**Geologic Hazards Photos**

**User's Manual**

by

Patricia A. Lockridge

Stewart D. Racey

Susan J. McLean

September 1997

**UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE**![](media/image1.emf){width="0.9930555555555556in"
height="1.1770833333333333in"}

**William M. Daley, Secretary**

**National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration**

D. James Baker, Administrator

NATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL DATA CENTER

Michael S. Loughridge, Director

**Disclaimer**

While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate
and reliable within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA
cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any inaccuracies in
the data or as a result of the failure of the data to function on a
particular system. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed or implied, nor
does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty.

The user must be cautious when using these data and computer programs.
None of the data represented here are perfect. As in many complex
scientific endeavors, errors can be expected.

**Trademark Acknowledgments**

In this documentation for the **Geologic Hazards Photos**, trademarked
commercial products and companies are named. Mention of a commercial
company or product does not imply endorsement by NOAA or the Department
of Commerce. Use for publicity or advertising purposes of information
from this publication concerning proprietary products or the tests of
such products is not authorized.

Throughout the publication, rather than put a trademark symbol in every
occurrence of a trademarked name, we state that we are using the names
only in an editorial fashion with no intention of infringement of the
trademark.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

For more information about this product or others available from NGDC,
please contact us at:

NOAA/National Geophysical Data Center

325 Broadway

Boulder, Colorado 80303, U.S.A.

Telephone: (303) 497-6277

Fax: (303) 497-6513

Email: info@ngdc.noaa.gov

Web: http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov

**Contents**

**Preface** 1

**Acknowledgments** 2

**About the Compact Discs** 5

Overview 5

Data Preparation 5

General Notes 6

Getting Started 6

**Directory Structure** 7

Document Directory 7

Software Directory 7

Images Directory 7

**Image Titles** 11

Volume 1: Earthquakes---General Topics 11

Volume 2: Earthquake Events 15

Volume 3: Landslides, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes 25

**The National Geophysical Data Center** 35

**Preface**

Photographs of geologic hazards represent a unique form of data that
capture the transience of Earth\'s periodic upheavals. The images taken
of damage caused by these events are a permanent record that would
otherwise have been erased forever by cleanup and reconstruction
projects. Photographs serve as a reminder that such events can---and
probably will---recur, and that we should be prepared to handle their
consequences.

Photo images from the National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC),
originally distributed as sets of twenty 35-mm slides, have been popular
since they were introduced in 1982. The images have been used in
analyses of geologic hazards, educational programs, and illustrations
for publications. In 1993, we published our first photo CD compilation,
which included all our slide sets up to that date. The 1997 release is a
continuation of this program.

We view this as an evolving product. Your suggestions for future
improvements are welcomed.

Susan J. McLean

Patricia Lockridge

Stewart Racey

National Geophysical Data Center

September 1997

**Acknowledgments**

Many individuals from the public and private sector have donated images
to the NGDC photo archives. It is impossible to cite all contributors;
often those who provide data to us have many sources included within
their individual collections. Each contributor has played an important
role in the study of hazards and their mitigation.

We are particularly grateful to the **U.S. Geological Survey**, whose
scientists have provided many of the photographic images and
descriptions on these CDs. Other contributing institutions include:

**Government Contributors (U.S.):**

State of California, Bay Area Earthquake Project

State of California, Division of Mines and Geology

State of Washington, Department of Natural Resources

U.S. Department of Commerce

U.S. Department of Defense

U.S. Department of Interior

**Academia (U.S.):**

California State University

Stanford University

State University of New York

University of California

University of Colorado

University of Hawaii

University of Washington

**Organizations (U.S.):**

AMOCO

CD-ROM, Inc., Golden, Colorado

Building Systems Development, Inc.

Dames and Moore, Inc.

Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

**Non-U.S. Contributors:**

Academy of Sciences, Russia

Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics,

Australia

National Academy Press, Italy

Public Works Research Institute, Japan

Reinsurance Company of Munich, Germany

Romanian Academy, Romania

If you use these data for published research, it is appropriate to cite
this compilation. We request that you also cite the contributing
individual or organization. Photograph credits for each image are
provided in the captions.

**About the Compact Discs**

***Overview***

The 1997 **Geologic Hazards Photos** compact disc set is an update to
the 1993 release, which included 22 sets of thematic images in digital
form. The current release contains all of the images from the 1993
edition, plus an additional 16 new sets and completely revised software.

The CDs are presented in three volumes. Volume 1 presents general
earthquake topics and Volume 2 contains images from earthquake events.
Volume 3 contains images of landslides, tsunami damage, and volcanic
events and features.

The three volumes contain about 1,141 megabytes of data and information
compiled from many different sources. The images are stored on the CDs
in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9660 format.

***Data Preparation***

The original data for this project were contributed as 35-mm slides or
Kodak Photo CD format. All slides were converted to Kodak Photo CD
format and then recorded as:

Tagged Image Format (.TIF)

Joint Photographic Experts Group Format (.JPG)

Graphics Interchange Format (.GIF)

Each image format has advantages and disadvantages. Choices were based
on desired usage of the images. TIF and JPG files are 24-bit RGB (red,
green, blue) True Color. TIF files are easily imported into many
graphics and desktop publishing applications, and provide the best
detail of the three formats. The JPG format allows considerable
compression of images without noticeable loss of detail to the human
eye. JPG files are often used in Web page construction and are viewable
with most Web browsers. GIF files are 8-bit 256 Color. GIF is also a
popular Web standard, although the image has less detail.

***General Notes***

If you previously had the 1993 release, you may wish to upgrade your
images and software with the current release. All slide sets from the
1993 edition have been re-scanned for consistency. In many cases, this
has resulted in improved color and image density. In addition, the GeoVu
access and display software has newly added features.

Please note that the quality of the image displays are strongly
dependent on your computer system. And, although GeoVu accesses GIF
images for its on-screen display, the TIF images have the highest
resolution. TIF images are recommended for any publication purposes.

Handle the CDs carefully to avoid damage. Dust, scratches, ink, paint,
and fingerprints may obscure some of the data. Given careful handling,
one can expect at least a 10‑year lifetime for a data disc.

***Getting Started***

GeoVu software is provided on each CD for access and display of the
image files and their captions. GeoVu will operate on PCs running
Microsoft Windows 3.x or Windows 95, and on Macintosh, UNIX Sun, and
UNIX Silicon Graphics computers.

The GeoVu installation files for these platforms are provided on the
disc in subdirectories within SOFTWARE\\GEOVU. Instructions for
installing and running GeoVu on the different platforms are found in
platform-specific README files in SOFTWARE\\GEOVU\\DOCUMNT.

**Directory Structure**

The three CDs contain similar directory structures. There are three main
directories: DOCUMENT, SOFTWARE, and IMAGES.

***Document Directory***

The DOCUMENT directory contains this document in several different
digital formats. It also contains HTML access files.

***Software Directory***

The SOFTWARE directory contains the GeoVu and FreeForm software. Each of
the platform subdirectories contains software and installation
instructions specific for that platform.

Additional documentation for GeoVu can also be found in the
SOFTWARE\\GEOVU\\DOCUMNT directory. Brief instructions for downloading
future upgrades of GeoVu from NGDC\'s File Transfer Protocol (FTP) site
and installing the software are in GVQUICK. The GeoVu User\'s Manual is
in GVHELP. Several versions of each file are available---Microsoft Word
(files with .DOC extensions) for PCs, Adobe Portable Document Files
(.PDF), Postscript files (.PS), and text files (.TXT).

FreeForm utilities for converting data to different formats are also
included on the CDs. Please see the appropriate platform README file in
the SOFTWARE\\FREEFORM directory.

***Images Directory***

Photos are contained in the IMAGES directory. Each thematic image set is
represented by a 6-digit number containing a TIF, JPG, and GIF version
of the images. TIF and JPG images are 24-bit, and GIF images are 8-bit.
The 6-digit representations are defined as follows:

**Volume 1: Earthquakes---General Topics**

647001 Earthquake Damage--General

647004 Earthquake Damage to Transportation Systems

647005 Earthquake Damage to Schools

647010 Faults

647022 The Behavior of Columns During Earthquakes

647023 Seismic Creep

**Volume 2: Earthquake Events**

647002 San Francisco, California, April 18, 1906

647003 Mexico City, Mexico, September 1985

647007 Great Alaska (Prince William Sound) Earthquake, March 28, 1964

647008 Southern California, 1979--1989

647009 Central California, 1980--1984

647011 The Armenian SSR, December 1988

647012 Loma Prieta, California, October 1989, Set 1---Loma Prieta
Vicinity

647013 Loma Prieta, California, October 1989, Set 2---San
Francisco/Oakland

647014 Northern Iran, Engineering Aspects, June 21, 1990

647016 The Cape Mendocino (California) Earthquakes, April 25 and 26,
1992

647017 The Landers and Big Bear (California) Earthquakes, June 28, 1992

647018 Northridge, California, January 17, 1994. Set 1---Community of
Northridge

647019 Northridge, California, January 17, 1994. Set 2---Other
Communities

647020 The San Fernando Valley (California) Earth-quakes: February 9,
1971 and January 17, 1994

647021 The Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake, January 17, 1995

647025 The Shikotan, Kuril Islands, Earthquake, October 4, 1994

**Volume 3: Landslides, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes**

647006 Landslides

647015 Environmental Hazards and Mud Volcanoes in Romania

647024 Erosional Landforms

648001 Tsunamis--General

648002 The Major Tsunamis of 1992---Nicaragua and Indonesia

648003 The Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Tsunami, July 12, 1993

739001 Volcanoes in Eruption, Set 1

739002 Volcanic Rocks and Features

739003 Volcanoes in Eruption, Set 2

739004 The Eruption of Mount Saint Helens, May 1980

739005 Hawaii Volcanism: Impact on the Environment

739006 Hawaii Volcanism: Lava Forms

739007 Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: June 1991 Eruptions

739008 The Crater Peak (Mount Spurr), Alaska: Eruptions of 1992

739009 Mount Pinatubo Revisited; A Study of Lahar Erosion

SLIDE01 Global Relief Slide Sets

Individual photos are sequentially numbered from 01-20; a list of titles
begins on page 11. The captions are automatically accessed when using
GeoVu, or they may be read separately, with your own software. Complete
captions for each of the images can be found in the individual menu
(.MEN) files.

**Image Titles**

Photos are located in the IMAGES directory of each CD-ROM. Each set of
images (represented by 6-digit numbers) contains GIF, TIF, and JPG
subdirectories. The images are sequentially numbered from 01 through 20,
with the appropriate file extension.

The following list contains a one-line descriptor of every image.
Complete captions may be accessed through the use of GeoVu (which will
display the image and caption together). Or, captions may be accessed
individually by viewing the on-line menu files through a network browser
such as Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer.

***Volume 1: Earthquakes---General Topics***

**647001. Earthquake Damage-General**

01\. Compression of fence, Hebgen Lake, Montana (1959)

02\. Slumping of highway into Hebgen Lake, Montana (1959)

03\. Government Hill School (1964)

04\. Slumping of Turnagain Heights subdivision, Anchorage, Alaska (1964)

05\. Leaning apartment houses in Niigata, Japan (1964)

06\. Union Pacific Railway damage from ground deformation, Seattle,
Washington (1965)

07\. Tipped residence due to differential settling, Caracas, Venezuela
(1967)

08\. Surface rupture, Meckering, Australia (1968)

09\. City street, Huaraz, Peru, before 1970 earthquake

10\. City street, Huaraz, Peru, after 1970 earthquake

11\. Compression of freeway, San Fernando, California (1971)

12\. Offset of trees along fault, Motagua, Guatemala (1976)

13\. Twisted railroad tracks across fault, Guatemala (1976)

14\. Landslide near Guatemala City, Guatemala (1976)

15\. Liquefaction, Motagua Valley, Guatemala (1976)

16\. Support pillar failure, Imperial County Services Building, El
Centro, California (1979)

17\. Offset of lettuce rows across fault, El Centro, California (1979)

18\. Slumping near El Centro, California (1979)

19\. Sand boil produced by liquefaction, El Centro, California (1979)

20\. Collapsed unit of Pallante Factory, Campania, Italy (1980)

**647004. Earthquake Damage to Transportation Systems**

01\. Tsunami bore destroys bridge on Wailuku River, Hawaii (1946)

02\. Highway slumped into lake after earthquake shaking, Hebgen Lake,
Montana (1959)

03\. Car straddles crack in road after Alaska earthquake (1964)

04\. Damage to Fourth Ave., Anchorage, Alaska earthquake (1964)

05\. Compression of railroad track, Alaska earthquake (1964)

06\. Damage to railroad bridge, Alaska earthquake (1964)

07\. Tsunami damage to railroad facilities, Alaska earthquake (1964)

08\. Boat beached by tsunami, Alaska earthquake (1964)

09\. Collapsed bridge after earthquake in Japan (1964)

10\. Damage to railway, Seattle, Washington, earthquake (1965)

11\. Freeway compression caused by San Fernando, California, earthquake
(1971)

12\. Collapsed overpass caused by San Fernando, California, earthquake
(1971)

13\. Railroad tracks twisted by fault trace, Guatemala earthquake (1976)

14\. Collapse of spans on bridge, Guatemala earthquake (1976)

15\. Landslide blocks highway after Morgan Hill, California, earthquake
(1984)

16\. Rockfall blocks highway after Palm Springs, California, earthquake
(1986)

17\. Collapse of streets caused by subsidence from Mexico City
earthquake (1985)

18\. Blocking of roadways caused by building collapse in the Armenia
earthquake (1988)

19\. Collapse of freeway, Loma Prieta, California, earthquake (1989)

20\. Damage to San Francisco‑Oakland Bay Bridge, Loma Prieta earthquake
(1989)

**647005. Earthquake Damage to Schools**

01\. Damage at Charleston College, South Carolina (1886)

02\. Damage to library at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
(1906)

03\. Damage to chapel at Stanford University (1906)

04\. Damage to high school at Three Forks, Montana (1925)

05\. Damage to school at Manhattan, Montana (1925)

06\. Collapse of school, Long Beach, California, earthquake (1933)

07\. Crumbled walls of high school in Long Beach, California (1933)

08\. Damage to Helena, Montana, high school (1935)

09\. Collapsed school in Kern County, California (1952)

10\. Collapse of stone entry at elementary school, Hebgen Lake, Montana
(1959)

11\. School split by slumping ground, Alaska earthquake (1964)

12\. Damage to school, Veracruz, Mexico, earthquake (1973)

13\. Damage to school, Lima, Peru, earthquake (1974)

14\. Damage to school, Lice, Turkey, earthquake (1975)

15\. Damage to school, Esmeraldas, Ecuador, earthquake (1976)

16\. Collapse of school, Tangshan, China, earthquake (1976)

17\. Damage to school, Cadoux, Australia, earthquake (1979)

18\. Collapsed school, El Asnam, Algeria, earthquake (1980)

19\. Interior damage to school, Coalinga, California, earthquake (1983)

20\. Interior collapse at school, Spitak, Armenia, earthquake (1988)

**647010. Faults**

01\. Fault block diagram

02\. Aerial view of San Andreas Fault

03\. View of cross section of San Andreas Fault

04\. Second view of cross section of San Andreas Fault

05\. Drain offset caused by seismic creep

06\. Fence offset produced by San Francisco earthquake (1906)

07\. En echelon fractures along Imperial Fault

08\. Offset of woodpile along Imperial Fault

09\. Offset of rows in plowed field

10\. Offset of cement-lined ditch in Guatemala

11\. Deformation of rows by Guatemala earthquake (1976)

12\. Tree bisected by fault in Guatemala

13\. Fault scarp near Hebgen Lake, Montana

14\. Fault scarp caused by Borah Peak, Idaho

15\. Fault scarp and horizontal offset near Dickey, Idaho

16\. Oblique-slip fault scarp near Pleasant Valley, Nevada

17\. Oblique-slip fault scarp at Flamingo Heights, California

18\. Reverse fault near Clark County, Montana

19\. Blind thrust fault scarp at El Asnam, Algeria

20\. Under-thrust fault from nuclear test

**647022. The Behavior of Columns During Earthquakes**

01\. First-story column failure, San Fernando, California (1971)

02\. Spirally-wrapped column failure at Interstate 5/210 interchange,
San Fernando, California (1971)

03\. Collapsed column, Interstate 5/210 interchange, San Fernando,
California (1971)

04\. Column failure, Holy Cross Hospital, San Fernando, California
(1971)

05\. Failure of several columns, Foothills Freeway Overpass, San
Fernando, California (1971)

06\. Spirally-wrapped column failure, Esmeraldas, Ecuador (1976)

07\. Imperial County Services Building, El Centro, California (1979)

08\. Damaged columns, Imperial Count Services Building, El Centro,
California (1979)

09\. Buckled box column, Mexico City (1985)

10\. Close-up of colum failure at Juarez Hospital, Mexico City (1985)

11\. Failed first-story column, Mexico City (1985)

12\. Shattered columns under Economics Building, San Salvador, El
Salvador (1986)

13\. Porch column tipped when house shifted on foundation, Whittier,
California (1987)

14\. Collapsed Cypress section of Interstate 880, Loma Prieta,
California (1989)

15\. Bases chipped when columns tipped during Loma Prieta, California,
earthquake (1989)

16\. Overpass columns damaged in Northridge, California, earthquake
(1994)

17\. Parking garage columns damaged in Northridge, California,
earthquake (1994)

18\. Splayed column bases, Northridge, California (1994)

19\. Failed bridge support, Northridge, California (1994)

20\. "Short column" effect, Northridge, California (1994)

**647023. Seismic Creep**

01\. Calaveras fault crosses street in Hollister, California

02\. Creep on Locust Street as it looked in 1966 and 1992

03\. Tipped house foundation along fault

04\. Fault trace crosses intersection

05\. Effect of 16 years of creep on curb

06\. Walkway as it appeared in 1985 and in 1991

07\. Two views of a slightly-bent curb

08\. "Wavy" curb produced by seismic creep

09\. Curb on opposite side of street

10\. Bend in curb caused by seismic creep

11\. Bend in sidewalk, Hollister

12\. Broken curb, Hollister

13\. Offset of street's center line at fault trace

14\. Offset of culvert near Almaden Cienega Winery

15\. Building damage caused by creep in Hayward, California

16\. En echelon shears crossing street, Hayward

17\. Curb offset in 1974 and 1993

18\. Offset of fence in Hayward

19\. Effect of creep on stadium, Berkeley, California

20\. Distorted fence, Melendy Ranch, California

***Volume 2: Earthquake Events***

**647002. San Francisco, California, April 18, 1906**

01\. Fault trace breaks fence northwest of Woodville

02\. Skinner's barn offset by fault trace

03\. Fault severs house, Santa Cruz County

04\. Road cracks caused by earthquake

05\. Buckling of Union Street

06\. Compression of street car rails

07\. Tipped house on Howard Street

08\. Compression of paving in Mission District

09\. Tilted buildings caused by ground failures

10\. Horses killed by falling bricks

11\. Severely damaged San Francisco City Hall

12\. Damage to library at Stanford University

13\. Damage to Memorial Church, Stanford University

14\. Damage to store in Palo Alto

15\. Damage to First Baptist Church in Oakland

16\. Collapse of City Hall at Santa Rosa

17\. Panoramic view of San Francisco in flames

18\. Tent camp for earthquake victims

19\. View of devastation looking toward Market Street

20\. Panoramic view of nearly total devastation of San Francisco

**647003. Mexico City, Mexico, September, 1985**

01\. Graphic showing types of buildings damaged

02\. Diagram of four common patterns of building failure

03\. Failure of top floors, Hotel Continental, Mexico City

04\. Aerial view of top failure, Central Communications Center

05\. Top failure of flexible building between two rigid buildings

06\. Top‑floor collapse office building, Mexico City

07\. Top failure of reinforced concrete building, Mexico City

08\. Top failure of reinforced concrete building, Mexico City

09\. Close-up of damage to Hotel de Carlo

10\. High-rise building twisted in earthquake

11\. Earthquake oscillations cause collapse of vertical supports

12\. Parking garage collapse

13\. Bottom‑level failure due to weak first floor

14\. Building sunk into liquefied soil

15\. Collapsed school building

16\. Collapsed floors punctured by load‑bearing column

17\. Total collapse of Juarez Hospital

18\. Totally collapsed 21‑story steel frame office building

19\. Car demolished by debris

20\. Totally collapsed and undamaged office buildings

**647007. Great Alaska (Prince William Sound) Earthquake, March 28,
1964**

01\. Uplifted dock, Prince William Sound

02\. Subsidence at Portage

03\. Hanning Bay fault scarp

04\. Underwater landslides at Seward

05\. Government Hill landslide, Anchorage

06\. "L" Street landslide, Anchorage

07\. Damaged Four Seasons Apartments, Anchorage

08\. Scarp in "L" Street slide, Anchorage

09\. Damage to Fourth Avenue, Anchorage

10\. Fourth Avenue landslide scarp, Anchorage

11\. Turnagain Heights landslide, Anchorage

12\. Damage to J.C. Penny Building, Anchorage

13\. Fissured highway embankment

14\. Bridge damage, Twentymile River

15\. Bridge damage on the Cooper River

16\. Damage to rails at Seward Port

17\. Tank farm fire, Valdez

18\. Tsunami damage to spruce trees, Port Valdez

19\. Tsunami damage near Seward

20\. Tsunami damage near Resurrection Bay

**647008. Southern California, 1979--1989**

01\. Imperial County Services building, El Centro, California, before
and after 1979 earthquake

02\. Earth cracks near El Centro (1979)

03\. Sand boil near El Centro (1979)

04\. Merchandise on floor after Imperial Valley earthquake (1979)

05\. Fallen porch, Imperial Valley earthquake (1979)

06\. Fault trace across lettuce field, Imperial Valley earthquake (1979)

07\. Damage to theater at Brawley, California, Imperial Valley
earthquake (1979)

08\. Damage to adobe building, Westmorland, California, earthquake
(1981)

09\. Collapsed building, Westmorland earthquake (1981)

10\. Porch damage, Palm Springs, California, earthquake (1986)

11\. Rockfall on highway after Palm Springs earthquake (1986)

12\. Damage to display window, Palm Springs earthquake (1986)

13\. Collapsed concrete block fence, Palm Springs earthquake (1986)

14\. Two views of auditorium showing damage from Whittier, California,
earthquake (1987)

15\. Partial collapse of store, Whittier earthquake (1987)

16\. Shift of apartment building, Whittier earthquake (1987)

17\. Partial collapse of parking garage, Whittier earthquake (1987)

18\. Exterior view of damaged residence, Whittier earthquake (1987)

19\. Interior view of damaged residence, Whittier earthquake (1987)

20\. Collapse of wall of store, Whittier earthquake (1987)

**647009. Central California, 1980--1984**

01\. Fallen bookcases at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (1980)

02\. Tilted bookcases at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (1980)

03\. Tipped filing cabinets at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (1980)

04\. Aerial view of 5th Street and Elm Avenue, Coalinga, California
(1983)

05\. Street level view of damaged building at 5th Street and Elm Avenue,
Coalinga (1983)

06\. Close‑up view of building at corner of 5th Street and Elm Avenue,
Coalinga (1983)

07\. Roof collapse in central business district, Coalinga (1983)

08\. Damage to State Theater building, Coalinga (1983)

09\. Wall damage to building in downtown Coalinga (1983)

10\. Second floor wall failure on Coalinga house (1983)

11\. Porch columns damage, residence in Coalinga (1983)

12\. Total collapse of front of residence, Coalinga (1983)

13\. Interior damage, Coalinga Junior High School (1983)

14\. Interior damage, Coalinga Junior High School (1983)

15\. Landslide near Morgan Hill, California (1984)

16\. Residence damage, Morgan Hill (1984)

17\. Cracks in roadway, Morgan Hill (1984)

18\. Roadway and garage damage, Jackson Oaks (Morgan Hill, 1984)

19\. Residence moved off foundation, Jackson Oaks (Morgan Hill. 1984)

20\. Liquefaction damage to earthen dam, Morgan Hill (1984)

**647011. The Armenian SSR, December, 1988**

01\. Collapse of stone masonry bearing‑wall, Alivar, Armenia

02\. Collapsed structures, Alivar

03\. Collapsed stone masonry building, Alivar

04\. Collapsed masonry building, Arevashok

05\. Collapse of composite structure, Spitak

06\. Damage to sugar beet refinery, Spitak

07\. Damage to flour mill complex, Spitak

08\. Damage to granary, Spitak

09\. Damage to communications building, Spitak

10\. Partial collapse of masonry building, Spitak

11\. Partial destruction of masonry building, Spitak

12\. Collapse of stone masonry building, Spitak

13\. Damage to central Spitak

14\. Damage to concrete‑frame building, Leninakan

15\. Collapse of floors, Leninakan

16\. Collapse of masonry church, Leninakan

17\. Earthquake‑induced landslide, Alivar

18\. Iceberg produced by broken pipe near Spitak

19\. Thrust fault, Armenia

20\. Right‑lateral strike slip fault near Spitak

**6470012. Loma Prieta, California, October 1989, Set 1---Loma Prieta
Vicinity**

01\. Collapsed home, Boulder Creek, California

02\. Damage to home in Boulder Creek

03\. Landslide, Scott's Valley

04\. House damage, Santa Cruz Mountains

05\. Major damage to 90‑year‑old home, Los Gatos

06\. Damage to parapet and arch, bike shop, Los Gatos

07\. Damage to parapet, Downtown Liquors, San Jose

08\. Damage to masonry building, San Jose

09\. Facade cracking, San Jose

10\. Fissures, Santa Cruz Mountains

11\. Fissure on San Andreas Summit Road, Santa Cruz

12\. Damage to Church, Santa Cruz Mountains

13\. Porch damage, wood frame house, Santa Cruz Mountains

14\. Tree snapped off by the earthquake, Santa Cruz Mountains

15\. Damage to Pacific Garden Mall, Santa Cruz

16\. Close‑up view of damage to Pacific Garden Mall, Santa Cruz

17\. Damage to shops in Aptos

18\. Parapet damage, Beach Street, Watsonville

19\. Parapet damage, Main and Second Street, Watsonville

20\. Structure, shifted on foundation, Watsonville

**647013. Loma Prieta, California, October 1989, Set 2---San Francisco
and Oakland**

01\. Collapsed 4th‑story wall, San Francisco, California

02\. Damaged cars in which 5 people were killed, San Francisco

03\. Cracks in building, Marina District, San Francisco

04\. House shifted on foundation, Marina District, San Francisco

05\. Collapsed building, San Francisco

06\. Demolition of collapsed building, San Francisco

07\. View of damage along Jefferson Street, San Francisco

08\. Shored building in the Marina District, San Francisco

09\. Detail of shoring to garage, Marina District, San Francisco

10\. Collapsed building in the Marina District, San Francisco

11\. Collapsed building, Marina District, second view

12\. Rubble left after fire in Marina District

13\. Demolished cars and rubble, Marina District

14\. Sidewalk damage produced by liquefaction, Marina District, San
Francisco

15\. Evidence of liquefaction in the Marina District, San Francisco

16\. Damage to top floor of Clay Building, Oakland, California

17\. Aerial view of collapsed Interstate 880, Oakland, California

18\. Side view of the collapsed section of Interstate 880, Oakland,
California

19\. View of damage to San Francisco--Oakland Bay Bridge

20\. Damage to truss support bearing shoe, San Francisco--Oakland Bay
Bridge

**647014. Northern Iran, Engineering Aspects, June 21, 1990**

01\. Building damaged by ground failure, Iran

02\. Differential settlement, liquefaction, Iran

03\. Destruction of unreinforced masonry buildings, Iran

04\. Collapse of unreinforced masonry buildings, Iran

05\. Roof collapse, Iran

06\. Parapet and roof collapse, Iran

07\. X‑cracking in shear walls, Iran

08\. Structural damage to walls, Iran

09\. Damage to unreinforced masonry infill walls, Iran

10\. Damage to building with reinforced infill walls, Iran

11\. Damage due to inadequate cross‑bracing, Iran

12\. Tilt of 8‑story steel structure, Iran

13\. Damage to building with rod bracing, Iran

14\. Concrete frame construction, Iran

15\. Collapse of mid‑rise concrete building, Iran

16\. Total failure of mid‑rise concrete building, Iran

17\. Damage to elevated concrete water tank, Iran

18\. Collapse of concrete water tank, Iran

19\. Pier displacement of concrete bridge, Iran

20\. Sefidrud Dam, Iran

**647016. The Cape Mendocino (California) Earthquakes, April 25 and 26,
1992**

01\. Garage slid down hill due to earth shaking

02\. View of mall at Scotia that was destroyed by fire

03\. Second view of Scotia mall

04\. Support pillar on Scotia's Lumber Museum

05\. Damage to 70-year old house and chimney in Honeydew

06\. Remains of Petrolia's business district after earthquake and fire

07\. Chimney damage in Petrolia

08\. Earthquake bounced this front-end loader one foot into the air

09\. Petrolia residence shifted on foundation

10\. Residence south of Petrolia that shifted off foundation

11\. Second view of damage to residence south of Petrolia

12\. Third view of damage to residence south of Petrolia

13\. Removal of landslide on Mattole Road

14\. Landslide on Mattole Road

15\. Cracks on Mattole Road

16\. Ferndale's Valley Grocery lost brick facade smashing two cars

17\. Victorian wood-frame home slide on foundation in Ferndale

18\. Chimney damage to Victorian home in Ferndale

19\. Sandblow in Mattole showing liquefaction

20\. Uplift of coastline near Mussel Rocks caused death of organisms

**647017. The Landers and Big Bear (California) Earthquakes, June 28,
1992**

01\. Four to six foot fault scarp, Landers earthquake

02\. Liquefaction adjacent to Santa Ana River near Big Bear epicenter

03\. Ground cracking near Aberdeen

04\. Buckled water tank lifted off base by Landers earthquake

05\. Exterior of house 20 yards from fault scarp

06\. View of same house (# 05) showing movement on foundation

07\. Details of collapse of house (# 05)

08\. Close-up of damaged house (# 05)

09\. Large crack in cement floor (same house as in #05)

10\. Damage to bowling alley near Landers epicenter

11\. Detail of damage to bowling alley

12\. Damage to Monument Market near Landers epicenter

13\. Detail of damage to Monument Market

14\. Landslides along Highway 18 in the San Bernardino Mountains

15\. Repair of earthquake-damaged road

16\. Path of huge boulder dislodged by Big Bear earthquake

17\. Dislodged boulder destroyed forest in its path

18\. One of the large dislodged boulders rests against a tree

19\. Collapse of a chimney on home at Big Bear City

20\. Roof damage to restaurant in Big Bear City

**647018. Northridge, California, January 17, 1994, Set 1---Community of
Northridge**

01\. Partial collapse of Bullocks Department Store

02\. Second view of Bullocks Department Store

03\. Back side of Bullocks Department Store

04\. Cracking in store at Northridge Mall

05\. Damage to parking structure at Northridge Mall

06\. Second view of damage to parking structure

07\. Garage that incurred little damage at Northridge Mall

08\. Collapsed roof near Northridge Mall

09\. Collapse of first floor at Northridge Meadows Apartments

10\. Second view of damage at Northridge Meadows Apartments

11\. Partially collapsed apartment building

12\. Collapsed apartment building in Northridge

13\. Collapse of building onto carport

14\. Second view of collapsed apartment building

15\. Relatively undamaged apartment building

16\. Interior of damaged apartment building

17\. Second view interior of damaged apartment building

18\. Partially collapsed parking structure, California State University

19\. Second view of collapsed parking structure

20\. Undamaged Great Western Bank Building

**647019. Northridge, California, January 17, 1994, Set 2---Other
Communities**

01\. I-5 and SR14 Freeway collapse

02\. Damage in Sylmar Mobile Home Park

03\. Damage in historical area of Fillmore

04\. Damage to unreinforced masonry building in Fillmore

05\. Damage to Kaiser Clinic in Granada Hills

06\. Second view of damage to Kaiser Clinic

07\. Total collapse of end wall in Reseda

08\. Collapse of apartment building over garage in Reseda

09\. Second view of same building

10\. Damage to cast-in-place garage in Van Nuys

11\. Damaged apartment in Sherman Oaks

12\. Damage to tilt-up building in Chatsworth

13\. Chimney damage in Santa Monica

14\. Damage to car dealership in Santa Monica

15\. Wall failure in retrofitted masonry building

16\. Near-collapse of second floor, hospital in Santa Monica

17\. Upper floor damage, unreinforced masonry, Santa Monica

18\. Unreinforced masonry apartment, Santa Monica

19\. Failure of I-10 in Culver City

20\. Damage to historic Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

**647020. San Fernando Valley (California) Earthquakes, February 9, 1971
and January 17, 1994**

01\. Damage at I-5 and I-210 Freeway Interchange (1971)

02\. Damage at I-5 and C-14 Freeway Interchange (1971)

03\. Damage at I-5 and C-14 Interchange (1994)

04\. Van Norman Dam partial collapse (1971)

05\. Collapsed condenser banks, Sylmar Converter Station (1971)

06\. Buckled sidewalks in front of Juvenile Hall (1971)

07\. Buckled sidewalks in northern Granada Hills (1994)

08\. Damaged home in Crestview Park (1971)

09\. Damaged home north of San Fernando Valley (1994)

10\. Location of fatalities, Northridge Meadows Apartments (1994)

11\. Aerial view of damage to San Fernando Veterans Administration
Hospital (1971)

12\. Damage to building at Veterans Administration Hospital complex
(1994)

13\. Damaged Kaiser Permanente Medical Building (1994)

14\. Aerial view of damaged Olive View Hospital (1971)

15\. Olive View Hospital replacement fares well in 1994 quake

16\. Damaged Juvenile Hall facilities (1971)

17\. Interior damage in San Fernando Mall (1971)

18\. Damage at Bullocks in Northridge Fashion Center (1994)

19\. Damage to parking structure at Northridge Fashion Center (1994)

20\. Collapsed parking structure, California State University (1994)

**647021. The Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) Earthquake, January 17, 1995**

01\. Badly damaged communication building

02\. Totally collapsed Buddhist temple

03\. Lobby of Oriental Hotel

04\. Damaged Kobe waterfront

05\. Cars and buildings have slipped into the bay

06\. Collapsed fifth floor of high rise

07\. Collapsed walkway between two buildings

08\. Collapsed first floor of retail store

09\. Leaning office building

10\. Office building with partially destroyed first floor

11\. Completely destroyed concrete frame building

12\. Collapsed fifth floor in central business district

13\. Truck crushed beneath fallen debris

14\. Completely destroyed apartment complex

15\. Collapsed first and second stories

16\. Major split in foundation

17\. Smoke from Kobe fires

18\. Damaged support for Kobe expressway

19\. Collapsed residential building

20\. Collapsed residential garage

**647025. The Shikotan, Kuril Islands, Earthquake, October 4, 1994**

01\. Major landslide formation near Malokurilskoe

02\. Landslide formation, view to the north

03\. Landslide formation, view to the east

04\. Landslide formation, another view

05\. Landslide formation, view to the south

06\. Ground crack near Krabosavodskoe

07\. Ground crack from another view

08\. Secondary crack

09\. Ground cracks near an apartment building, Malokurilskoe

10\. Damage to cinema building in Malokurilskoe

11\. Damage to the elementary school in Krabosavodskoe

12\. Another view of the school

13\. Damage to a cemetery, east coast of Shikotan Island

14\. Gorobets Bay after the tsunami

15\. Valley of a small stream near Dimitrova Bay, showing tsunami run-up
height

16\. Tsunami run-up boundary at Dimitrova Bay

17\. Soil erosion caused by tsunami, Dimitrova Bay

18\. Another example of soil erosion caused by tsunami run-up

19\. Large rock which fell into Krabovaya Bay during earthquake

20\. View of subsidence along coastline

***Volume 3: Landslides, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes***

**647006. Landslides**

01\. Talus cones, Glen Canyon

02\. Rock slide, Frank, Alberta, Canada

03\. Rock and snow avalanche, Mount Hauscaran, Peru

04\. Rockfall avalanche, Mount Rainer, Washington

05\. Slide and alluvial fan, Madison River, Montana

06\. Talus cones in the Canadian Rockies

07\. Mudflow, Climax, Colorado

08\. Mudflow scar, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado

09\. Slumgullian mudflow, Lake City, Colorado

10\. Mudflow, Death Valley, California

11\. Earthflow, southern Australia

12\. Earthflow, Mission Pass, California

13\. Slump, Pacific Palisades, Southern California

14\. Earthflow, Chalet Du Fer, Leysin, Switzerland

15\. Head of slump, Black Hills, North Dakota

16\. Subsidence, San Joaquin Valley, California

17\. Sinking, coal mine collapse, Lafayette, Colorado

18\. Rock Glaciers, Mount Sopris, Colorado

19\. Solifluction flows, Alaska

20\. Creep, Marathon, Texas

**647015. Environmental Hazards and Mud Volcanoes in Romania**

01\. Slopes affected by reactivation of landslides in eastern
Carpathians

02\. Rockfall area on steep slopes in eastern Carparthians

03\. Rockfalls in the Buzau Mountains caused by March 1977 earthquakes

04\. Second view of rockfalls in Buzau Mountains

05\. Rock block slide along planar surface in eastern Carpathians

06\. Second view of block slide in eastern Carpathians

07\. Scarp of slump in Getic Subcarpathians

08\. Large landslide that destroyed 30 houses in Subcarpathians

09\. Second view of landslide that destroyed 30 houses

10\. Translation landslide that blocked valley in Subcarpathians

11\. Shallow slide topography in the Subcarpathians

12\. Large complex landslide in Subcarpathians

13\. Landslide study area near Patarlagele Research Station

14\. Mudflow near Panatau village in Subcarrpathians

15\. Sheet erosion, gullies, and landslides

16\. Heavily eroded slope in Moldavian Plateau

17\. Head of gully in Moldavian Plateau

18\. Mud volcano cones in Berca Anticline

19\. Second view of mud volcano cones in Berca Anticline

20\. Oil rich mudflow in Berca Anticline

**647024. Erosional Landforms**

01\. Headlands and arches, Oregon coast

02\. Headlands and sea stacks, Oregon coast

03\. Alcove in canyon wall, Lake Powell, Arizona

04\. Delicate Arch, Moab, Utah

05\. Balancing Rock, Moab, Utah

06\. Rainbow Bridge, Arizona

07\. Pothole, Paige, Arizona

08\. Cross-bedding, Zion National Park, Utah

09\. Cliff erosion, Bryce Canyon, Utah

10\. Canyonlands, Moab, Utah

11\. Whittier Trail, Canyonlands, Utah

12\. San Andreas Fault, California

13\. Devils Tower, Wyoming

14\. V-shaped valley, Zion National Park, Utah

15\. Mature Grand Valley, Colorado

16\. U-shaped valley, Alberta, Canada

17\. U-shaped valley, Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado

18\. Glacial erosion, Grand Tetons, Wyoming

19\. Hanging Valley, Yosemite National Park, California

20\. Glacier in Ice Fields Parkway, Canada

**648001. Tsunamis-General**

01\. Scotch Cap Lighthouse before tsunami (1946)

02\. Scotch Cap Lighthouse after tsunami (1946)

03\. (1) Tsunami wave generated in Alaska runs up Hawaii beach (1946)

04\. (2) Another view of #03 (1946)

05\. Clubhouse in Hilo, Hawaii, wrecked by tsunami (1946)

06\. Tsunami generated in Alaska breaks pier in Hilo, Hawaii (1946)

07\. Midway Island flooded by Kamchatka tsunami (1952)

08\. Aerial view of Kamchatka tsunami striking Hawaii Beach (1952)

09\. (1) Hawaii beach before arrival of Aleutian Islands tsunami (1957)

10\. (2) Tsunami strikes Hawaii beach (1957)

11\. (3) Tsunami engulfs Hawaii beach (1957)

12\. Aerial view of Chilean Coast after tsunami (1960)

13\. Aftermath of Chilean tsunami in Hilo, Hawaii (1960)

14\. Surge wave produced by Alaska earthquake (1964)

15\. Aerial view of Valdez, Alaska, after tsunami (1964)

16\. Resurrection Bay, Seward, Alaska, after tsunami (1964)

17\. Hawaii beach after tsunami (1975)

18\. (1) Water begins to withdraw from Japan coastline as tsunami
approaches (1983)

19\. (2) Inundation at maximum level during Japan tsunami (1983)

20\. (3) Area of inundation after withdrawal of the wave (1983)

**648002. The Major Tsunamis of 1992---Nicaragua and Indonesia**

01\. Damage at El Tranisto, Nicaragua

02\. Beach at El Popoyo, Nicaragua

03\. Structures at El Popoyo, Nicaragua

04\. Contrasting construction, El Popoyo, Nicaragua

05\. Structural damage, El Popoyo, Nicaragua

06\. Damaged structures, Marsella, Nicaragua

07\. Destruction of Riangkroko, Indonesia

08\. Aerial view of Riangkroko, Indonesia

09\. Upper extent of inundation, Riangkroko, Indonesia

10\. Tree remains after tsunami, Riangkroko, Indonesia

11\. Remaining debris at Riangkroko, Indonesia

12\. Upper extent of inundation, Riangkroko, Indonesia

13\. Effects of tsunami, Leworahang, Indonesia

14\. Effects of tsunami, Leworahang, Indonesia

15\. Slump area, Leworahang, Indonesia

16\. Slumps at Lewobele, Indonesia

17\. Complete devastation at Pagaraman, Babi Island, Indonesia

18\. Complete destruction at Kampungbaru, Babi Island, Indonesia

19\. Debris dump Kampungbaru, Indonesia

20\. Effects at Wuhring, Floress Island, Indonesia

**648003. The Hokkaido Nansei-Oki Tsunami, July 12, 1993**

01\. Tsunami and fire damage, southeastern Okushiri Island

02\. Tsunami damage at Aonae, Okushiri Island

03\. Clock at Aonae showing arrival time of wave

04\. Scattered debris at Aonae, Okushiri Island

05\. Beached fishing boat at Aonae, Okushiri Island

06\. Aonae, Okushiri Island, looking north; all that remains of a
prosperous tourist area

07\. Same location as #06, looking south

08\. Debris scattered near harbor at Aonae, Okushiri Island

09\. High water mark of five meters shown on side of damaged house

10\. Small fishing boats deposited near harbor at Aonae

11\. Clock half buried in sand shows travel time of twenty minutes

12\. Large barge that was moved 75 m by waves

13\. Fishing boat deposited on concrete shore protection barrier, Aonae

14\. A small valley, western Okushiri Island

15\. Damage at Monai, western Okushiri Island

16\. Debris line at Monai, westerm Okushiri Island

17\. Debris on highway overpass near Monai, Okushiri Island

18\. Debris in overhead utility wires, western Okushiri Island

19\. Vegetation stripped from hillside, western Okushiri Island

20\. Waves overtopped roadway, western Okushiri Island

**739001. Volcanoes in Eruption, Set 1**

01\. Barcena, Mexico (1952)

02\. Cerro Negro, Nicaragua (1971)

03\. Etna, Sicily (1979)

04\. Irazu, Costa Rica (1964)

05\. Izalco, El Salvador (1949)

06\. Kilauea, Hawaii (1959)

07\. Kilauea, Hawaii rift eruption (1983)

08\. Krishima, Japan

09\. Lamington, Papua New Guinea (1951)

10\. La Soufriere, Guadeloupe (1976)

11\. Las Pilas, Nicaragua (1952)

12\. Lassen Peak, California (1915)

13\. Masaya, Nicaragua (1951)

14\. Mayon, Luzon, Philippines (1968)

15\. Ngauruhoe, New Zealand (1974)

16\. Pacaya, Guatemala (1976)

17\. Paricutin, Mexico (1944)

18\. Mount Saint Helens, Washington (1980)

19\. Stromboli, Italy (1951)

20\. Surtsey, Iceland (1963)

**739002. Volcanic Rocks and Features**

01\. Pahoehoe lava, Hawaii

02\. Aa lava, Hawaii

03\. Volcanic glass, Hawaii

04\. Lava tubes, Hawaii

05\. Columnar jointing, Devil's Postpile, California

06\. Pasty lava extrusions, Mount Shasta, California

07\. Pillow lava, near Oamaru, New Zealand

08\. Welded tuff, Yellowstone, Wyoming

09\. Diamond Head, Oahu, Hawaii

10\. Volcanic bombs, Canary Islands

11\. Bomb sag, Dotsero, Colorado

12\. Spatter cone, Kilauea, Hawaii

13\. Spatter cones, Craters of the Moon, Idaho

14\. Eroded volcanic neck, near Brisbane, Australia

15\. Devils Tower, Wyoming

16\. Shiprock, New Mexico, an eroded volcanic neck

17\. Great wall dike igneous intrusion, Colorado

18\. Volcanic sills in Hofn, Iceland

19\. Volcanic sill, near Edinburgh, Scotland

20\. Laccolith (small magma chamber), Colorado

**739003. Volcanoes in Eruption, Set 2**

01\. Augustine, Alaska (1986)

02\. Cerro Negro, Nicaragua (1947)

03\. Galunggung, Indonesia (1982)

04\. Irazu, Costa Rica (1964)

05\. Kilauea, Hawaii (1977)

06\. Kilauea, Hawaii spatter cones (1983)

07\. Krakatau, Indonesia (1883, drawing)

08\. Mauna Loa, Hawaii

09\. Mayon, Luzon, Philippines (1968)

10\. Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia (1985)

11\. Ngauruhoe, New Zealand (1968)

12\. Paricutin, Mexico

13\. Paricutin, Mexico night eruption (1943)

14\. Mount Saint Helens, Washington (1983)

15\. Santorini, Greece (1866, engraving)

16\. Soufriere, Saint Vincent, West Indies (1979)

17\. Surtsey, Iceland (1963)

18\. Taal, Philippines (1965)

19\. Veniaminof, Alaska (1984)

20\. Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala (1974)

**739004. The Eruption of Mount Saint Helens, Washington, May 1980**

01\. Mount Saint Helens, before volcanic activity began

02\. Buried cascade ashes are witness to previous volcanic activity in
the Cascades

03\. First evidence of activity at Mount Saint Helens

04\. Ash darkens slopes of Mount Saint Helens, as activity continues

05\. Second crater forms at the summit of Mount Saint Helens

06\. "Bulge" forms on N‑NE flank of Mount Saint Helens

07\. Steam eruption at Mount Saint Helens, prior to the May 18 eruption

08\. The ash cloud formed by the May 18 eruption

09\. Ash cloud from distance of three miles

10\. Aerial view of Mount Saint Helens after major eruption of May 18

11\. Mount Saint Helens, and devastation produced by May 18 eruption

12\. Eruption cloud from Yakima, Washington

13\. Ash fall at Sand Point, Idaho

14\. Uprooted trees in blast-devastated area near Mount Saint Helens

15\. Deforestation resulting from the May 18 blast at Mount Saint Helens

16\. Mud flow on Toutle River

17\. "Crater" formed from contact of hot volcanic debris with water

18\. Spirit Lake after the May 18 eruption at Mount Saint Helens

19\. Snow plow removes volcanic ash near Coeur D'Alene, Idaho

20\. Lava dome, Mount Saint Helens, three years after the May 18
eruption

**739005. Hawaii Volcanism: Impact on the Environment**

01\. Aerial view of lava flow in Royal Gardens

02\. Lava crossing highway

03\. House consumed in lava flow

04\. Lava fountains along rift

05\. Cars trapped in lava flow

06\. Attempts to block lava flow

07\. Lava flow consumes Wahaula Vistor Center

08\. Lava flow traverses highway

09\. Earthquake crack severs road

10\. Attempts to divert flow

11\. Lava flow burns power line pole

12\. Cinders strip leaves from papaya trees

13\. Lava flow consumes vegetation

14\. Lava tree molds

15\. Vegetation begins to grow on cold flow

16\. Lava flow builds a coastal bench

17\. Marine life killed by hot flows entering sea

18\. Lava flow extends coastline

19\. Geothermal power in Hawaii

20\. Observation of spectacular lava fountain

**739006. Hawaii Volcanism: Lava Forms**

01\. Fountain, Pu'u O'o vent

02\. Mauna Ulu lava fountain

03\. Kilauea Iki fountain

04\. Spatter at vent, Mauna Loa

05\. Dome fountains, Mauna Ulu

06\. Drainback, Mauna Ulu

07\. Lava lake, Kilauea Summit

08\. Surface pattern, Lava Lake, Mauna Ulu

09\. Lava cascades, Mauna Ulu

10\. Overflow from Mauna Ulu Crater

11\. Fountains, cascades, Alae Mezzanine

12\. Lava fall/cascades, Alae

13\. Molten lava flow near Kalapana

14\. Congealed lava flow near Kalapana

15\. Skylight above Kalapana

16\. Lava fall into Pacific

17\. Toe of lava flow, Kaena Point

18\. Lava enters sea, Mauna Ulu

19\. Lava bubble bursts in seawater

20\. Pillow lava off Kealakomo

**739007. Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: June 1991 Eruptions**

01\. Aerial view of area devastated by the April 2 explosions

02\. Aerial view of the April 2 explosion craters

03\. Close‑up of the April 2 explosion craters

04\. Geologists examine ash deposits from the April 2 eruption

05\. June 12 eruption cloud from Clark Air Base

06\. View of the June 12 eruption cloud

07\. View of major eruption cloud on June 15

08\. Aerial view of Pinatubo crater after major eruption

09\. Aerial view Pinatubo pyroclastic deposits

10\. Aerial view of small explosion in Pinatubo crater

11\. Aerial view of Crater Lake

12\. Effects of ash fall on plane

13\. Effects of ash fall at Clark Air Base

14\. Effect of ash fall on native hut

15\. Resettlement camp

16\. Aerial view of valley filled with mudflows

17\. Scientists observe a hot mudflow

18\. Mudflow collapses bridges in Angeles City

19\. Aerial view flooding in village

20\. Satellite photos showing movement of aerosol cloud

**739008. The Crater Peak (Mount Spurr), Alaska: Eruptions of 1992**

01\. View of Crater Peak and Mount Spurr before eruption

02\. Warm lake within the Crater Peak basin prior to eruption

03\. Steam rising from the Crater Peak vent

04\. Damage to seismometer on Crater Peak from the June 27 eruption

05\. The ash column from the August 18 eruption

06\. Ash cloud rising off south flank of Crater Peak

07\. South flank of Crater Peak showing bomb impact craters

08\. New magma within the pyroclastic flow deposits

09\. Inflated gneiss ejected in 1992

10\. Successive pyroclastic avalanches

11\. Geologist near one of bomb craters on south flank of Crater Peak

12\. Fallout from tephra cloud deposited on the ground

13\. The inside of Crater Peak after the August eruption

14\. Fallout in Anchorage from the August 18 eruption cloud

15\. Ash on the ground in Anchorage becomes resuspended

16\. Clean-up at Anchorage International Airport

17\. September eruption of Crater Peak

18\. Lahars from the September eruption

19\. The Crater Peak vent after the September eruption

20\. Plume of gas from Crater Peak as seen from Anchorage

**739009. Mount Pinatubo Revisited; A Study of Lahar Erosion**

01\. Recent lahar terraces and older lahar terraces

02\. Ancient Pinatubo lahar outcrop

03\. Older and recent pyroclastic flow deposits

04\. Undisturbed flow front of the secondary pyroclastic flows, Pasig
River, October 6, 1993

05\. Areas affected by the secondary pyroclastic flows in the Abacan
River, April 4, 1992

06\. Lahars in the Sacobia River channel

07\. Lahar deposits along the Mancatian Porac area

08\. The Sacobia lahar channel along the Bamban area

09\. Remnants of recent pyroclastic flows, along the Sacobia channel

10\. View of the Sacobia lahar channel

11\. Deeply incised pyroclastic flow deposit along the Sacobia River

12\. Gravelly lahar terraces from debris flows

13\. Dike along the Dolores in Mabalacat, constructed to protect
villages from lahar encroachment

14\. Restraining structures damaged and eroded by lahar flows

15\. Capture point of the Abacan River and Sacobia River

16\. Recent secondary pyroclastic flow deposit from secondary explosions
which occurred in 1992

17\. Damaged houses along the Abacan River channel

18\. Church in Porac buried by avulsing lahars from the Pasig River

19\. Clark Air Base Cinema after the 1991 eruption

20\. Houses buried by lahars in Mancatian Porac

**SLIDE01. Relief Globe Slides**

01\. 90 deg W (view centered on 45 deg N)

02\. 0 deg E (view centered on 45 deg N)

03\. 90 deg E (view centered on 45 deg N)

04\. 180 deg E (view centered on 45 deg N)

05\. 90 deg W (view centered on Equator)

06\. 0 deg E (view centered on Equator)

07\. 90 deg E (view centered on Equator)

08\. 180 deg E (view centered on Equator)

09\. 90 deg W (view centered on 45 deg S)

10\. 0 deg E (view centered on 45 deg S)

11\. 90 deg E (view centered on 45 deg S)

12\. 180 deg E (view centered on 45 deg S)

13\. North Pole

14\. South Pole

15\. World view, Mercator Projection

16\. World view, Cylindrical Equidistant Projection

17\. World view with earthquake epicenters

18\. World view with crustal plate boundaries, earthquake epicenters

19\. The "Pacific Ring of Fire"

20\. Close-up view of plates and epicenters for the Americas

**The National Geophysical Data Center**

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Project authorization: Allen M. Hittelman

Project management: Susan J. McLean

Slide set preparation: Patricia A. Lockridge, Stewart D. Racey

CD-ROM preparation: Stewart D. Racey

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