PAIN MANAGEMENT

*Prepared by Kathy Kessel, Library Service \~ VAMC Northport, NY*

# 

## June 2001

This bibliography on ***PAIN MANAGEMENT*** was prepared by Kathy Kessel,
VAMC, Northport, NY as part of a VA Library Network (VALNET) effort to
identify useful published information relating to trends in health care.
This bibliography will be updated monthly. Please check with your
Library Service if you are interested in this resource or would like to
identify other materials specific to your information needs.

Other bibliographies prepared for this project are as follows:

CUSTOMER FOCUSED HEALTHCARE DELIVERY AND SATISFACTION

Prepared by Sandra Brayson, Library Service, VAMC, Portland, OR

END OF LIFE CARE

### Prepared by Stephen Perlman, Library Service, VAMC, Durham, NC

MANAGED CARE

Prepared by Stephen Perlman, Library Service, VAMC, Durham, NC

PAIN MANAGEMENT

Prepared by Kathy Kessel, Library Service, VAMC, Northport, NY

PATIENT EDUCATION

Prepared by Stephen Perlman, Library Service, VAMC, Durham, NC

POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

Prepared by Stephen Perlman, Library Service, VAMC, Durham, NC

SERVICE LINE MANAGEMENT

Prepared by Stephen Perlman, Library Service, VAMC, Durham, NC

TRENDS IN HEALTHCARE

Prepared by Kathy Kessel, Library Service, VAMC, Northport, NY

VETERAN\'S HEALTHCARE

Prepared by Stephen Perlman, Library Service, VAMC, Durham, NC

WOMEN\'S HEALTH

Prepared by Stephen Perlman, Library Service, VAMC, Durham, NC

JULY 2001

#### ACUTE PAIN

Anonymous (2001). "Epidural corticosteroid injections most effective
soon after symptom onset." [Current Pain & Headache Reports]{.underline}
5(1): 2.

Brodner, G., R. Scherer, et al. (2000). "Continuous spinal anaesthesia
or continuous epidural anaesthesia for postoperative pain control after
hip replacement." [European Journal of Anaesthesiology]{.underline}
17(6): 402-3.

Ching, M. (1999). "Contemporary therapy: Aromatherapy in the management
of acute pain?" [Contemporary Nurse]{.underline} 8(4): 146-51.

Coskun, A., S. A. Duzgun, et al. (2001). "Nitroderm TTS band application
for pain after hemorrhoidectomy." [Diseases of the Colon &
Rectum]{.underline} 44(5): 680-5.

Ekatodramis, G., K. Grimm, et al. (2001). "The Effect of lumbar plexus
block on blood loss and postoperative pain."
[Anesthesiology]{.underline} 94(4): 716-7.

Gill, P., S. Kiani, et al. (2001). "Pre-emptive analgesia with local
anaesthetic for herniorrhaphy." [Anaesthesia]{.underline} 56(5): 414-7.

Norman, P. H., M. D. Daley, et al. (2001). "Preemptive analgesic effects
of ketorolac in ankle fracture surgery." [Anesthesiology]{.underline}
94(4): 599-603.

Olmedo, M. V., R. Galvez, et al. (2001). "Double-blind parallel
comparison of multiple doses of ketorolac, ketoprofen and placebo
administered orally to patients with postoperative dental pain."
[Pain]{.underline} 90(1-2): 135-41.

Segura, J. J., C. Baldizon-Rodriguez, et al. (2000). "A New therapeutic
scheme of ibuprofen to treat postoperatory endodontic dental pain."
[Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology Society]{.underline} 43: 89-91.

Seymour, R. A., U. Moore, et al. (2000). "An Investigation into the
efficacy of intravenous diclofenac in post-operative dental pain."
[European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology]{.underline} 56(6-7): 447-52.

Singer, A. J., A. Kowalska, et al. (2001). "Ability of patients to
accurately recall the severity of acute painful events." [Academic
Emergency Medicine]{.underline} 8(3): 292-5.

Tan, P. Y., P. Vukasin, et al. (2001). "The WAND local anesthetic
delivery system: A More pleasant experience for anal anesthesia."
[Diseases of the Colon & Rectum]{.underline} 44(5): 686-9.

Thorneman, G. and J. Akervall (2000). "Pain treatment after
tonsillectomy: advantages of analgesics regularly given compared with
analgesics on demand." [Acta Oto-Laryngologica]{.underline} 120(8):
986-9.

van Geloven, A. A., T. H. Biesheuvel, et al. (2000). "Hospital
admissions of patients aged over 80 with acute abdominal complaints."
[European Journal of Surgery]{.underline} 166(11): 866-71.

##### CANCER PAIN

Baumrucker, S. J. (2000). "Clinical research on heroin in cancer pain
control." [American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care]{.underline}
17(1): 8-9.

Fischer, M. (2000). "New aspects of radionuclide therapy in metastatic
bone pain." [Anticancer Research]{.underline} 20(6D): 5183-9.

Hollen, C. J., C. W. Hollen, et al. (2000). "Hospice and hospital
oncology unit nurses: A Comparative survey of knowledge and attitudes
about cancer pain." [Oncology Nursing Forum]{.underline} 27(10): 1593-9.

Kloke, M., M. Rapp, et al. (2000). "Toxicity and/or insufficient
analgesia by opioid therapy: Risk factors and the impact of changing the
opioid. A Retrospective analysis of 273 patients observed at a single
center." [Supportive Care in Cancer]{.underline} 8(6): 479-86.

Marcy, P. Y., J. Palussiere, et al. (2000). "Percutaneous cementoplasty
for pelvic bone metastasis." [Supportive Care in Cancer]{.underline}
8(6): 500-3.

Reale, C., A. M. Turkiewicz, et al. (2001). "Antalgic treatment of pain
associated with bone metastases." [Critical Reviews in
Oncology-Hematology]{.underline} 37(1): 1-11.

##### CHRONIC PAIN

Anonymous (2001). "FDA approves shock wave device for treatment of
chronic heel pain." [Current Pain & Headache Reports]{.underline} 5(1):
2.

Dechow, E., R. K. Davies, et al. (1999). "A Randomized, double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial of sclerosing injections in patients with
chronic low back pain." [Rheumatology (Oxford)]{.underline} 38(12):
1255-9.

Hurst, N. P. (2000). "Sclerosing injections in patients with chronic low
back pain." [Rheumatology (Oxford)]{.underline} 39(8): 925.

Linton, S. J. and M. Ryberg (2001). "A Cognitive-behavioral group
intervention as prevention for persistent neck and back pain in a
non-patient population: A Randomized controlled trial."
[Pain]{.underline} 90(1-2): 83-90.

Monsein, M., T. P. Corbin, et al. (2000). "Short-term outcomes of
chronic back pain patients on an airbed vs innerspring mattresses."
[MedGenMed \[computer file\]: Medscape General Medicine]{.underline}:
E36.

Ness, T. J. (2001). "Chronic urologic pain syndromes." [Current Pain &
Headache Reports]{.underline} 5(1): 27-34.

Richardson, J., P. McGurgan, et al. (2001). "Spinal endoscopy in chronic
low back pain with radiculopathy. A Prospective case series."
[Anaesthesia]{.underline} 56(5): 454-60.

Sweetman, B. J. (2000). "Sclerosing injections for chronic low back
pain." [Rheumatology (Oxford)]{.underline} 39(8): 924-5.

Tan, G., M. P. Jensen, et al. (2001). "Coping with chronic pain: A
Comparison of two measures." [Pain]{.underline} 90(1-2): 127-33.

Wesselmann, U. and P. P. Czakanski (2001). "Pelvic pain: A Chronic
visceral pain syndrome." [Current Pain & Headache Reports]{.underline}
5(1): 13-9.

***GENERAL PAIN***

Ahmedzai, S. H. (2001). "Window of opportunity for pain control in the
terminally ill." [Lancet]{.underline} 357(9265): 1304-5.

Alfano, A. P., A. G. Taylor, et al. (2001). "Static magnetic fields for
treatment of fibromyalgia: A Randomized controlled trial." [Journal of
Alternative & Complementary Medicine]{.underline} 7(1): 53-64.

Amanzio, M., A. Pollo, et al. (2001). "Response variability to
analgesics: A Role for non-specific activation of endogenous opioids."
[Pain]{.underline} 90(3): 205-15.

Anonymous (2001). "Investigational COX-2 inhibitor relieves pain in
dental model." [Current Pain & Headache Reports]{.underline} 5(1): 1-2.

Anonymous (2001). "Steroid shots may help pain after shingles." [Mayo
Clinic Health Letter]{.underline} 19(5): 4.

Anton, D., L. D. Shibley, et al. (2001). "The Effect of overhead
drilling position on shoulder moment and electromyography."
[Ergonomics]{.underline} 44(5): 489-501.

Arbman, G., H. Krook, et al. (2000). "Closed vs. open
hemorrhoidectomy\--is there any difference? \[see comments\]." [Diseases
of the Colon & Rectum]{.underline} 43(1): 31-4.

Babul, S. (2000). "Hyperbaric oxygen therapy to enhance recovery from
delayed onset muscle soreness." [Clinical Journal of Sport
Medicine]{.underline} 10(4): 308.

Barber, F. A. (2000). "A Comparison of crushed ice and continuous flow
cold therapy." [American Journal of Knee Surgery]{.underline} 13(2):
97-101; discussion 102.

Benes, J., P. Nadvornik, et al. (2000). "Abdominoinguinal pain syndrome
treated by centrocentral anastomosis." [Acta
Neurochirurgica]{.underline} 142(8): 887-91.

Braverman, D. L., C. W. Slipman, et al. (2001). "Using gabapentin to
treat failed back surgery syndrome caused by epidural fibrosis: A Report
of 2 cases." [Archives of Physical Medicine &
Rehabilitation]{.underline} 82(5): 691-3.

Cherny, N., C. Ripamonti, et al. (2001). "Strategies to manage the
adverse effects of oral morphine: An Evidence-based report." [Journal of
Clinical Oncology]{.underline} 19(9): 2542-54.

Cheville, A., A. Chen, et al. (2001). "A Randomized trial of
controlled-release oxycodone during inpatient rehabilitation following
unilateral total knee arthroplasty." [Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery -
American Volume]{.underline} 83-A(4): 572-6.

Comley, A. L. and E. DeMeyer (2001). "Assessing patient satisfaction
with pain management through a continuous quality improvement effort."
[Journal of Pain & Symptom Management]{.underline} 21(1): 27-40.

Courtney, M., S. Tong, et al. (2000). "Older patients in the acute care
setting: Rural and metropolitan nurses\' knowledge, attitudes and
practices." [Australian Journal of Rural Health]{.underline} 8(2):
94-102.

Cox, P. (2001). "The Fallibility of pain scores."
[Anaesthesia]{.underline} 56(5): 499-500.

D\'Aleo, G., C. Rifici, et al. (2000). "R3 nociceptive reflex in
multiple sclerosis patients with paroxysmal symptoms treated with
gabapentin." [Functional Neurology]{.underline} 15(4): 205-9.

Dallel, R. and D. Voisin (2001). "Towards a pain treatment based on the
identification of the pain-generating mechanisms?" [European
Neurology]{.underline} 45(2): 126-32.

Dart, R. C., E. K. Kuffner, et al. (2000). "Treatment of pain or fever
with paracetamol (acetaminophen) in the alcoholic patient: A Systematic
review." [American Journal of Therapeutics]{.underline} 7(2): 123-34.

Davies, J. and A. McVicar (2000). "Issues in effective pain control. 2:
From assessment to management." [International Journal of Palliative
Nursing]{.underline} 6(4): 162-9.

Day, R. O., G. G. Graham, et al. (2000). "The Position of paracetamol in
the world of analgesics." [American Journal of Therapeutics]{.underline}
7(2): 51-4.

De Cicco, M., M. Matovic, et al. (2001). "Celiac plexus block: Injectate
spread and pain relief in patients with regional anatomic distortions."
[Anesthesiology]{.underline} 94(4): 561-5.

de Wied, M. and M. N. Verbaten (2001). "Affective pictures processing,
attention, and pain tolerance." [Pain]{.underline} 90(1-2): 163-72.

Desai, B. and D. C. Seaberg (2001). "The Utility of routine electrolytes
and blood cell counts in patients with chest pain." [American Journal of
Emergency Medicine]{.underline} 19(3): 196-8.

Doverty, M., J. M. White, et al. (2001). "Hyperalgesic responses in
methadone maintenance patients." [Pain]{.underline} 90(1-2): 91-6.

Engelberg, S., A. J. Singer, et al. (2000). "Effects of prehospital
nitroglycerin on hemodynamics and chest pain intensity." [Prehospital
Emergency Care]{.underline} 4(4): 290-3.

Ewin, D. M. (2001). "What suggestion is best for pain?" [American
Journal of Clinical Hypnosis]{.underline} 43(3-4): 329-30.

Ferrante, F. M., L. F. King, et al. (2001). "Radiofrequency sacroiliac
joint denervation for sacroiliac syndrome." [Regional Anesthesia & Pain
Medicine]{.underline} 26(2): 137-42.

Finn, S., P. Ryan, et al. (2000). "The Medical management of masseteric
hypertrophy with botulinum toxin." [Journal of the Irish Dental
Association]{.underline} 46(3): 84-6.

Forrest, D. M. and V. K. Malik (2000). "Practical points in spinal
endoscopy." [Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing]{.underline} 15(2):
115-9.

Fries, B. E., S. E. Simon, et al. (2001). "Pain in U.S. nursing homes:
Validating a pain scale for the minimum data set."
[Gerontologist]{.underline} 41(2): 173-9.

Gaddis, G. M. (2001). "Does the reference really support that assertion?
The Potential for citing research reports out of context." [Academic
Emergency Medicine]{.underline} 8(3): 276-7.

Gloth, F. M., 3rd and J. Schwartz (2000). "Developing a physicians\'
palliative care pain hotline in Maryland." [American Journal of Hospice
& Palliative Care]{.underline} 17(1): 24-8.

Graham, G. W., B. P. Unger, et al. (2000). "Perioperative management of
selected endocrine disorders." [International Anesthesiology
Clinics]{.underline} 38(4): 31-67.

Greenspan, J. D. (2001). "Quantitative assessment of neuropathic pain."
[Current Pain & Headache Reports]{.underline} 5(2): 107-13.

Haythornthwaite, J. A. and L. M. Benrud-Larson (2001). "Psychological
assessment and treatment of patients with neuropathic pain." [Current
Pain & Headache Reports]{.underline} 5(2): 124-9.

Hernandez-Reif, M., T. Field, et al. (2001). "Lower back pain is reduced
and range of motion increased after massage therapy." [International
Journal of Neuroscience]{.underline} 106(3-4): 131-45.

Hewitt, D. J. (2001). "Web alert." [Current Pain & Headache
Reports]{.underline} 5(1): 3-4.

Hill, P. G. (2001). "Low back pain." [New England Journal of
Medicine]{.underline} 344(21): 1644; discussion 1644-5.

Holte, K. and H. Kehlet (2001). "Epidural analgesia and risk of
anastomotic leakage." [Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine]{.underline}
26(2): 111-7.

Hu, J. (2001). "Acupuncture treatment of herpes zoster." [Journal of
Traditional Chinese Medicine]{.underline} 21(1): 78-80.

Huse, E., W. Larbig, et al. (2001). "The Effect of opioids on phantom
limb pain and cortical reorganization." [Pain]{.underline} 90(1-2):
47-55.

Johnson, B. A. (2000). "Image-guided epidural injections." [Neuroimaging
Clinics of North America]{.underline} 10(3): 479-91.

Jones, I. D. and C. M. Slovis (2001). "Emergency department evaluation
of the chest pain patient." [Emergency Medicine Clinics of North
America]{.underline} 19(2): 269-82.

Karmakar, M. K., P. T. Chui, et al. (2001). "Thoracic paravertebral
block for management of pain associated with multiple fractured ribs in
patients with concomitant lumbar spinal trauma." [Regional Anesthesia &
Pain Medicine]{.underline} 26(2): 169-73.

Kasim, N. and J. P. Fulkerson (2000). "Resection of clinically localized
segments of painful retinaculum in the treatment of selected patients
with anterior knee pain." [American Journal of Sports
Medicine]{.underline} 28(6): 811-4.

Khan, M. A., F. H. Mumtaz, et al. (2000). "Does the temperature of
lignocaine hydrochloride gel affect instillation discomfort in the male
urethra? \[letter; comment\]." [BJU International]{.underline} 86(3):
404-5.

Lamb, J. and S. Ross (1999). "Pain management. A Patient\'s
perspective." [Canadian Nurse]{.underline} 95(7): 30-3.

Landau, W. M. (2001). "Pharmacologic treatment of pain in
polyneuropathy." [Neurology]{.underline} 56(8): 1121.

Leis, A. A., J. M. Leis, et al. (2001). "Pseudomeningoceles: A Role for
mechanical compression in the treatment of dural tears."
[Neurology]{.underline} 56(8): 1116-7.

Lithner, F. (2000). "Venlafaxine in treatment of severe painful
peripheral diabetic neuropathy." [Diabetes Care]{.underline} 23(11):
1710-1.

Martin, P. R. (2001). "How do trigger factors acquire the capacity to
precipitate headaches?" [Behaviour Research & Therapy]{.underline}
39(5): 545-54.

McConnell, J. (2000). "A Novel approach to pain relief pre-therapeutic
exercise." [Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport]{.underline} 3(3):
325-34.

McEwan, M. T. (2001). "Serious complications with neck manipulations and
informed consent." [Medical Journal of Australia]{.underline} 174(8):
426-7; discussion 427-8.

Medina Santillan, R., G. Reyes Garcia, et al. (2000). "Dexamethasone
alone versus dexamethasone plus complex B vitamins in the therapy of low
back pain." [Proceedings of the Western Pharmacology
Society]{.underline} 43: 69-70.

Merry, M. D. (2001). "Quality improvement to guide the new health
system." [Healthcare Leadership & Management Report]{.underline} 9(3):
1-13.

Miller, M. (2000). "Pathoanatomical model and diagnosis." [Journal of
Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy]{.underline} 30(11): 705-6.

Murphy, R. and S. Carley (2000). "Towards evidence based emergency
medicine: Best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. Prior injection
of local anaesthetic and the pain and success of intravenous
cannulation." [Emergency Medicine Journal]{.underline} 17(6): 406-8.

Nelson, D. A. and W. M. Landau (2001). "Intraspinal steroids: History,
efficacy, accidentality, and controversy with review of United States
Food and Drug Administration reports." [Journal of Neurology,
Neurosurgery & Psychiatry]{.underline} 70(4): 433-43.

Onen, S. H., A. Alloui, et al. (2001). "The Effects of total sleep
deprivation, selective sleep interruption and sleep recovery on pain
tolerance thresholds in healthy subjects." [Journal of Sleep
Research]{.underline} 10(1): 35-42.

Owens, M. R., G. G. McConvey, et al. (2000). "A Pilot program to
evaluate pain assessment skills of hospice nurses." [American Journal of
Hospice & Palliative Care]{.underline} 17(1): 44-8.

Poiraudeau, S., V. Foltz, et al. (2001). "Value of the bell test and the
hyperextension test for diagnosis in sciatica associated with disc
herniation: Comparison with Las&#x00E8;gue\'s sign and the crossed
Las&#x00E8;gue\'s sign." [Rheumatology (Oxford)]{.underline} 40(4):
460-6.

Prado, W. A. (2001). "Involvement of calcium in pain and
antinociception." [Brazilian Journal of Medical & Biological
Research]{.underline} 34(4): 449-61.

Prescott, L. F. (2000). "Paracetamol: past, present, and future."
[American Journal of Therapeutics]{.underline} 7(2): 143-7.

Price, D. D. (2001). "Assessing placebo effects without placebo groups:
An Untapped possibility? \[letter; comment\]." [Pain]{.underline} 90(3):
201-3.

Rebbeck, T. (2001). "Serious complications with neck manipulation and
informed consent." [Medical Journal of Australia]{.underline} 174(8):
427-8.

Riddle, D. L. (2000). "More expertise on trial." [Journal of Orthopaedic
& Sports Physical Therapy]{.underline} 30(11): 704-5.

Rosaeg, O. P., B. Krepski, et al. (2001). "Effect of preemptive
multimodal analgesia for arthroscopic knee ligament repair." [Regional
Anesthesia & Pain Medicine]{.underline} 26(2): 125-30.

Rosen, J. E., F. S. Chen, et al. (2001). "Efficacy of preoperative skin
traction in hip fracture patients: A Prospective, randomized study."
[Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma]{.underline} 15(2): 81-5.

Safran, D. B., D. Pilati, et al. (2001). "Is appendiceal CT scan
overused for evaluating patients with right lower quadrant pain?"
[American Journal of Emergency Medicine]{.underline} 19(3): 199-203.

Schafheutle, E. I., J. A. Cantrill, et al. (2001). "Why is pain
management suboptimal on surgical wards?" [Journal of Advanced
Nursing]{.underline} 33(6): 728-37.

Schellhas, K. P. (2000). "Facet nerve blockade and radiofrequency
neurotomy." [Neuroimaging Clinics of North America]{.underline} 10(3):
493-501.

Schep, G. and M. Bender (2000). "Exercise-related lower leg pain:
Vascular." [Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise]{.underline} 32(11):
1970-1.

Simons, D. G. (2000). "Trigger points and limited motion." [Journal of
Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy]{.underline} 30(11): 706-8.

Starritt, T. (2000). "Pain management in recovery." [British Journal of
Perioperative Nursing]{.underline} 10(2): 115-9.

Stojanovic, M. P. (2001). "Stimulation methods for neuropathic pain
control." [Current Pain & Headache Reports]{.underline} 5(2): 130-7.

Svensson, E. (2000). "Concordance between ratings using different scales
for the same variable." [Statistics in Medicine]{.underline} 19(24):
3483-96.

Tait, R. C. (2000). "Assessing pain in older adults." [International
Psychogeriatrics]{.underline} 12(4): 421-4.

Tanabe, P. and M. Buschmann (2000). "Emergency nurses\' knowledge of
pain management principles." [Journal of Emergency Nursing]{.underline}
26(4): 299-305.

Tanner, J. (2001). "Sclerosant injections for low back pain."
[Rheumatology (Oxford)]{.underline} 40(4): 478.

Tavernor, S. J., K. A. Abduljawad, et al. (2000). "Effects of
pentagastrin and the cold pressor test on the acoustic startle response
and pupillary function in man." [Journal of
Psychopharmacology]{.underline} 14(4): 387-94.

Thomson, H. (2001). "A New law to improve pain management and
end-of-life care: Learning how to treat patients in pain and near death
must become a priority." [Western Journal of Medicine]{.underline}
174(3): 161-2.

Verrall, G. M., J. P. Slavotinek, et al. (2001). "Incidence of pubic
bone marrow oedema in Australian rules football players: Relation to
groin pain." [British Journal of Sports Medicine]{.underline} 35(1):
28-33.

Vincent, S. and B. Aboff (2001). "Use of caffeine in post-dural puncture
headache: A Case report." [Delaware Medical Journal]{.underline} 73(3):
97-100.

Weiss, S. C., L. L. Emanuel, et al. (2001). "Understanding the
experience of pain in terminally ill patients." [Lancet]{.underline}
357(9265): 1311-5.

Werfel, P. (2001). "Fatally forgotten." [Journal of Emergency Medical
Services : Jems]{.underline} 26(5): 20.

Wiersema, M. J., G. Y. Wong, et al. (2001). "Endoscopic technique with
ultrasound imaging for neurolytic celiac plexus block." [Regional
Anesthesia & Pain Medicine]{.underline} 26(2): 159-63.

Wild, L. R. and P. H. Mitchell (2000). "Quality pain management
outcomes: The Power of place." [Outcomes Management for Nursing
Practice]{.underline} 4(3): 136-43.

Woodside, J. R. (2000). "Female smokers have increased postoperative
narcotic requirements." [Journal of Addictive Diseases]{.underline}
19(4): 1-10.

Wu, C. L., H. B. Carter, et al. (2001). "Effect of local anesthetics on
patient recovery after transrectal biopsy." [Urology]{.underline} 57(5):
925-9.

Wu, G., J. N. Campbell, et al. (2001). "Effects of baseline skin
temperature on pain ratings to suprathreshold temperature-controlled
stimuli." [Pain]{.underline} 90(1-2): 151-6.

Zalenski, R. J. and M. Grzybowski (2001). "The Chest pain center in the
emergency department." [Emergency Medicine Clinics of North
America]{.underline} 19(2): 469-81.