UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Rural Electrification Administration

**BULLETIN 1751E-320**

**SUBJECT**: **[Emergency Generating and Charging
Equipment]{.underline}**

**TO:** All Telephone Borrowers

REA Telephone Staff

**EFFECTIVE DATE:** Date of Approval

**EXPIRATION DATE:** Three years from effective date.

**OFFICE OF PRIMARY INTREST:** Central Office Equipment Branch,

Telecommunications Standards Division

**PREVIOUS INSTRUCTIONS:** This bulletin replaces REA

Telecommunications Engineering & Construction Manual (TE&CM) Section
320, Emergency Generating And Charging Equipment, Issue 5, dated June
1990.

**FILING INSTRUCTIONS:** Discard REA Telecommunications Engineering &
Constructions Manual (TE&CM) Section 320, Emergency Generating and
Charging Equipment, Issue 5, dated June 1990, and replace it with this
bulletin.

**PURPOSE:** This bulletin provides REA borrowers and other interested
parties with information concerning emergency generator and charger
equipment.

James B. Huff, Sr. 07/14/93

 

Administrator Date

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

1\. GENERAL 3

2\. GENERAL GENERATING EQUIPMENT NEED 3

3\. ADVANTAGES 4

4\. TYPES OF ENGINE GENERATOR EQUIPMENT 5

5\. FUEL CONSIDERATIONS 5

6\. CAPACITIES 6

7\. APPLICATION 7

8\. INSTALLATION 8

9\. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS 9

10\. RECOMMENDED FEATURES 10

INDEX:

Emergency Generator And Charging Equipment

**ABBREVIATIONS**

BTU British Thermal Unit

COE Central Office Equipment

LP Liquified Petroleum

**1. GENERAL**

**1.1** This bulletin provides REA borrowers and other interested
parties with a guide in selecting suitable emergency generating and
charging equipment. Also included is a discussion on the economic
benefits obtained through longer subscriber loops by stabilizing the
central office voltage.

**1.2** Storage batteries have customarily been used as a source of
reserve power to maintain uninterrupted operation of central office
facilities in case of failure of the commercial source of power. The
capacities of such batteries are normally chosen so that they will
sustain operation of the central office under busy hour conditions for a
period of 8 hours as specified in the Central Office Equipment (COE)
contract to a minimum voltage as specified by the central office
equipment supplier, and in Bulletin 1751E-302, Power Requirements for
Community Central Office Equipment,

section 2.3.2.

**1.3** With present-day central office equipment and power loading,
storage batteries often prove inadequate to hold the voltage at the
level required to ensure uninterrupted operation of central office
equipment. Provision of emergency generating and charging equipment is
warranted in such instances.

**1.4** There are alternative means of maintaining the office voltage
for an extended interval of time such as the installation of an End Cell
unit. However, a discussion of these other means is beyond the scope of
this document.

**2. GENERAL GENERATING EQUIPMENT NEED**

**2.1** The possibility of prolonged power failures is always present.
Careful consideration of standby equipment with automatic transfer is
essential to ensure dependable telephone service.

**2.2** Where commercial ac power supply is not extremely reliable, some
method of stabilizing the office voltage shall become a necessity. The
use of emergency generating equipment with automatic transfer is one
method of maintaining a fixed office voltage.

**2.3** As an added assurance of service continuity, a minimum of two
(2) chargers are required in Item 19.3, Part I, of REA Bulletin
1753E-001 (Form 522), \"REA General Specification for Digital, Stored
Program Controlled Central Office Equipment,\" in one of the two
following configurations:

a\) Two chargers either capable of carrying the full

office load; or

b\) Three chargers each capable of carrying one-half

of the office load.

The chargers should be connected on a load-sharing basis so that should
one fail, the other charger(s) will carry the office load. The remaining
charger should be capable of recharging the batteries during periods of
light loads.

**2.4** A standby ac generator may also be provided to stabilize the
voltage level to permit extended loop limits. Most digital, stored
program controlled systems will not provide 1900 ohm operation except
under float voltage conditions (51 to 52 volts).

**3. ADVANTAGES**

**3.1** An extension of subscriber loop limits is possible with most
types of central office equipment accepted by REA by maintaining the
office voltage at 51 to 52 volts. With a constant office voltage of 51
to 52 volts, the maximum subscriber loop, in most cases, is 1900 ohms
including the telephone set.

**3.2** In some circumstances there may be an economic advantage with
stabilized voltage, where longer subscriber loops are involved, in
permitting more extensive use of finer gauge cables and eliminating the
need of range extension devices. Discussion of loop limitations is
referenced in REA Bulletin 1753E-001,(Form 522), Part I, Paragraph 6.6
Loop Extension.

**3.3** An added economy that can be realized with a standby power
generator is a reduction in the busy hour battery reserve. Where an
8-hour reserve would normally be specified without a standby generator,
a 3-hour reserve is adequate when a fixed standby power plant is
provided. As an example, where the busy hour current drain is calculated
at 100 amperes and an 8-hour battery reserve is required without a
standby power plant, the 8-hour battery reserve must be 960 ampere-hours
for a final voltage of 1.88 volts per cell. With a standby power plant
and a 3-hour reserve, a 520 ampere-hour battery would be adequate. In
both cases, the next larger standard size should be selected, but the
savings in the battery cost could substantially aid in the purchase of
an engine generator or an extra charger.

**3.4** During any type of emergency, including those which fall under
civil defense, it is essential to maintain telephone service over as
wide an area as possible. An auxiliary power plant would add assurance
that telephone service would not be entirely disrupted.

**4. TYPES OF ENGINE GENERATOR EQUIPMENT**

**4.1** Engine generators are manufactured in both ac and dc models. The
recommended models are the ac type with 120/240 volt, 60 hertz, single
or three phase output.

**4.2** Gasoline, Liquified Petroleum (LP) gas, natural gas, or diesel
engine-driven alternating current generators are available and may be of
the air-cooled or water-cooled variety. A detailed description of these
various types is given in section 5.

**4.3** The machine selected for a particular application should have
electrical output characteristics the same as those of the primary
source of power. Machines with outputs from 500 to 3,500 watts are
normally designed for 120 volt, 60 hertz, single-phase operation.
Generators with outputs of 3,500 watts or more are designed for 120/240
volt, 60 hertz, single-phase or three-phase operation.

**5. FUEL CONSIDERATIONS**

**5.1** Since the type of fuel used for emergency engine-driven
generating plants is an extremely important consideration, it should be
realized that each type has characteristics advantageous to one
application, but disadvantageous to another. The major influencing
factors for fuel selection are: (a) availability; (b) initial cost; (c)
maintenance costs; (d) local fuel storage regulations; and (e)
performance requirements.

**5.2** Gasoline plants have a lower initial cost than diesel types.
Gasoline plants start quickly and dependably over a wide range of
temperatures and deliver full rated power. The major disadvantage of
gasoline plants is the difficulty in storing the fuel over extended
periods of time. This being the case, special precautions have to be
taken and minimal quantities kept on hand.

**5.2.1** Where recommended by the manufacturer of the engine-generator,
unleaded gasoline should be used. For generator sets which operate at
constant speeds, lead deposits in the combustion chamber are difficult
to \"blow out\" through the exhaust ports unlike engines operating at
variable speeds. Using unleaded gasoline helps reduce problems such as:
cylinder head deposits, sticking or burned valves, spark plug fouling,
piston wear, ring wear and sticking, cylinder wall wear, and poor oil
control after ring fouling.

**5.2.2** If it is desired to change from leaded to unleaded gasoline in
an existing engine, it is necessary to remove all lead deposits from the
engine to prevent preignition from causing severe damage to the engine.

**5.3** Gaseous fuels come in two major types: piped-in and LP gas. The
former may be natural or manufactured, and the latter a mixture of
propane and butane which is supplied under pressure in tanks. No storage
problems are encountered with piped-in gas and it is, therefore, quite
simple to use. Because LP gases are heavier than air and highly
combustible, their storage comes under strict insurance underwriters\'
regulations. In areas where low temperatures may be encountered, a
larger mix of propane should be used. This is the case because butane
has a boiling point of about -10°C, whereas propane\'s boiling point is
about -44°C.

**5.4** Gaseous fuel contributes to longer engine life and reduced
maintenance due to more complete, efficient combustion. Since this fuel
contains no lead, there are minimum carbon deposits, less sludge
formation, longer valve life and no combustion chamber deposits. In that
gaseous fuels remain fresh in storage, starting is quicker after long
shutdowns.

**5.5** For optimum engine performance of the British Thermual Unit
(BTU) gaseous fuel content should be at least 1100 BTU\'s per cubic
foot. Natural and bottled gases meet this requirement, but some
manufactured gases may run as low as 450 BTU\'s. When a lower-rated fuel
is used, the manufacturer should be contacted regarding the necessary
derating of the plant\'s capacity.

**5.6** Diesel engines are constructed considerably heavier and sturdier
than gasoline models which results in higher initial costs. However, the
longer life and lower maintenance may justify these high costs.
Generally only diesel engines are available in the larger sizes. Diesel
fuels are safe and relatively easy to store in sufficient quantities.

**5.7** Diesel fuel has a higher BTU content than gasoline. Fuel
consumption is considerably less and the efficiency and fuel savings
increase with the size of the unit.

**5.8** The heavier weight construction of diesel engines plus the
absence of plugs, points, and condensers reduces maintenance costs over
those of gasoline engines. Diesel engines offer prompt starting,
operating speeds are reached quickly, and heavy loads are handled
easily.

**6. CAPACITIES**

**6.1** The output capacities of the air-cooled gasoline or LP gas
powered units range from about 1000 watts to 15,000 watts, and those of
water-cooled units are from 5000 watts upwards.

**6.2** Air-cooled diesel powered models range in output capacity from
about 3000 watts to 15,000 watts; water-cooled units from 5000 watts
upwards.

**6.3** Generator ratings listed by the manufacturers should be
considered carefully. Rating methods have not been standardized;
therefore, a generator rated at 15 kw, for instance, may be unable to
supply this load except for a short time. Comparison of the engine
horsepower rating and the generator wattage rating should show a ratio
of approximately 2 to 1, i.e., 2 horsepower to every kilowatt. It is
also important to remember that even though a 15 kw unit rated at less
than 30 horsepower may develop the full 15 kw output when new, as the
unit ages and wears the output level will drop.

**6.4** If the altitude of the installation is greater than the altitude
of the manufacturing site, the unit should be derated about 4 percent
per 350 meters above sea level.

**7. APPLICATION**

**7.1** When calculating the generator size required, at least part of
the central office lighting load should be included so that it is
possible to operate some lights and soldering equipment as well as
provide the power requirements for the charger. Frequently, a generator
one size larger than required for the projected equipment drain is
sufficient and can be obtained for small added cost. Providing power for
air conditioning, heating and full lighting will increase the cost of a
generator substantially but may be desirable in some cases. Air
conditioning and/or heating may be mandatory in certain areas for
certain equipment, especially for digital, stored program controlled
offices. If the central office equipment is located in the headquarters
building, it may also be desirable to have sufficient generator capacity
to operate office machines and computer equipment although inverters are
normally provided for this purpose.

**7.1.1** Where long-range growth and power requirements are uncertain,
it is advisable to provide standby generator capacity for a shorter time
period. When the load reaches this smaller unit\'s capacity, it could be
transferred elsewhere, sold or traded in.

**7.2** If the plant is to be mounted inside the central office
building, suitable provision have to be made for the entrance of cooling
air and for the discharge of exhaust gases into the outside air.
Openings for ventilation should be placed to allow the cool air to
enter, be forced through the engine cooling system and exit without
circulating around the room.

**7.3** [Some means, such as described in paragraph 9.1.5, have to
be]{.underline} [provided to prevent voltage from being fed back onto
the]{.underline} [commercial power facilities to prevent accidental
contact with a live line presumed to be unenergized]{.underline}.

**7.4** Portable units are not recommended in areas where the year-round
weather conditions will not permit transporting the unit between
offices. When emergency power is required, it may be needed in more than
one office at the same time. Under such circumstances transportable
units are impractical.

**8. INSTALLATION**

**8.1** If the Central Office (CO) building is to be new construction,
or an addition to an existing building is proposed, it may be
advantageous to install the auxiliary power plant as a part of the
building contract if the plant is to be permanently mounted in a
separate room of the central office building. If a separate room of the
CO building is used, it should be enclosed by firewalls and entrance
should be from the outside of the building only.

**8.2** A clean, dry, well-ventilated location has to be chosen for
placement of the auxiliary power plant. The location chosen should
preferably have minimum temperature variations. Locations where
temperatures are unusually high should be avoided because inefficient
cooling will result. Where temperatures fall below 10°C, special
accessories such as electric water jacket or manifold heaters will be
needed to ensure dependable automatic starts. Since moisture reduces
plant efficiency, the power plant has to be located where rain and
moisture cannot get to it. For outside installation a weatherproof
housing should be specified.

**8.2.1** In areas where flooding is prevalent, basement locations have
to be avoided. Rooftop installation has advantages such as less noise,
rapid dispersion of exhaust fumes, less likelihood of vandalism, and
less snow bank problems as well as no flooding. Of course, when a
rooftop installation is considered, the structure must be able to
support the generator weight and vibration.

**8.3** Enough space should be allowed around all sides of the plant for
cleaning, ventilation and servicing. The position should be chosen so
that ducting to the inlet and outlet openings can be conveniently
arranged. Careful consideration has to be given to fuel, exhaust and
electrical line routing when choosing a location. Building codes have to
also be considered.

**8.4** Two louvers with automatic shutters are often necessary in the
space provided for the auxiliary power plant; one for air intake and the
other to permit escape of the warm air created by the power plant. These
openings are in addition to those required for discharge of exhaust
gases.

**8.5** Mufflers are necessary in most cases to minimize exhaust noise.
They are especially important when the central office is located in a
residential area. Since a cool muffler creates undesirable carbon
deposits, the muffler must be installed as close as practical to the
engine.

**8.6** When the installation of the ac plant is made a part of the
building contract, the plans should include provisions for a fuel line
and for a control box to permit transfer features. Mounting needs,
including facilities for bolting the unit to the floor or pier, also
have to be considered by the architect or engineer. Vibration damping
should also be provided.

**8.7** Smaller units, 10 kw or less, should be installed on a concrete
foundation equipped with anchor bolts. In some cases, steel beam
sections will make a satisfactory base. For large plants, which are
equipped with steel skids, a separate foundation may not be necessary
although it is recommended. In any case, make certain that the floor
will support the weight of the plant.

**8.8** Regardless of the type of unit considered, the suppliers of
auxiliary power plants should be contacted and their help solicited in
determining installation requirements. Most suppliers provide sample
specifications for each size plant and each provide forms that, when
completed, list all information required for the purchase of an adequate
standby plant. The local representatives of the suppliers can lend
assistance in determining plant requirements.

**8.9** When not made part of a building contract, standby power plants
should be purchased under a separate contract, REA Form 773
Miscellaneous Construction Work and Maintenance Service. In cases where
the supplier of the power plant has an installation force, it may be
more convenient and possibly more economical to purchase the unit
installed. The supplier assumes full responsibility of all phases of the
work including delivery, installation and testing of the plant.

**9. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS**

**9.1** Regardless of the size of the plant or the type of fuel used to
power the plant, the following general specifications should apply as a
minimum:

**9.1.1** The prime mover should deliver at least 2 horsepower at the
rated governed revolutions per minute (RPM) for each kilowatt of the
generator\'s full output rating.

**9.1.2** The prime mover\'s ignition system and associated electrical
equipment should be equipped with adequate shielding against radio
frequency interference.

**9.1.3** Adequate speed regulation should be provided to maintain
output voltage under full load to within 10 percent of the output
voltage under no load. The frequency under full rated load should be
kept within 3 Hz of the no load frequency.

**9.1.4** It should be possible to vary the output voltage 5 percent
from the rated voltage under full load, regardless of generator speed.

**9.1.5** An automatic switchover panel should be provided for an
automatic transfer switch with a fail safe feature to prevent voltage
from being fed back onto the line. This transfer switch has to be listed
by Underwriter\'s Laboratories or some other organization that meets the
definition of \"Listed\" found in Article 100 of the National Electrical
Code, ANSI/NFPA 70.

**9.1.6** Cold start generators should be under the protection of a
timer to prevent starting of the prime mover for at least 5 seconds
after failure of commercial power. This delay should

be adjusted to suit the commercial power characteristics. In offices
where volatile memories are used, special uninterruptible inverters may
be needed to apply continuous power to these items.

**9.1.7** Batteries for starting the prime mover of cold start
generators should be the \"dry charged\" type placed under trickle
charge after installation. The trickle charger should be regulated to
vary the charging current over the required range to provide a full
charge without overcharging.

**10. Recommended Features**

**10.1** All of the engine-driven generators presently available have
various features which may or may not be included in the base price of
the generator. These features vary with different manufacturers and with
models as well as capacity and the type of fuel required. Which options
to include will be determined by each specific application, but in most
cases the plants should be equipped with the following features:

**10.1.1** [Load Transfer]{.underline} - Since the power plant is used
for emergency power, this control is needed to automatically start the
plant when the commercial power fails. Load transfer controls can also
be used to ensure that the plant runs for at least 15 to 30 minutes once
started. This assures that it reaches operating temperature, evaporates
moisture from the oil, etc. The cost of this control is largely
dependent upon the size of the plant and added optional equipment
desired, such as a time exerciser and/or time delay relays, etc. These
load transfer switches should have the safest arrangement of controls
possible and all live contacts should be out of reach of unauthorized
telephone company personnel. In any case, they have to be listed by
Underwriter\'s Laboratories or some other organization that meets the
definition of \"Listed\" found in Article 100 of the National Electrical
Code, ANSI/NFPA 70, and kept locked and access given to authorized
personnel only.

**10.1.2** [Time Exercisers]{.underline} - This option is part of the
load transfer equipment and causes the unit to start automatically at
timed intervals, run for a short time and then shut off. It is necessary
in unattended exchanges to ensure that the emergency plant will start.
This equipment should be set to operate at least once a week for at
least 30 minutes running time. Exercising should be done under full load
to lubricate internal parts, remove moisture, assure proper starting,
keep fresh fuel in the carburetor, bring the engine to operating
temperature and recharge the battery. Long periods of no load operation
can cause cylinder wall glazing and poor ring seating and attendant high
oil consumption. However, the generator should not take over the load
until it has reached running speed.

**10.1.3** [Time Delay Relay]{.underline} - This relay prevents the
plant from transferring to the load for outages lasting only a moment or
two. (See paragraph 9.1.6). Conversely, it also prevents the unit from
retransferring immediately when the commercial power is restored in case
the restoration should be momentary. Returning power often fluctuates
for several minutes before returning to its nominal value. The central
office should not be returned to commercial power until these
fluctuations have ceased. It is recommended that a 15-minute delay be
used. If the time it takes for these fluctuations to steady is known, a
shorter delay may be used.

**10.1.4** [Frequency Meter]{.underline} - This meter is used to monitor
the output of the plant to determine that the 60 Hz output does not vary
more than plus or minus 1.5 Hz.

**10.1.5** [Alarms]{.underline} - In the event that the plant fails to
start, either during the period selected by the exerciser or as a result
of a commercial failure, a means of transmitting an alarm to an attended
office should or needs to be a part of the system. This can be
accomplished by an applique circuit that connects to the existing
central office alarm circuitry. Alarms can also be used to indicate low
oil pressure, high temperature, low fuel level, etc.

**10.1.6** [Test Switch]{.underline} - A test switch to simulate a
commercial power failure is required so that the plant can be manually
turned on and off for maintenance checks. There should be an on-off
switch on the generator set to permit testing the engine without
interrupting normal ac functions.

**10.1.7** [Underground Fuel Tank]{.underline} - A buried fuel tank may
be desirable for a permanently fixed large size water-cooled plant or a
medium range LP gas-fueled plant. For the smaller units, 4 kw or less,
an above-ground tank with a capacity of 10 to 55 gallons should be
adequate. Where longer outages can be reasonably expected, a tank with a
capacity for 120 hours full load operation should be provided.

**10.1.8** [Battery and Trickle Charger]{.underline} - The battery
required may be either a single 12-volt battery with a 55-ampere hour
capacity needed with the smaller engine generators or as many as four
6-volt batteries for larger diesel or gasoline units. A battery and a
means of keeping it charged is a necessary part of the equipment.
Provision for mounting space for both the battery and charger should be
given consideration, either as a part of the transfer panel or wall
mounting space inside the building if the plant is mounted externally.

The batteries should be mounted on a wood or metal platform as near as
possible to the generator, but not beneath it. Battery cables should be
the proper size and kept as short as practical.

**10.1.9** [Crankcase or Water Jacket Heater]{.underline} - Where cold
weather occurs, a water jacket or crankcase heater should be ordered
with the engine-generator if the plant is to be mounted outside of the
building or inside in an unheated room of the central office building.

**10.1.10** [Running Time Meter]{.underline} - This instrument indicates
the accumulative operating time of the engine-generator. This is
important in performing periodic maintenance.

**10.1.11** [Day Tank]{.underline} - A gravity fed priming tank should
be installed to assure quick starting of gasoline engines and certain
diesel models. While the plant is not being operated, evaporation of
gasoline may occur in the carburetor or fuel in the supply line may
drain back into the main tank causing a delay in starting, since the
fuel has to again be pumped from the tank to the carburetor. The day
tank will replace this fuel by means of gravity flow.