From: Joel H. Schultz

To: Distribution

Subject: Comparison of Major Magnet Parameters: FIRE, ITER, and IGNITOR,
Rev. 4

Date: June 28, 2002

No: Snowmass-MIT-JHSchultz-061402-01

### Introduction 

This memorandum collects global performance measures of the magnet
systems for three burning plasma experiments: IGNITOR, FIRE/NSO (2.14 m
baseline), and ITER-FEAT. These parameters are then normalized to the
commonly-used magnet goodness factors for structural efficiency (kg/kJ)
and cost efficiency (\$/kg, \$/kJ). During the design phase, these
goodness factors may represent excellence in design and management
philosophy or they may be indicators of aggressivenss and overoptimism.
It is the responsibility of the structural evaluation group to judge the
design and that of the cost group to judge the specific costs. This
memorandum is intended only as a crude global indicator of feasibility
to be explained by more detailed evaluations.

Rev. 2 differs from Rev. 1 in that it reinterprets the indirect costs of
ITER-FEATand uses the latest Wagganer inflation multiplier of 1.436 from
1989 kIUA to 2002M\$.

### Method

Major parameters were collected from the ITER-FEAT final report[^1], two
IGNITOR reports[^2], and a variety of FIRE/NSO documents. In a majority
of cases, I had to use the sizing/costing spreadsheet FIRESALE to scale
from the previous 2.0 m design to the current 2.14 m baseline design.

Other caveats include the following:

(1) ITER-FEAT size and costs are well-documented in the final support
    and the design also has the benefit of being frozen during the
    Snowmass process. The only caveat on my part is that costs are
    adjusted for inflation, according to L. Wagganer's rule of
    multplying 1989 costs by 1.455. A second caveat is that we can only
    use official costs, while there are significant fundamental
    uncertainties in a project that has not even selected a host
    country.

(2) IGNITOR costs should probably be the best known, since it is the
    most advanced of the three designs. However, it has the least
    published documentation on cost. The method for scaling official
    cost statements from the latest (1986) cost evaluation document is
    described in a previous memorandum[^3].

(3) FIRE/NSO sizes and costs have been relatively well documented for
    the previous 2.0 m design, but there have been inadequate resources
    for repeating detailed sizing and costing for the 2.14 m design.
    FIRE/NSO also requires a wide variety of sources that have not been
    collected and published as clearly and self-consistently as the
    ITER-FEAT final report.

(4) There are always fundamental problems in reporting and normalizing
    the size and cost of magnet systems. How are gravity supports and
    the cryostat counted? What about TF-PF interaction supports? Should
    the active PF coil press in IGNITOR be charged against the TF system
    or the PF system? What about conductor bus? And so on. These are
    reported variably in the IGNITOR, FIRE/NSO, and ITER-FEAT
    documentation.

(5) Reported numbers could be inconsistent or obsolete. Minimal effort
    has been made as yet to independently verify reported sizes.

With all those caveats, a best-effort attempt was made to arrive at
global sizing and costing figures for the three magnet system designs.
These are reported below.

### Summary of Magnet System Sizes

> The major sizing parameters of IGNITOR, FIRE/NSO, and ITER-FEAT are
> listed in Table I.

## Table I: Major Parameters of IGNITOR, FIRE/NSO, and ITER-FEAT Magnet Systems

+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Parameter   | Units       | IGNITOR     | FIRE        | ITER-FEAT   |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Ro          | \(m\)       | 1.32        | 2.14        | 6.2         |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bt          | \(T\)       | 13          | 10          | 5.3         |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| NI,TF       | (MAT)       | 85.8        | 107         | 164         |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Ncoils      |             | 24          | 16          | 18          |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bmax,TF     | \(T\)       | 21.9        | 15.7        | 11.8        |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Wm,TF       | (GJ)        | 1.3         | 5.08        | 40          |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Icond,TF    | (kA)        | 357.5       | 446         | 68          |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Icond, PF   | (kA)        |             | 73.7        | 46          |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Ip          | (MA)        | 12          | 7.7         | 15          |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Bmax,PF     | \(T\)       | 26.9        |             | 13.5        |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| NI,PF       | (MAT)       |             |             | 133.7       |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Wm,PF       | (MJ)        | 299         | 1,097       | 9200        |
|             |             | (scaled)    | (scaled)    | (scaled)    |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| VS-SU       | (Wb)        |             | 42.1        | 277         |
|             |             |             | (scaled)    |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| VS-Flattop  | (Wb)        |             | 6.4         | 37          |
|             |             |             | (scaled)    |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| VS-swing,   | (Wb)        | 33[^4]      | 48.5        | 314         |
| Total       |             |             | (scaled)    |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| tflattop    | \(s\)       | 5[^5]       | 20          | 400         |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| NFEC coils  |             |             |             | 18          |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Ediss, TF,  | (GJ)        | 1.12        | 16.14       |             |
| 1 pulse     |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Ediss, PF,  | (GJ)        | 1.26        | 6.84        |             |
| 1 pulse     |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Ediss,      | (GJ)        | 2.38        | 12.98       |             |
| Total       |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Cooldown    | (hr)        | 3           | 3           | 960         |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| P           | (kW)        | 220         | 1202        |             |
| av,cooldown |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Tmin        | \(K\)       | 30          | 80          | 4.5         |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Tmax,TF     | \(K\)       | 240         | 373         | 5.0         |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Jcu,max     | (MA/m^2^)   | 90          | 33          | 120         |
| (TF)        |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Vpk,t-gnd,  | (kV)        | 3           |             | 3.55        |
| TF          |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Vpk,t-gnd,  | (kV)        | 17.5        |             | 14          |
| PF          |             | (           |             |             |
|             |             | disruption) |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Wm,total    | (GJ)        | 1.60        | 5.79        | 49.2        |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| MTF coils   | (tonne)     | 96          | 568         | 1915        |
|             |             |             | (Scaled)    |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| MTF coils + | (tonne)     | 340.8       | 952         | 5789.6      |
| cold        |             |             | (Scaled)    |             |
| sup         |             |             |             |             |
| erstructure |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| MPF coils   | (tonne)     | 52.7        | 253.2       | 2835        |
|             |             |             |             |             |
|             |             |             | 173.4       |             |
|             |             |             | (Strip      |             |
|             |             |             | wound)      |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| MFECC       | (tonne)     |             |             | 80.4        |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Total Cold  | (tonne)     | 393.5       | 1,147       | 10,135      |
| Mass        |             |             | (Scaled)    |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Specific    | (kg/kJ)     | 0.246       | 0.198       | 0.206       |
| Mass        |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Re          | (kW)        | @ 30 K      |             | 55 @ 4.2 K  |
| frigeration |             |             |             |             |
| Load        |             |             |             | 660 @ 80 K  |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

The breakdown of the ITER magnet system cost is given in the magnet
system cost summary report[^6]. Wagganer mandates a multiplier of 1.436
to convert from 1989 to 2002 dollars. I don't use any further multiplier
to convert from kIUA to M\$. The conversion factor from the direct costs
listed in the ITER report and total costs are estimated from Table
9.6.1, which states that the direct cost of ITER is 2755 kIUA, the
management and support are 477 kIUA and R&D during construction is 60-80
kIUA. If we take the R&D cost to be the mean of 70 kIUA, then indirect
costs due to these two terms is 547 kIUA or 19.85 % of the direct cost,
implying a multiplier of 1.1985 to convert from direct to total cost.
Since there is no breakdown of indirect costs, one can choose to ignore
the right-hand column, except for the total estimate of 1311.3 M\$. The
listed and converted ITER costs are given in Table II:

Table II: ITER Magnet Costs, Reported and adjusted for inflation

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Subsystem       | FDR 2001        | ITER-FEAT       | ITER-FEAT       |
|                 |                 | Magnets         | Magnets         |
|                 | Direct Costs    |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | Direct Costs    | Total Cost      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|                 | (1989 kIUA)     | (2002 M\$)      | (2002 M\$)      |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| TF Coils        | 116.9           | 167.9           | 201.2           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| TF Structures   | 168.3           | 241.7           | 289.7           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| TF Coils &      | 285.2           | 409.5           | 490.8           |
| Structures      |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| PF Coils and    | 49.7            | 71.4            | 85.5            |
| CCs             |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Central         | 31.1            | 44.7            | 53.5            |
| Solenoid        |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Feeders         | 40.9            | 58.7            | 70.4            |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Conductor       | 355             | 509.8           | 611.0           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Total           | 761.9           | 1094.1          | 1311.3          |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

No beakdown is possible of the IGNITOR magnet system with presently
available information. A total cost of \$30.3 M was scaled from the 1986
report to be compatible with a total machine cost of \$150 M. The
ITER-FEAT costs are taken from the FIRESALE spreadsheet in a model that
duplicates each of the line items from the spreadsheets distributed by
Simmons and Wagganer, describing the 2.0 m machine.

## Table III: Magnet Subsystem Costs: IGNITOR, FIRE/NSO, and ITER-FEAT

+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Cost        | Units       | IGNITOR     | FIRE/NSO    | ITER-FEAT   |
|             |             |             |             |             |
|             |             |             |             | (200        |
|             |             |             |             | 2M\$/Total) |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| TF System   | (M\$)       |             | 131.8       | 1021.5      |
|             |             |             | (Scaled)    |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| PF System   | (M\$)       |             | 37.2        | 289.5       |
|             |             |             | (Scaled)    |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| FECC System | (M\$)       |             | 2.0         |             |
|             |             |             | (Scaled)    |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Total       | (M\$)       | \$30.3      | 170.2       | 1311.3      |
|             |             | (Scaled     |             |             |
|             |             | from 1986   |             |             |
|             |             | report)     |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

Normalized cost and size parameters of the three magnet systems are
given in Table IV:

## Table IV: Normalized Size and Costs: IGNITOR, FIRE/NSO, and ITER-FEAT

+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| Parameter             | Units | IGNITOR | FIRE/NSO      | ITER-FEAT |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| M/Wm,TF (winding)     | (k    | 0.074   | 0.121         | 0.048     |
|                       | g/kJ) |         |               |           |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| M/Wm,TF (cold mass)   | (k    | 0.262   | 0.203         | 0.145     |
|                       | g/kJ) |         |               |           |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| \$/Wm,TF              | (\    | NA      | 28.1          | 25.6      |
|                       | $/kJ) |         |               |           |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| \$/M,TF (cold mass)   | (\    | NA      | 138.4         | 229.9     |
|                       | $/kg) |         |               |           |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| M/Wm,PF               | (k    | 0.176   | 0.158         | 0.308     |
|                       | g/kJ) |         |               |           |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| \$/Wm,PF              | (\    | NA      | 33.9          | 31.5      |
|                       | $/kJ) |         |               |           |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| \$/M,PF               | (\    | NA      | 147           | 101.8     |
|                       | $/kg) |         |               |           |
|                       |       |         | 214 (strip    |           |
|                       |       |         | wound)        |           |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| M/Wm, Total           | (k    | 0.32    | 0.198         | 0.206     |
|                       | g/kJ) |         |               |           |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| \$/M, Total Magnet    | (\    | 77.0    | 148           | 114.4     |
| System                | $/kg) |         |               |           |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| \$/Wm,total           | (\    | 18.9    | 29.4          | 26.6      |
|                       | $/kJ) |         |               |           |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| f~mag                 | ()    | 0.768   | 0.553         | 0.520     |
| net~/f~machine\ core~ |       |         |               |           |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+
| f~magnet~/f           | ()    | 0.202   | 0.161         | 0.276     |
| ~Total\ Construction~ |       |         |               |           |
+-----------------------+-------+---------+---------------+-----------+

Three of the more interesting normalizations, the specific cold mass of
the magnet system (kg/kJ), and two of the specific costs of the magnet
system (\$/kg and \$/kJ) are illustrated in Figures 1-3.

![](media/image1.wmf){width="4.696527777777778in"
height="2.770138888888889in"}

Figure 1: Specific Cold Mass (kg/KJ), Total Cold Masses of IGNITOR,
FIRE/NSO, and ITER-FEAT

![](media/image2.wmf){width="4.4375in" height="2.9902777777777776in"}

Figure 2: Specific Cost (\$/kg) for Total Magnet Systems of IGNITOR,
FIRE/NSO, and ITER-FEAT

![](media/image3.wmf){width="4.4375in" height="2.9902777777777776in"}

Figure 3: Specific Cost (\$/kJ) for Total Magnet Systems of IGNITOR,
FIRE/NSO, and ITER-FEAT

# IV. Conclusions

The specific costs and weights of the IGNITOR, FIRE/NSO, and ITER-FEAT
magnet designs are all within a factor of two of each other. They are
all within the range of previous magnet system designs, as tabulated in
Appendix A. In other words, nothing sticks out as being surprisingly
lighter, heavier, or more or less expensive than previous designs.
Historic costs differ by a factor of nearly 10:1 between high and low
normalized costs, while bids on a single magnet fabrication job
frequently differ by factors of 3-4:1. Therefore, the agreement, perhaps
fortuitous, between the specific costs and weights of the three systems
is quite close.

One surprise is that FIRE/NSO has the highest specific cost, measured
either as \$/kJ or \$/kg. Historically, copper plate magnet systems have
been regarded as less expensive and higher performance than wound-coil
designs, let alone superconducting magnet systems. The specific cost in
\$/kg is 82 % higher than that of IGNITOR, although there doesn't seem
to be a significant difference in the specific cost of materials in the
two magnet systems. One possibility is that the FIRE/NSO costing is
conservative. Another is that ITER-FEAT and IGNITOR could have hidden
costs. The FIRE/NSO costing includes \$13.6 M for TF design and \$6.15 M
for PF design (scaled to \$14.1 M and \$7 M for 2.14 m). This increases
the magnet system cost by 15 % over a system in which laboratory
personnel are paid for separately, presumably including both ITER and
IGNITOR. Another possibility is that the AES costing is conservative in
the sense that it evaluates the cost for a specific company. If
international bidding is permitted, as it should be, or (speculatively)
another US company with lower profit margin can underbid AES, then the
cost could be lower. A third factor is that there is error margin in the
estimate of the magnet cost for IGNITOR. Presumably the uniform cost
assessment activity will address these issues, but I flag them here as
something to be resolved.

The ITER-FEAT costs are on the cusp of looking suspiciously optimistic.
Although they use advanced Nb3Sn superconductor, their specific costs
are lower than those of FIRE/NSO. Again, this may be partially
explicable by accounting differences if ITER-FEAT is not including G&A
or design costs.

**Appendix: Historic Benchmarks of Magnet System Mass and Cost**

A-1 Mass Efficiencies of Superconducting and Normal Magnets

+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| Magnet        | Stored Energy | Mass                 | Mass/Energy  |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
|               | (MJ)          | (tonnes)             | (kg/kJ)      |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| Ignitor TF    | 1309          | 96 (magnet)          | 0.073        |
|               |               |                      |              |
|               |               | 436.8                | 0.334        |
|               |               | (magnet+clamps)      |              |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| TFTR, TF      | 1366          | 580                  | 0.425        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| PLT, TF       | 251           | 98                   | 0.78         |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| PDX, TF       | 182           | 73                   | 0.401        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| ATC, TF       | 16.7          | 26                   | 1.56         |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| Alcator A, TF | 24            | 5.8                  | 0.335        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| Alcator C, TF | 95            | 17.7                 | 0.372        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| Ormak, TF     | 4.5           | 10                   | 2.2          |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| ISX-A, TF     | 19.4          | 12.0                 | 0.618        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| ISX-B, TF     | 13.5          | 12.0                 | 0.889        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| JET, TF       | 940           | 380                  | 0.404        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| Zephyr, TF    | 1200          | 300                  | 0.25         |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| ATLAS CS      | 39            | 5.5                  | 0.14         |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
|               |               |                      |              |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| LCP           | 650           | 290                  | 0.446        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| MFTF          | 409           | 341                  | 0.834        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| Tore Supra    | 640           | 206                  | 0.322        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| NMR Solenoid  | 0.4           | 0.082                | 0.205        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| CS Model Coil | 650           | 150                  | 0.231        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| FED           | 16300         | 4040                 | 0.248        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| STARFIRE      | 50000         | 6000                 | 0.12         |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| WITAMIR       | 60,300        | 8,358                | 0.139        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| NUWMAK        | 35,700        | 1,540                | 0.043        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| UWMAK III     | 117,000       | 6,564                | 0.056        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| UWMAK II      | 233,000       | 25,508               | 0.109        |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+
| UWMAK I       | 216,000       | 23,800               | 0.11         |
+---------------+---------------+----------------------+--------------+

Table A-2

Mass Efficiencies of ITER and TPX (1995)

+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
| Coil System    | Stored Energy  | Mass              | *              |
|                |                |                   | *Mass/Energy** |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
|                | (GJ)           | (tonnes)          | **(g/J)**      |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
| **ITER CDA**   |                |                   |                |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
| TF             | 40.7           | 6,960             | **0.209**      |
|                |                |                   |                |
|                |                | +1500, OOP        |                |
|                |                | structure         |                |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
| PF             | 18.7           |                   |                |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
| **ITER EDA**   |                |                   |                |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
| TF             | 108            | 11,100 (with BC)  | **0.148**      |
|                |                |                   |                |
|                |                | +5000, OOP        |                |
|                |                | structure         |                |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
| PF             | 25.3           | 3069              | **0.121**      |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
| TF+PF          | 133.3          | 19,000            | **0.143**      |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
| **TPX**        |                |                   |                |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
| TF             | 1.05           | 138.6 (structure) | **0.181**      |
|                |                |                   |                |
|                |                | 51.1 (windings)   |                |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
| PF             | 0.113          | 39.0 (windings)   | **0.425**      |
|                |                |                   |                |
|                |                | 9.0 (structure)   |                |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+
| TF+PF          | 1.163          | 237.1             | **0.204**      |
+----------------+----------------+-------------------+----------------+

Table A-3.b PCAST Study Group Magnet Cost Scaling

+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| Magnet Component        | (Units)             | Value                |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| Manufacturing           | (\$/kg)             | 56                   |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| Copper conductor        | (\$/kg)             | 12                   |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| Magnet Systems          | (\$/kg)             | 68                   |
|                         |                     |                      |
| Copper                  | (\$/kg)             | 82                   |
|                         |                     |                      |
| Superconducting         |                     |                      |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| BPX TF Coils            | (\$/kg)             | 65                   |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| TFTR TF Coils           | (FY89 \$/kg)        | 103                  |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| TFTR TF Cases           | (FY89 \$/kg)        | 77                   |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| DIII TF Coils           | (FY89 \$/kg)        | 98                   |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| PF Coil Manufacturing   | (\$/kg)             | 41                   |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| PF Coil System          | (\$/kg)             | 105                  |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| BPX PF Coils            | (\$/kg)             | 59                   |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| TFTR PF Coils           | (FY89 \$/kg)        | 180                  |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| DIII PF Coils           | (FY89 \$/kg)        | 84                   |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| Post-PCAST Cancelled    |                     |                      |
| Projects                |                     |                      |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| TPX TF Coils            | (\$/kg)             | 139                  |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| TPX PF Coils            | (\$/kg)             | 232                  |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| TPX CS Coil             | (\$/kg)             | 332                  |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| TPX TF Coils            | (\$/J)              | 0.11                 |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| GEM Solenoid            | (\$/kg)             | 32                   |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+
| GEM Solenoid            | (\$/J)              | 0.032                |
+-------------------------+---------------------+----------------------+

Table A.4 Specific Costs of the ITER Magnets (1999)

  ---------------- ----------------- -------- ------------- -------------
  ITER System      Stored Energy     Cost     \$/J (1989)   \$/J (1999)

                   (GJ)              (M\$)    (\$/J)        (\$/J)

  TF               97.5              1244     0.0128        0.0213

  CS                                 263                    

  PF               25 (PF+CS)        222      0.0194        0.0323
  ---------------- ----------------- -------- ------------- -------------

Table A.5 Specific Costs of Large Commercial Superconducting Magnets

+-------------+---------+----------+--------+---------+-----+-------+
| System      | Status  | Stored   | Cold   | Cost    | \$  | \$/J  |
|             |         | Energy   | Mass   |         | /kg |       |
+-------------+---------+----------+--------+---------+-----+-------+
|             |         | (MJ)     | (      | (M\$)   | (   | (     |
|             |         |          | tonne) |         | \$/ | \$/J) |
|             |         |          |        |         | kg) |       |
+-------------+---------+----------+--------+---------+-----+-------+
| MRI         | Com     | 4.0      |        | 0.35    |     | 0.075 |
|             | mercial |          |        |         |     |       |
+-------------+---------+----------+--------+---------+-----+-------+
| SME         | Demo/   | 1800     | 690    | 18      | 26  | 0.01  |
| S/Anchorage |         |          |        |         |     |       |
|             | Ca      |          |        |         |     | (\$0. |
|             | ncelled |          |        |         |     | 57/W) |
+-------------+---------+----------+--------+---------+-----+-------+
| SMES/KY     | Demo/   | 100      |        | 30      |     | 0.3   |
|             |         |          |        | (       |     |       |
|             | Final   |          |        | system) |     | 0.16  |
|             | Design  |          |        |         |     |       |
|             |         |          |        | 16      |     |       |
|             |         |          |        | (       |     |       |
|             |         |          |        | magnet) |     |       |
+-------------+---------+----------+--------+---------+-----+-------+

[^1]: NSO No WBS7_121401_UpdateCryoRefrigSizeCostFIRE\*.doc, Joel H.
    Schultz, "Update of Cryogenic Refrigerator Sizing and Costing for
    FIRE\* 2.14 m Reference Machine," December 14, 2001; T. Brown, R.
    Simmons, P. Heitzenroeder, private communications

[^2]: \"Ignitor Experiment, Part I: Physics Guidelines and Design
    Criteria\", B. Coppi, M. Nassi and the Ignitor Project Group,
    ENEA-ERG-FUS report, May 1996; B. Coppi et, IGNITOR PROJECT
    FEASIBILITY STUDY, (G. Burchi and P. Moreau, ch. 21, "Organization,
    Time, and Cost," p.464, ENEA Contract No. 25878, Status Report --
    March 31, 1986

[^3]: Snowmass-MIT-JHSchultz-032202-01, Joel Schultz, "Published and
    Normalized Costs of Burning Plasma Experiments," March 22, 2002

[^4]: A. Angelini, B. Coppi, and M. Nassi, "Compact Ignition
    Experiments: Design and Performance," 1991/1992, publication unknown

[^5]: Ignition only, B. Coppi et al, "The IGNITOR Experiment and its
    Perspectives, Plasma Configurations and Machine Operation, " ENEA
    F1-CN-64/GP-14

[^6]: ITER-Feat Cost Summary Report Magnet systems, February 9, 2001; no
    authors listed