and review the Full display.
Select the prevention & control subheading:

![](media/image173.png){width="5.147916666666666in"
height="4.611111111111111in"}

Next, enter pregnancy. No need to look at the Full display, check the
term and select **Search Box with AND** from the **Send to** menu to AND
this term into your strategy.

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *Select    | ![](media/image174.png){width="5.230555555555555in"     |
| "**Search  | height="3.220138888888889in"}                           |
| Box with   |                                                         |
| AND**"     |                                                         |
| from the   |                                                         |
| **Send     |                                                         |
| to**       |                                                         |
| menu.*     |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Click in  |                                                         |
| the        |                                                         |
| checkbox   |                                                         |
| to select  |                                                         |
| the term.* |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

Next, click on the **Search PubMed** button to run the strategy in
PubMed.

![](media/image175.png){width="5.791666666666667in"
height="0.9479166666666666in"}

From the Results screen, click on **Limits**, select English from the
**Languages** pull-down menu, and select the box next to **only items
with abstracts**. Click the **Go** button.

Alternatively, click on the **PubMed Search** button from the MeSH
Browser screen to run the strategy in PubMed. From the Details screen,
add - AND eng \[la\] AND hasabstract. Click the **Search** button.

# Clinical Queries

-   Available on PubMed's sidebar

-   There are 3 search filters available from this page:

> Search by Clinical Study Category
>
> Find Systematic Reviews
>
> Medical Genetics Searches

## Search by Clinical Study Category

This specialized search query is intended for clinicians and has
built-in search \"filters\" based on research done by R. Brian Haynes,
M.D., Ph.D. at McMaster University in Canada.

Five study categories or filters are provided:

-   etiology

-   diagnosis

-   therapy

-   prognosis

-   clinical prediction guidelines

Two emphasis categories or filters are provided:

-   narrow, specific search \-- will get more precise, relevant
    citations but less retrieval

-   broad, sensitive search \-- includes relevant citations but probably
    some less relevant; will get more retrieval

## Example: *Find citations on having a rash with a fever using the defaults of therapy and narrow, specific search.*

  ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------
  ![](media/image176.png){width="5.5465277777777775in"         
  height="3.1631944444444446in"}                               

  ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------

**Find Systematic Reviews**

-   This feature is provided to help clinicians locate systematic
    reviews and similar articles.

-   It retrieves systematic reviews, meta-analyses, reviews of clinical
    trials, evidence-based medicine, consensus development conferences,
    and guidelines. Citations from journals specializing in clinical
    review studies are also included.

**Example:** *Find Systematic Reviews on inhalation therapy for
pneumonia.*

  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  *Enter       ![](media/image177.png){width="5.238888888888889in"
  search terms height="1.6215277777777777in"}
  in the query 
  box.*        

  ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   This subset can be combined directly with other search terms
  height="0.6111111111111112in"}                         using AND systematic \[sb\]. For example, lyme disease AND
                                                         systematic \[sb\].\]

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

**Medical Genetics Searches**

-   Finds citations related to various topics in medical genetics

-   Default is to **All** topics. Click on All check box to deselect;
    then click on topic(s) of interest.

-   Developed in conjunction with the staff of GeneReviews: Genetic
    Disease Online Reviews at GeneTests, University of Washington,
    Seattle.

Example: *Find citations about sickle cell anemia using the Medical
Genetics Searches categories : Genetic Counseling ; Genetic Testing*

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *Enter     | ![](media/image178.png){width="4.527083333333334in"     |
| search     | height="2.457638888888889in"}                           |
| terms in   |                                                         |
| the query  |                                                         |
| box.*      |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Select    |                                                         |
| topics of  |                                                         |
| interest.* |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

# Special Queries -- Health Services Research (HSR) Queries

> **Why?**

-   Provides a search interface to find PubMed citations relating to
    **health care quality** and **health care costs**

> **Where?**

-   Click on **Special Queries** from PubMed's sidebar

-   Click on **Health Services Research (HSR) Queries** from the Special
    Queries page

+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| *Click on | ![](media/image179.png){width="5.263888888888889in"      |
| "**defin  | height="5.770138888888889in"}                            |
| itions**" |                                                          |
| to        |                                                          |
| display   |                                                          |
| helpful   |                                                          |
| exp       |                                                          |
| lanations |                                                          |
| of the    |                                                          |
| HSR       |                                                          |
| cat       |                                                          |
| egories.* |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Enter    |                                                          |
| search    |                                                          |
| terms     |                                                          |
| here.*    |                                                          |
|           |                                                          |
| *Choose   |                                                          |
| ap        |                                                          |
| propriate |                                                          |
| category  |                                                          |
| and       |                                                          |
| scope.*   |                                                          |
+-----------+----------------------------------------------------------+

**[N]{.underline} [O]{.underline} [T]{.underline} [E]{.underline}
[S]{.underline}**

# Single Citation Matcher

The **Single Citation Matcher** allows you to:

-   find a citation or an issue of a journal using information such as a
    journal name, volume, issue, page number, publication date, title
    words, and author name

-   search for the first author of an article

## How to Get There

Click on **Single Citation Matcher** on the PubMed sidebar.

**Example:** *Biometals, 2001, one author is Shuhama*

-   Enter as much information as you know; only one field is required.

-   Click on the **Search** button

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ![]     | -   The Journal search box includes an **autocomplete      |
| (media/ |     feature**. This feature will suggest titles as you     |
| image11 |     enter a title abbreviation or full title.              |
| .jpeg){ |                                                            |
| width=" | -   When you see the title you are looking for, you can    |
| 0.83333 |     stop entering and select the title.                    |
| 3333333 |                                                            |
| 3334in" | -   Titles displayed by the autocomplete menu are in a     |
| he      |     ranked order based on the number of citations in       |
| ight="0 |     PubMed.                                                |
| .920833 |                                                            |
| 3333333 |                                                            |
| 333in"} |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

![](media/image180.png){width="5.145138888888889in"
height="3.6972222222222224in"}

**Result:**

![](media/image181.png){width="6.332638888888889in" height="2.03125in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   If you know four or more significant words from the title
  height="0.9194444444444444in"}                         \-- that is often all that is needed to locate a
                                                         reference.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

**Example:** *You are looking for the citation for an article entitled,
\"Where does it hurt\"? Pain localization in osteoarthritis in the
knee.\"*

-   Enter significant words from the title.

-   Click on the **Search** button.

> ![](media/image182.png){width="4.811805555555556in"
> height="3.5305555555555554in"}

**Result:**

> ![](media/image183.png){width="6.363888888888889in"
> height="2.0520833333333335in"}
>
> **First Author Searching via the Single Citation Matcher**

+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| *Use the     | ![](media/image184.png){width="4.613888888888889in"   |
| lastname +   | height="3.5097222222222224in"}                        |
| initial(s)   |                                                       |
| format.      |                                                       |
| Notice the   |                                                       |
| autocomplete |                                                       |
| feature.*    |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| *Click the   |                                                       |
| check box,   |                                                       |
| \"Only as    |                                                       |
| first        |                                                       |
| author.\"*   |                                                       |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+

**Result:**

![](media/image185.png){width="6.426388888888889in"
height="1.8645833333333333in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image77.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   The **Single Citation Matcher** can also be used to get
  height="0.9194444444444444in"}                         a \"Table of Contents\" listing of items from a particular
                                                         issue of a journal in PubMed.

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| ![         | The **Batch Citation Matcher** allows you to retrieve   |
| ](media/im | the PubMed IDs for many articles all at once.           |
| age11.jpeg |                                                         |
| ){width="0 | The Batch Citation Matcher is primarily a tool used by  |
| .829861111 | publishers to check their electronic submissions and    |
| 1111112in" | links.                                                  |
| height="0. |                                                         |
| 9208333333 |                                                         |
| 333333in"} |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

#  Practice Exercises

\[The practice exercises may be done outside of the monitored class
time.\]

Try to find the references using the following information and PubMed's
Single Citation Matcher:

1.  *Arthritis Rheum*

1982

page 1271-7

2.  R. G. Johnson

*Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery*

Jan 1998

Page 148

3.  V. Lee

*Biochemical Pharmacology*

Vol. 29

Issue 14

4\. Vojvoda

*Lancet*

Jan. 6

5\. A. M. Adelman as the first author

Hint: See 3^rd^ bullet on Single Citation Matcher page.

# Suggested Answers

Try to find the following references using the following information and
PubMed's Single Citation Matcher:

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| 1\. *Arthritis   | ![                                                |
| Rheum*           | ](media/image186.png){width="4.461805555555555in" |
|                  | height="1.5458333333333334in"}                    |
| 1982             |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| page 1271-7      |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

> ![](media/image187.png){width="5.58125in"
> height="0.8888888888888888in"}

2\. R. G. Johnson

*Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery*

Jan 1998

Page 148

![](media/image188.png){width="4.258333333333334in"
height="1.5097222222222222in"}

![](media/image189.png){width="5.625in" height="0.8645833333333334in"}

+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| 3\. V. Lee           | ![](me                                        |
|                      | dia/image190.png){width="4.258333333333334in" |
| *Biochemical         | height="1.5208333333333333in"}                |
| Pharmacology*        |                                               |
|                      |                                               |
| vol. 29              |                                               |
|                      |                                               |
| issue 14             |                                               |
+----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

![](media/image191.png){width="5.625in" height="0.90625in"}

+---------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+
| 4\.     | Without the | ![](med                                      |
| Vojvoda | publication | ia/image192.png){width="4.251388888888889in" |
|         | year,       | height="1.525in"}                            |
| *       |             |                                              |
| Lancet* | the month   |                                              |
|         | and day are |                                              |
| Jan. 6  | not         |                                              |
|         | helpful.    |                                              |
|         |             |                                              |
|         | Fill in the |                                              |
|         | form with   |                                              |
|         | the         |                                              |
|         | significant |                                              |
|         | information |                                              |
|         | you have.   |                                              |
+---------+-------------+----------------------------------------------+

![](media/image193.png){width="6.010416666666667in" height="0.96875in"}

#  

# 5. A. M. Adelman as the first author. Hint: See 3^rd^ bullet on Single Citation Matcher page.

# 

+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| #             | # ![](media/image194.png){width=                     |
|               | "4.141666666666667in" height="3.4784722222222224in"} |
| #             |                                                      |
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| #             |                                                      |
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| #             |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| #             |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| #             |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| #             |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| #             |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| #             |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| #             |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| #             |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| #             |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| #             |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| #             |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| #             |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| # *           |                                                      |
| Use the last  |                                                      |
| name + initia |                                                      |
| l(s) format.* |                                                      |
|               |                                                      |
| *Remember to  |                                                      |
| check the     |                                                      |
| "**Only as    |                                                      |
| first         |                                                      |
| author**"     |                                                      |
| box.*         |                                                      |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+

# 

![](media/image195.png){width="6.488888888888889in"
height="4.051388888888889in"}

# 

# Journals Database

The PubMed Journals database allows you to look up information about a
PubMed journal and search for that title. You can search for a journal
using:

-   journal title

-   MEDLINE/PubMed title abbreviation

-   NLM ID (NLM\'s unique journal identifier)

-   ISO (International Organization for Standardization) abbreviation

-   print and electronic International Standard Serial Numbers (pISSNs
    and eISSNs)

## 

## How to get there:

-   Clicking on the Journals Database link from the PubMed sidebar takes
    you to Journals Database screen:

![](media/image196.png){width="6.496527777777778in"
height="2.259027777777778in"}

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   The Journals database includes journals in ***all*** Entrez
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         databases (e.g., PubMed, Nucleotide, Protein).

  ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------

![](media/image197.png){width="6.302083333333333in" height="0.3125in"}

**Result:**

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Use    | ![](media/image198.png){width="5.971527777777778in"        |
| the     | height="2.2125in"}                                         |
| **NLM   |                                                            |
| ID** to |                                                            |
| link to |                                                            |
| **      |                                                            |
| Locator |                                                            |
| Plus**, |                                                            |
| or the  |                                                            |
| **NLM   |                                                            |
| Ca      |                                                            |
| talog** |                                                            |
| link    |                                                            |
| for     |                                                            |
| further |                                                            |
| info    |                                                            |
| rmation |                                                            |
| about   |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| jo      |                                                            |
| urnal.* |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *Use    |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| **P     |                                                            |
| ubMed** |                                                            |
| link    |                                                            |
| from    |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| Links   |                                                            |
| pu      |                                                            |
| ll-down |                                                            |
| to      |                                                            |
| r       |                                                            |
| etrieve |                                                            |
| ci      |                                                            |
| tations |                                                            |
| for an  |                                                            |
| ind     |                                                            |
| ividual |                                                            |
| journal |                                                            |
| in      |                                                            |
| P       |                                                            |
| ubMed.* |                                                            |
|         |                                                            |
| *Use    |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| *       |                                                            |
| *Single |                                                            |
| C       |                                                            |
| itation |                                                            |
| Ma      |                                                            |
| tcher** |                                                            |
| link to |                                                            |
| place   |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| journal |                                                            |
| title   |                                                            |
| in the  |                                                            |
| journal |                                                            |
| title   |                                                            |
| box of  |                                                            |
| the     |                                                            |
| Single  |                                                            |
| C       |                                                            |
| itation |                                                            |
| Ma      |                                                            |
| tcher.* |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="0.8298611111111112in"   Retrieval display order is alphabetical, except if term has
  height="0.9208333333333333in"}                         an exact match, which will display first.

  ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------

**Suggestions offered**

-   The Journals Database also suggests journals based on your search
    terms.

-   The suggestions may include titles retrieved by the search but will
    likely include additional titles not retrieved.

-   If you find a journal of interest in the list of suggested journals,
    you can use the link on the title to go directly to its record.

+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| *The first | ![](media/image199.png){width="5.1625in"                |
| suggestion | height="1.19375in"}                                     |
| is the     |                                                         |
| proper     |                                                         |
| title.*    |                                                         |
|            |                                                         |
| *Click on  |                                                         |
| this link  |                                                         |
| to go to   |                                                         |
| the        |                                                         |
| Journals   |                                                         |
| database   |                                                         |
| record for |                                                         |
| this       |                                                         |
| title.*    |                                                         |
+------------+---------------------------------------------------------+

**Building a PubMed query for multiple journals**

+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| *     | ![](media/image200.png){width="6.031944444444444in"          |
| Click | height="3.495833333333333in"}                                |
| in    |                                                              |
| the   |                                                              |
| **    |                                                              |
| check |                                                              |
| box** |                                                              |
| to    |                                                              |
| the   |                                                              |
| left  |                                                              |
| of    |                                                              |
| de    |                                                              |
| sired |                                                              |
| jo    |                                                              |
| urnal |                                                              |
| ti    |                                                              |
| tle.* |                                                              |
|       |                                                              |
| *C    |                                                              |
| hoose |                                                              |
| **S   |                                                              |
| earch |                                                              |
| Box   |                                                              |
| with  |                                                              |
| OR**  |                                                              |
| from  |                                                              |
| the   |                                                              |
| *     |                                                              |
| *Send |                                                              |
| to**  |                                                              |
| m     |                                                              |
| enu.* |                                                              |
|       |                                                              |
| *Once |                                                              |
| fin   |                                                              |
| ished |                                                              |
| bui   |                                                              |
| lding |                                                              |
| your  |                                                              |
| se    |                                                              |
| arch, |                                                              |
| click |                                                              |
| **S   |                                                              |
| earch |                                                              |
| Pub   |                                                              |
| Med** |                                                              |
| but   |                                                              |
| ton.* |                                                              |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ![]     | This multiple journal search will, like all PubMed         |
| (media/ | searches, become part of your PubMed History. You can then |
| image77 | combine that History number with additional terms or other |
| .jpeg){ | History search numbers for more customized queries.        |
| width=" |                                                            |
| 0.82986 | This feature facilitates the task of limiting searches to  |
| 1111111 | a specific group of journals.                              |
| 1112in" |                                                            |
| he      |                                                            |
| ight="0 |                                                            |
| .919444 |                                                            |
| 4444444 |                                                            |
| 444in"} |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

**Journals Lists**

-   On the Journals database screen, click on **links to full-text web
    sites** for a list of full-text journals available on the Web to
    which PubMed is currently linked.

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| ![]     | > Some journals may require that you register, subscribe,  |
| (media/ | > or pay a fee in order to view the full-text of an        |
| image11 | > article.                                                 |
| .jpeg){ | >                                                          |
| width=" | > Contact the journal publishers as noted on their         |
| 0.82986 | > individual Web sites for specific access information.    |
| 1111111 |                                                            |
| 1112in" |                                                            |
| he      |                                                            |
| ight="0 |                                                            |
| .920833 |                                                            |
| 3333333 |                                                            |
| 333in"} |                                                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

-   Click on **Entrez journals** to FTP a list of all journals that are
    included in PubMed in the GNU Zip, Uncompressed, UNIX Compress, or
    PKZIP format.