**Centralized Hydrogen Production from Coal Gasification with
Sequestration**

The figure represents a process for hydrogen production from coal that
uses the gasification/reforming technology with hot-gas cleanup, the
water-gas shift process, and carbon dioxide sequestration. The hydrogen
produced is separated at low pressure (\~300 psi) and compressed before
delivery to the hydrogen distribution system. Oxygen is used so that a
concentrated stream of carbon dioxide is produced for sequestration.

The petroleum energy use and the CO~2~ emissions from this process are
associated with the inability to sequester all of the CO~2~ produced in
the gasification process inefficiency of the sequestration process as
well as the energy needed for hydrogen liquefaction/pipeline
compression, delivery, and compression of the hydrogen at the forecourt.

![](media/image1.wmf){width="6.364583333333333in"
height="3.7534722222222223in"}

  -------------------- ------------ ------------ ----------------- -----------------
  **Well-to-Wheels                                                 
  Energy and                                                       
  Greenhouse Gas                                                   
  Emissions Data**                                                 

                       **Current    **Current    **Current (2005)  **Future (2030)
                       (2005)       (2005)       Coal with         Coal with
                       Gasoline ICE Gasoline     Sequestration -   Sequestration -
                       Vehicle**    Hybrid       FCV**             FCV**
                                    Electric                       
                                    Vehicle**                      

  **Well-to-Wheels     5,900        4,200        5,100             3,200
  Total Energy Use                                                 
  (Btu/mile)**                                                     

  **Well-to-Wheels     5,300        3,800        100               40
  Petroleum Energy Use                                             
  (Btu/mile)**                                                     

  **Well-to-Wheels     470          340          210               60
  Greenhouse Gas                                                   
  Emissions (g/mile)**                                             

  **Cost of Hydrogen                             5.10              2.20
  (\$/gge,                                                         
  Delivered)**                                                     
  -------------------- ------------ ------------ ----------------- -----------------

> **Notes: Centralized Hydrogen Production from Coal Gasification with
> Sequestration**

1.  Source: Well-to-wheels energy, petroleum and greenhouse gas
    emissions information from the Argonne National Laboratory GREET
    model, Version 1.7. Well-to-wheels values represent primary fuel
    production, electricity production, hydrogen production, and
    hydrogen delivery. Fossil resource exploration and equipment
    manufacture is not included.

2.  Source: Cost, resource requirements, energy requirements, all fuel
    and feedstock energy contents, and efficiency values for the
    Current (2005) case is from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
    and the H2A model, Version 1.0.9, Central Coal Gasification plant
    with a capacity of 308,000 kg/day.

3.  Source: Cost, resource requirements, energy requirements, all fuel
    and feedstock energy contents, and efficiency values for the
    Future (2030) case is from the Central Coal Gasification H2A model
    case, Version 1.0.9.

4.  Basis is 1 kg of hydrogen, dispensed from filling station for 5,000
    psi fills. A kg of hydrogen contains approximately the same amount
    of energy as one gallon of gasoline, or one gallon of gasoline
    equivalent (gge).

5.  Diagram is for Future (2030) case, showing feedstock and energy
    consumption levels required to meet technology cost goals. Flows in
    diagram represent direct energy and emissions between production and
    dispensing, and are not based on well-to-wheels calculations.

6.  The petroleum use and resultant GHG emissions are associated with
    the grid electricity for delivery, as well as CO~2~ that could not
    be captured and sequestered. 85% of the plant CO~2~ is assumed to be
    captured and sequestered. CO~2~ separation and sequestration costs
    are \$15/metric tonne of carbon.

7.  Fossil-based power plants generating grid electricity for the
    future (2030) case are assumed to sequester carbon emissions at a
    rate of 85%.

8.  Production plant electricity requirements for the future (2030) case
    are met through internally-generated power.

9.  The hydrogen delivery in the Current (2005) case assumes liquid
    hydrogen delivery by truck from a central plant located 76 miles
    from the forecourt station. Liquefier efficiency is 77.4%. Truck
    fuel consumption is 6 mi/gallon. Data were obtained from the H2A
    Delivery Scenario Model and GREET. The Future (2030) case assumes
    hydrogen pipeline delivery over 76 miles. Delivery costs include
    necessary compression and/or liquefaction equipment.

10. Cost of hydrogen delivery for the Current (2005) and Future (2030)
    cases is assumed to be \$3.50/kg and \$1.00/kg, respectively.

11. For the Current (2005) case, hydrogen is assumed to be received at
    the forecourt as a liquid and dispensed as a gas for 5,000 psi
    fills. For the Future (2030) case, hydrogen is assumed to be
    received at the forecourt as gaseous hydrogen at 250 psi by pipeline
    and dispensed for 5,000 psi fills. The cost of the forecourt
    operations is included in the delivery cost.

12. Efficiency results are presented in terms of lower heating value
    (LHV) of hydrogen.

13. Future (2030) case assumes pipeline compressed gas delivery to the
    forecourt station. Pipeline energy use calculated using the H2A
    Delivery Models.

14. The efficiency of the electric forecourt compressor, which raises
    the pressure of the gaseous hydrogen for 5,000 psi fills, is 94%.

15. The operating capacity factor of the production plant is 90%.

16. Coal feedstock prices are based on the 2015 projections for electric
    utility steam coal by the Department of Energy's Energy Information
    Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2005 High A case. Prices shown
    in table are in 2005 \$. Feedstock is inflated at 1.9%/year for the
    40 year operating life of the plant.

17. Electricity is consumed by the process for compression and plant
    operations. Electricity prices are based on the 2015 projections for
    industrial-rate electricity by the Department of Energy's Energy
    Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2005 High A case.
    Prices shown in table are in 2005 \$. Electricity is inflated at
    1.9%/year for the 40 year operating life of the plant.

18. The levelized capital cost for the Current (2005) and Future (2030)
    cases are \$1.00/kg hydrogen and \$0.67/kg of hydrogen

19. Cost of hydrogen is the minimum required to obtain a 10% internal
    rate of return after taxes on the capital investment.

20. The data relevant to the Centralized Hydrogen Production from Coal
    Gasification with Sequestration technology diagram above is provided
    in the table below.

  --------------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------
                                          **Current         **Future (2030)
                                          (2005)Coal with   Coal with
                                          Sequestration -   Sequestration -
                                          FCV**             FCV**

  **Coal Feedstock Price (\$/million Btu  1.19              1.19
  LHV)**                                                    

  **Coal Feedstock Price (\$/ton)**       26.70             26.70

  **Energy in Coal Feedstock (Btu)**      194,000           189,000

  **Electricity Price (\$/kWh)**          0.052             N/A - process
                                                            electricity
                                                            internally
                                                            generated

  **Electricity to Process (Btu)**        1,000             \-

  **Energy Losses from Process (Btu)**    79,000            73,000

  **Pressure of Hydrogen from Production  300               300
  (psi)**                                                   

  **Energy Use for Delivery at the        Negligible        7,200
  Forecourt (Btu)**                                         

  **Energy Use for Delivery Transport     34,000            2,000
  (Btu)**                                                   

  **Hydrogen Dispensing Fill Pressure     5,000             5,000
  (psi)**                                                   

  **Plant Gate Energy Use Including Coal  195,000           189,000
  Feedstock (Btu)**                                         

  **Production Process Efficiency**       59%               61%

  **Pathway Efficiency**                  51%               58%

  **CO~2~ Sequestered (lb/gge of hydrogen 38                37
  produced)**                                               

  **Greenhouse Gas Emissions from         7.2               7.0
  Production (lb/gge of hydrogen                            
  produced)**                                               
  --------------------------------------- ----------------- -----------------

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