+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| ![          | **Importation of Fresh Commercial Sweet Orange         |
| ](media/ima | (*Citrus sinensis* \[L.\] Osbeck) and Grapefruit       |
| ge1.png){wi | (*Citrus* x *paradisi* Macfad.) Fruit from Chile into  |
| dth="1.0in" | the Continental United States**                        |
| height=     |                                                        |
| "0.6875in"} |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](me      |                                                        |
| dia/image2. |                                                        |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="0.9625in" |                                                        |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 1.08125in"} |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| **\         | **A Pathway-Initiated Plant Pest Risk Analysis**       |
| United      |                                                        |
| States      |                                                        |
| Department\ |                                                        |
| of          |                                                        |
| A           |                                                        |
| griculture\ |                                                        |
| **          |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| **\         |                                                        |
| Animal and  |                                                        |
| Plant       |                                                        |
| Health\     |                                                        |
| Inspection  |                                                        |
| Service\    |                                                        |
| **          |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| **\         |                                                        |
| July 2007** |                                                        |
|             |                                                        |
| **Rev:      |                                                        |
| 001**       |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

**Agency Contact**:

USDA-APHIS-Plant Protection and Quarantine

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606-5202

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317779 .anchor}Executive Summary

This qualitative risk analysis document assesses plant pest risks
associated with the importation of fresh sweet orange (*Citrus sinensis*
\[L.\] Osbeck) and grapefruit (*C.* x *paradisi* Macfad.) fruit from
Chile into the continental United States. Estimates of risk are
expressed in the qualitative terms of high, medium, and low rather than
numerical terms of probabilities or frequencies. This analysis was
prepared by the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST),
of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (APHIS), in cooperation with the Servicio
Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) of the Ministerio de Agricultura de Chile and
the Chilean Exporters Association (Asoex).

Seventeen pests of *C. sinensis* and/or *C.* x *paradisi* with
quarantine significance for the United States were identified as
occurring in Chile. Of these, *Brevipalpus chilensis* Baker (Acarina:
Tenuipalpidae) is likely to follow the pathway into the continental
United States. Its Pest Risk Potential was rated as **High**. The pest
*Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is considered
eradicated in Chile, except in the province of Arica. For fruit imports
from that province, the pest risk potential for *C. capitata* is
**High**; fruit imports from all other regions of Chile are not expected
to be infested with *C. capitata*.

**[Table of Contents]{.underline}**

[Executive Summary i](#__RefHeading___Toc148317779)

[I. Introduction 3](#__RefHeading___Toc148317780)

[II. Initiating Event/Proposed Action 3](#__RefHeading___Toc148317781)

[III. Relevant Background Information on Chile
4](#__RefHeading___Toc148317782)

[3.1 Geography 4](#__RefHeading___Toc148317783)

[3.2 Current Citrus Fruit Production and Exports
4](#__RefHeading___Toc148317784)

[IV. Risk Assessment 5](#__RefHeading___Toc148317785)

[4.1 Weed Potential of *Citrus* spp. 5](#__RefHeading___Toc148317786)

[4.2 Relevant Regulatory Decision History
5](#__RefHeading___Toc148317787)

[4.3 Pest Interception Records 5](#__RefHeading___Toc148317788)

[4.4 Pests Associated with Oranges or Grapefruits and Reported in Chile
5](#__RefHeading___Toc148317789)

[4.5 Consequences of Introduction 8](#__RefHeading___Toc148317790)

[4.5.1 Pest - Climate Interaction 8](#__RefHeading___Toc148317791)

[4.5.2 Host Range 8](#__RefHeading___Toc148317792)

[4.5.3 Spread Potential 9](#__RefHeading___Toc148317793)

[4.5.4 Economic Impact 10](#__RefHeading___Toc148317794)

[4.5.5 Environmental Impact 11](#__RefHeading___Toc148317795)

[4.6 Likelihood of Introduction 12](#__RefHeading___Toc148317796)

[4.6.1 Quantity Imported Annually 12](#__RefHeading___Toc148317797)

[4.6.2 Survive Post-harvest Treatment 12](#__RefHeading___Toc148317798)

[4.6.3 Survive Shipment 13](#__RefHeading___Toc148317799)

[4.6.4 Not Detected at Port-of-Entry 14](#__RefHeading___Toc148317800)

[4.6.5 Moved to Suitable Habitat 14](#__RefHeading___Toc148317801)

[4.6.6 Contact with Host Material 14](#__RefHeading___Toc148317802)

[4.7 Pest Risk Potential 16](#__RefHeading___Toc148317803)

[V. Risk Management 16](#__RefHeading___Toc148317804)

[VI. Authors and Reviewers 18](#__RefHeading___Toc148317805)

[VII. Appendices 19](#__RefHeading___Toc148317806)

[VIII. Literature Cited 49](#__RefHeading___Toc148317807)

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317780 .anchor}I. Introduction

This analysis assesses the potential plant pest risks posed by the
importation of the fresh citrus fruits:

Sweet Orange (*Citrus sinensis* \[L.\] Osbeck)

Grapefruit (*Citrus* x *paradisi* Macfad.)

Authority for APHIS to regulate the importation of citrus fruit is
derived from the Plant Protection Act (2000) and Title 7 of the Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 319, Subparts 28 and 56.

This risk assessment was prepared by the Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA). This risk analysis is qualitative, with risk being
expressed in terms of high, medium or low rather than probabilities or
frequencies. The details of the methodology and rating criteria can be
found in the *Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments: Guidelines for
Qualitative Assessments, Version 5.02* (USDA, 2000).

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides standards
for conducting pest risk analyses (IPPC, 2004, 2006). The methods used
to initiate, conduct, and report this assessment, as well as the use of
biological and phytosanitary terms are based on these standards. This
document conforms with the requirements of relevant IPPC standards.

This analysis was prepared by the Center for Plant Health Science and
Technology (CPHST), of the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), in
cooperation with the Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) of the
Ministerio de Agricultura de Chile and the Chilean Exporters Association
(Asoex).

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317781 .anchor}II. Initiating Event/Proposed
Action

The government of Chile requested that the APHIS Administrator initiate
the process to allow the export of fresh orange (*C. sinensis*) and
grapefruit (*C.* x *paradisi*) fruit from Chile to the continental
United States. A plant pest risk analysis for these fruits is necessary
before an export program can be formally proposed.

To expedite the import permit application/risk analysis process, a draft
pest risk analysis was prepared by the Chilean government and submitted
to APHIS. The present document incorporates the data from that draft
document and completes the plant pest risk analysis.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317782 .anchor}III. Relevant Background
Information on Chile

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317783 .anchor}3.1 Geography

Situated south of Peru and west of Bolivia and Argentina, Chile fills a
narrow 3,000 km strip between the Andes mountain range and the Pacific
Ocean*.* Its median width is only 177 km (400 km at its widest point).
With a size of ca. 750,000 km^2^, it is about twice the size of
California. Eighty percent of the country consists of mountainous
terrain. Most of Chile's arable land is located in a 1,127 km-long,
densely populated valley in the center of the country (Federal Research
Division, 1994).

Chile is divided into five climatic regions (Federal Research Division,
1994): The *Norte Grande* is a dry, hilly region that includes the
Atacama Desert and the Andean plateau. The *Norte Chico* is a semiarid
region between Río Copiapó and Santiago. *Chile Central* has a
Mediterranean climate and includes the three largest cities, as well as
the main agricultural production areas. *Sur de Chile* is a cool region
with high rainfall. *Chile Austral* is a forested region characterized
by constant cold and high winds.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317784 .anchor}3.2 Current Citrus Fruit
Production and Exports

Based on the most current available data (ODEPA, 2005), Chile is
producing ca. 140,000 tons of oranges on 8,226 ha (Table 1). Grapefruit
production is comparatively small, with a production area of less than
300 ha.

Japan is the main importer of Chilean citrus, receiving more than half
of all shipments. Receiving ca. 20% of all citrus shipments, the United
States is the second most important importing country, even though its
imports have been limited to lemons (Programa de Gestion Agropecuaria
Fundacion Chile, 2002).

**Table 1. Planted Surfaces in Chile with Oranges and Grapefruit (in
hectares)**.

+---------+------+------+-----+-----------+------+------+------+-------+
|         | **   |      |     |           |      |      |      |       |
|         | Regi |      |     |           |      |      |      |       |
|         | on** |      |     |           |      |      |      |       |
+---------+------+------+-----+-----------+------+------+------+-------+
|         | **I  | **   | **  | **Met     | **   | **V  | **VI | **To  |
|         | II** | IV** | V** | ropolitan | VI** | II** | II** | tal** |
|         |      |      |     | region**  |      |      |      |       |
|         | 2005 | 2005 | 2   |           | 2003 | 2001 | 2000 |       |
|         |      |      | 002 | 2004      |      |      |      |       |
+---------+------+------+-----+-----------+------+------+------+-------+
| **Or    | 108  | 618  | 1,  | 2,263     | 3    | 20   | 2    | 8,226 |
| anges** |      |      | 219 |           | ,996 |      |      |       |
+---------+------+------+-----+-----------+------+------+------+-------+
| **Grape | 1    | 12   | 131 | 55        | 88   | 0    | 0    | 287   |
| fruit** |      |      |     |           |      |      |      |       |
+---------+------+------+-----+-----------+------+------+------+-------+

Source: ODEPA, 2005

3.3 Post-Harvest Treatment

This risk assessment assumes that the following standard post-harvest
procedures will take place: a chlorine water bath or spray (200 ppm),
soapy water wash, high-pressure hot or cold water wash with brushing,
air tunnel or oven drying, coating with fungicide-impregnated wax,
forced hot air drying, pre-selection, calibration, and packing (Snell,
2006).

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317785 .anchor}IV. Risk Assessment

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317786 .anchor}4.1 Weed Potential of *Citrus*
spp.

*Citrus sinensis* and *C.* x *paradisi* are widespread in the United
States, and are not considered weeds; therefore, a pest-initiated pest
risk assessment is not required (Appendix 1).

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317787 .anchor}4.2 Relevant Regulatory Decision
History

Table 2 summarizes the regulatory decision records regarding importation
requests for fresh fruit of the genus *Citrus* spp. from Chile. Between
1962 and 2004, there were nine requests for the importation of fresh
citrus fruits from Chile; eight were denied entry due to the presence of
grape flat mite (*Brevipalpus chilensis*). Lemons (1982) and limes
(1994) from Chile have been allowed entry into the United States with
inspection and treatment (methyl bromide for lemons; soap wash and wax
for limes). Clementines, mandarins, and tangerines (*C. reticulata*)
from Chile are enterable under a Systems Approach, and/or methyl bromide
fumigation for *B. chilensis* (Code of Federal Regulations, 2005).

**Table 2. Regulatory Decision History for *Citrus* spp. from Chile.**

  --------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------
  **Date**        **Recommendation**   **Reason/Comment**

  ***Citrus                            
  aurantifolia*                        
  (Lime)**                             

  1962            Disapproved          No acceptable treatment for *Brevipalpus chilensis*

  1992            Approved             Subject to inspection and treatment for
                                       *Brevipalpus chilensis*

  ***Citrus                            
  limon*                               
  (Lemon)**                            

  1971            Disapproved          No acceptable treatment for *Brevipalpus chilensis*

  1982            Disapproved          Subject to inspection and treatment for
                                       *Brevipalpus chilensis*

  ***Citrus                            
  sinensis*                            
  (Orange)**                           

  1962            Disapproved          No acceptable treatment for *Brevipalpus chilensis*

  ***Citrus                            
  reticulata*                          
  (Clementines,                        
  mandarins, and                       
  tangerine)**                         

  2004            Approved             Under a "System Approach" procedure and/or methyl
                                       bromide fumigation.

  **Other                              
  *Citrus*                             
  species**                            

  1979            Disapproved          No acceptable treatment available for *Brevipalpus
                                       chilensis*

  1984            Disapproved          No acceptable treatment available for *Brevipalpus
                                       chilensis*

  1993            Disapproved          No acceptable treatment available for *Brevipalpus
                                       chilensis*
  --------------- -------------------- ---------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317788 .anchor}4.3 Pest Interception Records

Appendix 2 lists pests intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry on citrus from
Chile (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006).

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317789 .anchor}4.4 Pests Associated with
Oranges or Grapefruits and Reported in Chile

Appendix 3 lists pests associated with *C. sinensis* and *C.* x
*paradisi* that are found in Chile. The fruit fly *Anastrepha
fraterculus*, formerly reported from Chile, is now considered eradicated
in Chile (USDA-ARS-SEL, 2006; EPPO, 2005) and is therefore omitted from
this list. The fungus *Diplodia destruens* McAlpine is reported to occur
on *C.* *limonia* in Chile (Mujica and Vergara, 1980); however its
pathogenicity on *C. sinensis* and is doubtful (Warcup and Talbot,
1981), and it has not been reported on *C. paradisi*. It is thus not
included on the pest list.

Citrus canker (*Xanthomonas axonopodis* pv. *citri* = *X. campestris*
pv. *citri*), sweet orange scab (*Elsinoë australis*), and citrus black
spot (*Guignardia citricarpa*) have been intercepted on citrus from
Chile on multiple occasions; however, there is no scientific evidence
that these pathogens occur in Chile. As the interceptions were all on
either air passenger baggage or ships' stores or quarters, for which the
true country of origin may not necessarily be the country of last
departure, we can not confidently argue that these pathogens are present
in Chile. Thus, these pathogens are excluded from Appendix 3.

Of the pests listed in Appendix 3, seventeen are of quarantine
significance to the United States. Table 3 provides explanations on
whether these pests are expected to follow the pathway. The only two
pests that are likely to follow the pathway and are therefore examined
in more detail in the following assessment are *Brevipalpus chilensis*
and *Ceratitis capitata*.

**Table 3. Pests Associated with Citrus that Occur in Chile and have
Quarantine Significance in the United States.**

+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| **Pest**                      | **Follows Pathway**                  |
+===============================+======================================+
| *Brevipalpus chilensis* Baker | **Yes.** This mite is found on the   |
|                               | fruit. Standard post-harvest         |
|                               | procedures reduce the likelihood     |
|                               | that this pest will remain on the    |
|                               | fruit during shipment. However,      |
|                               | repeated detections of live mites on |
|                               | citrus shipments indicate that they  |
|                               | cannot be completely eliminated      |
|                               | (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006).              |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| *Ceratitis capitata*          | **Yes.** The larvae of this pest are |
| (Wiedemann)                   | internal feeders on the fruit and    |
|                               | will not be impacted by the standard |
|                               | post-harvest procedures. *Ceratitis  |
|                               | capitata* is considered eradicated   |
|                               | from Chile (7 CFR 319.56-2(j)),      |
|                               | except from the Arica province of    |
|                               | Region I. There have been occasional |
|                               | outbreaks in other areas; however,   |
|                               | the Chilean phytosanitary measures   |
|                               | are considered sufficient to         |
|                               | maintain the pest-free status of     |
|                               | these areas (Snell, 2006).           |
|                               | *Ceratitis capitata* is therefore    |
|                               | not expected to be present on the    |
|                               | pathway, except on fruit from the    |
|                               | province of Arica.                   |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| *Armillaria luteobubalina*    | **No.** These pathogens do not occur |
| Watling and Kile              | on the fruit and are therefore       |
|                               | unlikely to follow the pathway.      |
| *Limacinia citri* (Briosi and |                                      |
| Pass.) Sacc.                  |                                      |
|                               |                                      |
| *Limacinia penzigi* (Sacc.)   |                                      |
| Sacc.                         |                                      |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| *Aleurothrixus porteri*       | **No**. As these pests do not feed   |
| Quaintance & Baker            | on the fruit, they are not likely to |
|                               | follow the pathway. Even if present  |
| *Cosmophyllum pallidulum*     | on the fruit during harvest, the     |
| Blanchard                     | disturbance caused by the harvesting |
|                               | process would induce them to leave.  |
| *Dexicrates robustus*         | Standard post-harvest procedures     |
| (Blanchard)                   | would eliminate any individuals      |
|                               | present on the fruit.                |
| *Frankliniella australis*     |                                      |
| (Morgan)                      |                                      |
|                               |                                      |
| *Naupactus xanthographus*     |                                      |
| (Germar)                      |                                      |
|                               |                                      |
| *Solenopsis gayi* (Spinola)   |                                      |
|                               |                                      |
| *Tettigades chilensis* Amyot  |                                      |
| & Serville                    |                                      |
|                               |                                      |
| *Toxoptera citricida*         |                                      |
| (Kirkaldy)                    |                                      |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| *Proeulia auraria* (Clarke)   | **No.** These pests are relatively   |
|                               | large external feeders that are easy |
| *Proeulia chrysopteris*       | to detect with visual inspection.    |
| (Butler)                      | Fruits infested with them would      |
|                               | likely be culled. Pests that escape  |
| *Helix aspersa* (Muller)      | detection would be eliminated by     |
|                               | standard post-harvest procedures.    |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+
| *Neosilba pendula* (Bezzi)    | **No.** Citrus is not a common host  |
|                               | of this species (González, 1989;     |
|                               | Prado, 1991; Artigas, 1994). It has  |
|                               | not been reported on grapefruit, and |
|                               | only occasionally on orange. Eggs    |
|                               | are deposited into over-rip fruit    |
|                               | only (Artigas, 1994).                |
+-------------------------------+--------------------------------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317790 .anchor}4.5 Consequences of Introduction

Potential consequences of introduction are rated using five risk
elements: climate-host interaction, host range, dispersal potential,
economic impact, and environmental impact. For each risk element, each
pest is assigned a rating of low (1 point), medium (2 points), or high
(3 points) based on the criteria stated in USDA (2000). These ratings
reflect the biology, host range, and climatic/geographic distribution of
the pests. The sum of the five risk elements (Table 4) is considered an
indication of the pest's potential to have negative economic and
environmental impacts.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317791 .anchor}4.5.1 Pest - Climate Interaction

The ratings for this risk element are based on the relative number of
United States Plant Hardiness Zones (USDA, 1990) where the pests could
establish based on their known climatic range. Low (1), if suitable host
and climate occur in a single plant hardiness zone; medium (2), if
suitable host and climate occur in two or three plant hardiness zones;
and high (3), if suitable host and climate occur in four or more plant
hardiness zones.

  ----------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Pest-Climate Interaction Evidence**                       **Risk
                                                              Value**

  ***Brevipalpus chilensis*** **Baker (Acarina:               **Medium
  Tenuipalpidae)** is distributed from Regions III to X in    (2)**
  Chile (González, 1989). The annual minimum temperatures in  
  these regions (Appendix 4) correspond to U.S. Plant         
  Hardiness Zones 9-10 (USDA, 1990). The pest's potential to  
  establish in two Plant Hardiness Zones in the United States 
  leads to a medium (2) rating.                               

  ***Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)** **Medium
  is found in southern Europe, west Asia, Africa, South and   (2)**
  Central America (CABI, 2005), and northern Australia        
  (Hassan, 1977). The area in which it survives is of         
  Mediterranean climate, coinciding with where citrus is      
  grown (CABI, 2005). Based on climate maps, this species     
  could establish in three Plant Hardiness Zones (8-10) in    
  the United States and therefore receives a medium (2)       
  rating.                                                     
  ----------------------------------------------------------- -----------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317792 .anchor}4.5.2 Host Range

This Risk element assumes that the potential of an introduced pest to
cause economic damage is positively correlated with the breadth of its
host range. This risk element is rated low (1), if the pest attacks a
single species or multiple species within a single genus; medium (2), if
the pest attacks multiple genera within a single plant family; and high
(3), if the pest attacks multiple plant families.

+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **Host Range Evidence**                                   | **Risk   |
|                                                           | Value**  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ***Brevipalpus chilensis*** **Baker (Acarina:             | **High   |
| Tenuipalpidae)** has hosts belonging to multiple plant    | (3)**    |
| families, including several in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones |          |
| 9 or above (Appendix 5).                                  |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ***Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann) (Diptera:              | **High   |
| Tephritidae)**                                            | (3)**    |
|                                                           |          |
| This pest has been recorded on a wide variety of host     |          |
| plants in several families, including several that occur  |          |
| in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 9 or above (Appendix 5).    |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317793 .anchor}4.5.3 Spread Potential

The extent of a pest's ability to cause economic and environmental
damage, as well as its ability to establish stable, lasting populations,
depends, in part, on its ability to spread after introduction. A pest's
spread potential is determined by its reproductive rate and its ability
for dispersal (both active and passive). This Risk Element rates low
(1), if the pest has neither high reproductive potential nor rapid
dispersal capability; medium (2), if the pest has either high
reproductive potential or rapid dispersal capability; and high (3), if
the pest has both high reproductive potential and rapid dispersal
capability.

+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **Spread Potential Evidence**                             | **Risk   |
|                                                           | Value**  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ***Brevipalpus chilensis*** **Baker (Acarina:             | **Medium |
| Tenuipalpidae)** is multivoltine, with four to five       | (2)**    |
| generations per year (González, 1958). Vargas *et al.*    |          |
| (2005) reported a net reproductive rate of 24.63, an      |          |
| intrinsic population growth rate of 0.09, and a           |          |
| generation time of 34.85 days at a 25ºC, 60% relative     |          |
| humidity, and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L:O). The          |          |
| Tenuipalpidae family is characterized as "slow moving"    |          |
| (Jeppson *et al.*, 1975; Doreste, 1988). In consideration |          |
| of the above information, *B. chilensis* is rated medium  |          |
| (2) for its spread potential.                             |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ***Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann) (Diptera:              | **High   |
| Tephritidae)**                                            | (3)**    |
|                                                           |          |
| Females may deposit up to 22 eggs per day, and as many as |          |
| 300-800 eggs in a lifetime (Weems, 1981). Eggs are        |          |
| inserted into host fruit in small batches of one to 10    |          |
| (Weems, 1981). In Australia, breeding is continuous       |          |
| throughout the year, and the species exhibits several     |          |
| overlapping generations (Hassan, 1977). Adult flight,     |          |
| with a range of 20 km or more (Fletcher, 1989), and the   |          |
| transport of infested fruits are the major means by which |          |
| this fruit fly is able to move and disperse to previously |          |
| uninfested areas (CABI, 2005). Since 1985, *Ceratitis     |          |
| capitata* has been intercepted over 2,000 times by PPQ at |          |
| ports-of-entry. The majority of these interceptions were  |          |
| with fruit (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006), which is evidence of   |          |
| this species' ability to be transported long distances    |          |
| with infested fruit. This species may disperse as puparia |          |
| in soil, or in the growing medium accompanying plants     |          |
| (CABI, 2005). This species has a high biotic potential    |          |
| and capability for rapid dispersal. It is rated high (3)  |          |
| for this risk element.                                    |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317794 .anchor}4.5.4 Economic Impact

Introduced pests may cause a variety of direct and indirect economic
impacts, such as reduced yield, reduced commodity value, and the loss of
foreign or domestic markets. Factors considered include whether the pest
affects yield or commodity quality; causes plant mortality; acts as a
disease vector; increases the cost of production, including pest control
costs; lowers market prices; affects market availability; increases
research or extension costs; or reduces the recreational land use or its
aesthetic value. This risk element is low (1), if the pest causes any
one of the above impacts; medium (2), if it causes any two of the above
impacts; and high (3), if it causes at least three of the above impacts.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Economic Impact Evidence**                                **Risk
                                                              Value**
  ----------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  ***Brevipalpus chilensis*** **Baker (Acarina:               **High
  Tenuipalpidae)** Jeppson *et al.* (1975) describes *B.      (3)**
  chilensis* as "...a very destructive pest of grapevines."   
  Gallasch *et al.* (1999) rates the economic impact of *B.   
  chilensis* as "high"on grapes. In other host plants, like   
  kiwi fruits, citrus, and cherimoya, there is no evidence of 
  economic impact. Other mites of the genus *Brevipalpus* are 
  known to cause economic damage to citrus in the United      
  States (Childers *et al*., 2003); it is likely that         
  chemical controls used for other mite species could also    
  control *B. chilensis*. For example, dicofol, an effective  
  control agent for *B. chilensis* (Curkovic *et al.*, 1994), 
  is recommended by the University of California (2003) for   
  the control of *B. lewisi*. According to the USDA Export    
  Certification Database (EXCERPT, 2006), Korea, South        
  Africa, Costa Rica, and Peru list *B. chilensis* as a pest  
  of concern. South Africa specifically requires a            
  declaration of freedom from *B. chilensis* for imports of   
  California grapes; however, as this pest only occurs in     
  Chile, it would be a quarantine pest of concern for all     
  countries with a climate suitable for establishment. During 
  2005, the United States exported \$550 million worth of     
  citrus worldwide (Foreign Agricultural Service, 2006).      
  Markets for these and other commodity exports would         
  potentially be jeopardized by the introduction of *B.       
  chilensis* into the United States. The introduction of *B.  
  chilensis* could possibly lead to increased research and    
  extension costs.                                            

  ***Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)** **High
  is a major pest of citrus, as well as other fruits (*e.g*., (3)**
  peach, pear, and apple) (Weems, 1981). It may also transmit 
  fruit-rotting fungi (CABI, 2005). *Ceratitis capitata*'s    
  presence, even as temporary adventive populations, could    
  lead to additional constraints for fruit exports to         
  uninfested areas of the world.                              
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317795 .anchor}4.5.5 Environmental Impact

The ratings for environmental impact are based on: whether the pest may
feed on Threatened or Endangered plant species (Title 50 Part 17 Section
11-12, United States Code of Federal Regulations); whether the pest can
disrupt native plant communities; and whether chemical or biological
control programs would be implemented to control the pest. Pests are
rated as low (1), if none of the above would occur; medium (2), if one
of the above would occur; and high (3), if two or more of the above
would occur.

+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **Environmental Impact Evidence**                         | **Risk   |
|                                                           | Value**  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ***Brevipalpus chilensis*** **Baker (Acarina:             | **Medium |
| Tenuipalpidae)**                                          | (2)**    |
|                                                           |          |
| While no plants on the U.S. Threatened and Endangered     |          |
| plant list (USFWS, 2006) are specifically mentioned in    |          |
| the scientific literature as hosts of *B. chilensis*, a   |          |
| considerable number belong to the same families or even   |          |
| genera as confirmed host plants of *B. chilensis*         |          |
| (Appendix 6). Examples include the endangered *Prunus     |          |
| geniculata* of Florida and the threatened *Ribes          |          |
| echinellum* of Florida and South Carolina. Given the wide |          |
| host range, *i.e.,* generalist feeding habits of *B.      |          |
| chilensis*, it is conceivable that these threatened or    |          |
| endangered plant species may be attacked by this mite.    |          |
| Chemical control programs used for domestic mite species  |          |
| (PMG, 2002) would likely control *B. chilensis*, as noted |          |
| in the economic impact discussion.                        |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ***Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann) (Diptera:              | **High   |
| Tephritidae)**                                            | (3)**    |
|                                                           |          |
| Its broad host range (Appendix 5) predisposes this        |          |
| species to attack plants listed as Threatened or          |          |
| Endangered in the United States (50 CFR §17.12). Examples |          |
| of potential host plants listed as threatened or          |          |
| endangered include *Opuntia* and *Prunus* (Appendix 6).   |          |
| Its establishment in the United States would almost       |          |
| certainly trigger chemical or biological control          |          |
| programs.                                                 |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Table 5. Risk                                                                          
  Ratings for                                                                              
  Consequences of                                                                          
  Introduction.**                                                                          
  ----------------- --------------- --------- ------------- ------------ ----------------- --------------
                    **Pest- Climate **Host    **Spread      **Economic   **Environmental   **Cumulative
                    Interaction**   Range**   Potential**   Impact**     Impact**          Risk
                                                                                           Rating^1^**

  ***Brevipalpus    Medium (2)      High (3)  Medium (2)    High (3)     Medium (2)        Medium (12)
  chilensis***                                                                             

  ***Ceratitis      Medium (2)      High (3)  High (3)      High (3)     High (3)          High (14)
  capitata***                                                                              

  ^1^Low = 5 to 8;                                                                         
  Medium = 9 to 12;                                                                        
  High = 13 to 15                                                                          
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317796 .anchor}4.6 Likelihood of Introduction

This section evaluates the likelihood of quarantine pests entering and
spreading in the United States. This evaluation is based on the expected
amount of the commodity to be imported, and various other, pest-specific
factors. Table 6 summarizes the values determined for the likelihood of
introduction for *B. chilensis* and *C. capitata*.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317797 .anchor}4.6.1 Quantity Imported Annually

This risk element is rated as low (1), if \< 10 containers
imported/year; medium (2), if 10 - 100 containers imported /year; and
high (3), if \> 100 containers imported /year.

A total of 110,000 boxes (15-17 kg each) of oranges and grapefruits will
be imported annually from Chile into the United States (information
provided by the Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) of the Ministerio de
Agricultura de Chile and the Chilean Exporters Association). This is
equivalent to ca. 88 shipping containers. The rating for quantity to be
imported is therefore **medium (2)** for both *B. chilensis* and *C.
capitata*.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317798 .anchor}4.6.2 Survive Post-harvest
Treatment

This element evaluates the efficacy of post-harvest treatment in
controlling *B. chilensis* and *C. capitata*. Once fruit reaches the
packinghouse, standard post-harvest treatments for oranges and
grapefruits are applied, including chlorine water bath or spray (200
ppm), soapy water wash, high-pressure hot or cold water wash with
brushing, air tunnel or oven drying, coating with fungicide-impregnated
wax, forced hot air drying, pre-selection, calibration, and packing
(Carbonell Torres, 2002; de la Rosa Brachowicz, 2002; Snell, 2006).

+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **Survive Post-harvest Treatment**                        | **Risk   |
|                                                           | Value**  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ***Brevipalpus chilensis*** **Baker (Acarina:             | **Medium |
| Tenuipalpidae)**                                          | (2)**    |
|                                                           |          |
| The treatments described above will reduce the presence   |          |
| of *B. chilensis* on the commodity. However, studies      |          |
| conducted by the Fundación para el Desarrollo Frutícola   |          |
| (Castro and Astudillo, 2001) report that mites may        |          |
| survive post-harvest treatment if they are protected by   |          |
| the pedicel disk of the fruit. The study found the        |          |
| survival rate to be ca. 10% in oranges and ca. 40% in     |          |
| grapefruits. Based on this information, *B. chilensis* is |          |
| rated medium (2) for this risk element.                   |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ***Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann) (Diptera:              | **High   |
| Tephritidae)**                                            | (3)**    |
|                                                           |          |
| Larvae feed inside the fruit, where they are protected    |          |
| from the standard post-harvest treatments. Furthermore,   |          |
| fruit infestation can be visually detected only in the    |          |
| advanced stages of larval development; therefore, fruit   |          |
| culling would not be effective in eliminating infested    |          |
| fruit (CABI, 2005). Based on this information, *C.        |          |
| capitata* is rated high (3) for this risk element.        |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317799 .anchor}4.6.3 Survive Shipment

This element evaluates the mortality of the pest population during
shipment of the commodity. The standard method of shipping citrus
internationally is under refrigeration, with temperatures varying from 4
-6°C for oranges and 7-11 °C for grapefruits (Ortuzar, 2006). Shipment
from Chile to the United States is expected to take ca. 12 days (Dole
Inc., 2006).

+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **Survive Shipment**                                      | **Risk   |
|                                                           | Value**  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ***Brevipalpus chilensis*** **Baker (Acarina:             | **High   |
| Tenuipalpidae)\                                           | (3)**    |
| **Jadue *et al.* (1996) demonstrated that *B. chilensis*  |          |
| can survive temperatures between 0 to 2°C for a period of |          |
| 15 days. In adults, there was no significant difference   |          |
| in the mortality rate between cold-treated and control    |          |
| mites for 11 days following treatment. Cumulative         |          |
| oviposition of cold-treated mites was ca. 60% that of     |          |
| untreated mites; there was no significant difference in   |          |
| cumulative egg hatch between the two groups. Live *B.     |          |
| chilensis* have been intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry   |          |
| on different commodities, including lemons, from Chile    |          |
| (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006). Based on this evidence, *B.       |          |
| chilensis* is rated as high (3) for this risk element.    |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ***Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann) (Diptera:              | **High   |
| Tephritidae)**                                            | (3)**    |
|                                                           |          |
| The recommended temperatures for cold treatment of *C.    |          |
| capitata* are: 32ºF for 12 days, 33ºF for 13 days, 34ºF   |          |
| for 14 days, 35ºF for 16 days, or 36ºF for 18 days        |          |
| (USDA-ARS, 2002). Thus, the standard temperatures during  |          |
| transit cannot be assumed to provide a sufficient level   |          |
| of mortality of *C. capitata*. This pest has been         |          |
| intercepted by PPQ at ports-of-entry on commercial        |          |
| shipments of citrus fruit (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006),         |          |
| demonstrating its ability to survive the transport        |          |
| conditions of citrus at least some of the time. Based on  |          |
| these considerations, this pest is rated high (3) for     |          |
| this risk element.                                        |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317800 .anchor}4.6.4 Not Detected at
Port-of-Entry

There are no specific port-of-entry protocols for the inspection of
oranges and grapefruits; we therefore assume that standard inspection
protocols (*i.e.*, visual inspection without magnification devices) are
employed.

+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| **Not Detected at Port-of-entry**                         | **Risk   |
|                                                           | Value**  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ***Brevipalpus chilensis*** **Baker (Acarina:             | **High   |
| Tenuipalpidae)**                                          | (3)**    |
|                                                           |          |
| All life stages of this pest are difficult to see         |          |
| macroscopically (smaller than 350 µm) (CABI, 2005) and    |          |
| would likely escape detection at ports-of-entry. This     |          |
| risk element is consequently rated as high (3).           |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| ***Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann) (Diptera:              | **High   |
| Tephritidae)**                                            | (3)**    |
|                                                           |          |
| Eggs and first instar larvae are ca. 1 mm; last instar    |          |
| larvae are ca. 6 mm long (CABI, 2005). Eggs and larvae    |          |
| are located inside the fruit. It is difficult to          |          |
| recognize infested fruit (White and Elson-Harris, 1992).  |          |
| Gould (1995) found that inspectors were, in most cases,   |          |
| unable to recognize grapefruit infested with *Anastrepha  |          |
| suspensa*, a fruit fly species similar in size and        |          |
| feeding habits to *C. capitata*. This risk element is     |          |
| consequently rated as high (3).                           |          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------+----------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317801 .anchor}4.6.5 Moved to Suitable Habitat

Fruit arriving in the United States is distributed according to market
demand. Three of the four most populated U.S. States, Florida, Texas,
and California, account for approximately 30% of the total U.S.
population (U.S. Census, 2005); these states are in the southern tier of
the country, where the climate is suitable for *C. capitata* and *B.
chilensis* establishment (González, 1989; USDA, 1990). This risk element
is therefore rated **high (3)** for both pests.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317802 .anchor}4.6.6 Contact with Host Material

This element considers the likelihood that the pests come in contact
with suitable host material.

  ----------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Contact with Host Material**                              **Risk
                                                              Value**

  ***Brevipalpus chilensis*** **Baker (Acarina:               **Medium
  Tenuipalpidae)** has a wide host range, including some very (2)**
  common and widely-distributed genera, such as *Convolvulus* 
  and *Ribes* (USDA-NRCS, 2006) (Appendix 5). For example,    
  *Convolvulus arvensis*, field bindweed, is abundant in 49   
  U.S. states; therefore, suitable hosts would be available   
  throughout most of the United States during the shipping    
  season of June - September for oranges and September --     
  February for grapefruits (Ortuzar, 2006). However, taking   
  into consideration the mite's limited capacity for active   
  dispersal, we arrive at a rating of medium (2) for this     
  risk element.                                               

  ***Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)** **High
  is extremely polyphagous, feeding on many widely cultivated (3)**
  plants (USDA-NRCS, 2006; USDA-NASS, 1997) (Appendix 5).     
  Based on commercial fruit phenology data as summarized by   
  Sequeira *et al.* (2001), suitable hosts would be available 
  in the United States throughout most the proposed shipping  
  season (June - September for oranges and September --       
  February for grapfruits) (Ortuzar, 2006). This risk element 
  is therefore rated high (3).                                
  ----------------------------------------------------------- -----------

+----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+---------+
| >        |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
|  **Table |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| > 6.     |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| > Risk   |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| >        |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
|  Ratings |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| > for    |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| > Li     |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| kelihood |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| > of     |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| > Introd |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| uction** |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
+==========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+========+=========+
|          | **Qua | **Su  | **Su  | **Not | **    | **C    | **Cum   |
|          | ntity | rvive | rvive | Det   | Moved | ontact | ulative |
|          | Imp   | Post  | Shipm | ected | to    | with   | Risk    |
|          | orted | -Harv | ent** | at    | Sui   | Host   | Rati    |
|          | Annua | est** |       | Port- | table | Mate   | ng^1^** |
|          | lly** |       |       | of-En | Habi  | rial** |         |
|          |       |       |       | try** | tat** |        |         |
+----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+---------+
| ***Bre   | M     | M     | High  | High  | High  | Medium | High    |
| vipalpus | edium | edium | (3)   | (3)   | (3)   | (2)    | (15)    |
| chil     | (2)   | (2)   |       |       |       |        |         |
| ensis*** |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
+----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+---------+
| ***C     | M     | High  | High  | High  | Hi    | High   | High    |
| eratitis | edium | (3)   | (3)   | (3)   | gh(3) | (3)    | (17)    |
| cap      | (2)   |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| itata*** |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
+----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+---------+
| ^1^Low = |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| 6 to 9;  |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| Medium = |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| 10 to    |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| 14; High |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| = 15 to  |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
| 18       |       |       |       |       |       |        |         |
+----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+---------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317803 .anchor}4.7 Pest Risk Potential

The summation of the values for the consequences of introduction and the
likelihood of introduction is the pest risk potential (Table 7), which
is an estimate of the pest risk associated with the movement *C.
sinensis* and *C.* x *paradisi* from Chile into the United States.

+-----------------+---------------+----------------+------------------+
| **Table 7. Pest |               |                |                  |
| Risk            |               |                |                  |
| Potential.**    |               |                |                  |
+-----------------+---------------+----------------+------------------+
|                 | *             | **Likelihood   | **Pest Risk      |
|                 | *Consequences | of             | Potential^1^**   |
|                 | of            | Introduction** |                  |
|                 | I             |                |                  |
|                 | ntroduction** |                |                  |
+-----------------+---------------+----------------+------------------+
| ***Brevipalpus  | Medium (12)   | High (15)      | High (27)        |
| chilensis***    |               |                |                  |
+-----------------+---------------+----------------+------------------+
| ***Ceratitis    | High (14)     | High (17)      | High (31)        |
| capitata*^2^**  |               |                |                  |
+-----------------+---------------+----------------+------------------+
| ^1^ Low = 11 to |               |                |                  |
| 18; Medium = 19 |               |                |                  |
| to 26; High =   |               |                |                  |
| 27 to 33        |               |                |                  |
|                 |               |                |                  |
| ^2^ Only on     |               |                |                  |
| fruit           |               |                |                  |
| originating     |               |                |                  |
| from the        |               |                |                  |
| province of     |               |                |                  |
| Arica. Fruit    |               |                |                  |
| from all other\ |               |                |                  |
| areas of Chile  |               |                |                  |
| do not          |               |                |                  |
| represent a     |               |                |                  |
| risk with       |               |                |                  |
| regard to *C.   |               |                |                  |
| capitata*.      |               |                |                  |
+-----------------+---------------+----------------+------------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317804 .anchor}V. Risk Management

Currently, the United States allows entry of limes from Chile after
treatment with soapy water and wax (USDA treatment schedule 102-b-1)
(USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006b; USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006c). This treatment is
applied to all citrus from Chile by default (Snell, W., 2006). It meets
probit 9 requirements for controlling *B. chilensis* on limes (Gonzalez,
1997), but is not effective on other citrus fruits due to limited wax
penetration at the stem abscission zone (Gonzalez, 1997). In 1997, the
Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile, tested the use of ultrasonic
waves to improve wax-penetrability, and to make the treatment effective
on all citrus fruits (Gonzalez, 1997). We do not know the present status
of this research.

Lemons may be imported from Chile into the United States only after
fumigation with methyl bromide (USDA treatment schedule T101-n-2-1)
(USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006b; USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006c).

For clementines, tangerines, and mandarins from Chile, the systems
approach specified in 7 CFR 319-56-2mm (d) is permissible as an
alternative to the aforementioned methyl bromide fumigation.

Jadue *et al.* (1997) tested ionizing radiation of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kGy
using a Cs-137 Gamma irradiator as a possible quarantine treatment. They
reported 100% mortality of *B. chilensis*eggs at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kGy,
of juveniles at 1.0 and 1.5 kGy, and of adults at 1.5 kGy. While
juveniles and adults survived irradiations at 0.5 and 1.0 kGy, they lost
their ability to reproduce, which would effectively render their
introduction into the United States risk-free. However, due to the
susceptibility of oranges and grapefruits to irradiation, this treatment
option is not feasible. Macfarlane *et al.* (1968) recommend that the
irradiation dose for Australian Washington Navel and Valencia oranges
should not exceed 0.30 kGy because of the risk of rind injury. Studies
found that oranges irradiated at 0.50 developed brown skin blemishes and
changes in flavor and odor after 2-4 weeks of storage (O'Mahony *et
al.*, 1985). Californian navel oranges, irradiated with around 0.35 and
0.50 kGy, showed brown pitting and rind injury, plus flavor changes
(O'Mahony *et al.*, 1987). Juice and fresh sections of Marsh seedless
grapefruits from Florida developed significant changes in flavor after
irradiation with 0.25-0.50 kGy (Moshonas *et al.*, 1982).

Jadue *et al.* (1996) found that *B. chilensis* can survive temperatures
between 0 to 2°C for a period of 15 days. In adults, there was no
significant difference in the mortality rate between cold-treated and
control mites for 11 days after the treatment. Cumulative oviposition of
cold-treated mites was ca. 60% that of untreated mites; there was no
significant difference in cumulative egg hatch between the two groups.

Based on a review of the scientific literature, an ARS study arrived at
the following recommended effective temperatures for cold treatment of
*C. capitata*: 32ºF for 12 days, 33ºF for 13 days, 34ºF for 14 days,
35ºF for 16 days, or 36ºF for 18 days (USDA-ARS, 2002).

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317805 .anchor}VI. Authors and Reviewers

**Authors:**

Andrea Lemay, Plant Pathologist

USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology (CPHST)

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory (PERAL)

Raleigh, NC

Heike Meissner, Entomologist

USDA, APHIS, PPQ, CPHST, PERAL, Raleigh, NC

**Reviewers:**

Heather Hartzog, Plant Pathologist

USDA, APHIS, PPQ, CPHST, PERAL, Raleigh, NC

Christie Hurt, Entomologist

USDA, APHIS, PPQ, CPHST, PERAL, Raleigh, NC

**Authors of the Original Draft:**

Ing. Agr. David Castro, Fundación para el Desarrollo Frutícola

Ing. Agr. Jimena López, Asociación de Exportadores de Chile A.G.

Ing. Agr. Marcela Triviño, Asociación de Exportadores de Chile A.G.

Licenciado en Agronomía Juan Carlos Quinchavil

Ing. Agr. Adrián Wagner, Fundación para el Desarrollo Frutícola

Ing. Agr. Carlota Vergara, Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero

Ing. Agr. Rina Acuña, Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc148317806 .anchor}VII. Appendices

Appendix 1. Process for Determining Weed Potential of *Citrus* spp.

**Phase 1:** Consider whether the genus is new to or not widely
prevalent in the United States (exclude plants grown under USDA permit
in approved containment facilities)?

Many species of *Citrus* are cultivated in the United States.

**Phase 2:** Answer Yes or No to the following questions:

> Is the genus listed as a weed in:
>
> NO Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm *et al.*, 1979) or World
> Weeds:\
> Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm *et al.*, 1997)
>
> NO World\'s Worst Weeds (Holm *et al.*, 1977)
>
> NO Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds; Exotic
> Weeds\
> for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn and Ritchie, 1982)
>
> NO Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977)
>
> NO Weed Science Society of America list (WSSA, 1989)
>
> NO Is there any literature reference indicating weediness (*e.g.*,
> AGRICOLA, CAB,\
> Biological Abstracts, and AGRIS search on \"species name\" combined
> with\
> \"weed\").

**Phase 3:** **Conclusion**

*Citrus* spp. are prevalent in the United States. Because the answers to
all questions in Phase 2 is "no," the pest risk assessment proceeds.

Appendix 2. Pests Intercepted on Citrus Fruit from Chile between January
1, 1985 and March 17, 2006.

(Source: USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006)

+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| **Plant**    | **Pest**           | **Year   | **Type   | **Type    |
|              |                    | of       | of       | of**      |
|              | **Intercepted**    | Interc   | Tra      |           |
|              |                    | eption** | nsport** | **Cargo** |
+==============+====================+==========+==========+===========+
| *Citrus      | *Parlatoria        | 1990     | Airport  | Quarters  |
| au           | cinerea*           |          |          |           |
| rantiifolia* |                    |          |          |           |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Parlatoria        | 1989     | Airport  | Baggage   |
|              | ziziphi*           |          |          |           |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| *Citrus      | *Tarsonemus* sp.   | 1995     | Maritime | Ships     |
| latifolia*   |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| *Citrus      | *Brevipalpus       | 1998     | Maritime | Permit    |
| limon*       | chilensis*         |          |          | Cargo     |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1998     | Maritime | Permit    |
|              |                    |          |          | Cargo     |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1997     | Maritime | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1996     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1996     | Maritime | Permit    |
|              |                    |          |          | Cargo     |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1995     | Maritime | Permit    |
|              |                    |          |          | Cargo     |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Cladosporium* sp. | 1998     | Maritime | Permit    |
|              |                    |          |          | Cargo     |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Coccidae* sp.     | 1998     | Maritime | Permit    |
|              |                    |          |          | Cargo     |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Colletotrichum*   | 1985     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              | sp.                |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Guignardia        | 1991     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              | citricarpa*        |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Parlatoria        | 1988     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              | cinerea*           |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1987     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Parlatoria        | 2002     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              | ziziphi*           |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Phlaeothripidae*  | 1998     | Maritime | Permit    |
|              | sp.                |          |          | Cargo     |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Pseudococcus* sp. | 1998     | Maritime | Permit    |
|              |                    |          |          | Cargo     |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Stemphylium* sp.  | 1989     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Tarsonemus* sp.   | 1998     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1998     | Maritime | Permit    |
|              |                    |          |          | Cargo     |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1997     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1996     | Maritime | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1994     | Maritime | Permit    |
|              |                    |          |          | Cargo     |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1994     | Maritime | Permit    |
|              |                    |          |          | Cargo     |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| *Citrus      | *Ceratitis         | 1996     | Foreign  | Permit    |
| reticulata*  | capitata*          |          | site     | Cargo     |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Diaspididae* sp.  | 2004     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Parlatoria        | 2005     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              | ziziphi*           |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1994     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Pseudaonidia      | 1992     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              | trilobitiformis*   |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| *Citrus      | *Ascochyta citri*  | 1990     | Maritime | Ships     |
| sinensis*    |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Ceratitis         | 2000     | Airport  | Baggage   |
|              | capitata*          |          |          |           |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Diaspididae* sp.  | 1995     | Airport  | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Elsinoë           | 2002     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              | australis*         |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1989     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1988     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Parlatoria        | 2006     | Airport  | Quarters  |
|              | cinerea*           |          |          |           |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1996     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1991     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1991     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1989     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1987     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1987     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1986     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Parlatoria        | 2005     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              | ziziphi*           |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2002     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1994     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1989     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Pseudococcidae*   | 2005     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              | sp.                |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2005     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2005     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2005     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2004     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1995     | Airport  | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1992     | Airport  | Misc      |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Tarsonemus* sp.   | 1999     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1999     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1996     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Tortricinae* sp.  | 1991     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
| *Citrus* sp. | *Acutaspis* sp.    | 1997     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Anastrepha* sp.   | 1992     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Cladosporium* sp. | 2004     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2001     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Diaspididae* sp.  | 2000     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Elsinoë           | 2001     | Airport  | Baggage   |
|              | australis*         |          |          |           |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1992     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Elsinoë* sp.      | 1997     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Guignardia        | 2002     | Airport  | Baggage   |
|              | citricarpa*        |          |          |           |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1998     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1995     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Parlatoria        | 2002     | Airport  | Baggage   |
|              | cinerea*           |          |          |           |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2001     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2000     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2000     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1995     | Airport  | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1993     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1992     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1991     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1988     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Parlatoria        | 2005     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              | ziziphi*           |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2005     | Airport  | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2004     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2003     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2002     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2001     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2001     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2001     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2001     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2001     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2001     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2001     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2000     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1995     | Airport  | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1995     | Airport  | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1995     | Airport  | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1995     | Airport  | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1995     | Airport  | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1995     | Airport  | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1994     | Airport  | Quarters  |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1994     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1993     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1993     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1993     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1993     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1993     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1993     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1992     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1992     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1992     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1992     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1992     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1992     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1992     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1992     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1992     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1991     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1991     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1991     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 1990     | Airport  | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Pseudococcidae*   | 2002     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              | sp.                |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2002     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2002     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2002     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              |                    | 2000     | Airport  | Ships     |
|              |                    |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Pseudococcus* sp. | 1998     | Maritime | Baggage   |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Pseudorobillarda* | 2000     | Airport  | Baggage   |
|              | sp.                |          |          |           |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Xanthomonas       | 2003     | Airport  | Baggage   |
|              | axonopodis*        |          |          |           |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+
|              | *Xanthomonas       | 1993     | Maritime | Ships     |
|              | campestris*        |          |          | Stores    |
+--------------+--------------------+----------+----------+-----------+

Appendix 3. Pests Associated with *Citrus sinensis* and/or *C.*
*paradisi* and Reported in Chile.

+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| **Pest**     | **Ge | **Plant  | **Qu | **F   | **References**     |
|              | ogra | Part     | aran | ollow |                    |
|              | phic | Affec    | tine | the   |                    |
|              | L    | ted^2^** | P    | Path  |                    |
|              | ocat |          | est^ | way** |                    |
|              | ion^ |          | 3^** |       |                    |
|              | 1^** |          |      |       |                    |
+==============+======+==========+======+=======+====================+
| **           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| ARTHROPODS** |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Agrotis     | CL,  | L, S\    | No   | No    | CABI, 2005         |
| ipsilon*     | US   | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| (Hufnagel)   |      | si       |      |       |                    |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Lepidoptera: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Noctuidae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *A           | CL,  | L, S,    | No   | No    | Metcalf and        |
| leurothrixus | US   | TW\      |      |       | Metcalf, 1993;     |
| floccosus*   |      | (*C.     |      |       | Mound and Halsey,  |
| (Maskell)    |      | si       |      |       | 1978; Prado, 1991; |
|              |      | nensis*, |      |       | Ripa and           |
| Hemiptera:   |      | *C.* x   |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
| Aleyrodidae  |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *A           | CL   | L, S,    | Yes  | No^7a | Badilla, 2001;     |
| leurothrixus |      | TW\      |      | ,\ 7b | Mound and Halsey,  |
| porteri*     |      | (*C.     |      | ,\ 8^ | 1978; Prado, 1991  |
| Quaintance & |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| Baker        |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Aleyrodidae  |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Aonidiella  | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | IPM, 1991; Prado,  |
| aurantii*    | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 1991; Ripa &       |
| (Maskell)    |      | s        |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Aonidiella  | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | González, 1989;    |
| citrina*     | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Metcalf and        |
| (Coquillet)  |      | s        |      |       | Metcalf, 1993;     |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       | Prado, 1991        |
| Hemiptera:   |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Aphis       | CL,  | L, S,    | No   | No    | Blackman and       |
| craccivora*  | US   | SH\      |      |       | Eastop, 2000;      |
| Koch         |      | (*C.     |      |       | González, 1989;    |
| (Synonym:    |      | s        |      |       | Prado, 1991        |
| *Aphis       |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| laburni*     |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Koch)        |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Aphididae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Aphis       | CL,  | FL, L\   | No   | No    | CABI, 2005         |
| fabae*       | US   | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| Scopoli      |      | si       |      |       |                    |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Aphididae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Aphis       | CL,  | FL, L,   | No   | No    | Blackman and       |
| gossypii*    | US   | SH, TW\  |      |       | Eastop, 2000;      |
| Glover       |      | (*C.     |      |       | CABI, 2005; IPM,   |
|              |      | si       |      |       | 1991; Prado, 1991; |
| Hemiptera:   |      | nensis*, |      |       | Ripa and           |
| Aphididae    |      | *C.* x   |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Aphis       | CL,  | L, S,    | No   | No    | Metcalf and        |
| spiraecola*  | US   | SH\      |      |       | Metcalf, 1993;     |
| Patch.       |      | (*C.     |      |       | Prado, 1991; Ripa  |
|              |      | s        |      |       | and Rodriguez,     |
| Hemiptera:   |      | inensis, |      |       | 1999               |
| Aphididae    |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Araecerus   | CL,  | F, R, S, | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005         |
| f            | US   | SD\      |      |       |                    |
| asciculatus* |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| (De Geer)    |      | si       |      |       |                    |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Coleoptera:  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Anthribidae  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Aspidiotus  | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | No    | Ben-Dov *et al*.,  |
| destructor*  | US   | L, SH\   |      |       | 2005; CABI, 2005;  |
| Signoret     |      | (*C.     |      |       | Charlin, 1973      |
|              |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Aspidiotus  | CL,  | F, L, S, | No   | Yes   | González, 1989;    |
| nerii*       | US   | TW\      |      |       | Metcalf and        |
| Bouché       |      | (*C.     |      |       | Metcalf, 1993;     |
|              |      | s        |      |       | Nakahara, 1982;    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | inensis, |      |       | Prado, 1991; Ripa  |
| Diaspididae  |      | C.* x    |      |       | and Rodriguez,     |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       | 1999               |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Asynonychus | CL,  | L, R, S\ | No   | No    | Elgueta, 1993;     |
| cervinus*    | US   | (*C.     |      |       | González, 1989;    |
| (Boheman)    |      | si       |      |       | IPM, 1991; Prado,  |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       | 1991; Ripa and     |
| Coleoptera:  |      |          |      |       | Rodriguez 1999     |
| C            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| urculionidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Aulacorthum | CL,  | L, SH\   | No   | No    | Blackman and       |
| solani*      | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Eastop, 2000;      |
| (Kaltenbach) |      | si       |      |       | Prado, 1991        |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Aphididae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | N     | CABI, 2005         |
| Brachycaudus | US   | L\       |      | o^7b^ |                    |
| helichrysi*  | (CA, | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| Kaltenbach   | ID)  | si       |      |       |                    |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Aphididae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Brevipalpus | CL   | F, L, S\ | Yes  | Yes   | FDF, 2001;         |
| chilensis*   |      | (*C.     |      |       | González, 1958,    |
| Baker        |      | s        |      |       | 1975, 1980, 1989;  |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       | Prado, 1991; Ripa  |
| Acarina:     |      | C.* x    |      |       | and Rodriguez,     |
| T            |      | *pa      |      |       | 1999; SAG, 2002    |
| enuipalpidae |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Brevipalpus | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | Childers, 1994;    |
| obovatus*    | US   | (*C.     |      |       | González, 1989;    |
| Donnadieu    |      | si       |      |       | Jeppson *et al.*,  |
| (Synonym:    |      | nensis*) |      |       | 1975; Prado, 1991  |
| *Tenuipalpus |      |          |      |       |                    |
| pse          |      |          |      |       |                    |
| udocuneatus* |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Blanchard)   |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Acarina:     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| T            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| enuipalpidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Carpophilus | CL,  | F\       | No   | N     | CABI, 2005; Prado, |
| humeralis*   | US   | (*C.     |      | o^7a, | 1987               |
| (F.)         |      | si       |      | \ 7b^ |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| *Urophorus   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| humeralis*   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| F.)          |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Coleoptera:  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Nitidulidae  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Ceratitis   | CL   | F        | Yes  | Ye    | CABI, 2005;        |
| capitata     |      |          |      | s^10^ | Aguilar, 1982      |
| (Wiedemann)* |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
|              |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| Diptera:     |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Tephritidae  |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Ceroplastes | CL,  | L, S\    | No   | No    | González, 1989;    |
| cirr         | US   | (*C.     |      |       | IPM, 1991; Prado,  |
| ipediformis* |      | s        |      |       | 1991; Ripa and     |
| Comstock     |      | inensis, |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
|              |      | C.       |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | pa       |      |       |                    |
| Coccidae     |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Ceroplastes | CL,  | L, S\    | No   | No    | Ben-Dov *et al*.,  |
| sinensis*    | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2005               |
| Del Guercio  |      | s        |      |       |                    |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Coccidae     |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *C           | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005         |
| hrysomphalus | US   | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| aonidum*     |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| (L.)         |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *C           | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | González, 1989;    |
| hrysomphalus | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Nakahara, 1982;    |
| d            |      | s        |      |       | Prado, 1991        |
| ictyospermi* |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| (Morgan)     |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Coccus      | CL,  | L, S\    | No   | No    | Ebeling, 1959;     |
| hesperidum*  | US   | (*C.     |      |       | González, 1989;    |
| Linnaeus     |      | s        |      |       | Hamon and          |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       | Williams, 1984;    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | C.* x    |      |       | IPM, 1991; Prado,  |
| Coccidae     |      | *pa      |      |       | 1991; Ripa and     |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL   | FE, L\   | Yes  | No^7  | González, 1989;    |
| Cosmophyllum |      | (*C.     |      | a,7b^ | Prado, 1991; Ripa  |
| pallidulum*  |      | si       |      |       | and Rodriguez,     |
| Blanchard    |      | nensis*) |      |       | 1999               |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Orthoptera:  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Tettigonidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Dexicrates  | CL   | DT\      | Yes  | N     | González, 1989;    |
| robustus*    |      | (*C.     |      | o^7a, | Prado, 1991        |
| (Blanchard)  |      | si       |      | 7b,8^ |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| *Bostrichus  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| robustus*    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Blanchard)) |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Coleoptera:  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Bostrichidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Dialeurodes | CL   | FL, L,   | No   | No    | González, 1989;    |
| citri*       | ^4^, | S\       |      |       | IPM, 1991; Prado,  |
| (Ashmead)    | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 1991               |
|              |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Aleyrodidae  |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Drosophila  | CL,  | F\       | No   | No    | CABI, 2005;        |
| hydei*       | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Medina-Muñoz and   |
| Sturtevant   |      | si       |      |       | Godoy-Herrera,     |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       | 2005               |
| Diptera:     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| D            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| rosophilidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Drosophila  | CL,  | F\       | No   | No    | Alamiri, 2001;     |
| immigrans*   | US   | (*C.     |      |       | CABI, 2005         |
| Sturtevant   |      | si       |      |       |                    |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Diptera:     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| D            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| rosophilidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Drosophila  | CL,  | F\       | No   | No    | CABI, 2005; Hardy, |
| simulans*    | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 1965; Stone *et    |
| Sturtevant   |      | si       |      |       | al*., 1965         |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Diptera:     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| D            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| rosophilidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Ectomyelois | CL,  | F\       | No   | Yes   | Gonzáles and       |
| ceratoniae*  | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Cepeda, 1999;      |
| (Zeller)     |      | si       |      |       | Navarro *et al.*,  |
| (Synonym:    |      | nensis*) |      |       | 1986               |
| *            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Spectrobates |      |          |      |       |                    |
| ceratoniae*  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Zeller))    |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Lepidoptera: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pyralidae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Eriophyes   | CL,  | FL, L,   | No   | No    | González, 1989;    |
| sheldoni*    | US   | SH\      |      |       | IPM, 1991; Prado,  |
| Ewing        |      | (*C.     |      |       | 1991               |
| (Synonym:    |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| *Aceria      |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| sheldoni*    |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| (Ewing))     |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Acarina:     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Eriophyidae  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Eotranychus | CL,  | FL, L,   | No   | No    | CABI, 2005; Klein  |
| lewisi*      | US   | SH\      |      |       | Koch and           |
| McGregor     |      | (*C.     |      |       | Waterhouse, 2000   |
| Acarina:     |      | sin      |      |       |                    |
| Eriophyidae  |      | ensisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *F           | CL   | FL\      | Yes  | No^8^ | Nakahara, 1997;    |
| rankliniella |      | (*C.     |      |       | Prado, 1991;       |
| australis*   |      | si       |      |       | Santacroce, 1993   |
| Morgan       |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *F           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| rankliniella |      |          |      |       |                    |
| cestrum*     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Moulton)     |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| T            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| hysanoptera: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Thripidae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *F           | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005;        |
| rankliniella | US   | L\       |      |       | González, 1999;    |
| o            |      | (*C.     |      |       | IPM, 1991          |
| ccidentalis* |      | sin      |      |       |                    |
| (Pergande)   |      | sensis*, |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *C.* x   |      |       |                    |
| T            |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| hysanoptera: |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Thripidae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Heliothrips | CL,  | F\       | No   | Yes   | Blank & Gill,      |
| haem         | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 1997; CABI, 2005   |
| orrhoidalis* |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Bouché       |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| T            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| hysanoptera: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Thripidae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | Ben-Dov *et al*.,  |
| Hemiberlesia | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2005; CABI, 2005   |
| lataniae*    |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| (Signoret)   |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL   | L, S\    | No   | No    | McKenzie, 1956;    |
| Hemiberlesia | ^5^, | (*C.     |      |       | Prado, 1991        |
| palmae*      | US   | si       |      |       |                    |
| (Cock.)      |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, L\    | No   | Yes   | McKenzie, 1956;    |
| Hemiberlesia | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Prado, 1991        |
| rapax*       |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| (Comstock)   |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Icerya      | CL,  | L, S\    | No   | No    | Gill, 1993; IPM,   |
| purchasi*    | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 1991; Prado, 1991; |
| Maskell      |      | s        |      |       | Ripa and           |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Margarodidae |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, L,    | No   | Yes   | González, 1989;    |
| Lepidosaphes | US   | TW\      |      |       | IPM, 1991; Prado,  |
| beckii*      |      | (*C.     |      |       | 1991; Ripa and     |
| (Newmann)    |      | s        |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
| (Synonyms:   |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| *Aspidiotus  |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| citricola*   |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Packard;     |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| *            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Mytilococcus |      |          |      |       |                    |
| beckii*      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (New.))      |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Linepithema | CL,  | Under    | No   | No    | IPM, 1991; Ripa    |
| humile*      | US   | tree\    |      |       | and Rodriguez,     |
| (Mayr)       |      | (*C.     |      |       | 1999               |
|              |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| Hymenoptera: |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Formicidae   |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Macrosiphum | CL,  | L, SH\   | No   | No    | Blackman and       |
| euphorbiae*  | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Eastop, 2000;      |
| (Thomas)     |      | si       |      |       | Prado, 1991        |
| (Synonym:    |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| *Macrosiphum |      |          |      |       |                    |
| solanifolii* |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Ashmead))   |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Aphididae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Morganella  | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Klein  |
| longispina*  | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Koch and           |
| (Morgan)     |      | si       |      |       | Waterhouse, 2000   |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Myzus       | CL,  | FL, L,   | No   | No    | Aly *et al*.,      |
| persicae*    | US   | S\       |      |       | 2003; CABI, 2005   |
| (Sulzer)     |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
|              |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Aphididae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Naupactus   | CL,  | L, R\    | No   | No    | CABI, 2005; Klein  |
| leucoloma*   | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Koch and           |
| Boheman      |      | si       |      |       | Waterhouse, 2000   |
| (Synonym:    |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| *G           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| raphognathus |      |          |      |       |                    |
| leucoloma*   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Boheman))   |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Coleoptera:  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| C            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| urculionidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Naupactus   | CL   | L, R, S\ | Yes  | N     | González, 1989;    |
| xa           |      | (*C.     |      | o^7a, | Prado, 1991; Ripa  |
| nthographus* |      | si       |      | 7b,8^ | and Rodriguez,     |
| (Germar)     |      | nensis*) |      |       | 1999; Santacroce,  |
|              |      |          |      |       | 1993               |
| Coleoptera:  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| C            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| urculionidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Neosilba    | CL   | F\       | Yes  | N     | González, 1989;    |
| pendula*     |      | (*C.     |      | o^14^ | Prado, 1991; Klein |
| (Bezzi)      |      | si       |      |       | Koch and           |
| (Synonym:    |      | nensis*) |      |       | Waterhouse, 2000;  |
| *Lonchaea    |      |          |      |       | Artigas, 1994      |
| pendula*     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Bezzi))     |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Diptera:     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Lonchaeidae  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Nezara      | CL,  | F, S,    | No   | Yes   | González, 1989;    |
| viridula*    | US   | SH\      |      |       | Metcalf and        |
| (Linnaeus)   |      | (*C.     |      |       | Metcalf, 1993;     |
| (Synonym:    |      | s        |      |       | Prado, 1991        |
| *Nezara      |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| prasinus*    |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| (Linnaeus))  |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pentatomidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Panonychus  | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | No    | CABI, 2005;        |
| citri*       | US   | (*C.     |      |       | González, 1989;    |
| (McGregor)   |      | s        |      |       | IPM, 1991; Prado,  |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       | 1991; Ripa and     |
| Acarina:     |      | C.* x    |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
| T            |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| etranychidae |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Pantomorus  | CL,  | F, L, R\ | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005         |
| cervinus*    | US   | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| (Boheman)    |      | s        |      |       |                    |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Coleoptera:  |      | C. x     |      |       |                    |
| C            |      | pa       |      |       |                    |
| urculionidae |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Peridroma   | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | No    | CABI, 2005         |
| saucia*      | US   | L, S\    |      |       |                    |
| (Hübner)     |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
|              |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Lepidoptera: |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Noctuidae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *P           | CL   | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005;        |
| hyllocnistis | ^5^, | (*C.     |      |       | Heppner, 1995;     |
| citrella*    | US   | s        |      |       | Knapp *et al.*,    |
| Stainton     |      | inensis, |      |       | 1995; Nagamine and |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       | Heu, 2002; Ripa    |
| Lepidotera:  |      | *pa      |      |       | and Rodriguez,     |
| Gr           |      | radisi*) |      |       | 1999; Yunus and    |
| acillariidae |      |          |      |       | Ho, 1980           |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Ph          | CL   | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005;        |
| yllocoptruta | ^6^, | (*C.     |      |       | Jimenez *et al*.,  |
| oleivora*    | US   | si       |      |       | 1989; Metcalf and  |
| (Ashmead)    |      | nensis*) |      |       | Metcalf, 1993;     |
| (Synonym:    |      |          |      |       | Prado, 1991        |
| *Typhodromus |      |          |      |       |                    |
| oleivorus*   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ashmead)     |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Acari:       |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Eriophyidae  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Pinnaspis   | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | Ben-Dov *et al*.,  |
| aspidistrae* | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2005               |
| (Signoret)   |      | si       |      |       |                    |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Pinnaspis   | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | Ben-Dov *et al*.,  |
| strachani*   | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2005; CABI, 2005   |
| (Cooley)     |      | s        |      |       |                    |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Planococcus | CL,  | F, L, S, | No   | Yes   | McKenzie, 1967;    |
| citri*       | US   | TW, R\   |      |       | Prado, 1991; Ripa  |
| (Risso)      |      | (*C.     |      |       | and Rodriguez,     |
|              |      | s        |      |       | 1999; Stoetzel and |
| Hemiptera:   |      | inensis, |      |       | Miller, 1991       |
| Ps           |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| eudococcidae |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Polypha     | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | Yes   | IPM, 1991; Ripa    |
| gotarsonemus | US   | L, TW\   |      |       | and Rodriguez,     |
| latus*       |      | (*C.     |      |       | 1999               |
| (Banks)      |      | s        |      |       |                    |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Acarina:     |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Tarsonemidae |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Proeulia    | CL   | F, FL,   | Yes  | N     | CABI, 2005;        |
| auraria*     |      | L, SH\   |      | o^7b^ | González, 1989;    |
| (Clarke)     |      | (*C.     |      |       | Prado, 1991; Ripa  |
|              |      | s        |      |       | and Rodriguez,     |
| Lepidoptera: |      | inensis, |      |       | 1999               |
| Tortricidae  |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Proeulia    | CL   | F, FL,   | Yes  | N     | CABI, 2005;        |
| c            |      | L\       |      | o^7b^ | González, 1989;    |
| hrysopteris* |      | (*C.     |      |       | Prado, 1991        |
| (Butler)     |      | s        |      |       |                    |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Lepidoptera: |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Tortricidae  |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Pro         | CL,  | L\       | No   | No    | Ben-Dov, 1993;     |
| topulvinaria | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Ripa and           |
| pyriformis*  |      | si       |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
| (Cockerell)  |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Coccidae     |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, L,    | No   | Yes   | González, 1989;    |
| Pseudococcus | US   | TW\      |      |       | IPM, 1991;         |
| longispinus* |      | (*C.     |      |       | Kosztarab, 1996;   |
| (Targioni    |      | s        |      |       | Prado, 1991; Ripa  |
| and Tozzeti) |      | inensis, |      |       | and Rodriguez,     |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       | 1999               |
| Hemiptera:   |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Ps           |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| eudococcidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, L,    | No   | Yes   | De Lotto, 1958;    |
| Pseudococcus | US   | TW\      |      |       | Essing, 1942;      |
| c            |      | (*C.     |      |       | González, 1989;    |
| alceolariae* |      | s        |      |       | IPM, 1991;         |
| (Maskell)    |      | inensis, |      |       | McKenzie, 1964;    |
| (Synonyms:   |      | C.* x    |      |       | Prado, 1991; Ripa  |
| *P. gahani*  |      | *pa      |      |       | and Rodriguez,     |
| Green; *P.   |      | radisi*) |      |       | 1999               |
| fragilis*    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Brain)       |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ps           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| eudococcidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, L,    | No   | Yes   | Ben-Dov, 1994;     |
| Pseudococcus | US   | TW\      |      |       | Gimpel and Miller  |
| viburni*     |      | (*C.     |      |       | 1996; Ripa and     |
| (Maskell)    |      | si       |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
| (Synonym:    |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| *            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pseudococcus |      |          |      |       |                    |
| affinis*     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Maskell)     |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ps           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| eudococcidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Saissetia   | CL,  | L, S\    | No   | No    | Ben-Dov, 1993;     |
| coffeae*     | US   | (*C.     |      |       | González, 1989;    |
| (Walker)     |      | si       |      |       | Hamon and          |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       | Williams, 1984;    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       | Prado, 1991; Ripa  |
| Coccidae     |      |          |      |       | and Rodriguez,     |
|              |      |          |      |       | 1999               |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Saissetia   | CL,  | L, S\    | No   | No    | Ben-Dov, 1993;     |
| oleae*       | US   | (*C.     |      |       | González, 1989;    |
| (Oliver)     |      | s        |      |       | Hamon and          |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       | Williams, 1984;    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | C.* x    |      |       | IPM, 1991; Prado,  |
| Coccidae     |      | *pa      |      |       | 1991; Ripa and     |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, L     | No   | No    | Klein Koch and     |
| Scirtothrips | US   |          |      |       | Waterhouse, 2000;  |
| inermis*     |      |          |      |       | Palmer and Mound,  |
| Priesner     |      |          |      |       | 1983               |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| T            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| hysanoptera: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Thripidae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Solenopsis  | CL   | F, FL,   | Yes  | N     | Ripa and           |
| gayi*        |      | R, T,    |      | o^7b^ | Rodriguez, 1999    |
| (Spinola)    |      | TW\      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| Hymenoptera: |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Formicidae   |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Spodoptera  | CL,  | L\       | No   | No    | CABI, 2005         |
| frugiperda*  | US   | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| J.E. Smith   |      | si       |      |       |                    |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Lepidoptera: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Noctuidae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Tetranychus | CL,  | L, S\    | No   | No    | IPM, 1991; Jeppson |
| urticae*     | US   | (*C.     |      |       | *et al.*, 1975;    |
| Koch         |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      | nensis*) |      |       | Metcalf and        |
| *Tetranychus |      |          |      |       | Metcalf, 1993;     |
| telarius*    |      |          |      |       | Ripa and           |
| L.)          |      |          |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Acarina:     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| T            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| etranychidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Tettigades  | CL   | BR\      | Yes  | N     | Prado, 1991        |
| chilensis*   |      | (*C.     |      | o^7a, |                    |
| Amyot &      |      | si       |      | 7b,8^ |                    |
| Serville     |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Cicadidae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Thrips      | CL,  | FL, L\   | No   | No    | Metcalf and        |
| tabaci*      | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Metcalf, 1993;     |
| (Lindeman)   |      | si       |      |       | Prado, 1991        |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| T            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| hysanoptera: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Thripidae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Toxoptera   | CL,  | FL, L,   | No   | No    | González, 1989;    |
| aurantii*    | US   | S\       |      |       | IPM, 1991; Prado,  |
| (Boy. de     |      | (*C.     |      |       | 1991; Ripa and     |
| Fons.)       |      | s        |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Aphididae    |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Toxoptera   | CL^  | FL, L\   | Yes  | No^   | CABI, 2005         |
| citricida*   | 13^, | (*C.     |      | 7b,8^ |                    |
| (Kirkaldy)   | US   | s        |      |       |                    |
|              | (FL, | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   | HI)  | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Aphidae      |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | L\       | No   | No    | CABI, 2005         |
| Trichoplusia | US   | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| ni* (Hübner) |      | si       |      |       |                    |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Lepidoptera: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Noctuidae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Unaspis     | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005         |
| citri*       | US   | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| (Comstock)   | (CA, | s        |      |       |                    |
|              | FL,  | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Hemiptera:   | GA,  | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Diaspididae  | LA)  | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| **BACTERIA** |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Pseudomonas | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | Yes   | Besoaín, 1999;     |
| syringae* pv | US   | T\       |      |       | C.M.I., 1988;      |
| *syringae*   |      | (*C.     |      |       | Montealegre and    |
| van Hall     |      | s        |      |       | Herrera, 1999      |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Pse          |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| udomonadales |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Rhizobium   | CL,  | R, S\    | No   | No    | CABI, 2005         |
| radiobacter* | US   | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| (Beijerinck  |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| & van        |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Delden)      |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Young *et    |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| al.*         |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *A           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| grobacterium |      |          |      |       |                    |
| tumefaciens* |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Smith &     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Town.) Conn) |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Rhizobiales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| **FUNGI\     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (including   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| organisms    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| under        |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Kingdom      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Chromista)** |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Alternaria  | CL,  | F, L,    | No   | Yes   | Besoaín, 1999;     |
| alternata*   | US   | SH\      |      |       | IPM, 1991;         |
| (Fr.:Fr.)    |      | (*C.     |      |       | Latorre, 1992;     |
| Keissl.      |      | s        |      |       | Timmer *et al.*,   |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       | 2000               |
| Ascomycetes: |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Pleosporales |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Alternaria  | CL,  | F, L, R, | No   | Yes   | Besoaín, 1999;     |
| citri* Ellis | US   | SH\      |      |       | IPM, 1991;         |
| & N. Pierce  |      | (*C.     |      |       | Latorre, 1992;     |
|              |      | s        |      |       | Timmer *et al.*,   |
| Ascomycetes: |      | inensis, |      |       | 2000               |
| Pleosporales |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Alternaria  | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | Farr *et al.*,     |
| tenuissima*  | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; Morales *et  |
| (Kunze:Fr.)  |      | si       |      |       | al*., 1974         |
| Wiltshire    |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pleosporales |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Armillaria  | CL   | R, S\    | Yes  | No    | CABI, 2005;        |
| lu           |      | (*C.     |      |       | Coetzee *et al*.,  |
| teobubalina* |      | si       |      |       | 2003               |
| Watling &    |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Kile         |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Bas          |      |          |      |       |                    |
| idiomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Agaricales   |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Armillaria  | CL,  | R, S\    | No   | No    | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| mellea*      | US   | (*C.     |      |       | *et al.*, 2006;    |
| (Vahl:Fr.)   |      | si       |      |       | Mujica and         |
| P. Kumm.\    |      | nensis*) |      |       | Vergara, 1980      |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Rhizomorpha |      |          |      |       |                    |
| su           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| bcorticalis* |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pers. Ex     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Gray         |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Bas          |      |          |      |       |                    |
| idiomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Agaricales   |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Aspergillus | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | Yes   | Alicia-Toro *et    |
| flavus*      | US   | SD\      |      |       | al*., 1993; CABI,  |
| Link:Fr.     |      | (*C.     |      |       | 2005; Farr *et     |
|              |      | si       |      |       | al.*, 2006         |
| Ascomycetes: |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Eurotiales   |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Aspergillus | CL,  | F\       | No   | Yes   | Alicia-Toro *et    |
| fumigatus*   | US   | (*C.     |      |       | al*., 1993; Farr   |
| Fresen.      |      | si       |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Eurotiales   |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Aspergillus | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| niger*       | US   | R, S,    |      |       | *et al.*, 2006;    |
| Tiegh.       |      | SD\      |      |       | Latorre *et al*.,  |
|              |      | (*C.     |      |       | 2002               |
| Ascomycetes: |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| Eurotiales   |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Athelia     | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| rolfsii*     | US   | L, R, S, |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| (Curzi) C.C. |      | SD\      |      |       |                    |
| Tu & Kimbr.  |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| *Corticium   |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| rolfsii*     |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Curzi)       |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| *Sclerotium  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| rolfsii*     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Sacc.        |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Bas          |      |          |      |       |                    |
| idiomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Polyporales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Bionectria  | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | Farr *et al.*,     |
| oc           | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; Piontelli    |
| hroleuca*^9^ |      | s        |      |       | and Grixolli, 1993 |
| (Schwein.)   |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Schroers &   |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Samuels      |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Clonostachys |      |          |      |       |                    |
| rosea*       |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Link)       |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Schroers,    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Samuels,     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Seifert & W. |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Gams         |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Gliocladium |      |          |      |       |                    |
| roseum*      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Bainier)     |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hypocreales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Bo          | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | Farr *et al.*,     |
| tryosphaeria | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; Latorre and  |
| dothidea*    |      | s        |      |       | Toledo, 1984       |
| (Moug.) Ces. |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| & de Not.    |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| *Fusicoccum  |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| aesculi*     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Corda        |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Dothideales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Bo          | CL,  | F, R, T, | No   | Yes   | Sánchez, 1997;     |
| tryosphaeria | US   | TW\      |      |       | Timmer *et al.*,   |
| rhodina*     |      | (*C.     |      |       | 2000               |
| (Cooke)      |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| Arx*\        |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| *(Synonym:   |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| *            |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Physalospora |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| rhodina*     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Cooke;       |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Diplodia    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| natalensis*  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| P. Evans)    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *L           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| asiodiplodia |      |          |      |       |                    |
| theobromae*  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Pat.)       |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Griffon &    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Maubl.       |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Bo          |      |          |      |       |                    |
| tryodiplodia |      |          |      |       |                    |
| theobromae*  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pat.)\       |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Dothideales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Bo          | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| tryosphaeria | US   | S\       |      |       | *et al.*, 2006;    |
| ribis*       |      | (*C.     |      |       | Mujica and         |
| Grossenb. &  |      | s        |      |       | Vergara, 1980      |
| Duggar       |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| *Fusicoccum  |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| ribis*       |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Slippers,    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Crous &      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Wingf.       |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Dothideales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Botryotinia | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | Yes   | Besoaín, 1999;     |
| fu           | US   | L, TW\   |      |       | CABI, 2005; IPM,   |
| ckeliana*^9^ |      | (*C.     |      |       | 1991; Latorre,     |
| (de Bary)    |      | s        |      |       | 1992; Sánchez,     |
| Whetzel      |      | inensis, |      |       | 1997               |
| (Synonym:    |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| *Sclerotinia |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| fuckeliana*  |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| (de Bary)    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Fuckel)\     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Botrytis    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| cinerea*     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pers. ex Fr. |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Helotiales   |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Capnodium   | CL,  | L, S\    | No   | No    | Farr *et al.*,     |
| salicinum*   | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006               |
| Mont.        |      | s        |      |       |                    |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| *Fumagospora |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| c            |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| apnodioides* |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Arnaud       |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Capnodiales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | FL, L\   | No   | No    | CABI, 2005;        |
| Cochliobolus | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Piontelli and      |
| lunatus*     |      | si       |      |       | Grixolli, 1993     |
| R.R. Nelson  |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| & Haasis     |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Curvularia  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| lunata*      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Wakker)     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Boedjin      |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pleosporales |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Co          | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| lletotrichum | US   | L, R, S\ |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| acutatum*    |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| J.H.         |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Simmonds     |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ph           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| yllachorales |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Co          | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| lletotrichum | US   | (*C.     |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| dematium*    |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| (Pers.:Fr.)  |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Grove        |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ph           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| yllachorales |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Daldinia    | CL,  | L, S\    | No   | No    | Farr *et al.*,     |
| concentrica* | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006               |
| (Bolton)     |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| Ces. & De    |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Not.         |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Xylariales   |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, L, R, | No   | Yes   | Farr *et al.*,     |
| Cladosporium | US   | S\       |      |       | 2006               |
| herbarum*    |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| (Pers.:Fr.)  |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| Link)        |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Mycos        |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| phaerellales |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Diaporthe   | CL,  | F, L,    | No   | Yes   | Arpaia and Kader   |
| citri* F. A. | US   | TW\      |      |       | 1999; CABI, 2005;  |
| Wolf         |      | (*C.     |      |       | Sánchez, 1997;     |
| Anamorph:    |      | s        |      |       | Timmer *et al.*,   |
| *Phomopsis   |      | inensis, |      |       | 2000               |
| citri* Fawc  |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Diaporthales |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Elsinoë     | CL,  | F , L,   | No   | Yes   | Farr *et al.*,     |
| fawcettii*   | US   | S\       |      |       | 2006; Timmer *et   |
| Bitanc. &    |      | (*C.     |      |       | al*., 2000;        |
| Jenkins      |      | s        |      |       | USDA-APHIS-PPQ,    |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       | 2006               |
| Anamorph:    |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| *Sphaceloma  |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| fawcettii*   |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| var.         |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *fawcetii*   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Jenk.        |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Myriangiales |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Fusarium    | CL,  | F\       | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005;        |
| culmorum*    | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Schiffmann-Nadel   |
| (W.G. Sm.)   |      | s        |      |       | *et al*., 1987     |
| Sacc.        |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Hypocreales  |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Fusarium    | CL,  | F, L, R, | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; CABRI, |
| oxysporum*   | US   | S\       |      |       | 2005; Farr *et     |
| Sc           |      | (*C.     |      |       | al.*, 2006         |
| hlechtendahl |      | si       |      |       |                    |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hypocreales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Fusicoccum  | CL,  | BR, S\   | No   | No    | Farr *et al.*,     |
| dimidiatum*  | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; Latorre,     |
| (Penz.) D.F. |      | s        |      |       | 1992; SAG, 2002    |
| Farr         |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| (Synonyms:   |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| *            |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Hendersonula |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| toruloidea*  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Nattrass,    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Nattrassia  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| mangiferae*  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Syd. & P.   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Syd.) B      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Sutton &     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Dyko)        |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Fungi        |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Imperfecti:  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Coelomycetes |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, S\    | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; CABRI, |
| Galactomyces | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2005; Farr *et     |
| ge           |      | s        |      |       | al.*, 2006; Peredo |
| otrichum*^9^ |      | inensis, |      |       | and Inzunza, 1990; |
| (E.E. Butler |      | C.* x    |      |       | Silveira *et al.*, |
| & L.J.       |      | *pa      |      |       | 2001               |
| Petersen)    |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Redhead &    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Malloch      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Geotrichum  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| candidum*    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Link         |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Sacc         |      |          |      |       |                    |
| haromycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Sacch        |      |          |      |       |                    |
| aromycetales |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Ganoderma   | CL,  | R, S\    | No   | No    | Farr *et al.*,     |
| applanatum*  | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006               |
| (Pers.) Pat. |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| *Fomes       |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| applanatus*  |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| (Pers.)      |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Wallr.)      |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Bas          |      |          |      |       |                    |
| idiomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Polyporales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Gibberella  | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | Farr *et al.*,     |
| baccata*     | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; Montealegre, |
| (Wallr.)     |      | si       |      |       | 1992; Muniz *et    |
| Sacc.        |      | nensis*) |      |       | al*., 2003         |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Fusarium    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| lateritium*  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Nees         |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hypocreales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Gibberella  | CL,  | F\       | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005;        |
| fujikuroi*   | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Schiffmann-Nadel   |
| (Sawada) S.  |      | s        |      |       | *et al*., 1987;    |
| Ito          |      | inensis, |      |       | Timmer *et al.*,   |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       | 2000               |
| Anamorph:    |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| *Fusarium    |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| moniliforme* |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Sheldon      |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hypocreales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Gibberella  | CL,  | R, S\    | No   | No    | Farr *et al.*,     |
| pulicaris*   | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; Mujica and   |
| (Fr.) Sacc.  |      | si       |      |       | Vergara, 1980      |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Fusarium    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| sambucinum*  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Fuckel       |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hypocreales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Gibberella  | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| zeae*        | US   | L, R, S, |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| (Schwein.)   |      | SD\      |      |       |                    |
| Petch        |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
|              |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| *Fusarium    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| roseum* Link |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hypocreales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Glomerella  | CL,  | F, L\    | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; IPM,   |
| cingulata*   | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 1991; Latorre,     |
| (Stoneman)   |      | s        |      |       | 1992               |
| Spauld. &    |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Schrenk      |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| *Co          |      |          |      |       |                    |
| lletotrichum |      |          |      |       |                    |
| gloe         |      |          |      |       |                    |
| osporioides* |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Penz.)      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Sacc*.*      |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ph           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| yllachorales |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Ha          | CL,  | B, F, R, | No   | Yes   | Besoaín, 1999;     |
| ematonectria | US   | S\       |      |       | Joffe, 1972; Farr  |
| h            |      | (*C.     |      |       | *et al.*, 2006;    |
| aematococca* |      | s        |      |       | Timmer *et al.*,   |
| (Berk. &     |      | inensis, |      |       | 2000               |
| Broome)      |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Samuels &    |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Nirenberg    |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Nectria     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| h            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| aematococca* |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Berck. & Br) |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Fusarium    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| solani*      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Mart.)      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Sacc.        |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hypocreales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Hypocrea    | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | Farr *et al.*,     |
| rufa*        | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; Timmer *et   |
| (Pers.:Fr.)  |      | si       |      |       | al*., 2000         |
| Fr.          |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Trichoderma |      |          |      |       |                    |
| viride*      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pers.:Fr.    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *T.          |      |          |      |       |                    |
| lignorum*    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Tode) Harz) |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hypocreales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Limacinia   | CL   | L, S\    | Yes  | No^8^ | Farr *et al.*,     |
| citri*       |      | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; Mujica and   |
| (Briosi &    |      | si       |      |       | Vergara, 1980      |
| Pass.) Sacc. |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Capnodiales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Limacinia   | CL   | L, S\    | Yes  | No^8^ | Farr *et al.*,     |
| penzigi*     |      | (*C.     |      |       | 2006               |
| (Sacc.)      |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Sacc.        |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Capnodiales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| Macrophomina | US   | L, R, S, |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| phaseolina*  |      | SD\      |      |       |                    |
| (Tassi)      |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| Goidanich    |      | s        |      |       |                    |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Incertae     |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| sedis        |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Myrothecium | CL,  | L\       | No   | No    | Farr *et al.*,     |
| verrucaria*  | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; Piontelli    |
| (Alb. &      |      | si       |      |       | and Grixolli, 1993 |
| Schwein.)    |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Ditmar:Fr.   |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hypocreales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Neonectria  | CL,  | F, S\    | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| ditissima*   | US   | (*C.     |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| (Tul. & C.   |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Tul.)        |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Samuels &    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Rossman      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Nectria     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| galligena*   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Bres;        |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Neonectria  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| galligena*   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Bres.)      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Rossman &    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Samuels)     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Cy          |      |          |      |       |                    |
| lindrocarpon |      |          |      |       |                    |
| heteronemum* |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Berk. &     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Broom)       |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Wollenw.     |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hypocreales  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Penicillium | CL,  | F\       | No   | Yes   | Arpaia and Kader,  |
| digitatum*   | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 1999; Sánchez,     |
| Sacc.        |      | s        |      |       | 1997               |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Eurotiales   |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Penicillium | CL,  | F\       | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| expansum*    | US   | (*C.     |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| Link         |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| *P. glaucum* |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Stoll)       |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Eurotiales   |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Penicillium | CL,  | F\       | No   | Yes   | Arpaia and Kader,  |
| italicum*    | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 1999; Sánchez,     |
| Wehemer      |      | s        |      |       | 1997; Timmer *et   |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       | al.*, 2000         |
| Ascomycetes: |      | C*. x    |      |       |                    |
| Eurotiales   |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Periconia   | CL,  | L, S\    | No   | No    | Farr *et al.*,     |
| byssoides*   | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006               |
| Pers.        |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| *P.          |      |          |      |       |                    |
| pycnospora*  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Fresen.)     |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Incertae     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| sedis        |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, L, R, | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| Phytophthora | US   | S, SD\   |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| cactorum*    |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| (Lebert &    |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Cohn) J.     |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Schröt.      |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Oomycetes:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pythiales    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, R, S\ | No   | Yes   | Chang, 1983; Farr  |
| Phytophthora | US   | (*C.     |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| citricola*   |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| Sawada       |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Oomycetes:   |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Pythiales    |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, L, R, | No   | Yes   | Besoaín, 1999;     |
| Phytophthora | US   | T\       |      |       | Farr *et al.*,     |
| c            |      | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; IPM, 1991;   |
| itrophthora* |      | s        |      |       | Latorre, 1992      |
| (R.E. Sm. &  |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| E.H. Sm.)    |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Leonian      |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Oomycetes:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pythiales    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, S, R\ | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| Phytophthora | US   | (*C.     |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| megasperma*  |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| Drechsler    |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Oomycetes:   |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Pythiales    |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | F, L, R, | No   | Yes   | Latorre, 1992;     |
| Phytophthora | US   | T\       |      |       | Farr *et al.*,     |
| nicotianae*  |      | (*C.     |      |       | 2006               |
| (Synonym:    |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| *P.          |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| nicotianae*  |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| var.         |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| *parasitica* |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| (Dastur))    |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Oomycetes:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pythiales    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Pleospora   | CL,  | F, L, S\ | No   | Yes   | Farr *et al.*,     |
| herbarum*    | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; Timmer *et   |
| (Fr.)        |      | si       |      |       | al*., 2000         |
| Rabenh.      |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Stemphylium |      |          |      |       |                    |
| herbarum*    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Simmons      |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pleosporales |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Pythium     | CL,  | F, R, S\ | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| aph          | US   | (*C.     |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| anidermatum* |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| (Edson)      |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Fitzp.       |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Oomycetes:   |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Pythiales    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Pythium     | CL,  | R\       | No   | No    | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| debaryanum*  | US   | (*C.* x  |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| Hesse        |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Oomycetes:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pythiales    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Pythium     | CL,  | R, S\    | No   | No    | Farr *et al.*,     |
| ultimum*     | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006               |
| Trow         |      | si       |      |       |                    |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Oomycetes:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pythiales    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Rhizopus    | CL,  | F\       | No   | Yes   | Farr *et al.*,     |
| stolonifer*  | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; Mujica and   |
| (Ehrenb.)    |      | s        |      |       | Vergara, 1980      |
| Lind         |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| *R.          |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| nigricans*   |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Ehrenb.)     |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Zygomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Mucorales    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Rosellinia  | CL,  | R, S\    | No   | No    | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| necatrix*    | US   | (*C.     |      |       | *et al.*, 2006     |
| Berl. ex     |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Prill.       |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Anamorph:   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Dematophora |      |          |      |       |                    |
| necatrix* R. |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hartig)      |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Xylariales   |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *S           | CL,  | S\       | No   | No    | Farr *et al.*,     |
| chizophyllum | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006               |
| commune* Fr. |      | s        |      |       |                    |
|              |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Bas          |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| idiomycetes: |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Agaricales   |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *S           | CL,  | F, S\    | No   | Yes   | Farr *et al.*,     |
| chizothyrium | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006               |
| pomi*        |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| (Mont.) v.   |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Arx          |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| *            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Leptothyrium |      |          |      |       |                    |
| pomi* (Mont. |      |          |      |       |                    |
| & Fr.)       |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Sacc.)       |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Zygophiala  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| jamaicensis* |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Mason        |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Mi           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| crothyriales |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Sclerotinia | CL,  | F, R, S\ | No   | Yes   | Farr *et al*.,     |
| s            | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; IPM, 1991;   |
| clerotiorum* |      | s        |      |       | Latorre, 1992;     |
| (Lib.) de    |      | inensis, |      |       | Timmer *et al.*,   |
| Bary         |      | C*. x    |      |       | 2000               |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| (Synonym:    |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| *Whetzelinia |      |          |      |       |                    |
| s            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| clerotiorum* |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Lib.) Korf  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| & Dumont;    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *Sclerotium  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| varium*      |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pers.:Fr.)   |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Helotiales   |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Septoria    | CL,  | F, L\    | No   | Yes   | IPM, 1991;         |
| citri* Pass  | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Latorre, 1992;     |
|              |      | s        |      |       | Timmer *et al.*,   |
| Fungi        |      | inensis, |      |       | 2000               |
| Imperfecti:  |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Coelomycetes |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Stictis     | CL,  | S\       | No   | No    | Farr *et al.*,     |
| radiata*     | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006               |
| Pers.: Fr.   |      | si       |      |       |                    |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Ascomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ostropales   |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *T           | CL,  | F, FL,   | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005; Farr   |
| hanatephorus | US   | L, R, S, |      |       | *et al.*, 2006;    |
| cucumeris*   |      | SD\      |      |       | SAG, 2002          |
| (Frank) Donk |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
|              |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Anamorph:    |      | nensis*, |      |       |                    |
| *Rhizoctonia |      | *C.* x   |      |       |                    |
| solani* Kühn |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| Bas          |      |          |      |       |                    |
| idiomycetes: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Cera         |      |          |      |       |                    |
| tobasidiales |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *T           | CL,  | F, L, R, | No   | Yes   | Farr *et al.*,     |
| richothecium | US   | S\       |      |       | 2006               |
| roseum*      |      | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| (Pers.:Fr.)  |      | si       |      |       |                    |
| Link         |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Fungi        |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Imperfecti:  |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Hyphomycetes |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| **MOLLUSKS** |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Helix       | CL,  | F, FL,   | Yes  | N     | CABI, 2005; IPM,   |
| aspersa*     | US   | L, R, S\ | ^11^ | o^7a, | 1991; Joubert,     |
| (Muller)     |      | (*C.     |      | \ 7b^ | 1993; Ripa and     |
|              |      | s        |      |       | Rodriguez, 1999    |
| (Synonym:    |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| *Cornu       |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| aspersum*    |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Muller)      |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Styl         |      |          |      |       |                    |
| ommatophora: |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Helicidae    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| *NEMATODES** |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Hel         | CL,  | R\       | No   | No    | CABI, 2005         |
| icotylenchus | US   | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| dihystera*   |      | s        |      |       |                    |
| (Cobb) Sher  |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| H            |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| oplolaimidae |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Helic       | CL,  | R\       | No   | No    | CABI, 2005; PSI,   |
| otylenchus \ | US   | (*C.* x  |      |       | 2005               |
| pse          |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| udorobustus* |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| H            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| oplolaimidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *            | CL,  | R\       | No   | No    | CABI, 2005; PSI,   |
| Pratylenchus | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2005; Timmer *et   |
| coffeae*     |      | s        |      |       | al.*, 2000         |
| (Zimmermann) |      | inensis, |      |       |                    |
| Filipjev &   |      | C.* x    |      |       |                    |
| Schuurmans   |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| Steckhoven   |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Pr           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| atylenchidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Tylenchulus | CL,  | R\       | No   | No    | Abayllay, 1995;    |
| se           | US   | (*C.     |      |       | IPM, 1991;         |
| mipenetrans* |      | s        |      |       | Latorre, 1992;     |
| Cobb         |      | inensis, |      |       | Magunacelaya and   |
|              |      | C.* x    |      |       | Dagnino, 1999      |
| Tylenchidae  |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Xiphinema   | CL,  | R\       | No   | No    | CABI, 2005         |
| americanum*  | US   | (*C.     |      |       |                    |
| Cobb         |      | si       |      |       |                    |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Xi           |      |          |      |       |                    |
| phinematidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| **VIRUSES    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| AND          |      |          |      |       |                    |
| VIROIDS**    |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Citrus      | CL,  | WP (not  | No   | N     | Besoaín *et al.*,  |
| exocortis    | US   | seed)\   |      | o^12^ | 2000; Frison and   |
| viroid*      |      | (*C.     |      |       | Taher 1991; IPM,   |
|              |      | s        |      |       | 1991; Latorre,     |
| P            |      | inensis, |      |       | 1992; Wallace,     |
| ospiviroidae |      | C.* x    |      |       | 1968; Wutscher,    |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       | 1977               |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Citrus      | CL,  | WP (not  | No   | N     | Besoaín *et al.*,  |
| viroid Iib*  | US   | seed)\   |      | o^12^ | 2000; Frison and   |
| (Synonyms:   |      | (*C.     |      |       | Taher, 1991;       |
| *Citrus      |      | s        |      |       | Valenzuela *et     |
| cachaxia     |      | inensis, |      |       | al.*, 2000;        |
| viroid*,     |      | C.* x    |      |       | Wutscher, 1977     |
| *Citrus      |      | *pa      |      |       |                    |
| xyloporosis  |      | radisi*) |      |       |                    |
| viroid*)     |      |          |      |       |                    |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| P            |      |          |      |       |                    |
| ospiviroidae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Citrus      | CL,  | WP\      | No   | Yes   | Brunt *et al*.¸    |
| psorosis     | US   | (*C.     |      |       | 2006; Besoaín *et  |
| virus*       |      | s        |      |       | al.*, 2000; Frison |
| (Synonym:    |      | inensis, |      |       | and Taher, 1991;   |
| *Citrus      |      | C.* x    |      |       | IPM, 1991;         |
| psorosis     |      | *pa      |      |       | Latorre, 1992;     |
| complex*)    |      | radisi*) |      |       | Wutscher, 1977     |
|              |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Family not   |      |          |      |       |                    |
| specified    |      |          |      |       |                    |
| (Genus =     |      |          |      |       |                    |
| Ophiovirus)  |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Citrus      | CL,  | WP (not  | No   | N     | Besoaín *et al.*,  |
| tristeza     | US   | seed)\   |      | o^12^ | 2000; Frison and   |
| virus*       |      | (*C.     |      |       | Taher, 1991; Herra |
|              |      | s        |      |       | *et al.*, 1995;    |
| Clo          |      | inensis, |      |       | IPM, 1991;         |
| steroviridae |      | C.* x    |      |       | Latorre, 1992;     |
|              |      | *pa      |      |       | Wallace, 1968;     |
|              |      | radisi*) |      |       | Weathers *et al.*, |
|              |      |          |      |       | 1972               |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+
| *Cucumber    | CL,  | WP\      | No   | Yes   | CABI, 2005;        |
| mosaic       | US   | (*C.     |      |       | Paradies *et al*., |
| virus*       |      | si       |      |       | 2000               |
|              |      | nensis*) |      |       |                    |
| Bromoviridae |      |          |      |       |                    |
+--------------+------+----------+------+-------+--------------------+

^1^ Geographic distribution: CL = Chile, US = United States of America,
FL = Florida

^2^ Plant Parts Affected: B = bark, BR = branch, DT = dead trunk, F =
fruit, FE = fruit early stage, FL = flower, L = leaf, R = root, S =
stem, SH = shoot, SD = seed, T = trunk, TW = twig, WP = whole plant

^3^ Although not fitting the definition of a quarantine pest (IPPC,
2004) the species is a USDA actionable pest (APHIS, PPQ, National
Identification Services).

^4^ Species not detected in orchards.

^5^ Exclusively in Region I of Chile (information provided by Servicio
Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG) of the Ministerio de Agricultura de Chile).

^6^ Only on Easter Island.

^7a^ Because of its mobility, this pest is not expected to stay on the
commodity if disturbed.

^7b^ Pest is expected to be removed by standard harvesting and
postharvest practices.

^8^ Not associated with fruit.

^9^ Only the anamorphic state was reported on citrus in Chile.

^10^ Only on fruit from the province Arica.

^11^ Actionable in Florida, Alabama, and Puerto Rico (USDA-APHIS-PPQ,
2006).

^12^ Virus is not expected to follow the pathway, as it is not seed
transmitted and it is not anticipated that fruit destined for
consumption will be exposed to vectors or mechanical inoculation
measures needed for transmission.

^13^ SAG claims that the species is not present in Chile (Vergara,
2006).

^14^ Not reported on grapefruit. Orange is not a primary host. Eggs are
deposited only into over-ripe fruit (González, 1989; Prado, 1991;
Artigas, 1994).

Appendix 4. Climatological Data of Chile

**Average Minimum Monthly Temperatures in Several Chilean Towns**

![](media/image3.wmf)Source: Novoa *et al.* 1989. Mapa Agroclimático de
Chile. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias

**Absolute Minimum Monthly Temperatures in Chilean Towns**

![](media/image4.wmf)

Appendix 5. Host Plants of *Brevipalpus chilensis* and *Ceratitis
capitata,* and United States Distribution

+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Family**   | **Host(s)^1^**         | **Host Present in U.S.      |
|              |                        | Plant Hardiness Zones 9 or  |
|              |                        | Above^2^**                  |
+==============+========================+=============================+
| **           |                        |                             |
| *Brevipalpus |                        |                             |
| chilensis*** |                        |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Act        | Kiwifruit (*Actinidia  | No information available    |
| inidiaceae** | deliciosa*)            |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **           | Cherimoya (*Annona     | No                          |
| Annonaceae** | cherimola*)            |                             |
|              |                        | Not reported in the         |
|              |                        | continental United States   |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Apiaceae** | Celery (*Apium         | Yes                         |
|              | graveolens*)           |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **A          | Periwinkle (*Vinca*    | Yes                         |
| pocynaceae** | sp.)                   |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **           | *Chrysanthemum* sp.    | Undetermined                |
| Asteraceae** |                        |                             |
|              |                        | Present in California, but  |
|              |                        | Zone not indicated          |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Bi         | Catalpa (*Catalpa      | Yes                         |
| gnoniaceae** | speciosa*)             |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Chen       | Mexican tea            | Yes                         |
| opodiaceae** | (*Chenopodium          |                             |
|              | ambrosioides*)         | Distrubuted throughout most |
|              |                        | of the United States        |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Conv       | Field bindweed         | Yes                         |
| olvulaceae** | (*Convolvulus          |                             |
|              | arvensis*)             | Distributed throughout most |
|              |                        | of the United States.       |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| *            | Japanese persimmon     | No information available    |
| *Ebenaceae** | (*Diospyros kaki*)     |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **G          | *Pelargonium* sp.      | Yes                         |
| eraniaceae** |                        |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Moraceae** | Fig (*Ficus carica*)   | Yes                         |
|              |                        |                             |
|              |                        | Prevalent throughout        |
|              |                        | southeastern United States  |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Oleaceae** | Privet (*Ligustrum     | Yes                         |
|              | sinense*)              |                             |
|              |                        | Prevalent throughout        |
|              |                        | southeastern United States  |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Rosaceae** | Almond (*Prunus        | Yes                         |
|              | dulcis* \[Syn.*=       |                             |
|              | Prunus* *amygdalus*\]) | Distribution is limited to  |
|              |                        | California and Utah.        |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
|              | Apple (*Malus          | No                          |
|              | domestica*)            |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
|              | Quince (*Cydonia       | Undetermined                |
|              | oblonga*)              |                             |
|              |                        | Occurs in a county          |
|              |                        | containing Zones 8 and 9    |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Rutaceae** | Lemon (*Citrus lemon*) | Yes                         |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
|              | Orange (*Citrus        | Yes                         |
|              | sinensis*)             |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
|              | Sour orange (*Citrus   | Yes                         |
|              | aurantium*)            |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
|              | Mandarin (*Citrus      | Yes                         |
|              | reticulata*)           |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Scroph     | Snapdragon             | Yes                         |
| ulariaceae** | **(***Antirrhinum*     |                             |
|              | sp.)                   |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **           | Chilean Jessamine      | Yes                         |
| Solanaceae** | (*Cestrum* *nocturnum* |                             |
|              | \[Syn. = *Cestrum      |                             |
|              | parqui*\])             |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Family**   | **Host(s)^1^**         | **Host Present in U.S.      |
|              |                        | Plant Hardiness Zones 9 or  |
|              |                        | Above^2^**                  |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Vitaceae** | Grape (*Vitis          | Yes                         |
|              | vinifera*)             |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ***Ceratitis |                        |                             |
| capitata***  |                        |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Ana        | Mango (*Mangifera      | Yes                         |
| cardiaceae** | indica*)               |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| *            | Date palm (*Phoenix    | Yes                         |
| *Arecaceae** | dactylifera*)          |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Moraceae** | Fig (*Ficus carica*)   | Yes                         |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| *            | Guava (*Psidium        | Yes                         |
| *Myrtaceae** | guajava*)              |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Rosaceae** | Apple (*Malus pumila*) | Yes                         |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
|              | *Prunus* spp.          | Yes                         |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| *            | *Coffea* sp.           | No                          |
| *Rubiaceae** |                        |                             |
|              |                        | Only present in HI          |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Rutaceae** | *Citrus* spp.          | Yes                         |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **           | Pepper (*Capsicum      | Yes                         |
| Solanaceae** | annuum*)               |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Ste        | Cacao (*Theobroma      | No                          |
| rculiaceae** | cacao*)                |                             |
+--------------+------------------------+-----------------------------+

^1^CABI, 2005; González, 1958, 1989; Jeppson *et al.*, 1975; Ripa and
Rodriguez, 1999.

^2^Based on distribution maps from USDA-NRCS, 2006.

Appendix 6. Number of Plants on the U.S. Threatened or Endangered Plant
Species List Belonging to the Same Plant Families as Confirmed
*Brevipalpus chilensis* and *Ceratitis capitata* Hosts

+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| **Plant Family | **Number of   | **U.S. Distribution of Threatened  |
| Containing     | Threatened or | or Endangered Plant Species^2^**   |
| Host(s) of *B. | Endangered    |                                    |
| chilensis* or  | Species in    |                                    |
| *C.            | the           |                                    |
| c              | Continental   |                                    |
| aptitata*^1^** | United States |                                    |
|                | Belonging to  |                                    |
|                | this          |                                    |
|                | Family^2^**   |                                    |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| **             |               |                                    |
| *Brevipalpus** |               |                                    |
| **chilensis*** |               |                                    |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Asteraceae     | 56            | AL, AZ, CA, FL, GA, IL, IN, KY,    |
|                |               | MD, MI, MO, NC, NM, NV, OH, OR,    |
|                |               | PA, SC, TX, TN, UT, VA, WI, WY     |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Annonaceae     | 3             | FL                                 |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Apiaceae       | 8             | AL, AR, AZ, CA, DE, FL, GA, MD,    |
|                |               | NC, OR, SC, WA, WV                 |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Apocynaceae    | 2             | AZ, UT                             |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Chenopodiaceae | 3             | CA, NV                             |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Convolvulaceae | 3             | CA, FL                             |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Oleaceae       | 1             | FL                                 |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Rosaceae       | 7             | AZ, CA, FL, GA, KY, NC, NV, OH,    |
|                |               | PA, TN, VA, WV                     |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Sc             | 17            | AL, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, LA,    |
| rophulariaceae |               | MA, MD, ME, MI, NE, NJ, NY, OR,    |
|                |               | RI, SC, TN, VA, WA                 |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| ***Ceratitis** |               |                                    |
| **capitata***  |               |                                    |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Anacardiaceae  | 1             | GA, NC, SC, VA                     |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Rosaceae       | 7             | AZ, CA, FL, GA, KY, NC, NV, OH,    |
|                |               | PA, TN, VA, WV                     |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Rubiaceae      | 2             | CA, NC, TN                         |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| Sterculiaceae  | 3             | CA, TX                             |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+
| ^1^CABI, 2005; |               |                                    |
| González,      |               |                                    |
| 1958, 1989;    |               |                                    |
| Jeppson *et    |               |                                    |
| al.*, 1975;    |               |                                    |
| Ripa and       |               |                                    |
| Rodriguez,     |               |                                    |
| 1999           |               |                                    |
|                |               |                                    |
| ^2^USFWS, 2006 |               |                                    |
+----------------+---------------+------------------------------------+

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