Tropical Cyclone Report

Tropical Storm Edouard

(AL052008)

3-6 August 2008

James L. Franklin

National Hurricane Center

14 November 2008

Edouard was a short-lived tropical storm that made landfall along the
upper Texas coast.

a.  Synoptic History

    The remnants of a front moved southward into the northern Gulf of
    Mexico on 2 August, in the form of a weak surface trough of low
    pressure. Shower activity became more concentrated along the trough
    south of the Florida panhandle during the day, and by early on 3
    August a small area of low pressure had formed. By 1200 UTC that day
    the low had developed a well-defined circulation with sufficient
    convective organization to be designated a tropical depression. At
    this time the center was located about 140 n mi south of Pensacola,
    Florida.

    The "best track" chart of the tropical cyclone's path is given in
    Fig. 1, with the wind and pressure histories shown in Figs. 2 and 3,
    respectively. The best track positions and intensities are listed in
    Table 1[^1]. A reconnaissance aircraft found only relatively light
    winds and a minimum pressure of 1007 mb on its first pass through
    the center of the depression around 1930 UTC 3 August. However, a
    burst of convection developed over the center about that time, and
    within an hour and a half the pressure had fallen to 1002 mb and
    flight-level winds had increased to 54 kt, indicating that the
    depression had strengthened to a tropical storm. This period of
    development was short-lived, however, as northerly shear and
    mid-level dry air appeared to prevent the cyclone from maintaining
    convection over the center, and little change in strength occurred
    over the next 24 h as Edouard moved westward around the periphery of
    mid- to upper-level high pressure over the south-central United
    States.

    While the center of Edouard was passing around 50 n mi to the south
    of the coast of Louisiana late on 4 August, northerly shear abated
    and the cyclone's outflow began to increase in the northwestern
    quadrant. Turning to the west-northwest around the periphery of the
    mid- to upper-level high, Eduard began to strengthen. As it
    approached the upper Texas coast early on 5 August, spiral banding
    features became better defined and the cyclone's peak winds reached
    55 kt at 0600 UTC. Edouard maintained this intensity and made
    landfall at the McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge, between High
    Island and Sabine Pass, at 1200 UTC that day.

    Edouard quickly began to weaken as it moved inland to the
    west-northwest, becoming a depression near 0000 UTC 6 August and
    degenerating to a remnant low 6 h later when deep convection
    diminished. The remnant circulation of Edouard continued across
    central Texas accompanied by intermittent convection before
    dissipating later that day.

b.  Meteorological Statistics

    Observations in Edouard (Figs. 2 and 3) include satellite-based
    Dvorak technique intensity estimates from the Tropical Analysis and
    Forecast Branch (TAFB) and the Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), as
    well as flight-level, stepped frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR),
    and dropwindsonde observations from flights of the 53^rd^ Weather
    Reconnaissance Squadron of the U. S. Air Force Reserve Command. Data
    from NWS Doppler radars were also useful in tracking Edouard.

    Edouard's estimated peak intensity of 55 kt is based largely on a
    flight-level wind observation of 68 kt from 850 mb at 0704 UTC 5
    August. While there was an SFMR report of 63 kt observed shortly
    before landfall about 10 n mi offshore, this instrument sometimes
    performs erratically in rainy areas where winds are below hurricane
    force. In addition, waters in this area were sufficiently shallow to
    suspect that shoaling might have compromised the data. This SFMR
    observation, and an earlier observation near 0000 UTC 4 August, have
    no support from the flight-level data and are judged to be either
    incorrect or unrepresentative.

    Surface observations of note are presented in Table 2. There were no
    reports from ships of winds of tropical storm force. Along the
    coast, sustained winds of 49 and 47 kt were observed at Texas Point,
    TX and Calcasieu Pass, LA, respectively. Reported storm surge values
    did not exceed 4 ft. The largest storm total rainfall report of 6.48
    inches came from the Baytown, Texas EOC. In Louisiana, the maximum
    reported amount was 3.81 inches in Hackberry. An analysis of
    storm-total rainfall is given in Figure 4, where it is seen that
    only a small area close to the path of the center received
    significant rains.

    No tornadoes were reported in association with Edouard.

c.  Casualty and Damage Statistics

    Damage associated with Edouard was relatively light. In Texas,
    inland flooding closed a portion of Interstate 10 in Chambers
    County, with additional road closures reported in Harris County.
    Near Baytown, water entered a few garages, while flooding from the
    storm tide affected approximately 25 homes in Gilchrist. In
    Louisiana, some tidal flooding was reported in Lake Charles, the
    roofs of several mobile homes were damaged in Cameron County, and
    there were downed trees and power lines. In Jefferson County up to
    30,000 customers lost power.

    Oil and gas production platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, as well as
    some coastal refineries, were briefly shut down as Edouard
    approached.

    There was one death reported in association with Edouard -- an adult
    male who fell overboard from a shrimping vessel in rough seas near
    the mouth of the Mississippi River.

d.  Forecast and Warning Critique

    The development of Edouard was not well anticipated. The precursor
    disturbance moved offshore into the Gulf of Mexico the day prior to
    genesis, and was introduced into the Tropical Weather Outlook only
    18 h prior to the best track's genesis time. Even at the time of
    (best track) genesis, the experimental genesis forecast probability
    was only at 50%. Northerly shear and dry continental air were
    considered to be inhibiting factors for development.

    A verification of official and guidance model track forecasts is
    given in Table 3. Edouard was a short-lived event, and the number of
    cases is very small. Average official track errors for Edouard (with
    the number of cases in parentheses) were 29 (8), 31 (6), 49 (4), and
    67 (2) n mi for the 12, 24, 36, and 48 h forecasts, respectively.
    These errors are well below the 5-yr mean official track errors
    (Table 3), and mostly close to the track consensus model TVCN.

    A verification of official and guidance model intensity forecasts is
    given in Table 4. Average official intensity errors were 6.3 (8),
    7.5 (6), 7.5 (4), and 5.0 (2) kt for the 12, 24, 36, and 48 h
    forecasts, respectively. For comparison, the 5-yr mean official
    intensity errors are 7, 10, 12, and 14 kt, respectively. In addition
    to being well below the long-term means, the official intensity
    errors were well below the decay-SHIFOR5 skill benchmark (OCD5). The
    errors, while small, had a systematic high bias.

Watches and warnings associated with Edouard are given in Table 5. The
tropical storm warning for the landfall area was issued 27 h prior to
landfall.

*Acknowledgements.*

Appreciation is expressed to WFO Houston/Galveston, WFO Lake Charles,
and WFO New Orleans for their comprehensive reports on observations and
impacts in their respective areas. Rex Hervey at the National Data Buoy
Center provided additional surface observations. David Roth at the
Hydrometeorological Prediction Center constructed the rainfall analysis.

Table 1. Best track for Tropical Storm Edouard, 3-6 August 2008.

+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| Dat    | L       | Lo      | Pressure | Wind     | Stage            |
| e/Time | atitude | ngitude |          | Speed    |                  |
|        |         |         | (mb)     |          |                  |
| (UTC)  | \(N\)   | \(W\)   |          | (kt)     |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 03 /   | 28.1    | 87.4    | 1010     | 25       | tropical         |
| 1200   |         |         |          |          | depression       |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 03 /   | 28.1    | 87.8    | 1009     | 30       | \"               |
| 1800   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 04 /   | 28.1    | 88.5    | 1002     | 45       | tropical storm   |
| 0000   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 04 /   | 28.1    | 89.6    | 1005     | 40       | \"               |
| 0600   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 04 /   | 28.1    | 90.3    | 1002     | 40       | \"               |
| 1200   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 04 /   | 28.3    | 91.0    | 1001     | 40       | \"               |
| 1800   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 05 /   | 28.5    | 91.7    | 999      | 50       | \"               |
| 0000   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 05 /   | 29.0    | 92.9    | 997      | 55       | \"               |
| 0600   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 05 /   | 29.6    | 94.2    | 996      | 55       | \"               |
| 1200   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 05 /   | 30.0    | 94.8    | 999      | 40       | \"               |
| 1800   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 06 /   | 30.6    | 95.7    | 1003     | 30       | tropical         |
| 0000   |         |         |          |          | depression       |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 06 /   | 31.4    | 97.0    | 1008     | 25       | low              |
| 0600   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 06 /   | 32.0    | 98.0    | 1011     | 20       | \"               |
| 1200   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 06 /   | 32.7    | 98.7    | 1012     | 20       | \"               |
| 1800   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 07 /   |         |         |          |          | dissipated       |
| 0000   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 05 /   | 29.6    | 94.2    | 996      | 55       | Landfall at      |
| 1200   |         |         |          |          | McFaddin         |
|        |         |         |          |          | National         |
|        |         |         |          |          | Wildlife Refuge, |
|        |         |         |          |          | TX               |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 05 /   | 29.6    | 94.2    | 996      | 55       | minimum pressure |
| 1200   |         |         |          |          |                  |
+--------+---------+---------+----------+----------+------------------+

Table 2. Selected surface observations for Tropical Storm Edouard, 3-6
August 2008.

+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Location        | M   |     | M   |       |     | St  | St  | To  |
|                 | ini |     | axi |       |     | orm | orm | tal |
|                 | mum |     | mum |       |     | su  |     |     |
|                 | Sea |     | S   |       |     | rge | t   | r   |
|                 | Le  |     | urf |       |     |     | ide | ain |
|                 | vel |     | ace |       |     | (   |     |     |
|                 | Pr  |     |     |       |     | ft) | (   | (   |
|                 | ess |     | W   |       |     | ^c^ | ft) | in) |
|                 | ure |     | ind |       |     |     | ^c^ |     |
|                 |     |     | Sp  |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | eed |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                 | Da  | Pre | Da  | Sust  | G   |     |     |     |
|                 | te/ | ss. | te/ | ained | ust |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | t   | (   | t   | (k    | (   |     |     |     |
|                 | ime | mb) | ime | t)^b^ | kt) |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | (U  |     | (U  |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | TC) |     | TC) |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | ^a^ |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Texas**       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **International |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Civil Aviation  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Organization    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| (ICAO) Sites**  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Galveston       | 0   | 100 | 0   | 27    | 39  |     |     |     |
| Scholes Field   | 5/1 | 9.0 | 5/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (KGLS)          | 152 |     | 517 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Beaumont -      | 0   | 100 | 0   | 39    | 49  |     |     |     |
| Southeast Texas | 5/1 | 0.0 | 5/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Regional        | 225 |     | 422 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Airport (KBPT)  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| *               |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| *Coastal-Marine |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Automated       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Network (C-MAN) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Sites**         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| SRST2           | 0   | 99  | 0   | 47    | 56  |     |     |     |
|                 | 5/1 | 6.5 | 5/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 200 |     | 400 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **National      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Ocean Service   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| (NOS) Sites**   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Galveston Ship  |     |     | 0   | 43    | 52  |     |     |     |
| Channel North   |     |     | 5/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Jetty (GSJT2)   |     |     | 518 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Sabine Pass     |     |     | 0   | 42    | 60  |     |     |     |
| North (SBPT2, 6 |     |     | 5/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| min average)    |     |     | 324 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **University    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Networks**      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Texas Point     | 0   | 99  | 0   | 49    | 62  |     |     |     |
| (TCOON, 29.68N  | 5/1 | 6.2 | 5/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| 93.84W)         | 048 |     | 324 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| *               |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| *Public/Other** |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Moody Gardens   |     |     | 0   | 41    | 60  |     |     |     |
| Inc             |     |     | 5/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 429 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (GLVST, 29.27N  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| 94.85W)         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Jamaica Beach   |     |     | 0   | 35    | 40  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 5/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (JBHT2, 29.20N  |     |     | 626 |       |     |     |     |     |
| 94.98W)         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Rollover Pass   |     |     | 0   | 36    | 49  | 3   | 4   |     |
|                 |     |     | 5/1 |       |     | .92 | .85 |     |
|                 |     |     | 300 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Baytown EOC     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .48 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Sheldon (458H)  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .91 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pasadena (579F) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .75 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| La Porte (580F) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .49 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Houston (496H)  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .41 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Wallisville     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
| (457V)          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .41 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Kemah (620P)    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .67 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Louisiana**   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **ICAO Sites**  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Lake Charles    | 0   | 100 | 0   | 33    | 43  |     |     | 1   |
| (KLCH)          | 5/0 | 7.8 | 5/0 |       |     |     |     | .86 |
|                 | 836 |     | 829 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| South Timbalier |     |     | 0   | 40    | 45  |     |     |     |
| (KS58)          |     |     | 4/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 645 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **RAWS**        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Hackberry 8 SSW |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .81 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Lake Charles 6  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
| SE              |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .56 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **NOS Sites**   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Calcasieu Pass  | 0   | 100 | 0   | 47    | 54  | 2   | 4   |     |
| (CAPL1, 6 min   | 5/0 | 1.0 | 5/0 |       |     | .44 | .31 |     |
| average)        | 848 |     | 848 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **University    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Networks**      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Marsh Island    |     |     | 0   | 42    | 54  |     |     |     |
| (MRSL1, 23 m    |     |     | 5/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
| anemometer      |     |     | 400 |       |     |     |     |     |
| height, 8 min   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| average)        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Tambour Bay     |     |     | 0   | 34    | 38  |     |     |     |
| (TAML1)         |     |     | 5/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 551 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| South Timbalier |     |     | 0   | 41    |     |     |     |     |
| Blk 52 (SPLL1,  |     |     | 4/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| 40 m anemometer |     |     | 800 |       |     |     |     |     |
| height)         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| *               |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| *Public/Other** |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Grand Chenier 9 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
| ESE (GCHL1)     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .95 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Freshwater      |     |     |     |       |     | 3   | 5   |     |
| Locks           |     |     |     |       |     | .60 | .09 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Buoys**       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| 42035           | 0   | 100 | 0   | 35    | 45  |     |     |     |
|                 | 5/1 | 5.3 | 5/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 150 |     | 350 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+

^a^ Date/time is for sustained wind when both sustained and gust are
listed.

^b^ Except as noted, sustained wind averaging periods for C-MAN and
land-based ASOS reports are 2 min; buoy averaging periods are 8 min.

^c^ Storm surge and tide values referenced to mean lower low water.

Table 3. Track forecast evaluation (heterogeneous sample) for Tropical
Storm Edouard, 3-6 August 2008. Forecast errors (n mi) are followed by
the number of forecasts in parentheses. Errors smaller than the NHC
official forecast are shown in boldface type.

+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Forecast  | For   |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| Technique | ecast |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|           | P     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|           | eriod |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|           | (h)   |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+===========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+
|           | 12    | 24    | 36    | 48    | 72    | 96    | 120   |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| CLP5      | 44    | 99    | 156   | 287   |       |       |       |
|           | (9)   | (7)   | (5)   | (3)   |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| GFNI      | **21  |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|           | (2)** |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| GFDI      | 30    | 33    | **41  | **38  |       |       |       |
|           | (9)   | (7)   | (5)** | (3)** |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| HWFI      | 29    | 50    | 85    | 100   |       |       |       |
|           | (9)   | (7)   | (5)   | (3)   |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| GFSI      | 30    | 44    | 61    | **48  |       |       |       |
|           | (9)   | (7)   | (5)   | (3)** |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| AEMI      | 54    | 110   | 157   | 133   |       |       |       |
|           | (8)   | (4)   | (4)   | (2)   |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| NGPI      | **28  | 34    | **44  | **35  |       |       |       |
|           | (9)** | (7)   | (5)** | (3)** |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| UKMI      | 29    | 38    | **15  |       |       |       |       |
|           | (6)   | (4)   | (2)** |       |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| EGRI      | 31    | 38    | 88    |       |       |       |       |
|           | (6)   | (2)   | (2)   |       |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| EMXI      | 34    | 32    | 59    | **59  |       |       |       |
|           | (5)   | (4)   | (3)   | (1)** |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| BAMD      | **26  | **30  | **47  | **49  |       |       |       |
|           | (9)** | (7)** | (5)** | (3)** |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| BAMM      | 30    | 49    | 67    | **66  |       |       |       |
|           | (9)   | (7)   | (5)   | (3)** |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| BAMS      | **26  | **24  | **33  | **36  |       |       |       |
|           | (9)** | (7)** | (5)** | (3)** |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| LBAR      | 30    | 43    | 56    | **63  |       |       |       |
|           | (9)   | (7)   | (5)   | (3)** |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| TVCN      | **25  | **30  | 49    | **40  |       |       |       |
|           | (9)** | (7)** | (5)   | (3)** |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| GUNA      | 31    | 43    | 69    |       |       |       |       |
|           | (6)   | (2)   | (2)   |       |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| FSSE      | 30    | 40    | 60    | **63  |       |       |       |
|           | (7)   | (5)   | (3)   | (1)** |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| OFCL      | 29    | 31    | 49    | 67    |       |       |       |
|           | (8)   | (6)   | (4)   | (2)   |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| NHC       | 34.0  | 58.2  | 82.2  | 106.2 | 154.2 | 207.5 | 272.5 |
| Official  | (     | (     | (     | (     | (996) | (787) | (627) |
|           | 1742) | 1574) | 1407) | 1254) |       |       |       |
| (         |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| 2003-2007 |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| mean)     |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

Table 4. Intensity forecast evaluation (heterogeneous sample) for
Tropical Storm Edouard, 3-6 August 2008. Forecast errors (kt) are
followed by the number of forecasts in parentheses. Errors smaller than
the NHC official forecast are shown in boldface type.

+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Forecast  | For   |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| Technique | ecast |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|           | P     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|           | eriod |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|           | (h)   |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+===========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+
|           | 12    | 24    | 36    | 48    | 72    | 96    | 120   |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| OCD5      | 9.3   | 12.4  | 13.2  | 9.7   |       |       |       |
|           | (9)   | (7)   | (5)   | (3)   |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| GHMI      | 10.1  | **5.9 | **3.4 | 7.3   |       |       |       |
|           | (9)   | (7)** | (5)** | (3)   |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| HWFI      | 11.3  | 13.7  | 19.8  | 19.7  |       |       |       |
|           | (9)   | (7)   | (5)   | (3)   |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| LGEM      | 10.6  | 9.3   | 10.0  | 10.7  |       |       |       |
|           | (9)   | (7)   | (5)   | (3)   |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| DSHP      | 9.0   | 7.6   | **6.6 | 10.0  |       |       |       |
|           | (9)   | (7)   | (5)** | (3)   |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| FSSE      | 7.1   | 9.2   | 7.7   | 18.0  |       |       |       |
|           | (7)   | (5)   | (3)   | (1)   |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| ICON      | 10.1  | **6.3 | **6.0 | 10.7  |       |       |       |
|           | (9)   | (7)** | (5)** | (3)   |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| OFCL      | 6.3   | 7.5   | 7.5   | 5.0   |       |       |       |
|           | (8)   | (6)   | (4)   | (2)   |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| NHC       | 6.7   | 10.0  | 12.3  | 14.3  | 18.2  | 19.7  | 21.8  |
| Official  | (     | (     | (     | (     | (996) | (787) | (627) |
|           | 1742) | 1574) | 1407) | 1254) |       |       |       |
| (         |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| 2003-2007 |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| mean)     |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

Table 5. Watch and warning summary for Tropical Storm Edouard, 3-6
August 2008.

+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| Date/Time    | Action                     | Location                 |
| (UTC)        |                            |                          |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| 3 / 2100     | Tropical Storm Watch       | Intracoastal City to     |
|              | issued                     | Port O'Connor            |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| 3 / 2100     | Tropical Storm Warning     | Mississippi River to     |
|              | issued                     | Intracoastal City        |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| 4 / 0300     | Tropical Storm Watch       | Intracoastal City to     |
|              | changed to Hurricane Watch | Port O'Connor            |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| 4 / 0300     | Tropical Storm Warning     | Mississippi River to     |
|              | modified to                | Cameron                  |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| 4 / 0900     | Tropical Storm Warning     | Mississippi River to San |
|              | modified to                | Luis Pass                |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| 4 / 1500     | Tropical Storm Warning     | Mississippi River to     |
|              | modified to                |                          |
|              |                            | Port O'Connor            |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| 5 / 0300     | Tropical Storm Warning     | Grand Isle to Port       |
|              | modified to                | O'Connor                 |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| 5 / 0900     | Tropical Storm Warning     | Grand Isle to Sargent    |
|              | modified to                |                          |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| 5 / 0900     | Hurricane Watch modified   | Intracoastal City to     |
|              | to                         | Sargent                  |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| 5 / 1500     | Tropical Storm Warning     | San Luis Pass to Cameron |
|              | modified to                |                          |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| 5 / 1500     | Hurricane Watch            | All                      |
|              | discontinued               |                          |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+
| 5 / 2100     | Tropical Storm Warning     | All                      |
|              | discontinued               |                          |
+--------------+----------------------------+--------------------------+

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="7.754861111111111in"
height="5.983333333333333in"}

Figure 1. Best track positions for Tropical Storm Edouard, 3-6 August
2008.

![](media/image2.png){width="8.24236111111111in"
height="5.684027777777778in"}

Figure 2. Selected wind observations and best track maximum sustained
surface wind speed curve for Tropical Storm Edouard, 3-6 August 2008.
Flight-level aircraft observations have been adjusted for elevation
using 90%, 80%, and 80% reduction factors for observations from 700 mb,
850 mb, and 1500 ft, respectively. Landfall in Texas is denoted by the
thin solid vertical line.

![](media/image3.png){width="8.24236111111111in"
height="5.684027777777778in"}

Figure 3. Selected pressure observations and best track minimum central
pressure curve for Tropical Storm Edouard, 3-6 August 2008. Landfall in
Texas is denoted by the thin solid vertical line.

![](media/image4.png){width="8.24375in" height="4.749305555555556in"}

Figure 4. Storm-total rainfall analysis for Tropical Storm Edouard,
courtesy David Roth, NOAA/NWS/Hydrometeorological Prediction Center.

[^1]: A digital record of the complete best track, including wind radii,
    can be found on line at <ftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/atcf>. Data for the
    current year's storms are located in the *btk* directory, while
    previous years' data are located in the *archive* directory.