**A Final Progress Report Submitted to:**

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

By:

The University of Hawaii

Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

**SUBMITTED TO NASA's Office of Earth Science NRA**

**NRA-99-OES-01**

**Earth Observing-1 Mission Instrument Evaluation and Data Validation**

***Quantitative Analysis of Hot Spots Using EO-1 and Landsat 7***

**Effective Dates:** March 1, 2002 -- September 30, 2003

**PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

Dr. Luke P. Flynn

HIGP/SOEST

University of Hawaii, 2525 Correa Road

Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

\(808\) 956-3154

**TOTAL FUNDS REQUESTED** None

**Quantitative Analysis of Hot Spots Using EO-1 and Landsat 7**

**TABLE OF CONTENTS** Page No.

0\. Cover Pages 1

I. Abstract 3

Technical Report 4

II\. Introduction 4

III\. Objectives 4

IV\. Earth Observing-1 Results 6

V. Scientific Relevance and Expected Results 11

VI\. Significance to EO-1 Validation Program 11

VII\. Educational Outreach 12

VIII\. References 13

IX\. Resumes 15

###### I. ABSTRACT

[Objectives and Justification]{.underline} -- Our goals were to provide
a critical assessment of the comparative capabilities of the Earth
Observer-1 (EO-1) instruments and Landsat 7 ETM+ to monitor active
eruptions and fires and to assess the merits of using spacecraft flying
in formation over highly temporally variable targets. This will allow
for (1) evaluation of Hyperion and ALI spectral bands for incorporation
into a Landsat follow-on instrument, (2) greatly improved maps of
thermally emitted energy as a result of using improved EO-1 technology,
and (3) the ability to study short-term changes (1-minute or 30-minutes)
associated with eruptions and forest fires. We have accomplished all of
our tasks as outlined in the papers below.

[Published Accomplishments]{.underline} - Flynn, L.P., A.J.L. Harris,
D.A. Rothery, and C. Oppenheimer, Landsat and Hyperspectral Analyses of
Active Lava Flows, *Remote Sensing of Active Volcanism*, AGU Geophysical
Monograph Series 116, Mouginis-Mark, P., Fink, J., Crisp J., (eds),
161-177, 2000. Donegan, S. and L. Flynn, Comparison of the response of
the Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus and the Earth Observing-1
Advanced Land Imager over active volcanic lava flows, submitted to
Journal of Volcanology and Geophysical Research special issue, Ramsey,
Flynn, and Wright (eds.), 2003. Wright, R. and L. Flynn, On the
retrieval of lava flow surface temperatures from infrared satellite
data, submitted to Geology, in review, 2003. Flynn, L., R. Wright, R.
Wright, A. Harris, S. Donegan, and L. Geschwind, EO-1 Hyperion: Thermal
measurements of volcanic activity from a hyperspectral satellite
instrument, special issue *J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res.*, M. Ramsey, L.
Flynn, and R. Wright (eds.), submitted 2003.

[Proposed Work and Methodology]{.underline} - We intended to investigate
the sensitivity of the Earth Observer --1 (EO-1) instruments to
high-temperature thermal anomalies such as lava flows and forest fires.
We used Mt. Etna, Sicily and a variety of other volcanoes around the
globe as our primary study sites. Covering the same spectral region as
the instruments aboard EO-1 (0.4 -- 2.5 μm), the FieldSpec FR system
developed by Analytical Spectral Devices, was used to provide
simultaneous ground-truth. In addition, a FLIR (infrared) camera was
used to collect very high spatial resolution observations of active lava
flows which were then used to model the number of thermal components
present. The number and placement of channels offered by Hyperion and
ALI allowed us to make more accurate assessments of the distribution of
thermal radiators within a pixel than was available with Landsat ETM+.
Multiple component models developed for point measurements using field
spectrometers were modified to accept hyperspectral Hyperion data.
Active surface flows exhibit higher reflectances in the visible region
of the spectrum than cooled flows. We have collected Hyperion images and
will compare surface lava flow areas on Kilauea using the high spatial
resolution ETM+ pan band versus the higher spectral resolution Hyperion.

[Expected Results]{.underline} - EO-1 data will yield much more detailed
flux density maps and mass flux calculations than those derived from
Landsat TM data; which, nevertheless, have been shown (Flynn et al.,
1994) to be particularly useful in assessing volcanic hazards.
Assessment of ETM+, ALI, Hyperion, and ASTER data will provide
information about the short-term variability of eruptions and forest
fires, which will be used to suggest constraints for the temporal
distribution of successive measurements for future "formation flying"
missions.

[Value to EO-1 Validation Program]{.underline} -- The proposed effort
will contribute to the EO-1 Validation Program in three ways. Rigorous
analysis of Hyperion and ALI data through the optimization of science
data products will lead to better ideas of instrument configurations for
future Landsat missions. In terms of hyperspectral applications, the
proposed effort will use hyperspectral and multispectral algorithms to
calculate emitted radiant fluxes from active lava flows and forest
fires. In terms of observations from multiple platforms flying in
formation, the study will show how data from multiple platforms may be
integrated to produce science data products.

**TECHNICAL REPORT**

**II. Introduction**

The Earth Observer --1 (EO-1, henceforth) represents a unique capability
to study the characteristics of high-temperature thermal anomalies
including lava flows and forest fires. Previous attempts at measuring
the thermal output of lava flows and forest fires at 30 m resolution
have been limited by the instrument characteristics of the Landsat 4 and
5 Thematic Mapper (Flynn et al., 1999, Harris et al., 1999a; Harris et
al., 1998; Flynn et al., 1994). Frequent saturation problems with
Landsat TM bands 5 and 7, which are sensitive to high temperatures, have
left the most interesting parts of the lava flows unstudied
(Oppenheimer, 1991). While the qualitative aspects of these flow studies
have been tantalizing in that they have shown that 30 m data may be used
to assess geologic hazards from effusive eruptions, the limited number
of relevant spectral channels of TM has precluded more quantitative
assessments using more than pixel integrated temperatures. Similarly, a
study of the differences in spatial temperature distribution between
flows and fires has shown that both anomalies could have similar maximum
temperatures while fires cool more rapidly than lava flows (Flynn and
Mouginis-Mark, 1995). However, TM data were insufficient to produce flux
density maps of the fire data because of the inadequate dynamic range in
the few relevant near-IR spectral channels. In contrast, the Hyperion
and the Advanced Land Imager (ALI, henceforth) represent a tremendous
advance for high -temperature studies of volcanic eruptions and forest
fires for a number of reasons. The number of spectral channels available
with Hyperion (220 between 0.4 -- 2.5 μm) is useful for solutions of
multi-component models which would accurately determine the sub-pixel
temperatures and spatial extent of anomalies. Comparisons of results
derived from Hyperion, ALI (with its critical band 5' at 1.2 -- 1.3 μm)
and Landsat 7 ETM+ will provide an assessment of instrument capabilities
from future Landsat sensors. Saturation at near-IR wavelengths is not
as disastrous for Hyperion or ALI as it is with TM, because channels at
shorter wavelengths (i.e. 1.2 - 1.3 μm) can be used to make temperature
and area calculations. Better sub-pixel solutions of hot spots will
yield more accurate estimates of emitted energy for both lava flows and
forest fires and a basis of determining the requirements for future
Landsat sensors.

EO-1 was launched successfully in November, 2000. Thus far, ten
volcanoes (Colima, Erta Ale, Mt. Etna, Galeras, Kilauea, Lascar, Masaya,
Mayon, Popocatepetl, and Santiaguito) have been imaged with Hyperion and
ALI, of which we have received data for nine (all received except
Colima). Of these nine, we have received clear images for Erta Ale, Mt.
Etna, Kilauea, Lascar, Mayon, Popocatepetl, and Santiaguito. In
particular, an spectacular eruption of Mt. Etna, Sicily yielded 6 EO-1
data sets between late June and early August 2001. We intend to focus on
these data sets to accomplish a number of objectives outlines below. We
were unable to collect data of forest fires due to the problems of
scheduling a 7-km wide swath over highly variable and mobile fire front
locations. Previous Landsat TM studies (Flynn and Mouginis-Mark, 1995)
of forest fires have shown that fire fronts can move very quickly (11-km
in less than 13 hours for 1988 Yellowstone fires).

###### III. Objectives

A long list of specific objectives that could be accomplished with EO-1
data follows below. However, the proposed effort was only partially
funded with the specific objective of comparing ALI and Landsat 7 data
for the purpose of studying volcanic eruptions. Generally, the problems
which were to be addressed by this study were divided into the following
overall categories of objectives. Papers addressing particular
objectives are indicated.

A.  [Landsat Data Continuity]{.underline}

1\) Can the added multispectral bands of ALI be used to produce more
detailed lava flow and forest fire images than Landsat 7 ETM+? Which
bands would be most useful for a Landsat follow-on instrument? (Donegan
and Flynn, 2003)

2)  What are the differences in the regional scale temperature
    distribution of hot spots for lava flows and forest fires using
    Hyperion, ALI and ETM+? (Donegan and Flynn, 2003)

3)  How can improved Hyperion, ALI, and ETM+ flux density maps and
    eruption rate calculations allow for more accurate estimations of
    hazard assessment? Which sensor produces the best quality product
    and why? Which integrated Hyperion spectral bands would be critical
    for a Landsat follow-on mission? (Donegan and Flynn, 2003: Wright
    and Flynn, 2003)

4)  What are the channel saturation limits for ALI and Hyperion in terms
    of temperatures and sizes of radiant anomalies? How are these
    affected by environmental factors (i.e. presence of sunlight, etc.)?
    What Hyperion and ALI channels help to alleviate the saturation
    problem identified using Landsat TM? Should the radiometric dynamic
    range of a number of bands be increased for a Landsat follow-on?
    (Donegan and Flynn, 2003; Flynn et al., 2003)

5)  What are the saturation effects of Hyperion and ALI sensor channels
    on adjacent pixels? Can temperatures be recovered for these pixels
    using alternate wavelengths? (Flynn et al., 2003; Donegan and Flynn,
    2003)

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B.  [Hyperspectral Applications]{.underline}

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6)  How does the at-satellite radiance from thermal anomalies compare to
    that measured on the ground using simultaneous field spectral
    measurements? (Wright and Flynn, 2003)

7)  What is the instantaneous thermal variability of subpixel and
    multi-pixel hot spots over entire flow fields or fire areas using
    the 7.5 km swath capability of Hyperion? (Future paper -- Geschwind
    et al., 2003)

8)  Can the distribution of very high-temperature anomalies (i.e.,
    flaming fires and molten lava flows) as determined by ETM+,
    Hyperion, and ALI be replicated using 250-m resolution LAC data?
    (Not addressed)

9)  Using multiple component models, what kind of accuracy and precision
    can be obtained using Hyperion data for high-temperature anomalies?
    How does this improve our ability to discriminate active lava flows
    and vigorous flaming fires within a scene? (Wright and Flynn, 2003;
    Flynn et al., 2003)

10) What are the ranges of smoldering and flaming temperatures for fires
    of a particular vegetation type? How does this information relate to
    the amount of smoke produced? (No fire data collected)

[C. Calibration]{.underline}

11) For Hawaii, how do the results obtained from EO-1 data compare with
    results derived from data collected from other spacecraft flying in
    formation (such as Landsat 7 or ASTER)? (Future work -- Geschwind et
    al., 2003)

12) For Hawaii, will the distribution of active lava flows obtained with
    LAC data agree with observations collected from MODIS and GOES
    direct broadcast data? (Not addressed)

13) What are the differences between high spatial resolution data sets
    collected within 1-minute (ETM+ and ALI) and 30-minutes (ETM+/ALI
    and ASTER) of one another for lava flows and forest fires? How will
    this impact the orbital characteristics of future formation flying
    missions? (Donegan and Flynn, 2003)

> We intend to use existing data sets to accomplish the following
> objectives as time permits:

1)  The Hyperion data sets of Mt Etna show the effects of detector
    saturation for a number of spectral channels. We will attempt to
    reconstruct the original high radiance signal using the offset
    "saturation echo" for a particular pixel.

2)  Automate hyperspectral temperature/area determination algorithms to
    ingest entire sections of Hyperion images encompassing active lava
    flow fields at Kilauea and Mt. Etna. A field validation exercise
    will be performed at Kilauea using an Analytical Spectral Devices
    FieldSpec spectroradiometer. Use these data to create an emitted
    energy map.

3)  Compare energy map and effusion rate results derived for EO-1 and
    Landsat ETM+ data. Again, the data sets for the July 2001 Etna
    eruption have already been collected.

4)  Actively moving surface flows exhibit much higher reflectances in
    the visible region of the spectrum. We have shown that the ETM+ pan
    band can be used to delineate active surface flows at Kilauea. Our
    goal is to see whether or not we can achieve the same results with
    high spectral resolution visible data afforded by Hyperion.

###### IV. Earth Observing-1 Results

A number of scientific meetings were held in anticipation of the EO-1
launch. EO-1 was successfully launched in November, 2000. While the
launch date was not opportune for the North American agricultural
growing season, it was optimal for observing a number of Central
American volcanoes, for which we receive GOES and MODIS thermal alert
data (http://hotspot.higp.hawaii.edu). We have chosen a number of
representative global volcanic targets based on a number of factors
including: (1) type of surface activity, (2) high probability of
activity at the time of satellite overpass, and (3) high probability of
cloud-free scenes. The volcanoes that we have chosen to study are
Kilauea, HI, USA; Masaya, Nicaragua; Santiaguito, Fuego, and Pacaya,
Guatemala; Mt. Etna, Sicily; Popocatepetl and Colima, Mexico; Lascar
Volcano, Chile; Erta 'Ale, Ethiopia; Mayon Volcano, Philippines; and
Galeras, Colombia. Of these volcanoes, we have obtained one good daytime
image of Kilauea collected on March 20, 2001 that has lava flow
activity. A further image collected on June 8, 2001 is cloud-covered.
There were supposedly 4 acquisitions of Masaya, Nicaragua on January 20,
2001; February 21, 2001; March 9, 2001, and March 25, 2001 of which we
have data (Hyperion data in only 0.45 -- 0.93 m range) for only March
25, 2001. Of the three volcanoes in Guatemala, we have no data collects
for Pacaya or Fuego and only one daytime image for Santiaguito collected
on March 30, 2001. Most of the data that we received were collected for
Mt. Etna. Sixteen images were collected including 2 nighttime images. Of
these, only 7 yielded good images with the remainder either not shipped
or having stripes across the images. Of the Mexican volcanoes, an image
was collected of Colima on January 24, 2001 but we have not received the
tape. Supposedly, Popocatepetl was obtained 5 times, but we only have a
record for 3 of those data collects. Lascar volcano, Chile was obtained
6 times, but we only received tapes for 3 dates and on one of those the
data were bad. Erta Ale volcano, Ethiopia was collected 11 times (3 at
night) but of these only 3 yielded good data (For 6 data collects, we do
not have image tapes). Mayon volcano, Philippines was imaged 21 times
but we have image tapes of only 7 of these, of which one is a cloud-free
scene showing a hot spot. Finally, Galeras, Colombia was imaged once
which yielded a cloudy scene.

As we outlined in our original proposal, all of the EO-1 data sets will
be used in this study although our particular focus will be the
ALI-Landsat comparison (Donegan and Flynn, 2003). Having high spectral
resolution data from Hyperion over hot spots may help us to investigate
any differences that we note between Landsat 7 and ALI observations of
the same volcano.

We have also requested both day time and night time data sets from
active volcanoes. This has two purposes which are (1) to help with our
calculations of emitting lava flow area and temperature in the absence
of reflected sunlight (noise) and (2) to compare the radiative signal of
various hot spots with that of solar energy reflecting off of the
surface.

Our specific reasons for choosing the 12 volcanoes listed above are
given below.

*Volcanoes with Lava Flow Activity*

Lava flows that can easily travel tens of kilometers from their source
vents in a matter of hours also represent the most easily recognized
volcanic activity from a satellite perspective. A recent (February 14,
2000) Landsat 7 image acquired of Kilauea has shown that lava flow
fields and the underground tubes supplying them with lava can be mapped
with ETM+ (Flynn et al., 2000). More importantly, the 15m/pixel ETM+
panchromatic band was used to map fresh (less than a few hours old) lava
flows on the basis of their surface reflectance, not thermal radiance.
With ALI and Hyperion on EO-1, we intend to map lava flow temperatures
and areas, and compare high temperature results with reflectance data to
determine a correlation of fresh flow surfaces using two separate
techniques. Landsat has suffered from the fact that usually, only 2
bands detect emitted thermal radiance from the flows with the remainder
of the bands suffering from saturation (due to higher thermal radiances
that cannot be accommodated within the dynamic range of the detector) or
a lack of anomalous radiance above the inactive background pixels. Both
Hyperion and ALI provide more near-infrared bands that are necessary for
accurate temperature and area determinations of active lava flows.

Candidate volcanoes that have a record of effusive lava flow activity
within the past year and are located in relatively cloud-free areas
include Kilauea, HI; Mt. Etna, Sicily; and Pacaya, Guatemala. Both
Kilauea and Mt. Etna have produced long lava flows, while Pacaya flows
were fed by explosive Strombolian blasts that showered hot blocks over
the upper slopes of the volcano and fed flows moving to the south of the
summit region.

In recent history, Mt. Etna volcano, Sicily has been the one of the most
active volcanoes on the planet having experienced fairly continuous
eruptions over the past 6 years. Activity culminated in a spectacular
flank eruption during July, 2001.

Hyperion observations of the volcano collected on July 13, 2001 show
characteristic effusive lava flow activity typical of persistent
effusion from the South East cone (Figure 1). Lava flows and active
vents containing molten lava with temperatures of up to 1080°C are
apparent in the image as bright red and yellow colors. The inset to
Figure 1 shows the 4 active craters that comprise the Mt. Etna summit
complex. The red, green, and blue composite image was created using
Hyperion bands 213, 152, and 32, respectively. In the west central
portion of the inset, an active vent at the bottom of the Bocca Nuova
crater is apparent. Approximately, 200 -- 300 m to the northeast is an
active vent within La Voragine crater, while another 300 m to the north,
an active vent within the northeast crater is apparent. A large 300m --
500m diameter anomaly about 700 m south east of La Voragine marks the
location of the southeast cone of Mt. Etna. Lava flows issuing from
fissures on the northeast side of the cone flowed to the northeast
before turning east into the Valle del Bove. Lava flow appears to have
been concentrated in a 600 m-long channel before flows bifurcated
numerous times to form a compound flow field extending 1.5 km east in
this image. A plume of ash and volcanic aerosol originates from the
Bocca Nuova and disperses to the south east.

Collected 9 days later, a second Hyperion image (Figure 2) reveals a
much more active and potentially disastrous eruption of Mt. Etna. The
pointing capability of the instrument allowed investigators to obtain
multiple high resolution images of this new flank eruption. During July
17, 2001, a much larger and more vigorous eruption began, involving lava
flow activity on at-least four separate active fissures. Again, in the
west central portion of the image, a cluster of three yellow and red
dots mark the locations of active vents within the Bocca Nuova, La
Voragine, and the southeast cone; however, at this time, the northeast
crater was obscured by volcanic aerosols. The northernmost fissure
started to erupt on July 20, 2001, only 2 days before the Hyperion
overpass. This image shows the 1.5 km-long lava flows from this fissure
moving southeast at the base of the steep cliffs that mark the northern
edge of the Valle del Bove. Approximately 360 m to the south east of the
southeast cone a longer lava flow is apparent. These are flows from
another fissure that opened on July 17 to feed flows that first moved
southeast before encountering the back wall of the Valle del Bove and
being deflected in a more easterly direction. Two other fissures opened
on July 17 to the south of the Etna summit complex and fed lava flows
that moved in a southerly direction. At the time that this image was
recorded, these two flows had advanced 2.7 km and 5.9 km, respectively,
in the general direction of the town of Nicolosi. The end of the lava
flow field is apparent as the more diffuse red and yellow anomaly south
of a white cloud that obscures part of the flow. These fissures also
erupted a large amount of ash and volcanic aerosols which are apparent
in the image.

Vigorous, opening phases of flank eruptions on Mt. Etna are
characterized by intensely hot molten lava flowing in open channels. It
is certain that this vigorous eruption caused the infrared channels of
Hyperion to malfunction, which is why the active lava flows are mirrored
by a less intense radiance echo located roughly 300 m to the west of the
main lava flows. Our discussions with Pamela Barry at TRW have led us to
believe that we may be able to reconstruct the original signal (above
the saturation value for that spectral band) using the saturated pixel
radiance and the radiance echo for that pixel. Essentially, the Hyperion
data are collected in analog form. When they are converted to a digital
signal, anything above a threshold value gets a saturation value.
However, the remainder of the analog signal is recorded as a radiance
echo 11 pixels west and one pixel south of the original saturated pixel.
Thus, it may be possible to reconstruct the original analog signal using
the radiance echo. This would enable us to calculate higher temperatures
and fractional areas for very high temperature lava channels and other
areas prone to radiance saturation.

We are in the process of evaluating spectra from this eruption.
Obtaining spectra from Hyperion data is not too straightforward because
of the data shifts involved to align spectra. A shift of even one pixel
will result in erroneous temperatures as the pixels must be co-located
in order for Planck curves to be fit to the spectra. Spectra taken over
active lava flows saturated in a number of areas. Temperatures were then
modeled from those wavelengths that were not saturated. We are now
working on an automated method to rapidly process large areas of the
lava flow field at once. If we are successful in our attempt to
reconstruct saturated pixel values, this will greatly enhance our
ability to automate the creation of radiant energy maps using Hyperion
data. We can then compare these results with those obtained with Landsat
7 ETM+ and ALI below.

*ALI - Landsat 7ETM+ Comparison of Temperature Retrievals over Active
Etnean Lava Flows*

Using near simultaneously acquired Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper
Plus and Earth Observing -1 Advanced Land Imager data we assessed the
relative radiant responses over active lava flows from the Mt. Etna
July/August 2001 flank eruption (Donegan and Flynn, 2003). By assessing
the extent of saturation between the two instruments and using the dual
band method of extracting sub pixel thermal information on the resulting
lava flows we show that ALI represents an improvement over ETM+ in the
present ability to assess temperatures of hot active lava flows for a
number of reasons. (1) The extra spectral channels provided by ALI
compliment the current SWIR channels on ETM+ by providing a greater
number of two channel combinations for input into the dual band method.
Thus, dual-band temperature solutions are available for a greater range
of lava flow types than previously possible using two channel
combinations available on the ETM+. (2) The ALI instrument is less
susceptible than ETM+ to saturation in the SWIR especially when using
channels 5, 5p and 4p. (3) The greater radiometric sensitivity of ALI's
12 bit electronics coupled with a significantly lower signal to noise
ratio aid in obtaining successful dual band solutions.

We have demonstrated the extensive application of the dual band method
of extracting information on sub-pixel resolution hot spots in ETM+ and
ALI data over active lava flows. The ability to obtain a successful
solution requires the use of unsaturated instrument data within the
SWIR. The extensive saturation observed within ETM+ channels 7 and 5
have often precluded the use of this method. Similar levels of
saturation have been found in ALI channel 7 that have prevented the use
of this channel in the dual band calculations. ALI channel 5 also
displays saturation over the most active flows and vents imaged within
the study area. However, due to its higher saturation level, ALI channel
5 exhibited substantially less saturation than the equivalent ETM+
channel 5. The saturation of ALI data is not readily apparent when using
processed Level 1R data. We use data based on Level 0 processing to
identify areas where ALI is saturating. ALI channel 5p placed in the
SWIR between ETM+ channels 4 and 5 saturated only over the most active
regions within the study area. ALI channel 4p showed no saturation but
was sensitive to the most active lava flows.

The ALI instrument has demonstrated that it is possible to gain dual
band estimates of subpixel detail over hot active lava flows that are
not available or reliable when using ETM+ data. This is due to the
addition of the two extra SWIR channels, 5p and 4p. Different band
combinations available using unsaturated ALI data are sensitive to
differing P~H~ & T~C~ combinations providing coverage for a range of
lava flows from cooling stagnating flows to flows proximal to the vent
using channel combinations at progressively shorter wavelengths. This is
not possible with ETM+ because the relevant channels do not exist. The
ease with which ETM+ channels 7 and 5 saturate over such flows as those
within the study area prevents successful dual band solutions.

The increased signal to noise ratio of the ALI and better radiometric
sensitivity coupled with the extra SWIR channels has produced an
instrument that is very capable in terms of remote sensing of active
lava flows. If ALI technology is incorporated into a replacement Landsat
instrument with a fully populated focal place (Mendenhall.J.A
Lencioni.D.E & Parker.A.C, 1999) then the resulting data should prove
highly useful in the analysis of active lava flows to an extent not
possible before. We look forward to the application of ALI data to a
wider variety of volcanic phenomena and the possibility of an ALI based
ETM+ replacement.

*Volcanoes with Active Lava Lakes*

Unlike lava flows, lava lakes tend to be much smaller anomalies,
sometimes not even filling an entire 30m Landsat band 1-5 and 7 pixel.
However, what makes lava lakes ideal engineering targets is that they
are constantly supplied with new hot material convecting from deep below
the lake surface. The constant magma supply to these lakes means that
they can maintain a fairly constant temperature for a very long (years)
period of time. Thus, while lava flows are important to this study for
providing a wide range of temperatures and areas on which to test our
algorithms, lava lakes represent the volcanic equivalent of a
calibration source, frequently not changing radiative output for a long
period of time.

Erta 'Ale lava lake in Ethiopia has been continuously active for over 27
years; however, due to political turmoil and inhospitable terrain, it
remains largely unobserved for most of that time period. Two months of
MODIS nighttime thermal alert observations have shown that the lake is
cloud-free over 90% of the time and should be an easy target for EO-1 to
image. For this reason, as well as the fact that the lake represents a
fairly stable source of radiance, we will test both day and nighttime
temperature and area retrievals at Erta' Ale.

Masaya Volcano in Nicaragua has an open active vent that sometimes
resembles a lava lake. However, our primary interest in Masaya is to
understand the relationship between the rate that lava is supplied to
sustain the eruptive conditions compared with the huge amounts of
volcanic aerosols and gases that are produced.

*Volcanoes with Lava Domes*

Some volcanoes tend to extrude very viscous dacitic or andesitic lava
domes. When pressure overwhelms the dome, a pyroclastic eruption can
occur in which dome material is blasted into fragments that can be
ejected as part of a tall eruption column. Occasionally, the column can
collapse, causing a hot, optically-dense pyroclastic flow that moves
down the flanks of the volcano with extreme haste. These eruptions are
the most dangerous of the 3 that I have indicated so far if only because
of their speed of advance and unpredictability. Our recent work (Harris
et al., 2000) has shown that lava domes are hard to recognize in ETM+
data. Perhaps the extra spectral channels will enable us to determine a
way to recognize lava domes without using the thermal band (ETM+ band
6).

Four active volcanoes in Central and South America and the Philippines
are our candidate volcanoes. Fuego and Santiaguito were chosen because
they have been almost continuously active for the past year and our
field expeditions there provide for an opportunity to ground-truth
satellite observations. Galeras, Colombia is also almost always active.
Mayon volcano, Philippines erupted within the last year.

*Subpixel temperature retrievals with implications for Hyperion data
reduction*

The dual-band method (Rothery *et al.,* 1988) has been widely used as
the basis for determining lava surface temperatures from infrared
satellite data, based on the assumption that such surfaces can be
described in terms of two-end-member thermal components; hot cracks
within a thermally homogenous crust. The recent launch of the first
orbiting hyperspectral imaging system, Hyperion, on board NASA's Earth
Observing-1 satellite heralds a new era of space-based hyperspectral
data collection that will allow more detailed models of lava surface
temperature distribution to be developed and parameterized. To this end,
we have analyzed high-spatial resolution thermal images of active
pahoehoe lava flows collected on Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i, using a
hand-held FLIR 595 PM ThermaCAM, in order to asses the number of thermal
components required to characterize the surface temperatures of active
lava surfaces (Wright and Flynn, 2003). The FLIR images show that an
active lava surface comprises a continuum of temperatures that define
distinctive temperature distributions. Numerical model results reveal
that the two-component dual-band method fails to resolve any of the
major properties of the temperature distributions contained in these
data (*i.e.* mode, skew, range, or dispersion). However, modeling five
to seven thermal components allows all significant properties of the
sub-pixel temperature distributions contained within the FLIR images to
be determined. Thus, while the hyperspectral data provided by the EO-1
Hyperion yields as many as 66 wavebands in the near- and
short-wave-infrared atmospheric windows, useable data in only 9 to 13 of
these should be sufficient to perform accurate temperature
characterization of active lava surfaces from space.

**V. Scientific Relevance and Expected Results**

There are a number of important scientific objectives that can be
accomplished with this proposed effort.

(1) Instantaneous Variability within Lava Flow Field -- We have used our
    field spectra to show the possible utility of Hyperion data for
    making detailed observations of eruptions. Hyperion observations
    will allow us model entire flow areas to determine characteristics
    of these events on a large scale.

(2) Improved Volcanic Hazard Maps -- Hyperspectral images of lava flows
    will allow for the determination of sub-pixel sources of radiance to
    a high degree of accuracy. This will allow for detailed mapping of
    the orientation and size of lava flow source vents and breakouts.
    Mapping temperatures and areas of active lava flows will greatly
    improve our ability to calculate eruption rates and mass fluxes
    using satellite data, which will help us to identify eruptive
    patterns such as waxing and waning cycles of activity.

(3) Short-Term Changes Flow Activity -- Collection of EO-1, Landsat 7,
    and ASTER data will allow us to make important observations about
    the short-term (within 30 minutes) changes in eruptive mass fluxes.
    We will also be able to map changes in radiative character (i.e.,
    more or less lava flows in a given area) of particular areas of
    interest. Understanding the short-term chronology of eruptive events
    is very important to respective hazard mitigation agencies.

(4) Improved Natural Hazards Mitigation -- Our studies of volcanic
    thermal will lead to an improved understanding of how erupting
    volcanoes operate. We will be able to offer an assessment of how
    lava flow fields are emplaced, as well as of the frequency and
    duration of eruptive events and phases. Our work may lead to
    improved airborne and satellite-based efforts to monitor eruptive
    episodes of volcanoes from a safe distance.

**VI. Significance to the EO-1 Validation Program**

As a member of the EOS Volcanology Team and the Landsat 7 Instrument
Team, the proposed PI has been tasked with targeting both ASTER and
Landsat 7 to observe volcanic eruptions in progress. Here we describe
the relevance of this work with respect to the overall EO-1 Validation
Program.

(1) Clearly, EO-1 is an instrument not too dissimilar from the
    Hyperspectral Imager (HSI) proposed for Lewis or the HIRIS
    instrument proposed for the Earth Observing System (EOS). The
    proposed PI was originally selected as a member of the Hyperspectral
    Imager Team. Using Hyperion data from EO-1 for the analyses of hot
    targets will therefore generate expertise in topics that were once
    to be covered by HSI observations. The investigation of hot targets
    remains a focus to two EOS instruments on the Terra platform. ASTER
    and MODIS data will be used to study volcanic eruptions and forest
    fires.

(2) The proposed PI is also a member of the Landsat 7 Instrument Team
    and has great interest in the future development of the Landsat
    series of satellites. As a member of both instrument teams, the PI
    could greatly facilitate the logical flow of ideas and discoveries
    between teams. The proposed PI has assisted with the development of
    the Landsat long-term acquisition plan and the ASTER data
    acquisition request plan for volcanoes. As such, he is very familiar
    with the procedures for requesting emergency data acquisitions,
    which will be very important for the successful scheduling of
    transient events.

(3) Our participation in the EO-1 experiment will ensure the use of the
    Hawaii Ground Station to acquire data. Not only will additional EO-1
    data be collected and archived for the science community, but we
    will also be able to provide unique comparisons between EO-1 data
    and other sensors (Landsat ETM+, MODIS, GOES, ASTER). Soon, we will
    have the capability of having two antenna systems which are capable
    of receiving Landsat 7 and EO-1 data simultaneously. The USGS and
    HIGP are currently in the process of testing our ground station
    capabilities to download Landsat 7 data of Hawaii at every overpass.

(4) Comparative High Spatial Resolution Studies -- Use of the EO-1,
    Landsat-7 and ASTER instruments will allow detailed mapping of
    volcanic structures and thermal anomalies, as well as measurement
    and monitoring of changes in such features prior to and during an
    eruption. In terms of hazard mitigation, EO-1 will provide a
    hyperspectral perspective that will allow improved interpretation of
    thermal features, facilitating, with TM and ASTER data, the
    distinction between different features such as active fumaroles,
    lava domes, geothermally heated ground and degassing vents. Given
    the combination of high temporal thermal coverage provided by MODIS
    and GOES coupled with high spatial resolution coverage provided by
    ASTER, TM and EO-1 we will be able to produce a detailed temporal
    and spatial assessment of activity before and during eruptive
    episodes.

(5) Efficient Tasking of Satellites -- Using the MODIS and GOES Thermal
    Alert systems will provide a method to task satellites to target
    sites of eruptive or forest fire activity during periods when the
    probability of a significant event is highest. Therefore, limited
    EO-1 and ASTER satellite resources may be utilized in an efficient
    manner.

(6) Assessment of Observations from Multiple Platforms (Formation
    Flying) -- We intend to collect EO-1, Landsat 7, and ASTER data
    within 30 minutes of one another to assess the utility of formation
    flying. Lava flows will present relatively stable thermal features
    over 30-minute time periods, while forest fires may show marked
    differences between images. Our observations will be used to suggest
    constraints on the temporal lapse between future successive
    formation flying platforms' abilities to image the same spot of
    ground.

###### VII. Educational Outreach

The Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology maintains a very
vigorous undergraduate and K -- 12 NASA-based education program through
the Hawaii Space Grant College (Dr. Luke Flynn, Director). The proposed
PI currently is involved with K-12 outreach projects through the Hawaii
Space Grant College as well as through 2 NASA grants funded by the ESE
Education Branch of NASA Headquarters. All projects involve using remote
sensing data to provide teachers with an alternative approach to
developing lesson plans and bringing NASA data into the classroom. One
of the fundamental problems has been finding a dynamic way to explore
the electromagnetic spectrum that will capture student and teacher
interest. Understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum forms the basis
of all image processing and data manipulation. Hyperion data may provide
an excellent web-based tool where teachers can use spectral information
to create their own images and thus explore the electromagnetic spectrum
in a dynamic new way.

We also have a greater responsibility to communicate results to the
wider community. The Natural Hazards page on the Earth Observatory web
site will provide a forum for us to display the latest results using
Hyperion and ALI data. If a major eruption should occur within the next
7 months, we will lobby for EO-1 data collections that will provide
images and data for popular articles submitted to the Earth Observatory.

###### References

Donegan, S. and L. Flynn, Comparison of the response of the Landsat 7
Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus and the Earth Observing-1 Advanced Land
Imager over active volcanic lava flows, submitted to Journal of
Volcanology and Geophysical Research special issue, Ramsey, Flynn, and
Wright (eds.), 2003.

Flynn, L.P., and P.J. Mouginis-Mark, Cooling rate of an active Hawaiian
lava flow from nighttime spectroradiometer measurements, [Geophys. Res.
Lett]{.underline}*.*, **19**, 1783-1786, 1992.

Flynn, L., and P. Mouginis-Mark, Temperature of an active lava channel
from spectral measurements, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, [Bull.
Volcanol]{.underline}*.*, **56**, 297-301, 1994.

Flynn, L. and P. Mouginis-Mark, A comparison of the thermal
characteristics of active lava flows and forest fires, [Geophysical
Research Letters]{.underline}, **22**, 2577-2580,1995.

Flynn, L.P., Mouginis-Mark, P.J., Gradie, J.C., and P.G. Lucey,
Radiative temperature measurements at Kupaianaha lava lake, Kilauea
volcano, Hawaii, [J. Geophys. Res]{.underline}*.*, **98**, 6461-6476,
1993.

Flynn, L.P., Mouginis-Mark, P., and K. Horton, Distribution of thermal
areas on an active lava flow field: Landsat observations of Kilauea,
Hawaii, July 1991, [Bull. Volcanol]{.underline}*.*, **56**, 284-296,
1994.

Flynn, L.P., Harris, A.J.L., Rothery, D.A., Oppenheimer, C.,
High-spatial resolution thermal remote sensing of active volcanic
features using Landsat and hyperspectral data, AGU Monograph Series,
Fink, J., Mouginis-Mark, P., Crisp J., (eds), 161-177, 2000.

Flynn, L., A. Harris, R. Wright, S. Donegan, and L. Geschwind, 2002,
EO-1 Hyperion: Thermal measurements of volcanic activity from a
hyperspectral satellite instrument, special issue *J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res.*, M. Ramsey, L. Flynn, and R. Wright (eds.), submitted
2003.

Harris, A.J.L., and D.S. Stevenson, Thermal observations of degassing
open conduits and fumaroles at Stromboli and Vulcano using remotely
sensed data, [J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res]{.underline}*.*, **76**,
175-198, 1997.

Harris, A.J.L., Keszthelyi, L., Flynn, L.P., Mouginis-Mark, P.J.,
Thornber, C., Kauahikaua, J., Sherrod, D., Trusdell, F., Sawyer, M.W.,
and P. Flament, Chronology of the episode 54 eruption at Kilauea
Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data, [Geophys. Res.
Lett]{.underline}*.*, **24**(24), 3281-3284, 1997.

Harris, A.J.L., Flynn, L.P., Keszthelyi, L., Mouginis-Mark, P.J.,
Rowland, S.K. and J.A. Resing, Calculation of Lava Effusion Rates from
Landsat TM Data. [Bulletin of Volcanology]{.underline}, **60**, 52-71,
1998.

Harris, A.J.L., Flynn L.P., Rothery, D.A., Oppenheimer, C., and S.B.
Sherman, Mass flux measurements at active lava lakes: implications for
magma recycling, [J. Geophys. Res]{.underline}*.*, **104**, 7117-7136,
1999a.

Harris, A.J.L., Flynn, L.P., Dean, K., Pilger, E., Wooster, M., Okubo,
C., Mouginis-Mark, P., Garbeil, H., Thornber, C., Rothery, D., and R.
Wright, Real-time monitoring of volcanic hot spots with satellites,
Remote Sensing Volcanism, AGU Monograph Series, Mouginis-Mark, P., Fink,
J., Crisp, J., (eds), in press, 1999b.

Helz, R. T., C. Heliker, M. Mangan, K. Hon, C. A. Neal, and L. Simmons,
Thermal history of the current Kilauean East Rift eruption, [EOS Trans.
Am. Geophys. Union]{.underline}, **72**, 557, 1991.

Kaufman, Y.J., C.O. Justice, L.P. Flynn, J.D. Kendall, E.M. Prins, L.
Giglio, D.E. Ward, W.P. Menzel, and A.W. Setzer, Potential Global Fire
Monitoring from EOS-MODIS, *J. Geophys. Res.*, **103**, 32,215 --
32,238, 1998.

Oppenheimer, C., Lava flow cooling estimated from Landsat Thematic
Mapper infrared data: the Lonquimay eruption (Chile, 1989), [J. Geophys.
Res]{.underline}*.*, **96**, 21,865-21,878, 1991.

Wright, R. and L. Flynn, On the retrieval of lava flow surface
temperatures from infrared satellite data, submitted to Geology, in
review, 2003.

**IX. A. PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR RESUME - DR. LUKE P. FLYNN**

**Education:**

> B.A., Physics with Astronomy concentration, Cornell University, 1986.
>
> Ph.D., Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1992.
>
> (Thesis title: Radiative Temperature Measurements of the Pu\`u \`O\`o
> -- Kupaianaha Eruption with Implications for Satellite Remote
> Sensing).

### Tasks and Positions of last 5 years

8/87 -- present Measured radiative temperatures of active eruptive
features using GER Mark IV and ASD FieldSpec FR spectroradiometers.

9/91-present Developed an algorithm to study radiative temperatures and
flux densities of active eruptions using Landsat TM data.

6/92 -- 4/1/95 Research Associate, Planetary Geosciences, University of
Hawaii.

1/93 -- present Developed an automated nighttime MODIS thermal alarm to
locate eruptions.

11/93 Advised Decade Volcano Workshop on Santa Maria, Guatemala.

6/94 -- present Working with Drs. C. Justice and Y. Kaufman on the MODIS
Fire Algorithm -- Member of MODIS Fire Algorithm Working Group.

9/94 -- 10/94 SCAR-C Mission Scientist.

4/1/95 -- present Assistant Researcher, HIGP/SOEST, University of
Hawaii.

8/95 -- present Co-Investigator, EOS Volcanology IDS Team.

9/95 -- 1997 Lewis satellite, Hyperspectral Imager Instrument Team
member.

10/95 -- present IGBP-DIS Fire Algorithm Working Group member.

8/96 -- present Landsat 7 Instrument Team member.

5/98 -- present GOES Real-Time Volcano Monitoring Team group leader.

10/99 -- present Earth Observing-1 Science Validation Team Member

12/99 -- present Associate Director, Earth Science Education, Hawaii
Space Grant Consortium

7/00 -- present Associate Researcher, HIGP/SOEST, University of Hawaii

7/02 -- present Director, Hawaii Space Grant Consortium

**Former and Current Research Projects as PI:**

1994 -- 1995 [Principal Investigator]{.underline} "MODIS Fire Test Maps
from Remotely Sensed Data". Dr. Chris Justice, University of
Maryland/NASA.

1995 -- 1996 [Principal Investigator]{.underline} "MODIS Fire Algorithm
Development and Testing". Dr. Chris Justice, University of
Maryland/NASA.

1995 -- 1997 [Principal Investigator]{.underline} "Hot Spot Detection
Using the Hyperspectral Imager". NASA Code Y, Data only.

1996 -- 1997 [Principal Investigator]{.underline} "MODIS Fire Algorithm
Development and Testing". Dr. Chris Justice, University of
Maryland/NASA.

1996 -- 2000 [Principal Investigator]{.underline} "Analysis of Volcanic
Eruptions and Fires Using Landsat 7". NASA Code YS, Landsat 7 Instrument
Team member.

1998 -- 2001 [Principal Investigator]{.underline} "Interactive Teaching
Using Landsat 5 and 7 Data". NASA Code YM.

1999 -- 2001 [Principal Investigator]{.underline} "Quantitative Analysis
of Hot Spots Using EO-1 and Landsat 7". NASA's Office of Earth Science,
Code Y.

2000 -- 2003 [Principal Investigator]{.underline} "LUAU I and II:
Learning Using ERAST Aircraft Missions for Understanding Remote Sensing,
Atmospheric Sampling, and Aircraft Technologies". NASA

2000 -- 2003 Principal Investigator "Tracking Fires and Eruptions within
the Ring of Fire". NASA Code Y

### Selected Publications from Previous Years

Flynn, L. and P. Mouginis-Mark, Cooling rate of an active Hawaiian lava
flow from nighttime spectroradiometer measurements. [Geophysical
Research Letters]{.underline}, **19**, 1783-1786, 1992.

Flynn, L., Mouginis-Mark, P., Gradie, J. and P. Lucey, Radiative
temperature measurements at Kupaianaha lava lake, Kilauea volcano,
Hawaii. [Journal of Geophysical Research]{.underline}, **98**,
6461-6476, 1993.

Flynn, L. and P. Mouginis-Mark, Temperature of an active lava channel
from spectral measurements, Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. [Bulletin of
Volcanology]{.underline}, **56**, 297-301, 1994.

Flynn, L.P., Mouginis-Mark, P. and K. Horton, Distribution of thermal
areas on an active lava flow field: Landsat observations of Kilauea,
Hawaii, July 1991. [Bulletin of Volcanology]{.underline}, **56**,
284-296, 1994.

Flynn, L. and P. Mouginis-Mark, A comparison of the thermal
characteristics of active lava flows and forest fires, [Geophysical
Research Letters]{.underline}, **22**, 2577-2580,1995.

Harris, A.J.L., Keszthelyi, L., Flynn, L.P., Mouginis-Mark, P.J.,
Thornber, C., Kauahikaua, J., Sherrod, D., Trusdell, F., Sawyer, M.W.
and P. Flament, Chronology of the Episode 54 eruption at Kilauea
Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data. [Geophysical Research
Letters]{.underline}, **24**(24), 3281-3284, 1997.

Kaufman, Y.J., C.O. Justice, L.P. Flynn, J.D. Kendall, E.M. Prins, L.
Giglio, D.E. Ward, W.P. Menzel, and A.W. Setzer, Potential Global Fire
Monitoring from EOS-MODIS, *J. Geophys. Res.*, **103**, 32,215 --
32,238, 1998.

Harris, A.J.L., Flynn, L.P., Rothery, D.A., Oppenheimer, C., and S.B.
Sherman, Mass flux measurements at active lava lakes: implications for
magma recycling, [Journal of Geophysical Research]{.underline}, **104**,
7117-7136, 1999.

Flynn, L.P., A.J.L. Harris, D.A. Rothery, and C. Oppenheimer, Landsat
and Hyperspectral Analyses of Active Lava Flows, *Remote Sensing of
Active Volcanism*, AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 116, Mouginis-Mark,
P., Fink, J., Crisp J., (eds), 161-177, 2000.

Harris, A.J.L., L.P. Flynn, H. Garbeil, P. Mouginis-Mark, C. Okubo, E.
Pilger, and K. Dean, Detecting and Monitoring Volcanic Hot Spots from
Space, *Remote Sensing of Active Volcanism*, AGU Geophysical Monograph
Series 116, Mouginis-Mark, P., Fink, J., Crisp J., (eds), 139-159, 2000.

Wright, R., L.P. Flynn, and A.J.L. Harris, The evolution of lava flow
fields at Mount Etna, 27-28 October 1999, observed by the Landsat 7
ETM+, *Bull. Volcanol.*, **63**, 1-7, 2001.

Flynn, L.P., A.J.L. Harris, and R. Wright, Improved Identification of
Volcanic Features Using Landsat 7, *Remote Sensing of Enivronment*,
**78**, 180-193, 2001.

Harris, A.J.L., E. Pilger, L.P. Flynn, H. Garbeil, P.J. Mouginis-Mark,
J. Kauahikaua, C. Thornber, Automated, High Temporal Resolution, Thermal
Analysis of Effusive Eruptions from Space: A New Tool for Volcano
Monitoring?, *Int. J. Rem. Sensing*, **22**, 945-967, 2001.

Harris, A.J.L., L.P. Flynn, E. Pilger, and S.J. Matthews, Real-time
monitoring of Lascar using GOES, *Volcan Lascar*, SNGM Special
Monograph*,* Matthews, S., Gardeweg, M., Sparks, S., (eds.), in review,
1999.

Prins, E.M., J. Schmetz, L.P. Flynn, D.W. Hillger, and J.M. Feltz, An
Overview of Current and Future Diurnal Active Fire Monitoring Using a
Suite of International Geostationary Satellites, *Global and Regional
Vegetation Fire Monitoring From Space: Planning a Coordinated
International Effort,* Ahern, F.J., Goldammer, J.G., Justice, C.J.,
(eds.), 2001.

Flynn, L.P., R. Wright, H. Garbeil, A.J.L. Harris, and E. Pilger, A
Global Thermal Alert Using MODIS: Initial Results from 2000 -- 2001,
*Advances in Environmental Monitoring and Modeling*, **1**, 37-69, 2002.

Wright, R., L. Flynn, H. Garbeil, A. Harris, and E. Pilger, Automated
volcanic eruption detection using MODIS, *Remote Sensing of
Environment*, **82**, 135-155, 2002.

Rothery, D.A., M.T. Thorne, and L. Flynn, MODIS hot spot alerts in
Britain during the first half of 2001, *International Journal of Remote
Sensing*, **24**, 817-826, 2003.

**B. CO-INVESTIGATOR RESUME - DR. ANDREW J. L. HARRIS**

**Education:**

> BA. Hons., Geography, Exeter University, 1988.
>
> MSc., Remote Sensing, Image Processing and Applications, Dundee
> University, 1992.
>
> PhD., Earth Sciences, The Open University, 1996.

**Tasks and positions of last 5 years:**

95. Developed algorithms to locate and analyse volcanic and fire related
    hot spots in weather satellite (AVHRR) data.

1994-present Thermal and multispectral measurements of active volcanic
features.

1994-present Field- and satellite-based (AVHRR, TM, TMS) thermal surveys
of Stromboli, Vulcano, and Etna volcanoes (Italy).

1995-present Field- and satellite-based (AVHRR, TM, TMS) measurements of
active lavas at Kilauea volcano (Hawaii).

1995-present Field-measurements to define the relationship between wind
and lava cooling at Kilauea volcano (Hawaii).

1995-present Satellite based measurements of eruptive and precurosry
activity at Erebus, Lascar, Villarica, Pacaya, Santa Maria, Cerro Negro,
Cerro Azul, Colima, Popocatepetl, Soufriere Hills, Krafla, Hekla, Erta
Ale and Nyragongo volcanoes.

1996-present Developed algorithms to measure lava flow, lake and dome
heat losses and lava production rates using satellite thermal (TM and
AVHRR) data.

1996-present Developed automated tools run on high temporal resolution
weather satellite (GOES and AVHRR) data to allow real-time monitoring of
volcanic hot spots

9/93-8/96 PhD., Earth Sciences, The Open University, United Kingdom.

9/96-3/98 Post-doctoral researcher, Planetary Geophysics, University of
Hawaii.

4/98-12/98 Research fellow, Earth Sciences, The Open University, United
Kingdom.

1/99-4/99 Visiting Assistant Researcher, HIGP/SOEST, University of
Hawaii.

5/99- Assistant Researcher, HIGP/SOEST, University of Hawaii.

7/02 -- present Assistant Professor, HIGP/SOEST, University of Hawaii.

**Former and current research awards**

1996 The Remote Sensing Society's Shackleton Award to carry out thermal
and topographic measurements at Stromboli and Vulcano volcanoes (Italy).

1998. Leverhulme Trust Special Research Fellowship, "Monitoring and
      Predicting Volcanic Activity from Space", including development
      and testing of algorithms to measure and monitor volcanic hot
      spots and on-going analysis of thermal signals before, during and
      after explosive and effusive eruptions.

**Selected Publications from Previous 5 years:**

Harris, A.J.L., Rothery, D.A., Carlton, R.W., Langaas, S. and H.
Mannstein, Non-zero saturation of AVHRR thermal channels over high
temperature targets: evidence from volcano data and a possible
explanation. [International Journal of Remote Sensing]{.underline},
**16**(1), 189-196, 1995.

Harris, A.J.L., Swabey, S.E.J. and J. Higgins, Automated thresholding of
active lavas using AVHRR data. [International Journal of Remote
Sensing]{.underline}, **16**(18), 3681-3686, 1995.

Harris, A.J.L., Vaughan, R.A. and D.A. Rothery, Volcano detection and
monitoring using AVHRR data: the Krafla eruption, 1984. [International
Journal of Remote Sensing]{.underline}, **16**(6), 1001-1020, 1995.

Denniss, A.M., Harris, A.J.L., Carlton, R.W., Francis, P.W. and D.A.
Rothery, The 1993 Lascar pyroclastic flow imaged by JERS-1.
[International Journal of Remote Sensing]{.underline}, **17**(11),
1975-1980, 1996.

Harris, A.J.L., Towards automated fire monitoring from space:
semi-automated mapping of the January 1994 New South Wales wild-fires
using AVHRR data. [International Journal of Wildland Fire]{.underline},
**6**(3), 107-116, 1996.

Harris, A.J.L., Stevens, N.F., Maciejewski, A.J.H. and P.J. Rollin,
Thermal evidence for linked vents at Stromboli. [Acta
Vulcanologica]{.underline}, **8**, 57-62, 1996.

Harris, A.J.L. and D.S. Stevenson, Thermal observations of degassing
open conduits and fumaroles at Stromboli and Vulcano using remotely
sensed data. [Journal of Volcanological and Geothermal
Research]{.underline}, **76**, 175-198, 1997.

Harris, A.J.L. and D.S. Stevenson, Magma budgets and steady-state
activity of Vulcano and Stromboli volcanoes. [Geophysical Research
Letters]{.underline}, **24**(9), 1043-1046, 1997.

Harris, A.J.L., Blake, S., Rothery, D.A. and N.F. Stevens, A chronology
of the 1991 to 1993 Etna eruption using AVHRR data: implications for
real time thermal volcano monitoring. [Journal of Geophysical
Research]{.underline}., **102**(B4), 7985-8003, 1997.

Harris, A.J.L., Butterworth, A.L., Carlton, R.W., Downey, I., Miller,
P., Navarro, P. and D.A. Rothery, Low cost volcano surveillance from
space: case studies from Etna, Krafla, Cerro Negro, Fogo, Lascar and
Erebus. [Bulletin of Volcanology]{.underline}, **59**, 49-64, 1997.

Harris, A.J.L., Keszthelyi, L., Flynn, L.P., Mouginis-Mark, P.J.,
Thornber, C., Kauahikaua, J., Sherrod, D., Trusdell, F., Sawyer, M.W.
and P. Flament, Chronology of the Episode 54 eruption at Kilauea
Volcano, Hawaii, from GOES-9 satellite data. [Geophysical Research
Letters]{.underline}, **24**(24), 3281-3284, 1997.

Higgins, J. and A.J.L. Harris, VAST: a program to locate and analyse
volcanic thermal anomalies automatically from remotely sensed data.
[Computers and Geosciences]{.underline}, **23**(6), 627-645, 1997.

Denniss, A.M., Harris, A.J.L., Rothery, D.A., Francis, P.W. and R.W.
Carlton, Satellite observations of the April 1993 eruption of Lascar
volcano. [International Journal of Remote Sensing]{.underline},
**19**(5), 801-821.

Harris, A.J.L., Flynn, L.P., Keszthelyi, L., Mouginis-Mark, P.J.,
Rowland, S.K. and J.A. Resing, Calculation of Lava Effusion Rates from
Landsat TM Data. [Bulletin of Volcanology]{.underline}, **60**, 52-71,
1998.

Harris, A.J.L., Flynn, L.P., Rothery, D.A., Oppenheimer, C., and S.B.
Sherman, Mass flux measurements at active lava lakes: implications for
magma recycling, [Journal of Geophysical Research]{.underline}, in
press, 1999.

Harris, A.J.L., Wright, R. and L.P. Flynn, Remote monitoring of Mount
Erebus Volcano, Antarctica, using Polar Orbiters: Progress and
Prospects, [International Journal of Remote Sensing]{.underline}, in
press,1999.