# TECHNICAL NOTE

**USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service**

**Boise, Idaho -- Salt Lake City, Utah -- Spokane, Washington**

###### Biology Technical Note No. 24 SEPTEMBER 2007

###### PLANTS FOR POLLINATORS 

**IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST**

**Dan Ogle, Plant Materials Specialist, NRCS, Boise, Idaho**

**Jim Cane, Bee Biology and Systematics Lab, ARS, Logan, Utah**

**Frank Fink, State Biologist, NRCS, Boise, Idaho**

**Loren St. John, Manager, NRCS, Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen,
Idaho**

**Mark Stannard, Manager, NRCS, Plant Materials Center, Pullman,
Washington**

**Tim Dring, State Biologist, NRCS, Spokane, Washington**

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="5.257638888888889in" height="3.31875in"}

**MONARCH BUTTERFLY ON A PURPLE CONEFLOWER**

**The purpose of this technical note is to provide information on
perennial flowering species including forbs, legumes, shrubs and trees
and the design and implementation of plantings to enhance habitat for
floral visitors and pollinators including bees, wasps, butterflies,
moths and hummingbirds.**

**PLANTS FOR POLLINATORS IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST**

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="1.9555555555555555in"
height="1.3256944444444445in"}

Many of the world's crop species benefit from insect pollination mostly
provided by bees. In North America, honey bees pollinate about \$14
billion dollars worth of crops annually and native bees for an
additional estimated \$3 billion. Up to one quarter of our diet comes
from crops whose production benefits from pollinating bees.

Pollinators include bees, moths, flies, beetles, wasps, desert bats,

hummingbirds, and butterflies. Many of these are critical to the

function of terrestrial ecosystems because they enhance plant
reproduction. Plants, both native and introduced species, provide food
and cover for numerous wildlife species, help stabilize the soil and
serve as buffers to improve water quality. As a group, pollinators are
threatened world-wide by habitat loss, habitat fragmentation,
pesticides, disease and parasites. This has serious economic
implications for humans and for ecosystem diversity and stability.

> The Natural Resources Conservation Service can assist landowners with
> habitat enhancement for pollinators by encouraging the establishment
> of an array of attractive plants that flower throughout the growing
> season, especially early spring and late fall. Plants, both herbaceous
> and woody species, that provide a source of nectar, food and cover
> habitat for adult and immature pollinators, will also provide habitat
> for a large array of other wildlife
> species.![](media/image3.jpeg){width="1.8770833333333334in"
> height="1.4159722222222222in"}

Grasses, forbs, legumes, shrubs and trees planted along farm and ranch
borders and within fields attract wildlife, including pollinators and
other beneficial insects. The correct mix of plant species that bloom
during most of the growing season will provide a continuous source of
nectar and pollen needed by pollinators and other beneficial insects.

Annual plants can be useful tools in pollinator plantings because they
produce tremendous amounts of flowers. However, annual crops can be very
competitive with perennial plantings. Consequently, annuals should be
considered for small odd areas and should not be mixed with perennial
species. A few annual species that readily attract pollinators include
buckwheat, canola, safflower, berseem clover, red clover, camolina,
lentils, and dry peas.

**Pollinator Friendly Plantings**

-   Reduce Pesticide Use -- sequentially flowering annual and perennial
    plants provide forage and cover for predatory and parasitic insects
    that help control pest species; established plant communities resist
    weed invasion.

-   Stabilize Soil and Provide Ground Cover -- root systems and above
    ground vegetation hold soil in place, improve soil moisture
    infiltration, reduce the risk of erosion and serve as buffers which
    protects against surface water pollution. Legumes contribute
    nitrogen to the soil.

-   Serve as Windbreaks and Shelterbelts -- shrubs and trees protect
    farmsteads, feeding areas, crops and livestock from wind and dust
    damage. They also provide food, nesting and cover habitat for a
    great variety of wildlife, pollinators and other beneficial insects.

**ESTABLISHING POLLINATOR FRIENDLY PLANTINGS**

-   **Start Right.** Most grasses and flowering forbs, including legumes
    can be started by direct seeding or in some cases by transplanting
    nursery seedlings. Flowering shrubs and trees are often best
    established by transplanting nursery seedlings.

-   **Determine Soil Drainage and Other Soil Limitation Factors.** Most
    species will not do well in heavy, poorly drained or saline to sodic
    soils; select species that can perform well in the soils you have.

-   **Match Plants with Similar Site Preferences.** Choose plants that
    share similar site, soil and water requirements and that are adapted
    to the local climate.

-   **Water Wisely.** Tree and shrub plantings in the drier portions of
    the Intermountain West and Great Basin will require irrigation. For
    the best establishment biweekly watering the first 2 to 3 years is
    recommended. Once the plants are well established, watering less
    frequently, but for a longer duration to drive the moisture deeper
    into the soil will ensure that the plants develop their roots more
    fully ensuring long term survival.

-   **Control Weeds.** Most plants do not compete well with weeds during
    establishment. Start with a weed free area or create one using
    appropriate herbicides or tillage equipment. Keep the area
    relatively weed free for the first 2 to 3 years of establishment.
    Mowing weeds during plant establishment will help suppress weed
    competition and encourage desired plants.

-   **Protect Planting from Wildlife and Livestock.** Fencing to protect
    planting may be required in areas with abundant deer, antelope or
    elk or with livestock such as sheep, cattle or horses.

-   **Plant Species.** Plantings should include at least one grass for
    interspace cover and one forb or legume or shrub adapted to the site
    from each of the three seasonal flowering categories; i.e. early,
    mid, and late. See Table 1 -- note this is a partial list of species
    to consider for pollinator plantings. Additional species may be
    available or become available that were not considered for this
    technical note. Care was taken to list species that are commercially
    available.

-   **Pollinator Habitat Plantings.** Plantings installed to improve
    pollinator habitat should remain ungrazed and undisturbed throughout
    the flowering season. This will ensure that flowers are available as
    a nectar source to adult pollinators. Bee larvae are fed pollen;
    those of other pollinating species may eat succulent foliage.

-   **Maintenance.** Treatments such as haying or mowing may be required
    outside of the flowering period to remove plant litter that may
    affect plant health.

-   **Planting Size.** For best results, plantings should be at least
    0.5 acres in size.

+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **TABLE 1**                 |   |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **FLOWERING FORBS -         | * |   | **  |     |   | *  |    |    |
| LEGUMES**                   | * |   | GRO |     |   | *B |    |    |
|                             | O |   | WTH |     |   | LO |    |    |
|                             | R |   | TYP |     |   | OM |    |    |
|                             | I |   | E** |     |   | PE |    |    |
|                             | G |   |     |     |   | RI |    |    |
|                             | I |   |     |     |   | OD |    |    |
|                             | N |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **PERENNIAL PLANTS**        |   |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **PLANT NAME**              | > | > | >   | >   |   | >  | >  | >  |
|                             |   |   | **F |  ** |   |  * |  * | ** |
|                             | * | * | ORB | SHR |   | *E | *M | LA |
|                             | * | * | /LE | UB/ |   | AR | ID | TE |
|                             | N | I | GUM | TRE |   | LY | ** | ** |
|                             | A | N | E** | E** |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | T | T |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | I | R |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | V | O |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | E | D |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * | U |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * | C |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | E |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | D |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **ALFALFA**                 |   | * | **  |     |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **ASTER, HAIRY GOLDEN**     | * |   | **  |     |   |    | *  | *  |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   |    | *x | *x |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** | ** |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **ASTER, SMOOTH**           | * |   | **  |     |   |    | *  | *  |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   |    | *x | *x |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** | ** |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **BEEBALM**                 | * |   | **  |     |   |    | *  | *  |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   |    | *x | *x |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** | ** |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **BEEPLANT, ROCKY           | * |   | **  |     |   | *  |    |    |
| MOUNTAIN**                  | * |   | x** |     |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **BLANKET-FLOWER**          |   | * | **  |     |   |    | *  | *  |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   |    | *x | *x |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   |    | ** | ** |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **BURNET, SMALL**           |   | * | **  |     |   |    | *  |    |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   |    | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   |    | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **BUTTERFLY BUSH**          |   | * | **  |     |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **CLOVER, ALSIKE**          |   | * | **  |     |   | *  |    |    |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   | *x |    |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **CLOVER, WHITE (LADINO)**  |   | * | **  |     |   |    | *  |    |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   |    | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   |    | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **CLOVER, WHITE DUTCH**     |   | * | **  |     |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **COLUMBINE, RED**          | * |   | **  |     |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **CONEFLOWER**              | * |   | **  |     |   |    | *  | *  |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   |    | *x | *x |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** | ** |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **EVENING-PRIMROSE**        | * |   | **  |     |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **FLAX, BLUE**              |   | * | **  |     |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **FLAX, LEWIS**             | * |   | **  |     |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **GLOBEMALLOW SPECIES**     | * |   | **  |     |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **MILKVETCH, CICER**        |   | * | **  |     |   |    |    | *  |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   |    |    | *x |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   |    |    | ** |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **PENSTEMON, FIRECRACKER**  | * |   | **  |     |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **PENSTEMON, HOTROCK**      | * |   | **  |     |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **PENSTEMON, ROCKY MTN**    | * |   | **  |     |   |    | *  |    |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   |    | *x |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **PENSTEMON, VENUS**        | * |   | **  |     |   |    | *  |    |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   |    | *x |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **PRAIRIECLOVER, PURPLE**   |   | * | **  |     |   |    | *  |    |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   |    | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   |    | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **PRAIRIECLOVER, WHITE**    |   | * | **  |     |   |    | *  |    |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   |    | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   |    | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **SAINFOIN**                |   | * | **  |     |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **SUNFLOWER SPECIES**       | * |   | **  |     |   |    | *  | *  |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   |    | *x | *x |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** | ** |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **SWEETCLOVER, WHITE**      |   | * | **  |     |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **SWEETCLOVER, YELLOW**     |   | * | **  |     |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **SWEETVETCH, NORTHERN**    | * |   | **  |     |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **TREFOIL, BIRDSFOOT**      |   | * | **  |     |   |    |    | *  |
|                             |   | * | x** |     |   |    |    | *x |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   |    |    | ** |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **YARROW, WESTERN**         | * |   | **  |     |   |    | *  | *  |
|                             | * |   | x** |     |   |    | *x | *x |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** | ** |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **TABLE 1**                 |   |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **FLOWERING SHRUBS -        | * |   | **  |     |   | *  |    |    |
| TREES**                     | * |   | GRO |     |   | *B |    |    |
|                             | O |   | WTH |     |   | LO |    |    |
|                             | R |   | TYP |     |   | OM |    |    |
|                             | I |   | E** |     |   | PE |    |    |
|                             | G |   |     |     |   | RI |    |    |
|                             | I |   |     |     |   | OD |    |    |
|                             | N |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **PERENNIAL PLANTS**        |   |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **PLANT NAME**              | > | > | >   | >   |   | >  | >  | >  |
|                             |   |   | **F |  ** |   |  * |  * | ** |
|                             | * | * | ORB | SHR |   | *E | *M | LA |
|                             | * | * | /LE | UB/ |   | AR | ID | TE |
|                             | N | I | GUM | TRE |   | LY | ** | ** |
|                             | A | N | E** | E** |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | T | T |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | I | R |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | V | O |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | E | D |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * | U |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * | C |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | E |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | D |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **BITTERBRUSH, ANTELOPE**   | * |   |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **BUFFALOBERRY, SILVER**    | * |   |     | **  |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **BUCKWHEAT, SNOW**         | * |   |     | **  |   |    | *  | *  |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   |    | *x | *x |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** | ** |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **BUCKWHEAT,                | * |   |     | **  |   |    | *  | *  |
| SULPHURFLOWER**             | * |   |     | x** |   |    | *x | *x |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** | ** |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **BUCKWHEAT, WYETH**        | * |   |     | **  |   |    | *  | *  |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   |    | *x | *x |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** | ** |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **CHOKECHERRY**             | * |   |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **CHERRY, NANKING**         |   | * |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **CLEMATIS, WESTERN**       | * |   |     | **  |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **CURRANT, GOLDEN**         | * |   |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **CINQUEFOIL, SHRUBBY**     | * |   |     | **  |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **CRABAPPLE**               |   | * |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **DOGWOOD, RED-OSIER**      | * |   |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **ELDERBERRY**              | * |   |     | **  |   |    | *  |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   |    | *x |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **HAWTHORN, BLACK**         | * |   |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **HONEYSUCKLE, TWINBERRY**  | * |   |     | **  |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **LILAC**                   |   | * |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **PEASHRUB, SIBERIAN**      |   | * |     | **  |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             |   | * |     | x** |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **PLUM, AMERICAN**          | * |   |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **RABBITBRUSH, GREEN**      | * |   |     | **  |   |    |    | *  |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   |    |    | *x |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    |    | ** |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **RABBITBRUSH, RUBBER**     | * |   |     | **  |   |    |    | *  |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   |    |    | *x |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    |    | ** |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **ROSE, WOOD'S**            | * |   |     | **  |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **SAGE, PURPLE**            | * |   |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **SAGE, RUSSIAN**           |   | * |     | **  |   | *  | *  |    |
|                             |   | * |     | x** |   | *x | *x |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** | ** |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **SANDCHERRY, WESTERN**     |   | * |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             |   | x |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             |   | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **SERVICEBERRY**            | * |   |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **SNOWBERRY**               | * |   |     | **  |   |    | *  |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   |    | *x |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   |    | ** |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **SPIREA, DOUGLAS**         | * |   |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **SUMAC, SKUNKBUSH**        | * |   |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x |   |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * |   |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+
| **WILLOW SPECIES**          | * | * |     | **  |   | *  |    |    |
|                             | * | * |     | x** |   | *x |    |    |
|                             | x | x |     |     |   | ** |    |    |
|                             | * | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
|                             | * | * |     |     |   |    |    |    |
+-----------------------------+---+---+-----+-----+---+----+----+----+

**HABITAT CONSIDERATIONS**

Habitat needs for pollinators are similar to other animal species: food,
shelter, nesting sites and sometimes water. Shelter and nesting sites
may be a limiting factor in your project area and should be considered
during planning.

Nectar and pollen from flowering plants provide food for pollinators.
Water needs can be met with birdbaths, fountains, ponds or puddles.
Moist salt licks help provide mineral requirements for butterflies and
sweat bees. Shelter and nesting habitat needs differ by pollinator
species and include bare or partially vegetated, well drained soil; soil
banks and cliffs, dead standing or fallen trees with beetle emergence
holes, live trees, clumps of grass, live brush, tall grass, piles of
leaves and sticks, wood piles, tree bark and rock crevices. See Table 2
for additional information.

![](media/image4.jpeg){width="2.051388888888889in"
height="0.8229166666666666in"}

Most native bees are solitary, nesting underground or above

ground using beetle holes in dead-wood or dead pithy stems

(e.g. elderberry, sumac or rose). Bumblebees are social with

colonies of dozens to hundreds of workers. They typically nest on the
ground under leaves and grass, in tree hollows or below-ground in old
rodent burrows.

In pollinator plantings use of pesticides should be avoided, especially
insecticides. Leave some areas untreated as refugial habitat for
predatory and parasitic insects and pollinators that can recolonize
treated areas.

**TABLE 2 HABITAT REQUIREMENTS FOR GENERAL NATIVE POLLINATORS**

Pollinators Food Shelter

  ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
  Solitary bees           Nectar and pollen       Nest in bare and
                                                  partially vegetated
                                                  soils where water won't
                                                  pond; or in beetle
                                                  holes in deadwood,
                                                  within pithy stems or
                                                  twigs or construct
                                                  nests of mud or leaf
                                                  pulp

  Bumblebees              Nectar and pollen       Nest cavity
                                                  underground, often in
                                                  old rodent burrows,
                                                  hollow trees,
                                                  underground or beneath
                                                  clumps of grass

  Butterflies and Moths   Nectar; nutrients,      Leaves and stems of
                          minerals and salts from larval host plants;
                          rotting fruit, tree     also small woodpiles
                          sap, clay deposits and  used by species that
                          mud puddles             winter as adults

  Bats (pollinators in    Fruit, pollen, nectar,  Tree branches,
  the North American      or insects              cavities, caves, rock
  Southwest only)                                 crevices, under tree
                                                  bark, under structures
                                                  that provide overhang
                                                  and artificial
                                                  structures
  ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------

**PLANTS FOR POLLINATORS FORBS AND LEGUMES**

![](media/image5.jpeg){width="2.504861111111111in"
height="2.1958333333333333in"}![](media/image6.jpeg){width="2.942361111111111in"
height="1.9645833333333333in"}

![](media/image7.jpeg){width="0.6597222222222222in"
height="0.5819444444444445in"}

**ALFALFA** *Medicago sativa* **ASTER** *Aster species*

**Origin: introduced legume Origin: native forb**

**Mature Height: 2- 3 feet Mature Height: 0.5- 2 feet**

**Growth Rate: fast Growth Rate: moderate**

**Growth Habit: upright Growth Habit: upright**

**Wildlife Value: excellent forage Wildlife Value: excellent food and
cover**

**Attracts: cutter bees Attracts: butterflies, bees**

**Flowers: purple Flowers: creamy white to purple**

**Blooms: May -- July (delay by cutting) Blooms: June - September**

**Broadcast Seeding Rate: 10 lbs/ac Broadcast Seeding Rate: 4 lbs/ac**

**In-row Spacing: N/A In-row Spacing: 1- 2 feet**

![](media/image8.jpeg){width="1.6916666666666667in"
height="2.4895833333333335in"}![](media/image9.jpeg){width="2.6277777777777778in"
height="2.1173611111111112in"}

**BEEBALM, WILD** *Monarda fistulosa* **BLANKETFLOWER** *Gaillardia
aristata*

**Origin: introduced forb Origin: native forb - Great Plains**

**Mature Height: 1- 2 feet Mature Height: 1- 1.5 feet**

**Growth Rate: moderate Growth Rate: moderate**

**Growth Habit: upright, spreading Growth Habit: upright**

**Wildlife Value: excellent forage Wildlife Value: excellent food and
cover**

**Attracts: butterflies, bees Attracts: bees**

**Flowers: purple Flowers: creamy white to purple**

**Blooms: June - August Blooms: July - September**

**Broadcast Seeding Rate: 2 lbs/ac Broadcast Seeding Rate: 16 lbs/ac**

**In-row Spacing: 1- 2 feet In-row Spacing: 1- 2 feet**

![](media/image10.jpeg){width="1.445138888888889in"
height="2.167361111111111in"}![](media/image11.jpeg){width="2.942361111111111in"
height="1.9645833333333333in"}

**BURNET, SMALL** *Sanguisorba minor* **BUTTERFLY BUSH** *Buddleja*
*species*

**Origin: introduced forb Origin: introduced forb**

**Mature Height: 1- 2.5 feet Mature Height: 2- 4 feet**

**Growth Rate: rapid Growth Rate: moderate to rapid**

**Growth Habit: upright Growth Habit: upright**

**Wildlife Value: excellent forage Wildlife Value: excellent food and
cover**

**Attracts: bees Attracts: bees**

**Flowers: non-descript Flowers: purple**

**Blooms: June - August Blooms: June - July**

**Broadcast Seeding Rate: 30 lbs/ac Broadcast Seeding Rate: establish w/
plants**

**In-row Spacing: 2-- 3 feet In-row Spacing: 3- 4 feet**

![](media/image12.jpeg){width="1.9770833333333333in"
height="2.557638888888889in"}![](media/image13.jpeg){width="1.3625in"
height="1.9902777777777778in"}

**CLOVER species** *Trifolium species* **COLUMBINE** *Aquilegia*
*formosa*

**Origin: introduced legume Origin: native forb**

**Mature Height: 0.5 - 2 feet Mature Height: 1- 2 feet**

**Growth Rate: rapid Growth Rate: moderate to rapid**

**Growth Habit: upright Growth Habit: upright**

**Wildlife Value: excellent forage Wildlife Value: excellent food**

**Attracts: bees Attracts: hummingbirds**

**Flowers: white to red Flowers: red**

**Blooms: April - June Blooms: June - July**

**Broadcast Seeding Rate: 12 lbs/ac Broadcast Seeding Rate: 6 lbs/ac**

**In-row Spacing: N/A In-row Spacing: 1- 3 feet**

![](media/image14.jpeg){width="2.3784722222222223in"
height="2.102777777777778in"}![](media/image15.jpeg){width="1.6236111111111111in"
height="2.220833333333333in"}

**CONEFLOWER** *Echinacea species* **FLAX species** *Linum species*

**Origin: native forb Origin: native and introduced forb**

**Mature Height: 1.5 - 3 feet Mature Height: 1- 2 feet**

**Growth Rate: rapid Growth Rate: moderate to rapid**

**Growth Habit: upright Growth Habit: upright**

**Wildlife Value: excellent forage Wildlife Value: excellent food**

**Attracts: butterflies, many bees Attracts: some bees**

**Flowers: white to purple Flowers: white to deep blue**

**Blooms: July - September Blooms: May - July**

**Broadcast Seeding Rate: 20 lbs/ac Broadcast Seeding Rate: 8 lbs/ac**

**In-row Spacing: 1- 2 feet In-row Spacing: 1- 2 feet**

![](media/image16.jpeg){width="1.5333333333333334in"
height="1.9861111111111112in"}

![](media/image17.jpeg){width="2.5243055555555554in"
height="1.8541666666666667in"}

**GLOBEMALLOW** *Sphaeralcea species* **MILKVETCH, CICER** *Astragalus
cicer*

**Origin: native forb Origin: introduced legume**

**Mature Height: 1.5 - 3 feet Mature Height: 1- 3 feet**

**Growth Rate: rapid Growth Rate: moderate to rapid**

**Growth Habit: upright Growth Habit: upright (lodges at maturity)**

**Wildlife Value: excellent forage Wildlife Value: excellent forage**

**Attracts: many bees Attracts: bees**

**Flowers: orange to red Flowers: white**

**Blooms: April - June Blooms: May - July**

**Broadcast Seeding Rate: 4 lbs/ac Broadcast Seeding Rate: 14 lbs/ac**

**In-row Spacing: 2-- 4 feet In-row Spacing: N/A**

![](media/image18.jpeg){width="2.567361111111111in"
height="1.863888888888889in"}![](media/image19.jpeg){width="1.5416666666666667in"
height="1.79375in"}

**PENSTEMON** *Penstemon species* **PRAIRIECLOVER** *Dalea species*

**Origin: native forbs Origin: native - Great Plains legume**

**Mature Height: 0.5 - 3 feet Mature Height: 1- 2.5 feet**

**Growth Rate: rapid Growth Rate: moderate**

**Growth Habit: upright Growth Habit: upright**

**Wildlife Value: excellent forage Wildlife Value: excellent forage**

**Attracts: some bees, wasps, hummingbirds Attracts: most bees**

**Flowers: white -- red - blue Flowers: white to purple**

**Blooms: April -- June Blooms: June - August**

**Broadcast Seeding Rate: 8 lbs/ac Broadcast Seeding Rate: 14 lbs/ac**

**In-row Spacing: 2- 3 feet In-row Spacing: 1- 3 feet**

![](media/image20.jpeg){width="2.4944444444444445in"
height="1.8659722222222221in"}

![](media/image21.wmf){width="1.825in" height="1.5916666666666666in"}

**SAINFOIN** *Onobrychis viciifolia* **SUNFLOWER** *Helianthus species*

**Origin: introduced legume Origin: native and introduced forb**

**Mature Height: 2 - 5 feet Mature Height: 2 - 5 feet**

**Growth Rate: rapid Growth Rate: rapid**

**Growth Habit: upright Growth Habit: upright**

**Wildlife Value: excellent forage Wildlife Value: good winter food**

**Attracts: larger bees Attracts: butterflies, many bees**

**Flowers: pink Flowers: yellow to orange**

**Blooms: May -- July (delay by cutting) Blooms: July -- September**

**Broadcast Seeding Rate: 34 lbs/ac Broadcast Seeding Rate: 10 lbs/ac**

**In-row Spacing: N/A In-row Spacing: 2- 4 feet**

![](media/image22.jpeg){width="2.7534722222222223in"
height="1.8388888888888888in"}![](media/image23.jpeg){width="2.7534722222222223in"
height="1.832638888888889in"}

**SWEETCLOVER** *Melilotus species* **TREFOIL, BIRDSFOOT** *Lotus
corniculatus*

**Origin: introduced legume Origin: introduced legume**

**Mature Height: 1- 3 feet Mature Height: 1.5 - 3 feet**

**Growth Rate: rapid Growth Rate: rapid**

**Growth Habit: upright Growth Habit: upright**

**Wildlife Value: fair forage Wildlife Value: good winter food**

**Attracts: many bees Attracts: bees**

**Flowers: white to yellow Flowers: yellow**

**Blooms: June -- July Blooms: July -- September**

**Broadcast Seeding Rate: 8 lbs/ac Broadcast Seeding Rate: 10 lbs/ac**

**In-row Spacing: N/A In-row Spacing: N/A**

**YARROW, WESTERN** *Achillea millefolium*

**Origin: native forb**

**Mature Height: 0.5 -- 1.5 feet**

**Growth Rate: rapid**

**Growth Habit: upright to prostate**

**Wildlife Value: good forage**

**Attracts: butterflies, some bees**

**Flowers: white to yellow**

**Blooms: June - August**

**Broadcast Seeding Rate: 1.0 lbs/ac**

**In-row Spacing: N/A**

**PLANTS FOR POLLINATORS SHRUBS AND TREES**

![](media/image24.jpeg){width="2.6694444444444443in"
height="2.063888888888889in"}![](media/image25.jpeg){width="2.879861111111111in"
height="1.9194444444444445in"}

**BITTERBRUSH, ANTELOPE** *Purshia tridentata* **BUFFALOBERRY**
*Shepherdia argentea*

**Origin: native shrub Origin: native shrub**

**Mature Height: 2 - 6 feet Mature Height: 6- 20 feet**

**Growth Rate: moderate Growth Rate: moderate**

**Growth habit: upright shrub Growth Habit: upright,
suckering-spreading**

**Wildlife Value: cover, fall forage Wildlife Value: browse; fruit
red-orange**

**Attracts: butterflies Attracts: butterflies, bees**

**Flowers: yellow Flowers: yellow-male; inconspicuous-female**

**Bloom: May - June Blooms: May - July**

**In-row Spacing: 3- 5 feet In-row Spacing: 8 -10 feet**

![](media/image26.wmf){width="2.8751968503937007in"
height="2.1736220472440944in"}![](media/image27.jpeg){width="2.7506944444444446in"
height="2.0125in"}

**BUCKWHEAT, Species *Eriogonum species* CHERRY, NANKING** *Prunus
tomentosa*

**Origin: native sub-shrub Origin: introduced shrub**

**Mature Height: 0.5 - 2 feet Mature Height: 6- 10 feet**

**Growth Rate: moderate Growth Rate: moderate**

**Growth habit: spreading open sub-shrub Growth Habit: upright,
semi-spreading**

**Wildlife Value: cover, fall forage Wildlife Value: browse; fruit for
song birds**

**Attracts: moths, butterflies, bees Attracts: butterflies, bees**

**Flowers: yellow to white Flowers: small pink**

**Bloom: July -- September Blooms: April -- May**

**In-row Spacing: 1- 3 feet In-row Spacing: 6-- 8 feet**

![](media/image28.jpeg){width="3.1243055555555554in"
height="4.406944444444444in"}

**CHOKECHERRY** *Prunus virginiana* **CLEMATIS** *Clematis*
*ligusticifolia*

**Origin: native shrub Origin: native shrub**

**Mature Height: 12- 25 feet Mature Height: 1 foot**

**Growth Rate: moderate Growth Rate: moderate**

**Growth Habit: oval to round; suckering Growth Habit: spreading and
climbing vine**

**Wildlife Value: excellent food and cover Wildlife Value: cover**

**Attracts: butterflies, bees Attracts: moths, bees**

**Flowers: creamy white Flowers: white**

**Blooms: April -- May Blooms: May - July**

**In-row Spacing: 8- 12 feet In-row Spacing: 2- 6 feet**

![](media/image29.jpeg){width="1.6548611111111111in"
height="2.0118055555555556in"}![](media/image30.png){width="1.90625in"
height="1.9583333333333333in"}

![](media/image31.jpeg){width="0.7583333333333333in" height="0.6in"}

**CURRANT, GOLDEN** *Ribes aureum* **DOGWOOD, REDOSIER** *Cornus
sericea*

**Origin: native shrub Origin: native shrub**

**Mature Height: 5- 8 feet Mature Height: 7- 10 feet**

**Growth Rate: moderate Growth Rate: rapid**

**Growth Habit: spreading and upright Growth Habit: loose and round many
stems**

**Wildlife Value: roosting, loafing, nesting Wildlife Value: dense cover
and browse**

**Attracts: early spring bees, bumblebees Attracts: butterflies, bees**

**Flowers: fragrant golden yellow Flowers: creamy white**

**Bloom: April -- May Blooms: April - May**

**In-row Spacing: 4-- 6 feet In-row Spacing: 6-- 10 feet**

![](media/image32.jpeg){width="1.9409722222222223in"
height="1.8833333333333333in"}![](media/image33.jpeg){width="2.7534722222222223in"
height="1.86875in"}

**ELDERBERRY** *Sambucus cerulea* **HONEYSUCKLE** *Lonicera involucrata*

**Origin: native shrub Origin: native shrub**

**Mature Height: 6- 15 feet Mature Height: 6- 10 feet**

**Growth Rate: moderate Growth Rate: moderate**

**Growth Habit: upright, leggy Growth Habit: upright open shrub**

**Wildlife Value: nesting, food Wildlife Value: fruit readily eaten,
cover**

**Attracts: butterflies, nesting bees Attracts: butterflies, bees,
hummingbirds**

**Flowers: white to cream Flowers: yellow**

**Blooms: June - July Bloom: April - July**

**In-row Spacing: 4-- 6 feet In-row Spacing: 5- 8 feet**

![](media/image34.jpeg){width="2.6277777777777778in"
height="1.5625in"}![](media/image35.jpeg){width="2.453472222222222in"
height="1.6319444444444444in"}

**LILAC, COMMON** *Syringa vulgaris* **PEASHRUB, SIBERIAN** *Caragana
spp*

**Origin: introduced shrub Origin: introduced shrub**

**Mature Height: 6- 12 feet Mature Height: 6- 20 feet**

**Growth Rate: moderate Growth Rate: rapid**

**Growth Habit: upright, leggy, suckering Growth Habit: erect oval
shrub**

**Wildlife Value: nesting Wildlife Value: nesting**

**Attracts: early spring bees Attracts: large bees (especially
bumblebees)**

**Flowers: white to purple, fragrant and showy Flowers: small showy
yellow**

**Blooms: April -- May Bloom: April - June**

**In-row Spacing: 5-- 10 feet In-row Spacing: 5- 10 feet**

![](media/image36.jpeg){width="2.873611111111111in"
height="1.9527777777777777in"}

![](media/image37.jpeg){width="2.813888888888889in"
height="1.9048611111111111in"}

![](media/image38.wmf){width="0.5909722222222222in" height="0.4375in"}

**PLUM, AMERICAN** *Prunus americana* **ROSE, WOODS** *Rosa woodsii*

**Origin: native shrub Origin: native shrub**

**Mature Height: 8- 10 feet Mature Height: 3- 6 feet**

**Growth Rate: moderate Growth Rate: moderate**

**Growth Habit: round-headed crown, suckers Growth Habit: upright,
semi-weeping,suckers**

**Wildlife Value: nesting, loafing, food, browse Wildlife Value:
nesting, cover and exc. food**

**Attracts: butterflies, bees Attracts: bees**

**Flowers: white Flowers: showy pink**

**Bloom: April -- May Bloom: June -- July**

**In-row Spacing: 6- 10 feet In-row Spacing: 3- 5 feet**

![](media/image39.jpeg){width="2.6251968503937007in"
height="1.8736220472440945in"}![](media/image40.jpeg){width="2.6277777777777778in"
height="1.7486111111111111in"}

**SAGE, PURPLE** *Salvia* *dorrii* **SAGE, RUSSIAN** *Perovskia*
*atriplicifolia*

**Origin: introduced half shrub Origin: introduced half shrub**

**Mature Height: 1.5 -- 2.5 feet Mature Height: 1- 3 feet**

**Growth Rate: moderate Growth Rate: rapid**

**Growth Habit: upright Growth Habit: upright**

**Wildlife Value: fair Wildlife Value: good**

**Attracts: many bees Attracts: many bees**

**Flowers: purple Flowers: purple**

**Blooms: May - June Blooms: June - July**

**Spacing in row: 2- 3 feet Spacing in row: 3- 5 feet**

![](media/image41.jpeg){width="2.702777777777778in"
height="1.8in"}![](media/image42.jpeg){width="2.4944444444444445in"
height="1.8659722222222221in"}

**RABBITBRUSH** *Chrysothamnus species* **SUMAC, SKUNKBUSH** *Rhus
trilobata*

**Origin: native shrub Origin: native shrub**

**Mature Height: 2- 6 feet Mature Height: 6- 8 feet**

**Growth Rate: moderate Growth Rate: slow to moderate**

**Growth Habit: open spreading Growth Habit:ascending, new branches
hairy**

**Wildlife Value: loafing, food, and browse Wildlife Value: browse,
nesting, bird food**

**Attracts: butterflies, many small bees Attracts: early bees**

**Flowers: yellow Flower: light yellow**

**Bloom: August -- October Blooms: May -- June**

**In-row Spacing: 3- 6 feet In-row Spacing: 4- 6 feet**

![](media/image43.jpeg){width="3.0659722222222223in"
height="2.042361111111111in"}![](media/image44.jpeg){width="3.089583333333333in"
height="1.95in"}![](media/image45.jpeg){width="0.7888888888888889in"
height="1.1847222222222222in"}

**SANDCHERRY, WESTERN** *Prunus pumila* **SERVICEBERRY** *Amelanchier
alnifolia*

**Origin: native shrub Origin: native shrub**

**Mature Height: 3- 6 feet Mature Height: 6- 15 feet**

**Growth Rate: moderate Growth Rate: slow**

**Growth Habit: open and spreading Growth Habit: upright**

**Wildlife Value: loafing, food, browse Wildlife Value: good cover and
food**

**Attracts: butterflies, bees Attracts: butterflies, bees**

**Flowers: white Flowers: white**

**Bloom: April -- May Bloom: May - June**

**In-row Spacing: 3- 6 feet In-row Spacing: 5- 10 feet**

![](media/image46.png){width="1.6251968503937009in"
height="2.0in"}![](media/image47.png){width="2.645138888888889in"
height="1.8125in"}

**SNOWBERRY** *Symphoricarpos species* **SPIREA, DOUGLAS** *Spirea*
*douglasii*

**Origin: native shrub Origin: native shrub**

**Mature Height: 2- 3 feet Mature Height: 4- 6 feet**

**Growth Rate: moderate Growth Rate: rapid**

**Growth Habit: open and spreading Growth Habit: thicket forming -
upright**

**Wildlife Value: loafing, food, browse Wildlife Value: cover**

**Attracts: butterflies, bees, hummingbirds Attracts: butterflies,
bees**

**Flowers: pink Flowers: rose - pink**

**Bloom: June -- August Bloom: June**

**In-row Spacing: 3- 4 feet In-row Spacing: 2- 4 feet**

![](media/image48.jpeg){width="1.3194444444444444in"
height="1.7631944444444445in"}

**BLACK HAWTHORN** *Crataegus douglasii*

**Origin: native shrub**

**Mature Height 15 - 20 feet**

**Growth Rate: slow**

**Growth Habit: upright**

**Wildlife Value: cover and food**

**Attracts: moths, bees, butterflies, and beetles**

**Flower: white**

**Blooms: May-June**

**In-row Spacing: 4 - 8 feet**

**PHOTO CREDITS**

Butterfly on Coneflower -- unknown Hummingbird -- unknown

Bee -- Jim Cane Bee Nest in Sumac Stem -- Jim Cane

Alfalfa -- Patrick J. Alexander Aster -- G. A. Cooper

Beebalm -- W. L. Wagner Blanketflower -- J. S. Peterson

Burnet Small -- Joe F. Duft Butterfly Bush -- J. S. Peterson

Clover species -- Tim Dring Columbine -- Tim Dring

Coneflower -- Larry Allain Flax, Blue -- Derek Tilley

Globemallow -- Tim Dring Milkvetch, Cicer -- Dan Ogle

Penstemon, Firecracker -- Loren St. John Prairieclover -- Gary Monroe

Sainfoin - unknown Sage, Louisiana -- Larry Allain/N. L. Britton

Sunflower -- Tim Dring Sweetclover - Patrick J. Alexander

Trefoil, Birdsfoot -- Robert H. Mohlenbrock Yarrow, Western -- Dan
Ogle/N. L. Britton

Bitterbrush -- Gary Monroe Buffaloberry - D. E. Herman

Buckwheat, Sulphurflower -- Derek Tilley Cherry, Nanking -- D. E. Herman

Chokecherry -- Gary Monroe/M. Williams Clematis -- Tim Dring

Currant, Golden -- Tim Dring Dogwood, Redosier -- Tim Dring

Elderberry -- Ted Bodner Honeysuckle -- Emmet J. Judziewiez

Lilac, Common -- D. E. Herman Peashrub, Siberian -- D. E. Herman

Plum, American -- D. E. Herman Rose, Woods -- J. S. Peterson

Rabbitbrush, Green -- BLM Sage, Purple -- Tim Dring

Sage, Russian -- Gary Monroe Saltbush, Fourwing -- Dan Ogle

Sandcherry, Western -- D. E. Herman Serviceberry -- Margaret Williams

Snowberry -- Tim Dring Spirea, Douglas -- Tim Dring

Sumac, Skunkbush - Tim Dring Black Hawthorn - Tim Dring

**REFERENCES**

USDA, NRCS, *Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great Plains and
Rocky Mountains.* 2001. 16p.

USDA, NRCS, Idaho Biology Technical Note No. 1. *Pollinators. 2007. 1p.*

USDA, NRCS, Idaho Plant Materials Technical Note No. 43. *Tree Planting,
Care and Management.* 2002. 32p.

USDA, NRCS, *Montana Native Plants for Pollinator Friendly Plantings.*
2005. 8p.

USDA, NRCS, Montana Biology Technical Note No. 20. *Habitat Development
for Pollinator Insects.* 2004. 2p.

USDA, NRCS and FS, Agroforestry Note No. 33. *Improving Forage for
Native Bee Crop Pollinators.* 2006. 4p.

USDA, NRCS and FS, Agroforestry Note No. 35. *Pesticide Considerations
for Native Bees in Agroforestry*. 2007. 4p.

USDI, BLM, Technical Reference 1730-3. *Landscaping with Native Plants
of the Intermountain Region.* 2003. 47p.

For additional information:

See USDA, NRCS, Idaho Plant Materials Technical Notes at:

<http://www.id.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/tech_ref.html#TechNotes>

See \"Native Pollinators\", \"Butterflies\", \"Bats\", and \"Ruby
Throated Hummingbird\" Fish and Wildlife Habitat Management Leaflet
Numbers 34, 15, 5, and 14 respectively.
<http://www.whmi.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/leaflet.htm>

*Agroforestry Note* on nest sites (since they are referenced in the
table on habitat needs) 
<http://www.unl.edu/nac/agroforestrynotes/an34g08.pdf>\
\
*Farming for Bees* guidelines
<http://www.xerces.org/pubs_merch/Farming_for_Bees.htm> 

*Pollinator Conservation Handbook* is also a great overall reference
that covers all of the invertebrate pollinators. This book isn\'t
available for download, but is full of useful information. 
<http://www.xerces.org/pubs_merch/PCH.htm>\
\
*How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides* would be another useful
addition <http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/pnw/pnw591.pdf>