> **INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION**

**[PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA]{.underline}:**

**Program/Activity Number:** 663- 016

**Country/Region**: Ethiopia

**Program/Activity Title:**

-   Strategic Objective 16: Market-led Economic Growth and Resiliency
    Increased

**Funding to Begin:** FY 2004 Funding **End:** FY 2008 **LOP Amount
Financial Info removed**

and

Million Food Resource

**Sub-Activity Amount**: N.A.

**IEE Prepared By:** David Kinyua, Assistant Regional Environmental
Officer and PVOs

**Current Date**: September 20, 2005

**Other Relevant Environmental Compliance Documentation:** This IEE
references the following USAID environmental compliance documentation
that is already in effect for ongoing activities under USAID/Ethiopia SO
16:

-   USAID/Ethiopia SO 16 IEE: 34 Ethiopia3_SO16_EG

-   *USAID/Ethiopia Crop Production and Pesticide Evaluation Report and
    Safer Use Action Plan*, File no.
    \_33Ethiopia2_PERSUAP_SO7_SO11.doc\_(8/4/03) ;

-   *USAID/Ethiopia Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action
    Plan for Insecticide-Treated Materials in Ethiopia,*
    34Ethiopia2_LLITN_PERSUAP_SO14 and 16

-   *IEE for SpO 12, the Southern Tier Initiative*,
    31Ethiopia11_SPO_12_SC_Animal_Health (7/2/01)

**IEE Amendment** (Y/N): Yes\_ If \"yes\", Filename & date of original
IEE: *34Ethiopia16*\_EG

**[ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION (S) RECOMMENDED:]{.underline}** (Place X where
applicable)

Exemption:

Categorical Exclusion: [X]{.underline} Negative Determination:
\_\_[X]{.underline}

Positive Determination: Deferral[:]{.underline}
\_\_\_[\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}

**[ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS:]{.underline}** (Place X where applicable)

EXEMP: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ CONDITIONS: [X]{.underline} PVO/NGO:
[X]{.underline}

##  {#section .unnumbered}

## SUMMARY OF FINDINGS {#summary-of-findings .unnumbered}

Title II funded PVO programs in USAID/Ethiopia are within Strategic
Objective (SO) 16: Market-led Economic Growth and Resiliency Increased.
The SO 16 IEE was approved in 2004 and amended in May 2005 to cover the
new activities under the USAID/Ethiopia 2004-2008 Integrated Strategic
Plan (ISP). Each Title II funded PVO have often been required to submit
an IEE to DCHA for approval. This joint IEE will cover activities being
implemented by the PVOs under SO16. Each PVO screened their activities
as required in the SO 16 umbrella IEE and developed Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) for those activities deemed to pose medium risk
environmental hazards. The EMP elaborates on the nature of the risk, the
mitigation measures, the monitoring regime, those responsible for
monitoring and the likely budgetary resources required for monitoring
the recommended mitigation measures.

This IEE therefore provided the necessary environmental documentation,
pursuant to 22 CFR 216 (Regulation 216) for the 8 seven PVOS; REST
Ethiopia, Care Ethiopia, Save the Children US, CRS Ethiopia, FHI, and
World Vision Ethiopia activities funded under SO 16. This document will
ensure environmental compliance, and also permit the implementation of
the program activities in accordance with USAID Environmental Policies
and Procedures.

**1. A** **Categorical Exclusion** is recommended, pursuant to 22 CFR
216.2(c)(2)(i),(ii)(iii)and (v) for activities involving technical
assistance, analysis, advocacy, capacity building, resource provision
and training for capacity building, training, studies meetings and
policy changes for all the activities being implemented by the PVOs
involving capacity building, training, studies meetings, monitoring and
evaluation, regional and Woreda level coordination and policy changes
which are not likely to have potential adverse impacts on environment.

**2. A Negative Determination with Conditions** is recommended pursuant
to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii) for physical interventions which include:

a)  Water supply, soil and water conservation: which involve small scale
    projects spread in different woredas in at least three regions in
    Ethiopia. These projects include water pond construction and
    rehabilitation; birka construction; micro catchments; installation
    of surface water pumps, water canals; hand dug wells; development of
    springs; terracing, tie ridges, check dams, soil bunds construction,
    etc; flood water harvesting; water pipeline construction; water
    supply and public sanitary system; and clay based handicrafts

b)  Small scale irrigation projects: river diversion, spring
    development, pump irrigation, drip irrigation, water abstraction
    system

c)  Forestry, Agriculture and livestock production: introduction of
    livestock breeds; promotion of improved variety of seeds and
    seedlings; forage development; provision of improved livestock
    breeds, poultry and honey bees; forestry seedlings and tree
    planting; grazing areas temporary closure to allow grass and
    vegetation regeneration; bush clearing; wood based income
    generation; silk production; afforestation; sheep and goats
    fattening;

d)  Small scale infrastructure rehabilitation and construction: health
    posts and veterinary posts; schools; pit latrine construction;
    feeder roads construction and maintenance; construction of access
    school;

    The activities implemented by the PVOs are small scale in nature and
    are widely spread in a large geographical zone spanning three
    regions of Ethiopia. The potential impacts from these activities are
    analyzed in the table 4.1 but they range from potential to cause
    overgrazing due to pasture closure to small scale irrigation turning
    to habitat for water borne diseases vectors. Other potential impacts
    include likely hood to cause water contamination, decrease in ground
    water and downstream water flow, increased road side erosion, water
    logging, siltation of water ponds and water canals, increased water
    related social conflicts and tensions and risk of introducing
    invasive plant species.

**[Conditions attached in this IEE]{.underline}:**

This amendment cross references all the other conditions contained in
the SO16 IEE: 34Ethiopa3_SO16_EG and the amendment which shall remain
binding over the life of this strategy

-   Other conditions, which are described in Table 1, will include use
    of best practices guidelines as described in the USAID Africa Bureau
    document, *Environmental Guidelines for Small-Scale Activities in
    Africa*. This document may be located at:
    [www.encapafrica.org](http://www.encapafrica.org/).

-   New activities introduced into the project which are substantively
    different from those presented in this IEE will require submission
    of an amended IEE to the Ethiopia BEAT team leader. No activities
    will be conducted prior to receiving approval of the amended IEE.

**Existing USAID/Ethiopia Environmental Compliance Documents:** Several
resources for advising on environmentally-sound practices exist for
ongoing and future SO 16 activities. These are referenced above, but
reiterated here to emphasize the importance for implementing partners to
make use of these resources. The recommended resources are as follows:

-   Water and Sanitation: All activities within this category shall make
    use of the USAID/Ethiopia and CRS *Guidelines for the Development of
    Small Scale Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Projects in Ethiopia*,
    July 31, 2003

-   Agricultural Chemicals: All implementing partners who will be
    assisting with the supply and distribution of pesticides shall
    reference the crop production PERSUAP (see reference under
    "Pesticides" below);

-   Irrigation: All activities involving irrigation planning, design,
    funding and implementation are required to reference the
    recommendations as contained in the *USAID/Ethiopia Programmatic
    Environmental Assessment (PEA) of Small-scale Irrigation in Ethiopia
    being Carried Out by USAID-funded Title II Cooperating Sponsors*
    (September 1999)

-   Provision of insecticide-treated bednets: Some distribution of
    long-lasting insecticide-treated bednets is contemplated under the
    Productive Safety Net Program and Title II activities. These
    interventions are covered by the ***USAID/Ethiopia Pesticide
    Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan for Insecticide-Treated
    Materials in Ethiopia,*** (34Ethiopia2_LLITN_PERSUAP_SO14 and 16),
    and are also addressed in the SO 14 IEE.

-   All relevant and applicable GFDRE environmental policy and
    regulations shall be adhered to by implementing partners. This
    includes the following: the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE),
    the Water Resources Policy (1992), and the Environmental Impact
    Assessment Proclamation no. 299 (2002).

    **Monitoring and Evaluation:** As required by ADS 204.5.4, the SO
    team will actively monitor ongoing activities for compliance with
    approved IEE recommendations, and modify or end activities that are
    not in compliance. If additional activities are added to this
    program that are not described in this document, an amended
    environmental examination must be prepared, as stated above.

**APPROVAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION RECOMMENDED:** (Type Name Under
Signature Line)

**CLEARANCE:**

Mission Director: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

> William Hammink

**CONCURRENCE:**

Bureau Environmental \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Officer: Brian Hirsh Approved: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Disapproved:
\_\_\_\_\_\_

**File No:** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**CLEARANCE**

General Council \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

(Africa Bureau): Mary Alice Kleinjan

**ADDITIONAL CLEARANCE**

Mission Environmental Officer:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
John McMahon

Activity Manager: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

John McMahon

Regional Environmental Advisor: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Walter Knausenberger

> **INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION**

PROGRAM/ACTIVITY DATA:

Program/Activity Number: 663-016

**Country/Region**: Ethiopia

**Program/Activity Title:** Strategic Objective 16: Market-led Economic
Growth and Resiliency Increased

**1.0 BACKGROUND AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION**

**1.1 Purpose and Scope of IEE**

This IEE is the second amendment of the current SO 16 IEE:
*34Ethiopia16*\_EG-1. This is a joint IEE for the PVOS funded under SO
16 Title II program in that replacing the need for the individual PVOs
to submit own individual IEEs. PVOS have screened the funded activities
using the Environmental Review format and elaborated those categorized
as medium risk in a detailed Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that
constitutes the core of this IEE. The current SO 16 IEE will continue to
be binding ......

**1.2 Background and Description of Planned Activities**

The seven PVOs have broadly related programs in different regions in
Ethiopia summarized below:

1\) Care Ethiopia focuses in five Woredas, i.e., Grawa and Kurfachelle
in East Hararghe, Chiro and Doba in West Hararghe and Lay Gayint in
South Gondar in Oromiya and Amhara regions. The CARE Ethiopia program
has four objectives to: (1) build community assets through support to
the public works component of the PSNP, (2) protect household assets
through support to both of the public works and direct support
components of the PSNP, (3) diversify and expand household assets to
enable safety net households to graduate from the PSNP, and (4) build
capacities of those implementing the PSNP at the village, kebele, woreda
and regional levels. It is expected that should these two objectives be
met, then the chronically food insecure, targeted under the HIBRET --
Safety Net Project, will become self reliant.

2\) CRS Ethiopia: The program focuses in Goroguttu, Kersa and Dire Dawa
and Dodota Sire

woredas. The program's main focus is soil conservation activities (pods
construction, micro-basins, terracing flood water harvesting etc),
agricultural activities (including seed production, compost preparation)
water supply and capacity building.

3\) Save the Children (SC)US program will be based in three woredas of
the Somali Region, namely; Dollo Ado, Dollo Bay and Filtu SC/US . The
project revolves around better drought risk management through
protection and strengthening of primary livelihood (pasture, water and
animal health), protection of human capital by ensuring, improving
community support structures (increasing government capacity, community
infrastructure) and improvement of livestock marketing

4\) FHI's geographic area of operation encompasses four drought prone
districts, two in the South Gondar Zone ­- Tach Gayint and Simada and
Wadla , Bugna in the North Wollo Zone in the Amhara region. The main
activities will involve capacity building, agricultural production,
rural infrastructure and natural resources management and development
program.

5\) CHF's programs are located in a) **Kembata Timbaro Zone (***Angacha,
Kacha Bira and Kedida Gamela Woredas)* **b) Siltie Zone** *(Dalocha and
Siltie Woredas)* and **c) Guragie** *(Meskan and Mareko Woredas)* and
the activities include capacity building, environmental conservation,
agriculture improvement and rural livelihood diversification(increasing
household income, creating market linkages, facilitating women's access
to credit, improving access to irrigation water, potable water, small
scale irrigation, etc)

6\) REST's programs are based in the Tigray region in Ahferom,
Mereb-Leke, Wereeleke, and Dogua-Temben weredas. The program focus is
promotion of crop and livestock development, food storage and processing
technologies, reforestation activities and capacity building.

7\) World Vision Ethiopia has programs in Mirab, Awasa Zuria, Abaya,
Humbo, Soddo, Boreda and Boricha woredas focusing in soil conservation,
water supply, agriculture, infrastructure rehabilitation, small scale
irrigation, livestock and social infrastructure development (schools
health and veterinary posts).

**2.0 COUNTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION (BASELINE INFORMATION)**

For detailed discussion of this section see the SO 16 IEE:
34Ethiopia3_So16_EG.

Within the framework of the new Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP),
the government developed the Environment and Social Management Framework
(ESMF) in October 2004. However, no 'action plan' or strategy has been
developed at Federal or regional level to take it from an overarching
framework to an operational system that can be applied in each region
and most importantly at community and Woreda levels.

ESMF reflects a number of Ethiopian legislations applicable to the PSNP
including: Environmental Impact Assessment' proclamation; 'Environmental
Management' proclamation; and the 'Pollution Control' proclamation. The
ESMF is also an integral part of higher level Institutional Framework
for Environmental Management instruments, i.e., the Conservation
Strategy for Ethiopia (CSE) and the Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
(EPE). The stated goal of both instruments is to improve and enhance the
health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and to promote sustainable
social and economic development through sound management and use of
resources and environment as a whole.

3.0 EVALUATION OF PROJECT/PROGRAM ISSUES WITH RESPECT TO ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT POTENTIAL

**3.1 Capacity building, training and technical support**

Many activities proposed under the four projects do not involve any
biophysical interventions (mainly covered under the existing SO 16 IEE:
*34Ethiopia16*\_EG amendment1) They involve capacity building, training,
studies meetings, monitoring and evaluation, regional and Woreda level
coordination and policy changes which are not likely to have potential
adverse impacts on environment. **A** **Categorical Exclusion** is
recommended, pursuant to 22 CFR 216.2(c)(2)(i),(ii)(iii)and (v) for
these activities involving technical assistance, analysis, advocacy,
capacity building, resource provision and training for capacity
building, training, studies meetings and policy changes.

#####  {#section-1 .unnumbered}

2.  **Activities likely to result in change in environment**

    The Table 4.1 illustrates in detail the activities likely to involve
    biophysical interventions. The activities can be broadly categorized
    into 4 areas:

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
a)  Soil and Water conservation: which involve small scale projects
    spread in different woredas in at least three regions in Ethiopia.;
    micro catchments; terracing, tie ridges, check dams, soil bunds
    construction, etc; flood water harvesting;; and clay based
    handicrafts

b)  Small scale irrigation projects: river diversion, spring
    development, pump irrigation, drip irrigation, water abstraction
    system

c)  Forestry, Agriculture and livestock production: introduction of
    livestock breeds; promotion of improved variety of seeds and
    seedlings; forage development; provision of improved livestock
    breeds, poultry and honey bees; forestry seedlings and tree
    planting; grazing areas temporary closure to allow grass and
    vegetation regeneration; bush clearing; wood based income
    generation; silk production; afforestation; sheep and goats
    fattening;

d)  Small scale infrastructure rehabilitation and construction: health
    posts and veterinary posts; schools; pit latrine construction;
    feeder roads construction and maintenance; construction of access
    school; water pond construction and rehabilitation; birka
    construction; spring head development; hand dug wells, birka
    construction; water pipeline construction; water supply and public
    sanitary system; installation of surface water pumps, water canals;

    **A Negative Determination with Conditions** is recommended pursuant
    to 22 CFR 216.3(a)(2)(iii) for the bio physical interventions
    outlined above (3.2, a-d).

    The activities implemented by the PVOs are small scale in nature and
    are widely spread in a large geographical zone spanning three
    regions of Ethiopia. The potential impacts from these activities are
    analyzed in the table below but they range from potential to cause
    overgrazing due to pasture closure to small scale irrigation turning
    to habitat for water borne diseases vectors. Other potential impacts
    include water contamination, decrease in ground water and downstream
    water flow, increased road side erosion, water logging, siltation of
    water ponds and water canals, increased water related social
    conflicts and tensions and risk of introducing invasive plant
    species.

4.0. ACTIVITIES, IMPACTS & MITIGATION ACTIONS (INCLUDING MONITORING AND
EVALUATION)

**TABLE 1: Environmental Mitigation Plans for the PVOs working under
USAID/ETHIOPIA SO 16.**

+-----+-------+----+-----------------+-----+---------+-----+--------+
| **S |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| ave |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| the |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| Ch  |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| ild |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| ren |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| USA |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| E   |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| nvi |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| ron |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| men |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| tal |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| M   |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| ana |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| gem |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| ent |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| P   |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| lan |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| (EM |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| P** |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
+-----+-------+----+-----------------+-----+---------+-----+--------+
| **A | **Imp | ** | **Mitigation    | **M | **Mon   | *   | **Cost |
| cti | act** | Ri | Activities**    | oni | itoring | *Re | Indica |
| vit |       | sk |                 | tor | Indic   | spo | tion** |
| y** |       | L  |                 | ing | ators** | nsi |        |
|     |       | ev |                 | fr  |         | ble |        |
|     |       | el |                 | equ |         | Bod |        |
|     |       | ** |                 | enc |         | y** |        |
|     |       |    |                 | y** |         |     |        |
+-----+-------+----+-----------------+-----+---------+-----+--------+
| A\) | Ponds | -  | -   The site    | Bi  | -       | KF  | \      |
| Wa  | could |    |     selection   | ann | Grazing | STF | $1,250 |
| ter | r     | Me |     will be     | ual |     in  |     |        |
|     | esult | di |     done with   |     | tensity |     | (This  |
| 1\. | in    | um |     the         |     |         |     | will   |
| P   | over  |    |                 |     |  around |     | i      |
| ond | gr    |    |   participation |     |     the |     | nclude |
| C   | azing |    |     of the      |     |         |     | pe     |
| ons | of    |    |     community   |     |   water |     | r-diem |
| tru | the   |    |     in a way    |     |         |     | and    |
| cti | pa    |    |     that the    |     | points. |     | tra    |
| on/ | sture |    |     ponds will  |     |         |     | nsport |
| re  | land  |    |     be evenly   |     | -       |     | all    |
| hab | th    |    |     distributed |     |    Size |     | owance |
| ili | rough |    |     to balance  |     |     of  |     | for 6  |
| tat | attra |    |     between the |     |         |     | days   |
| ion | cting |    |     pasture and |     |   water |     | for    |
|     | herds |    |     the number  |     |         |     | the    |
|     | th    |    |     of          |     | points. |     | KFSTFs |
|     | ereby |    |     livestock.  |     |         |     | team   |
|     | res   |    |     In          |     | -       |     | m      |
|     | ulted |    |     addition,   |     |    Main |     | embers |
|     | in    |    |     these water |     | tenance |     | in     |
|     | soil  |    |     points will |     |     of  |     | each   |
|     | er    |    |     be small in |     |     the |     | of the |
|     | osion |    |     scale &     |     |     s   |     | three  |
|     | due   |    |     seasonal in |     | easonal |     | w      |
|     | to    |    |     use.        |     |     mi  |     | oredas |
|     | ove   |    |                 |     | gration |     | and    |
|     | rstoc |    | -   The         |     |         |     | each   |
|     | king. |    |     community   |     | pattern |     | team   |
|     |       |    |     will        |     |     of  |     | comp   |
|     |       |    |     maintain    |     |     li  |     | rising |
|     |       |    |     the         |     | vestock |     | 6      |
|     |       |    |     seasonal    |     |         |     | m      |
|     |       |    |     migration   |     | between |     | embers |
|     |       |    |     pattern of  |     |     dry |     | at a   |
|     |       |    |     livestock   |     |         |     | rate   |
|     |       |    |     between dry |     |  season |     | of     |
|     |       |    |     season &    |     |     &   |     | Birr   |
|     |       |    |     wet season  |     |     wet |     | 100/   |
|     |       |    |     grazing     |     |         |     | person |
|     |       |    |     areas.      |     |  season |     | /day.) |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     | grazing |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |  areas. |     |        |
+-----+-------+----+-----------------+-----+---------+-----+--------+
|     | Su    | -  | -   Properly    | Bi  | -   The | KF  |        |
|     | rface |    |     designing   | ann |         | STF |        |
|     | water | Me |     as much as  | ual | content |     |        |
|     | p     | di |     possible on |     |     of  |     |        |
|     | oints | um |     the water   |     |     ex  |     |        |
|     | could |    |     points to   |     | tension |     |        |
|     | be    |    |     decrease    |     |     s   |     |        |
|     | so    |    |     mosquito    |     | ervices |     |        |
|     | urces |    |     breeding.   |     |         |     |        |
|     | of    |    |     In          |     | -       |     |        |
|     | water |    |     addition,   |     |  Design |     |        |
|     | borne |    |     Pastoralist |     |     of  |     |        |
|     | dis   |    |     Extension   |     |     the |     |        |
|     | eases |    |     Agents will |     |         |     |        |
|     | like  |    |     provide     |     |   water |     |        |
|     | dia   |    |     extension   |     |         |     |        |
|     | rrhea |    |     services to |     |  points |     |        |
|     | &     |    |     address     |     |     dev |     |        |
|     | bre   |    |     health      |     | eloped. |     |        |
|     | eding |    |     issues.     |     |         |     |        |
|     | place |    |                 |     | -   In  |     |        |
|     | for   |    | -   The issue   |     | clusion |     |        |
|     | m     |    |     of water    |     |     of  |     |        |
|     | osqui |    |     sanitation  |     |     the |     |        |
|     | toes. |    |     will be     |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |     included in |     |   issue |     |        |
|     |       |    |     the         |     |     of  |     |        |
|     |       |    |     training of |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |     water       |     |   water |     |        |
|     |       |    |     management  |     |     san |     |        |
|     |       |    |     committees  |     | itation |     |        |
|     |       |    |     for the     |     |     in  |     |        |
|     |       |    |     prevention  |     |     the |     |        |
|     |       |    |     of such     |     |     t   |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     | raining |     |        |
|     |       |    |   diseases[^1]. |     |     of  |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |   water |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |     man |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     | agement |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |    comm |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     | ittees. |     |        |
+-----+-------+----+-----------------+-----+---------+-----+--------+
| 2\. | B     | -  | -   The site    | Bi  | -       | KF  |        |
| Bi  | irkas |    |     selection   | ann | Grazing | STF |        |
| rka | could | Me |     will be     | ual |     in  |     |        |
| Con | r     | di |     done with   |     | tensity |     |        |
| str | esult | um |     the         |     |         |     |        |
| uct | in    |    |                 |     |  around |     |        |
| ion | over  |    |   participation |     |     the |     |        |
|     | gr    |    |     of the      |     |         |     |        |
|     | azing |    |     community   |     |   water |     |        |
|     | of    |    |     to ensure   |     |         |     |        |
|     | the   |    |     even        |     | points. |     |        |
|     | pa    |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | sture |    |    distribution |     | -       |     |        |
|     | land  |    |     of ponds to |     |    Size |     |        |
|     | th    |    |     balance     |     |     of  |     |        |
|     | rough |    |     between the |     |         |     |        |
|     | attra |    |     pasture and |     |   water |     |        |
|     | cting |    |     the number  |     |         |     |        |
|     | more  |    |     of          |     | points. |     |        |
|     | herds |    |     livestock.  |     |         |     |        |
|     | th    |    |     In          |     | -       |     |        |
|     | ereby |    |     addition,   |     |    Main |     |        |
|     | res   |    |     these water |     | tenance |     |        |
|     | ulted |    |     points will |     |     of  |     |        |
|     | in    |    |     be small in |     |     the |     |        |
|     | soil  |    |     scale &     |     |     s   |     |        |
|     | er    |    |     seasonal in |     | easonal |     |        |
|     | osion |    |     use.        |     |     mi  |     |        |
|     | due   |    |                 |     | gration |     |        |
|     | to    |    | -   The         |     |         |     |        |
|     | ov    |    |     community   |     | pattern |     |        |
|     | ersto |    |     will        |     |     of  |     |        |
|     | cking |    |     maintain    |     |     li  |     |        |
|     |       |    |     the         |     | vestock |     |        |
|     |       |    |     seasonal    |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |     migration   |     | between |     |        |
|     |       |    |     pattern of  |     |     dry |     |        |
|     |       |    |     livestock   |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |     between dry |     |  season |     |        |
|     |       |    |     season &    |     |     &   |     |        |
|     |       |    |     wet season  |     |     wet |     |        |
|     |       |    |     grazing     |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |     areas.      |     |  season |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     | grazing |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |  areas. |     |        |
+-----+-------+----+-----------------+-----+---------+-----+--------+
| B\) |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| P   |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| ast |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| ure |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| Re  |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| cla |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| mat |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| ion |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
+-----+-------+----+-----------------+-----+---------+-----+--------+
| 1\. | Cle   | Me | Only identified | Bi  | -       | KF  |        |
| B   | aring | di | unwanted        | ann |    Type | STF |        |
| ush | desi  | um | species are     | ual |     of  |     |        |
| cl  | rable |    | cleared         |     |         |     |        |
| ear | sp    |    |                 |     | species |     |        |
| ing | ecies |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| (w  |       |    |                 |     | cleared |     |        |
| hat |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| is  |       |    |                 |     | -       |     |        |
| the |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| tar |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| get |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| sp  |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| eci |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
| es) |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
+-----+-------+----+-----------------+-----+---------+-----+--------+
|     | Decre | Me | Only one        | Bi  | -       | KF  |        |
|     | asing | di | species of      | ann |    Type | STF |        |
|     | bi    | um | plant that is   | ual |     of  |     |        |
|     | odive |    | over taking     |     |         |     |        |
|     | rsity |    | others is       |     | species |     |        |
|     |       |    | cleared giving  |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    | more            |     | cleared |     |        |
|     |       |    | opportunity to  |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    | biodiversity    |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    | (which one?)    |     |         |     |        |
+-----+-------+----+-----------------+-----+---------+-----+--------+
|     | Incr  | Me | Clear only      | Bi  | -       | KF  |        |
|     | eased | di | where there are | ann |   Level | STF |        |
|     | wind  | um | other species   | ual |     of  |     |        |
|     | and   |    | and ensure you  |     |     in  |     |        |
|     | water |    | don't leave     |     | creased |     |        |
|     | er    |    | large open bare |     |         |     |        |
|     | osion |    | patches         |     | erosion |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |     and |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |     the |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |     po  |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     | tential |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |   areas |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |  likely |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |     to  |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |  suffer |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |    from |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     | erosion |     |        |
+-----+-------+----+-----------------+-----+---------+-----+--------+
|     | E     | Me | Localized and   | Bi  | -       | KF  |        |
|     | ndang | di | alternate       | ann |  Number | STF |        |
|     | ering | um | clearing giving | ual |     of  |     |        |
|     | wild  |    | opportunity to  |     |     w   |     |        |
|     | life  |    | free movement   |     | ildlife |     |        |
|     |       |    | of wild life    |     |     di  |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     | splaced |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |     or  |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |  killed |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |  during |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     |     c   |     |        |
|     |       |    |                 |     | learing |     |        |
+-----+-------+----+-----------------+-----+---------+-----+--------+
| 2\. | Lim   | -  | -   Even        | Bi  | -       | KF  |        |
| P   | iting |    |                 | ann |   Distr | STF |        |
| ast | sea   | Me |    distribution | ual | ibution |     |        |
| ure | sonal | di |     of the      |     |     of  |     |        |
| c   | s     | um |     closure     |     |     the |     |        |
| los | upply |    |     points to   |     |         |     |        |
| ure | of    |    |     balance     |     | closure |     |        |
|     | pa    |    |     between the |     |         |     |        |
|     | sture |    |     pasture and |     |  points |     |        |
|     | that  |    |     the number  |     |         |     |        |
|     | may   |    |     of          |     | -       |     |        |
|     | r     |    |     livestock.  |     |   Level |     |        |
|     | esult |    |                 |     |     of  |     |        |
|     | in    |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | over  |    |                 |     |    over |     |        |
|     | gr    |    |                 |     | grazing |     |        |
|     | azing |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | of    |    |                 |     | noticed |     |        |
|     | the   |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | pa    |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | sture |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | land  |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | th    |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | rough |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | attra |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | cting |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | more  |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | herds |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | to    |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | open  |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
|     | areas |    |                 |     |         |     |        |
+-----+-------+----+-----------------+-----+---------+-----+--------+

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 23%" />
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 18%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="10"><strong>CHF International</strong><a href="#fn1"
class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1"
role="doc-noteref"><sup>1</sup></a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><strong>Activity</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Impact</strong></td>
<td><strong>Risk Level</strong></td>
<td><strong>Mitigation Activities</strong></td>
<td><strong>Monitoring Regime/freq</strong></td>
<td><strong>Monitoring Indicators</strong></td>
<td><strong>Responsible Body</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Cost Indication</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="10"><strong>1. Water resource security</strong> (in
Silte<strong>,</strong> Dalocha, Meskan &amp; mareko woredas and Kembata
timbaro zone</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2" rowspan="3">1. 1 Installing 48 Surface water pumps with
accessories</td>
<td>Erosion</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Organize and conduct Training for users and have proper design</td>
<td>Quarterly</td>
<td>No of people trained</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Disturbance of river banks</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Prepare Proper design &amp; conduct close supervision</td>
<td>Quarterly</td>
<td>Project site river bank erosion</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Decrease in underground water</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Implement water conservation systems in hand dug well areas</td>
<td>Start/mid term &amp;Final</td>
<td>Area covered</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">1.4 Introducing 90 water drawing/abstraction system</td>
<td>Water logging</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Design and implement appropriate drainage system</td>
<td>Start/mid term &amp;final</td>
<td>No of drainage structures</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">1.5 installing 42 Treadle pump</td>
<td>Water contamination</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Fencing capped springs and organize training on Hygiene to the
users</td>
<td>quarterly</td>
<td>No of springs fenced</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">1.6 Irrigation through 10 Hand dug well
construction</td>
<td>May include water logging, salinization, water sharing, etc</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Good design, soil testing, and proper management system</td>
<td>Semi annually</td>
<td>Water drainage, salinization signs, social conflicts, etc</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">1.7 development of 6 springs</td>
<td>Water contamination, reduced water flow</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Fencing around the springs and separation of the water drawing point
for human domestic use from the livestock uses</td>
<td>Quarterly</td>
<td><p>No of springs fenced</p>
<p>Water points separation</p>
<p>Contamination of the springs</p></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="10"><strong>3.0 Increased Agricultural
Productivity</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">3.1 Introducing tie ridges</td>
<td>Increased erosion</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td><p>Proper training for users</p>
<p>Proper design and location of tie ridges</p></td>
<td>Quarterly</td>
<td>No of users trained</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">3.2 Provision of enset processor</td>
<td>Promoting invasive weed &amp; disease</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Use of clean &amp; healthy cuttings with visual inspection</td>
<td>Quarterly</td>
<td><p>Users report of new weeds</p>
<p>Field visits</p></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><p>Provision of Enset Seedling; certified seed; oil crop
seed;</p>
<p>Provision of Farm tools; and Promotion of tuber crops</p></td>
<td>Potential introduction of invasive seed &amp; disease</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td><p>Use of clean % healthy seedlings with visual inspection</p>
<p>Use of trusted seed source with visual inspection</p></td>
<td>seasonally</td>
<td><p>Users report of new weeds</p>
<p>Field visits</p></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="10"><strong>4. Livelihood diversification (in</strong>
Kembata timbaro, Siltie, Guragie zones and Dalocha, Meskan &amp; mareko
woredas)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">4.1 Poultry production of about 18000 birds</td>
<td>Potential pollution of water sources by manure and potential spread
of poultry diseases</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Proper sitting of poultry houses, collection of poultry manure and
management of health issues</td>
<td>Semi annually</td>
<td><p>Number of poultry houses properly sited,</p>
<p>Poultry disease outbreaks</p></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">4.3 Sheep and Goats / Fattening for 10 groups</td>
<td>Degradation of environment by over harvesting some vegetation
species</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td><p>Diversification of sheep and goat fodder/forage sources</p>
<p>Training beneficiaries on proper management</p></td>
<td>Quarterly</td>
<td>Vegetation and grass condition in the project areas</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">4.5 Potters <em>(wheel and Shelter)for 2
groups</em></td>
<td>Erosion and borrow pits</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td><p>Training potters soil conservation</p>
<p>Use of soil conservation measures</p></td>
<td>Quarterly</td>
<td>Erosion and borrow pits in the project areas</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">4.7 Silk Production for 10 groups</td>
<td>Introduction of invasive species</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Proper training, and introduction of the right species of the silk
worm fodder</td>
<td>Quarterly</td>
<td>Number of farmers following the required management procedures,</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">4.7 Promotion of horticultural crops -490 kgs</td>
<td>Introduction of new plant diseases and competition for water</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Training of the beneficiaries on proper handling of the new crops
husbandry, identification of markets</td>
<td>Quarterly</td>
<td>Number of new crop diseases and pests in the project area</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="10"><strong>5. Environmental conservation (</strong>Kedida
Gamela, Angacha, Kacha bira, Siltie, Dalocha, Meskan &amp; mareko
woredas)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">5.1 Afforestation (100,000 trees)</td>
<td>Faulty implementation aggravates erosion</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Visual inspection &amp; proper design</td>
<td></td>
<td>Field visits</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">5.4 area closure for 40ha</td>
<td>Increased grazing pressure in the unclosed areas</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Ensure wide consultation and consensus for the participants</td>
<td>quarterly</td>
<td>Condition of the rangeland in the project area, number of social
conflicts in the project areas</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">5.5 check dams for 5 km</td>
<td>Increased erosion if not sited properly</td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Ensure proper siting and design of the check dams</td>
<td>Seasonally</td>
<td>Signs of erosion in the check dam areas</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="10"><strong>6. Sustainable Market Linkages (</strong>Kedida
Gamela, Angacha, Kacha bira)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">6.1 road rehabilitation and construction</td>
<td><p>Aggravated erosion</p>
<p>Displacement of top soil</p>
<p>Soil compaction, Siltation</p></td>
<td>Medium</td>
<td>Appropriate design, drainage system, soil conservation measures</td>
<td>Seasonally</td>
<td><p>No of cut off drains</p>
<p>Type of conservation measures</p></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<aside id="footnotes" class="footnotes footnotes-end-of-document"
role="doc-endnotes">
<hr />
<ol>
<li id="fn1"><p>See a) Infotechs on work norms and technical standards
for main soil and water conservation and specific community
infrastructure works by V. Carucci and T. Alemu -2004 and b) For full
reference of all potential impacts, please refer to the attached
<em>summary work norms prepared for field staff rapid reference –revised
soil and water conservation work norms by MOA/WFP-2000-annexes 2 and
4.</em><a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-back"
role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
</ol>
</aside>

**FOOD FOR THE HUNGRY INTERNATIONAL (ETHIOPIA)- FHI**

+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
| **A | **Imp | * | **Mitigation          | **M | **    | *   | **C |
| cti | act** | * | Activities**          | oni | Monit | *Re | ost |
| vit |       | R |                       | tor | oring | spo | Ind |
| y** |       | i |                       | ing | In    | nsi | ica |
|     |       | s |                       | fr  | dicat | ble | tio |
|     |       | k |                       | equ | ors** | Bod | n** |
|     |       | L |                       | enc |       | y** |     |
|     |       | e |                       | y** |       |     |     |
|     |       | v |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       | e |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       | l |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       | * |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       | * |                       |     |       |     |     |
+=====+=======+===+=======================+=====+=======+=====+=====+
| Ru  | Er    | M | -   Minimal movement  | s   | Roa   |     |     |
| ral | osion | e |     of soils should   | eas | dside |     |     |
| r   | from  | d |     be considered in  | ona | ero   |     |     |
| oad | rem   | i |     the design of the | lly | sion, |     |     |
| im  | oving | u |     road, in          |     |       |     |     |
| pro | v     | m |     accordance with   |     | Form  |     |     |
| vem | egeta |   |     the norms of the  |     | ation |     |     |
| ent | tion, |   |     National Roads    |     | of    |     |     |
|     | soil  |   |     Service on RR 10  |     | gu    |     |     |
|     | and   |   |                       |     | llies |     |     |
|     | rock  |   | -   Avoid obstructing |     |       |     |     |
|     | d     |   |     natural water     |     | P     |     |     |
|     | uring |   |     courses (rivers,  |     | ooled |     |     |
|     | co    |   |     streams, springs, |     | w     |     |     |
|     | nstru |   |     etc.) with        |     | aters |     |     |
|     | ction |   |     excavated         |     | on    |     |     |
|     |       |   |     materials. The    |     | the   |     |     |
|     |       |   |     excavated         |     | road  |     |     |
|     |       |   |     materials could   |     | and   |     |     |
|     |       |   |     be used as fill   |     | along |     |     |
|     |       |   |     material within   |     | the   |     |     |
|     |       |   |     the project or    |     | road  |     |     |
|     |       |   |     placed in an area |     | after |     |     |
|     |       |   |     where no water    |     | rain  |     |     |
|     |       |   |     courses would be  |     | s[^2] |     |     |
|     |       |   |     obstructed        |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | -   Construction of   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     proper surface    |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     drainage systems  |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     based on the      |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     natural           |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     topography of the |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     surrounding area, |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     including         |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     waterways.        |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | -   In road           |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     improvements, one |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     segment of the    |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     road              |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     (approximately 5  |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     Km) will be       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     completed,        |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     including all     |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     environmental     |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     mitigation        |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     measures,         |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     drainage, etc.,   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     before starting   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     another segment.  |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | -   Minimal           |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     collection of     |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     stone with in a   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     very small radius |     |       |     |     |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
|     | Ch    | M | -   design of the     |     |       |     |     |
|     | anges | e |     project ought to  |     |       |     |     |
|     | in    | d |     be suitable,      |     |       |     |     |
|     | the   | i |     where possible,   |     |       |     |     |
|     | na    | u |     for the natural   |     |       |     |     |
|     | tural | m |     terrain, in       |     |       |     |     |
|     | topog |   |     accordance with   |     |       |     |     |
|     | raphy |   |     the norms of the  |     |       |     |     |
|     | of    |   |     National Road     |     |       |     |     |
|     | the   |   |     Service for roads |     |       |     |     |
|     | area, |   |     RR10              |     |       |     |     |
|     | cre   |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | ating |   | -   Site selection    |     |       |     |     |
|     | i     |   |     and road          |     |       |     |     |
|     | nstab |   |     alignment should  |     |       |     |     |
|     | ility |   |     avoid excessive   |     |       |     |     |
|     | and   |   |     cuts, sharp       |     |       |     |     |
|     | weak  |   |     curves and steep  |     |       |     |     |
|     | ening |   |     slopes            |     |       |     |     |
|     | the   |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | slope |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | stab  |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | ility |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | of    |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | the   |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | te    |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | rrain |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
|     | Dra   | M | -   Where runoff from |     |       |     |     |
|     | inage | e |     the tops of hills |     |       |     |     |
|     | pat   | d |     cannot flow along |     |       |     |     |
|     | terns | i |     pre-project       |     |       |     |     |
|     | l     | u |     routes due to the |     |       |     |     |
|     | ikely | m |     road interrupting |     |       |     |     |
|     | to    |   |     its flow, brow    |     |       |     |     |
|     | s     |   |     ditches should be |     |       |     |     |
|     | uffer |   |     constructed until |     |       |     |     |
|     | int   |   |     the flow can be   |     |       |     |     |
|     | errup |   |     discharged into   |     |       |     |     |
|     | tions |   |     either a natural  |     |       |     |     |
|     | in    |   |     waterway, or a    |     |       |     |     |
|     | their |   |     culvert under the |     |       |     |     |
|     | na    |   |     road. Energy      |     |       |     |     |
|     | tural |   |     dissipation       |     |       |     |     |
|     | co    |   |     methods should be |     |       |     |     |
|     | urses |   |     employed where    |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     needed            |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | ```{=html}            |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | <!-- -->              |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | ```                   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | -   Where roads cross |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     natural water     |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     courses such as   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     rivers or         |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     streams, culverts |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     or ditches should |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     be built to       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     maintain the      |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     natural flow of   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     water             |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | -   A maintenance     |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     plan for the road |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     involving the     |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     participants and  |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     municipal         |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     governments       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     should be         |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     elaborated as     |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     part of the       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     project           |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | -   Road maintenance  |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     committee should  |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     be formed         |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | -   Where roads cross |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     natural water     |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     courses such as   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     rivers or         |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     streams, culverts |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     or ditches should |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     be built to       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     maintain the      |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     natural flow of   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     water             |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | -                     |     |       |     |     |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
| 2\. | Water | M | -   Crop rotation and |     |       |     | Co  |
| I   | lo    | e |     diversification   |     |       |     | sts |
| rri | gging | d |     that includes     |     |       |     | are |
| gat | ,     | i |     legumes           |     |       |     | p   |
| ion | sal   | u |                       |     |       |     | art |
| s   | iniza | m | -   Select irrigation |     |       |     | of  |
| yst | tion, |   |     method based on   |     |       |     | the |
| ems | depl  |   |     topography and    |     |       |     | p   |
|     | etion |   |     structure of the  |     |       |     | rog |
|     | of    |   |     terrain           |     |       |     | ram |
|     | na    |   |                       |     |       |     | com |
|     | tural |   | -   Balance the need  |     |       |     | pon |
|     | fert  |   |     of water for all  |     |       |     | ent |
|     | ility |   |     the users         |     |       |     |     |
|     | due   |   |     including         |     |       |     |     |
|     | to    |   |     downstream users, |     |       |     |     |
|     | incr  |   |     by involving      |     |       |     |     |
|     | eased |   |     water             |     |       |     |     |
|     | cro   |   |     apportioning      |     |       |     |     |
|     | pping |   |     boards and by     |     |       |     |     |
|     | inte  |   |     guaranteeing a    |     |       |     |     |
|     | nsity |   |     minimum flow of   |     |       |     |     |
|     | and   |   |     water even in the |     |       |     |     |
|     | water |   |     dry season        |     |       |     |     |
|     | borne |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | dise  |   | -   Train farmers on  |     |       |     |     |
|     | ases, |   |     how to avoid      |     |       |     |     |
|     | incr  |   |     water borne       |     |       |     |     |
|     | eased |   |     diseases          |     |       |     |     |
|     | water |   |     including         |     |       |     |     |
|     | a     |   |     bilhazia and      |     |       |     |     |
|     | bstra |   |     malaria           |     |       |     |     |
|     | ction |   |     incidences        |     |       |     |     |
|     | and   |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | depl  |   | -   Activities and    |     |       |     |     |
|     | etion |   |     training programs |     |       |     |     |
|     | for   |   |     in watershed      |     |       |     |     |
|     | downs |   |     management will   |     |       |     |     |
|     | tream |   |     be implemented    |     |       |     |     |
|     | users |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | l     |   | -                     |     |       |     |     |
|     | ikely |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | to    |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | o     |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     | ccur, |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
| C.  | New   | M | -   Respect soil and  |     |       |     | All |
| S   | pro   | e |     water use         |     |       |     | the |
| oci | jects | d |     according to      |     |       |     | tr  |
| oec | can   | i |     traditional       |     |       |     | ain |
| ono | raise | u |     rights and local  |     |       |     | ing |
| mic | ten   | m |     bylaws            |     |       |     | c   |
| co  | sions |   |                       |     |       |     | omp |
| nce | in    |   | -   Create or         |     |       |     | one |
| rns | r     |   |     strengthen local  |     |       |     | nts |
|     | egard |   |     water committees  |     |       |     | h   |
|     | to    |   |                       |     |       |     | ave |
|     | land  |   | -   Train committees  |     |       |     | b   |
|     | r     |   |     in operation or   |     |       |     | udg |
|     | ights |   |     functioning of    |     |       |     | ets |
|     | and   |   |     irrigation and    |     |       |     | fi  |
|     | water |   |     other systems and |     |       |     | xed |
|     | use   |   |     system            |     |       |     | in  |
|     |       |   |     maintenance       |     |       |     | the |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | pr  |
|     |       |   | ```{=html}            |     |       |     | opo |
|     |       |   | <!-- -->              |     |       |     | sal |
|     |       |   | ```                   |     |       |     | wh  |
|     |       |   | -   Establish clear   |     |       |     | ile |
|     |       |   |     rules and         |     |       |     | s   |
|     |       |   |     mechanisms for    |     |       |     | ome |
|     |       |   |     the use,          |     |       |     | a   |
|     |       |   |     operation,        |     |       |     | cti |
|     |       |   |     maintenance and   |     |       |     | vit |
|     |       |   |     functioning of    |     |       |     | ies |
|     |       |   |     the irrigation    |     |       |     | do  |
|     |       |   |     system            |     |       |     | not |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | ne  |
|     |       |   | Establish clear rules |     |       |     | ces |
|     |       |   | and mechanisms for    |     |       |     | sar |
|     |       |   | resolving conflicts   |     |       |     | ily |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | in  |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | cur |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | c   |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | ost |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | for |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | e   |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | xec |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | uti |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | on. |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
| **N |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| ATU |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| RAL |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| RE  |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| SOU |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| RCE |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| M   |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| ANA |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| GEM |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| ENT |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| PR  |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| ACT |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| ICE |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
| S** |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
| Con | Likel | M | Make sure that height |     |       |     | W   |
| ser | ihood | e | of the bunds and      |     |       |     | ill |
| vat | of    | d | terraces, the width   |     |       |     | be  |
| ion | incr  | i | of the base, the      |     |       |     | per |
| p   | eased | u | width and depth of    |     |       |     | for |
| rac | er    | m | foundation, and       |     |       |     | med |
| tic | osion |   | grades of the stone   |     |       |     | in  |
| es, | where |   | face are according to |     |       |     | the |
| e   | water |   | the standard norms.   |     |       |     | ope |
| .g. | flows |   |                       |     |       |     | rat |
| te  | dow   |   |                       |     |       |     | ion |
| rra | nhill |   |                       |     |       |     | p   |
| ces |       |   |                       |     |       |     | rac |
| on  |       |   |                       |     |       |     | tic |
| the |       |   |                       |     |       |     | es. |
| slo |       |   |                       |     |       |     | T   |
| pes |       |   |                       |     |       |     | hus |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | co  |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | sts |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | in  |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | cur |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | red |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | w   |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | ill |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | be  |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | m   |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | oni |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | tor |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | ing |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | and |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | su  |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | per |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | vis |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | ion |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | co  |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | sts |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
|     | Pote  | M | -   Water ways should |     |       |     | T   |
|     | ntial | e |     be located to     |     |       |     | hus |
|     | F     | d |     deflect           |     |       |     | co  |
|     | loods | i |     catchments water  |     |       |     | sts |
|     | d     | u |     to protect        |     |       |     | in  |
|     | uring | m |     cropland without  |     |       |     | cur |
|     | rainy |   |     causing any       |     |       |     | red |
|     | se    |   |     damage to         |     |       |     | w   |
|     | asons |   |     communities       |     |       |     | ill |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | be  |
|     |       |   | -   Bunds and         |     |       |     | m   |
|     |       |   |     terraces should   |     |       |     | oni |
|     |       |   |     be constructed    |     |       |     | tor |
|     |       |   |     with standard     |     |       |     | ing |
|     |       |   |     gaps which allow  |     |       |     | and |
|     |       |   |     some flow to      |     |       |     | su  |
|     |       |   |     enter the gaps    |     |       |     | per |
|     |       |   |     and cover fields  |     |       |     | vis |
|     |       |   |     with new sediment |     |       |     | ion |
|     |       |   |     to improve and    |     |       |     | co  |
|     |       |   |     deepen soils      |     |       |     | sts |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | -   Make sure that    |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     maintenance plan  |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     is prepared and   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     watershed         |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     committee is      |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     formed            |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | Provide training in   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | bund and terrace      |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | maintenances          |     |       |     |     |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
|     | Pos   | M | In the design phase,  |     |       |     | M   |
|     | sible | e | assure that humans    |     |       |     | iti |
|     | disru | d | and animals will      |     |       |     | gat |
|     | ption | i | still have access to  |     |       |     | ion |
|     | of    | u | the river , market,   |     |       |     | c   |
|     | hab   | m | and grazing places    |     |       |     | ost |
|     | itats |   |                       |     |       |     | el  |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | eme |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | nts |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | a   |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | lre |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | ady |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | in  |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | clu |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | ded |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | in  |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | the |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | des |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | ign |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
|     | A     |   | -   In the design of  |     |       |     | M   |
|     | ltera |   |     the project,      |     |       |     | iti |
|     | tions |   |     consider the      |     |       |     | gat |
|     | to    |   |     topography and    |     |       |     | ion |
|     | ecos  |   |     landscape         |     |       |     | c   |
|     | ystem |   |     features so as    |     |       |     | ost |
|     | due   |   |     not to negatively |     |       |     | el  |
|     | to    |   |     affect them       |     |       |     | eme |
|     | in    |   |                       |     |       |     | nts |
|     | trodu |   | Select species in     |     |       |     | a   |
|     | ction |   | accordance with the   |     |       |     | lre |
|     | of    |   | community's           |     |       |     | ady |
|     | new   |   | preference and        |     |       |     | in  |
|     | sp    |   | ecological adaptation |     |       |     | clu |
|     | ecies |   |                       |     |       |     | ded |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | in  |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | the |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | des |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | ign |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
|     | S     | M | -   Respect soil and  |     |       |     | M   |
|     | ocial | e |     water use         |     |       |     | iti |
|     | Confl | d |     according to      |     |       |     | gat |
|     | icts: | i |     traditional       |     |       |     | ion |
|     | land  | u |     rights and local  |     |       |     | c   |
|     | ac    | m |     bylaws            |     |       |     | ost |
|     | quisi |   |                       |     |       |     | el  |
|     | tion, |   | -   Plan the use of   |     |       |     | eme |
|     | and   |   |     community labor   |     |       |     | nts |
|     | use   |   |     considering their |     |       |     | a   |
|     | r     |   |     farming           |     |       |     | lre |
|     | ights |   |     activities and    |     |       |     | ady |
|     |       |   |     other             |     |       |     | in  |
|     |       |   |     responsibilities  |     |       |     | clu |
|     |       |   |     so as not to      |     |       |     | ded |
|     |       |   |     cause conflicts   |     |       |     | in  |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | the |
|     |       |   | -   Create or         |     |       |     | des |
|     |       |   |     strengthen        |     |       |     | ign |
|     |       |   |     watershed         |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     committees        |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | Establish clear rules |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | and mechanisms for    |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   | resolving conflicts   |     |       |     |     |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
| Pub | C     | M | Make sure that river  |     |       |     | M   |
| lic | hange | e | tributaries should    |     |       |     | iti |
| Wa  | in    | d | not be erroneously    |     |       |     | gat |
| ter | the   | i | diverted to newly     |     |       |     | ion |
| &   | c     | u | built community ponds |     |       |     | c   |
| S   | ourse | m | that will ultimately  |     |       |     | ost |
| ani | of a  |   | affect natural river  |     |       |     | el  |
| tat | river |   | flow rate             |     |       |     | eme |
| ion | and   |   |                       |     |       |     | nts |
|     | dimin |   |                       |     |       |     | a   |
|     | ished |   |                       |     |       |     | lre |
|     | water |   |                       |     |       |     | ady |
|     | flow  |   |                       |     |       |     | in  |
|     | due   |   |                       |     |       |     | clu |
|     | to    |   |                       |     |       |     | ded |
|     | water |   |                       |     |       |     | in  |
|     | im    |   |                       |     |       |     | the |
|     | pound |   |                       |     |       |     | des |
|     | ments |   |                       |     |       |     | ign |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
|     | Pote  | M | -   Protection of     |     |       |     | M   |
|     | ntial | e |     site where water  |     |       |     | iti |
|     | con   | d |     is captured for   |     |       |     | gat |
|     | tamin | i |     the system, water |     |       |     | ion |
|     | ation | u |     storage tanks,    |     |       |     | c   |
|     | of    | m |     and other         |     |       |     | ost |
|     | dri   |   |     structures used   |     |       |     | el  |
|     | nking |   |     in the system     |     |       |     | eme |
|     | water |   |     from human and    |     |       |     | nts |
|     | eg by |   |     animal access     |     |       |     | a   |
|     | fecal |   |                       |     |       |     | lre |
|     | coli  |   | -   Adequate          |     |       |     | ady |
|     | forms |   |     maintenance plans |     |       |     | in  |
|     |       |   |     of the system,    |     |       |     | clu |
|     |       |   |     quality control   |     |       |     | ded |
|     |       |   |     of water, and     |     |       |     | in  |
|     |       |   |     maintenance of    |     |       |     | the |
|     |       |   |     the system by     |     |       |     | des |
|     |       |   |     those responsible |     |       |     | ign |
|     |       |   |     from the local    |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     water committee   |     |       |     |     |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
|     | Cre   | M | -   Dispose of debris |     |       |     | mob |
|     | ation | e |     and human and     |     |       |     | ili |
|     | of    | d |     animal waste at   |     |       |     | zat |
|     | ha    | i |     appropriate       |     |       |     | ion |
|     | bitat | u |     sites, avoiding   |     |       |     | and |
|     | for   | m |     the creation of   |     |       |     | r   |
|     | ve    |   |     habitats for      |     |       |     | egu |
|     | ctors |   |     vectors           |     |       |     | lar |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | m   |
|     |       |   | -   Drain             |     |       |     | oni |
|     |       |   |     contaminated      |     |       |     | tor |
|     |       |   |     water that will   |     |       |     | ing |
|     |       |   |     serve as vector   |     |       |     | and |
|     |       |   |     breeding site     |     |       |     | su  |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | per |
|     |       |   | -   Keep the standard |     |       |     | vis |
|     |       |   |     distance (\>35m)  |     |       |     | ion |
|     |       |   |     of latrines and   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     waste pits away   |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     from water points |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     during site       |     |       |     |     |
|     |       |   |     selection         |     |       |     |     |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+
|     | S     | M | -   Respect water use |     |       |     | M   |
|     | ocial | e |     according to      |     |       |     | iti |
|     | conf  | d |     traditional       |     |       |     | gat |
|     | licts | i |     rights and local  |     |       |     | ion |
|     |       | u |     bylaws            |     |       |     | c   |
|     |       | m |                       |     |       |     | ost |
|     |       |   | -   Plan the use of   |     |       |     | el  |
|     |       |   |     water for human   |     |       |     | eme |
|     |       |   |     and animal        |     |       |     | nts |
|     |       |   |     consumption       |     |       |     | a   |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | lre |
|     |       |   | -   Create or         |     |       |     | ady |
|     |       |   |     strengthen water  |     |       |     | in  |
|     |       |   |     committees        |     |       |     | clu |
|     |       |   |                       |     |       |     | ded |
|     |       |   | -   Establish clear   |     |       |     | in  |
|     |       |   |     rules and         |     |       |     | the |
|     |       |   |     mechanisms for    |     |       |     | des |
|     |       |   |     resolving         |     |       |     | ign |
|     |       |   |     conflicts         |     |       |     |     |
+-----+-------+---+-----------------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+

+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| *   |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| *Ca |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| tho |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| lic |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| Rel |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| ief |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| Se  |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| rvi |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| ces |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| Et  |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| hio |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| pia |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| E   |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| nvi |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| ron |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| men |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| tal |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| M   |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| ana |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| gem |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| ent |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| P   |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| lan |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| for |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| S/  |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| PSN |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| P** |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| **A | **Po    | **   | **M       | **Moni | **Mon   | **R  | **M |
| cti | tential | Risk | itigation | toring | itoring | espo | oni |
| vit | I       | Lev  | Measure** | Frequ  | Indi    | nsib | tor |
| y** | mpact** | el** |           | ency** | cator** | le** | ing |
|     |         |      |           |        |         |      | Cos |
|     |         |      |           |        |         |      | t** |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| Po  | 1       | Me   | Design    | an     | C       | ,W   | 0.  |
| nds | .Sedime | dium | proper    | nually | apacity | ater | 02% |
| con | ntation |      | silt trap |        | reduced | user |     |
| str | of      |      | & runoff  |        | & silt  | Co   |     |
| uct | re      |      | c         |        | Accum   | mmit |     |
| ion | servoir |      | ollection |        | ulation | tee, |     |
|     | and     |      | s         |        |         | dist |     |
|     | d       |      | tructures |        |         | ribu |     |
|     | ecrease |      | Maintain  |        |         | tor, |     |
|     | in      |      | s         |        |         | DA&  |     |
|     | storage |      | tructures |        |         | Site |     |
|     | c       |      | after     |        |         | te   |     |
|     | apacity |      | rainy     |        |         | chni |     |
|     |         |      | season    |        |         | cian |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
|     | 2\.     | Me   | Select    | an     | Social  |      |     |
|     | D       | dium | proper    | nually | c       |      |     |
|     | ecrease |      | site and  |        | onflict |      |     |
|     | in      |      | reach     |        | between |      |     |
|     | pro     |      | consensus |        | land    |      |     |
|     | ductive |      | with the  |        | users   |      |     |
|     | Agric   |      | benef     |        |         |      |     |
|     | ultural |      | iciaries. |        |         |      |     |
|     | land,   |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     | due to  |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     | land    |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     | acqu    |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     | isition |      |           |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
|     | 3.water | Me   | To        | an     | Water   | Ke   |     |
|     | related | dium | minimize  | nually | related | bele |     |
|     | social  |      | co        |        | social  | lead |     |
|     | co      |      | mpetition |        | co      | ers, |     |
|     | nflicts |      | water is  |        | nflicts | KF   |     |
|     | due to  |      | supplied  |        |         | STF, |     |
|     | co      |      | on an     |        |         | DA&  |     |
|     | mpeting |      | agreed    |        |         | site |     |
|     | use of  |      | schedule  |        |         | tech |     |
|     | water   |      |           |        |         | nici |     |
|     |         |      |           |        |         | ans. |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
|     | 4.Po    | Me   | Fencing   | qua    | water   | W    |     |
|     | tential | dium | with dry  | rterly | quality | ater |     |
|     | contam  |      | &         |        |         | u    |     |
|     | ination |      | v         |        |         | sers |     |
|     | of      |      | egetative |        |         | co   |     |
|     | water   |      | barriers  |        |         | mmit |     |
|     | in the  |      | to        |        |         | tee, |     |
|     | res     |      | regulate  |        |         | w    |     |
|     | ervoir, |      | livestock |        |         | ater |     |
|     | and     |      | entrance  |        |         | supp |     |
|     | s       |      |           |        |         | lier |     |
|     | tanding |      |           |        |         | &    |     |
|     | water   |      |           |        |         | site |     |
|     | bodies  |      |           |        |         | te   |     |
|     | acting  |      |           |        |         | chni |     |
|     | as      |      |           |        |         | cian |     |
|     | habitat |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     | for     |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     | water   |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     | borne   |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     | disease |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     | vectors |      |           |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| H   | Social  | Me   | Explore   | an     | Social  | Ke   | 0.  |
| ill | c       | dium | al        | nually | c       | bele | 02% |
| s   | onflict |      | ternative |        | onflict | lead |     |
| ide | due to  |      | com       |        | between | ers, |     |
| t   | di      |      | pensatory |        | land    | KFST |     |
| err | splaced |      | land,     |        | users   | F,DA |     |
| ace | land    |      | al        |        |         | &    |     |
| con | users   |      | ternative |        | Alte    | site |     |
| str | and     |      | li        |        | rnative | tech |     |
| uct | res     |      | velihoods |        | sources | nici |     |
| ion | tricted |      | eg bee    |        | of      | ans. |     |
|     | land    |      | keeping,  |        | income  |      |     |
|     | access  |      | and       |        | (off    |      |     |
|     |         |      | consensus |        | farm)   |      |     |
|     |         |      | among the |        | live    |      |     |
|     |         |      | affected  |        | lihoods |      |     |
|     |         |      | co        |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | mmunities |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| R   | Po      | Me   | -   Good  | seas   | Km of   | \-   | 0.  |
| oad | tential | dium |           | onally | road    | D    | 05% |
| Con | soil    |      |    design |        | cons    | A\'s |     |
| str | erosion |      |     with  |        | tructed | &    |     |
| uct | and     |      |           |        | with    | Ke   |     |
| ion | reduced |      |  complete |        | the     | bele |     |
|     | road's  |      |           |        | ne      | Task |     |
|     | l       |      |    layout |        | cessary | For  |     |
|     | ifespan |      |     &     |        | str     | ce - |     |
|     |         |      |     s     |        | uctures | CRS/ |     |
|     | borrow  |      | tructures |        |         | Part |     |
|     | pits    |      |     such  |        | Signs   | ners |     |
|     | and     |      |     as    |        | of road | s    |     |
|     | c       |      |           |        | e       | taff |     |
|     | ulverts |      | culverts, |        | rosion, |      |     |
|     | likely  |      |     cross |        | gullies |      |     |
|     | to      |      |           |        | and     |      |     |
|     | become  |      | drainage, |        | s       |      |     |
|     | disease |      |     stone |        | tanding |      |     |
|     | vector  |      |           |        | water   |      |     |
|     | habitat |      |   erosion |        | pool on |      |     |
|     |         |      |           |        | the     |      |     |
|     |         |      |    checks |        | road    |      |     |
|     |         |      |     etc   |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |           |        | borrow  |      |     |
|     |         |      | -         |        | pits    |      |     |
|     |         |      |  Capacity |        | still   |      |     |
|     |         |      |           |        | to be   |      |     |
|     |         |      |  building |        | seen    |      |     |
|     |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |  training |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |     and   |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |     e     |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | xperience |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |   sharing |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |     for   |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |     road  |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |     con   |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | struction |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |    Forman |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | -   Reh   |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | abilitate |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |    borrow |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      |     pits. |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| Ca  | -       | Me   | -         | regu   | water   | \-   | 0.  |
| nal | reduced | dium | Depending | larly- | losses, | D    | 01% |
| Con |     dow |      | on the    | qua    |         | A\'s |     |
| str | nstream |      | soil      | rterly | Dow     | &    |     |
| uct |         |      | types     |        | nstream | Ke   |     |
| ion |   water |      | proper    |        | water   | bele |     |
|     |         |      | surface   |        | flow    | Task |     |
|     |    flow |      | canal     |        |         | For  |     |
|     |         |      | con       |        |         | ce - |     |
|     | -       |      | struction |        |         | CRS/ |     |
|     | habitat |      | ,         |        |         | Part |     |
|     |     for |      | selected  |        |         | ners |     |
|     |         |      | grass     |        |         | s    |     |
|     | disease |      | species   |        |         | taff |     |
|     |         |      | and       |        |         |      |     |
|     | vectors |      | improve   |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | soil      |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | st        |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | ructures, |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | consensus |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | among the |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | water     |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | users on  |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | water     |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | sharing   |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| S   | -po     | Me   | \- Proper | seas   | Design  | \-   | 0.  |
| oil | tential | dium | design &  | onally | quality | D    | 01% |
| b   | for     |      | layout    |        |         | A\'s |     |
| und | erosion |      | -Requires |        |         | &    |     |
| C   | hazards |      | main      |        |         | Ke   |     |
| ons | in the  |      | tenance - |        |         | bele |     |
| tru | bunds - |      | Provide   |        |         | Task |     |
| cti | Accum   |      | training  |        |         | For  |     |
| on, | ulation |      | for       |        |         | ce - |     |
| fa  | of silt |      | technical |        |         | CRS/ |     |
| nya |         |      | staff of  |        |         | Part |     |
| juu |         |      | the       |        |         | ners |     |
| te  |         |      | Woreda    |        |         | s    |     |
| rra |         |      |           |        |         | taff |     |
| ces |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| Ch  | Erosion | Me   | proper    | seas   | signs   | \-   | 0.  |
| eck | risk,   | dium | design    | onally | of      | D    | 01% |
| dam | gullies |      | based on  |        | e       | A\'s |     |
| c   | fo      |      | the soil  |        | rosion, | &    |     |
| ons | rmation |      | types and |        |         | Ke   |     |
| tru |         |      | promoting |        | Veg     | bele |     |
| cti |         |      | grass     |        | etation | Task |     |
| on, |         |      | species   |        | taking  | For  |     |
| Mi  |         |      | to        |        | root in | ce - |     |
| cro |         |      | stabilize |        | check   | CRS/ |     |
| b   |         |      | the areas |        | dams    | Part |     |
| asi |         |      | between   |        |         | ners |     |
| ns, |         |      | c         |        |         | s    |     |
| Cu  |         |      | heckdams, |        |         | taff |     |
| t - |         |      | training  |        |         |      |     |
| off |         |      | of the    |        |         |      |     |
| dr  |         |      | benef     |        |         |      |     |
| ain |         |      | iciaries, |        |         |      |     |
| and |         |      | design    |        |         |      |     |
| Fl  |         |      | a         |        |         |      |     |
| ood |         |      | rtificial |        |         |      |     |
| wa  |         |      | water     |        |         |      |     |
| ter |         |      | ways      |        |         |      |     |
| h   |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| arv |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| est |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
| ing |         |      |           |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| Se  | Risk of | Me   | -training | seas   | perf    | \-   | 0.  |
| edl | i       | dium | on proper | onally | ormance | D    | 01% |
| ing | nvasive |      | seed      |        | of      | A\'s |     |
| p   | plant   |      | co        |        | s       | &    |     |
| rod | species |      | llection, |        | elected | Ke   |     |
| uct | and     |      | selection |        | seeds   | bele |     |
| ion | e       |      | and care  |        | and     | Task |     |
|     | conomic |      |           |        | int     | For  |     |
|     | loss    |      |           |        | roduced | ce - |     |
|     | due to  |      |           |        | i       | CRS/ |     |
|     | the     |      |           |        | nvasive | Part |     |
|     | unce    |      |           |        | species | ners |     |
|     | rtified |      |           |        |         | s    |     |
|     | u       |      |           |        |         | taff |     |
|     | nviable |      |           |        |         |      |     |
|     | seeds   |      |           |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| A   | \-      | Me   | -Using    | Qua    | Area    | -The | 0.  |
| rea | po      | dium | cut &     | rterly | closed; | l    | 01% |
| c   | tential |      | carry     |        | tr      | ocal |     |
| los | social  |      | system    |        | aining; | com  |     |
| ure | co      |      | from the  |        | levels  | muni |     |
|     | nflicts |      | closed    |        | of      | ties |     |
|     | due to  |      | areas to  |        | degra   |      |     |
|     | dim     |      | feed      |        | dation; |      |     |
|     | inished |      | l         |        | social  |      |     |
|     | grazing |      | ivestock. |        | co      |      |     |
|     | area    |      | -Provide  |        | nflicts |      |     |
|     |         |      | awareness |        |         |      |     |
|     | in      |      | creation  |        |         |      |     |
|     | creased |      | on the    |        |         |      |     |
|     | degr    |      | crop      |        |         |      |     |
|     | adation |      | residue   |        |         |      |     |
|     | outside |      | ut        |        |         |      |     |
|     | the     |      | ilization |        |         |      |     |
|     | closed  |      | during    |        |         |      |     |
|     | off     |      | dry       |        |         |      |     |
|     | areas   |      | season    |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| New | D       | Me   | Regularly | qua    | ground  | Co   | 0.  |
| wa  | epleted | dium | m         | rterly | water   | mmun | 01% |
| ter | ground  |      | onitoring |        | levels; | ity, |     |
| sup | and/or  |      | seasonal  |        | river   | lead |     |
| ply | surface |      | water     |        | water   | ers, |     |
| and | water   |      | quality & |        | flows   | ke   |     |
| pub | re      |      | examine   |        |         | bele |     |
| lic | sources |      | h         |        |         | adm  |     |
| sa  |         |      | istorical |        |         | inis |     |
| nit |         |      | water     |        |         | trat |     |
| ary |         |      | quantity  |        |         | ion, |     |
| sys |         |      | & quality |        |         | DA,  |     |
| tem |         |      | before    |        |         | and  |     |
|     |         |      | implem    |        |         | site |     |
|     |         |      | entation; |        |         | tech |     |
|     |         |      | treating  |        |         | nici |     |
|     |         |      | up stream |        |         | ans. |     |
|     |         |      | with NRM  |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | part      |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | icipating |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | community |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | to ensure |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | continued |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | river     |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | flow      |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
|     | risk of | Me   | In        | Qua    | inc     | Co   | 0.  |
|     | contam  | dium | corporate | rterly | idences | mmun | 01% |
|     | ination |      | training  |        | of      | ity, |     |
|     | of      |      | and       |        | water   | lead |     |
|     | d       |      | ensure    |        | borne   | ers, |     |
|     | rinking |      | clean     |        | di      | ke   |     |
|     | water   |      | water     |        | seases, | bele |     |
|     | by      |      | p         |        | working | adm  |     |
|     | un      |      | rotection |        | con     | inis |     |
|     | treated |      | and       |        | ditions | trat |     |
|     | sewage  |      | treatment |        | of the  | ion, |     |
|     |         |      | system    |        | sewage  | DA,  |     |
|     |         |      | with      |        | works   | and  |     |
|     |         |      | community |        |         | site |     |
|     |         |      | part      |        |         | tech |     |
|     |         |      | icipation |        |         | nici |     |
|     |         |      |           |        |         | ans. |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| Wa  | Risk of | Me   | -Proper   | qua    | stream  | \-   | 0.  |
| ter | ex      | dium | pipeline  | rterly | flow,   | D    | 01% |
| pi  | cessive |      | ins       |        |         | A\'s |     |
| pel | water   |      | tallation |        | Com     | &    |     |
| ine | abst    |      | with      |        | plaints | Ke   |     |
| con | raction |      | proper    |        | from    | bele |     |
| str |         |      | water     |        | dow     | Task |     |
| uct |         |      | appo      |        | nstream | For  |     |
| ion |         |      | rtionment |        | users   | ce - |     |
|     |         |      |           |        |         | CRS/ |     |
|     |         |      | involve   |        |         | Part |     |
|     |         |      | water     |        |         | ners |     |
|     |         |      | app       |        |         | s    |     |
|     |         |      | ortioning |        |         | taff |     |
|     |         |      | boards    |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+
| Pit | risk of | Me   | design of | Qua    | Co      | Co   | 0.  |
| l   | disease | dium | modern    | rterly | ndition | mmun | 02% |
| atr | vectors |      | latrines  |        | of the  | ity, |     |
| ine | in      |      | with      |        | l       | lead |     |
| con | cluding |      | covers    |        | atrines | ers, |     |
| str | mice    |      | and       |        |         | ke   |     |
| uct | and     |      | ve        |        | levels  | bele |     |
| ion | flies;  |      | ntilation |        | of      | adm  |     |
|     | unp     |      | with a    |        | disease | inis |     |
|     | leasant |      | cement    |        | c       | trat |     |
|     | stench; |      | slab;     |        | arrying | ion, |     |
|     |         |      | proper    |        | v       | DA,  |     |
|     | Ground  |      | siting of |        | ectors, | site |     |
|     | water   |      | latrines  |        | level   | tech |     |
|     | contam  |      | to avoid  |        | of      | nici |     |
|     | ination |      | water     |        | stench  | ans, |     |
|     |         |      | cont      |        |         | expe |     |
|     |         |      | amination |        |         | rts. |     |
|     |         |      | and       |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | distance  |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | from the  |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | living    |        |         |      |     |
|     |         |      | quarters  |        |         |      |     |
+-----+---------+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+

CARE ETHIOPIA

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 19%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 18%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 34%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="13"><em>Program Objective 1: Building Community Assets: By
the end of three years of the HIBRET Program, communities in four
woredas in Oromia and Amhara Regions build sustainable community assets
(equivalent to 11.5 million person-days) designed to facilitate
chronically food insecure households to graduate from the safety
net.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="13"><em>Intermediate Result 1.1: (Public Works) 38,270 MT
of food resources channeled through the Productive Safety Net Public
Works Component over three years to build community assets related to
natural resource management, water resource development and
socio-economic infrastructure.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>Activities being monitored</strong></td>
<td><strong>Impact</strong></td>
<td><strong>Risk Level</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Mitigation Measures</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">responsible</td>
<td colspan="3">frequency</td>
<td colspan="2">cost</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">Secondary, village-level road construction and/or
rehabilitation with stone and other materials collected from selected
quarries.</td>
<td><p>Erosion from soil cuts and fills</p>
<p>Creation of stagnant water bodies in burrow pits and quarries suited
to disease vectors</p>
<p>Loss of vegetation, runoff concentration along roadside resulting
into soil erosion causing farmland degradation, silt up of surface
waters</p></td>
<td>medium</td>
<td colspan="2"><p>Improved landscaping, filling or drainage to follow
ESMF standards and USDA field guide for low volume roads
engineering-Best Management Practices, 2001</p>
<p>Quarry sites will not be located on slope where erosion may be a
problem</p></td>
<td colspan="2">Woreda Safety Net Team Leader</td>
<td colspan="3">Quarter</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="6">50%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">Check dam, terraces and bunds Construction for soil and
water conservation on sloppy communal lands</td>
<td>Increased soil erosion</td>
<td>medium</td>
<td colspan="2">Proper design and layout of check dams, terraces and
soil bunds as detailed in “Soil and Water Conservation Guidelines/Manual
For Ethiopia” and ESMF standards</td>
<td colspan="2">Woreda Safety Net Team Leader</td>
<td colspan="3">Quarter</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">Water harvesting ponds (village and household
levels)</td>
<td>Creation of stagnant water bodies in burrow pit; incidence of water
borne or water related disease</td>
<td>medium</td>
<td colspan="2">Improved landscaping, filling or drainage of water
harvesting ponds</td>
<td colspan="2">Woreda Safety Net Team Leader</td>
<td colspan="3">Quarter</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">Dry season cropping (land under irrigation)</td>
<td>Soil fertility degradation under intensified cropping systems</td>
<td>medium</td>
<td colspan="2">Proper crop rotation culture , intercropping with
legumes and training,</td>
<td colspan="2">Woreda Safety Net Team Leader</td>
<td colspan="3">Quarter</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">Spring development</td>
<td>Potential for water contamination, Soil erosion; Incidence of
disease due to standing water near spring point</td>
<td>medium</td>
<td colspan="2">Construct soil conservation structures on slope; provide
proper drainage around spring point; install livestock drinking trough
at least 50 meters from water source</td>
<td colspan="2">Woreda Safety Net Team Leader</td>
<td colspan="3">Quarter</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">Cattle trough construction, use and management</td>
<td>Soil erosion; Overgrazing and degradation of vegetation and soil
around water points; Stagnation of spilled water becoming habitat for
breeding of waterborne diseases</td>
<td>medium</td>
<td colspan="2">Careful location of construction site, burrow pits and
quarries to avoid steep slopes prone to erosion. Construct many small
capacity cattle troughs spaced so as to minimize impact on
vegetation</td>
<td colspan="2">Woreda Safety Net Team Leader</td>
<td colspan="3">Quarter</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="13"><em>Program Objective 3: Diversifying and Expanding
Household Assets: 150,000 chronically food insecure women, men and
children (approximately 30,000 households) receive government safety net
assistance over the life of the HIBRET Program in ways that effectively
protect household assets and mitigate existing gender barriers to enable
them to work toward escaping food insecurity</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="13"><em>Intermediate Result 3.1 : (Farm Productivity and
Diversification) 30,000 households linked to sources of ideas or
technologies related to farm diversification and improving land and
livestock productivity.</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Small-Scale irrigation development (including backyard drip
irrigation)</td>
<td colspan="2"><p>Soil erosion; water logging of soils</p>
<p>Salinization of soils; Leaching of nutrients from soil; incidence of
water borne and related disease</p>
<p>Conflict with downstream water users,</p>
<p>Health related disease hazards arising from stagnating water over
canals and irrigation field.</p></td>
<td colspan="2">Medium</td>
<td>Proper design and layout of field avoiding too steep gradient as per
“Procedural Guidelines for Study of Small and Medium Scale Irrigation
Projects in Ethiopia.” Train farmers to regulate water application to
avoid over watering. Design of canal system to minimize risk. Train
farmers to avoid over-watering. Maintenance plan to avoid stagnant
water</td>
<td colspan="3">Lead Facilitator</td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Increase in the small livestock and poultry population</td>
<td colspan="2">Small livestock, goats in particular may result in
further degradation of the grazing areas.</td>
<td colspan="2">Medium</td>
<td colspan="2">Promote live fencing of sections where backyard poultry
is kept when crops are particularly vulnerable. Link goat rearing with
on-farm production of forage for cut and carry system</td>
<td colspan="3">Lead Facilitator</td>
<td colspan="2">Quarter</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Wood-based income generation</td>
<td colspan="2">The sales of firewood and carpentry products may
increase pressure on limited forest resources</td>
<td colspan="2">Medium</td>
<td colspan="2">Link this activity with project tree planting
initiatives. Train users in sustainable resource use principles</td>
<td colspan="2">Livelihood Officer</td>
<td colspan="3" rowspan="3"></td>
<td rowspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Clay based handicrafts (pottery)</td>
<td colspan="2">Pottery may result in formation of borrow pits serving
as a place for stagnant water and hence a breeding place for water born
diseases.</td>
<td colspan="2">Medium</td>
<td colspan="2">Train users in proper reclamation of burrow pits.</td>
<td colspan="2">Livelihood Officer</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Latrine construction</td>
<td colspan="2"><p>Ground water contamination</p>
<p>Incidence of disease</p></td>
<td colspan="2">medium</td>
<td colspan="2"><p>Locate latrines downstream or downhill from wells and
not in recharge area</p>
<p>Latrines to be at least 40 meters from wells</p>
<p>Proper drainage around the latrines</p>
<p>Comply with Sphere minimum standards</p></td>
<td colspan="2">Lead Facilitator</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

REST ETHIOPIA

+---------+-------------+----+------------+--------------+-------+---+---+
| **Activ | **Potential | ** | **         | **Monitoring | **Res |   | * |
| ities** | Impacts**   | Ri | Mitigation | indicators** | ponsi |   | * |
|         |             | sk | for        |              | ble** |   | B |
|         |             | ** | Impact**   |              |       |   | u |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   | d |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   | g |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   | e |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   | t |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   | i |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   | n |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   | U |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   | S |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   | D |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   | * |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   | * |
+---------+-------------+----+------------+--------------+-------+---+---+
| P       | -   Erosion | me | -   Proper | -            | -     | 3 |   |
| hysical |     in the  | di |     design | Accumulation | REST, | 0 |   |
| conse   |             | um |     and    |     of       |       | 0 |   |
| rvation |  down-slope |    |            |     topsoil  |    we |   |   |
|         |     areas   |    |  selection |     behind   | redas |   |   |
| 1\.     |             |    |     of     |     the      |     a |   |   |
| Ca      | -           |    |     a      |              | gricu |   |   |
| tchment |    Breeding |    | ppropriate |   structures | lture |   |   |
| tr      |     place   |    |            |              |       |   |   |
| eatment |     for     |    |  structure | -            |   off |   |   |
|         |             |    |     to the |    Technical | ices, |   |   |
| (Stone  |    rodents, |    |            |     app      |       |   |   |
| bund,   |     damage  |    | respective | ropriateness |  comm |   |   |
| Trench, |     the     |    |     land   |     of the   | unity |   |   |
| Check   |     crops   |    |     forms  |     physical |       |   |   |
| dam,    |             |    |            |              | repre |   |   |
| Micro-  | -   Loss of |    | -          |   structures | senta |   |   |
| basins, |             |    | Minimizing |              | tives |   |   |
| Check   |  vegetation |    |            | -            |       |   |   |
| dam     |             |    |   clearing |              |   and |   |   |
| ponds,  | -   Land    |    |     of     |              |       |   |   |
| cut off |     slide   |    |            |              |   the |   |   |
| drain,  |             |    | vegetation |              |       |   |   |
| water   |             |    |     during |              |  comm |   |   |
| di      |             |    |     co     |              | unity |   |   |
| verting |             |    | nstruction |              |       |   |   |
| ch      |             |    |     of the |              |    at |   |   |
| eckdams |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
| and     |             |    | structures |              | large |   |   |
| perc    |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
| olation |             |    | -          |              | -     |   |   |
| ponds)  |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
+---------+-------------+----+------------+--------------+-------+---+---+
| F       | -   Loss of | Me | -          | -   Seedling | \-    | 1 |   |
| orestry |     b       | di |  Selection |     survival | REST, | 0 |   |
| (       | iodiversity | um |     of     |     rate     | we    | 0 |   |
| Raising |             |    |            |              | redas |   |   |
| of      | -   Lower   |    |    species | -            | A     |   |   |
| see     |     and/or  |    |            |    Community | gricu |   |   |
| dlings, |     deplete |    | compatible |              | lture |   |   |
| pitting |     water   |    |     with   |   acceptance | of    |   |   |
| and out |     table   |    |     the    |     and      | fices |   |   |
| p       |     of the  |    |     area   |     demand   | and   |   |   |
| lanting |             |    |            |     of the   | comm  |   |   |
| of      | surrounding |    |    ecology |     planted  | unity |   |   |
| trees   |     areas   |    |     and    |     species  | repre |   |   |
|         |             |    |     ec     |              | senta |   |   |
|         |             |    | onomically | -            | tives |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |   Incidences |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | usefulness |     of new   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     of the |     pest     |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     plants |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |    outbreaks |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -          |     and      |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |   Restrict |     plant    |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     diseases |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |   planting |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     the    | -            |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     type   |    Community |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     of     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     trees  |    awareness |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     that   |     level on |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    deplete |    disposing |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     water  |     of the   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     out of |     unwanted |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     the    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     s      |    materials |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | urrounding |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     of     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     water  |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     bodies |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -   Use of |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     a      |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | ppropriate |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |  polythene |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     tube   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |   disposal |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     use of |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     less   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     toxic  |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     low    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     soil   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     p      |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | ersistence |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     pest   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     side   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     for    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     the    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    nursery |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     site   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -   Expand |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     area   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    closure |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     to     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |   maintain |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     the    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     bi     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | odiversity |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     of the |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     areas  |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | >          |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |  Introduce |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | > fuel     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | > saving   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | > stoves   |              |       |   |   |
+---------+-------------+----+------------+--------------+-------+---+---+
| Area    | -           | Me | -          | -   Extent   | \-    | 1 |   |
| closure |    Pressure | di |  Selection |     of       | REST, | 0 |   |
|         |     on      | um |     of     |              | we    | 0 |   |
|         |             |    |            |  overgrazing | redas |   |   |
|         |   remaining |    |    species |     on the   | A     |   |   |
|         |     grazing |    |            |     nearby   | gricu |   |   |
|         |     areas   |    | compatible |     areas to | lture |   |   |
|         |     causing |    |     with   |     the area | of    |   |   |
|         |             |    |     the    |     closure  | fices |   |   |
|         | degradation |    |     area   |              | and   |   |   |
|         |     due to  |    |            | -   Change   | comm  |   |   |
|         |     grazing |    |    ecology |     in plant | unity |   |   |
|         |     and     |    |     and    |     species  | repre |   |   |
|         |             |    |     ec     |              | senta |   |   |
|         |    firewood |    | onomically |  composition | tives |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |  collection |    | usefulness | -   Damage   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     of the |     to young |       |   |   |
|         | -   E       |    |     plants |     plants   |       |   |   |
|         | ncroachment |    |            |     by       |       |   |   |
|         |     with    |    | -          |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |  Promotion |    livestock |       |   |   |
|         |    unwanted |    |     of     |              |       |   |   |
|         |     plants  |    |     wood   | -   Extent   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     lot    |     of       |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     for    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     fuel   | rejuvenation |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     wood   |     in the   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     other  |   enclosures |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     uses   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -          |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |  Introduce |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     fuel   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     saving |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     stoves |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -   In     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | troduction |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     of     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |  regulated |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | rotational |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    grazing |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -   D      |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | evelopment |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     impl   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | ementation |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     of     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     area   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    closure |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | management |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     plan   |              |       |   |   |
+---------+-------------+----+------------+--------------+-------+---+---+
| Rural   | -   Soil    | Me | -   To     | -   Amount   | -     | 5 |   |
| road    |     erosion | di |            |     of       |    We | 0 |   |
| const   |             | um |   minimize |     erosion  | redas |   |   |
| ruction | -   New     |    |     and/or |     before   |       |   |   |
| (new    |     gully   |    |     avoid  |     and      | admin |   |   |
| road    |             |    |     soil   |     after    | istra |   |   |
| const   |   formation |    |            |     road     | tion, |   |   |
| ruction |             |    |    erosion |              |       |   |   |
| and     | -           |    |     proper | construction |  comm |   |   |
| road    |    Altering |    |     design |              | unity |   |   |
| maint   |     of      |    |     will   | -            |       |   |   |
| enance) |             |    |     be     | Construction | repre |   |   |
|         |    existing |    |            |     and      | senta |   |   |
|         |     water   |    |   prepared |              | tives |   |   |
|         |     courses |    |     and    |  maintenance |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     i      |     of the   |   and |   |   |
|         | -   Loss of |    | mplemented |     road     |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     for    |              |  REST |   |   |
|         |  cultivable |    |     the    |    according |       |   |   |
|         | /productive |    |            |     to       |       |   |   |
|         |     land    |    |  diversion |     stated   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     norms    |       |   |   |
|         | -   Se      |    |    ditches |     and      |       |   |   |
|         | dimentation |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |     and     |    | -          |    standards |       |   |   |
|         |     silting |    |    Filling |              |       |   |   |
|         |     to      |    |     low    | -            |       |   |   |
|         |     nearby  |    |     poi    |  Maintenance |       |   |   |
|         |     surface |    | nts/proper |     plan set |       |   |   |
|         |     water   |    |            |     for the  |       |   |   |
|         |     bodies  |    |  surfacing |     road     |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -   Str    | -   Presence |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | engthening |     of       |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     weak   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |  appropriate |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |   sections |     ditch    |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     with   |     and safe |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     stone  |     drainage |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |  pavements |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -   Co     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | nstruction |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     of     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     side   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |   drainage |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    culvert |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -          |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |   Avoiding |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |   gradient |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     over   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     10%    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -   Keep   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    minimum |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     width  |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     in     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     co     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | nstructing |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     the    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     road   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and/or |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     use    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |   existing |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     road   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |  alignment |              |       |   |   |
+---------+-------------+----+------------+--------------+-------+---+---+
| Water   | -   Co      | Me | -   Adopt  | -   Number   | -     | 2 |   |
| har     | ntamination | di |     a      |     of       | REST, | 0 |   |
| vesting |     of      | um |            |     farmers  |     A | 0 |   |
| and     |     surface |    |  watershed |     trained  | gricu |   |   |
| mic     |     and     |    |            |     on       | lture |   |   |
| ro-irri |             |    | management |              |     b |   |   |
| gation: | underground |    |            |   irrigation | ureau |   |   |
| Series  |     water   |    |   approach |     scheme   |       |   |   |
| of      |     during  |    |     while  |              |   and |   |   |
| ponds,  |     c       |    |            |   management |       |   |   |
| unde    | onstruction |    |  designing |              |  comm |   |   |
| rground |             |    |     the    | -            | unity |   |   |
| water   | -   Down    |    |            |   Efficiency |       |   |   |
| tanks,  |     stream  |    |    project |     of the   | repre |   |   |
| min     |     water   |    |            |     water    | senta |   |   |
| i-dams, |     flow    |    | -          |     delivery | tives |   |   |
| small   |             |    |    Regular |     system   |       |   |   |
| co      |   reduction |    |            |              |       |   |   |
| mmunity |             |    |   clearing | -   Number   |       |   |   |
|         | -           |    |     and    |     of sites |       |   |   |
|         |   Siltation |    |     m      |     with     |       |   |   |
|         |     and     |    | aintenance |     standin  |       |   |   |
|         |     se      |    |     of the | g/stagnating |       |   |   |
|         | dimentation |    |     canal  |     water in |       |   |   |
|         |     of the  |    |            |     the      |       |   |   |
|         |     pods    |    | -   Design |     plots    |       |   |   |
|         |     and     |    |     water  |     and      |       |   |   |
|         |     canals; |    |     canals |     canals   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     for    |              |       |   |   |
|         | -           |    |            | -            |       |   |   |
|         |    Blockage |    |   reducing |   Efficiency |       |   |   |
|         |     of      |    |     sed    |     of the   |       |   |   |
|         |     canals  |    | imentation |     role of  |       |   |   |
|         |     by      |    |     and    |     water    |       |   |   |
|         |     weeds   |    |            |     users    |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | facilitate |              |       |   |   |
|         | -           |    |            |  association |       |   |   |
|         |    Standing |    |   drainage |              |       |   |   |
|         |     water   |    |     and    | -   Presence |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     m      |     of water |       |   |   |
|         |    becoming |    | aintenance |     logging  |       |   |   |
|         |     a       |    |            |     and      |       |   |   |
|         |     vector  |    | -   Ensure |     Salinity |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     proper |              |       |   |   |
|         |    breading |    |     water  | -            |       |   |   |
|         |     sites   |    |            |   Production |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | management |              |       |   |   |
|         | -   Soil    |    |     and    |    increment |       |   |   |
|         |     erosion |    |            |     as a     |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | irrigation |     result   |       |   |   |
|         | -   Change  |    |     system |     of the   |       |   |   |
|         |     in soil |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -          |   irrigation |       |   |   |
|         |   chemistry |    | Facilitate |     schemes  |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     at       |       |   |   |
|         |  (fertility |    | vegetation |              |       |   |   |
|         |     and     |    |     re     |    household |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | generation |     level    |       |   |   |
|         |   salinity) |    |     around |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     the    | -            |       |   |   |
|         | -           |    |     water  |   Incidences |       |   |   |
|         |    Conflict |    |     bodies |     of water |       |   |   |
|         |     on      |    |            |     borne    |       |   |   |
|         |     water   |    | -   Create |     and      |       |   |   |
|         |     access  |    |     a      |     related  |       |   |   |
|         |     and     |    |     water  |     diseases |       |   |   |
|         |     rights  |    |     users  |     as a     |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     a      |     result   |       |   |   |
|         | -   Water   |    | ssociation |     of the   |       |   |   |
|         |     borne   |    |     and    |     activity |       |   |   |
|         |     and     |    |     help   |              |       |   |   |
|         |     related |    |     to set | -            |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     their  |   Incidences |       |   |   |
|         |    diseases |    |     bylaws |     of       |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |  balancing |    conflicts |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     the    |     observed |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     gender |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     equity | -   Levels   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     in     |     of       |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     erosion  |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | membership |     in the   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     to     |     project  |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     e      |     areas    |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | ffectively |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     manage |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     the    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     water  |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     ensure |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     an     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |  equitable |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     access |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     by all |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     the    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     ben    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | eficiaries |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -          |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |   Training |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     for    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     water  |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     user   |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     as     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | sociations |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     d      |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | evelopment |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     agents |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     on     |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     water  |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     m      |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | anagement, |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | irrigation |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     t      |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | echniques, |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     health |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | sanitation |              |       |   |   |
+---------+-------------+----+------------+--------------+-------+---+---+
| 5.2     | -           | Me | -   Making | -            | REST, | 1 |   |
| Const   |   Potential | di |     the    |    Cleanness | w     | 2 |   |
| ruction |     ground  | um |     pits   |     and      | ereda | 0 |   |
| of      |     water   |    |            |              | h     |   |   |
| ACCESS  |     co      |    |    shallow |  ventilation | ealth |   |   |
| school  | ntamination |    |     and    |     of the   | o     |   |   |
|         |     and     |    |            |     latrine  | ffice |   |   |
|         |             |    |  temporary |              | and   |   |   |
|         |   incidence |    |     to be  | -   Number   | Non   |   |   |
|         |     of      |    |     used   |     of       | f     |   |   |
|         |     disease |    |     only   |     patients | ormal |   |   |
|         |     as a    |    |     for    |     as a     | educ  |   |   |
|         |     result  |    |     few    |     result   | ation |   |   |
|         |     of the  |    |     years  |     of the   | commi |   |   |
|         |     c       |    |            |              | ttees |   |   |
|         | onstruction |    | -   Site   |  constructed |       |   |   |
|         |     of      |    |            |     latrine  |       |   |   |
|         |     latrine |    |  selection |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     to be  | -   Number   |       |   |   |
|         | -   Soil    |    |     below  |     of       |       |   |   |
|         |     erosion |    |     water  |     persons  |       |   |   |
|         |     where   |    |     points |     using    |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and to |     outside  |       |   |   |
|         |  excavation |    |     be on  |     the      |       |   |   |
|         |     take    |    |            |     latrine  |       |   |   |
|         |     place   |    |   marginal |              |       |   |   |
|         |     for     |    |     land   |              |       |   |   |
|         |     c       |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         | onstruction |    | -          |              |       |   |   |
|         |     of and  |    |   Planting |              |       |   |   |
|         |     to      |    |     of     |              |       |   |   |
|         |     quarry  |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |     stone   |    |  different |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     trees  |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     in the |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |   compound |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     of the |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     school |              |       |   |   |
+---------+-------------+----+------------+--------------+-------+---+---+
| **6.    |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
| Li      |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
| vestock |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
| develo  |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
| pment** |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
+---------+-------------+----+------------+--------------+-------+---+---+
| Li      | -   Land    | me | -          | -   Change   | \-    | 1 |   |
| vestock |             | di | Practicing |     in       | REST, | 5 |   |
| deve    | degradation | um |     zero   |     number   | A     | 0 |   |
| lopment |     due to  |    |            |     of       | gricu |   |   |
|         |     over    |    |    grazing |              | lture |   |   |
| 1\.     |     grazing |    |            |    livestock | of    |   |   |
| Li      |             |    | -   V      |              | fice, |   |   |
| vestock | -           |    | accination |    dependent | exte  |   |   |
| pr      |    Pressure |    |     and    |     on       | nsion |   |   |
| ovision |     on      |    |     follow |     grazing  | ag    |   |   |
| (dairy  |     natural |    |     up of  |              | ents, |   |   |
| cows,   |             |    |     the    | -   Number   | and   |   |   |
| small   |    resource |    |            |     of       | comm  |   |   |
| rum     |             |    | introduced |     farmers  | unity |   |   |
| inants, |             |    |            |     adopting | repre |   |   |
| p       |             |    |    animals |     the use  | senta |   |   |
| oultry, |             |    |            |     of zero  | tives |   |   |
| honey   |             |    | -          |     grazing  |       |   |   |
| bees)   |             |    |   Training |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | -   Number   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    farmers |     of cases |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     on     |     of new   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |  livestock |    livestock |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     disease  |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | management |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |    outbreaks |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -   Focus  |     as a     |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     on     |     result   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     local  |     of       |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | productive |  introducing |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and    |     the      |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     mixed  |     animals  |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     breeds |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | -            |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -          |   Management |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |   Increase |     of       |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     feed   |     improved |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     av     |     bee      |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | ailability |     hives    |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    through | -   Level of |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |  intensive |    household |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     forage |     income   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     d      |     of the   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | evelopment |     b        |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | eneficiaries |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -   Use of |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | -            |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | rotational | Availability |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and    |     of feed  |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |  regulated | -            |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | Productivity |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    grazing |     of the   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |   introduced |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |    livestock |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | Change of    |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | farmers      |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | practice in  |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | livestock    |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | management   |       |   |   |
+---------+-------------+----+------------+--------------+-------+---+---+
| 2\.     | Potential   | L  | -   Select | -   Area of  | Min   | 1 |   |
| Forage  | spreading   | ow |            |     land     | istry | 0 |   |
| deve    | of new      |    |    locally |     over     | of    | 0 |   |
| lopment | weeds and   |    |            |     sown     | ag    |   |   |
|         | pest for    |    |    adapted |     with     | ricul |   |   |
|         | competition |    |     seeds  |     forage   | ture, |   |   |
|         | of          |    |            |     seeds    | REST, |   |   |
|         | resources   |    | -   Use of |              | A     |   |   |
|         |             |    |     only   | -   Level of | gricu |   |   |
|         | Invasion of |    |            |     increase | lture |   |   |
|         | the exotic  |    |  certified |     in       | o     |   |   |
|         | over the    |    |     seeds  |     animal   | ffice |   |   |
|         | endogenous  |    |            |     feed     | and   |   |   |
|         |             |    | -          |              | exte  |   |   |
|         |             |    |    Promote | availability | nsion |   |   |
|         |             |    |     cut    |              | a     |   |   |
|         |             |    |     and    | -   Level of | gents |   |   |
|         |             |    |     carry  |     adoption |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     system |     of       |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     forage   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |  development |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     by the   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |    community |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > Number of  |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > farmers    |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > adopting   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > the zero   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > grazing    |       |   |   |
+---------+-------------+----+------------+--------------+-------+---+---+
| 1\.     | -           | Me | -   Proper | -            | REST  | 2 |   |
| Const   |   Excessive | di |            |  Improvement | col   | 0 |   |
| ruction |             | um |   standard |     in       | labor | 0 |   |
| Water   | abstraction |    |     e      |     health   | ating |   |   |
| supply  |     of      |    | ngineering |     status   | with  |   |   |
| points  |     ground  |    |            |              | W     |   |   |
| (       |     water.  |    |    design, | ```{=html}   | OREDA |   |   |
| spring, |             |    |     survey | <!-- -->     | Water |   |   |
| bo      | -   Water   |    |     and    | ```          | Reso  |   |   |
| rehole, |     co      |    |     co     | -   Water    | urces |   |   |
| Hand    | ntamination |    | nstruction |              |       |   |   |
| dug     |     due to  |    |     of     |   catchments |       |   |   |
| wells   |     at the  |    |     water  |     status   |       |   |   |
| and     |     drawing |    |            |              |       |   |   |
| ro      |     points  |    |   supplies | ```{=html}   |       |   |   |
| of-rain |             |    |            | <!-- -->     |       |   |   |
| water   | -           |    | -   Di     | ```          |       |   |   |
| ha      |   increased |    | sinfecting | -   Soil     |       |   |   |
| rvests) |     water   |    |     (by    |     erosion  |       |   |   |
|         |     borne   |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |     disease |    |  chlorine) |    frequency |       |   |   |
|         |     vectors |    |     after  |     of       |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | completion |   de-silting |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     of     |     of the   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     co     |     water    |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | nstruction |     points   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     every  |     by the   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     3      |     Water    |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     and      |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    months. |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |   Sanitation |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | -   Water  |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |   Committees |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    quality |     and      |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     follow   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |    testing |     up       |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |     for    |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | ```{=html}   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    | parameters | <!-- -->     |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | ```          |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | -            |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |  Maintenance |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     manpower |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     in place |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | ```{=html}   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | <!-- -->     |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | ```          |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | -            |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |    Reduction |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     of       |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     women\'s |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     work     |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |     load     |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            |              |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > Level of   |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > depletion  |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > of the     |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > ground     |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > water and  |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > aquifer    |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > from field |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > data       |       |   |   |
|         |             |    |            | > records    |       |   |   |
+---------+-------------+----+------------+--------------+-------+---+---+

WORLD VISION ETHIOPIA

+--------+------------+----+--------------+-----+--------+-----+-----+
| **     | *          | ** | **Mitigation | **M | **Moni | **R | **  |
| Activi | *Potential | Ri | Measures**   | oni | toring | esp | Est |
| ties** | Negative   | sk |              | tor | Indic  | ons | ima |
|        | Env        | ** |              | ing | ator** | ibl | ted |
|        | ironmental |    |              | Fr  |        | e** | M   |
|        | Impact**   |    |              | equ |        |     | oni |
|        |            |    |              | enc |        |     | tor |
|        |            |    |              | y** |        |     | ing |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     | Cos |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     | t** |
+--------+------------+----+--------------+-----+--------+-----+-----+
| -      | -   Soil   | Me | -   Involve  | S   | -   \# | In  | No  |
|   Soil |            | di |              | eas |     f  | fra | a   |
|        |    erosion | um |  appropriate | ona | armers | str | ddi |
|    and |            |    |     experts  | lly |     t  | uct | tio |
|        | -          |    |     in the   |     | rained | ure | nal |
|  Water |   Creation |    |     id       |     |     in | Fac | bud |
|        |     of     |    | entification |     |     N  | ili | get |
| Conser |            |    |     of the   |     | atural | tat | is  |
| vation |   seasonal |    |     area to  |     |        | ors | req |
|        |     water  |    |              |     |    Res |     | uir |
|   stru |     logged |    |    implement |     | ources |     | ed. |
| ctures |     area   |    |     each     |     |        |     | It  |
|        |            |    |     specific |     |   Mana |     | can |
| Constr |     -      |    |              |     | gement |     | be  |
| uction |    Erosion |    |    activity, |     |        |     | h   |
|        |         of |    |              |     |  (NRM) |     | and |
|  (Soil |            |    | -   Use      |     |        |     | led |
| /stone |       down |    |              |     |    pra |     | wit |
|        |            |    |  appropriate |     | ctices |     | hin |
|   bund |      slope |    |              |     |        |     | the |
|     ,  |            |    |    standards |     | -   Km |     | ac  |
|     Hi |      areas |    |     and      |     |     of |     | tiv |
| llside |         as |    |     design   |     |        |     | ity |
|     te |         a  |    |     prepared |     |   soil |     | b   |
| rrace, |            |    |     for the  |     |     &  |     | udg |
|        |     result |    |     PSNP,    |     |        |     | et. |
|  Fanya |         of |    |              |     |  water |     |     |
|        |            |    | ```{=html}   |     |        |     |     |
|   juu, |       poor |    | <!-- -->     |     | conser |     |     |
|        |            |    | ```          |     | vation |     |     |
|  Check |   physical |    | -   Consider |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     the      |     |   stru |     |     |
|  dams, | structures |    |     problem  |     | ctures |     |     |
|     C  |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
| ut-off | -          |    |   associated |     |    com |     |     |
|        |   Creation |    |     with the |     | pleted |     |     |
| drain, |     of     |    |     c        |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | oncentration |     |        |     |     |
|  Micro | seasonally |    |     of       |     |        |     |     |
|        |     marshy |    |     run-off  |     |        |     |     |
|  basin |     areas, |    |     water on |     |        |     |     |
|     )  |     loss   |    |     down     |     |        |     |     |
|        |     of     |    |     stream   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     areas,   |     |        |     |     |
|        |    grazing |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |     lands  |    | -   Identify |     |        |     |     |
|        |     and    |    |     ways     |     |        |     |     |
|        |     loss   |    |     local    |     |        |     |     |
|        |     of     |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |    materials |     |        |     |     |
|        |   valuable |    |     could be |     |        |     |     |
|        |     soil   |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |    assembled |     |        |     |     |
|        | -          |    |     without  |     |        |     |     |
|        |  Potential |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |     danger |    |   disrupting |     |        |     |     |
|        |     for    |    |     land     |     |        |     |     |
|        |     land   |    |     surface  |     |        |     |     |
|        |     slides |    |     of the   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     source,  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -            |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |   Structures |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     should   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     not be   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |   positioned |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     in such  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     a way    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     that     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     would    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |   jeopardize |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     the      |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |  utilization |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     or       |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     e        |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | nvironmental |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |    integrity |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     of       |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |    adjoining |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     lands,   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   Conduct  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |  appropriate |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     training |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     to       |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |  technicians |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     who will |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     be in    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     charge   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     of       |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |  supervising |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     at the   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     site     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     during   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     imp      |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | lementation, |     |        |     |     |
+--------+------------+----+--------------+-----+--------+-----+-----+
| Tree   | -   In     | Me | -   Give     | qua | -   \# | In  | No  |
| se     | troduction | di |     priority | rte |        | fra | a   |
| edling |     of new | um |     to local | rly |  trees | str | ddi |
| prod   |     plant  |    |     species  |     |        | uct | tio |
| uction |            |    |              |     |    see | ure | nal |
| and    |    species |    | -   Select   |     | dlings | Fa  | c   |
| pl     |     may    |    |     plants   |     |     p  | cil | ost |
| anting |     result |    |     that do  |     | lanted | ita |     |
|        |     in     |    |     not      |     |        | tor |     |
|        |     loss   |    |     require  |     |    and |     |     |
|        |     of     |    |     much     |     |        |     |     |
|        |     bi     |    |     soil     |     |    sur |     |     |
|        | odiversity |    |              |     | vived, |     |     |
|        |     (e.g.  |    |    nutrients |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     and      |     |        |     |     |
|        | Eucalyptus |    |     water    |     |        |     |     |
|        |     tree)  |    |     near the |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     farm     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     land     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   Certify  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     all      |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |   vegetative |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     inputs   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |   (seedlings |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     & seeds) |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     by       |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |  appropriate |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |    technical |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     person   |     |        |     |     |
+--------+------------+----+--------------+-----+--------+-----+-----+
| Feeder | -          | Me | -   Minimize | Wee | -      | In  | No  |
| roads  |   Decrease | di |     or avoid | kly |    Kms | fra | a   |
| constr |     in     | um |     road     |     |     of | str | ddi |
| uction |            |    |              |     |        | uct | tio |
| and    | cultivable |    | construction |     | feeder | ure | nal |
| maint  |     land   |    |     on       |     |        | fa  | co  |
| enance |            |    |              |     |  roads | cil | st. |
|        | -          |    |   cultivable |     |        | ita |     |
|        |   Increase |    |     land     |     |  const | tor |     |
|        |     soil   |    |              |     | ructed |     |     |
|        |            |    | ```{=html}   |     |        |     |     |
|        |    erosion |    | <!-- -->     |     |    and |     |     |
|        |            |    | ```          |     |        |     |     |
|        | -          |    | -   Ensure   |     |   main |     |     |
|        |   Decrease |    |     proper   |     | tained |     |     |
|        |     in     |    |     drainage |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        | vegetation |    | -   Minimize |     |        |     |     |
|        |     cover  |    |     soil     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     exposure |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     during   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | construction |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   Ensure   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     proper   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | construction |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | ```{=html}   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | <!-- -->     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | ```          |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -            |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |   Replanting |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     roadside |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |   vegetation |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | ```{=html}   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | <!-- -->     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | ```          |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   Avoid    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     and      |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     minimize |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     tree     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     removal  |     |        |     |     |
+--------+------------+----+--------------+-----+--------+-----+-----+
| Dr     | -          | Me | -   Apply    | S   | -   \# | In  | \$  |
| inking |   Improper | di |              | emi |        | fra | 300 |
| Water  |     waster | um |  appropriate | an  | WATSAN | str |     |
| Sc     |     usage  |    |              | nua |        | uct |     |
| hemes: |     and    |    |    technical | lly |    com | ure |     |
| Hand   |            |    |     design   |     | mittee | Fa  |     |
| dug &  |   drainage |    |              |     |        | cil |     |
| s      |     system |    | -   Conduct  |     |  estab | ita |     |
| hallow |     may    |    |              |     | lished | tor |     |
| wells  |     create |    |  appropriate |     |        | and |     |
| c      |            |    |     testing  |     | -   \# | L   |     |
| onstru |   stagnant |    |     for      |     |        | ive |     |
| ction; |     water  |    |     basic    |     |  water | lih |     |
| Spring |     in the |    |     bac      |     |        | ood |     |
| constr |     area   |    | teriological |     |  sites | div |     |
| uction |     that   |    |     and      |     |        | ers |     |
|        |     would  |    |     chemical |     |    dev | ifi |     |
|        |     foster |    |              |     | eloped | cat |     |
|        |            |    |   parameters |     |        | ion |     |
|        | unsanitary |    |     to       |     | -   \# | fa  |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        | cil |     |
|        |  condition |    |    determine |     |  times | ita |     |
|        |     and    |    |     water    |     |        | tor |     |
|        |            |    |     quality  |     |  water |     |     |
|        |   mosquito |    |              |     |     q  |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   Conduct  |     | uality |     |     |
|        |   breeding |    |     a        |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     regular  |     | tested |     |     |
|        | -   Water  |    |     water    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     quality  |     | -   \# |     |     |
|        |    quality |    |     testing  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     of all   |     |    com |     |     |
|        | -          |    |     water    |     | munity |     |     |
|        |   Lowering |    |     sources  |     |     m  |     |     |
|        |     of     |    |              |     | embers |     |     |
|        |     ground |    | -   Provide  |     |     t  |     |     |
|        |     water  |    |     training |     | rained |     |     |
|        |     level  |    |     to water |     |     in |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |     im |     |     |
|        | -   Damage |    |    committee |     | proved |     |     |
|        |     to     |    |     on the   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |   sani |     |     |
|        | vegetation |    |  sustainable |     | tation |     |     |
|        |     near   |    |     use of   |     |     &  |     |     |
|        |     the    |    |     water    |     |     h  |     |     |
|        |     water  |    |     system   |     | ygiene |     |     |
|        |     point  |    |              |     |        |     |     |
+--------+------------+----+--------------+-----+--------+-----+-----+
| *      | -          | Me | -   Ensure   | Q   | -   \# | In  | No  |
| *Small |   Conflict | di |              | uar |     of | fra | a   |
| -Scale |     with   | um | consultation | ter |        | str | ddi |
| Irri   |     other  |    |     with and | ly. |   irri | uct | tio |
| gation |            |    |     p        |     | gation | ure | nal |
| D      | users/uses |    | articipation |     |     s  | Fa  | co  |
| evelop |     of the |    |     of all   |     | chemes | cil | st. |
| ment** |     same   |    |              |     |        | ita |     |
|        |            |    | stakeholders |     |  estab | tor |     |
| -      |    surface |    |     in       |     | lished | and |     |
|  River |     water  |    |     decision |     |        | L   |     |
|        |            |    |     making   |     | -   \# | ive |     |
|    Div |  resource, |    |     at all   |     |     of | lih |     |
| ersion |            |    |     stages   |     |        | ood |     |
|        | ```{=html} |    |     of the   |     |   irri | div |     |
| -      | <!-- -->   |    |     project  |     | gation | ers |     |
| Spring | ```        |    |     cycle,   |     |        | ifi |     |
|        | -   Soil   |    |              |     |  water | cat |     |
|  devel |            |    | -   Maintain |     |        | ion |     |
| opment |    erosion |    |     minimum  |     | users' | fa  |     |
|        |     (due   |    |     flow to  |     |        | cil |     |
| -      |     to     |    |     down     |     | associ | ita |     |
|   Pump |     flow   |    |     stream   |     | ations | tor |     |
|        |     of     |    |     users    |     |        |     |     |
|   irri |     water  |    |              |     | establ |     |     |
| gation |     for    |    | -   Proper   |     | ished. |     |     |
|     on |            |    |     design/  |     |        |     |     |
|        |    surface |    | construction |     |        |     |     |
|   hand |     i      |    |     and      |     |        |     |     |
|        | rrigation) |    |     layout   |     |        |     |     |
|    dug |            |    |     of       |     |        |     |     |
|        | -          |    |     furrows  |     |        |     |     |
|  wells |  Siltation |    |     and      |     |        |     |     |
|        |     of     |    |     canals   |     |        |     |     |
| -      |            |    |     to avoid |     |        |     |     |
|   Hand |  channels, |    |     too      |     |        |     |     |
| /pedal |            |    |     stee     |     |        |     |     |
|        | ```{=html} |    | p/stagnating |     |        |     |     |
|   pump | <!-- -->   |    |     and      |     |        |     |     |
|        | ```        |    |     erosi    |     |        |     |     |
| -      | -   Water  |    | ve/retarding |     |        |     |     |
|   Drip |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |    logging |    |    (silting) |     |        |     |     |
|   Irri |     and    |    |              |     |        |     |     |
| gation |            |    |    gradients |     |        |     |     |
|        | stagnation |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |     in     |    | -            |     |        |     |     |
|        |     quarry |    | Construction |     |        |     |     |
|        |     sites  |    |     of       |     |        |     |     |
|        |     and    |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | bench/graded |     |        |     |     |
|        |    canals, |    |     terraces |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     on       |     |        |     |     |
|        | -          |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |  Excessive |    |    hillsides |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     to       |     |        |     |     |
|        |   watering |    |     minimize |     |        |     |     |
|        |     may    |    |     surface  |     |        |     |     |
|        |     lead   |    |     erosion, |     |        |     |     |
|        |     to     |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |     sa     |    | -            |     |        |     |     |
|        | linization |    |    Refilling |     |        |     |     |
|        |     of     |    |     of       |     |        |     |     |
|        |     soils  |    |     quarries |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     pits     |     |        |     |     |
|        | -   Over   |    |     hauled   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     for      |     |        |     |     |
|        | extraction |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |     of the |    | construction |     |        |     |     |
|        |     gr     |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        | oundwater, |    |   materials, |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        | -          |    | -            |     |        |     |     |
|        |   Leaching |    |    Establish |     |        |     |     |
|        |     of     |    |     proper   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     water    |     |        |     |     |
|        |  nutrients |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |     from   |    |   management |     |        |     |     |
|        |     soils  |    |     and      |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        | ```{=html} |    |  operational |     |        |     |     |
|        | <!-- -->   |    |     (M&O)    |     |        |     |     |
|        | ```        |    |     plan to  |     |        |     |     |
|        | -   Water  |    |     have an  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |    wastage |    |   equitable, |     |        |     |     |
|        |     due to |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |   controlled |     |        |     |     |
|        |    leakage |    |     and      |     |        |     |     |
|        |     of     |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |     pipes  |    |    regulated |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     water    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |  application |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     system   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     that     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     minimize |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |  stagnation, |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |    over-flow |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     and      |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     excess   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |    watering, |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   Form and |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     train    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     the      |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     mem      |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | bers/leaders |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     of the   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     water    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     users    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | associations |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     (WUAs)   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     on the   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     M&O.     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   Use of   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     low cost |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     canal    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     lining   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     to       |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     prevent  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     seepage, |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |   especially |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     with     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     river    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |    diversion |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     and      |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     springs. |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   Leaching |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     of salts |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     by       |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     flushing |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     soils    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | periodically |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -            |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |  Replacement |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     of       |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |    nutrients |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     by crop  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |    rotations |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     and      |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     proper   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     use of   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     natura   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | l/artificial |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |  fertilizer, |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | ```{=html}   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | <!-- -->     |     |        |     |     |
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|        |            |    | -   Safe     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     keeping  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     of the   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     drip     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     pipes    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     and      |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |  containers. |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | ```{=html}   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | <!-- -->     |     |        |     |     |
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|        |            |    |     of kits  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     when     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     damaged. |     |        |     |     |
+--------+------------+----+--------------+-----+--------+-----+-----+
| L      | -   Con    | Me | -   Select   | Qua | -   \# | Ca  | No  |
| atrine | tamination | di |              | rte |     la | pac | a   |
| constr |     of     | um |  appropriate | rly | trines | ity | ddi |
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|        |     and    |    | -   Involve  |     | ructed | ing | c   |
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|        |     ina    |    | construction |     |     m  | fra |     |
|        | ppropriate |    |              |     | embers | str |     |
|        |     site   |    | -   Consult  |     |     t  | uct |     |
|        |            |    |     closely  |     | rained | ure |     |
|        |  selection |    |     with the |     |     in | fa  |     |
|        |     and/or |    |              |     |     im | cil |     |
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|        | nstruction |    |     and the  |     |        | tor |     |
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|        |            |    |    community |     |        | tor |     |
|        |            |    |     on       |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     improved |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |   sanitation |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     &        |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     hygiene  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | []{.mark}    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | []{.mark}    |     |        |     |     |
+--------+------------+----+--------------+-----+--------+-----+-----+
| -      | -          | Me | -   Select   | Qua | -   \# | In  | No  |
|        |   Quarries | di |     sites    | rte |     of | fra | a   |
| -      |     and    | um |     that     | rly |        | str | ddi |
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|     in |     pits   |    |     minimize |     |        | ure | nal |
| frastr |            |    |     cutting  |     | blocks | Fa  | co  |
| ucture |    created |    |     of       |     |        | cil | st. |
|        |            |    |     trees.   |     |  const | ita |     |
| constr | -          |    |              |     | ructed | tor |     |
| uction |    Medical |    | -   Refill   |     |        |     |     |
|        |     waste  |    |     quarries |     | -   \# |     |     |
|    and |            |    |     and      |     |     of |     |     |
|        |   increase |    |     burrows  |     |        |     |     |
|  Maint |            |    |     dug for  |     | health |     |     |
| enance |    effects |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |     on     |    |   extraction |     |  posts |     |     |
| (**Sch |            |    |     of       |     |        |     |     |
| ools** |   existing |    |              |     |  const |     |     |
|        |            |    | construction |     | ructed |     |     |
| -      |   disposal |    |              |     |        |     |     |
| Health |     system |    |   materials. |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|  Posts | -          |    | -   Ensure   |     |        |     |     |
|        | Vegetation |    |     proper   |     |        |     |     |
| -      |            |    |     waste    |     |        |     |     |
|   Vet. |    removal |    |     disposal |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     within   |     |        |     |     |
|   Post |            |    |     health   |     |        |     |     |
| s**)** |            |    |     and vet  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     posts    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     through  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     training |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     the      |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     health   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     agents   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     about    |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     safe     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     disposal |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     of       |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     wastes.  |     |        |     |     |
+--------+------------+----+--------------+-----+--------+-----+-----+
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| proved |            |    |  appropriate |     | rained | div | nal |
| v      |    genetic |    |              |     |     in | ers | co  |
| ariety |     bi     |    |    technical |     |        | ifi | st. |
| of     | odiversity |    |              |     |    the | cat |     |
| seeds  |     and    |    |   specialist |     |        | ion |     |
| and    |     trees  |    |     that the |     |    use | fa  |     |
| see    |     that   |    |     types    |     |     of | cil |     |
| dlings |     resist |    |     have no  |     |     im | ita |     |
|        |            |    |              |     | proved | tor |     |
|        |    drought |    |    potential |     |        |     |     |
|        |     and    |    |     to       |     | agricu |     |     |
|        |            |    |     become   |     | ltural |     |     |
|        |    disease |    |              |     |     t  |     |     |
|        |            |    |    nuisance, |     | echnol |     |     |
|        | -          |    |              |     | ogies, |     |     |
|        |   Increase |    | -   All      |     |        |     |     |
|        |     in     |    |     seed,    |     | -   \# |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |   disease, |    |    seedlings |     |  fruit |     |     |
|        |     insect |    |     and      |     |        |     |     |
|        |     and    |    |     plant    |     |    see |     |     |
|        |     pests  |    |     stocks   |     | dlings |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |     pr |     |     |
|        | -          |    | disseminated |     | oduced |     |     |
|        |            |    |     will be  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     locally  |     |    and |     |     |
|        |            |    |     tested   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     and      |     |    sur |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     | vived, |     |     |
|        |            |    |    approved, |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   Provide  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     farmers  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     with     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |  appropriate |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |   trainings, |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   On farm  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     trails   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     will be  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |    conducted |     |        |     |     |
+--------+------------+----+--------------+-----+--------+-----+-----+
| Introd | -          | Me | -   Analyze  | Qua | -   \# | L   | No  |
| uction |  Increased | di |     the      | rte |     b  | ive | a   |
| of     |     soil   | um |     ch       | rly | enefic | lih | ddi |
| im     |            |    | aracteristic |     | iaries | ood | tio |
| proved |    erosion |    |     of       |     |     t  | div | nal |
| liv    |     due to |    |     animal   |     | rained | ers | co  |
| estock |            |    |     species  |     |     in | ifi | st. |
| breeds |   clearing |    |     and how  |     |        | cat |     |
|        |     of     |    |     each     |     |    liv | ion |     |
|        |            |    |     fits     |     | estock | fa  |     |
|        | vegetation |    |     into     |     |        | cil |     |
|        |     and    |    |     local    |     |  manag | ita |     |
|        |            |    |     farming  |     | ement, | tor |     |
|        |  trampling |    |     systems  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     and      |     | -   \# |     |     |
|        | -          |    |              |     |     of |     |     |
|        |            |    |   tradition. |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |  local |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   Limit    |     |     be |     |     |
|        |            |    |     size of  |     | ehives |     |     |
|        |            |    |     animals  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     to the   |     |    pro |     |     |
|        |            |    |     capacity |     | duced. |     |     |
|        |            |    |     of the   |     |     &  |     |     |
|        |            |    |     area     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     | distri |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   Control  |     | buted, |     |     |
|        |            |    |     length   |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     of       |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     grazing  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     time on  |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |   particular |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     area     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    | -   Restrict |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |              |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |    livestock |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     movement |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     from     |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     unstable |     |        |     |     |
|        |            |    |     areas,   |     |        |     |     |
+--------+------------+----+--------------+-----+--------+-----+-----+

**4.2 [Mitigating Measures]{.underline}:**

ASO16 IEE: 34 Ethiopia_SO_EG and amendment number 1 have detailed
mitigation measures for the project activities. This amendment number 3
elaborates in the above Environmental Management Plan (EMP) additional
and specific mitigation measures identified by each PVO, the monitoring
regime and the monitoring to be used in the management of the
environmental hazards identified. In addition to the mitigation measures
proposed in the EMP (Table 4.1) the following will measures and
conditions will be considered.

**4.2.1 Water and soil conservation**

Program activities related to this sector will have to ensure proper
design for soil and water conservation structures proposed to ensure
sustainability and potential to cause increased soil erosion. The
measures should include revegetating critical watershed areas and
applying a mix of water and soil conservation measures upstream areas
for better erosion control. Additionally, training of the implementing
and monitoring personnel and properly locating of the structures must be
carried out to ensure successful conservation measures. The program
partners and cooperating sponsors shall incorporate sectoral guidelines
for environmentally sound design for various sectoral projects in
[www.encapafrica.org/SmallScaleGuidelines.htm](http://www.encapafrica.org/SmallScaleGuidelines.htm).
The programs implementing soil and water conservation measures are also
advised to refer to Ethiopian ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development's (MoARD) *community based participatory watershed
development guideline* which has a very detailed treatment of this
sector. This document has a detailed Productive Safety Net Program
Implementation manual with a section on *environmental and social
management framework.* In addition the WFP and World Bank supported
document: *Infotechs on work norms and technical standards for main soil
and water conservation and specific infrastructure works* is a very
useful guide in implementing standard soil and water conservation
measures listed above.

#### 4.2.2 Small scale irrigation projects

The irrigation activities should take into account good irrigation
management, match water demand and supply by location, provide drainage
and line canals in highly permeable areas to prevent leaks, redesign
irrigation infrastructure to reduce waste, use sprinkler or drip
irrigation systems instead of gravity systems and encourage farmers to
value water resources by establishing a system of water user fees tied
to consumption. The program implementers must monitor soil chemistry,
identify indicator plant species, consult soil scientists, and apply
soil nutrients, conditioners and chemicals where feasible. To ensure
sustainability, measures should be taken to maintain irrigation canals,
clear weeds regularly, line canals against leaks, and encourage farmers
to value water resources by establishing a system of water use fees tied
to consumption. Irrigation drainage water should be treated before
release to avoid water quality problems for downstream users.

To reduce incidences of water related diseases, project implementers
must periodically flush slow or stagnant waterways with water from dams
to remove snails, clear clogged irrigation canals, control mosquitoes,
snails and blackfly along reservoirs by periodically fluctuating water
levels, making shorelines steeper and removing weeds and periodically
draining waterlogged fields to prevent mosquito buildups. In addition
women should be trained in health issues.

See the Environmental Guidelines for Small Scale Activities in Africa
(EGSSAA)
[www.encapafrica.org/SmallScaleGuidelines.htm](http://www.encapafrica.org/SmallScaleGuidelines.htm)
for full details on this sector including measures likely to reduce
social problems.

4.2.3 Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock development

Where animal diseases control measures are proposed this IEE cross
references the recommendations made under Southern Tier Initiative
(STI), which extends through FY06 and is covered by an approved IEE
(31Ethiopia11_SPO_12_SC_Animal_Health (7/2/01). The program partners and
cooperating sponsors shall incorporate sectoral guidelines for
environmentally sound design for various sectoral projects in
[www.encapafrica.org/SmallScaleGuidelines.htm](http://www.encapafrica.org/SmallScaleGuidelines.htm).
If pasture development mentioned under this section involves supporting
establishing forage fields involving crop protection measures, this IEE
cross references the Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action
Plan (33Ethiopia2_PERSUAP_SO7_SO11.doc\_(8/4/03)) developed and approved
by USAID/W in August 2003, and USAID should ensure that is followed by
implementing partners.

For grazing systems the project implementers must guarantee pastoralists
sufficient mobility and flexibility to manage grazing areas sustainably,
use water and biomass efficiently, destock rapidly in times of drought
and restock when rains return. In addition the managers of the grazing
program are asked to establish historical baselines for climate and
precipitation, taking into account seasonal and geographical variations.
These baselines should include soils, water quality and quantity, flora
and fauna, and the indicators must be selected to measure any deviation
from the baseline. The indicators should be monitored to gauge whether
long-term resilience of range and mixed farming systems is being
maintained. Preferably herders, pastoralists and farmers should be
trained as resource monitors.

For agricultural projects some suggested measures should include:
reducing habitat loss by increasing agricultural productivity and
sustainability on already farmed lands by using improved seeds, multiple
cropping, fertilizers, manures and rotating crops; establishing
protected zones near farming areas to improve watershed protection;
mimicking natural habitat by integrating perennial crops; low tillage
agriculture and improving irrigation efficiency.

4.2.4 Small scale rehabilitation, construction projects and water supply
systems

These rehabilitation and construction projects include rural roads
rehabilitation, latrines, schools, health posts, water supply projects,
spring head development, hand dug wells, sewers etc. The project
implementers should survey for and avoid, wetlands, estuaries or other
ecologically sensitive sites in the project areas that contain
endangered species and get professional assessment of species
sensitivity to construction. The construction should avoid damaging
vegetation, revegetate areas damaged during construction, rehabilitate
borrow pits, determine the potential for significant erosion, monitor
and keep drains and soak ways clear, etc. To protect hand dug wells,
seasonal ponds, and springs, effort should focus on; proper use and
maintenance of the improvements as part of behavior change and education
program; fencing or equivalent that will keep livestock from grazing
uphill or up gradient of the water supply improvement; and monitoring
drains and soakways and keeping them clear of debris, monitoring and
repairing leaks from cracked containment structures, broken pipes faulty
valves and similar structures.

**4.3 Environmental Responsibilities**

USAID/Ethiopia assumes responsibility for environmental screening,
review and decision-making for all USAID-assisted sub-grants as outlined
below:

-   Through the sub-grantees, and with the assistance of appropriate
    implementing partners, proposers will submit proposals that take
    into consideration potential environmental impacts and their
    mitigation, including avoidance, and will design the activities with
    an environmental monitoring system in place;

-   The proposer and the implementing partners will use the Screening
    Form to categorize proposals, and the MEO will review and pass on to
    the REO and BEO any Category 3 or 4 and, as he/she determines, any
    Category 2 activities for which further consultation is sought;

-   The proposer, with the assistance of implementing partners, as
    appropriate, will ensure implementation of agreed-upon mitigating
    measures and environmental impact monitoring;

-   The USAID Project Manager/Advisor will be ultimately responsible for
    monitoring environmental impacts of all project-financed sub-grants,
    as further specified below; and

-   Periodic visits of the REO or REA will also be requested for advice,
    refresher training and validation that environmental processes are
    in place.

**4.4 Monitoring, Evaluation and Mitigation**

-   The individual EMPs developed by each PVO are an elaborated and
    potentially effective monitoring and evaluation tool that can be
    integrated into the project management. USAID/Ethiopia should
    integrate it into its project monitoring plan.

USAID/ Ethiopia is ultimately responsible for assuring conformity with
the procedures spelled out above. With particular respect to monitoring,
evaluation and mitigation, the Mission is responsible for:

-   Monitoring and evaluation of activities after implementation with
    respect to environmental effects that may need to be mitigated, a
    process which should be integrated into the overall SO or Mission
    Performance Monitoring Plan;

-   Evaluation of implementing agents\' and/or grantees\' reports with
    respect to results of environmental mitigation and monitoring
    procedures;

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-   Incorporating into Mission field visits and consultations with
    grantee periodic examination of the environmental impacts of
    activities and associated mitigation and monitoring (assistance of
    the REO or REA in preparing guidelines or assisting with the
    monitoring and evaluation can be solicited); and

-   Reporting on implementation of mitigation and monitoring
    requirements as part of the summary of activities and their status
    that is passed to the REO and BEO and which is to be summarized in
    the Mission\'s Annual Report.

[^1]:

[^2]: See a) Infotechs on work norms and technical standards for main
    soil and water conservation and specific community infrastructure
    works by V. Carucci and T. Alemu -2004 and b) For full reference of
    all potential impacts, please refer to the attached *summary work
    norms prepared for field staff rapid reference --revised soil and
    water conservation work norms by MOA/WFP-2000-annexes 2 and 4.*