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Coronado National Memorial

History Education Program

**Teacher\'s Guide**

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| h="1.1791666 | ## NATIONAL PARK SERVICE                | "0.95833333 |
| 666666667in" |                                         | 33333334in" |
| height       | ## CORONADO NATIONAL MEMORIAL           | height="    |
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| 66666667in"} | **4101 E. Montezuma Canyon Road**       | 2222223in"} |
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| IN REPLY     | ### Hereford, Arizona 85615             |             |
| REFER TO :   |                                         |             |
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Dear Instructor:

Thank you for arranging a natural and cultural history field trip to
Coronado National Memorial. We are delighted you are taking the
opportunity to use Coronado National Memorial to enhance the classroom
learning experience. This guide is designed to provide learning tools
for use in the classroom to prepare you for your visit to our park. The
purpose is to:

1\. Give you ideas for developing a unit on Coronado\'s Expedition.

2\. Lay a foundation of knowledge that the program leaders can build
upon.

3\. Build anticipation for the program at the Memorial.

4\. Stimulate interest in local history among the students.

Your students will learn the most from this education program if they
spend time preparing for it. As a teacher, **you are the essential link
to a successful program**. This packet of materials contains a
Teacher\'s Guide with useful information about the park, the logistics
of your visit and an Activities Guide with classroom exercises. Please
use this packet to prepare your students for the visit.

Please give the students the Fourth Grade Education Program Evaluation
found in the packet prior to **any** lessons on Coronado. A post-visit
evaluation will also be administered to assess the effectiveness of the
program.

We look forward to having you and your students participate in our
program and hope that the information provided will be of benefit for
all involved. This program was funded with grants from the National Park
Foundation and the Western National Parks Association.

THEME, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

THEME: The Coronado Expedition of 1540-1542 from Mexico City to Kansas
had a profound effect on the American southwest, irrevocably changing
the lives of the native peoples and continuing to influence the area
today.

GOALS:

. Give students an overview of the expedition, its goals and the route
taken.

. Develop students' appreciation for the cultural diversity of the area
by emphasizing both the Spanish and Native American cultures and
lifestyles during the period of first contact.

. Familiarize students with the clothing, weapons and tools of both the
Spanish conquistadors and the Pueblo Indians.

. Acquaint students with native flora and fauna used by Indians for
food, textiles and utility items.

OBJECTIVES:

. After doing the pre-visit activities and watching the video, students
will be able to draw Coronado\'s route on a map and name the three goals
of the Expedition.

. By seeing, touching and dressing in replica items, students will be
able to recognize, identify and compare armor, weapons, tools and
clothing used by both Spaniards and Indians, and the materials from
which the items were made.

. By viewing the video and a scale model of a Pueblo, students will be
able to compare and contrast Spanish and Indian battle strategies and
describe how these affected their decisions and the outcome of their
confrontation.

. By reenacting the encounter between Spaniards and Zunis and comparing
it to modern day events, students will be able to explain how conflicts
in their everyday lives may be avoided by understanding the language and
cultural differences of their peers.

. By viewing trees and shrubs and participating in hands-on
demonstrations, students will be able to identify some of the native
plants found along the Expedition route and describe how they were
utilized, processed, cooked and eaten.

ARIZONA STATE STANDARDS:

**PROGRAM LOGISTICS**

**[Preparing for your visit to Coronado National Memorial]{.underline}**

Please have the students take the evaluation quiz found in the Teacher's
Guide prior to **any** lessons on Coronado. The students will become
familiar with the Coronado expedition by doing many of the activities
found in the Activity Guide.

**[Directions to the Memorial]{.underline}**

From Sierra Vista, travel south on AZ 92 to Coronado Memorial Road. Turn
right and follow it 5 miles to the Visitor Center. From Bisbee and
Palominas, take AZ 92 west to Coronado Memorial Road turn left and
proceed 5 miles to the Visitor Center. Buses will be met by a park
ranger at the picnic area. At the end of the picnic area the bus will
turn around and the students will disembark. Please see the enclosed map
for further directions.

**[At the Memorial]{.underline}**

Children and teachers should disembark in the picnic area cul-de-sac.
The students will divide into four previously arranged groups. Two
groups (one class) will go to the Food and Fibers stations; the other
two groups will go to the Spaniard and Zuni stations. At the midpoint of
the program there will be a short restroom break, then the groups will
switch places so all students may participate in all activities.
Restrooms are located in the picnic area and at the Visitor Center.
Students should visit the restrooms under adult supervision during the
break provided halfway through the program.

Lunches and other belongings should be left on the bus. If the bus will
not be staying at the Memorial, lunches **must** be placed in large
cardboard boxes that can be shut to keep critters from eating the food.
Students will have ample time after the program to eat. A trip up to the
Visitor Center may also be planned and students may wish to make small
purchases.

**[Program Description]{.underline}**

During the three-hour program at the Memorial, students rotate through
three activity stations.

1.  Reenactment of the first encounter between the Spaniards and Zuni.
    (2 groups)

2.  Information on native plants used for fibers. (1 group)

3.  Instruction on native plants and animals used for food and
    seasoning. Tasting blue corn chips, salsa, and prickly pear cactus
    juice. (1 group)

**[Inclement Weather]{.underline}**

Due to the large sizes of most classes and extremely limited space in
the Visitor Center, we will not be able to offer alternative activities
during inclement weather. We will try to hold the activities in the
picnic area under covered ramadas; however, if you feel that you do not
want to subject your students to bad weather, call the Visitor Center
between 8:00 and 8:30 the morning of your scheduled trip to cancel. The
phone number is 366-5515. **Even in good weather, it is important that
students bring along jackets. The picnic area is located at an elevation
of 5200 feet and some mornings can be quite windy and chilly.**

**Field Trip Preparation**

Your visit to Coronado National Memorial will be a success if you
prepare your students through classroom lessons and activities and
follow these guidelines:

-   Groups- Each class should be divided into two groups. Name each
    group in order to be able to divide them easily. (Example: group 1
    and group 2; purple group and red group) Please have this done
    **before** you arrive and make sure each student knows his/her group
    to avoid confusion at the park. Teachers should divide the groups in
    a manner that will reduce disruptive behavior.

-   Supervision- At least one adult should be with each small group at
    all times. At least one parent for every ten children in addition to
    the teacher is suggested. Please make sure parents are aware that
    they are responsible for keeping discipline in their groups.
    Remember, this program is being conducted by volunteers and they
    should not be expected to perform disciplinary actions. Children
    often are more attentive when they are NOT in the same group with
    their parents.

-   Behavior- Students are encouraged to ask questions but will be
    expected to pay attention and listen quietly to instructors and
    other students. Animals are more likely to be seen when the students
    are quiet.

-   Name Tags- Have visible name tags on each student with large bold
    print. First name only is fine. Make sure they are handed out and
    put on **before** arriving at the park.

-   Clothing- Students should wear comfortable clothing. Bring along a
    jacket or sweater as the activities will be outdoors.

-   Photographs- Teachers are encouraged to bring a camera to take
    pictures. You can create a display back in the classroom. Students
    are not to bring along cameras or binoculars. These items create
    more of a distraction than they are helpful.

-   Lunch- Students and teachers should bring lunches which will be left
    on the bus. If your bus can not stay, have lunches in large
    cardboard boxes that can be closed as **birds will eat any exposed
    food.** Lunches may be eaten in the picnic area after the program is
    completed. No food, gum, candy, or beverages, other than water, are
    allowed during the program.

-   Spending Money- A trip to the Visitor Center after lunch may be
    planned. Books, postcards, posters, patches, and pins are sold in
    the Visitor Center. Each group should decide ahead of time whether
    or not spending money will be brought.

**Park Rules and Safety**

To help preserve the natural beauty and the historic and scientific
values of the park and to protect students during your visit, the
following regulations and safety messages have been established. The
following should be discussed with your students and adult leaders
**before** arriving at the memorial.

-   Stay on paths and trails behind your leader and remain in your
    group.

-   Walk, do not run.

-   Wildlife must not be fed or disturbed.

-   Avoid handling plants. Many have spines and thorns and can be
    painful.

-   Collecting objects is prohibited. Leave everything for others to
    enjoy.

-   Venomous animals live in the desert. These include rattlesnakes,
    scorpions and gila monsters. The best way to avoid injury is to
    avoid placing your hands and feet in crevices or other places where
    you haven't looked or can't see.

-   Listen to your group leader for additional safety messages.

**[In Case of Emergency]{.underline}**

Please leave the Visitor Center telephone number with your school in
case of an emergency. You and your class may be contacted at
**520-366-5515**. The address is: Coronado National Memorial, 4101 E.
Montezuma Canyon Road, Hereford, AZ 85615.

**[Fourth Grade Education Program Evaluation]{.underline}**

Circle a letter for the correct answer.

1\. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado was

a\. A Zuni Indian

b\. A Spanish Priest

c\. A Spanish King

d\. A Spanish Explorer

2\. The Spaniards came to this area

a\. To find diamonds

b.  To steal sheep

c.  To find gold

d\. To buy horses

3\. What food did the Zunis eat?

a\. Apples

b\. Hamburgers

c\. Corn

d\. Lettuce

4\. What plant did the Zunis use for fiber?

a\. Corn

b\. Yucca

c\. Wool

d\. Oak Trees

5\. Why didn't the Zunis want the Spanish to come into their pueblo?

a.  They didn't want the Spanish to take their guns.

b.  They were having a meeting with English explorers.

c.  They didn't want the Spanish to take their horses.

d.  They were having a sacred corn ceremony.

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