# DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR PHANEROZOIC METALLOGENIC AND 

# TECTONIC EVENTS FOR CIRCUM-NORTH PACIFIC

## 

## Abstract

The Phanerozoic metallogenic and tectonic evolution of the Russian Far
East, Alaska, and the Canadian Cordillera is recorded in the cratons,
craton margins, and orogenic collages of the Circum-North Pacific
mountain belts that separate the North Pacific from the eastern North
Asian and western North American Cratons. The collages consist of
tectonostratigraphic terranes and contained metallogenic belts that are
composed of fragments of igneous arcs, accretionary-wedge and
subduction-zone complexes, passive continental margins, and cratons. The
collages of terranes are overlapped by continental-margin-arc and
sedimentary-basin assemblages and their contained metallogenic belts.
The metallogenic and geologic history of terranes, overlap assemblages,
cratons, and craton margins is highly complicated because of
post-accretion dismemberment and translation during strike-slip faulting
that occurred subparallel to continental margins.

Six processes overlapping in time were responsible for most of
metallogenic and geologic complexities of the region. (1) In the Late
Proterozoic, Late Devonian, and Early Carboniferous, major periods of
rifting occurred along the ancestral margins of present-day Northeast
Asia and northwestern North American. The rifting resulted in
fragmentation of each continent, and formation of cratonal and passive
continental-margin terranes that eventually migrated and accreted to
other sites along the evolving margins of the original or adjacent
continents. The rifting also resulted in formation of various
massive-sulfide metallogenic belts. (2) From about the Late Triassic
through the mid-Cretaceous, a succession of island arcs and contained
igneous-arc-related metallogenic belts, and tectonically paired
subduction zones formed near continental margins. (3) From about mainly
the mid-Cretaceous through the present, a succession of igneous arcs and
contained metallogenic belts, and tectonically paired subduction zones
formed along the continental margins. (4) From about the Jurassic to the
present, oblique convergence and rotations caused orogen-parallel
sinistral, and then dextral displacements within the upper plate margins
of cratons that have become Northeast Asia and the North America. The
oblique convergences and rotations resulted in the fragmentation,
displacement, and duplication of formerly more-continuous arcs,
subduction zones, passive continental margins, and contained
metallogenic belts. These fragments were subsequently

accreted along the margins of the expanding continental margins. (5)
From the Early Jurassic through Tertiary, movement of the upper
continental plates toward subduction zones resulted in strong plate
coupling and accretion of the former island arcs, subduction zones, and
contained metallogenic belts to continental margins. Accretions were
accompanied and followed by crustal thickening, anatexis, metamorphism,
formation of collision-related metallogenic belts, and uplift. The
accretions resulted in the substantial growth of the North Asian and
North American continents. (6) In the middle and late Cenozoic, oblique
to orthogonal convergence of the Pacific Plate with present-day Alaska
and Northeast Asia resulted in formation of the modern-day ring of
volcanoes and contained metallogenic belts around the Circum-North
Pacific. Oblique convergence between the Pacific Plate and Alaska also
resulted in major dextral-slip faulting in interior and Southern Alaska
and along the western part of the Aleutian-Wrangell arc. Associated with
dextral-slip faulting was crustal extrusion of terranes from Western
Alaska into the Bering Sea.

## Introduction

The following summary of the major Phanerozoic metallogenic and tectonic
events for the Circum-North Pacific is adapted from a study of the
metallogenesis of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian
Cordillera (Nokleberg and others, 1993, 1994a, b, 1996a, b, 1997a, b,
2001). Because of a lack of abundant Proterozoic and older rock units,
exterior to the craton margins, the model starts with the Devonian. For
various published tectonic reconstructions for the Proterozoic, which
illustrate highly different global interpretations, the studies of
Daziel (1991), Hoffman (1989, 1991), Moores (1991), Ross and others
(1992), Scotese (1997), Unrug (1997), and Karlstrom and others (1999)
are recommended. The tectonic part of the dynamic computer model on this
CD-ROM is derived from a major analysis of the tectonic evolution of the
Circum-North Pacific (Nokleberg and others, 2001) which is also
contained on this CD-ROM in directory \\tectevol.

## 

## Methodology of Metallogenic and Tectonic Analysis 

The methodology for the analysis of the complex metallogenic and
tectonic history of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and the Canadian
Cordillera consists of the following steps. (1) The major lode deposits
are described and classified according to defined mineral deposit
models. Description of the mineral deposit models applied to the region,
and descriptions of the 1079 significant lode deposits and 161 placer
districts of the region are contained in Nokleberg and others (1996a, b,
1997a); (2) Metallogenic belts are delineated (Nokleberg and others,
1997a). (3) Tectonic environments for the cratons, craton margins,
orogenic collages of terranes, overlap assemblages, and contained
metallogenic belts are assigned from regional compilation and synthesis
of stratigraphic, structural, metamorphic, isotopic, faunal, and
provenance data (Nokleberg and others, 1997b, 2001). The tectonic
environments include cratonal, passive continental margin, metamorphosed
continental margin, continental-margin arc, island arc, transform
continental-margin arc, oceanic crust, seamount, ophiolite, accretionary
wedge, subduction zone, turbidite basin, and metamorphic (Nokleberg and
others, 1997a, 2001). (4) Correlations are made between terranes,
fragments of overlap assemblages, and fragments of contained
metallogenic belts. (5) Coeval terranes and their contained metallogenic
belts are grouped into a single metallogenic and tectonic origin, for
instance, a single island arc or subduction zone. (6) Igneous-arc and
subduction-zone terranes, which are interpreted as being tectonically
linked, and their contained metallogenic belts, are grouped into coeval,
curvilinear arc-subduction-zone-complexes. (7) By use of geologic,
faunal, and paleomagnetic data, the original positions of terranes and
their metallogenic belts are interpreted. (8) The paths of tectonic
migration of terranes and contained metallogenic belts are constructed.
(9) The timings and nature of accretions of terranes and contained
metallogenic belts are determined from geologic, age, and structural
data; (10) The nature of collision-related geologic units and their
contained metallogenic belts are determined from geologic data. (11) The
nature and timing of post-accretionary overlap assemblages and contained
metallogenic belts are determined from geologic and age data.

## 

## Middle through Late Devonian (387 to 360 Ma)

The first (Middle through Late Devonian) stage of the dynamic model
shows the location of two major cratons and craton margins, the North
American Craton and Craton Margin on the right side of the diagram, and
the North Asian Craton and Craton Margin on the upper central edge of
the diagram. For understanding the rational for these loci, the reader
is referred to the detailed companion report on the tectonic evolution
of the region (pp1626.pdf).

During the Middle to Late Devonian (387 to 360 Ma), the major
metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1) formation of a discontinuous
continental-margin arc (Kedon arc in Russian Northeast) and contained
metallogenic belts, and associated subduction zone along the North Asian
and North American Craton Margins; (2) in the late Late Devonian,
inception of rifting of the North Asian and North American Cratons and
Craton Margins, resulting in formation of new terranes and associated
metallogenic belts; and (3) formation of the Sicker arc and contained
metallogenic belts, and associated subduction zone in the Wrangellia
superterrane. Sedimentation continued along the North Asian and North
American Craton Margins. Out of the field of view of was formation of
the Yaroslavka (YA) belt that contains F and Sn greisen deposits. The
belt is hosted in the Voznesenka terrane in the Khanka
continental-margin arc superterrane and is interpreted as forming during
anatectic granitic plutonism that occurred during accretion of the
Voznesenka terrane with other parts of the Khanka superterrane in the
early Paleozoic.

### 

## Mississippian (360 to320 Ma)

During the Mississippian (360 to 320 Ma), the major
metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1) separation of North Asian and
North American Cratons and Cratons Margins along a series of
oblique-sinistral rifts; (2) ending of rifting of fragments from cratons
and craton margins and formation of associated metallogenic belts; (3)
continuation of the Sicker arc and associated subduction in the
Wrangellia superterrane. Sedimentation continued along the North Asian
and North American Craton Margins.

### 

## Pennsylvanian (320 to286 Ma)

During the Pennsylvanian (320 to 286 Ma), the major
metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1) inception of the older parts of
Stikinia-Quesnellia arc (Stikinia and Quesnellia terranes) and
associated subduction zone in the Yukon-Tanana (YT) and Kootenay (KO)
terranes in an area offshore of the North American Craton Margin (NAM);
and (2) formation of the Skolai island arc and associated metallogenic
belt, and associated subduction zone in the Wrangellia superterrane.
Sedimentation continued along the passive continental margins of North
Asia and North America. Out of the field of view was formation of the
Laoelin-Grodekovsk (LG) metallogenic belt, that contains
granitic-magmatism-related deposits and that formed in the
Laoelin-Grodekovsk island-arc terrane.

### 

## Late Triassic (230 to 208 Ma)

During the Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian - 230 to 208 Ma), the major
metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1) inception of continental-margin
arcs and associated subduction along the North Asian Craton Margin; (2)
continued formation of the Stikinia island arc and inception of
subduction-related Talkeetna and Bonanza island arcs and associated
metallogenic belts offshore of the North American Craton Margin; and (3)
beginning of sinistral-slip imbrication of the Stikinia-Quesnellia
island arc and metallogenic belts, and associated subduction zones.
Sedimentation continued along the passive continental margins of North
Asia and North America.

## Early Jurassic (208 to193 Ma)

During the Early Jurassic (Hettangian to Pleinsbachian - 208 to 193 Ma),
the major metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1) continuation of
continental-margin arcs and associated subduction near the North Asian
Craton in the Russian Far East; (2) beginning of assembly of previously
rifted cratonal, passive continental-margin, and island-arc terranes
between that craton and the ancestral Pacific Ocean to form the
Kolyma-Omolon superterrane; (3) continuation of the Talkeetna, Bonanza,
and Stikinia-Quesnellia arcs and associated metallogenic belts, and
formation of companion subduction zones; (4) continued sinistral-slip
imbrication of the Stikinia-Quesnellia island arc, contained
metallogenic belts, and associated subduction zones during
oblique-sinistral convergence between the ancestral Pacific Ocean plate
and the North American Craton Margin; and (5) with the beginning of
accretion of the Stikinia-Quesnellia arc at about 185 Ma, the start of
mountain building in the North American Cordillera. Sedimentation
continued along the passive continental margins of North Asian and North
American Cratons.

## 

## Middle Jurassic (193 to163 Ma)

During the Middle Jurassic (Toarcian through Callovian - 193 to 193 Ma),
the major metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1) continuation of
continental-margin arcs and associated subduction near the North Asian
Craton in the Russian Far East; (2) beginning of assembly of previously
rifted cratonal, passive continental-margin, and island-arc terranes
between that craton and the ancestral Pacific Ocean to form the
Kolyma-Omolon superterrane; (3) continuation of the Talkeetna, Bonanza,
and Stikinia-Quesnellia arcs, associated metallogenic belts, and
formation of companion subduction zones; (4) continued sinistral-slip
imbrication of the Stikinia-Quesnellia island arc and associated
subduction zones during oblique-sinistral convergence between the
ancestral Pacific Ocean plate and the North American Craton Margin; and
(5) with the beginning of accretion of the Stikinia-Quesnellia arc at
about 185 Ma, the start of mountain building in the North American
Cordillera. Sedimentation continued along the passive continental
margins of North Asian and North American Cratons.

## 

## Late Jurassic (163 to 144 Ma)

During the Late Jurassic (Oxfordian through Kimmeridgian) (163 to 144
Ma), the major metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1) beginning of
accretion of the Bureya superterrane against the North Asian Craton
along the Mongol-Okhotsk suture and formation of associated metallogenic
belts; (2) establishment of a series of continental-margin arcs, and
formation of associated metallogenic belts companion subduction-zones
around the Circum-North Pacific; (3) initiation of rift grabens that
subsequently formed the Amerasia and Canada Basins; (4) obduction of the
Stikinia-Quesnellia arc and associated terranes onto the North American
Craton Margin; and (5) ending of the previous long-lived period (Late
Proterozoic through Early Jurassic) of passive sedimentation along the
margins of the North Asian and North American Cratons.

### 

## Early Cretaceous (144 to 120 Ma)

During the Early Cretaceous (Neocomian - 144 to 120 Ma), the major
metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1) completion of accretion of the
Bureya superterrane against the North Asian Craton along the
Mongol-Okhotsk suture and formation of associated metallogenic belts;
(2) continuation of the continental margin and island arcs, and
formation of associated metallogenic belts and companion subduction zone
assemblages around the Circum-North Pacific; (3) accretion of the major
Kolyma-Omolon superterrane and formation of associated metallogenic
belts in the Russian Northeast; (4) initiation of obduction of
Angayucham subduction-zone terrane onto the North American Continental
Margin; (5) continuation of opening of the Amerasia, Canada, and Eurasia
Basins in response to sea-floor spreading in the Arctic Ocean; (6) the
beginning of accretion of the Wrangellia superterrane in the Southern
Canadian Cordillera; and (7) around the Circum-North Pacific, continued
sinstral transpression between oceanic plates and continents.

### 

## Late Early Cretaceous (120 to 100 Ma)

During the late Early Cretaceous (Aptian through Albian - 120 to 100
Ma), the major metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1) inception of the
short-lived Khinghan continental margin arc, and formation of associated
metallogenic belts and companion subduction zone in the Russian
Southeast; (2) accretion of the Mainitskiy island arc and associated
Alkatvaam (AV) accretionary-wedge terranes to the active continental
margin (by the beginning of the Albian); (3) completion of accretion of
the major Kolyma-Omolon superterrane in the Russian Northeast and
formation of associated metallogenic belts; (4) obduction of Angayucham
subduction-zone terrane onto the Arctic Alaska terrane (rifted fragment
of North American Continental Margin) and formation of metallogenic
belts during extension that succeeded obduction; (5) continued opening
of the Amerasia, Canada, and Eurasia Basins; and (6) continuation of the
Gravina arc and formation of associated metallogenic belts during
continuing accretion of the Wrangellia superterrane, and inception of
collision-related metallogenic belts.

### 

## Early Late Cretaceous (100 to 84 Ma)

During the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian though Santonian - 100 to
84 Ma), the major metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1) establishment
of a series of continental-margin arcs and associated metallogenic
belts, and companion subduction-zone assemblages almost continuously
around the Circum-North Pacific; (2) continued opening of an ocean that
would become the Amerasia, Canada, and Eurasia Basins; (3) completion of
accretion of the Wrangellia superterrane and formation of associated
metallogenic belts; and (4) in the eastern part of the Circum-North
Pacific, a change to orthogonal compression between the Farallon Ocean
plate and North America.

## 

## Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary (84 to 52 Ma)

During the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary (Campanian though Early
Eocene - 84 to 52 Ma), the major metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1)
the continuation of a series of continental-margin arcs, associated
metallogenic belts, and companion subduction-zone assemblages around the
Circum-North Pacific; (2) completion of opening of the Amerasia, Canada,
and Eurasia Basins; (3) completion of accretion of the Wrangellia
superterrane; (4) a change to dextral transpression in the eastern part
of the Circum-North Pacific between the Kula Ocean plate and the North
American continental margin; (5) oblique subduction of the Kula-Farallon
oceanic ridge under the margins of Southern and Southeastern Alaska, and
formation of associated metallogenic belts, and (6) northward migration
of previously accreted terranes along the margin of the North American
Cordillera.

### 

## Early to Middle Tertiary (42 to23 Ma)

During the early to middle Tertiary (middle Eocene to the early
Miocene - 42 to 23 Ma), the major metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1)
continuation of a series of continental-margin arcs, associated
metallogenic belts, and companion subduction-zone assemblages around the
Circum-North Pacific; (2) continuation of sea-floor spreading in the
Arctic and eastern Pacific Oceans; (3) establishment of a new
continental margin in the northern and eastern parts of the Circum-North
Pacific as the result of the disappearance of the Kula Ocean plate and
inception of subduction of the leading edge of the Pacific Ocean plate;
(4) continuation of dextral transpression between the Pacific Ocean
plate (PAC) and the North American continental margin in the eastern
part of the Circum-North Pacific; and (5) a change to orthogonal
transpression between the Pacific Ocean plate and the Southern Alaska
continental margin because of counterclockwise rotation of Western
Alaska.

At about 50 Ma, the Gakkel Ridge (GK) (northern extension of the
Atlantic mid-Ocean Ridge) was initiated and sea-floor spreading extended
into the Eurasia Basin (eb) in the Arctic ocean, thereby resulting in
the North American--Eurasia plate boundary in the Russian Northeast. The
exact location of the Euler pole changed throughout the Cenozoic,
thereby resulting in regional changes in the stress regime.

### 

## Middle Tertiary (20 to10 Ma)

During the middle Tertiary (Miocene - 20 to 10 Ma), the major
metallogenic-tectonic events were: (1) continuation of a series of
continental- margin arcs, associated metallogenic belts, and companion
subduction-zone assemblages around the Circum-North Pacific; (2)
back-arc spreading behind the major arcs; (3) opening of major
sedimentary basins behind major arcs; (4) in the eastern part of the
Circum-North Pacific, a continuation of dextral transpression between
the Pacific Ocean plate and the Canadian Cordillera margin, and a
continuation of orthogonal transpression between the Pacific plate and
the Southern Alaska continental margin; and (5) continued sea-floor
spreading in the Arctic and eastern Pacific Oceans.

### 

## Late Tertiary and Quaternary (4 to 0 Ma)

During the late Tertiary and Quaternary (Pliocene to the present - 4 to
0 Ma), the major metallogenic-tectonic events were and are: (1)
continuation of a series of continental-margin arcs, associated
metallogenic belts, and companion subduction-zone assemblages around the
Circum-North Pacific; (2) continuation of opening of major sedimentary
basins behind major arcs; (3) in the eastern part of the Circum-North
Pacific, a continuation of dextral transpression between the Pacific
Ocean plate and the Canadian Cordillera margin; (4) a continuation of
oblique-orthogonal transpression between the Pacific plate and the
Southern Alaska; and (5) continuation of sea-floor spreading in the
Arctic and eastern Pacific Oceans.

## 

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