**Draft Guidance for Industry**

**and FDA Staff**

**Premarket Assessment of Pediatric Medical Devices**

***Draft Guidance***

**This guidance document is being distributed for comment purposes
only.** []{.mark}

**Document issued on: \[release date of FR Notice\]**

Comments and suggestions regarding this draft document should be
submitted within **\[insert\]** days of publication in the *Federal
Register* of the notice announcing the availability of the draft
guidance. Submit written comments to Dockets Management Branch
(HFA-305), Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, rm. 1061,
Rockville, MD 20852. Alternatively, electronic comments may be submitted
to <http://www.fda.gov/dockets/ecomments>. All comments should be
identified with the docket number listed in the notice of availability
that publishes in the *Federal Register*.

For questions regarding this document, contact Joy Samuels-Reid, M.D. at
(301) 594-1287. For questions regarding products regulated by the Center
for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), contact Edward Tabor, M.D.
at (301) 827-3518.

![](media/image1.png) **U.S. Department of Health and Human Services**

**Food and Drug Administration**

**Center for Devices and Radiological Health**

**Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research**

**Preface**

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**Table of Contents**

[I. Background 1](#background)

[II. Objectives 2](#objectives)

[III. Pediatric Population and Use 2](#pediatric-population-and-use)

[A. Definition of Pediatric Population Subgroups
2](#definition-of-pediatric-population-subgroups)

[B. Definition of Pediatric Use 3](#definition-of-pediatric-use)

[IV. General Principles in Medical Device Evaluation
4](#general-principles-in-medical-device-evaluation)

[V. Preclinical Studies 4](#preclinical-studies)

[VI. Clinical Studies 5](#clinical-studies)

[VII. Unique Host Characteristics 7](#vii.-unique-host-characteristics)

[VIII. Labeling 10](#viii.-labeling)

[A. Basic Elements of Labeling 10](#basic-elements-of-labeling)

[B. Pediatric Information 12](#pediatric-information)

[C. Special Considerations 12](#special-considerations)

[IX. Protections for Pediatric Populations in Clinical Trials
13](#ix.-protections-for-pediatric-populations-in-clinical-trials)

[A. Definitions 13](#definitions)

[B. Study Design Considerations 15](#study-design-considerations)

[C. The Role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)
16](#the-role-of-the-institutional-review-board-irb)

[D. Consent and Assent 17](#consent-and-assent)

[X. Other Resources 19](#other-resources)

**Draft Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff**

**Premarket Assessment of Pediatric Medical Devices**

***This draft guidance, when finalized, will represent the Food and Drug
Administration\'s (FDA\'s) current thinking on this topic. It does not
create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to
bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the
approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and
regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the
FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot
identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate number listed
on the title page of this guidance.***

# Background

FDA reviews pediatric devices through all of its premarket pathways,
including premarket notification (510(k)), premarket approval (PMA),
biological license application (BLA), and humanitarian device exemption
(HDE). A manufacturer may show substantial equivalence to a previously
marketed device, or may seek approval by demonstrating with reasonable
assurance that the device is safe and effective for its intended use.
Clinical evaluation may be needed to support marketing of a device
indicated for pediatric use. If such studies are needed, they should be
conducted in accordance with the investigational device exemptions (IDE)
regulation (21 CFR 812). FDA has oversight of significant risk studies,
whereas the oversight responsibility for non-significant risk studies
has been delegated to Institutional Review Boards (IRBs).

On October 26, 2002, the Medical Device User Fee and Modernization Act
of 2002 (MDUFMA) was signed into law. Among other things, MDUFMA amends
the Federal, Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act) by adding new
provisions intended to promote the development of safe and effective
pediatric devices and to protect this vulnerable patient population
during the course of clinical trials involving such products. This
guidance, as well as a collateral guidance on procedures for ensuring
appropriate pediatric expertise on FDA Advisory Panels, "**Pediatric
Expertise for Advisory Panels; Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff**"
(<http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ode/guidance/1208.html>), will help the agency
achieve the intent of the pediatric provisions of MDUFMA.

MDUFMA also requires FDA to request the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to
conduct a study of whether the existing postmarket surveillance
provisions of the Act provide \"adequate safeguards regarding the use of
devices in pediatric populations.\" Within four years of enactment of
MDUFMA, FDA is to submit a report to Congress concerning IOM's findings
and any recommendations we have \"for administrative or legislative
changes to the system of postmarket surveillance\" for pediatric
devices. Representatives from FDA and IOM have held several discussions
to formulate the scope and objectives of the study to be conducted.

FDA\'s guidance documents, including this guidance, do not establish
legally enforceable responsibilities. Instead, guidances describe the
Agency\'s current thinking on a topic and should be viewed only as
recommendations, unless specific regulatory or statutory requirements
are cited. The use of the word *should* in Agency guidances means that
something is suggested or recommended, but not required.

This guidance should be used in conjunction with other device-specific
guidances to help ensure that medical devices intended for use in the
pediatric population provide reasonable assurance of safety and
effectiveness.

# Objectives

1.  To help define pediatric population and pediatric use for medical
    devices and device clinical trials.

2.  To help identify the types of information needed to provide
    reasonable assurance of the safety and effectiveness of medical
    devices intended for use in the pediatric population.

3.  To help define the protections sponsors should consider for
    pediatric subjects in device clinical trials.

# Pediatric Population and Use

## Definition of Pediatric Population Subgroups

> For purposes of this guidance, we are proposing the following ranges
> of pediatric subpopulations to be used as a guide for manufacturers in
> developing medical devices:
>
> **Table 1 Age Ranges of Pediatric Subgroups**

  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------
  **Pediatric Subgroup**             **Approximate Age Range**

  Newborn                            birth to 1 month of age

  Infant                             1 month to 2 years of age

  Child                              2 to 12 years of age

  Adolescent                         12 to 21 years of age
  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------

> Although the upper age limit used to define the pediatric population
> varies among experts, including adolescents up to the age of 21 is
> consistent with the definition found in several
> sources.[^1]^,^[^2]^,^[^3] Given the scope of medical devices and the
> impact that a device could have on a growing adolescent as well as the
> effect growth could have on the device, we believe that including the
> upper age limit identified above may be useful for some devices and
> device clinical trials. The agency recognizes, however, that the
> descriptions are somewhat arbitrary and that, in fact, the subject's
> weight, body size, physiological development, neurological
> development, and neuromuscular coordination may often be more
> appropriate indicators than chronological age. In addition, when
> clinical trials are to be conducted, sponsors should consider the age
> of consent in the state(s) where the trial will be performed to
> determine the age range for the oldest subgroup.
>
> Other terminology that describes subgroups in the pediatric population
> includes:

-   [low birth weight]{.underline} describes babies less than 2.5
    kilograms (Kg)

-   [very low birth weight]{.underline} describes babies less than 1500
    grams (g)

-   [preadolescent]{.underline} age group typically ranges from 11 to 13
    years.

## Definition of Pediatric Use

> For purposes of this guidance, FDA will consider a pediatric use to be
> any use of a medical device in a pediatric population, as defined
> above, in which there is a primary pediatric indication. General
> indications, where considerable pediatric application is anticipated,
> are also included in this definition.

# General Principles in Medical Device Evaluation

The underlying mission of FDA is to promote and protect public health.
In general, FDA assesses safety and effectiveness of devices in the
pediatric population using the same regulatory bases, scientific
approaches, and processes we use to assess all devices. General device
considerations that are also germane to pediatric devices include, but
are not limited to, the following preclinical and clinical testing as
well as other regulatory controls:

-   biocompatibility, including toxicity and carcinogenicity

-   sterility and infection control

-   environmental factors, such as electromagnetic fields and radiation

-   design controls and good manufacturing practices (GMP)

Because the pediatric population represents a particularly vulnerable
group, specific measures are needed to protect the safety of pediatric
study participants. Adult devices may be inappropriate for use in
pediatric patients for a variety of reasons, or may require specific
design changes and/or specific labeling to accommodate their use in
pediatric patients. We recommend that you consider the following issues
when you develop devices or plan a clinical trial for devices intended
for pediatric patients:

-   height

-   weight

-   growth and development

-   disease or condition

-   hormonal influences

-   anatomical and physiological differences from the adult population

-   activity and maturity level.

# Preclinical Studies

Since there is a wide spectrum of devices, the necessary preclinical
testing will vary depending on the specific device. FDA may request
bench or animal data depending on the type of device, the target
population, and the extent of existing knowledge about the device. In
many cases, FDA has developed device-specific guidance documents that
will provide information on the types of pre-clinical testing that
should be completed either to support marketing or to support initiation
of a clinical trial. We recommend that you contact the reviewing
division or visit the CDRH or CBER websites for a complete listing of
relevant guidances.

# Clinical Studies

As is true for medical devices in general, FDA does not believe that
clinical data will be necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness
for all devices intended for pediatric populations. The agency
recognizes that the amount and type of evidence required will depend on
a number of factors, including the nature of the device, what is already
known about the product in the adult population (if relevant), what is
known or can be extrapolated about the device to the pediatric
population, and the underlying disease or condition being treated. In
some cases, well-designed bench and animal testing will be sufficient to
evaluate the device. In others, clinical data may be needed to evaluate
the safety and effectiveness of the device.

If clinical data are needed, it may be that the course of the disease
and the device\'s effects are similar in adult and pediatric patients.
In such a situation, the pediatric indication may be supported by the
adult data with limited additional safety data in the pediatric
population. In other cases, the prognosis, severity, or symptoms of the
disease in the adult population may be significantly different than in
the pediatric population, the device\'s effects may not be understood
well enough, or there may be risks specific to the pediatric population
necessitating clinical data in this population.

In some situations, devices that are already approved and indicated for
adult populations are modified for pediatric uses. To support the
modifications, the manufacturer should conduct a risk analysis of the
changes and develop methods to adequately address/mitigate the
identified risks. This may require verification testing alone, or
validation testing may be needed in the intended pediatric population.

Finally, because weight, body size, and physiological and neurological
development all vary among pediatric subpopulations and change as the
child grows, clinical data may be needed to assess safety and
effectiveness in the various subgroups. In other cases, it may be
possible to extrapolate from one group to another, thus limiting or
obviating the need for clinical data. When clinical trials in a
pediatric population are necessary to support a marketing application,
these trials should follow existing scientific approaches and methods to
ensure the safety of subjects.

In summary, therefore, FDA believes clinical data is appropriate when
any of the following circumstances apply:

-   supporting information from sources, such as pre-clinical bench or
    animal testing, literature, or adult clinical trials, are inadequate
    to establish safety and effectiveness for the pediatric indication

-   adult data are inadequate to predict pediatric risks and adverse
    events

-   pediatric data are needed for validation of design modifications

-   pediatric data are needed to develop an age-appropriate treatment
    regimen.

When these circumstances exist, clinical data from pediatric subjects
help ensure that manufacturers will:

-   design the device properly for the intended population

-   perform accurate risk assessments

-   provide clear instructions for use.

Compared to drugs, devices present additional challenges due to the wide
spectrum of them with varying applications. It is difficult to outline a
prescriptive approach that would be appropriate for evaluating all
devices. For example, some devices are relatively simple in terms of
design and use, such as blood pressure cuffs and bilirubinometers. FDA
generally requires only pre-clinical testing to support pediatric use of
these types of products. Other devices may present additional risks,
e.g., intraosseous access devices. The supporting information for this
device included performance studies in animals and cadavers, clinical
experience in the adult population, and a clinical trial in a pediatric
population. The study design addressed issues relating to differences in
bone density and depth of penetration requirements in children of
various ages and between children and adults. The study also addressed
issues related to the growth plate and epiphyseal closure in children.

If clinical data are needed, other sources of data, such as published
studies and reports and actual use information, may help reduce the
burden. FDA advises sponsors to consider these alternative sources of
information when designing their clinical trial. Sponsors should also
consider if adequate data may be gathered by including pediatric
patients as well as adults in the original studies conducted on the
device. Finally, the type and extent of the studies needed, especially
in different age groups, is often best decided on a case-by-case basis.
FDA encourages you to discuss your clinical trial plan with the
reviewing division.

FDA recommends that when developing medical devices for pediatric use,
you consider the following:

> **Risk Assessment and Mitigation**
>
> Because the risk posed by the device may vary depending on the
> particular pediatric subgroup, you should determine the types of risk
> for each targeted pediatric subgroup by conducting a risk assessment.
> When assessing risk, the following critical factors should be
> considered: (1) age and degree of physiological maturity of the child,
> (2) nature and natural history of the clinical condition to be
> treated, (3) presence of complicating clinical conditions, (4) safety
> and effectiveness of the device that may have been demonstrated in
> older patients, or that is expected on the basis of other clinical or
> preclinical investigations, and (5) likely duration of device use and
> its impact on the growth and development of the child.
>
> Using the results of the risk analysis, you should develop methods to
> address/mitigate the identified risks. In many cases, this may be
> accomplished through well-designed bench and animal studies. In
> others, clinical data will be necessary.
>
> **Pediatric Subgroups**
>
> If clinical data are needed to support a pediatric indication, you
> should make every effort to gather data such that each targeted
> pediatric subgroup is adequately addressed. In some cases, the
> expected benefit and safety information can be determined without
> separate studies in each subgroup. That is, it may be extrapolated
> from one age group to another. In other cases, such as with neonates,
> clinical data gathered specifically in that subgroup will likely be
> needed. You should be prepared to provide data for each targeted
> subpopulation or a justification as to why it is either not needed or
> can be extrapolated.

# VII. Unique Host Characteristics

We recommend that you specify relevant subsets of the pediatric
population in your intended use and indications rather than pooling them
all into a single pediatric population. You should address the factors
discussed below with respect to your device design, clinical study
design, and labeling for each population. We recommend that you address
these factors in devices specific to pediatrics and in general use
devices with pediatric indications, where there may be unique issues
when used in the pediatric population.

> **Age**
>
> As discussed in Section III, the identification of specific age limits
> for pediatric subpopulations is somewhat arbitrary. Characteristics
> such as the subject's weight, body size, physiological and
> neurological development, and neuromuscular coordination may be more
> appropriate when deciding upon the appropriate subpopulation for a
> device. For example, the use of cochlear implants in certain pediatric
> subgroups may be inadvisable due to the size of the implant or
> inappropriate due to the stage of the neurological development of the
> child. Therefore, when designing the clinical trial or the device
> labeling, age may be used as a preliminary approximator, but other
> factors should be considered to further define the appropriate
> population.
>
> **Size**
>
> We recommend that you determine if design modifications are necessary
> based on patient size (e.g., weight, height, body mass, or surface
> area).
>
> **Growth and Development**
>
> We recommend that you consider the following:

-   impact of growth on the device and vice versa

-   if the child will outgrow the device

-   if adjustments will be necessary

-   if further intervention may be needed

-   impact of technological advance in the device (e.g., will the device
    be easily upgraded?)

> **Body Habitus**
>
> We recommend that you consider the following:

-   normal as well as abnormal variations in the targeted pediatric
    group

-   normal anatomic landmarks for each subgroup and anticipated
    deviations based on the targeted population

-   impact of anomalies, particularly congenital anomalies.

> **Developmental Milestones**
>
> We recommend that you consider the following:

-   impact of the device on the child

-   activity level of the child

-   ambulatory status of the child

-   maturity level of the child

-   stage of puberty (for example, in the pre-adolescent and adolescent,
    breast bud development may influence device placement).

> **Pathophysiology**
>
> We recommend that you determine the impact of the disease/condition on
> the pediatric patient and take into account the following:

-   maturity or immaturity of various organ systems

-   impact of materials, chemicals, electromagnetic radiation,
    electrical stimulation, and other agents

-   hormonal influences, for example, effects of puberty in the
    preadolescent and adolescent population

-   short-term and long-term effects of use.

### 

> **Behavioral factors**
>
> We recommend that you consider the behavior expected in the targeted
> pediatric subgroup and anticipate the potential impact of the device.
> For example, an adolescent with a learning disorder may not be able to
> interface very well with certain devices and may require additional
> help or an alternative therapy.
>
> **Psychosocial factors**
>
> We recommend that you consider the psychosocial factors of the
> pediatric subgroups. For some pediatric devices or device trials, the
> family structure and environment, including how supportive the various
> family members are and who the primary caregiver will be, are
> important factors to consider.
>
> **Human Factors**
>
> Each pediatric subgroup will have different needs; therefore, you
> should consider these in the design and use of the device. We
> recommend that you consider the following for each targeted subgroup:

-   invasive or non-invasive nature of the device

-   level of interaction required for the proper functioning and use of
    the device

-   optimal size of the device

-   ease of use

-   manual dexterity and strength required

-   resistance to damage from wear and tear

-   portability

-   clarity of the labeling

-   age-appropriate usability of the user interface

-   age and maturity level needed to safely and effectively operate the
    device, particularly in adolescents and especially with regard to
    placement, compliance, and use of the device.

> **Surgical Factors for Implantable Devices**
>
> For each targeted pediatric subgroup, we recommend that you assess:

-   the surgical site and anatomical landmarks

-   surgical technique and level of expertise needed

-   short-term and long-term effects

-   immune status and update immunizations if indicated

-   special issues pertaining to combination products, such as the
    possibility of drug/device interactions

-   the need for antibiotic prophylaxis.

# VIII. Labeling 

Labeling requirements for medical devices are defined in the premarket
regulations.[^4] In general, the goal of medical device labeling is to
provide the user with the following information:

-   What the device is

-   What the device does

-   When the device should and should not be used

-   How the device should be used to achieve maximum benefit and minimal
    risk.

To this end, we recommend that labeling for devices intended for use in
pediatric subgroups incorporate the elements discussed below.

## Basic Elements of Labeling

> The following list identifies some of the basic elements of labeling
> and discusses ways to address these elements for pediatric
> populations.
>
> **Device Description**
>
> Many devices and device accessories come in different models, sizes,
> shapes, and materials, as well as different modes of operation and
> different levels of sophistication requiring varying degrees of user
> interface. The labeling should describe various options recommended
> for use in pediatric subgroups and, when feasible, present these
> options in tabular form by age, weight, or other appropriate criteria.
>
> **Indications for Use**
>
> If your device is intended for use in a pediatric population, you
> should clearly define the indication(s), as well as the target
> population in the labeling. The indication may be general (e.g., cut,
> coagulate, ablate), or specific (e.g., treatment of vesicoureteral
> reflux). The target population may be broad (e.g., children and adults
> of all ages) or narrow (e.g., infants between the ages of 6-9 months).
> You should be prepared to justify and, when necessary, support the
> indication and targeted population(s) with appropriate data.
>
> **Contraindications, Warnings, and Precautions**
>
> Contraindications, warnings, and precautions, respectively, alert the
> potential user to situations where the device should absolutely not be
> used; data suggest that there is increased risk associated with use of
> the device; or data are lacking to define risk/benefit for a
> particular aspect of use or in a particular subgroup. Given the
> vulnerability of the pediatric population and specific host concerns
> described above, it is especially important that the
> contraindications, warnings, and precautions in labeling provide clear
> descriptions and well-defined actions and consequences.
> Contraindications, warnings, and precautions for devices intended for
> pediatric use should clearly address risks associated with age, size,
> and maturity and alert the user to specific hazards associated with
> the use of the device in children.
>
> **Adverse Events**
>
> Another key element of labeling is a discussion of device-related
> adverse events that have been reported from clinical investigations or
> literature pertaining to the use of medical devices. Device-related
> adverse events could be captured in many different ways: by severity,
> frequency, indication, gender, etc. If your device is intended for use
> in children, you should make a concerted effort to obtain and report
> the frequency of device-related adverse events according to the
> various pediatric subgroups in which the device will be used. This
> information will assist health care providers in assessing
> age-specific risk profiles and may be useful in mitigating the risks.
>
> **Clinical Studies**
>
> As discussed above, gathering clinical information directly on the
> targeted pediatric subgroup will often be necessary. The importance of
> summarizing that information in labeling warrants special attention.
> Your labeling should present information in a way that is clear,
> objective, and meaningful. You should report study results in a format
> that allows the user to recognize easily substantive differences in
> performance between children and adults and between various pediatric
> subgroups. Labeling should present these data using whatever
> qualitative or quantitative analyses are most appropriate, recognizing
> that subgroups may be too small to show statistical significance using
> standard tests.
>
> **Instructions for use**
>
> Understanding how to use a medical device correctly can be as
> important as the design, manufacturing, and testing of the device.
> Instructions may be provided for the health care practitioner, as is
> the case with prescription products, or the patient, as is the case
> with over-the-counter products, or both. You should address the
> recognition of anatomic, developmental, educational, and other
> age-related factors in this section of the labeling to help ensure
> proper use of the device and prevent avoidable device-related adverse
> events. FDA recommends that labeling, provided specifically for the
> pediatric patient, be age-appropriate with respect to written language
> and other visual and auditory tools.

## Pediatric Information

> You should submit appropriate information and summarize it adequately
> to ensure that labeling is satisfactory for **all** pediatric
> subgroups or **specific** **pediatric subgroups** (e.g., all pediatric
> subgroups except neonates) targeted in your intended use.
>
> If you did not include a particular subgroup, or did not include
> sufficient numbers in that subgroup in your clinical trials, **and**
> there is reason to expect that there may be differences in safety and
> effectiveness among subgroups, your labeling should indicate that the
> device was not tested in the particular subgroup or that there is
> insufficient information to establish safety and effectiveness for
> that subgroup.
>
> We recommend that you describe the specific age ranges rather than
> using "pediatric" in a broad sense. Please see **Table 1 Age Ranges of
> Pediatric Subgroups**.

## Special Considerations

> We recommend that you ensure the instructions for use are clear, take
> into consideration different pediatric subgroups, and address any
> special issues, where necessary. For example, newborn screening
> products should have labeling specific for the intended use in the
> neonatal population. Labeling should also address any special
> considerations appropriate to your device. For example, including a
> precaution to consider future breast bud development in female
> pediatric subjects when selecting a site on the chest for placement of
> a port or catheter may be appropriate. Another example may be
> including a precaution that provides advice on the appropriate
> activity level for the child, especially with respect to participation
> in certain sports.

# IX. Protections for Pediatric Populations in Clinical Trials

The pediatric population represents a vulnerable subgroup of research
subjects. Therefore, it is important that special measures be taken to
protect the rights, safety, and welfare of the pediatric study
participant. Every effort should be made to ensure that adequate
protections are provided to these subjects during the conduct of
clinical trials. The roles and responsibilities of the Clinical
Investigator, Sponsor, and the Institutional Review Board are crucial in
protecting the rights and welfare of the pediatric subject.

Clinical trials enrolling children must conform to 21 CFR Part 50 -
Subpart D Additional Safeguards for Children in Clinical Investigations.
Section 50.3(o) defines children as persons who have not attained the
legal age for consent to treatments or procedures involved in clinical
investigations, under the applicable law of the jurisdiction in which
the clinical investigation will be conducted. For the purposes of this
guidance, the terms pediatric population and children are synonymous.

FDA regulations governing IRBs identify children as subjects who may be
vulnerable and subject to coercion. In such cases, IRBs must determine
that additional safeguards are in place to protect their rights and
welfare (21 CFR Part 56.111(b)). FDA's guidance document entitled,
**Guidance for Institutional Review Boards and Clinical Investigators,**
[http://www.fda.gov/oc/ohrt/irbs/default.htm](http://www.fda.gov./oc/ohrt/irbs/default.htm)
addresses issues regarding informed consent and the assent of children.
The basic requirements of 21 CFR §50.20 regarding informed consent apply
to the pediatric population. See also the guidance entitled, **E11
Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Pediatric
Population,** <http://www.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/ichclinped.pdf>.

We recommend that you consult 21 CFR Part 50 - Subpart D (discussed
below) and other referenced resources dealing with informed consent,
assent, permission, financial remuneration, direct benefit, and minimal
risk.

## Definitions

> The following terms are defined in FDA's and the Department of Health
> and Human Services' human subject protection regulations and guidance:
>
> *Assent* means a child's affirmative agreement to participate in a
> clinical investigation. Mere failure to object may not be construed as
> assent. 21 CFR 50.3(n).
>
> *Children* means persons who have not attained the legal age for
> consent to treatments or procedures involved in the clinical
> investigations, under the applicable law of the jurisdiction in which
> the clinical investigation will be conducted. 21 CFR 50.3(o).
>
> *Emancipated Minor*: A legal status conferred upon persons who have
> not yet attained the age of legal competency as defined by state law,
> but who are entitled to treatment as if they had by virtue of assuming
> adult responsibilities, such as self-support, marriage, or
> procreation.[^5]
>
> *Family member* means any one of the following legally competent
> persons: Spouse; parents; children (including adopted children);
> brothers, sisters, and spouses of brothers and sisters; and any
> individual related by blood or affinity whose close association with
> the subject is the equivalent of a family relationship. 21 CFR
> 50.3(m).
>
> *Guardian* means an individual who is authorized under applicable
> State or local law to consent on behalf of a child to general medical
> care when general medical care includes participation in research. For
> purposes of subpart D of 21 CFR Part 50, a guardian also means an
> individual who is authorized to consent on behalf of a child to
> participate in research. 21 CFR 50.3(s).
>
> *Legally authorized representative* means an individual or judicial or
> other body authorized under applicable law to consent on behalf of a
> prospective subject to the subject's participation in the procedure(s)
> involved in the research. 21 CFR 50.3(l).
>
> *Mature Minor:* Persons who have not reached adulthood (as defined by
> state law) but who may be treated as an adult for certain purposes
> (e.g., consenting to medical care). Note that a mature minor is not
> necessarily an emancipated minor. [^6]
>
> *Minimal risk* means that the probability and magnitude of harm or
> discomfort anticipated in the research are not greater in and of
> themselves than those ordinarily encountered in daily life or during
> the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or
> tests. 21 CFR 50.3(k).
>
> *Parent* means a child's biological or adoptive parent. 21 CFR
> 50.3(p).
>
> *Permission* means the agreement of parent(s) or guardian to the
> participation of their child or ward in a clinical investigation.
> Permission must be obtained in compliance with subpart B of 21 CFR
> Part 50 and must include the elements of informed consent described in
> Sec. 50.25. 21 CFR 50.3(r).

## Study Design Considerations

> As discussed above, FDA recommends that you identify the subgroup in
> which you wish to evaluate your device, unless the device is intended
> for the entire pediatric population. When deciding whether a clinical
> trial is needed for a particular pediatric population, the following
> points are important to consider:

-   Does the research have an identifiable prospect of direct benefit to
    the individual child participant? Can that benefit be achieved
    through alternative means?

-   Does the research have an identifiable prospect of risk to the
    individual child participant? What safeguards are proposed to
    minimize these risks? When procedures involving greater than minimal
    risk to children are anticipated, are convincing scientific and
    ethical justifications given?

> It is important when designing the study that every attempt is made to
> anticipate and reduce possible study hazards. Investigators should be
> knowledgeable of all relevant pre-clinical data and be properly
> trained and experienced in the pediatric population and medical
> procedures used for this population.
>
> We recommend that you ensure appropriate pediatric expertise is
> reasonably available during the entire trial. We also recommend all
> clinical sites have staff and equipment appropriate for pediatric
> care. Your clinical sites should also have pediatric-specific
> emergency measures, such as properly sized oxygen, suction, and
> resuscitation devices as well as medications to treat severe
> anaphylaxis and adverse reactions (see also
> [[http://www.ems-c.org]{.underline}](http://www.ems-c.org/).)
>
> Because many procedures used during clinical trials are often new to
> the child, every effort should be made to ensure the participants'
> experiences in the study are positive and to minimize discomfort and
> distress. Additionally, before studies are undertaken, an evaluation
> should be made to determine if the needed information can be obtained
> from less vulnerable populations. When studies are conducted in the
> pediatric population, every attempt should be made to include
> individuals representing the demographics of the region and the
> disease being studied. Studies in handicapped or institutionalized
> pediatric subjects should be limited to diseases or conditions found
> principally in these populations.
>
> To be of benefit to those participating in a clinical study, the study
> must be properly designed and conducted to ensure that quality data is
> obtained. Following Good Clinical Practice (GCP) is crucial to
> obtaining quality and reliable data from the study.

## The Role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB)

> The principal role of the IRB is to protect the rights and welfare of
> human research subjects; this is especially true when studies involve
> children as subjects. To safeguard the child's interests and to
> protect children from harm, special ethical and regulatory
> considerations are in place for reviewing research involving children.
> The regulations at 21 CFR 50 Subpart D, "Additional Protections for
> Children Involved as Subjects of Research," describe these
> considerations.
>
> IRBs reviewing research involving children as subjects must consider
> the benefits, risks and discomforts inherent in the proposed research
> and assess their justification in light of the expected benefits to
> the child subject or to society as a whole. The IRB should weigh the
> circumstance of the subject under study, the magnitude of risks that
> may accrue for the research procedures, and the potential benefits the
> research may provide to the subjects.
>
> The regulations require IRBs to classify research involving children
> into one of four categories and to document their discussions of the
> risks and benefits of the research study. The four categories are:

-   Clinical investigations not involving greater than minimal risk (21
    CFR 50.51)

-   Clinical investigations involving greater than minimal risk but
    presenting the prospect of direct benefit to individual subjects.
    (21 CFR 50.52)

-   Clinical investigations involving greater than minimal risk and no
    prospect of direct benefit to individual subjects, but likely to
    yield generalizable knowledge about the subjects' disorder or
    condition. (21 CFR 50.53)

-   Clinical investigations not otherwise approvable that present an
    opportunity to understand, prevent, or alleviate a serious problem
    affecting the health or welfare of children. (21 CFR 50.54)

> In all cases, IRBs must determine that adequate provisions have been
> made for soliciting the assent of children and the permission of their
> parents or guardians. (21 CFR 50.55)

## Consent and Assent

> We recommend that you ensure that the informed consent document is
> clearly written and that the risks and benefits are thoroughly
> explained. FDA recognizes that consent depends on a number of factors,
> including:

-   age

-   maturity level

-   legal status of the subject (emancipated or mature minor)

-   applicable law of the jurisdiction in which the research is
    conducted and which in turn determines legal age of consent

-   comprehension level of the pediatric research participant, parents,
    guardians, and legally authorized representative.

> We also recommend that you consider:

-   prognosis and life expectancy of patients with certain diseases or
    disorders

-   mental capacity, intellectual quotient, and level of functioning

-   differing ages and maturity level

-   direct benefits and risks of the pediatric participant's research
    involvement (research versus therapeutic treatment)

-   ethical issues

-   proper monitoring (data and safety monitoring).

> When children or minors are involved in research, the regulations
> require the *assent* of the child or minor and the *permission* of the
> parent(s) in place of the consent of the subjects. 21 CFR 50.55. While
> children may be legally incapable of giving informed consent, they may
> possess the ability to assent to or dissent from participation. The
> regulations do not require that assent be sought from children
> starting at a specific age, but that their assent should be sought
> when the children are capable of providing their assent. Therefore,
> children should be asked whether or not they wish to participate in
> the research particularly if the research: (1) does not involve
> interventions likely to be of benefit to the subjects; and (2) the
> children can comprehend and appreciate what it means to be a volunteer
> for the benefit of others.
>
> Researchers may seek assent of children of various ages. Older
> children may be well acquainted with signing documents through prior
> experience with testing, licensing, and other procedures normally
> encountered in their lives. Signing a form to give their assent for
> research would not be perceived as unusual and would be reasonable.
> Younger children, however, may never have had the experience of
> signing a document. For these children, requiring a signature may not
> be appropriate, and some other technique to verify assent could be
> used. For example, a third party may verify, by signature, that the
> assent of the child was obtained.
>
> The informed consent document does not have to contain a space for
> assent by children, however, many investigators and IRBs consider it
> standard practice to obtain the agreement of older children who can
> understand the circumstances before enrolling them in research. The
> basic requirement of 21 CFR 50.20 applies, i.e., the legally effective
> informed consent of the subject or the subject\'s legally authorized
> representative must be obtained before enrollment. Parents, legal
> guardians and/or others may have the ability to give permission to
> enroll children in research, depending on applicable state and local
> law of the jurisdiction in which the research is conducted. (Note:
> permission to enroll in research is not the same as permission to
> provide medical treatment). IRBs generally require investigators to
> obtain the permission of one or both of the parents or guardian (as
> appropriate) and the assent of children who possess the intellectual
> and emotional ability to comprehend the concepts involved. Some IRBs
> require two documents, a fully detailed explanation for parents and
> older children to read and sign, and a shorter, simpler one for
> younger children.
>
> For some research activities, IRBs may require that either an IRB
> member or an advocate for the child be present during the assent and
> permission procedures to verify the child understands and to support
> the child's preferences. The IRB may also require that the parent(s)
> or a close family member be present during the research, especially if
> a young child will be exposed to significant discomfort or
> inconvenience, or if the child will be required to spend time in an
> unfamiliar place (i.e., study site).
>
> In all cases where assent is required, the proposed research should be
> explained to the child in language that is appropriate to the child's
> age, experience, maturity, and condition. This explanation should
> include a discussion of any discomfort and inconveniences the child
> may expect to experience if he or she agrees to participate. The
> subject should also be made aware of his or her rights to decline to
> participate or to withdraw from the study at any time. Additionally,
> the safety of the subject is always an overriding factor in the
> continuation of a subject in any study. If a subject wishes to
> withdraw from a study and, in the opinion of the investigator and the
> IRB, the safety and welfare of the pediatric subject would be
> jeopardized by his/her removal from the study, continued parental or
> legal guardian consent should be sufficient to allow participation in
> the study.
>
> A useful reference on informed consent for children participating in
> research can be found in the guidance entitled, "A Pediatric Research-
> Assent Decision Matrix"
> (<http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/panels/407-01pnl/riskcat.htm>). This
> matrix is based on the relationship between benefit and risk ratio and
> the age of the subject. The matrix is arranged in descending order of
> ratio of benefits to risk as defined in Subpart D, and the age
> potential for assent by child subjects.

# Other Resources

**FDA Regulations**

Protection of Human Subjects 21 CFR Part 50 (see especially Subpart D
Additional Safeguards for Children in Clinical Investigations)

Institutional Review Boards 21 CFR Part 56

Additional Safeguards for Children in Clinical Investigations of
FDA-Regulated Products; Interim Rule 66 FR 20589, April 24, 2001.

**Guidance**

Guidance on Medical Device Patient Labeling; Final Guidance for Industry
and FDA Reviewers <http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ohip/guidance/1128.html>

Medical Device Use --Safety: Incorporating Human Factors Engineering
into Risk Management
[http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/humfac/1497.html]{.underline}

Recognition and Use of Consensus Standards; Final Guidance for Industry
and FDA, 06/20/2001 <http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ost/guidance/321.html> and
CDRH standards database [FDA Recognized Consensus
Standards.]{.underline}

International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Guidance for Industry:
E11 Clinical Investigation of Medicinal Products in the Pediatric
Population <http://www.fda.gov/cber/gdlns/ichclinped.pdf>

Guidance for Institutional Review Boards and Clinical Investigators,
1998 Update
[http://www.fda.gov/oc/ohrt/irbs/default.htm](http://www.fda.gov./oc/ohrt/irbs/default.htm)

**Additional References**

IRB Guidebook: Chapter VI Special Classes of Subjects,
<http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/irb/irb_chapter6.htm>.

Age Limits of Pediatrics (RE8116). *Pediatrics 1988;81(5):736* American
Academy of Pediatrics, <http://www.aap.org/policy/02031.html>

A Pediatric Research "Assent" Decision Matrix,
<http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/panels/407-01pnl/riskcat.htm>.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 10993-6: 1994 --
Biological Testing of Medical Devices.

CDRH Standards Program webpage <http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/stdsprog.html>

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - Association for the
Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) Electrosurgical Devices
(ANSI/AAMI) HF18-1993, 4.1 and 4.2.

[^1]: Berhman RE, Kliegman R, Arvin AM, Nelson WE. Nelson Textbook of
    Pediatrics, 15^th^ Ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 1996.

[^2]: Rudolph AM, et al. Rudolph's Pediatrics, 21^st^ Ed. New York:
    McGraw-Hill; 2002.

[^3]: Avery MD, First LR. Pediatric Medicine, 2^nd^ Ed. Baltimore:
    Williams & Wilkins; 1994.

[^4]: For premarket notification submissions, see 21 CFR 807.87(e). For
    PMAs and HDEs, see 21 CFR 814.20(b)(10) and 21 CFR
    814.104(b)(4)(ii).

[^5]: IRB Guidebook: Chapter VI Special Classes of Subjects,
    http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/irb/irb_chapter6.htm#g4

[^6]: IRB Guidebook: Chapter VI Special Classes of Subjects,
    http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/irb/irb_chapter6.htm#g4