**ADVANCED PHOTON SOURCE (APS)**

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) is a national synchrotron x-ray
research facility funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. The APS provides this
hemisphere's most powerful x-ray beams for research by thousands of
scientists, engineers, students, and technicians from universities,
industries, medical schools, and research labs (federal and private).
The APS electron beam acceleration and storage system comprises of a
450-MeV electron linac; a 7-GeV booster synchrotron, and an
1104-m-circumference electron storage ring with a nominal energy of 7
GeV. The storage ring provides synchrotron radiation-based,
high-brilliance x-ray beams to users via 68 beamlines (34 orginating at
insertion devices, the other 34 originating at a bending magnets).

**400** [accelerator research and development]{.underline}

Current research activities include accelerator physics research,
charged-particle beam dynamics calculations, particle-beam transport
design, measurement of accelerator magnets, fabrication and testing of
vacuum system chambers, radio-frequency acceleration system
measurements, accelerator diagnostic system research and development,
and computer-based accelerator control system.

**401** [advanced nuclear reactor systems for hydrogen
production]{.underline}

To facilitate a transition to a hydrogen-based economy, the laboratory
is working on a number of projects centered around an advanced nuclear
reactor. Such a reactor would operate at a temperature well in excess of
the reactors that are currently in commercial operation and would be
used to either pyrolyze natural gas or crack water in order to make
hydrogen. It is predicted that this hydrogen will be needed to fuel both
automobiles and homes in the near future. Specific projects in this area
include development of processes for separating plutonium and fission
products from molten salt, development of a process for reducing oxide
fuels to metallic form, design of high temperature nuclear reactors, and
development of chemical processes for efficiently converting
hydrocarbons or water into hydrogen. This is a wide-ranging,
multi-disciplinary project that requires the skills of nuclear,
chemical, and mechanical engineers as well as physicists, chemists,
applied mathematicians, and computer scientists.

**402** [X-ray Science Division]{.underline}

These activities include research in many areas of Chemistry, Materials
Science, Magnetic Materials and Condensed Matter Physics as well as the
development of instrumentation needed for a broad range of x-ray
microscopy, scattering, spectroscopy, imaging, and time-resolved
experiments in these fields to be performed at the Advanced Photon
Source. In addition to research in many scientific areas, current
activities are related to development of electronics for state of the
art X-ray detectors, X-ray optics that allow focusing at the nanometer
scale, novel synchrotron radiation instrumentation, and experimental
equipment useful for various research applications.

**403** [facilities construction and project management]{.underline}

These activities include construction-related field engineering, safety
and environmental engineering, quality assurance, and project
management; civil, structural, mechanical, and electrical engineering;
site improvements, and construction or modification of several buildings
and utility systems.

**404** [BIOPHYSICS (BIO-CAT)]{.underline}

Primary foci are on the structure of partically ordered biological
molecules, complexes of biomolecules, and cellular structures under
conditions similar to those present in living cells. Research goals
include the determination of detailed mechanisms of action of biological
systems at the molecular level. Techniques used include x-ray fiber
diffraction, x-ray scattering, x-ray absorption/emissions spectroscopy,
and diffraction enhanced imaging. Consortium includes Illinois Institute
of Technology.

**405** [CONSORTIUM FOR ADVANCED RADIATION SOURCES
(CARS-CAT)]{.underline}

The consortium includes The University of Chicago, Northern Illinois
University, Southern Illinois University, and Australian Nuclear Science
and Technology Organization, and represents four national user groups:
BioCARS for structural biology, GeoCARS for geophysical sciences,
SoilEnvironCARS for soil/environmental sciences, and ChemMatCARS for
chemistry and materials science. Techniques used include high pressure
diffraction, microspectroscopy, microtomography, x-ray scattering, and
crystallography.

**406** [DU PONT-NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY-DOW (DND-CAT)]{.underline}

This facility is dedicated to advancing x-ray study on new materials.
Foci include the study of the atomic structures of bulk materials, the
study of two-dimensional atomic structures, and polymer science and
technology. Techniques include imaging, crystallography, scattering, and
tomography.

**407** [INDUSTRIAL MACROMOLECULAR CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
ASSOCIATION]{.underline}

[(IMCA-CAT)]{.underline}

This consortium involves crystallographic groups from 12 companies in
the United States with major pharmaceutical research labs, in
association with the Center for Synchrotron Radiation Research at the
Illinois Institute of Technology. A large fraction of the research is
proprietary. Techniques include multiwavelength anomalous diffraction.

**408** [MATERIALS RESEARCH (MR-CAT)]{.underline}

Illinois Institute of Technology is among four universities and one
major corporation (BP-Amoco) involved with this collaboration. Foci
includes studies of advanced materials in situ as a means of
characterizing their structure and electronic properties, as well as
understanding their preparation. Primary techniques include wide- and
small-angle scattering, single-crystal and powder diffraction,
absorption spectroscopy, reflectivity, standing waves, diffraction
anomalous fine structure, and time-dependent and microfocus techniques.

**BIOSCIENCES DIVISION (BIO)**

*The principal mission of the [[Biosciences
Division]{.underline}](http://bioloaner.bio.anl.gov/index.html) is to
conduct multidisciplinary, basic research that further increases the
understanding of fundamental molecular mechanisms of life, enabling
valuable advances in environmental protection and remediation, energy
production and sustainability, and human health and welfare. Research
projects in the Division range from fundamental studies of DNA sequences
using molecular biology and computational strategies to practical use of
genomic information, including selection of targets for protein function
and structure determinations and protein engineering to elucidate
natural biological processes. Management of two structural biology user
facilities at the Advanced Photon Source, the Structural Biology Center
funded by the Department of Energy and the GM/CA CAT funded by the
National Institutes of Health, also falls within the Biosciences
Division. The Sections are:*

***Structural Biology***

**409** [MIDWEST CENTER FOR STRUCTURAL GENOMICS]{.underline}

The Midwest Center for Structural Genomics (MCSG) is a consortium of the
Argonne National Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute,
Northwestern University, University of Toronto, Washington University,
University College London, University of Virginia and the University of
Texas and a part of the NIH-funded the Protein Structure Initiative. The
primary objective of the MCSG is to rapidly determine the structures of
strategically selected and bio-medically important targets including
proteins from pathogens and higher eukaryotes. The MCSG goal is to
elucidate protein folding space and ultimately provide structural
coverage of major protein families with sufficient granularity to allow
3D homology modeling of all proteins using only computational methods.
This will provide the foundation for 21^st^ century structural biology
when structures of virtually all proteins will be found in the Protein
Data Bank (PDB) or derived by computational methods.

**410** [CENTER FOR STRUCTURAL GENOMICS OF INFECTIOUS
DISEASES]{.underline}

CSGID applies state-of-the-art high-throughput (HTP) structural biology
technologies to experimentally characterize the three dimensional atomic
structure of targeted proteins from pathogens in the NIAID Category A-C
priority lists and organisms causing emerging and re-emerging infectious
diseases

**411** [STRUCTURAL CORRELATES OF PROTEIN FUNCTION]{.underline}

We focus on the characterization and structure determination of
proteins.  Our ultimate goal is to understand how the structures and
functions of proteins are related.  The samples that we work with
include proteins that are important in (1) bioremediation (multiheme
cytochromes, heme based sensors), (2) biofuels (hydrolytic enzymes), (3)
human health (immunoglobulin light chains), and (4) photosynthesis
(reaction center)

**412** [MEMBRANE PROTEIN ENGINEERING]{.underline}

Membrane-bound proteins pose particular challenges for biochemical and
biophysical studies.  Our development of novel expression systems and
stabilizing reagents for membrane proteins advances the potential for
study of these highly specialized molecular systems.

**413** [WIDE-ANGLE X-RAY SCATTERING]{.underline}

The high-resolution, three-dimensional structure of a protein provides
an important basis for evaluating protein function. Unfortunately, high
resolution structural imaging via macromolecular crystallography and NMR
spectroscopy is applicable only to a relatively small proportion of the
proteome and published success rates for high-throughput (HTP)
structural genomics centers are currently less than 2%

**414** [[Great Lakes Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and
Emerging Infectious
Diseases]{.underline}](http://www.rcebiodefense.org/glrce/index.php)

Research Projects in the Great Lakes RCE are multi-year,
multi-disciplinary studies aimed at the development of new vaccines or
therapies against diseases caused by agents that can be used as
biological weapons.

***Computational Biology***

**415** [[Homology Analysis for Structure, Function, and
Malfunction]{.underline}](http://www.bio.anl.gov/computational_biology/homology.html)

A major challenge for structural biology is to maximize the information
content in the amino acid sequence of a protein.  The information
relevant to functional genomics includes function(s), stability, and
interaction partners. 

**416** [[Molecular
Dynamics]{.underline}](http://thallium.bsd.uchicago.edu/RouxLab/)

Molecular dynamics (MD) consists of constructing detailed atomic models
of the macromolecular system and, having described the microscopic
forces with a potential function, using Newton\'s classical equation,
*F=MA*, to literally \"simulate\" the dynamical motions of all the atoms
as a function of time

**417**
[[Bioinformatics]{.underline}](http://www.bio.anl.gov/computational_biology/bioinformatics.html)

Several bioinformatics tools have been developed at the Biosciences
division to support structural genomics and proteomics research, ranging
from target design, surface survey of protein structures, to
interpretation of mass spectrometry data

***Environmental Biology***

**418** [Subsurface Science]{.underline}

MESG is part of Biosciences Division at Argonne National Laboratory. One
of the main foci during the creation and growth of the Molecular
Environmental Science Group has been the development of an
internationally recognized integrated multidisciplinary scientific team
focused on the investigation of fundamental biogeochemical questions.
Presently, expertise that is represented by members of the MES Group
includes high-energy x-ray Physics, Environmental Chemistry,
Environmental Microbiology, and radiolimnology. 

**419** [[Terrestrial
Ecology]{.underline}](http://www.bio.anl.gov/environmental_biology/terrestrial_ecology/index.html)

Terrestrial ecology research includes studies of plant-soil-atmosphere
interactions and biogeochemistry at molecular to landscape scales, with
specific emphasis on the belowground ecosystem. Research projects focus
on belowground responses to environmental change, improving knowledge of
terrestrial components of the global carbon cycle, and methods for
enhancing carbon sequestration by terrestrial ecosystems

***Molecular and Systems Biology***

**420** [Production and functional characterization of
proteins]{.underline}

The objective of this project is to use high throughput proteomics,
protein expression and enzyme assays to rapidly generate meaningful
functional annotation of proteins.

**421** [Interventional Biology]{.underline}

Research in the Interventional Biology Group takes an interdisciplinary
approach to intervene in biological events in order to redirect their
course, enable new functions and prevent undesired consequences. While
intervention may also be achieved through conventional molecular biology
methods, we are promoting novel interventional routes via a combination
of molecular biology methods with materials and phenomena adapted from
the physical sciences for both molecular and kinetic interventions.

**422** [Metalloprotein Research]{.underline}

An estimated one third of all proteins bind metal ions, and many of
these proteins have regulatory or catalytic functions. This project
takes a simple, comprehensive approach for identifying and quantifying
metalloproteins in complex samples using native-PAGE and synchrotron
x-ray fluorescence imaging. By pairing the development of specialized,
non-coordinating, non-denaturing 2D gel electrophoresis techniques with
the development of dedicated, rapid wide-area XRM imaging capabilities,
we aim to identify the entire complement of metalloproteins in a given
biological sample. 

**423** [Proteomics]{.underline}

Proteomics is an area of research that seeks to identify the proteins in
a biological system at a specific point in time and to understand
variations in the abundance of those proteins as a function of cell
growth environments. Proteomics researchers isolate, separate, identify,
and characterize the proteins from biological systems to better
understand what factors influence the relative abundance of those
proteins, what functions/metabolic processes are represented by those
proteins, and how those functions/metabolic processes are regulated.

**424** [Clinical Proteomics and Biomarker Discovery in Cancer
Research]{.underline}

The goal of Argonne National Laboratory\'s NCI protein production
program is the production, characterization, and distribution of
peptides and proteins for use in the development and validation of
clinical cancer proteomic technology platforms.

**CENTER FOR NANOSCALE MATERIALS (CNM)**

*The Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM) at Argonne National Laboratory
is a national user facility that provides capabilities explicitly
tailored to the creation and characterization of new functional
materials on the nanoscale. The CNM mission includes supporting basic
research and advanced instrumentation development. The facility supports
a user program that is open to the academic, industrial, government, and
international communities. It has core capabilities in materials
synthesis, nanofabrication research, proximal probes, a dedicated hard
x-ray nanoprobe beamline at the APS, and computational nanoscience --
including a state-of-the art Beowulf-class supercomputer accommodating
highly parallel compute-intensive applications has a compute capacity of
approximately 10 Tflops. The six main scientific research themes are
Electronic & Magnetic Materials & Devices, Nanobio Interfaces,
Nanofabrication, Nanophotonics, Theory & Modeling, and X-ray Microscopy.
Please see [http://nano.anl.gov](http://nano.anl.gov/) for many more
details.*

**425** [self-assembly of soft matter nanomaterials]{.underline}

Traditional methods for creating nanostructures based on "top-down"
techniques are rapidly approaching intrinsic limitations. Furthermore,
the majority of advanced lithographic techniques are serial and
therefore expensive and slow. Advancing nanoscience and nanotechnology
will necessitate innovations that allow parallel synthesis of
hierarchical structures in the 1--100 nm size range. "Bottom-up"
self-assembly approaches, predicated on chemical or biological
processes, offer a promising route to overcome the shortcomings of
lithography. This project involves investigations of novel polymeric
nanomaterials, hybrid organic-inorganic nanocomposites, and biomaterial
arrays. Potential applications range from solar cells to magnetic
recording. A broad spectrum of characterization tools are utilized
including, but not limited to, atomic force microscopy, spectroscopy,
and thermal analysis.

**CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING DIVISION (CSE)**

The Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division is one of the largest
Divisions at Argonne National Laboratory, a leading R&D center with the
mission to advance scientific knowledge, sustainable energy, national
security, and environmental management. The Division is a science-based
research, development, and early-stage engineering organization that
conducts both fundamental and applied research using experimental,
theoretical, and computational approaches. Our R&D is distinguished by
the development and application of fundamental understanding to yield
transformational solutions that address issues of scientific and
technological importance to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the
nation.

The Division is multidisciplinary. Its people have formal training in
chemistry; physics; materials science; and electrical, mechanical,
chemical, and nuclear engineering. They are specialists in catalysis;
electrochemical systems; nuclear fuel cycle; combustion chemistry; and
time-resolved, multiscale, and ultrafast chemistry. Our researchers have
experience working in and collaborating with university, industry, and
government research and development laboratories throughout the world.

The Division's R&D is focused around five theme areas:

-   [Fundamental Interactions]{.underline} --- programs in atomic,
    molecular, and optical physics; chemical dynamics in the gas phase;
    and photosynthesis.

-   [Catalysis and Energy Conversion]{.underline} --- programs in
    heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis, hydrogen production and
    storage, and fuel cell materials development and systems analysis.

-   [Electrochemical Energy Storage]{.underline} --- programs in
    advanced cell chemistry and materials development of lithium-ion
    batteries for transportation and other applications and independent
    battery testing.

-   [Nuclear and Environmental Processes]{.underline} --- programs in
    heavy element chemistry, separation science, nuclear fuel
    separations, repository performance, and radioactive waste
    management.

-   [National Security]{.underline} --- programs in forensics and
    attribution of radiological dispersal devices, radiological
    decontamination technologies, sensors/detectors, and analytical
    chemistry.

The Division hosts several facilities, including the Actinide Facility,
Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Electrochemical Analysis and
Diagnostics Laboratory, Glassblowing Shop, and Premium Coal Sample
Facility, providing technical support of research within and outside
Argonne.

***FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS***

Since its inception, Argonne has been involved in long-term fundamental
research that addresses problems in the chemical sciences that are
related to the mission-oriented activities of the Department of Energy.
Our programs in this area are directed to basic research in atomic,
molecular, and optical science; chemical physics; photochemistry; and
physical chemistry. Our research seeks to understand chemical reactivity
through studies of the interactions of atoms, molecules, and ions with
photons and electrons; the making and breaking of chemical bonds in the
gas phase; and energy transfer processes within and between molecules.

Ultimately, this research leads to the development of such advances as
efficient combustion systems with reduced emissions of pollutants, new
solar photoconversion processes, and improved development and
application of novel x-ray light sources at current and planned DOE user
facilities.

**426** [AtomIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS]{.underline}

This program combines experiment and theory in developing a quantitative
understanding of x-ray interactions with atoms and molecules from the
weak-field limit to the strong-field regime. Research thrusts are in
x-ray probes of optical strong-field processes, inner-shell processes
with intense ultrafast x-rays, theory and the development of
synchrotron-based 1 ps x-ray source at the Advanced Photon Source.
Experimental results are used to challenge and calibrate some of the
most detailed theoretical models in atomic physics.

**427** [CHEMICAL DYNAMICS]{.underline}

This program merges theoretical and experimental work on the energetics,
kinetics, and dynamics of chemical reactions in the gas phase with
particular emphasis on combustion reactions. Shock tube, flow tube, and
photo-ionization techniques provide fundamental measurements on the
high- and low-temperature kinetics of radical-radical and
radical-molecule reactions, on the thermochemistry of radicals, and on
vibrational/rotational selected photodissociation of small molecules. A
comparable theoretical effort maps out potential energy surfaces by
electronic structure techniques; follows the dynamics and kinetics on
surfaces with trajectories, wave packets, and statistical models; and
couples multiple processes together in kinetics simulations. The
synergism between comparable experimental and theoretical efforts is a
hallmark of this effort.

**428** [PHOTOSYNTHESIS]{.underline}

Researchers are defining the basic principles in solar energy conversion
that govern charge separation in molecules via the study of electron
transfer reactions within natural and biomimetic photosynthetic
structures. Work on the mechanism of charge separation in natural
photosystems is being extended to construct novel artificial systems to
mimic the natural process. The program approach features the resolution
of structural dynamics linked to ET reactions by the application of a
suite of advanced, multifrequency, pulsed magnetic resonance, transient
optical, and x-ray techniques to follow light-activated structural
dynamics across multiple time (10^-13^ s to 1 s) and length (1 Å to 500
Å) scales. The research develops a fundamental understanding of
structure-function relationships in biological photosynthesis and
establishes principles for the design of biomimetic systems for solar
energy conversion.

***CATALYSIS AND ENERGY CONVERSION***

The development of new energy technologies is essential to our nation to
promote economic prosperity, to enhance energy security, and to provide
for environmental preservation. The Catalysis and Energy Conversion
Department conducts basic and applied research in two critical
energy-related technologies: catalysis (homogeneous and heterogeneous)
and fuel cells and hydrogen (fuel cell engineering, hydrogen and fuel
cell materials, and ceramic electrochemistry).

Researchers are developing new catalytic materials and processes for
converting resources such as biomass and coal to transportation fuels
and chemical commodities, reducing NOx emissions, and fundamental
research aimed at improving our understanding of how catalysts promote
chemical reactions. In Fuel Cells and Hydrogen, researchers are
developing technologies for the production, storage, and utilization of
hydrogen necessary to realize the potential of fuel cells as clean,
efficient power sources for automotive, stationary, and portable power
applications.

**429** [Catalysis]{.underline}

Research in heterogeneous catalysis focuses on developing new catalyst
and processes for decomposing and converting cellulosic materials into
liquid fuels and chemical commodities, for use in selective oxidation
and dehydrogenation reactions, for reducing nitrogen oxide emissions,
hydrogen production, and the conversion of synthesis gas, a mixture of
CO + H~2~, that can be derived from carbonaceous materials such as
biomass and coal into liquid fuels. We also explore fundamental issues
in catalysis such advancing our understanding of the
structure/composition/ function relationships in nanoscale catalytic
materials. We are also working to advance the use of x‑ray spectroscopy
techniques for studying catalytic reactions under "real world" operating
conditions.

Research in homogeneous catalysis explores fuel-related catalysis
mechanisms, new catalytic species, and new catalytic reaction chemistry
using an array of powerful *in-situ* spectroscopic and kinetic
techniques at the high pressures and temperatures that are frequently
used in industrial processes.

We are also working at the forefront of fundamental catalysis as
partners with Northwestern University in the Institute for Catalysis in
Energy Processes. Catalysis research at the Institute integrates theory,
modeling, synthesis, characterization, and testing with the ultimate
goal of achieving selective chemical transformations through new
catalyst designs that position multiple catalytic functionalities and
control structure and composition with subnanometer precision.

**430** [FUEL CELLS AND HYDROGEN]{.underline}

Our researchers are developing technologies for the production, storage,
and utilization of hydrogen necessary to realize the potential of fuel
cells as clean, efficient power sources for automotive, stationary, and
portable power applications. R&D in hydrogen production spans fuel
reforming (catalytic conversion of natural gas, gasoline, diesel,
ethanol to ethanol), high-temperature electrolysis, and thermochemical
cycles. For fuel cells, we are developing advanced materials and
electrocatalysts to reduce the cost and improve the durability of both
solid-oxide and polymer-electrolyte membrane technologies. A
distinguishing strength of our research is in the analysis of the
complex systems associated with hydrogen production, storage, and fuel
cell applications.

***ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE***

**431** [LITHIUM BATTERY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND
ENGINEERING]{.underline}

Argonne National Laboratory has been actively involved in the
development of advanced batteries since the late 1960s when it initiated
R&D on high-temperature lithium-sulfur batteries. In the early 1970s,
the Department of Energy established its first independent battery test
facility at Argonne and named it the National Battery Test Laboratory
(NBTL), for the purpose of conducting independent evaluations on
advanced battery technologies that were potential candidates for use in
battery-powered electric vehicles. The NBTL incorporated a well-equipped
post-test analysis laboratory that was instrumental in helping to
identify life-limiting mechanisms with several candidate battery
technologies. Even in these early days of the battery program, Argonne
was internationally respected for its advanced battery work. Over the
last 40 years, Argonne's battery program has evolved and expanded,
becoming internationally recognized as a world-class center for lithium
battery R&D.

*Integrating Basic Research, Applied R&D, and Engineering:* The current
organization of Argonne's Electrochemical Energy Storage Department
includes a battery test group and three battery R&D groups. The battery
test laboratory changed its name to the Electrochemical Analysis and
Diagnostics Laboratory (EADL), but it continues to provide DOE's
transportation program and U.S. auto companies with the same type of
independent evaluations, using standardized test protocols that the EADL
helped to develop for DOE. The Department's three R&D groups cover the
lithium battery landscape from the basic science perspective to the
engineering design of batteries for specific applications. This
integration of basic research, applied R&D, and engineering (as shown
below) has played a key role in Argonne's success.

![](media/image1.wmf){width="6.0in" height="2.0006944444444446in"}

The integrated capabilities of the Department can be described using an
example of the process it employs to develop more optimal materials and
cell chemistries for a specific application. When existing cell
chemistries suffer from life, inherent safety, or performance
limitations, detailed diagnostic and electrochemical cell modeling
studies are used to identify the limiting factors and new materials are
developed to overcome these limitations. These can be new electrode
materials with enhanced structural, chemical, electrochemical, and
thermal stability that are designed (with the aid of *ab initio*
modeling) to increase specific capacity, extend life, and/or enhance
inherent safety. Additionally, with the aid of quantum mechanical
modeling, electrolyte additives with the proper redox potentials and
physicochemical properties are developed to help stabilize the
electrode/electrolyte interfaces. These new materials are thoroughly
characterized and compared with existing materials to provide assurance
that they will help stabilize cell chemistry. Once the characterization
work and preliminary aging studies verify enhanced stability, the
materials are produced in sufficient quantity to allow thorough
evaluations in hermetically sealed cells, which are obtained from
industrial battery manufacturers. Argonne employs its detailed battery
design model to develop the electrode design specifications, and the
battery manufacturer coats electrodes and produces cells to Argonne's\
specifications. These hermetically sealed cells are then subjected to
extensive accelerated aging and abuse tests to quantify the improvements
relative to a baseline cell chemistry. Results from detailed diagnostic
and modeling studies on these cells are then used to further refine and
optimize the materials, if needed. Using this process, Argonne has
developed a large portfolio of intellectual property on advanced
materials that is available for licensing by the battery industry and
its material suppliers.

*Leading Major DOE Initiatives:* Argonne is DOE's lead laboratory for
its applied battery R&D program for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
applications, the Advanced Technology Development (ATD) program. This
program is a multi-Laboratory program that involves support from four
other DOE national laboratories: Brookhaven, Idaho, Lawrence Berkeley,
and Sandia. The objective of this program is to help the industrial
developers of Li-Ion batteries to overcome the key barriers of calendar
life, abuse tolerance, low-temperature performance, and cost for Li-Ion
batteries in HEV applications. Also, Argonne is a major participant in
DOE's longer-range R&D program, the Batteries for Advanced
Transportation Technologies (BATT) program. Here, Argonne's role is in
the development of novel anode and cathode materials that can help
advance Li-Ion battery technology for transportation applications. DOE
also is looking to Argonne's Electrochemical Energy Storage Department
to make significant contributions to its new initiative on plug-in
hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). Argonne is: (1) testing prototype PHEV
cells to establish baseline performance characteristics and to aid in
the development of standardized PHEV testing protocols, (2) developing
PHEV battery performance models that are used in PHEV vehicle simulation
studies, and (3) conducting R&D on new advanced electrode materials,
with the goal of significantly increasing the energy density of
lithium-ion batteries for this application.

*Working with Others:* In addition to projects funded directly by DOE
projects, Argonne conducts R&D for industrial firms under Work for
Others contracts. Some of these contracts involve R&D support to
industrial battery companies that are funded by DOE via its
collaborative R&D agreement with the U.S. auto companies \[the U.S.
Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC)\]. Other contracts are with
industrial firms that seek Argonne's help to develop and optimize cell
materials, components, and/or cell chemistries for a variety of
applications.

To further support advanced battery research, Argonne's Electrochemical
Analysis and Diagnostics Laboratory is available to assist Argonne and
non-Argonne battery researchers by conducting evaluations that can be
used to identify potential design or material changes that may improve
battery performance. The EADL conducts independent performance and life
studies on DOE/USABC contract deliverables and similar benchmark studies
on advanced battery technologies developed without DOE support. Services
of this type also are available to the private sector.

***NUCLEAR AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES***

For more than sixty years, Argonne National Laboratory has been a world
leader in the development of nuclear technologies. The Chemical Sciences
and Engineering Division and its predecessors have had an important role
in these developments, advancing the science of actinide chemistry and
innovating solutions for the "back end" of the nuclear fuel cycle.
Today, our researchers are at the forefront in the development of
technologies for nuclear separations, waste management, and
nonproliferation to achieve sustainable nuclear energy.

Programs in our nuclear and environmental processes thrust are organized
into four areas.

**432** [HEAVY ELEMENT AND SEPARATIONS SCIENCE]{.underline}

Basic science research of heavy element and fission product atomic and
molecular-scale chemistry with focus on actinide aggregation in solution
and precipitates, metal-ligand interactions, and electronic properties.
Researchers are using novel instruments at the Advanced Photon Source to
elucidate the electronic structure and magnetic properties of actinide
nanoclusters, providing new insights into their behavior in separations
processes and their migration in the environment. In related studies,
they are designing, synthesizing, and characterizing chelating agents
for metals separations and recovery.

**433** [INTERFACIAL PROCESSES]{.underline}

Basic science research of mineral/water interactions to advance the
fundamental understanding of geochemical processes important to
predicting the performance of geological repositories. Researchers are
deploying advanced *in-situ* spectroscopy and imaging techniques to
explore mineral surface hydration, ion adsorption structures, and
mineral growth and dissolution processes.

**434** [PROCESS CHEMISTRY AND ENGINEERING]{.underline}

Application of integrated expertise in chemical engineering and actinide
chemistry to develop, model, design, and demonstrate solvent extraction
processes for spent fuel and radioactive waste treatment, and nuclear
nonproliferation. For the Department of Energy's Advanced Fuel Cycle
Initiative, researchers invented, demonstrated, and continue to develop
the UREX+ suite of multistage solvent extraction process for selective
recovery of fission products in spent fuel. For the DOE's Reduced
Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors program, researchers are
developing the separation technologies required to produce the medical
isotope molybdenum-99 from low-enriched uranium targets.

**435** [NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY]{.underline}

Application of multidisciplinary expertise to innovate, develop, and
engineer commercially viable electrochemical processes for nuclear
separations. Researchers are developing novel processes for the recovery
of actinides and stabilization of fission products from metal, oxide,
carbide, nitride, and other advanced nuclear reactor fuels. Recent
inventions include high-throughput uranium electrorefining and
electrolytic oxide reduction.

***NATIONAL SECURITY***

**436** [ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY]{.underline}

The Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (ACL) provides a broad range of
analytical chemistry support services to the scientific and engineering
programs at Argonne National Laboratory and specialized analysis for
government, academic, and industrial organizations. Our analytical
services and research comprise inorganic, radiochemical, organic,
microstructural characterization, and environmental analyses and
studies.

**437** [NANOSCALE ENGINEERING FOR BIOMEDICINE AND NATIONAL
SECURITY]{.underline}

Previous work on the use of magnetic microparticles to recover metals,
fission products, and high-level radionuclides from liquid waste streams
has led to research that uses magnetic nanospheres for biomedical and
national security applications.

We are leading a team of scientists, engineers, and medical researchers
in the development of technology that uses magnetic nanospheres for
human detoxification of blood-borne toxins (radiological, biological,
and chemical). Originally developed for in-field use by military
personnel, the work also will have application in the early diagnosis
and treatment of certain medical conditions.

In other nanoscale engineering work, our researchers are completing
development of a system to quickly and nondestructively decontaminate
structures such as buildings and monuments using a spray-on,
super-absorbent gel and engineered microparticles. The technology will
help the nation be more prepared in the event of a terrorist attack with
a "dirty bomb" or other radioactive dispersal device.

**COMMUNICATIONS AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS DIVISION (C&PA)**

**438** [journalism and public relations opportunities]{.underline}

The Communications and Public Affairs Division has internship
opportunities for students interested in science-related journalism and
public relations. The student would do \"hands-on\" activities in many
areas of the Communications and Public Affairs, including: preparing
news releases reporting on scientific and technical advances at Argonne;
assisting in the publication of the Argonne News, employee publications,
and Argonne Now, a bi-annual scientific feature magazine. This
internship requires a strong background in journalism and an interest in
science. Articles generated during the internship are printed in Argonne
publications with author credit and used in news-release form to
scientific and general media.

**COMPUTING AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION (CIS)**

The Computing and Information Systems Division is committed to the
introduction and provision of the computing, instrumentation,
electronics and communications infrastructure to enhance the
productivity of and provide new capabilities for the Laboratory\'s,
scientific, engineering and administrative programs. The primary goal of
CIS is to establish and promote a seamless environment where individual
researchers and workers can easily access and use all elements of the
ANL information resources hierarchy, independent of the diverse
computer, electronics, and telecommunications technologies they choose
to use.

**439** [systems management]{.underline}

Systems administrators manage the architecture, implementation, and
ongoing maintenance of Windows, Solaris, and Linux-based servers. Other
facets of systems management including filesystems, storage area
networks, backup technologies, and core Internet protocols including
mail, DNS, web, and other services. Systems administrators provide the
backbone for key applications to function in a highly available
environment for Laboratory users. Internship opportunities exist to work
with professional staff on evaluating new technologies, analyzing and
upgrading existing systems, and developing management tools.

**440** [authentication technologies]{.underline}

The ability to identify network users confidently is a fundamental
requirement for distributed applications. Strong authentication enables
sharing sensitive data across unsecured networks. Technologies such as
LDAP, Kerberos, and public/private keys are used to provide alternate
authentication strategies. Argonne actively works to incorporate
technologies into UNIX and Microsoft environments. Internship
opportunities exist to evaluate, develop, and test new and/or expanded
authentication technologies.

**441** [high-speed networking]{.underline}

High performance computing systems being planned currently have the
potential to achieve a petaflop of computing power. If petascale systems
can fulfill their promise and if software can scale to take advantage of
these more complex systems, they will definitately change the nature of
scientific questions that can be pursued via simulation in every
scientific field. To support these initiatives effective high-speed
networking will be an essential component. Argonne is active in the
testing, monitoring, and tuning of high-performance networks.

**442** [local-area networking]{.underline}

Argonne has been striving to achieve an effective balance of both
science and security within our campus network infrastructure.
Networking projects include the deployment of a 10 Gigabit Ethernet
backbone, high-performance data center infrastructure, wide spread
wireless deployments, with a complimentary mix of cyber security
measures -- firewalls, vpn's, and intrusion detection systems. With
these efforts we are striving to provide in breed infrastructure for
supporting scientific research.

**443** [CYBERSECURITY]{.underline}

The Argonne Cyber Security Program plays an integral part in maintaining
the integrity and cyber wellbeing of the users and data on Argonne's
computer systems and networks. The office is responsible for the
technical implementation and policy governance of the systems in place
that protect the Laboratory. Activities of the office include
Vulnerability Scanning and Tracking, Firewall configuration review,
Intrusion Detection System (IDS) development, Scripting and Automation
and administration of a lab wide detection infrastructure.

**444** [APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT]{.underline}

Programmer/analysts interact with clients, design and develop or
maintain computer programs, and conduct tests on the Laboratory's
business information systems. These systems may be stand-alone,
multi-tiered client/server, and/or web-based applications. The Division
is migrating to a Service Oriented Architecture using modern Web 2.0
technologies. Internship opportunities exist for students to work with
professional staff on developing and upgrading real-world applications
in the new paradignm.

**445** [technology evaluation]{.underline}

As part of its mission in operation support for the laboratory, CIS
maintains a program of technology evaluation with potential for
increased operation efficiency or new capability creation in support of
the laboratory's mission. Internship opportunities exist to work with
CIS staff evaluating application of IT to a wide variety of operational
needs (energy efficiency, automation, sensor and control systems, etc.

**446** [OPERATIONS COMPUTING SUPPORT]{.underline}

Supporting the computing end users is an essential role to maintaining
administrative operations at the lab. The operations computing
environment consists of Microsoft Windows and Apple Mac OS platforms
that are managed through Active Directory. Ongoing activities include
telephone and remote computer maintenance and troubleshooting support,
account administration, software and hardware installations, hardware
repairs and desktop and server maintenance and administration. Other
activities include infrastructural and service planning and upgrades,
client and server backups, patching and virus protection. Internship
opportunities exist in operations as well as new technology
evaluation/deployment.

**DECISION AND INFORMATION SCIENCES DIVISION (DIS)**

*The Decision and Information Sciences Division is composed of several
sections that focus their research activities in distinct but related
technical areas. The mission of the Division* *is to develop innovative
decision support tools, models, and information systems and apply them
to the analysis and resolution of problems of regional, national, and
global significance.*

# 447 ADVANCED MULTIDISCIPLINARY SIMULATION

The Division develops, promotes, and utilizes advanced computer modeling
and simulation tools and technologies for both research and operational
applications. These tools facilitate the construction of complex,
heterogeneous simulations that integrate modeling representations of
many diverse dynamic processes across time and space to address
difficult problems that require multidisciplinary solutions.
Representative recent and ongoing projects include:

-   Simulation frameworks for the study of the stability and
    sustainability of societies under stress due to such factors as
    climatic, economic, energy and technological change and political
    turmoil. A pilot study involves constructing detailed
    socioecological simulations of representative villages and
    sub-regions in rural Southeast Asia.

-   An agent-based simulation system to help inform debate on national
    healthcare policy reform. The system models the relevant
    characteristics and dynamic behaviors of the major actors in the
    U.S. healthcare scene: Federal and state governments; insurers;
    healthcare providers; employers; and individual persons and
    households embedded in social networks relating to family,
    employment, insurance, finance, etc.

-   Agent-based socioecological simulations of ancient Mesopotamian
    settlement systems, addressing interactions among natural processes
    (hydrology, crop growth, weather, etc.) and social processes
    (kin-based behaviors, agricultural practices, social stratification,
    etc.) on a daily basis across multi-generational time spans.

-   Diverse applications in computational linguistics, multinational law
    enforcement, ocean physics, health and welfare of disadvantaged
    children, and many others.

These projects tend to have an inherently synergistic, integrative focus
that provides research opportunities for computer-literate investigators
with interests and expertise in a wide variety academic disciplines.

# 448 INFRASTRUCTURE ASSURANCE

The Division has worked to develop Argonne as the lead lab for
infrastructure protection with the Department of Homeland Security. The
Division's infrastructure expertise is supported by a large suite of
models, simulation tools and extensive databases that include:

-   GIS-based gas supply system database

-   Gas and electricity energy supply systems modeling and simulation

-   Toolset to analyze the condition of gas supply systems

-   Comprehensive U.S. electric supply system database

-   Infrastructure analysis in gas, oil, electricity, and infrastructure
    interdependencies

**449** [PACKAGING CERTIFICATIN AND LIFE CYCLE MANAGMENET]{.underline}

The Division supports Department of Energy's (DOE's) Environmental
Management (EM), Office of Safety Management & Operations Packaging
Certification Program, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC's)
programs on operating reactor licensing actions, regulatory improvement
activities, and new reactor design guidance documents. The Division's
expertise in these areas include:

-   Materials and structural analysis

-   Thermal and containment analysis

-   Radiation shielding and criticality analysis

-   Quality assurance and the ASME Code and Standards

Federal regulations for certification of fissile and radioactive
material packagings in storage, transportation and disposal. The
Division is also developing advanced technology, such as radiofrequency
identification system for nuclear material management.

**450** [INFORMATION SCIENCES]{.underline}

The Division develops architectures and systems that organize and
integrate large-scale, complex, and heterogeneous information. The
systems include:

-   Data warehousing tools, such as intelligent query visualization to
    provide context for information retrieval

-   Develop and enhance the information network for the Atmospheric
    Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility

-   Develop petabyte-scale scientific data access and storage solutions
    for the Large Hadron Collider at CERN

## 451 [MODELING, SIMULATION, AND VISUALIZATION]{.underline}

The Division develops expert systems and artificial intelligence. These
include:

-   Develops the logistics planning tools used by the Department of
    Defense to plan military operations

-   Develops complex adaptive systems modeling and simulation software
    and applications

-   Develop technologies to study environmental impacts of military
    operations, endangered species, health care systems, command and
    control strategies, and ancient civilizations.

***ENERGY SYSTEM ASSESSMENT***

The nation is again focused on the need to address issues of energy
supply and demand, to choose appropriate energy technologies, and to
develop new and existing energy supplies.

# 452 ENERGY, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

The Division develops energy demand projections, evaluates alternative
energy supply systems, and evaluates energy and environmental policies
bearing on energy development. The Division's work includes:

-   Models used to make energy market decisions

-   Suite of energy/environmental/economic models, now used in more than
    60 countries

-   Models to analyze the deregulated electricity marketplace

-   Database with information on all electricity generating stations in
    the U.S.

## 453 [EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS]{.underline}

The Division has considerable expertise in emergency preparedness and
planning for technology-related accidents, terrorist attacks, and other
emergencies. Current topics include:

-   Provide emergency preparedness expertise to FEMA, DOE , DOT and the
    U.S. Army

-   Develop emergency preparedness system for use in subways to detect
    chemical agent attacks and provide first responders with crisis
    management information

-   Develop GIS-based Special Population Planner to identify and locate
    populations and facilities needing special assistance in emergency
    situations

-   Develop Emergency Response Synchronization Matrix (ERSM) to assist
    in creating an integrated response plan involving multiple (federal,
    state, local) jurisdictions

**ENERGY SYSTEMS DIVISION (ES)**

*The Energy Systems Division (ES) of Argonne National Laboratory
conducts research and development efforts in energy production,
efficient energy conversion and use, mitigation of the environmental
effects associated with producing and using energy, and methods of
restoring contaminated and degraded lands to a usable, productive state.
The Division concentrates on laboratory research needed to enable a
cleaner and more efficient use of energy resources and on field studies
pertaining to the wise use and maintenance of environmental and natural
resources*

The ES Division is organized into three areas: (1) The Process
Engineering Section and the Chemical and Biological Group are committed
to developing and transferring clean, efficient energy and
industry-related environmental technologies into the marketplace to
benefit U.S. companies, the federal government, customers, and the
general public, (2) The Center for Environmental Restoration Systems
develops and performs research, development and demonstration programs
to support the complete environmental restoration process, from start to
finish, addressing each of the three stages of the process, and to
transfer the knowledge and technologies obtained to sponsors and other
potential users of that information, and (3) The Center for
Transportation Research conducts research to evaluate and develop
transportation technologies, with emphasis on reducing petroleum-fuel
requirements, costs and the environmental consequences of transportation
systems.

***INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGIES***

**454** [ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY SOLVENTS]{.underline}

Widely used chemical solvents, such as chlorofluorocarbons, damage the
earth's ozone layer, while chloroform and trichloroethylene remain the
most common groundwater pollutants. Ethyl lactate, a non-toxic and
biodegradable solvent, occurs naturally in beer, wine, and soy products
and is approved as an additive by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Argonne has developed a technology that can sufficiently reduce the cost
of the environmentally benign solvent, ethyl lactate, to make it
competitive in the marketplace against toxic solvents. A novel
membrane-based process to produce lactate esters is being developed
through an industry/government initiative.

**455** [BIOCATALYTIC SYSTEMS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CHEMICALS FROM
RENEWABLE RESOURCES]{.underline}

Through industry/government partnerships, Argonne is part of a
consortium to develop a new, integrated process approach for
synthesizing industrial chemical intermediates and derivatives from
renewable biomass. Argonne's role is to apply its technical expertise in
genetic engineering, bioprocess engineering, and polymer development to
targeted products and processes. For example, Argonne is improving
fermentation efficiency by using conventional and genetic techniques to
develop superior succinic-acid-producing organisms. Its purification
process uses advanced desalting and water-splitting electrodialysis
technologies.

**456** [chemical and biological technology]{.underline}

This area is focused on integrating chemical engineering with biological
processes. A major objective is the development of new methods to
produce chemicals utilizing both fermentation and biocatalytic systems,
which are integrated with separation and purification technologies
utilizing new membrane technologies. Methods to produce a "green"
solvent from corn, ethyl lactate, have led to a licensed joint venture
and three national awards. Another objective is the development of
detection and treatment methods for controlling and understanding
sustained localized pitting corrosion influenced by microbes. Other
projects include phytoremediation, examining the use of plants for
environmental remediation, sonication or advanced oxidation to remediate
groundwater and soil, the development and use of new biomodified
catalysts, and the use of paleoclimate changes to model hydrocarbon
exploration and global warning.

**457** [carbon management]{.underline}

This effort seeks to develop cost-effective, high efficiency,
low-greenhouse-gas, and low environmental impact technologies.
Ultimately, these technologies will be used in the Utility, Industrial,
and Transportation sectors. In cooperation with industry, studies will
use full-energy cycle analysis of advanced utility and industrial fossil
fuel-based systems to establish base-line greenhouse gas inventories for
several current technologies. We are developing a capability to
understand and coordinate with groups studying terrestrial and ocean
response to natural and anthropogenic induced changes in atmospheric
concentrations of greenhouse gases.

**458** [process evaluation]{.underline}

Our focus is on the development of advanced waste minimization/pollution
prevention technology, with an emphasis on materials recycling. We have
three core activities: (1) physical/chemical separation process
development, (2) hydro/pyrometallurgical process development, and (3)
process simulation and cost analysis. Representative projects where
student help is anticipated include: (1) recovery of materials from auto
shredder residue (thermoplastics, polyurethane foams, oxides of iron and
silicon for cement-making), (2) recovery and separation of
thermoplastics from obsolete appliances and electronics, and (3)
evaluation of non-consumable anodes for molten salt electrowinning of
metals.

***ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION***

This area performs research, development and demonstration programs to
attain all aspects of environmental restoration from start to finish,
including site characterization, selection and implementation of
remediation technologies for site cleanup, and final restoration of a
site to usefulness.

**459** [phytoremediation]{.underline}

Phytoremediation, the engineered use of green plants to remove, contain,
or render harmless such environmental contaminants as heavy metals,
trace elements, organic compounds, and radioactive compounds, is an
emerging cleanup technology for contaminated soils, groundwater, and
wastewater that is both low-tech and low-cost. In 1995, greenhouse
experiments on zinc uptake in hybrid poplar were conducted to confirm
and extend field data from Applied Natural Sciences, Inc. in a
collaborative research and development effort. Analyses indicate that
part-per-million levels of zinc are totally sequestered by the plants
through the root system in several hours in a single pass. Similar
experiments with a grass show similar patterns partitioning and
sequestration as the poplar experiments but with the growth and
transpiration more suppressed. Current studies include groundwater
remediation and field demonstrations for the uptake of halogenated
organics in hybrid poplar.

**460** [geologic and hydrologic engineering]{.underline}

Studies of interaction between energy operations and systems and the
environment often involve investigations related to geologic or
hydrologic engineering. Current studies deal with development of methods
for measuring the effectiveness of site-characterization methods,
groundwater modeling, and field measurements associated with
environmental compliance at facilities located in diverse settings and
locations.

**461** [RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS TO REMEDIATE CONTAMINATED
SITES]{.underline}

Studies of sites contaminated with hazardous and toxic materials require
data acquisition, analyses, and interpretation on many site conditions
that determine migration and fate of contaminants. Site properties
related to hydrology, soils, geology, geochemistry, and related
conditions must be understood to evaluate environmental risks and site
cleanup alternatives. Current studies involve environmental geophysics
in a range of geologic settings; field investigations of subsurface
geology related to contaminant migration; evaluation of the fate of
contaminants in soils and uptake of these materials by plants,
phytoremediation of soil and plumes, development of standardized
analytical chemistry techniques for contaminants; and evaluation of
treatment technologies to remediate contaminated soils and groundwater.

***CENTER FOR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH***

The Center for Transportation Research (CTR) conducts applied research
for the U.S. Department of Energy on advanced transportation
technologies and their energy, economic, and environmental impacts. A
broad spectrum of technologies are being researched; some examples
include alternative-fueled vehicles, studies of energy use and
transportation demand under different future scenarios, environmental
assessments and modeling of existing and new technologies, and issues
and strategies for a transition to alternative fuels. Due to the breadth
of current research topics, CTR is interested in attracting both
students and faculty from a diverse set of disciplines to contribute to
our research efforts.

**462** [alternative fuels for transportation]{.underline}

CTR is conducting technical, economic, policy, and environmental
analyses for a transition to non-petroleum fuels for the transportation
system. Projects span light- and heavy-duty vehicles and buses, and
include fleet demonstrations. Analysis of alternative transportation
fuels in CTR includes: (1) assessment of engine, vehicle, and fuel
supply technologies; (2) assessment of the properties of fuels, their
combustion products, and atmospheric side effects; (3) econometric
analysis of consumer response to the cost changes of fuels and vehicles
when adopting alternative fuels; and (4) economic assessment of policies
designed to promote the introduction of alternative fuels. Two specified
examples of ongoing projects are listed below.

**463** [alternative transportation fuels - vehicle and fuels
characterization]{.underline}

This project involves the study of the attributes of engines and fuel
systems for various fuels and technologies and develops comparisons of
advantages and disadvantages of each. Emissions, energy consumption,
power density, and other measures are used as a basis of comparison.
Participants in this program may also study fuel-processing and
transportation systems such as refineries, pipelines, and ships and may
estimate costs of technologies, working with economists.

**464** [alternative transportation fuels - economic
assessments]{.underline}

Work in this area involves the study of consumer responses to vehicle
and fuel characteristics, including price changes and factors such as
performance and safety. Policy questions, including issues of short-run
costs vs. long-run savings induced by inter-fuel competition are also
under investigation Participants in this program will work with
engineers to develop cost estimates for new technologies.

**465** [ENGINE AND EMISSIONS RESEARCH]{.underline}

A Mechanical Engineering Assistant is needed for acquiring engine test
data using high-speed data acquisition system and analyzing the data.
The Advanced Powertrain Test Facility (APTF) is an integrated test
facility capable of testing vehicles and powertrain components by means
of state-of-the-art measurement equipment and control hardware. The APTF
has conducted vehicle-and component-level testing of commercially
available and OAAT-developed hybrid electric vehicles to characterize
and enhance these technologies. The test data have also helped to evolve
and validate the DOE vehicle simulation models. A mechanical or
electrical engineer is needed to assist in the design and implementation
of experiments, gather and analyze data collected from complex testing
of engines, battery packs, motors and vehicles, and assist in the
publication of reports and technical papers. The student or faculty will
work test engines to make performance and emissions measurements.
Additional projects involve characterization of diesel and gasoline fuel
sprays using lasers and x-rays. Data collection, analysis and
consolidation will be part of the student/faculty function.

**466** [analytical engineer]{.underline}

A Mechanical Engineering or computer systems engineer is needed to
conduct simulation studies of engines and vehicle systems. Work in this
area involves assisting with PSAT (modeling software) model refinement,
validation, integration, and documentation. The engineer may also use
PSAT-PRO (control software) at the Advanced Powertrain Testing Facility
for technology validation using hardware-in-the-loop testing process.
Tasks may include refinement of powertrain controllers to evaluate
component technology potential.

***BIODETECTION TECHNOLOGIES***

Biotechnology research at Argonne National Laboratory deals with
applying biology and biochemistry principles and breakthroughs to
problems of national interest. In [health]{.underline}-related studies,
researchers advance the development and use of biological microchips, or
biochips, to speed DNA sequencing of human genes and to identify
organisms and toxins of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. In
collaborative efforts, Laboratory staff study the effects of
biochemicals to control leukemia and other cellular malignancies, target
enzymes to screen for new drugs, and study cellular replication,
differentiation, apoptosis in tumors.

**467** [BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY]{.underline}

Argonne National Laboratory works toward commercializing and marketing
advanced biological microchips, or biochips, and related analytical
technologies to permit faster and more efficient detection of mutations
in genetic information encoded in DNA, the macromolecule of human genes
which is packaged in the chromosomes in cells. Polyacrylamide micro-gel
pads -- thousands of them on a single one-square-inch glass slide -- act
as microscopic laboratory test tubes in which biological targets can be
tested against chemical compounds. With known strands fixed in place,
robots and other automated equipment allow researchers to use the slides
as templates to test and decode unknown DNA samples. Primary
applications include medical diagnostics, drug discovery and medical
treatment, environmental restoration, and agricultural-product testing.

**468** [BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY -- ADVANCED APPLICATIONS]{.underline}

Argonne National Laboratory is exploring and expanding the biochip's
wide range of applications in:

-   DNA sequence analysis and proofreading.

-   Analysis of changes in genetic makeup (mutations),

-   Analysis of population differences in genetic coding (polymorphism),

-   Identification of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms,

-   Advanced medical diagnostic and monitoring of treatment, and

-   Development of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on **M**icro
    **A**rrays of **G**el-**I**mmobilized **C**ompounds on a **Chip**
    (MAGIChip).

**469** [CELL GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION]{.underline}

This research seeks to examine the molecular events that govern cellular
replication, differentiation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis) in
normal and tumor cells.

-   Chemicals are being studied for their roles in signal transduction
    events (such as activation of protein kinases, production and
    interaction of adhesion molecules, and transcription factors) that
    alter cellular replication, differentiation, or apoptosis.

-   Laboratory staff are characterizing human genes that code for
    proteins that modulate cellular replication, differentiation, and or
    apoptosis in normal and tumor cells.

-   Research on inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), a target
    for immunosuppressive antimicrobial and anticancer drugs, focuses on
    its regulation and structure.

Results could provide the foundation for the development of agents that
could be used as targets for the development of pharmaceuticals.

\[Also, see related listing under the Biosciences Division.\]

**470** [CERAMICS]{.underline}

Ceramic processing development and new ceramic-materials synthesis for a
wide variety of applications are carried out in this section. Much of
the work is done on a collaborative basis with other groups both within
and outside of Argonne. An example is the dielectric materials for
capacitors. The Ceramics Section staff have fabricated ceramic
dielectrics with high permittivity by conventional solid-state and
chemical solution deposition techniques. Other areas include
mixed-conductors for batteries, fuel cells, sensors, and gas-separation;
and low-temperature, chemically bonded phosphate ceramics for the
containment of nuclear waste. High strength, better-performing cements
are being developed for some applications. Generally, the Ceramics
Section work includes microstructural characterization by optical and
electron microscopy, phase identification by X‑ray diffraction and
thermal analysis, mechanical properties measurements, and electrical
characterization. Those interested in hands-on ceramics laboratory work
should apply for a position in this section.

**471** [TRIBOLOGY]{.underline}

The Tribology section is concerned with developing and improving
materials and surfaces that have low friction and high wear resistance
for engineering application. The goal of this research is to make
advancements in applications as diverse as spacecraft, fuel-cell
vehicles, trucks, sensors, manufacturing, micromachines, and human
artificial joints. A participant would typically be involved in one or
more of the following activities: (1) Deposition of coatings with
improved tribological properties. The group has state-of-the art
equipment (plasma, sputtering, ion beam) that is used to deposit many
different kinds of thin coatings which are then characterized and
tested. Materials include amorphous carbon, diamond, nitride, and
carbide coatings. (2) Friction and wear testing. The group has a variety
of testing machines that measure friction and wear of rolling and
sliding components. The testing may be done in air, in controlled
environments (vacuum, inert gas, liquid), at various speeds and motions.
(3) Characterization and analysis of the surfaces and coatings, either
as they are produced, or after they have been tested. Available methods
include scanning- and transmission-electron microscopy, Raman
spectroscopy, optical microscopy and optical profilometry, X-ray
analysis (using the Advanced Photon Source), hardness, adhesion, and
Rutherford backscattering. Surface morphology, composition,
microstructure, and properties are determined and related to
performance. A participant would typically learn to operate one or more
of the machines, deposit coatings, test coatings, or characterize them,
and analyze the data which is obtained.

**ENVIRONMENT, SAFETY AND HEALTH/QUALITY ASSURANCE OVERSIGHT DIVISION
(EQO)**

The Environment, Safety and Health/Quality Assurance Oversight Division
ensures a safe work environment for Argonne employees. Division
personnel are engaged in the wide scope of activities required to make
recommendations for, and maintain safe work practices and conditions
throughout the Laboratory. Activities include, industrial hygiene and
safety services, personnel monitoring, training, safety analyses, and
environmental monitoring and surveillance.

**472** [Industrial Hygiene]{.underline}

Industrial Hygiene provides sitewide guidance and technical support
for assessment and control of workplace exposures to chemicals and
physical agents, excluding ionizing radiation. Exposures to solvents,
gases, vapors, dusts, and mists are measured using a variety of
direct-reading instruments and personal sampling devices which collect
samples from workplace air for laboratory analysis.  Other activities
involve exposure surveys for indoor air quality, noise, ultraviolet
light and microwaves, selection, fit testing and user training of
respiratory protective devices, and particle collection efficiency
measurements of high-performance air-cleaning systems.  A wide variety
of instrumentation is used, including infrared, electrochemical cell and
photoionization type gas and vapor monitors, aerosol photometers, data
loggers, noise and microwave meters, and instruments for collecting and
measuring airborne nanoparticles.

Projects are available concentrating on a specific aspect of industrial
hygiene.

**473** [ES&H TRAINING]{.underline}

This section designs, develops, and presents training on environment,
safety, and health (ESH) issues throughout the Laboratory. Training
classes, courses, and programs respond to various DOE, EPA, OSHA,
federal, and state regulations, as well as identified environment,
safety, and health training needs. Design, development, and
implementation of training may involve work lab-wide with subject matter
experts. Varied training needs provide multiple opportunities to
undertake creative approaches to instructional design and performance
technology as well as technology-based training solutions. Curriculum
design, course design, and the associated front end work that
incorporates needs analysis, determination of entry characteristics and
behaviors, development of performance objectives, and creation of
instructionally sound testing mechanisms are used. Evaluation of
training programs, courses, means of instruction, and instructor
competence are facets of ES&H Training. As a research and development
facility, Argonne provides a setting that encourages innovative
technology-assisted training approaches. These include the design,
development, testing for efficacy, and application of Computer-Based
Training (CBT) and Web-Based Training (WBT) strategies involving
creative software applications as well as participation in the design
and development of Argonne specific software programs. Projects include
significant concentration on utilization of the Web, and effective
optimization between databases.

**474** [RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY]{.underline}

Radiological Safety group supports nuclear research and accelerator
operations to ensure protection of workers, the public, and the
environment from the hazards of ionizing radiation. Students with
interests in the physical sciences, electronics, and mathematics may
find career-enhancing opportunities in the field of radiological safety,
also known as health physics. \[Further information on the growing field
of health physics is also available at <http://www.hps.org/> \]. Student
opportunities available in the Argonne Radiological Safety Group include
work with radiation detection and monitoring equipment as well as direct
involvement in radiation safety support of work in nuclear and
radiological laboratories and accelerators.

**ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DIVISION (EVS)**

The Environmental Science Division has developed a broad program of
interdisciplinary, applied research and development, undertaken from a
system\'s perspective. Research activities in this division include a
broad spectrum of fundamental and applied investigations into the
functioning of the environmental systems, particularly in response to
anthropogenic stresses. Consequently, the information derived from the
various research projects addresses critical environmental issues that
face society. The staff addresses a wide range of issues associated with
risk and waste management; natural resource system and integrated
assessments; restoration, compliance and pollution prevention.
Environmental and resource assessments are conducted by professionals
with expertise in the hydrogeological, physical, social, and ecological
sciences and in radiological and health risk assessment. Our policy
staff consists of environmental lawyers, sociologists, land-use
planners, and archaeologists, and provides sophisticated analyses of
government policy and strategy options. Special areas of interest
include environmental data management and communication, risk
assessments including ecological and human health, technology
assessments, and environmental restoration. We are experienced in
building interdisciplinary technical teams for specific environmental
projects, since many of our programs require integration of a wide range
of skills. Additional information can be found at
[www.evs.anl.gov]{.underline}.

**475** [climate change research]{.underline}

Field studies and modeling are emphasized. [GLOBAL CHANGE]{.underline}
studies use observational facilities in the Southern Great Plains to
study processes that are important in climate modeling. Improved
subgrid-scale parameterizations are developed for the structure of the
planetary boundary layer and the air-surface exchange of heat, moisture,
and solar and infrared radiation. [REMOTE SENSING]{.underline} from the
ground uses Doppler acoustic, radar, and laser systems along with *in
situ* observational systems to study the structure of the planetary
boundary layer and to evaluate the transport and dispersive properties
of the lower atmosphere above complete terrain. Satellite data on
optical radiance reflectances from land surfaces are used to study
energy balances and the corresponding biological properties that affect
energy flows. For [WATER and BIOCHEMICAL CYCLE]{.underline} studies,
heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide fluxes, nitrogen deposition and
fluxes as well as soil moisture content are evaluated over large
terrestrial areas with models and results are compared to local
observations made in the field sites located at Southern Great Plains
and Fermi Lab. [NUMERICAL MODELS]{.underline} are developed and applied
to study the structure of planetary boundary layer as it affects energy
flows, meteorological conditions, and the transport and dispersion of
trace chemicals.

**476** [atmospheric sciences]{.underline}

The Division evaluates construction and operation of energy technology
systems and other industrial activities to assess their potential
impacts on ambient air quality, climate, meteorology, and the acoustic
environment. The effectiveness of control technologies and related
government regulations in mitigating these impacts are also evaluated.
Air-quality databases and new and improved methods of modeling air
pollutant emissions, environmental transport and transformation
processes, and noise propagation are developed as part of this work.
Models are developed and performance evaluations are conducted to
address emerging health and safety issues and to give environmental
managers additional information on uncertainty in model predictions for
consideration in formulating national and international energy and
environmental policies. In addition, hazard analyses and risk and
consequence assessments are performed to determine the impacts from
possible releases of nuclear, chemical and biological agents. Recent
projects have provided guidance to government agencies in hazard
analysis, risk management, emergency response, and pollution prevention
and control.

**477** [ATMOSPHERIC chemistry]{.underline}

We are studying the chemical transformations and fates of energy-related
air pollutants released into the atmosphere over urban and regional
areas for the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Science Program. This
program focuses on determining the regional and global climatic effects
that result from radiative forcing of the atmosphere by aerosols. Our
limited comprehension of aerosol effects prevents us from understanding
how energy use will affect future climate. Some topics of investigation
include:

• Measurement of aerosol profiles using remote sensing instruments, such
as Micropulse LiDAR in conjunction with measurement of vertifical
profiles of relevant atmospheric dynamic variables such as wind
temperature and stability of the planetary boundary layer.

• Use of numerical models of atmospheric chemistry and transport to
interpret and generalize the findings from the observational studies.

-   Use of numerical models to evaluate the uncertainty in calculating
    the radiative forcing from aerosols.

-   Develop better constrained models for evaluating the uncertainty in
    calculating the aerosol radiative forcing using data assimilation
    methods and models.

**478** [ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT]{.underline}

The assessment of contamination problems at federal facilities and the
evaluation and implementation of tailored cleanup methods and
technologies play an important role in the Division's activities.
Extensive environmental analyses and remediation studies are conducted
to support cleanup and environmental restoration work at contaminated
sites. The Division analyzes health and environmental risks and
management alternatives designed to address different site wastes and
contaminants in air, soil, surface water, groundwater, biota, and
structures/equipment. Innovative technologies and regulatory impacts on
waste management and environmental remediation options are also
analyzed. These analyses, which are used for remedial investigations,
baseline risk assessments, and feasibility studies, often extend to the
development of sampling and remedial design strategies; these combined
evaluations rely on integrated data analyses and atmospheric,
hydrogeologic, ecological, and health modeling and analyses. Also
pollution prevention and material disposition studies emphasize improved
waste

**479** [environmental DATA MANAGEMENT AND COMMUNICATIONS]{.underline}

In keeping with the Division's mission to advance informed environmental
decision making, this technical area emphasizes the use and development
of information technology tools relevant to environmental problems. Most
environmental data have a spatial, or geographic, component as well as
other attributes, and the Division employs geographic information system
(GIS) technologies to analyze and communicate these spatial data. Also,
advanced visualization approaches, including virtual reality systems,
are used to communicate both these data and the results of environmental
modeling to technical and non-technical audiences. In addition, World
Wide Web technologies are applied to a large number of environmental
studies within the Division. The applications range from public
information dissemination to secure working Web sites where data
integration and analyses support distributed decision making. The
Division continues to explore new means of delivering spatial
information to users across various environmental projects and programs,
with tools ranging from hand-held devices to large-scale collaborative
systems such as the Access Grid. (See other technical areas.)

**480** [hydrogeology/HYDROLOGY]{.underline}

Analytical and numerical models of surface flow, groundwater flow and
solute transport are developed, assessed, and applied by the Division to
evaluate environmental contamination problems in various settings. These
models are used to support the evaluation of impacts to human health and
environmental resources, including endangered species. Geostatistics,
advanced scientific visualization, graphical database, multi-media, and
virtual reality techniques are used to prepare, analyze, and communicate
the results of these studies. This area is multi-disciplinary and taps a
wide range of skills and knowledge available within the Division.
Evaluating the interaction among water, geologic materials, and
contaminants is a common component of many environmental projects and
programs.

**481** [nuclear material transport]{.underline}

This area involves assessing impacts that could result from the release
of radioactive materials during the transportation of nuclear waste
materials, including both radiological and chemical impacts. The
Division models the fate of materials via various environmental pathways
and exposure routes to assess potential radiation and chemical exposures
to humans. This modeling includes computer simulation of accident
probabilities, atmospheric dispersion and other transport pathways, with
links to demographic data, to support the evaluation of radiation and
other health effects.

**482** [environmental systems planning, and compliance]{.underline}

Multi-media and medium-specific approaches are employed to assess and
solve existing environmental problems and to manage environmental
systems at federal facilities. The Division's activities in this area
cover both analytical studies and field work, including development of
planning and guidance materials; audits of environmental compliance at
federal facilities and associated corrective action plans; presentation
of workshops on environmental laws, regulations, and compliance;
preparation of baseline surveys and emission inventories; and
development of database management expert computer systems, web-based
systems for environmental compliance information, and preparation of
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) documents and management of the
NEPA process for specific projects. Planning may include entire
environmental management systems including natural and cultural
resources.

**483** [applied geoscience and environmental management and field
research]{.underline}

Argonne's research program in applied geosciences and environmental
management is improving the characterization and remediation of
contamination in complex geologic and hydroglic media through
innovations in (1) sampling and analysis; (2) technologies for
restoration of natural systems; (3) monitoring and evaluation of the
performance of in-situ remediation systems; and (4) watershed-based
methods for simulating large-scale hydrologic systems. Argonne's
environmental site characterization process integrates targeted
sampling, geologic a hydrologic systems analyses, and numerical modeling
of flow and contaminant transport to improve delineation of contaminant
migration and reduce remediation costs. Several advances in direct-push
sampling technologies and chemical analysis have been awarded patents.
Two innovative remediation technologies for groundwater that are now in
field application in Nebraska, under sponsorship of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture, are (1) evaporation of carbon tetrachloride by spray
irrigation equipment, with beneficial reuse of the treated water
(<http://www.cooperative/conservationamerica.org/viewproject>).
Development of both remediation technologies required innovative
approaches to performance monitoring and geologic and hydrologic systems
analysis. An improved approach for simulation of large-scale hydrologic
systems being applied to Egypt's deserts couples groundwater and surface
water systems combining satellite remote sensing data on climate, land
use, and land cover with ground measurements.

**484** [LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIP]{.underline}

The terms "environmental stewardship" and "long-term stewardship" have
been used to represent the mechanisms (processes and tools) necessary to
ensure both short- and long-term protection of the public and the
environment from wastes and residual environmental contamination that
will remain at sites after active cleanups are completed. These
mechanisms and tools extend from physical and institutional controls and
information management to environmental monitoring and risk assessment.
The Division is evaluating these interrelated technical issues to
support sustainable decision making at these sites, including:
understanding and monitoring material deterioration in barriers and
closure systems; managing and maintaining critical information systems
with access for future generations; and sensing and assessing changes in
site risks from contaminants that will persist from decades to
generations. The Division places emphasis on the optimization of
long-term monitoring systems.

**485** [ecological AND GEOGRAPHICAL sciences]{.underline}

The Division analyzes the effects of both natural processes and human
activities on aquatic, terrestrial, and wetland ecosystems, ecological
communities, plant and animal populations, threatened and endangered
species, and cultural resources. Impacts examined include hydrologic
alteration, habitat effects, land disturbance, ecological effects of
radiological and chemical contamination, and related cumulative impacts.
Ecological risk assessments are performed for contaminated sites to
support the development of ecological cleanup criteria and the
evaluation of remediation alternatives. Mitigation or management
strategies such as ecological restoration are developed to reduce
impacts and enhance ecosystem function. Information is gathered through
field and laboratory studies, remote sensing, and literature searches,
and is analyzed using statistical techniques, modeling, and geographic
information system (GIS) approaches. Recent projects have examined the
effects of dam operations on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, have
evaluated biodiversity and habitat, have assessed ecological risks at
contaminated sites, and have assessed wetland and prairie restorations.

**486** [environmental policy analysis (Washington, DC
location)]{.underline}

The Division assesses environmental, technological, and economic
implications associated with developing and implementing national
environmental laws, regulations, and policies to identify areas for
improvement. Both multidisciplinary and focused assessments are
conducted on environmental topics ranging from management practices for
controlling air and water pollutants to managing wastes. The
environmental, energy, and economic effects of these practices and the
impacts of different strategies to minimize these effects are also
assessed. Policy makers use these assessments in their decision making
on issues of national importance and for specific regional or
sector-specific planning.

**487** [natural resources]{.underline}

Natural resource management plans are prepared for federal facilities to
identify goals and objectives, commonly over five-year periods, to guide
planning and implementation of various federal programs. The Division
takes an integrated approach in developing these plans for specific
federal agencies, by examining planned facility missions and programs,
the current baseline physical and natural environment, and potential
impacts associated with the given program. Program activities are
considered together with objectives within such natural resource areas
as fish and wildlife management, forestry resources, federal and state
protected species, recreational programs, wetland resources, waste
management and cleanup, and adjacent land use. Integrated natural
resource management plans are then used to develop detailed operational
plans that typically describe specific tasks, associated labor effort,
cost, and final products anticipated by implementing the tasks to meet
overall plan objectives. Other focus areas include evaluations of
transportation risks, risks to the ecosystem, probabilistic
environmental risk assessments, cumulative risks to natural resources
from combined impacts of multiple contaminants, and natural resource
risk communication.

**488** [environmental impact assessment]{.underline}

The Division assesses potential impacts of proposed federal actions in
accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and related
environmental requirements. These NEPA analyses evaluate the baseline
(no-action) situation as well as the environmental consequences of a
given proposed action (which can be project-specific or programmatic)
and its alternatives. This assessment of potential impacts to the human
environment extends across natural and ecological resources to social
and cultural resources and health effects. Potential impacts are
analyzed and presented in environmental impact statements, environmental
assessments, and other documents prepared by the Division. Activities
include conducting public involvement activities and responding to
issues of public concern, examining regulatory issues, gathering and
evaluating information and data, developing databases and multi-media
tools, retrieving and archiving information, and developing management
tools. These activities are performed by closely integrated
multi-disciplinary teams tapping expertise across the Division. (See the
other technical areas.)

**489** [risk assessment]{.underline}

Risk assessment is a key element of many Division projects and is used
to guide a broad variety of environmental decisions that extend from
managing contaminated sites to planning and preparedness for homeland
security. The scope covers a wide range of technical, environmental, and
human health issues in various settings, from urban areas to remote
facilities. These assessments are conducted by teams that integrate
across all of the Divisions' technical areas, and they address both
radionuclides and chemicals under different types of controls and
release events. The assessments support multiple decisions over time,
from short-term consequence management to intermediate cleanup actions
and long-term control and sustainability. For these assessments, the
Division has developed an extensive set of analytical tools and
approaches to assess the sources of risk and specific hazards involved,
evaluate the potential incidents (e.g., releases) and related exposures
that could harm people or the environment, and assess the nature of the
risks that could be incurred. These analyses consider the mechanisms and
pathways by which humans or ecological/ environmental receptors could be
exposed to hazards from the facilities, areas, or activities being
assessed, as well as the outcome of those exposures, considering acute
to chronic effects. These risk tools and approaches include the RESRAD
computer code, which is used to identify site-specific cleanup levels
for radioactively contaminated sites and includes a probabilistic risk
component, as well as models to assess transportation risks, ecological
risks, and human health risks, including risks from exposures to
mixtures and cumulative risk analyses. The Division also promotes risk
communication and educational outreach, including through risk
assessment training and health-related fact sheets for chemicals and
radionuclides found at many DOE sites, many of which are also important
to homeland security.

**490** [Radiological Analysis Software Development]{.underline}

Using analytical methods formulated within the Division, radiological
analysis software is being developed by the Division for use nationally
and internationally. An example of software developed is the RESRAD
Family of Codes
([web.ead.anl.gov/resrad/home2/](http://web.ead.anl.gov/resrad/home2/)
). Most of the software also includes probabilistic analysis capability
for studying parameter uncertainty. Input data sets needed to use the
software are also compiled and default parameter distributions are
included for typical applications. The software tools are coded in
Fortran, Visual Basic, and C languages with user-friendly interfaces and
follow stringent quality assurance standards.

**491** [BIOTA DOSE ASSESSMENT]{.underline}

Impact to animals and plants from exposure to radionuclides in the
environment is an emerging research area, and the assumption that \"if
humans are protected then animals and plants are also protected\" is
being challenged in many applications. The Division is developing Dose
Conversion Coefficients for assessing radiological doses to nonhuman
biota (animals and plants). Transfer coefficients from environmental
media (soil, water, sediment) to biota are also being collected. A
software tool named RESRAD- BIOTA developed by the Division is the first
of its kind available for radiological biota dose assessment.

**FACILITIES MANAGEMENT AND SERVICES DIVISION (FMS)**

**492** [Facilities Engineering Services]{.underline}

This activity consists of performing functions as an engineering
assistant in the Engineering Department. These activities include
working with one or more engineers from various Engineering disciplines,
i.e. mechanical, electrical, structural, civil, pressure vessel and/or
architectural. Work will include engineering support of buildings and
site systems as related to construction, modifications and/or
maintenance. Tasks may include engineering surveys, studies, field work,
design assistance, database management, review and preparation of
specifications / drawings, quality assurance, safety reviews, and
investigation into engineering problems.

**HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS DIVISION (HEP)**

*The Division conducts research into the nature and properties of
elementary particles \-- the building blocks of matter. The program
includes colliding beam and neutrino experiments at nearby Fermi
National Accelerator Laboratory and at CERN, the European Organization
for Nuclear Physics. The effects of spin in elementary particle
scattering are being studied over a wide range of energies. Research not
requiring particle accelerators or detectors includes the use of
superspeed multinode processors for lattice gauge theory. The
Division\'s theoretical group is active in several areas of elementary
particle theory. Accelerator physics research includes development of
new acceleration techniques and designs for new accelerator facilities.*

**493** [DETECTOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LINEAR
COLLIDER]{.underline}

A Lepton Collider (LC) will be the next big accelerator project of High
Energy Physics. The LC with a center-of-mass energy of 500 to 3000 GeV
will make crucial contributions to the understanding of the Higgs
sector, of Supersymmetry and of other phenomena beyond the current
Standard Model of particle physics. In order to fully exploit the
physics potential of the LC, detectors with unprecedented precision are
needed. In this context, our group is developing a highly segmented
hadron calorimeter as part of a new concept of imaging calorimeters. We
develop Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs) as active media of the
calorimeter and the corresponding electronic readout system capable of
handling large numbers of channels (of the order of tens of millions).
We currently construct a major prototype section of such a hadron
calorimeter to validate our new approach to calorimetry. The prototype
section will undergo detailed testing in the Fermilab test beam.

**494** [MINOS LONG BASELINE NEUTRINO EXPERIMENT]{.underline}

Underground cosmic-ray experiments give convincing evidence that the
phenomenon of neutrino oscillations occurs in Nature. This implies that
a neutrino which is created in one of the three flavors might interact
as a different flavor neutrino. In particular, it is believed that muon
neutrinos oscillate into tau neutrinos. This implies that neutrinos have
a small but finite mass.

An international collaboration of physicists and engineers from Argonne
and thirty other laboratories and universities has built a neutrino beam
and two massive particle detectors for the MINOS experiment. These are
being used to measure changes in neutrinos along a 735 km flight path
between Fermilab and northern Minnesota. There are opportunities for
students and faculty to be involved in the simulation and analysis of
data for the new experiment, and to work on electronics and scintillator
components for the MINOS detectors. Other topics for visiting faculty
and students include working with HEP Division physicists on design
studies for the next generation of neutrino experiments.

**495** [EXPERIMENTS USING POLARIZED BEAMS]{.underline}

The Argonne group is working at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
(RHIC) on spin experiments at Brookhaven National Laboratory. In the
past, we were involved in the design and construction of an
electromagnetic calorimeter for one of the large RHIC detectors (STAR).
Present tasks include analysis of data collected with STAR and the
electromagnetic calorimeter, studies of systematic effects in various
RHIC polarimeters, and the design and construction of a data acquisition
system for a new prototype tracking detector for STAR. The primary
physics issues that will be studied at center of mass collision energies
from 200 to 500 GeV are: 1) the spin content of the proton, including
measurements of the gluon and sea quark helicity distributions; 2)
checking of the electroweak couplings including parity violation in
$W^{\pm}$and $Z^{0}$production; and 3) measurements with transversely
polarized beams. To achieve these physics goals, there will be detection
of jets, direct photons, and electrons from $W^{\pm}$and $Z^{0}$ decays;
the electromagnetic calorimeter and new tracking detectors will play
crucial roles in these measurements.

**496** [PROTON-ANTIPROTON COLLIDER]{.underline}

This activity is part of an international collaborative effort to study
proton-antiproton collisions using the Collider Detector (CDF II) at the
Fermilab Tevatron. The 2 TeV center-of-mass energy will remain the
highest available in particle physics until the startup of the Large
Hadron Collider at CERN in 2008. The CDF II detector includes
charged-particle tracking chambers with microvertex detectors, embedded
in a large solenoidal magnet. The solenoid is surrounded by calorimeters
and muon detectors. The Argonne group led the design and construction of
the central electromagnetic calorimeter, including fine grained
shower-maximum and preshower detectors and the associated front-end
electronics readout. Between 2001 and 2008 CDF II accumulated over 4
fb^-1^ of integrated luminosity. With current Tevatron peak luminosities
in excess of 2 10^32^, it is anticipated that the total accumulated
luminosity will increase to 6-7 fb^-1^ by the end of the Tevatron
running in 2010.

CDF II data taking is based on a sophisticated trigger system that can
identify combinations of charged particle tracks, electrons, muons,
photons, and jets. The tracking triggers provide precision measurements
of particle momenta and impact parameters, which allow for
identification of long-lived bottom and charm quarks at the trigger
level. As a result, CDF II has a rich and diverse physics program that
includes precision measurements of the properties of top, bottom, and
charm heavy quarks, precision measurements of the gauge-boson masses,
searches for a wide range of new physics phenomena (supersymmetry, extra
dimensions, Higgs bosons), and a variety of QCD studies ranging from
high energy jet and photon production to rare diffractive processes at
the few GeV scale. Recent accomplishments include the measurement of the
mixing frequency of the neutral bottom-strange meson and 1% measurements
of the top-quark mass. As the already huge amount of data increases,
there are opportunities for students and faculty to get involved in
novel physics analyses of their choice.

**497** [ATLAS exeperiment at CERN]{.underline}

The ATLAS experiment will be investigating the behavior of matter,
energy, space and time and the smallest distance scales ever probed.
Located at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the European Organization
for Nuclear Physics, near Geneva, Switzerland, ATLAS will observe the
highest energy proton-proton collisions ever achieved: 14 TeV. ATLAS is
a large general-purpose detector with several major subsystems: inner
(tracking) detector, superconducting solenoid, electromagnetic
calorimeter, hadronic calorimeter and muon spectrometer.  Argonne has
played major roles in the hadronic calorimeter, elements of the trigger,
and the data handling for the unprecedented data volumes that will be
produced in the course of the experiment - and distributed worldwide. We
have continued these construction responsibilities into detector
operations and maintenance for the corresponding detector systems. In
the last two years we have expanded our roles to include establishing a
regional center for Atlas physics analysis, which hosts workshops and
visitors, and have installed a remote monitoring station to allow
detector monitoring shifts to be taken from Argonne.

The detector is complete and has been commissioned using cosmic rays to
be ready for the observation of the first LHC collisions, expected in
the fall of 2008. Argonne physicists\' lines of investigation include
studying quantum chromodynamics - the behavior of quarks and gluons - at
the energy frontier, electroweak symmetry breaking and the question of
why some particles have mass and others do not, whether or not large
extra dimensions exist, and whether or not supersymmetric particles
exist or not. More details on these activities and the contributions of
Argonne to the detectors systems can be found at the following website:

<http://www.uslhc.us/The_US_and_the_LHC/Collaborating_Institutions/Argonne_National_Laboratory>

There are opportunities for students and faculty to get involved with
detector operations and monitoring, data analysis and computer
simulation.

**LEADERSHIP COMPUTING FACILITY (LCF)**

*The Leadership Computing Facility Division operates the Argonne
Leadership Computing Facility -- the ALCF -- as part of the U.S.
Department of Energy's (DOE) effort to provide leadership-class
computing resources to the scientific community. The mission of the
ALCF, established in 2006, is to provide the computational science
community with a leading computing capability dedicated to breakthrough
science and engineering. The ALCF provides resources that make
computationally intensive projects of the largest scale possible. ALCF
staff members operate this facility for the U.S. Department of Energy's
Office of Science and also provide in-depth expertise and assistance in
using ALCF systems and optimizing their applications. DOE selects major
ALCF projects through the Innovative and Novel Computational Impact on
Theory and Experiment (INCITE) program. This program seeks
computationally intensive research projects of large scale that can make
high-impact scientific advances through the use of a large allocation of
computer time, resources, and data storage.*

**498** [COMPUTING FACILITIES]{.underline}

The Argonne Leadership Computing Facility currently operates the IBM
Blue Gene/P Intrepid and Surveyor systems. These supercomputers are
dedicated to a mix of DOE INCITE (Innovative and Novel Computational
Impact on Theory and Experiment) projects, discretionary projects, and
scalable software evaluation and development projects. In June 2008,
Intrepid was ranked as the world's fastest open science supercomputer,
with a peak speed of 557 teraflops and Linpack speed of 450 teraflops.
Intrepid features 40,960 nodes, each with four processors or cores for a
total of 163,840 cores and 80 terabytes of memory. The world\'s largest
installation of NVIDIA Quadro Plex S4 external graphics processing units
will boost Intrepid's capabilities in 2009. This new supercomputer
installation, nicknamed Eureka, will deliver a major advance in visual
compute density, enabling breakthrough levels of productivity and
capability in visualization and data analysis.

Surveyor has 4,096 processors and 2 terabytes of memory. It is used
primarily for tool and application porting, software testing and
optimization, and systems software development. For more information,
see the ALCF website
([http://www.alcf.anl.gov](http://www.alcf.anl.gov/)).

**499** [APPLICATIONS ANALYSIS FOR PETAFLOPS ARCHITECTURES]{.underline}

This project is developing the detailed understanding of computationally
intensive applications required to make the best possible use of the
upcoming petaflops systems. We are working with a suite of applications
that cover many strategic efforts for the Laboratory and DOE. Specific
efforts include evaluation of each applicant's computation and I/O
scalability properties, creation of appropriate methods for porting
these codes to systems like IBM's Blue Gene, and development of
system-level benchmarks based on these codes. Participants in this
project can expect to learn a great deal about scalable applications and
their use on petaflops systems*. http://www.alcf.anl.gov/*

**MATERIALS SCIENCE DIVISION (MSD)**

*This Division conducts basic research on metals, alloys, ceramics \--
including high‑Tc superconductors \-- and glasses that could have
applications in advanced energy systems. The research programs are
focused on the structure and properties of materials under extreme
conditions of temperature, pressure, radiation flux, and chemical
environment. The Division operates the high-voltage electron-microscope
Tandem-Accelerator System as a national user facility.*

**500** [EMERGING MATERIALS]{.underline}

The Emerging Materials group explores the fundamental science of complex
materials that exhibit collective electronic, magnetic and structural
behaviors, with an emphasis on low-dimensional oxide systems. Current
and planned research plans concentrate on phase competition and
short-range order, new geometrically frustrated magnets, exotic magnets,
superconductors and quantum critical materials. Synergy between
properties measurement and materials synthesis stands as the cornerstone
of our activity. We employ both exploratory and strategic synthesis to
expose new science in both unknown and previously-discovered materials.
Our high-quality crystals grown by zone, flux and vapor transport
methods drive our local research and are in high demand worldwide.
Characterization techniques include magnetism, transport, tunneling and
diffraction studies both locally and at DOE user facilities. Looking
forward, we plan to expand the scope of our materials synthesis
activities by growing our own program, through strategic connections
with local universities, and through DOE system-wide initiatives in
materials design, discovery, and growth.

**501** [MAGNETIC NANOSTRUCTURES]{.underline}

This group prepares and characterizes ultrathin films and related
magnetic nanostructures with novel properties. The goals are to explore
ultra-strong permanent magnets made possible via nanotechnology, and
spintronic device concepts and prototypes that could become important as
the semiconductor electronics roadmap for miniaturization reaches its
limits in the foreseeable future. The materials are prepared as
surfaces, interfaces, heterostructures, superlattices, and patterned
array structures using molecular-beam epitaxy, sputtering, lithography
and self-assembly techniques. Characterization techniques include
ultrahigh-vacuum electron spectroscopies and diffraction, magneto-optic
Kerr effect, magnetometry, magnetotransport, scanning probes, and x-ray
diffraction. Participants aid in the preparation of the nanostructures,
and analysis and modeling of physical properties. Data handling via
computer is usually part of the assignment.

**502** [applied superconductivity]{.underline}

This research concentrates on high-temperature oxide superconductors. It
addresses materials fabrication and fundamental scientific issues that
affect the end uses of these materials. As an example, characterizations
of these materials by transmission electron microscopy help to bridge
the connection between current carrying capability and fabrication
conditions so that better materials can be made. Thus an important
properties characterization involves low temperature electrical
conduction measurements (made down to a temperature of 2K) using
superconducting magnets to provide fields of up to 9T. We study the
magnetic flux lines which penetrate the superconductor in a field with
aim of better understanding their dynamics. This is of great interest
from the point of view of fundamental physics, but is also very
important for high current applications since flux motion leads to
voltages within the superconductor and thereby the loss of perfect
conduction.

**503** [basic superconductivity]{.underline}

Our research includes both experimental and theoretical investigations
into the physics of a wide class of magnetic and superconducting
materials. Current activities are concerned with characterizing the
electronic properties of high temperature and two band superconductors,
hybrid magnetic and superconducting heterostructures, synthesis and
characterization of magnetic and superconducting nanowires and wire
networks, and exploration of vortex physics in mesoscopic
superconductors. Experimental techniques include high field/low
temperature magneto-transport measurements,
UHV/low-temperature/high-field scanning tunneling microscopy, low
temperature atomic force microscopy, magnetization measurements with
Hall probes and superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID),
nanocalorimetry and high resolution magneto-optics to visualize magnetic
flux motion in real time. Participants will be involved with a variety
of measuring techniques and instrumentation, and learn through hands-on
experience, the fundamentals of experimentation including computer
interfaces.

**504** [neutron AND X-RAY scattering]{.underline}

Members of the Neutron and X-ray Scattering Group pursue diverse
multidisciplinary research programs that combine MSD's strengths in
materials synthesis, characterization, and theory with state-of-the-art
probes of the structure and dynamics of materials at major neutron and
x-ray scattering facilities. A strong theme that permeates much of the
group's research is the effect of phase competition on material
properties, whether arising from the delicate balance of competing
interactions within bulk complex oxides, proximity effects in artificial
heterostructures, or phase segregation in multicomponent biomembranes.
When scientific goals are hindered by limitations in existing
instrumentation, the group has a strong tradition of developing new
techniques that extend the capabilities of the field, and members play a
lead role in the development of novel instrumentation and techniques at
the Advanced Photon Source and the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak
Ridge National Laboratory.

**505** [synchrotron radiation studies]{.underline}

The synchrotron radiation studies group utilizes a variety of
synchrotron techniques ranging from surface X-ray diffraction for
in-situ studies of interfaces, to angle-resolved UV photoemission
measurements for studies of electronic structure of materials. These
studies are carried out at the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne and the
Synchrotron Radiation Center in Stoughton, Wisconsin. Of particular
interest are real-time studies of MOCVD growth of ferroelectrics and
solid-state lighting materials, electrocatalysis, and electronic
structure of high-temperature superconductors. Participants are invited
to join with a group member in research of mutual interest or to
contribute to on-going research efforts.

**506** [condensed matter theory]{.underline}

Projects are available in a variety of areas involving analytical and
numerical simulations of condensed matter systems. Past participant
projects included studies of various properties of superconductors
(microscopic and phenomenological theories, high temperature
superconductors, vortices, etc.), electronic structure and properties of
strongly correlated metals (including analysis of spectroscopic data),
quantum critical and heavy fermion physics, and mesoscopic science
(properties of quantum wires and quantum dots). Participant
responsibilities include analytical solution of models, programming and
running simulations, data analysis, and participation in discussions of
their scientific implications. Participants will have the opportunity to
use supercomputers and parallel processors.

**507** [CERAMIC EPITAXIAL FILMS AND COMPOSITES]{.underline}

Thin-film ceramic materials are widely used in a variety of device
applications with significant economic impact. The physical properties
of such films differ from bulk properties because of epitaxial strains
and growth defects resulting from lattice mismatch and other interfacial
effects. This program focuses on the processing, characterization, and
property determination of single-crystal and polycrystalline epitaxial
ceramic films and layered composites prepared by metal-organic chemical
vapor deposition (MOCVD) techniques and by means of atomistic computer
simulations (the latter involving lattice statics, lattice dynamics,
molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo techniques). The main objectives are
twofold, namely (a) to enhance our fundamental understanding of the
processing-structure-property relationship of thin ceramic films and
multilayers and (b) to measure and/or simulate tensor properties of
single-crystalline films, thus elucidating the physical basis for the
performance of these materials. In the past, devices using these
materials have been made almost exclusively in polycrystalline form. Our
main emphasis is on electro-ceramic materials, involving their
dielectric, piezoelectric, electro-optic, acousto-optic and elastic
behavior, with particular emphasis on the role of interfaces, such as
grain and phase boundaries.

**508** [INTERFACES IN THIN FILM OXIDE HETEROSTRUCTURES]{.underline}

This program addresses interface-related properties of advanced thin
film oxide heterostructures, with particular emphasis on atomic-level
investigations of the structure and chemistry of the interfaces. Thin
film oxide heterostructures are used, for example, in nanoscale
ferroelectric devices and in magnetic tunnel junction structures, both
of which have applications in information storage and memory. In this
program we are combining advanced methods for the synthesis of these
materials in nanophase, multilayer and/or thin-film form with
atomic-level experimental characterization techniques and
first-principles simulations of novel materials. Among the issues that
we are addressing are the influence of the surface environment of
ferroelectric films on domain formation, and the way in which
integration into heterostructures affects the behavior of thin magnetic
and ferroelectric films. The program draws heavily on three major
Argonne facilities: the Electron Microscopy Center (HREM, AEM), the
Advanced Photon Source, and the Center for Nanoscale Materials. Advanced
facilities for synthesis and in-situ characterization, together with
ex-situ transport measurement and computation facilities exist within
the group.

**509** [electron microscopy center for materials research]{.underline}

Research in the Electron Microscopy Center is directed toward the
experimental determination of the morphology, crystallography, elemental
and chemical composition, and electronic structure of phases,
interfaces, surfaces, and defects present in pure elements, alloys,
ceramics, and other technologically important materials.
State-of-the-art transmission and scanning-transmission electron
microscopes (TEM/STEM\'s) are employed to characterize the
microstructure of solids using conventional diffraction contrast
techniques. Quantitative analytical information is obtained through the
use of X-ray energy dispersive and electron energy-loss spectrometers
for elemental, chemical, and electronic structure studies interfaced to
the above instruments. This analytical information is obtainable from
regions that can be as small as 10 nanometers in diameter. Investigators
can choose to concentrate on applications of transmission
electron-microscopy-based techniques to characterize materials, or
research on fundamental (experimental or theoretical) studies of
electron/solid interactions to advance state-of-the-art understanding
and techniques for characterization. When appropriate, joint
appointments between the Electron Microscopy Center and various MSD
research groups will be suggested.

**510** [MOLECULAR MATERIALS: CONDUCTIVE ORGANIC THIN FILMS]{.underline}

This project is centered around the fabrication and characterization of
thin conducting films composed of organic molecules. Thin films of these
unusual materials are especially suitable for their eventual
application, e.g., in chemical sensors or electronic devices.
Electrochemical and chemical techniques are employed to prepare the
charge transfer organic thin films. Infrared, Raman, and UV-Vis
spectroscopies, x-ray diffraction, scanning probe microscopy,
conductivity measurements, etc., will be used to characterize the
structural and physical properties of these thin films.

**511** [SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL CHEMISTRY]{.underline}

Exemplified by the increasingly stringent demands of the electronic
industry for unambiguous quantitative identification of trace impurities
in semiconductor materials at high lateral resolution and by the
environmental need for isotopic and elemental analysis of micron sized
grains, trace analysis on samples of atomic dimensions has become an
important analytical problem. Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometers
(RIMS) have been developed that combine both high sensitivity and high
discrimination allowing for the first time trace analysis of samples
with impurity atom counts of only a few hundred - even when the impurity
concentration is below 1 ppt. Additional benefits of the instrumentation
are discrimination from isobaric impurities and an ability to make
measurements in regions of changing chemical compositions.

These RIMS instruments are being applied to a wide range of fundamental
and applied surface science problems. Presently under investigation are
(1) the fundamentals of energetic ion and laser - solid interactions,
(2) ultra-trace semiconductor impurity analysis, (3) ways of improving
plastics by understanding additive surface diffusion, and (4) isotopic
analysis of nanopatterned samples.

**512** [MOLECULAR MATERIALS: NANOSTRUCTURED BLOCK
COPOLYMERS]{.underline}

Block copolymer is a unique class of material that undergoes microphase
separation into the submicron region. One-, two-, and three-dimensional
nanostructured materials in 10 to 100 nm domain have been reported.
These materials may lead to nonlithographic techniques for surface
patterning. The aim of this project is to study the self-assembly
processes in these block copolymers, to characterize the microphase
separation and physical properties of the resulting materials, and to
utilize the copolymers as structure-directing templates in order to
prepare nanostructured materials with desirable optical, magnetic, or
electrical properties.

**513** [molecular materials: biomimetic nanostructures]{.underline}

The level of control of supramolecular architecture found in nature far
exceeds that currently achievable in synthetic materials chemistry. Our
work involves studying and applying the concepts of supramolecular
organization to produce hierarchically ordered self-assembled systems.
Chemical systems and materials derived from these efforts include
biomimetic complex fluids, liquid crystals, and polymers. These
spatially organized structures exhibit functional behavior on
multiple-length scales and may provide the basis for the development of
a wide range of molecular devices of possible utility in such diverse
areas as catalysis, bioprocessing, energy storage and transduction,
chemical and biological sensors, and nanolithography. This research
involves the synthesis of novel materials and their characterization
using small angle neutron, X-ray, and light scattering, thermal
analysis, and magnetic resonance, and vibrational, and optical
spectroscopies.

**514** [PROXIMITY EFFECTS IN CONDUCTING OXIDE
HETEROSTRUCTURES]{.underline}

This program seeks to create, characterize, and understand thin film
oxide heterostructures that exhibit novel ionic, electronic, or mixed
conduction properties. By exploiting proximity effects induced by
heterointerfaces through space charge, elastic strain, and interfacial
atomic structure, new materials are created with controllable properties
that are unattainable in bulk materials. These proximity effects are
amplified in heterostructures when layer spacings are reduced below
distances where electronic charges strongly interact or strain-fields
overlap. The program focuses on epitaxially-strained two-phase
nanocomposite heterostructures that phase-separate during growth to form
single crystal nanolamellae, nanopillars, or nanodots embedded in single
crystal thin film matrices. The unique capabilities of in situ
synchrotron x-ray techniques at the Advanced Photon Source are exploited
to determine depth-resolved atomic-level structure and film composition
in real-time, in the near-atmospheric pressure, elevated temperature
environments that are integral to growth and transport behavior.
Complementary multi-scale simulations provide understanding of the
factors that control strain, composition, and structure during growth,
and play a key role in identifying and elucidating charge transport
mechanisms.

**515** [DOMAIN BEHAVIOR IN FERROIC MATERIALS]{.underline}

The behavior and properties of ferroelectric and magnetic
heterostructures are dependent on the behavior of their domains, i.e. on
the way in which domains form and move as a function of an applied
field. In turn the domains and their dynamics are controlled by the
microstructure and composition of the films through interactions with
features such as grain boundaries, defects, the presence of interfaces,
and of confinement between bounding layers of the heterostructure.
Further control of domain structure and dynamics can be achieved by
lateral confinement, for example via patterning to produce 3-D
nanostructures. The aim of this program is to develop a clear
understanding of how the structural/defect properties of such materials
affect their magnetic and electric response. This is being done through
in-situ studies of local domain structure and dynamics combined with
microstructural and elemental analysis, and with in-situ TEM studies of
local tunneling characteristics. The program makes use of in-situ
transmission electron microscopy and X-ray scattering techniques at two
of Argonne's user facilities to explore the domain behavior in magnetic
and ferroelectric thin films and heterostructures. Examples of problems
that are being addressed are the interactions between magnetic
nanostructures patterned into arrays, the role of surface environment on
domain formation in ferroelectric films and the interaction of
ferroelectric domain walls with defects in thin films.

**516** [SCIENCE OF DISSIMILAR MATERIALS INTEGRATION]{.underline}

This program addresses the science of film growth and interface
processes between dissimilar materials, and resulting properties.
Studies focus on oxide/diamond heterostructure film interfaces and
polarizable and biocompatible oxide/biomolecules interaction. Emphasis
is on atomic-level investigations of the structure and chemistry of
these interfaces. In this program we are combining advanced methods for
the synthesis of dissimilar materials in nanophase, multilayer and/or
thin-film form with atomic-level experimental characterization
techniques and first-principles simulations. Critical scientific issues
being addressed include discovery of diffusion barriers to integrate
oxides with diamond, for example, and investigation of biomolecule/oxide
interfaces. The program draws heavily on three major Argonne facilities:
the Electron Microscopy Center (HREM, AEM), the Advanced Photon Source,
and the Center for Nanoscale Materials. This program also includes the
development of microelectromechanical and nanoelectromechanical system
(MEMS/NEMS) devices to study micro and nanotribological and mechanical
phenomena at the micro and nanoscales and use the understanding to
develop novel multifunctional devices.

**517** [COSMO CHEMISTRY]{.underline}

We are using unique analytical tools to measure how stars work. We have
four sources of materials to study which come from other stars. Two of
these samples were returned by the Genesis and the Stardust space craft.
The Genesis samples tell us about the isotopic and elemental composition
of our own star -- the sun. These samples like a third collection rare
isotopes found in deap sea sediments tell us about how the average star
in our universe behaves. The Stardust samples include materials which
condensed around other stars and have been collected in our solar system
but are unchanged since condensation. Similarly a fourth sample type
meteoritic grains are presolar in origin. The isotopic and elemental
composition of these grains allows us to measure for the first time the
nucleosynthetic conditions of individual stars.

**518** [PHYSICS OF GRANULAR AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS]{.underline}

Our research includes innovative experimental and theoretical
investigations of the wide range of phenomena at the frontier of
condensed matter and biological physics: flows of granular materials,
dynamic self-assembly of micro and nano particles, and more recently,
organization collective behavior of various biological objects, such as
molecular motors, microtubules, bacteria. Experimental techniques
include a variety of high-speed, fluorescent, phase contrast, dark field
video microscopy, and the state-of-the art image processing of
experimental video data. Theoretical studies include computer modeling
of dynamic processes of self-organization, and molecular dynamics
simulations. Participants will be involved with a variety of microscopy
and experimental image processing techniques, bio sample preparations,
and learn through first hand experience, the fundamentals of
experimentation and computer modeling.  

**MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE DIVISION (MCS)**

The Mathematics and Computer Science Division is a basic research
division, where applied mathematicians and computer scientists
collaborate with computational scientists to advance the state of the
art of scientific computing. Our goals are to discover, adapt, and apply
computational techniques that promise to be useful in solving scientific
and engineering problems. In keeping with our goals, we choose selected
applications to evaluate the methods, algorithms, and tools that we
develop in our research activities. These applications may come from
fluid mechanics, atmospheric science, materials science, molecular
biology, or any other area of scientific interest where we believe that
mathematics and computer science can advance the state of the art.
Because parallel computers are playing an increasingly significant role
in scientific computing, most of our research is directed toward
parallel architectures.

***ALGORITHMS AND SOFTWARE***

An essential part of the MCS Division research program involves
designing algorithms for the numerical solution of problems common to
many scientific and engineering applications and implementing these
algorithms on high-performance computers.

**519** [Interoperable Mesh and Geometry Tools]{.underline}

This project investigates algorithms and tools for the generation,
representation and processing of meshes for PDE-based simulation. These
tools are used for mesh pre- and postprocessing but also link directly
to parallel simulations to provide mesh I/O and other services.

[*http://trac.mcs.anl.gov/projects/ITAPS/wiki*](http://trac.mcs.anl.gov/projects/ITAPS/wiki)

**520** [hardware and software support for run-time reordering
transformations]{.underline}

Reordering data and iterations at run time dramatically improves the
performance of applications with irregular memory access patterns. This
project is investigating the use of hardware features to support
run-time reordering transformations and the development of new
algorithms and software for run-time reordering. The reference platform
is the IBM Blue Gene/P system, and the target applications are
mesh-based scientific applications. Applicants should have a working
knowledge of C/C++/Java. Experience with parallel programming is highly
desirable.

**521** [numerical linear algebra]{.underline}

Efforts in numerical linear algebra focus on both theory and
application. We are interested in the design and analysis of algorithms
for solving large-scale problems on parallel architectures, with
emphasis on the development of reusable software tools. Our current
focus is on the solution of nonlinear algebraic equations arising in the
solution of partial differential equations. These equations are used to
model a variety of physical phenomena, including fluid flow and
structural mechanics. *http://www.mcs.anl.gov/petsc/*

**522** [SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OPTIMIZATION]{.underline}

Sensitivity analysis determines the change in responses of a
computational model with respect to perturbations in certain key
parameters. Given a way to assess the sensitivity of model parameters to
key parameters, one can then embed the model code in a numerical
optimization procedure to find the values of input parameters that
result in the desired model behavior. In this context, we are applying
computational differentiation, optimization, and parallel programming
techniques to problems as diverse as climate modeling, automotive
manufacturing, aeronautics design, biomechanical engineering, disease
modeling, and environmental assessment and remediation.
*http://www.mcs.anl.gov/autodiff*

**523** [COMBINATORIAL PROBLEMS IN SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING]{.underline}

The Computational Differentiation group develops compiler-based software
engineering tools, primarily automatic differentiation (AD) tools that
generate source code for computing mathematical derivatives, given
arbitrarily complex source code for computing mathematical functions. We
invite students and faculty to participate in the following projects:
integration of automatic differentiation tools with optimization
software and with toolkits for numerical solution of differential
equations; development of Web-based application services for numerical
software; performance optimization of AD-generated code; investigation
of novel algorithms that can benefit from higher-order cheaper
derivatives; development and implementation of techniques for
uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis; development of
compiler-based tools for source-to-source transformations;
implementation of program analysis and optimization algorithms; and
development of a test suite for AD tools.
*http://www.mcs.anl.gov/autodiff*

**524** [PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND TUNING TOOLS]{.underline}

We are developing tools for analysis and user-guided tuning of Fortran
and C/C++ codes. Source-based analysis tools are used to predict the
maximum achievable performance for a particular architecture. Such
performance-bounding tools enable application programmers to design more
effective code and to evaluate an implementation, for example, by
identifying sections of code where performance is limited by memory
bandwidth or instruction scheduling. In our performance tuning research,
we provide a high-level annotations language, which expresses the
semantics of the computation, along with low-level performance tuning
hints, such as variable alignment, loop unrolling, and various
platform-specific optimizations. Based on these annotations, we generate
multiple tuned versions of critical code kernels and experimentally
select the best performing one for use in production application runs.
We invite students and faculty to help develop source-based
performance-bounding analysis tools, as well as tools for generating
tuned code based on high-level user annotations.
*http://www.mcs.anl.gov/performance/*

**525** [optimization]{.underline}

Optimization research centers on the development of algorithms and
software for solving large-scale optimization problems on
high-performance architectures. An important research project is the
Toolkit for Advanced Optimization (TAO). The object-oriented design of
TAO is motivated by the scattered support for parallel computations and
lack of reuse of linear algebra software in currently available
optimization software. Students will participate in the development of
TAO and its use in interesting applications. Other research activities
involve interior-point methods, trust-region methods, nonlinear
complementarity, optimal control, and PDE-constrained optimization.
Applications include reaction pathways, support vector machines, and
macromolecular modeling.

*http://www.mcs.anl.gov/optimization or http://www.mcs.anl.gov/tao*

**526** [OPTIMIZATION TECHNOLOGY CENTER]{.underline}

The Optimization Technology Center, operated jointly by Argonne and
Northwestern University, is devoted to the development of optimization
solutions to scientific computing problems. Research focuses on
optimization algorithms and software, Internet and distributed
computing, and problem-solving environments. A major project, funded by
the National Science Foundation under the Information Technology
Research initiative, is exploring advanced application service provider
technology for large-scale optimization. *http://www.mcs.anl.gov/otc/*

**527** [The network-enabled optimization system - neos]{.underline}

The NEOS Server is a novel environment for solving optimization problems
over the Internet. There is no need to download an optimization solver,
write code to call the optimization solver, or compute derivatives for
nonlinear problems. The NEOS Server uses state-of-the-art optimization
software, modeling language interfaces, software tools for remote usage
and job processing, and automatic differentiation tools. This research
project has attracted considerable attention from the user community,
and as a result we are currently processing more than 5,000 submissions
per month. Students will expand the capabilities of the NEOS Server by
developing new solvers, interfaces, and scheduling algorithms.
*http://neos.mcs.anl.gov/*

**528** [EXPLOITING PERFORMANCE-POWER TRADEOFFS IN SCIENTIFIC
COMPUTING]{.underline}

Current high-end platforms are ensembles of multiple fast CPUs with deep
memory hierarchies and high-speed interconnects. Geometric scaling of
raw power (Moore\'s law) arises from more and faster transistors on a
chip. However, chips are approaching their packaging thermal limits, and
the power-related costs for high-end systems, both electrical power
consumed (in megawatts) and machine room cooling loads, continue to grow
as a quadratic function of peak execution rates and clock frequencies.
We study the tradeoffs between reducing power consumption and achieving
good performance on current and future high-performance architectures
with a focus on scientific applications. The project\'s goal is twofold:
we develop explicitly power-aware scientific computing tools for current
platforms and provide insights that can be used by the designers of
systems software and microprocessors to develop future extreme-scale
systems. A significant component of this work is an outreach and
education effort, particularly targeted at women and minority students
from the middle school through graduate levels, with the goal of
broadening the participation of these groups
in computer science, engineering, and computational science.

[*http://www.cse.psu.edu/\~raghavan/PxP.html*](http://www.cse.psu.edu/~raghavan/PxP.html)

**529** [COMMON COMPONENT ARCHITECTURE (CCA)]{.underline}

As computational science progresses toward ever more realistic
multiphysics and multiscale applications, the complexity is becoming
such that no single research group can effectively develop, select, or
tune all of the components in a given application, and no single tool,
solver, or solution strategy can seamlessly span the entire spectrum
efficiently. A goal of the multi-institutional Common Component
Architecture (CCA) project is to help manage this complexity in
high-performance scientific computing by facilitating the
interoperability of different software libraries developed by different
groups. Work at Argonne includes the development of scalable
component-based libraries of linear, nonlinear, and optimization solvers
as well as parallel coupling tools. We are also developing
infrastructure for computational quality of service, which facilitates
making sound choices from among available implementations and
parameters, with suitable tradeoffs among performance, accuracy,
mathematical consistency, and reliability. Such choices are important
both for the initial composition and configuration of applications and
for adaptive control during runtime.
[[http://www.mcs.anl.gov/cca]{.underline}](http://www.mcs.anl.gov/cca)

***COMPUTER SCIENCE***

Computer science research addresses ways in which researchers can reduce
the time required to write programs, increase program adaptability to
high-performance computers, transform existing programs to derive
sensitivity information, and enhance program clarity and correctness.
For example, we are developing parallel-programming tools for
transporting programs to new computer architectures. In addition, we
continue to work with applications-oriented groups on projects such as
computational biology.

**530** [DERIVATIVE CODE FOR MULTICORE ARCHITECTURES]{.underline}

Automatic differentiation tools
([www.mcs.anl.gov/autodiff)](http://www.mcs.anl.gov/autodiff)) generate
source code for computing derivatives from source code for computing a
function.  In many cases, the generated code contains inherent
parallelism that should be exploited in order to fully realize the
potential of modern multicore architectures.  This project will examine
the generation of derivative code that includes Open-MP pragmas for
parallelism, as well as alternative parallelization strategies for
homogeneous and heterogeneous multicore architectures (including the
Cell BE and general purpose GPUs).

**531** [Coordinated Infrastructure for Fault Tolerant Systems
(CIFTS)]{.underline}

In the next few years SciDAC applications will use petascale systems
with tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of processors, hundreds
of I/O nodes, and thousands of disks. This leap of two orders of
magnitude in scale from today\'s typical systems is causing a critical
gap in fault management of these systems. Currently, systems software
components for large-scale machines remain largely independent in their
fault awareness and notification strategies. The goal of the CIFTS
(Coordinated Infrastructure for Fault Tolerant Systems) project is to
provide a coordinated infrastructure that will enable fault-tolerant
systems to adapt to faults occurring in the operating environment in a
holistic manner. We are currently designing the API and a reference
implementation of a fault awareness and notification backplane to
provide common uniform event handling and notification mechanisms for
fault-aware libraries and middleware. We also plan to extend key
software components belonging to areas of middleware, operating systems,
job schedulers, file systems, math libraries, and applications with the
fault tolerance backplane API to form the critical mass necessary for
adoption in the community.
[*http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/cifts/*](http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/cifts/)

**532** [Operating Systems for Massively Parallel
Architectures]{.underline}

ZeptoOS is a research project studying operating systems for petascale
architectures with 10,000 to 1 million CPUs. Operating system and
run-time software is strained by ultra-scale machines, and a variety of
fascinating research topics are revealed at such amazing scale. Our
current activities focus on IBM\'s Blue Gene/P architecture. We are
working on replacing proprietary elements of the software stack with
open source ones, to facilitate better usability, more advanced
optimizations, etc. In particular, we are working on a Linux-based
compute node kernel, file and socket I/O forwarding infrastructure, and
communication libraries.
[*http://www.zeptoos.org/*](http://www.zeptoos.org/)

**533** [Urgent Computing]{.underline}

There is an increasingly growing domain of problems that are guided by
scientific computation, such as global warming and city planning. Within
this domain is a set of problems that are constrained by strict
deadlines where results produced after that deadline may have very
little use. Examples of such problems include severe weather modeling.
In such a scenario, the results of a simulation may help guide the
evacuation of residents in the target area. Clearly, if the results are
produced after the severe weather event, they have little practical use.
The Special PRiority and Urgent Computing Environment (SPRUCE) seeks to
enable urgent computing through elevated batch priority, elevated
network bandwidth and resource reservations. The primary focus is to
decrease the amount (and the variability) of time it takes to produce
results. Research areas include: resource selection, data movement, data
storage, and many more.
[*http://spruce.uchicago.edu*](http://spruce.uchicago.edu/)

**534** [COMPILER-SUPPORT FOR DOMAIN-SPECIFIC
TRANSFORMATIONS]{.underline}

Domain-specific transformations, such as automatic differentiation,
require both traditional and domain-specific compiler analyses. This
research includes implementation of advanced analysis algorithms in the
OpenAnalysis framework and the investigation of ways to incorporate
domain-specific concepts into data dependence analysis. The design and
implementation of techniques for array data flow analysis also are
considered. Applicants should have completed at least one compiler
course (multiple semesters preferred) and have a working knowledge of
C/C++. Experience with XML or numerical computing is also desirable.
[*http://www.mcs.anl.gov/autodiff/*](http://www.mcs.anl.gov/autodiff/)

**535** [computational differentiation]{.underline}

The Computational Differentiation group develops compiler-based software
engineering tools, primarily automatic differentiation (AD) tools that
generate source code for computing mathematical derivatives, given
arbitrarily complex source code for computing mathematical functions. We
invite students and faculty to participate in the following projects:
integration of automatic differentiation tools with optimization
software and with toolkits for numerical solution of differential
equations; development of Web-based application services for numerical
software; performance optimization of AD-generated code; investigation
of novel algorithms that can benefit from higher-order and/or cheaper
derivatives; and development and implementation of techniques for
uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis.
*http://www.mcs.anl.gov/autodiff/*

**536** [parallel-programming LIBRARIES]{.underline}

We develop libraries and tools that enable users to write portable
parallel programs and also achieve high performance. Central to this
effort is our MPICH2 implementation of MPI, which won the 2005 R&D 100
award. MPICH2 runs on many parallel architectures and modern networks
and is used by many computer system vendors as the basis of their own
MPI implementations. We are also interested in the design and
implementation of high-level parallel programming languages and advanced
programming models and tools for improving programmer productivity.

*http://www.mcs.anl.gov/research/projects/mpich2*

**537** [computational biology]{.underline}

The objective of this research is to develop, implement, and use
logic-based tools for the solution of scientific problems in molecular
biology and genetics on high-performance computers. Current emphasis is
on genetic sequence analysis and reconstruction of the metabolic network
for sequenced genomes, tool development for automated analysis of
metabolic models, and design of user-friendly querying tools to support
research in biology and medicine. *http://compbio.mcs.anl.gov.*

**538** [mathematics of physical systems]{.underline}

We are interested in nonlinear differential equations arising from the
modeling of physical systems. Those currently studied come from
condensed-matter physics and fluid mechanics and include the
Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equations of micromagnetism, the Ginzburg-Landau
equations of superconductivity, and the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid
dynamics. We explore the solutions of these equations through
large-scale numerical simulations, apply scientific visualization
techniques and postprocessing software to obtain qualitative and
quantitative information, and use analytical methods where possible to
interpret the results.

[*http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/appliedmath/Flow/cfd.html*](http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/appliedmath/Flow/cfd.html)

**539** [HIGH-PERFORMANCE i/o]{.underline}

A key component of any high-performance computing system is the I/O
system.  In order to provide the I/O bandwidth necessary for today\'s
scientific applications, hundreds of individual disks are combined
through software into a single, logical storage device. We develop
software solutions for providing very high performance I/O while at the
same time allowing application scientists to describe I/O accesses in
terms of structures more familiar to them, such as arrays of data.
Current projects include the PVFS parallel file system, the ROMIO MPI-IO
implementation, the Parallel netCDF application I/O interface, and the
DOE SciDAC project on Scientific Data Management.

*http://www.mcs.anl.gov/hpio*

**540** [GRID TECHNOLOGIES FOR DATA-INTENSIVE SCIENTIFIC
COLLABORATION]{.underline}

Distributed scientific and engineering applications often require access
to large amounts of data (terabytes or petabytes). Future applications
envisioned by our team also require widely distributed access to data
(for example, access in many places by many people or through virtual
collaborative environments). Our work seeks to identify, prototype, and
evaluate the key technologies required to support data grids for
scientific and engineering collaborations. This work includes the
following major activities: defining data grid architecture,
implementing key software for data grids, constructing data grids for
real scientific projects, and evaluating our software solutions.
*http://www.globus.org/*toolkit/docs/2.4/datagrid

**541** [GRID INFORMATION SERVICES FOR SCIENTIFIC
COLLABORATION]{.underline}

High-performance execution in distributed computing environments often
requires careful selection and configuration, not only of computers,
networks, and other resources, but also of the protocols and algorithms
used by applications. Selection and configuration in turn require access
to accurate, up-to-date information on the structure and state of
available resources. We are working on requirements, designs, and
prototypes of a Grid information service that satisfies these
infrastructure-level requirements. *http://www.globus.org/toolkit/mds*

**542** [SECURITY SERVICES FOR SCIENTIFIC COLLABORATION]{.underline}

Security in computational Grids is complicated by the need to establish
secure relationships between a large number of dynamically created
subjects and across a range of administrative domains, each with its own
local security policy. Our work in this area ranges from developing
basic security algorithms for secure group communications and techniques
based on delegation of trust for managing trust relationships to
developing new mechanisms for fine-grained access control.

*http://www.globus.org/*toolkitdocs/4.0/security/

**543** [TERAGRID SCIENCE GATEWAYS]{.underline}

The complexity of distributed computing, or Grid, environments demands
significant investment in the development of applications. Science
Gateway activities focus on simplifying access to the TeraGrid, a
large-scale Grid infrastructure involving resources at eleven
laboratories and universities nationwide, for a given community. This
simplification could come in a variety of forms, including simplified
access to job activation and data movement; integration of workflow
tools; and data-streaming protocols to provide easy client-side access
to instrument data, sensors, visualization services, and databases. We
are currently working with a number of science partners in disciplines
ranging from biology to meteorology, integrating tools via Portal
technology. [*http://www.teragrid.org*](http://www.teragrid.org/)

**NUCLEAR ENGINEERING DIVISION (NE)**

*The Nuclear Engineering (NE) Division conducts both theoretical and
experimental research & development, engineering, and computation, with
emphasis in nuclear technology and related sciences. Major areas include
advanced reactor design and analysis, advanced materials studies,
nuclear safety, reactor fuel cycle analysis, reactor physics,
criticality safety, and environmental management. The Division also has
significant capability in advanced simulation of multi-physics phenomena
in support of advanced reactor development using leadership-class
computers.*

*A major mission of the Division is in Arms Control, National Security,
and Nonproliferation. The Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test
Reactors (RERTR) program is an important area that has made significant
contributions to global threat reduction. A primary objective of RERTR
is the development of high density, low enrichment fuel that can be used
to replace the current high-enrichment fuels in research and test
reactors worldwide, thereby reducing the threat that these reactors
could be subverted for a weapons program. Other program areas include
export control, nuclear material control and accounting, nuclear and
radiological material security, and information technology and
security.*

*The Dismantlement, Deactivation, Decontamination, Decommissioning and
Disposal (generally abbreviated as D&D) of aging nuclear facilities is a
key area that addresses a large problem for the DOE, US nuclear
utilities and international organizations. The development of new
technologies and their demonstrations on surplus ANL nuclear facilities
and elsewhere form a key part of the work. In addition, there are a
number of other areas in which technology development is being
undertaken. These include sensor and detector technology, robotics,
rad-waste technology and security, and laser applications.*

**544** [COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS]{.underline}

Development of parallel finite element based software that would be used
to resolve structural integrity issues arising in the design of next
generation reactor plants. The work would include the extension of
current software to include additional nonlinear mechanics,
contact-impact phenomena and heat conduction.

Knowledge of engineering mechanics and/or heat conduction, numerical
methods, Fortran 90/95, MPI, parallel programming and Linux would be
desirable.

**545** [computer studies of NUCLEAR REACTORS]{.underline}

Analyses are performed to predict the behavior of nuclear reactor
systems in steady state or in operational and accidental transients.
Large-scale computer codes containing models of heat transfer, single
and two-phase flow, reactor physics (cross section data processing,
reactor statics, fuel depletion, and reactor kinetics), and
structural-mechanical behavior are employed. The participant should have
a basic understanding of one or more of the following areas: heat
transfer, fluid flow, reactor physics, structural mechanics, and a
working knowledge of FORTRAN. Experience with large-scale scientific
computer codes and applications are desirable.

**546** [probabilistic risk assessment]{.underline}

Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) activities include development of
probabilistic methods for applications to safety analysis of nuclear
facilities including consequence analysis; basic plant component failure
data analysis; systems reliability modeling with common cause failure;
sensitivity theory methods and applications in PRA; use of PRA
techniques in support of plants modifications and maintenance, including
analysis of human factors in procedures; and applications of PRA methods
and models to new facility designs with stress of spent fuel treatment
and disposal facilities are carried out.

**547** [ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE APPLICATION]{.underline}

Large volumes of digitized data from operating nuclear power plants are
processed, analyzed, and interpreted using state-of-the-art interactive
signal processing techniques on distributed workstations and PCs.
Software packages for various numerical, statistical, pattern-
recognition and time-series analyses are developed, modified, and
maintained using a variety of languages and software-engineering tools.
On-line expert systems are being developed that use automated reasoning
techniques for assistance with the tasks of surveillance, diagnosis,
control and interpretation of physical parameters in advanced nuclear,
aerospace, and industrial systems.

**548** [NUCLEAR WASTE AND REPOSITORY MODELING]{.underline}

The radiological characteristics of spent nuclear fuel and other
potential waste forms are evaluated; and the impact of various waste
processing techniques is assessed. The performance of nuclear wastes in
a deep geological repository is modeled. Repository modeling must
account for release of radionuclides from the waste package, and
subsequent geochemical transport in the surrounding environment.
Probabilistic risk evaluation tools are used to account for model and
data uncertainties. Model development and validation requires an ability
to integrate performance considerations from a wide variety of
scientific fields. Experience with large-scale scientific and PRA
computer codes is desirable.

**549** [FUEL process modeling]{.underline}

Various chemical, thermal, and mechanical processes are involved in
treating spent nuclear fuel and special nuclear materials to produce
suitable waste forms for storage. Simulation of these processes is
required to enable proper planning of the sequence of operations and
material usage. Activities include development of a simulator for the
overall process, including detailed models for the various processing
steps, such as electrochemical transport and distillation. Data from the
processes will be used to guide development of the models, especially in
the area of process losses and material accountability.

**550** [NUCLEAR CRITICALITY SAFETY]{.underline}

Criticality safety and shielding analyses are performed for complex
configurations and operations involving wide ranges of geometries,
materials, and neutron spectra. These analysis efforts employ
state-of-the-art nuclear data libraries and software and are
complemented by ongoing R&D in methods development, software
development, critical experimental evaluation, safety analysis report
preparation, and nuclear data library validation.

**551** [ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX, INTEGRAL ENGINEERING SYSTEMS]{.underline}

Development of advanced analysis tools and techniques to address
problems involving complex geometric configurations and multi-physics
phenomena that are mostly thermally driven. Current applications include
thermal hydraulic behavior of full-scale systems and the apparatus used
in medium- to large-scale experiments. The commercially available
computational fluid dynamics software are used as the base code for
advanced model development.

**552** [computer studies in engineering mechanics program]{.underline}

The program is concerned with the development of state-of-the-art
computational mechanics tools (finite element methods and mesh-free
methods) and visualization tools with application to the solution of
complex engineering mechanics problems found in industry and reactor
safety analysis. Recent research has been performed in coupling a
probabilistic engine to our deterministic finite element code to perform
physics-based structural reliability analysis and prediction. Currently,
we are doing research on the development of finite element computer
engines for use on advanced computing architectures including a PC,
single workstation, distributed workstations, Beowulf cluster, scalable
systems, and massively parallel computers. In addition, research has
focused on using virtual reality tools, such as Argonne's immersive
virtual reality CAVE and the Nuclear Engineering Division's virtual
reality hardware to display computational mechanics results and design
concepts. New work on the Computational Material Science Initiative will
focus on modeling the behavior of materials at the mesoscale that
accounts for various grain boundary mechanisms and the elastic response
of the grain interior. Numerical studies are being performed on the
response of three-dimensional seismic isolation systems targeted for use
with Generation IV reactors. An ongoing research area is the simulation
of the response of steel, reinforced concrete, and prestressed concrete
structures to static and dynamic overpressure as well as external
loading events. Additional research areas include the following:
fluid-structure interaction, thermochemical analysis and high
temperature response of concrete structures.

**553** [ADVANCED REACTOR CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT]{.underline}

Opportunities exist for students to participate in development,
analysis, and experiment activities supporting innovative concepts for
future nuclear power plants. The advanced concepts emphasize passive
safety, nonproliferation, long core lifetime, simplicity, low cost, and
high reliability. Students will work with experienced researchers to
study existing concepts, address new approaches, develop and utilize
analytical models, and perform trade-off and optimizing studies.
Specific disciplines of interest include heat transfer, fluid mechanics,
materials science, heat exchanger technology, steam/gas turbine
technology, component design, and cost/efficiency modeling. Students may
also select to participate in experiment activities including
development of apparatus, assist staff in conducting experiments,
interpret results, and compare data with model predictions.

**554** [computational fluid dynamics]{.underline}

Fluid dynamics, heat, and mass transfer for a variety of large-scale
engineering systems. Current efforts focus on, but not limited to,
problems related to nuclear safety, electrochemical process modeling,
and combustion simulations, aerodynamics, and underhood thermal
management. Analytical tools include in-house codes and commercially
available computational fluid dynamics software.

**555** [COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, AND OPERATIONS
SIMULATION]{.underline}

Computational graphics techniques have improved over the last 20 years
from simply substituting hand-drawn parts designs with electronic
versions of exactly the same figures for plotting by pen-and-ink X-Y
plotters to creating 3-Dimensional electronic models of parts that
easily can be rotated, modified, assembled to other parts, moved with
respect to other assemblies, and even viewed in a virtual reality
environment in such a way as to give the impression that the viewer is
standing next or even among the pieces modeled. Moreover, these models
can be used to provide input to numerically controlled machining centers
so that, in principle, parts drawings are no longer needed for
manufacture. We are in the midst of converting our engineering, design,
and manufacturing to the 3-D modeling in order to reduce the
design/drafting time required to verify fit-up of adjacent parts and to
avoid interferences between non-adjacent parts and assemblies. Much of
our work is directed toward development of equipment and processes that
are operated in a high-radiation and inert-atmosphere hot-cell, using
hands-off manipulation of components by cranes, electro-mechanical
manipulators (the predecessor to robotic arms), and master-slave
through-wall manipulators. Thus, we are looking toward extending the
modeling to circumvent some of the extensive testing of prototype and
actual hardware in a simulated fully operational environment that is
normally done to guarantee functionality and accessibility by the
various remote handling tools for assembly, operation, and maintenance
in this environment. Extension to true robotics is a logical follow-on
to our engineering efforts. Opportunities exist for participation in the
development of 3-D models of new equipment, of equipment previously
designed using 2-D design/drafting tools, of the facilities in which
this equipment is used, and of virtual reality models of all of these.

**556** [Proliferation assessment of future nuclear
architectures]{.underline}

A major issue facing the development and expansion of nuclear power
worldwide is the possibility for diversion of the technologies and
materials to Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). A challenge facing the
United States is assessing and understanding the proliferation risks of
future nuclear architectures (power plant and fuel cycle designs). A
number of sophisticated decision theory techniques are to be considered
including fault and event tree methods.

**557** [RADIATION DETECTION TECHNOLOGY]{.underline}

Advanced radiation detectors are required for both basic science
missions and for applied research in such areas as national security.
These activities entail the development of advanced gamma ray and
neutron detectors and require physics, engineering or computer
programming support in the following areas:

-   Development of detector materials for gamma-rays and x-rays,

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-   fast and thermal neutron detectors for detection of nuclear
    materials,

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-   development of algorithms for gamma spectroscopy using heavily
    degraded

-   spectra,

-   electronics design for small detector packages,

-   computer simulations of neutron and gamma detector response, and

-   development of algorithms for integrated and distributed detector
    systems.

**558** [laser applications LABORATORY]{.underline}

The laboratory focuses on collaborative research and development
activities with industrial partners. The facility includes high-power
industrial CO2 and Nd:YAG lasers, Nano-second pulse width Q-switch
Nd:YAG lasers, five-axis workstations, and diagnostic systems for laser
beam characterization, plasma analysis and process monitoring/control.
Current collaborative research with industry include drilling rocks for
petroleum applications, heat treating and glazing of steels, welding of
metals and alloys, beam shaping and fiber optics and process monitoring.
Other R&D activities include laser surface modification, laser ignition
of mixture of natural gas and air and materials testing using laser
thermal simulation.

**559** [global threat reduction initiative -- reactor conversion
program (gtri-reactor conversion)]{.underline}

The DOE Office of Defense Nuclear Nonproliferation (Office of Global
Threat Reduction, NA-21) supports the activities of the Global Threat
Reduction Initiative-Reactor Conversion (GTRI-Reactor Conversion)
program, previously known as the Reduced Enriched Research and Test
Reactor (RERTR) program. The goal of the GTRI-Reactor Conversion program
is to minimize and eventually eliminate the use of highly enriched
uranium (HEU) in civilian applications. The program achieves its goal by
converting research and test reactors to the use of low enriched uranium
(LEU) fuels and targets. The program has been very successful, and has
developed low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel materials and designs which
can be used effectively in converting the majority of research and test
reactors which used HEU to the use of LEU fuel. Current activities focus
on development of more advanced, higher density LEU fuels that will
allow the conversion of high flux research and test reactors,
collaboration with Russian HEU minimization efforts and other
international participants in fuel development, development of an
LEU-based process to produce Mo-99, and technical assistance to research
reactors wishing to convert to LEU.

**560** [aerosol sciences]{.underline}

Participants\' primary responsibility will be to contribute to
experimental investigations and theoretical modeling in the fields of
basic and applied aerosol science. Opportunities also exist in the areas
of computerized data acquisition and data reduction. Research
applications include aerosol generation, transport, pollution control,
sampling, and analysis for both nuclear and fossil power systems.
Additional research areas involve the development of novel devices to
disperse or collect particles or to develop instrumentation to measure
aerosol parameters, pulsed corona applications, and spray generation and
characterization. Basic areas of research include electrostatic particle
charging, particle formation, transport, agglomeration, deposition, and
adhesion mechanisms; radiative heat transfer in particle-laden gages;
particle filtration; material erosion by aerosol impaction;
aerosol-vapor interactions; and bioaerosol sampling and processing.

**561** [FUSION blanket and shield studies]{.underline}

This activity is concerned with a general design evaluation of first
wall/blanket/shield components of fusion reactors. Various combinations
of blanket structural material/coolant/neutron multiplier/ tritium
breeding material are being reviewed to develop a well-defined set of
design criteria. Experimental and analytical activities on first-wall,
blanket, and shield components are underway to develop design tools for
reactor first-wall, blanket, and shield including neutronics, thermal
hydraulics, structural mechanics, and blanket modules for testing in the
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER).

**562** [FUSION MATERIALS STUDIES]{.underline}

Investigations are conducted to develop an understanding of the effects
of a fusion-reactor environment on the properties and performance of
candidate blanket materials; structural, breeder, neutron multiplier,
first wall tile, and ceramic coating materials. These efforts are
focused on low-activation alloys and electrically insulating coatings,
and include investigations of irradiation effects,
corrosion/compatibility, mechanical properties and welding. This
activity includes evaluation and correlations of fission-reactor and ion
irradiations to simulate the displacement damage and transmutation
reactions characteristic of a fusion neutron spectrum.

**563** [FUSION BLANKET TECHNOLOGY TESTING]{.underline}

This research involves development and testing of fundamental
technologies required for tritium breeding blankets. An important aspect
of this effort for liquid metal blanket is the development of
electrically insulating coatings on structural materials to mitigate
magnetohydrodynamic effects associated with a flowing liquid metal in
high magnetic fields. This activity includes development of ceramic
breeding materials, neutron multiplier materials, tritium recovery from
liquid and ceramic breeding materials and neutronic analysis of tritium
breeding capability, activation and afterheat of irradiated materials,
structural analyses of the blanket design, and shielding
characteristics.

**564** [SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL PROCESSING]{.underline}

Pilot Scale - Demonstration of electrometallurgical technology for
metallic fast reactor fuel from EBR-II is being conducted at the Fuel
Conditioning Facility. This technology employs a combination of
electrochemical and metallurgical processes to prepare spent nuclear
fuel for disposal. Processing takes place in a heavily shielded
argon-atmosphere cell. Process control is automated to the extent
possible through the use of computer and programmable logic controllers.
Areas of research include computer modeling of the pyroprocesses and
engineering of improved equipment with faster process rates and greater
automation.

**565** [ROBOTICS]{.underline}

This program supports experimental and theoretical work for improvements
and applications of teleoperated robotic systems. Particular emphasis is
on implementation of \'teleautonomy\' and \'virtual fixture.\' In
teleautonomy, the robot\'s autonomous behavior is blended with human
instruction for efficient teleoperation. Virtual fixture is an
artificially generated surface overlaid on human perception -
kinesthetic, visual, and auditory - to help precisely guide the robot
motion in teleoperation. The application fields may include inspection,
repair, material handling, and decommissioning of nuclear facilities,
and other recently emerging application in robotic surgery and service
robots. Research topics of interest include dual-arm collaboration,
machine vision and sensing, haptic feedback, machine intelligence, and
remote control. Examples of activities for participants include
programming, simulation, and hardware implementation and testing.

**566** [ne-information technology and security]{.underline}

The focus of this research area is the development of web based database
applications for national security programs for the Department of
Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, and the Department of
Defense. Multiple information technology projects are conducted by the
section in the security, nuclear nonproliferation and defense areas.

**567** [liquid metal experiments supporting the development of the rare
isotope accelerator]{.underline}

A number of studies are under way involving various aspects of liquid
metal technology, primarily involving stripper films and targets. These
may include studies of thin films, beam interactions with a flowing
fluid, materials compatibility, potential lithium vapor transport in a
vacuum system, and development of measurement techniques and data
acquisition. These studies will closely coincide with ongoing laboratory
experimental programs studying liquid metal phenomena. The participants
work with staff who are developing the experimental demonstrations and
measurement techniques, as well as the assembly and operation of the
experimental apparatus.

**568** [instrumentation and nondestructive evaluation]{.underline}

The Instrumentation and Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Section conducts
research and development in a broad range of energy-related
technologies. Major areas of responsibilities are the development of
instruments or NDE techniques for fossil energy, conservation,
automobile, textile, waste management, and nuclear technologies, as well
as for arms control and verification treaties and homeland security.

The current instrumentation efforts of the Section focus on the
development of advanced sensors and control systems. This work
encompasses (a) multiphase flow measurement techniques, including
in‑situ measurement of temperature, fluid level, pressure, density, and
viscosity; (b) development of leak detection and location systems for
power plants; and (c) a number of projects for arms control to develop
sensor/instruments for treaty verification and homeland security.
Sensors used in the treaty verification project and homeland security
projects are based on acoustic microwave/millimeter wave, submillimeter
terahertz, and mass spectrometer techniques. The instruments/sensors are
used to detect chemical, biological or nuclear agents as well as
explosives. In addition, work has started in developing sensors for
biomedical applications.

Our NDE efforts focus on development of techniques and systems for
materials characterization and evaluation of component reliability. This
work includes (a) characterizing materials, especially ceramics
composites, as well as metal, during various stages of fabrication;
(b) evaluating the structural integrity of components of a wide variety
of energy systems; and (c) pinpointing causes and remedies for improper
component behavior through failure analysis. The techniques used to
perform this work are based on acoustic, X-ray diffraction and X-ray
tomography, NMR spectroscopy and imaging, microwave, neutron
diffraction, optical methods, and eddy current.

**569** [steam generator tube integrity program]{.underline}

The structural integrity of pressurized water reactor steam generator
tubes containing stress corrosion cracks and similar defects is being
experimentally and analytically investigated. Tubes with prototypic
stress corrosion cracks are being produced in the laboratory, and these
tubes are being tested under simulated operating conditions to determine
their failure pressures and leak rates. The structural response of these
tubes is also being evaluated using fracture mechanics calculations and
finite-element modeling. In addition, existing and advanced eddy current
and other NDE techniques for the detection and characterization of flaws
in tubes are being evaluated.

**570** [analysis and modeling of materials behavior in energy
systems]{.underline}

A modern, high-speed, digital computer is employed to simulate the
physical behavior of materials used in advanced energy systems (fission
and fusion). In the fission area, the thermal, mechanical, and
irradiation response of fuel elements for the Reduced Enrichment
Research and Test Reactor (RERTR) program are analyzed. Emphasis is
placed on realistic models that accurately describe the physical
situation. The DART code system is being developed in order to assess
the behavior of dispersion fuels for the RERTR. In the fusion area, the
thermal, mechanical, and irradiation performance of solid breeders (Li2O
and other ternary oxides) are being modeled. The TIARA code has been
developed, verified and validated to predict the tritium inventory in
lithium ceramics under fusion reactor operation conditions. Other
research activities include the analysis of specific phenomena (e.g.
helium-induced swelling) in order to identify key process and/or
physical parameters that affect material performance and the thermal and
mechanical responses of fusion first-wall structures under novel cooling
schemes is being modeled.

**571** [irradiation performance of reactor materials]{.underline}

The principal objective of the programs in the Irradiation Performance
Section is to assess the behavior of nuclear materials, including
cladding and structural components, in the environment of nuclear
fission and fusion reactors. These environments result in neutron damage
and chemical, metallurgical, and mechanical processes that occur over a
wide range of elevated temperatures. The programs fall into the
following categories: (1) postirradiation characterization of materials,
and (2) postirradiation thermal/mechanical testing of materials. A
significant fraction of the Section's activity is devoted to the
performance characterization of light-water reactor fuel systems during
loss of coolant accidents and spent-nuclear-fuel cask transport
accidents. The postirradiation characterization and testing activities
utilize the Irradiated Materials Laboratory and other
radiological-controlled laboratories to perform examination, testing and
analyses. Available research tools include optical microscopes,
transmission electron microscope, hydrogen and oxygen determinators, and
numerous thermal and mechanical testing instruments. Cooperative
research programs are welcome.

**572** [corrosion of materials in the presence of deposits]{.underline}

The program involves experimental studies to establish the mechanisms of
corrosion of heat-exchanger and gas-turbine materials in the presence of
deposits that are generated during the combustion of coal and
coal-derived fuels. The research will require background in the areas of
thermodynamics and kinetics of gas-solid reactions and fluid-flow
characteristics that influence the type and rate of deposit(s). A
background in X-ray diffraction is desirable.

**573** [stress-corrosion cracking of light-water reactor materials in
simulated coolant environments]{.underline}

The program involves an experimental investigation of the influence of
simulated reactor-coolant environments, under normal and off-normal
water chemistry conditions, on the susceptibility of piping and
structural materials to stress-corrosion cracking. The effect of
microstructure of the materials, water chemistry (viz. oxygen, hydrogen
and impurity concentrations, pH), and temperature on the rate and mode
of crack growth is being determined for a range of loading conditions.
Background in the areas of electrochemistry, electron microscopy,
aqueous corrosion, and physical metallurgy are applicable.

**574** [alloy modification for improved corrosion]{.underline}

The program involves experimental studies to establish the composition
and microstructure of surface layers (created by ion implantation,
surface coating, laser annealing, etc.) that impart improved corrosion
resistance in oxygen and oxygen-sulfur-chloride environments. A
background in transmission electron microscopy and Auger Electron
Spectroscopy is desirable.

**OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER (OTT)**

*The Office of Technology Transfer (OTT) provides ANL the interface with
industry to support the DOE mission of transferring technology through
partnerships having the potential to benefit the public, U.S. Industry,
and the nation as a whole. Transfer of technology is important to
support national policy objectives, improve competitiveness of US
industry, and contribute to the national economic and scientific base.
Specific activities are technology development, characterization, and
marketing leading to Work for Others, Cooperative Research and
Development Agreements, licensing, new business startups, and other
contracts to facilitate efficient and expeditious deployment of
federally developed technology.*

**575** Characterize Laboratory technology portfolios, identify
appropriate potential technology transfer partners and conduct focused
marketing activities.

> Solicit feedback and perform surveys regarding the effectiveness of
> OTT activities.
>
> Initiate contact with potential industrial partners and work with them
> to commercialize new scientific advances.
>
> Develop new license agreements and other innovative approaches for
> transferring intellectual property into commercial use.
>
> Define and implement action to exploit opportunities for new start-up
> businesses built on Argonne technology.

**PHYSICS DIVISION (PHY)**

The Physics Division conducts basic experimental and theoretical
research in nuclear, atomic, and molecular physics. We are also involved
in the continuing development of the Argonne Tandem-Linear Accelerator
System (ATLAS), a novel superconducting heavy-ion accelerator, which is
operated as a national facility for nuclear physics research.

**576** [superconducting heavy-ion linac \"atlas\"]{.underline}

The Physics Division is the home of the world's first superconducting
ion accelerator, the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator Systems, ATLAS.
This accelerator is based on superconducting radio-frequency resonators
and can accelerate any ion from ones as light as protons (atomic mass 1)
to ones as heavy as uranium (atomic mass 238). ATLAS is a Department of
Energy National User's Facility that provides high quality ion beams for
basic research in nuclear science as described in the next section. The
accelerator physics staff based at ATLAS is active in a variety of
research and development projects. The topics include superconducting
radio-frequency resonator, ion sources based on microwave-heated
plasmas, ion beam dynamics simulations, computer control systems, and
other related topics. Much of the present research and development is
directed towards the components of a proposed advanced accelerator
called the Rare Isotope Accelerator, RIA. It is based on extensions of
the present ATLAS technology and involves extending superconducting
heavy ion linear accelerators to much higher energies and beam power.
Topics currently being pursued for this new project also include the
design and testing of high-power targets and associated ion sources for
the production, extraction, and ionization of short-lived radioisotopes.
Novel methods are also being developed for the efficient acceleration of
these rare isotopes.

**577** [nuclear reactions AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE STUDIES by heavy
ions]{.underline}

Nuclear structure and reactions are studied in collisions between
complex nuclei with heavy-ion beams mostly from the Argonne Tandem-Linac
Accelerator (ATLAS), a national heavy-ion users facility. The major
thrusts of this program are three-fold: (a) the understanding of the
nucleus as a many-body system built of protons and neutrons and governed
by the strong force, (b) the exploration of the origin of the chemical
elements and their role in shaping the reactions that occur in the
cataclysmic events of the cosmos and (c) tests of the limits of validity
of the Standard Model, the fundamental theory that currently best
represents our understanding of the laws and fundamental symmetries of
Nature.

The specific current research topics include the development and
acceleration of short-lived nuclei and their use in measurements of
cross-sections of astrophysics interests as well as in nuclear structure
and reaction dynamics studies; the production and study of nuclei at the
very limits of stability, including the discovery of new proton emitters
near the drip line, and the study of the properties of very heavy
elements (actinide and transfermium (Z\>100) nuclei), the study of
exotic nuclear shapes; the delineation of the essential parameters
governing dynamics of reactions between heavy nuclei; tests of current
descriptions of the weak force.

These efforts are based on forefront instrumentation available at ATLAS
which includes: (1) the Fragment Mass Analyzer, which separates nuclear
reaction products from the beam and transprots them to a detection
station; (2) the Canadian Penning Trap, which measures nuclear masses
with unsurpassed accuracy; (3) a magnetic spectrograph for the detection
of high-velocity reaction products; (4) a large, versatile reaction
chamber; and (5) a number of gamma-ray detectors including
Compton-suppressed germanium spectrometers and Nal and BaF2
scintillators. At the present time, Gammasphere, the national gamma-ray
facility composed of 110 Compton-suppressed, large volume Ge detectors
is also installed at ATLAS.

There are always opportunities for research participants to be involved
in every aspect of the program from the development of detectors to the
actual running of experiments, and from the analysis of data to the
development of simulations and/or calculations to assist in the
interpretation of the results.

**578** [nuclear physics at intermediate energies]{.underline}

The origin of the basic nuclear force between nucleons is explored in
our program of Nuclear Physics at Intermediate Energies. In particular,
the role of the constituents of the nucleons, i.e. quarks and gluons in
a fundamental description of nuclear forces is examined in experiments
primarily utilizing electromagnetic probes. A number of studies are
currently in progress at the TJNAF (Thomas Jefferson National
Accelerator Facility). Physics Division staff members led in the
construction of experimental facilities, serve as spokespersons for a
number of experiments, and are actively involved in others. Studies of
fundamental symmetries that make use of parity violating electron
scattering are also performed at Jefferson Lab.

A second major component of our program involves high energy experiments
that probe the structure of the quark sea in the nucleon. These
experiments will be performed at Fermilab (Fermi National Accelerator
Laboratory). .

A third component of our program is the study of the origin of the spin
of the nucleon. Physics Division staff have had a major role in HERMES,
a broadly based international collaboration devoted to the study of the
spin structure of the nucleon using internal polarized targets in the
HERA storage ring at DESY (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron), Hamburg,
Germany. Although these experiments are completed, analyses of the data
are in progress.

More information can be found at
<http://www.phy.anl.gov/mep/index.html>. Opportunities exist for
research participants to be involved in all aspects of our work.

**579** [THEORY RESEARCH]{.underline}

Theory research in the Physics Division addresses a broad range of
important problems in nuclear astrophysics, and nuclear physics
involving the structure and dynamics of hadrons and nuclei. There is
strong emphasis on comparison with data from Argonne\'s ATLAS facility,
from JLab, and from other laboratories around the world; and identifying
and predicting phenomena that can be explored with a rare isotope
accelerator. The Theory Group has five principal areas of research: (i)
the modeling and application of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) to light-
and heavy-hadron structure at zero temperature and density, and at the
extremes of temperature and density appropriate to the early universe,
neutron stars, and RHIC experiments; (ii) the development of reaction
theories for use in exploring hadron structure using the data from meson
and nucleon-resonance production experiments at JLab, MIT-Bates and
Mainz; (iii) the construction of realistic two-and three-nucleon
potentials that give accurate fits to nucleon-nucleon elastic scattering
data and properties of light nuclei, and their use in detailed many-body
calculations of light and near closed-shell nuclei, nuclear matter and
neutron stars, and in a variety of astrophysically important electroweak
reactions; (iv) the investigation of nuclear processes that take place
in stars, in the big bang, and in interstellar and intergalactic space,
with emphasis on the basic mechanisms of supernova explosions; and (v)
nuclear structure and reaction studies, which include a focus on
high-spin deformation and the structure nature\'s heaviest elements, and
coupled-channels calculations of heavy-ion reactions near the Coulomb
barrier and calculations of observables in breakup reactions of nuclei
far from stability. Additional research is pursued in atomic physics,
neutron physics, quantum computing, fundamental quantum mechanics, and
tests of fundamental symmetries and theories unifying all the forces of
nature, and the search for a spatial or temporal variation in Nature\'s
basic parameters. A significant number of our projects involve major
numerical simulations using the massively parallel computer systems at
Argonne and NERSC. Many projects also involve collaborators, student and
staff, at US and foreign universities, and other national laboratories.

**580** [LASER TRAPPING AND PROBING OF EXOTIC ATOMS]{.underline}

The ability to control an atom, both its internal and external degrees
of freedom, has improved dramatically since the time of the classic
Stern-Gerlach experiment. Rapid progress has occurred in recent years
due to exciting developments in the field of laser spectroscopy and
laser manipulation of atoms. Using precisely controlled laser beams, an
atom can be spatially confined in a trap, cooled so that it barely
moves, and induced into a quantum superposition of multiple states. We
develop new and improve existing methods of controlling atoms, and use
these methods to explore scientific problems in the realm of physics and
beyond. The following is a brief description of a couple of on-going
projects of our group. More details are available at our website:
<http://www-mep.phy.anl.gov/atta/>

*Testing time-reversal symmetry in atoms and nuclei.* We are searching
for a permanent electric-dipole moment (EDM) of the ^225^Ra (t~1/2~ = 15
d) atom. A positive finding would signify the violation of time-reversal
symmetry (T). This experiment provides an outstanding opportunity to
search for new physics beyond the Standard Model. We have succeeded in
realizing laser trapping and cooling of radium atoms (both ^226^Ra and
^225^Ra) for the first time ever. At present, we are developing the
techniques and apparatus needed for the EDM measurements with cold
^225^Ra atoms.

*Radio-krypton dating -- from dream to practice.* The Atom Trap Trace
Analysis (ATTA) method has revolutionized our ability to measure
radiokrypton isotopes, ^81^Kr (t~1/2~ = 229,000 yr) and ^85^Kr (t~1/2~ =
10.8 yr), in samples of natural material. This in turn opens the door to
a wide range of new applications in the Earth sciences. ^81^Kr
measurements of groundwater samples from the Nubian Aquifer in the
Western Desert of Egypt showed residence times approaching one million
years. At present, we are developing the next generation instrument,
ATTA-3, which is expected to further reduce sample sizes required for
radiokrypton analysis of groundwater and glacial ice.

Our experiments are typically performed by a small team of researchers
in a hands-on style. Each participating student can select from a
diverse range of projects according to the individual's interests.
Projects carried out by past students include developing a discharge
source of metastable krypton atoms, making a sensitive photon detector,
investigating new ways to reduce the scattering light below the
single-atom level, and developing a LabView program for a video
processing system.