WORK STATEMENT 1342-WS

**RESPONSIBLE Technical Committee 9.6 HEALTH CARE FACILITIES**

Endorsing Technical Committees (TC)

-   TC 9.1 Large Building Air Conditioning Systems ( Requested)

-   TC 9.8 Large Building Air Conditioning Applications

-   TC 7.6 Energy Calculations (Requested)

-   TC 4.1 Load Calculations (Requested)

#### TITLE: Energy Consumption of Healthcare Spaces by Function

## 

## Executive Summary

Very little information is currently available to engineering
practitioners and the Health Care Community in general concerning the
space energy consumption of various types of health care spaces. This
information is especially limited with regard to the electrical
consumption of healthcare medical equipment, the heat gain imposed by
this equipment on the related spaces containing this equipment and the
effect of the types of procedures and number of procedures performed in
a particular type of health care space. This information, which will be
obtained from this proposed research project, will provide the greatly
needed data required for engineering practitioners to model the energy
usage of these spaces and for benchmarking of the energy efficiency of
healthcare facilities. Currently, several organizations including ASHRAE
are attempting to determine benchmarks for evaluating the energy
efficiency of a " typical" healthcare facility or several "typical "
types of healthcare facilities(**EPA Energy Star, USGBC LEED
Certification for Healthcare Facilities, Green Guide for Healthcare
Facilities, etc.**) This research will give engineering practitioners,
other health care professionals and other governmental and
organizational constituencies accurate energy metric data, which
currently does not exist, to evaluate the energy performance of health
care facilities versus various recognized industry benchmarks.

**[Application of Results]{.underline}**

**[State-of-the-Art (Background)]{.underline}**

The information obtained from this project will be used for rating or
certification of health care facilities based on their Energy
Consumption. The data will be used in the Green Guide for Health Care,
the USGBC LEED certification guidelines for Health Care facilities, and
the EPA Energy Star rating system. Tabular information on space usage
energy consumption characteristics will be included in Handbook Chapter
on Health Care design and in a revised version of the ASHRAE Design
Guide for Hospitals and Clinics. The Advanced Energy Design Guides
proposed by ASHRAE and USGBC for Health Care facilities will depend on
this information for evaluation of energy consumption in health care
facilities. The ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 Energy Cost Budget
Method will benefit from this additional information on energy
consumption benchmarking in health care facilities.

Organizations on the forefront of energy efficiency in buildings,
including ASHRAE, are expanding the application of advanced energy
efficiency programs like LEED and Energy Star to include health care
facilities. The healthcare medical equipment energy consumption and
other plug load equipment in these healthcare facilities frequently
constitute a large an uncertain, portion of the building energy
consumption and cooling load. Unfortunately, the building design, energy
analysis, and operations communities currently lack a comprehensive body
of data on the energy characteristics for health care spaces related to
space function, numbers of procedures, and types of procedures. Since
ASHRAE is developing Advanced Energy Design Guidelines to 50% and 75%
energy efficiency savings beyond ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1, additional research
projects to develop energy metrics will be required. Currently, in some
energy metric programs such as Energy Star (US EPA), where metered
energy intensity is the only measure of successful energy reduction, a
facility could actually be penalized for greater space efficiency and
for performing a larger number of procedures, even though they may have
a resultant lower energy usage per procedure (or other unit of
production).

Energy Star does have data on health care spaces in general, derived
from DOE/EIA data, but the variations of medical process energy usage in
those spaces makes the generalized characterization of energy
consumption extremely limited. By accounting for the types of space
functions, such as imaging, food service, operating room suites,
radiation/oncology, intensive care units, patient rooms, central
sterilization, catheterization lab, laundry, and emergency departments,
and the number and types of procedures in those space types, a
meaningful and useful energy accounting method can be devised.

## Advancement to the State-of-the-Art

This project as proposed will capture a significant database of actual
energy usage of various health care departments, related to floor area,
number of procedures, and type of procedures. The resultant analysis of
the data will be used in design to process energy targets, to compare
designed loads to typical loads for evaluation of energy savings, and to
better evaluate the HVAC loads in equipment-intensive areas of health
care facilities. The information will allow designers to predict and
meet the targets set by LEED and Energy Star, and to demonstrate
compliance with various energy standards promulgated by various agencies
and organizations like ASHRAE.

## Justification and Value to ASHRAE

It is likely that every health care facility mechanical designer will
use this information for designing spaces of greater-than-typical energy
efficiency, and for proof of compliance with USGBC LEED and US EPA
Energy Star programs through energy modeling and comparison to given
energy metrics. The data would be incorporated into USGBC's LEED, EPA's
Energy Star, ASHE documents, and ASHRAE Advanced Energy Design Guides
for health care facilities, as well as, the DOE Zero Energy Buildings
Program and the U.S. Army's Sustainable Project Rating Tool (SPIRIT)
program.

## Objective

Energy usage data will be collected from a significant number of
existing health care facilities. The space functions to be studied
include imaging, food service, operating room suites,
radiation/oncology, intensive care units, patient beds, central
sterilization, catheterization lab, laundry, and emergency departments.
Corresponding data on the number and types of procedures performed in
those areas will be collected, and sensitivity of energy usage to number
and types of procedures will be analyzed. Averages and expected energy
usage ranges by area and number/type of procedures will be determined.

## Scope

This project is anticipated to be the first phase of a two- phase
project effort. The Scope of Work in Phase I is what is currently being
proposed for funding. The work in Phase II would be funded under a
separate future Research project.

######## PHASE I

In this Phase I portion of this project, the feasibility of and
procedures for surveying and analyzing data for health care facility
energy intensity by space function will be developed.. A plan for data
collection and analysis, including cost and proposed schedule, will be
produced. Permissions will be obtained from selected health care
facilities for the collection of energy consumption data.

The areas of the healthcare facilities to be analyzed and studied are
the following:

-   Imaging

-   Food service

-   Operating room suites

-   Radiation/oncology

-   Intensive care units

-   Nursing Suites

-   Central sterilization

-   Cardiac catheterization labs

-   Laundry

-   Emergency Departments

######## PHASE II

In the second phase of the project, the plan for surveying and analyzing
data for health care facility energy intensity by space function would
be implemented. A statistically significant body of data on health care
energy intensities will be produced, which can be used to design to
energy targets (**such as Energy Star and USGBC LEED for Healthcare
Facilities**), and to better evaluate the overall energy efficiency of
new and existing areas of health care facilities. The information will
allow designers to predict, energy model, and meet the targets set by
LEED and Energy Star. Because the procedures for the proposed survey and
availability of measurable sites are currently not known, it is
impossible to accurately estimate the level of effort involved in
carrying out this second phase. The second phase research work could be
negotiated with the first-phase researcher, or re-bid as a separate
research package to a number of researchers.

####### Phase I SCOPE OF WORK

Phase I shall consist of three parts (A, B and C). Estimated time of
completion is 12 months.

**Part A - Literature Search**

Review of the current data and energy intensity evaluation methods, as
well as the particular format in which organizations will use the data
produced. Sources shall include but shall not be limited to DOE , EPA,
USGBC, ASHRAE, ASHE, and any other selected organizations.

The Part A report shall establish the current state-of-the-art of data
available related to health care energy consumption, and the potential
to collect, analyze, and maintain energy consumption data by function.

This task will require approximately 2 months.

Deliverable: Literature search, collection of data, report

**Part B - Method of Data Collection**

Develop a method of data collection, based on ASNI/ASHRAE Standard
105-1999. Develop a plan for the most cost-effective methods of energy
usage data collection for various space functions in health care
facilities. Also, develop a meaningful and feasible system of
measurement based on units of health care production.

This task will require approximately 3 months.

Deliverable: Report on Method of Data Collection

**Part C -- Data Collection and Analysis Plan**

Part C shall be the development of a detailed plan. Using Part A & B
data, a detailed plan shall be developed for the Phase II data
measurement and analysis. The plan shall include the estimated cost of
Phase II with a cost-benefit analysis that shall justify the level of
accuracy and number of facilities to be instrumented and measured. The
plan shall include the following:

-   The usefulness of data currently collected by other organizations

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   The number of sample healthcare facilities to be measured and total
    areas for each function.

-   The variety of samples in various climates needed for statistical
    significance.

-   The variety of samples needed to represent the relative frequencies
    of common patient procedures.

-   Options for motivating the marketplace to collect the needed data,
    thereby reducing the resources needed to measure the energy usage
    data.

Letters indicating permission to instrument and/or measure and analyze
facilities shall be provided.

This task will require approximately 4 months.

##### Deliverables/outcomes

The information obtained in this project will be used for certification
of health care facilities in the Green Guide for Health Care. Tabular
information on equipment energy characteristics will be included in the
ASHRAE Handbook Chapter on Health Care Design. The Advanced Energy
Design Guides for Health Care Facilities will depend on this information
for evaluation of function-dependent loads. The information eventually
gathered from the Phase II portion for different healthcare spaces could
then be assembled for any healthcare facility to benchmark its energy
usage based on the composition, size and type of spaces contained in the
facility.

ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 will benefit from this additional
information on energy index for health care facilities. The information
is intended be utilized and incorporated by USGBC in the LEED System and
EPA/DOE in Energy Star ratings for health care facilities.

A Final Report for Phase I shall be prepared and submitted to the
Manager of Research by the end of the contract period covering complete
details of all research carried out on the project. The report shall
include at least the following elements:

Phase I Report

-   Table of Contents

-   List of Tables and Figures

-   Introduction

-   Results of the literature search

-   Recommendations for the method of data collection

-   A plan for data collection and analysis

-   Conclusions and recommendations

-   Appendices

**[Level of Effort]{.underline}**

Phase I Task Schedule Summary

  ---------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------
  **Task**         **Time Required**    **Deliverable**

  A                2 months             Literature Search

  B                3 months             Method of Data Collection

  C                4 months             Data Collection and Analysis Plan
  ---------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------

Phase I Budget

  --------------------- ----------------- -------------- -----------------
  **Cost**              **Person Months** **Rate**       **Total**

  Principle             2                 \$8,000        \$16,000
  Investigator                                           

  Research Assistant    4                 \$3,000        \$12,000

  Benefits                                20% of Labor   \$5,600

  Other Costs                                            \$5,000

  Total Direct Costs                                     \$38,600

  Overhead (Indirect)                     48% of Direct  \$18,500

  Total                                                  \$57,100
  --------------------- ----------------- -------------- -----------------

**[Other Information to Bidders]{.underline}** - NONE

**[Proposal Evaluation Criteria & Weighting Factors]{.underline}**

-   Contractor\'s understanding of Work Statement as revealed in
    proposal. 10%

-   Quality of methodology proposed for conducting research. 15%

-   Contractor\'s capability in terms of facilities. 15%

-   Qualifications of personnel for this project. 15%

-   Student involvement. 5%

-   Probability of contractor\'s research plan meeting the objectives of
    the Work Statement. 10%

-   Performance of contractor on prior ASHRAE projects or other energy
    projects. (No penalty for new contractors.) 5%

-   Contractor's access to proposed facilities to be tested. 25%

**[References]{.underline}** - NONE

**Anticipated Phase II SCOPE OF WORK ( Information Only)**

The Phase II Scope of work will be funded as a future research project.

Consistent with the method data collection determined in Phase I Part B,
and the data collection plan determined in Phase I Part C and estimated
cost for Phase II also found in Part C, the Phase II Scope of Work shall
consist of the following:

###### Part A

Part A shall be the measurements of actual energy consumption.

All data will be collected and presented in a consistent manner.
Consumption data will be collected and analyzed for the following
healthcare functions:

-   Imaging

-   Food service

-   Operating room suites

-   Radiation/oncology

-   Intensive care units

-   Patient beds

-   Central sterilization

-   Cardiac catheterization lab

-   Laundry

-   Emergency departments

Energy consumption will be reported in accordance with ANSI/ASHRAE
Standard 105-1999, and will include:

-   Electric Energy

-   Fuels

-   Heat (from central or local sources)

-   Direct Cooling( from central or local chilled water or other
    sources)

The energy consumption data will be presented in concise and organized
tables. Narrative materials will be developed and presented to accompany
the tabulated data. The narrative will guide engineers in how to
interpret and use the data. At a minimum the narrative will address:

-   Space heating and cooling loads

-   Process loads

The intent of the narrative is to enhance the practicing engineer's
understanding of how to apply the data that is presented.

###### Part B

Part B shall be the preparation and publication of the resultant
material in ASHRAE documents, such as the ASHRAE Handbooks. The document
shall indicate detailed summaries of the measured data sufficient for
users to understand the method and extent of data collection, and the
analysis methods used.

A Final Report for Phase II of this project shall be prepared and
submitted by the end of the contract period covering complete details of
all research carried out on the project. The report shall include at
least the following elements:

Phase II Report

-   Table of Contents

-   List of Tables and Figures

-   Introduction

-   Description of methods used and discussion of accuracy of results
    such as uncertainty analysis, instrument calibration, and sources of
    error

-   Test results

-   Conclusions and recommendations

-   Appendices of compiled raw data in hard copy (or Adobe Acrobat)
    format

A design guide shall be prepared, in detail sufficient for publication
by ASHRAE. The guide shall present the information in concise organized
tables to facilitate use by the HVAC system design engineer. The guide
shall include at minimum the following information:

-   Separate tables for each category of space usage

-   Narrative for the use of the tables

-   Use of measures of production and operational diversity