CHAPTER 2. ESTIMATING FUEL AND ENERGY CONSUMPTIONS

2.1. PURPOSE. This Handbook provides information for estimating

fuel and energy consumptions in public and Indian housing

projects for preparing the Life-Cycle Cost Analyses.

2.2. DEFINITIONS.

a\. Consumption and Control Terminology.

\(1\) Tenant-Metered Service means the cost for the

purchase of utilities by each tenant usually at a

higher rate.

\(2\) Master-Metered Service means the management entity

for the project purchases the utilities and the cost

is included in the tenant\'s rent. The management

for the project must provide, operate, and maintain

distribution facilities for the purchase utility

services at mastermetered rates.

\(3\) Checkmetering means continuous measurement of one or

more utilities by individual meters installed by the

project in the dwelling units. Checkmetering and

assessing surcharges to tenants for fuel or energy

use in excess of a predetermined reasonable

allowance is the only means of controlling the

tenant\'s utilities\' consumption when fuel or energy

is purchased by the project. If checkmetering is

adopted, all of the dwelling units must be

checkmetered. Checkmeters should be used to measure

consumption for other major utility uses outside of

dwelling units.

\(4\) Meter Loop is a distribution system for electric or

gas meters which can be installed at the time of

construction. The checkmeters may be installed after

the project goes into management.

b\. Quantities and measurement terminology.

\(1\) British thermal units (Btu) means the quantity of

heat required to raise the temperature of one pound

of water one degree Fahrenheit. This is the unit

commonly used in heating and cooling calculations.

\(2\) Kilowatt-hour (kwh) means the common unit of

measurement of quantity of electric energy. This

amount of energy would be consumed by a 100-watt

lamp in ten hours. One kilowatt hour is equivalent

to 3413 Btu.

Page 2-1 12/85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\(3\) Kilowatt (kw) means the rate of electric energy use.

The term \"demand\" is used in many electric rate

schedules to mean the maximum rate of energy

delivery. Electric demand is expressed in kilowatts,

or sometimes in kilovoltamperes (kva) and

occasionally in horsepower. One kw equals 1.34 Hp.

\(4\) Power factor expresses the phase relationship

between voltage and current. Master-metered rate

schedules sometimes provide discounts for electric

systems with a high-power factor and penalties for

those with low-power factors. Induction motors,

commonly used in electric refrigerators and power

machinery, tend to lower the power factor.

\(5\) Load factor means the ratio of the average load over

a designated period of time to the peak load

occurring in that period.

\(6\) Therm is one-hundred thousand (100,000) Btu of

energy. Natural gas contains approximately 1,000

Btu per cubic foot. Therefore, a therm of natural

gas is usually equivalent to about 100 cubic feet.

Any gas heating value can be obtained by asking the

utility supplier.

2-3. WATER CONSUMPTIONS.

a\. The quantity of water used in dwelling units will vary

between localities, depending chiefly on climate, types

of dwelling, and the habits of occupants or tenants use.

Two hundred to five hundred gallons per dwelling unit per

day are usually required. Without a basis for

comparison, the average can be 300 gallons per dwelling

unit per day. Where \"evaporative\" coolers are used,

additional consumption usually is about 200 gallons per

day per cooler.

b\. The consumption of water for other project purposes will

depend on landscaping and climate. Consumption varies

from a negligible quantity in regions of high rainfall to

about 120 gallons per dwelling unit per day in the more

arid zones. Without specific data for comparison, the

average can be 60 gallons per dwelling unit per day.

c\. Under normal conditions (where extensive lawn watering is

not necessary and \"evaporative\" coolers are not used),

the water consumption may be estimated at 300 gallons (40

cubic feet) per dwelling unit per day or 9,000 gallons

(1,230 cubic feet) PUM.

12/85 Page 2-2

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

2-4. ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTIONS FOR LIGHTING, REFRIGERATION AND

COOKING.

a\. Table I shows the estimated national average electrical

consumption and demand data PUM for different size

dwelling units for lighting and refrigeration and for

lighting, refrigeration and cooking. The data are for

tenant purchases and master-metered purchases without

checkmeters.

TABLE I

ELECTRICAL CONSUMPTION AND DEMAND

PER DWELLING PER MONTH

Tenant

Metering Master - Metering

Size of Dwelling

Unit and Function KWH KWH KW

(Column Number) (1) (2) (3)

0-Bedroom

Lighting and Refrigeration 85 117 .29

Ltg., Refrig. & Cooking 130 175 .53

1-Bedroom

Lighting and Refrigeration 120 160 .40

Ltg., Refrig. & Cooking 175 235 .71

2-Bedroom

Lighting and Refrigeration 170 230 .58

Ltg., Refrig. & Cooking 245 330 .99

3-Bedroom

Lighting and Refrigeration 210 280 .70

Ltg., Refrig. & Cooking 200 405 1.22

4-Bedroom

Lighting and Refrigeration 235 315 .79

Ltg., Refrig. & Cooking 350 465 1.40

5-Bedroom

Lighting and Refrigeration 260 350 .88

Ltg., Refrig. & Cooking 395 525 1.58

b\. Lighting and refrigeration includes consumption for

lighting, refrigeration and miscellaneous electrical

appliances for tenants in public and Indian housing

projects. The consumption data are based on an average

of two persons per bedroom unit except efficiency units

(0-Bedroom Units) for occupancy by a single elderly

person. If two or more persons per bedroom

Page 2-3 12/85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

(exclusive of infants) occupy the dwelling unit, these

estimated data should be increased.

c\. Refrigeration data are for manual-defrost refrigerators with a

capacity of approximately 12-cubic feet. If frost-free

refrigerators are used, data shown on Table I should be

increased as follows:

\(1\) Add 35 kwh for automatic defrost in general compartment

only.

\(2\) Add 70 kwh for automatic defrost in both freezer and

general compartments.

d\. Column (1), Tenant Metering, applies where tenants purchase

electricity directly from the utility company. Columns (2)

and (3), Master Metering, applies where the project purchases

electricity on a large volume and distributes it for the

project use.

e\. Demand. Column (3), Table I, may be used to estimate monthly

electrical demand. The data are developed based on no check-

meters and are average integrated demands for projects of 30

or more dwelling units. Demand per unit increases

considerably below 30 units per meter.

f\. If checkmeters are specified and a system of surcharging is to

be instituted, quantities should be reduced by multiplying

Column (2) by 0.82 and Column (3) by 0.97.

g\. Normal electrical appliances. The electric demands and

consumptions in Table I are for electrical appliances normally

in public and Indian housing projects. If electric clothes

dryers, food freezers and other high demand electrical

appliances are used by tenants, the consumptions should be

increased.

h\. Higher demand electrical appliances. Table II, lists

estimated monthly consumptions of some high demand electrical

appliances, and may be used to adjust the Table I

consumptions. When electricity is purchased through master

meters, the monthly electrical demand must be estimated. The

monthly electrical demand for lighting and refrigeration may

be estimated at 2.50 watts per kwh. If electricity is used

for lighting, refrigeration and cooking, monthly demand may be

estimated at 3.00 watts per kwh.

12/85 Page 2-4

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

TABLE II

ESTIMATED MONTHLY CONSUMPTION 1/

FOR ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES

Monthly

Appliance Consumption

(KWH)

Cooking

Broiler 8

Coffee Maker 9

Deep Fat Fryer 8

Dishwasher 30

Fry Pan 16

Hot Plate 8

Roaster 22

Food Preservation

Food Freezer

15 cu. ft. Manual Defrost 100

15 cu. ft. Frostless 150

Refrigerator

12 cu. ft. Manual Defrost 60

12 cu. ft. Frostless 100

Refrigerator-Freezer

14 cu. ft. Manual Defrost 95

14 cu. ft. Frostless 150

Laundry

Clothes Dryer 85

Iron 12

Automatic Washing Machine 9

Home Entertainment

Television (B & W) 30

Television (Color) 40

Comfort and Health

Bed Covering 10

Dehumidifier 35

Fan (Attic) 30

Heater (Radiant) 15

Humidifier 13

31 From information furnished by Edison Electric Institute.

Page 2-5 12/85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

1.Electricity for domestic hot water.

(1)Electrical consumption in kwh PUM should be calculated

as follows:

NORTH

NORTHERN CENTRAL CENTRAL SOUTHERN

LOCALITIES LOCALITIES LOCALITIES LOCALITIES

Cold Water Temperature: 40 50 60 70

Size of Hot Water

Unit Requirements

O-BR 30Gal/Day 210 185 165 140

l-BR 40Gal/Day 280 250 220 185

2-BR 50Gal/Day 350 310 270 235

3-BR 60Gal/Day 420 375 325 280

4-BR 70Gal/Day 490 435 380 325

5-BR 80Gal/Day 560 500 435 375

\(2\) Demand. The monthly demand for lighting,

refrigeration, appliances, cooking, and individual

domestic hot water heaters, should be estimated at

2.65 watts per kwh.

j\. Central, Group or Building Systems.

\(1\) Consumption. For project-operated domestic hot

water systems, the above-listed kwh per dwelling per

month for individual dwelling equipment should be

multiplied by the following factors to allow for

circulation and standby heat losses for:

Recirculating hot water systems with insulated

piping in a single building

1.33 x kwh (Individual)

Systems with low draw off, uninsulated piping

or extensive piping between buildings

1.67 x hwh (Individual)

\(2\) Demand. The monthly demand for electricity used for

lighting, refrigeration, appliances, cooking and

central domestic hot water, should be estimated at

2.55 watts per kwh. The application of demand

limiting devices, which can reduce or eliminate

water heating electrical demand should be evaluated.

2/85 Page 2-6

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

k\. Electricity for auxiliary equipment of individual

dwelling space heating systems.

\(1\) Average consumptions in kwh PUM should be calculated

as follow:

Degree Days: 3000 4000 5000 6500 8000

EQUIPMENT

Blower 22 26 28 30 32

Blower & Burner or

Blower & Pump 32 38 40 42 44

\(2\) Demand. The blower equipment demand may be

estimated at 0.17 kw and for the blower-burner or

blower-pump combination at 0.25 kw.

l\. Electricity for auxiliary equipment of central, group or

building heating plants should be calculated as follows:

1/

\(1\) Average consumptions in kwh PUM.

Degree Days: 3000 4000 5000 6500 8000

Design Temp. (F ) 15 10 0 -10 -20

\(a\) Steam System

Oil 2/ 13 14 16 19 23

Gas 9 10 11 13 15

\(b\) Forced Hot Water System

Oil 31 33 36 40 45

Gas 27 29 31 34 37

\(2\) Demand. The electrical demand and oil burning

equipment may be estimated at .05 kw per dwelling

unit, for gas burning equipment at .035 kw per

dwelling unit, and for electric oil heating at .064

kw per dwelling unit.

1/ For small building plants in buildings not exceeding three

stories in height, use one half the values shown.

2/ If electricity is used to maintain No. 6 oil at pumping

temperature, and to heat it to firing temperature, add a 25

kwh PUM.

Page 2-7 12/85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

m\. Electricity for specific project light and power uses

should be calculated as follows:

\(1\) These additional consumption applications should be

selected:

Kwh/PUM

Parking and Area Lighting 10

Special Security Lighting 5

Street Lighting 5

Elevators 25

Water Pumping 10

Central Ventilation and Exhaust 20

\(2\) Community laundry.

kwh/PUM

Elderly Family

Clothes washer and gas dryer motor 2 5

Clothes washer and electric dryer 12 35

n\. Electricity for other general light and power use should

be calculated as follows:

\(1\) Consumption. Electrical consumption in nondwelling

space including community and commercial spaces

varies considerably by project type. Two optional

methods are provided to accurately estimate

consumption.

\(a\) Option I- For use when specific nondwelling

area dwelling area definition is known.

-Row House or Garden Buildings

Gross Area of Buildings x .025 = kwh/PUM

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Total Dwelling Units

-Low Rise or High Rise Buildings

Gross Area of Buildings x .10 = kwh/PUM

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Total Dwelling Units

\(b\) Option II - For use when detailed plans are

available.

-Commercial and Community Space (including

offices, lobbies, community rooms and other

public occupied space).

12/85 Page 2-8

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Sq. Ft. community space x 0.8 kwh/sq.ft. = kwh/PUM

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

total dwelling units

-Other nondwelling space (corridors,

stairwells, mechanical rooms and other

nondwelling space, normally unoccupied).

Sq. Ft. nondwelling space x 0.33 kwh/sq.ft. = kwh/PUM

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

total dwelling units

\(2\) Demands (for paragraphs m and n).

Row House or Garden buildings 2.5 watts/kwh

Low Rise or High Rise buildings 2.0 watts/kwh

o\. Electric Space Heating should be calculated as follows:

1/

\(1\) Consumption. Master-metered electrical space

heating may be calculated from the following

formula.

Annual

electric = Annual DD x Experience Factor x Total Sq.Ft.

heating
(kwh)\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

1000

Experience factor - The Annual 1000 x kwh/DD x Sq.

Ft. for heating is derived from actual metered data

from electrically heated projects. Inside

temperatures were 75 F.

Experience Factors

Typical

Type of Building Heat Loss Experience Factor 1/

(Btuh/Sq. Ft.)

High Rise 27.0 1.5991

Non-High Rise 32.0 1.8952

1/ Experience factors are based on Gross Floor Area of the

project and includes dwelling and nondwelling area. If only

area within the dwelling unit is known, multiply listed

Experience Factors by 1.37.

Page 2-9

12/85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\(a\) Adjustment factors for the above formula

1 If detailed working drawings are available, the

calculated heat loss based on one air change per

hour and expressed in Btuh/Sq. Ft. may be used to

adjust the annual kwh from the following formula:

Adjusted

Annual kwh = Calculated Heat Loss per Sq. Ft. Annual kwh

for heating
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- X
from

Heat Loss per Sq. Ft. from Table #1 Formula #1

2 In areas where the degree days are less than 3,000,

add 15% to the kwh calculated from Formula #1.

Additional adjustments may be required in certain

low degree-day areas where degree days are not an

accurate measure of heating requirements.

3 If electrical space heating is supplied through

individual meters, multiply kwhs from Formula #1 by

.85.

\(b\) Average monthly demand. The average monthly demand

using master-metered electricity for all

applications (lighting, refrigeration, appliances,

cooking, water heating, space heating and general

use) may be estimated at 2.75 watts per average

monthly kwh. Usually average monthly consumptions

and demands will accurately estimate utility costs.

p\. Power factor. The following consumptions and percentages

may be used if the applicable electrical rate schedule

provides for kilovolt-ampere (kva) billing, or contains

an applicable power factor clause on incentives for

maintaining a higher power factor or a penalty for not

maintaining a specified minimum power factor.

\- Tenant, and project lighting and refrigeration 87%

\- Tenant, and project lighting, refrigeration

and forced warm air furnaces 76%

\- Tenant, and project lighting, refrigeration 91%

and cooking

\- Tenant and project lighting, refrigeration,

cooking and forced warm air furnaces 81%

\- Tenant, and project lighting, appliances and

power electric cooking and electric space heating 97%

12/85 Page 2-10

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Where the project will benefit from a high power factor,

installation of power factor corrective equipment

(capacitors) should be considered.

q\. Distribution loss adjustment. The previous consumption

and demand tables have not included energy and power

losses in electrical distribution systems. Consumption

and demand should be increased for master-metered

electricity to cover losses on the project\'s distribution

system as follows:

2% for single step transformation

4% for two-step transformation

2-5. GAS CONSUMPTIONS.

a\. Gas consumption for cooking.

\(1\) Table III shows the estimated national average gas

consumptions in therms PUM for the different size

dwelling units. The data are for tenant-metered

purchases and master-metered purchases without

checkmeters.

\(2\) The consumptions are for an average of two persons

per bedroom except in \"0-bedroom units\" of the bed-

alcove type and for occupancy by single elderly.

If two or more persons per bedroom (exclusive of

infants) occupy the dwelling units, the suggested

consumptions should be increased as the number of

persons within the dwelling unit increases.

TABLE III

ESTIMATED GAS CONSUMPTIONS FOR COOKING IN THERMS PUM 1/

Size of

Dwelling Tenant Master-

Unit Metering Metering

0-Bedroom 4.8 6.0

1-Bedroom 5.4 6.8

2-Bedroom 6.5 8.3

3-Bedroom 7.4 9.6

4-Bedroom 8.1 10.7

5-Bedroom 8.8 11.7

1/ The number of therms in a given volume of gas is determined by

multiplying the number of cubic feet of gas by the average Btu

per cubic foot and dividing the product by 100,000. For example,

1000 cubic feet of gas having a heating value of 1,000 Btu per

cubic foot is equivalent to 10 therms.

Page 2-11 12/85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

b\. Gas consumption for individual dwelling domestic hot-

water equipment should be calculated as follow:

GAS CONSUMPTIONS FOR DOMESTIC HOT WATER IN THERMS PUM

NORTH SOUTH

NORTHERN CENTRAL CENTRAL SOUTHERN

LOCALITIES LOCALITIES LOCALITIES LOCALITIES

Cold Water Temperature: 40 50 60 70

Size of Hot Water

Unit Requirements

O-BR 30 Gal/Day 11.9 10.4 9.3 7.9

l-BR 40 Gal/Day 15.3 13.7 12.0 10.l

2-BR 50 Gal/Day 18.3 16.3 14.1 12.3

3-BR 60 Gal/Day 21.3 19.1 16.5 14.2

4-BR 70 Gal/Day 24.7 21.9 19.2 16.4

5-BR 80 Gal/Day 28.1 25.1 21.9 18.8

c\. Gas consumption may be estimated at 3.5 therms PUM

for mechanical dryers in community laundries.

d\. The gas consumption will be approximately 4.0 therms

PUM for gas-fired incinerators installed/operated by

the development.

e\. The foregoing consumption tables exclude leakage

losses in project\'s distribution systems. The

consumption estimates should be increased by 3

percent for master-metered purchased gas to cover

losses in the project\'s distribution system.

2-6.FUEL AND HEATING SUPPLIES.

a\. Space heating.

\(1\) The space heating fuel supplied by either

project or tenant-operated plants may be

estimated from the following formula if the

Degree Days are more than 3,000:

FUEL UNITS CON- Heat Loss x Annual Degree Days x Use Factor

SUMED ANNUALLY =
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Btu per Fuel Unit x Design Range

If the Degree Days are less than 3,000, add 15%

to the amount of fuel calculated using the

formula.

\(2\) The factors in the formula are as follows:

\(a\) Heat Loss is the hourly project heat loss

at design and is usually estimated in

early planning stage before detailed

design of the project is completed.

12/85 Page 2-12

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

heat loss should be calculated by the

current ASHRAE \"Handbook\" recommended

procedure. The heat loss may be estimated

without detailed project plans using the

following:

Maximum Heat Loss

Height of Buildings Btu/Hr/Sq. Ft. of Dwell.

Unit Floor Area

More than three stories 21

Two and three stories 25

One story 35

\(b\) Annual Degree Days (65 F. Base) data for a

given locality may be obtained from Weather

Bureau records, from the current ASHRAE

\"Handbook\" or local utility companies and

should cover the most recent period. The

degree-days per day is the difference between

65 F. and the daily mean temperature when

the latter is less than 65 F. The degree-days

for a given day is equal to (65 - mean

temperature for that day) x (1 day), and the

degree-days for any longer period is the sum of

all such products for as many days as the

period covers.

\(c\) Use Factor includes heat losses in project

distribution lines, seasonal efficiency of

heating plants, and fuel purchase method.

Seasonal efficiencies and Use Factors will

vary due to conditions in various areas and

from plant-to-plant.

Project Plants Use Factors are based upon

experience in public housing projects.

Individual Dwelling Plants Use Factors reflect

the best information for new equipment properly

installed and maintained. If oil burner

equipment for individual dwellings does not

include the latest burner devices to improve

combustion efficiency, then the Use Factors

should be increased appropriately. In the

absence of local experience, the Use Factors

should be used for estimating fuel consumption

for new public and Indian housing projects.

\(d\) Design range is the difference between the

inside temperature, generally 70 F., and the

outside temperature generally used in the area

for calculating the Heat Loss. The design

outside temperature may be obtained from local

heating contractors, utilities or from the

current ASHRAE \"Handbook\".

Page 2-13 12/85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\(e\) Btu per Fuel Unit is the heating value of one

unit of whatever fuel is to be used. This unit

may be cubic feet, gallons, pounds, tons, etc.

The resulting annual fuel consumption will be

expressed in the same units.

\(3\) Electrical requirements for space heating should be

calculated using the formulas and factors in

paragraph 2-4.

TABLE IV

USE FACTORS - SPACE HEATING

Purchased

Project Plants Gas Oil Steam

Central

High Pressure Steam 44.57 44.57 36.71

Low Pressure Steam and

Low Temperature Water 38.40 38.40 -

Group

Low Pressure Steam and 37.71 37.71 -

Low Temperature Water

Building

Low Pressure Steam and

Low Temperature Water 36.00 36.00 -

Individual Dwelling Plants (All Systems)

FUEL PURCHASER

FUEL TENANT PROJECT 1/

Gas-Room Heater or Wall Furnace 27.5 38.0

Gas-Integral Unit - Other than

Room Heater or Wall Furnace 24.0 32.0

Oil-Integral Unit with Latest

Burner Devices to Improve

Combustion Efficiency 24.0 32.0

b\. Project-operated domestic hot water.

\(1\) The project may provide domestic hot water from

central, group, or building plants with either

direct fired boilers, steam-coil or water-coil

generators. The average monthly

1/ Use Factors based on no checkmetering. If check meters are to

be required and tenants surcharged for excessive use, Factors

should be multiplying by 0.85.

12/85 Page2-14

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

fuel consumption may be determined for these methods by

the following formula:

FUEL CONSUMED PUM = Temperature Rise x Utilization Factor x Gallon

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

Btu per Fuel Unit

\(a\) Temperature Rise is the average water temperature

rise, or the difference between the mean cold water

temperature, averaged over the longest record

available, and 140 degrees.

\(b\) Gallon is the estimated consumption per month of hot

water required per dwelling unit. See paragraph 2-

5\.

\(c\) Btu per Fuel Unit is the heating Btu value of a fuel

unit.

\(d\) Utilization Factor is the combined effect of the

heat losses in the distribution pipe lines and the

heating plant efficiency. Utilization Factors for

some plants and fuels are as follows:

UTILIZATION FACTORS - PROJECT SUPPLIED DHW

Gas or Oil

Recirculating hot water systems

with insulated piping in a single

building 485

Systems with low draw off, uninsulated

piping or extensive piping between

buildings 605

c\. The annual cost of miscellaneous supplies should be

estimated based on local experiences.

2-7. SELECTING AN AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM. An air-conditioning

system should be selected which is adequate for design

conditions and maintains the desired indoor conditions at the

lowest costs, consistent with local codes and standards.

Selection should be based on desired comfort, control,

reliability, simplicity, maintenance, initial cost, life of

equipment and annual operating costs.

Page2-15

12/85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

a\. Types of air-conditioning systems.

\- Window units - electric motor compressor.

\- Through-the-wall-room systems - electric motor

compresser.

\- Individual dwelling unit central systems - gas

absorption, electric motor compressor.

\- Central systems for one or more buildings - chillers

employing high-temperature hot water, steam, or gas

fired absorption; electric motor compressor(s); or

electric motor, gas or steam turbine driven

compressor(s).

b\. Definition of air-conditioning terms.

\(1\) Design heat gain means the calculated addition of

heat, expressed in Btu/hr., to a structure from both

external and internal sources. Heat is added

externally in warm weather through windows,

ceilings, walls and floors and internally by people

and appliances. During early project development,

when heat gain calculations can not be made, heat

gain for residential construction can be estimated

at 25 Btu per square foot per hour of floor area.

\(2\) Design ton means the design heat gain divided by

12,000 Btu/hr.

\(3\) Equivalent Full Load Hours (EFLH) means the number

of hours, usually expressed for a cooling season,

that the compressor or absorption unit must operate

at full load under design conditions to satisfy the

annual cooling reauirements. EFLH is based on an

indoor design temperature of 8O F., and may be

obtained from local utility experience. See Table

V.

\(4\) Operating Hours (OH) means the hours that the

electrical auxiliaries of an air conditioning system

operates during a normal cooling season. Operating

hours may be obtained from local utility experience

and is about twice the EFLH.

d\. Checklist for operating cost analysis.

\(1\) Applicable electric, gas and water rate schedule.

\(2\) Applicable terms and conditions of service of local

electric, gas and water utilities.

\(3\) Heating value of gas (Btu per cubic foot).

12/85 Page 2-16

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

TABLE V

EQUIVALENT FULL LOAD HOURS (EFLH) OF

OPERATION FOR RESIDENTIAL AIR CONDITIONING

EFLH PER

CITY COOLING SEASON

Albany, New York 200

Albuquerque, New Mexico 625

Atlanta, Georgia 750

Baltimore, Maryland 700

Boise, Idaho 550

Boston, Massachusetts 200

Buffalo, New York 150

Chicago, Illinois 400

Cincinnati, Ohio 850

Cleveland, Ohio 450

Columbus, Ohio 650

Dallas, Texas 1,425

Denver, Colorado 350

Detroit, Michigan 450

Duluth, Minnesota 200

El Paso, Texas 955

Ft. Wayne, Indiana 650

Fresno, California 920

Grand Rapids, Michigan 500

Houston, Texas 1,450

Indianapolis, Indiana 800

Jackson, Mississippi 1,150

Jacksonville, Florida 1,615

Kansas City, Misouri 900

Little Rock, Arkansas 1,200

Memphis, Tennessee 1,050

Miami, Florida 1,730

Milwaukee, Wisconsin 350

Mobile, Alabama 1,310

New Orleans, Louisiana 1,500

New York, New York 350

Omaha, Nebraska 800

Phoenix, Arizona 1,300

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 400

Raleigh, North Carolina 1,050

Reno, Nevada 500

Salt Lake City, Utah 600

San Antonio, Texas 1,300

Shreveport, Louisiana 1,460

St. Louis, Missouri 1,000

St. Paul, Minnesota 350

Tulsa, Oklahoma 1,050

Washington, D.C. 1,000

Wichita, Kansas 1,350

Page 2-17 12/85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\(4\) Gas consumption of gas equipment (Btu per ton hour).

\(5\) Electric requirements (kW demand) of auxiliaries.

\(6\) Electric requirements (kW demand) of electric motor

driven compressors.

\(7\) EFLH for the project\'s location should be

distributed monthly to the cooling system. Table VI

is a recommended EFLH distribution for selected

large cities.

\(8\) Make-up water requirements for air-conditioning

systems with cooling towers or evaporative

condensers.

\(9\) Maintenance and attendance labor requirements for

each air conditioning system.

\(10\) Probable useful life of the air-conditioning systems

and components being compared.

f\. Electrical air-conditioning systems.

\(1\) Requirements of electrical equipment

Compressor Auxiliaries

System KW/Design Ton KW/Design Ton

Window Units 1.46 0.32

Through-wall Units 1.64 0.30

Individual Dwelling-Central System 1.49 0.14

Central Bldg. or Project System

3 to 25 tons air cooled plant 1.20 0.20

25 to 100 tons air cooled plant 1.18 0.21

Over 100 tons water cooled plant 0.79 to 0.85 0.20

\(2\) Energy Use (kWh)

\(a\) Compressor. Calculate compressor monthly kWh

by multiplying compressor kW/Design Ton times

Design Tons times monthly EFLH. See Table V

and VI.

\(b\) Auxiliaries. Calculate auxiliaries monthly kWh

by multiplying auxiliaries kW/Design Ton times

Design Tons times monthly Operating Hours (OH).

Monthly OH are generally about two times

monthly EFLH of the compressor.

\(c\) Total compressor and auxiliaries. Add monthly

compressor kWh and monthly auxiliary kWh to

obtain

12/85 Page 2-l8

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

total monthly kWh of air conditioning equipment.

NOTE: Energy for indoor air handlers (evaporator fans) is

included in the above calculations and must be considered

as part of the base electrical load.

\(3\) Electric demand (kW).

\(a\) Compressor. Determine compressor monthly kW demand

by multiplying compressor kW/Design Ton time Design

Tons times the utilization factor (UF). The UF is

the percentage that the compressor kW adds to

monthly demand. UF percentages are: April 40%, May

60%, June 70%, July 100%, August 100%, September 80%

and October 40%.

\(b\) Auxiliaries. Determine monthly kW demand of

auxiliary equipment by multiplying auxiliary

kW/Design Ton times Design Tons.

\(c\) Total compressor and auxiliaries. Add monthly

compressor kW demand and monthly auxiliary kW demand

to obtain total monthly kW demand of air

conditioning equipment. NOTE: kW demand for indoor

handlers (evaporator fans) is not included in the

above calculation and must be considered as part of

the base electrical load.

\(4\) Electrical operating costs. Apply applicable

electric utility rate schedules monthly to

electrical usage to operating costs. Anything that

affects billing should be considered including

energy, demand, power factor, fuel adjustment

clause, taxes, and any special credits or charges.

g\. Gas Air Conditioning Systems.

\(1\) Energy consumption for gas air-conditioning units.

Type of Unit Btu/Ton Hour

(thousands)

Air Cooled Absorption 26

Water Cooled Absorption 16 - 23

Steam Turbine Centrifugal 17.5

Gas Engine Driven Centrifugal 8 - 13

Page 2-19 12/85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\(2\) Auxiliary electrical consumption for gas absorption

units.

Auxiliaries

System kW/Design Ton

Individual Dwelling - Central System 0.36

Central Bldg or Project System

3 to 25 tons air cooled 0.32

25 to 100 tons water cooled 0.21

Over 100 Tons water cooled 0.25 to 0.29

\(3\) Electric and gas operating cost. Apply applicable

electrical and gas utilities rate schedules monthly

to total gas and electric usages to determine

operating costs. Anything that may affect billings

should be considered including energy, demand, power

factor, fuel adjustment clauses, taxes and any

special credits or charges. Many gas utilities have

special rate schedules that apply for gas and air

conditioning.

h\. Make-up water requirements for water-cooled air

conditioning equipment.

\(1\) Electrical motor driven chillers calculate make-up

water requirements in gallons by multiplying the

design tons times EFLH times 3.2.

\(2\) Absorption chillers calculate make-up water

requirements in gallons by multiplying the Design

Tons times EFLH times 6.2.

\(3\) Cost of make-up water-apply local water utility

rate.

2-8. HEAT PUMP. Energy consumption for heat pumps should be

calculated in accordance with recognized industry procedures

such as the ASHRAE\'s Modified Degree-Day Method.

2-9.SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM.

a\. Energy savings for active or passive solar systems should

be calculated in accordance with recognized industry

procedures e.g., the f-chart method, the solar load ratio

(SLR) method or its equivalent. HUD\'s Residential Solar

Viability Program (RSVP) can be obtained from the

Department\'s central computer, to estimate energy savings

from active solar systems.

12/85 Page 2-20

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

b\. [Form
HUD-5l994](http://www.hud.gov/offices/adm/hudclips/forms/hud5.cfm)
should be used to identify the lowest cost

utility combination for the project. The solar energy

system is cost effective if the total savings in 15 years

exceed or equal the cost of the system i.e., when line 17

on the Form HUD-5l994 Part A is zero or less than zero).

2-10. OPERATING LABOR.

a\. The labor costs for project operated heating and/or air

conditioning plants should be carefully estimated since

these costs are the most important expenses in plant

operation. To avoid duplication of cost estimates,

operating labor costs should only be included, especially

supervision and labor for adjusting, oiling, inspecting

when performed as part of normal operations. Chapter 3

provides procedures for estimating maintenance and repair

costs for facilities and equipment. Estimated labor

costs should include basic salary or wage, annual and

sick leave, compensation insurance, retirement plans,

hospitalization and medical insurance plans, life

insurance, unemployment insurance and all other \"fringe\"

benefits.

b\. Tentative operating schedules should be formulated

in accordance with local regulations, prevailing labor

union contracts, and labor customs when estimating labor

costs. Labor costs should not be included for individual

dwelling heating and/or air-conditioning installations.

2-11. GAS PIPELINE SAFETY REGULATIONS. State requirements for the

Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 may add to

maintenance/operation costs for gas distribution systems. The

compliance cost of these regulations should be included in a

gas distribution system\'s maintenance cost.

Page 2-21

12/85

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_