Lesson 2 Sculpture

What is it? Where do we find it? What is it made from? How is it done?

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**Goals:**

• To recognize sculpture as a distinct form of art.

• To encourage attention to the sculpture students see in their daily
lives and communities and to foster curiosity and more insightful
understanding of our cultural and social history.

• To appreciate uses of sculpture in our society today.

• To understand traditional methods of making sculpture, which was the
process Saint-Gaudens used in his work.

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**Objectives:**

• Students will be challenged by a teacher-led discussion about
sculpture.

• Students will learn sculpture terms and will identify and define
different types of sculpture.

• Students will work with clay to model their own design using the
relief process.

• Students will experience the art process of drawing their own frieze.

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**Materials to be provided by the teacher:**

• Write the Saint-Gaudens web site on the board for illustrations of
Saint-Gaudens\' work online: www.sgnhs.org

• Overhead projector to illustrate the sculpture discussion

• Copies for each student of the \"Let\'s Look at Sculpture\" vocabulary
worksheet

• Copies for each student of the word search \"For Puzzlers\"

• 1 to 2 lbs. of clay for each student for the hands-on relief activity

• Copies for each student of \"Draw Your Own Frieze\" worksheet

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**Instructional Strategies:**

1\) "Discussion Guide about Sculpture:" Use this to have students think
about the different places they see sculpture and its relevance in their
own lives. Use the overhead projector and transparencies to illustrate
different types of sculpture.

2\) Bas-Relief Activity: A sculpture activity for hands-on learning.

3\) "Let's Look at Sculpture" Homework Activity: Have students list
and/or draw examples of sculpture they see at home or in their
community, etc. Ask them to write a brief description of the sculpture
(shape, dimensions, what or whom it represents, why it was made, etc.).

4\) "Puzzlers" Homework Activity: Have students do the word search to
reinforce vocabulary.

5\) "Draw Your Own Frieze" worksheet: Review the definition of a frieze
using Saint-Gaudens' Shaw Memorial as an example. Have students draw
their own frieze.

**Discussion Guide about Sculpture**

Write the vocabulary words on the board either before or during your
discussion.

Use the accompanying transparencies to illustrate the discussion.

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1\) Begin the discussion by asking students some general questions:

a\. Each of you may have a piece of sculpture on you right now. Do you?

> i\. Answers may include: earrings, pendants, belt buckles, and
> especially coins we frequently forget that coins are considered pieces
> of relief sculpture.
>
> ii\. Look at a coin and see how the images are raised.

b\) Where in your home or community can you find sculpture?

> i\) Answers may include: monuments, a fountain on the town common,
> gravestones in a cemetery, decorations on buildings, medals, sports
> trophies, figurines, garden sculpture, weathervanes, etc.

c\) What are some materials sculpture can be made out of?

> i\) Answers may include: stone, wood, clay, plaster, plastic, metals
> (usually bronze), fabric (soft sculpture), glass, found objects,
> paper, play dough, even ice and snow- so each of you has probably been
> a sculptor!

2\) Explain the concept of traditional sculpture to the students:

There are a great variety of places we may see sculpture and it may be
many sizes

or made from a variety of materials.

Regardless of size or location, **TRADITIONAL** sculpture occurs in two
forms:

a\. sculpture in the round

b\. relief

-   Augustus Saint-Gaudens worked in the traditional method of creating
    sculpture. Let\'s look at some examples of his work. (Begin overhead
    projection.)

-   Sherman Monument, 1903 (1)

    -   Gilded bronze (covered with gold leaf)

    -   Located on 5^th^ Avenue in New York City

    -   Shows Civil War leader General Sherman on horseback led by
        figure of "Victory"

    -   Illustrates sculpture in the round.

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    -   Sculpture in the round is:

        -   free-standing or three dimensional- so it has height, width
            and depth

        -   finished on all sides- so we can walk around it and look at
            it from every angle

-   Augusta Saint Gaudens, 1905-1907 (2)

    -   Bronze

    -   This is the only portrait that Saint-Gaudens modeled of his wife
        and one of the last pieces he worked on before his death.

    -   Illustrates relief sculpture

    -   How do we know it is a portrait?

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    -   Relief sculpture is:

        -   two dimensional- it has been defined as a \"drawing in
            clay\"

        -   the hardest type of sculpture to do

        -   meant to be seen from the front only.

        -   where there is an image raised from the background- things
            like coins or medals

-   The Shaw Memorial, 1884-1897 (3)

    -   Bronze

    -   The original is located on the Boston Common

    -   Illustrates relief sculpture, in which the figures are attached
        to a background

    -   This is also a frieze, a procession of figures.

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    -   A frieze is:

        -   when several figures in a relief sculpture form a
            procession.

-   Abraham Lincoln, 1884-1887 (4)

    -   Bronze

    -   This type of sculpture illustrates a bust.

    -   It is also a portrait.

    -   How dos we know it is a portrait?

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    -   Subject Matter is often guided by how a sculpture will be used.

    -   Representational sculpture is:

        -   Realistic and portrays a person, place or event without
            distortion or stylization.

    -   A portrait is:

        -   A real image of a person

        -   A popular image of a person

    -   A bust is:

        -   A three-dimensional portrait usually from head to shoulders.

-   "Victory" as part of the Sherman Monument, 1903 (5)

    -   Gilded bronze

    -   The monument is sculpture in the round

    -   The figure of Victory illustrates an allegory. She represents
        the success of General Sherman.

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    ```
    -   An allegory is:

        -   A human-looking figure which is used to suggest an idea,
            emotion or attribute.

        -   Ask students to think about Superman: he isn\'t real, but he
            looks like a real person and he represents enormous strength
            and forces of good. He is an example of an allegory.

        -   The Statue of Liberty is an allegory. Ask students to think
            about what she represents\.....freedom, hope, the future,
            possibility, etc.

        -   Figures of gods and goddesses from mythology (Greek and
            Roman legends) are also often used by sculptors to represent
            an idea or attribute.

-   Sculpture Tools (6)

    -   The best tools for modeling clay are the fingers.

    -   You can use wire tools #32 to scrape away clay or tools #27, #31
        to smooth the clay.

    -   Calipers #26 measure dimensions.

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    -   How is sculpture made? In traditional sculpture there are two
        methods:

        -   the subtractive method where the artist carves the design
            from a stone block

        -   the additive method where the artist models the design using
            clay. Saint-Gaudens preferred working this way.

-   Photograph of Saint-Gaudens, 1887 (7)

    -   He is modeling a relief portrait of Mrs. Grover Cleveland, wife
        of President Cleveland, cira1887.

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    -   Saint-Gaudens knew how to carve, but he did not enjoy the
        process. Instead, he modeled his sculptures by adding bits of
        clay to build up his work.

-   Photograph of an armature (8)

    -   A figure for the Firefighters'' memorial in Boise, Idaho. By
        Larry Nowlan, Saint-Gaudens NHS sculptor-in-Residence, 1995-97,
        2002.

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    -   An armature is:

        -   an interior system to support the clay as it is added to the
            sculpture

        -   used on very large pieces because the material becomes too
            heavy to support itself

        -   may be made of wood or iron

        -   like a skeleton, it is never seen!

Clay sculpture goes through several steps from first idea to final
piece:

> 1\) An idea is drawn on **paper.**
>
> 2\) The artist models a small **clay \"sketch\"** so it can be seen
> from all sides.
>
> 3\) The artist makes a **clay model** that is the same size and
> proportion of the finished piece.
>
> When **clay dries,** it is very **fragile** and breaks easily, so clay
> is never the final material.
>
> 4.) A **plaster mold** is made around the clay figure.
>
> 5.) The mold is opened and separated from the clay leaving a hollow or
> **negative shape.**
>
> 6.) **Liquid wax** is poured into the mold creating a **wax model**.
> Several models can be made
>
> from the same mold, which is why you may find sculptures which look
> identical.
>
> 7.) **Wax sprews** are added to the wax model. Like plumbing, they
> will allow an open pathway for the liquid bronze to travel and exhaust
> gases to escape.
>
> 8.) Casting in bronze is done at a foundry. A plaster--cement mixture
> called an **encasement** is created around one of the wax models and
> wax sprews
>
> 9.) The wax is then **burned out in a kiln**, and hot, **liquid
> metal** (usually bronze) is poured into the hot encasement's negative
> space.
>
> 10.) The encasement is broken away from the metal cast and the sprews
> must be **sawed off.** 11.) The sculpture is given the finishing
> touches.
>
> 12.) A patina is applied to give the sculpture its finished color.

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3\) We have now discussed different kinds, sizes and materials of
sculpture. Let's think about how sculpture may be used:

-   **Coins** are used in trade for goods and services

-   **Weathervanes** are used to show wind direction

-   **Sculpture on buildings** is used to ornament and decorate

-   **Garden sculpture** may be used as fountains or ornaments

-   **Portraits** may be used to remember someone

-   **Public monuments** are used to commemorate a person or event

-   **Tombstones** may be used to document or memorialize a person's
    life

-   Have students **brainstorm** their own ideas!

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4\) Wrap-up class discussion: How is sculpture different from a
painting?

-   **Technique:** Although a painting creates a sense of depth, space
    and solidity, a painting is two-dimensional and done on a flat
    surface. (In modern art, there are exceptions)

-   A painting is seen from the **front only.**

-   **Materials and tools:** A painter uses pigments (colors) to develop
    his design. Pigments are applied with brushes or palette knives onto
    the canvas, panels or walls.

-   **Color:** A sculpture is usually one color (the color of the
    material), whereas a painting is usually developed using different
    colors. Sculptors rely on light to cast shadows over the sculpture
    to give dimension to the work.

-   **Sculpture- (sculpture in the round) - often exists in our own (the
    viewer's) physical space. In this sense, it is very immediate and we
    relate to it as a tangible object. Its material or substance casts
    shadows.**

-   A painter, however, may represent a sculpture on his/her canvas!

Lesson 2 Vocabulary

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**Allegory** (noun), allegorical (adj.) - a human figure used to
represent an idea or emotion.

**Armature** (noun) - an inner structure, usually made from wood, wire
or iron pipe, and used to support the weight of clay or plaster.

**Bronze** (noun) - a metal alloy (copper, tin and zinc) used to cast
bells or sculpture.

**Bust** (noun) - a three-dimensional sculpture portrait, usually
showing the head to the shoulders.

**Cast** (noun) - a reproduction of the original (statue) in metal or
plaster.

**Cast** (verb) -- to make a reproduction of the original.

**Colossal** (adj.) - in sculpture, an exceptional or astonishing size.

**Encasement** (noun) -- structure made to surround a wax model.

**Foundry** (noun) - an establishment where the process of casting
metals takes place.

**Frieze** (noun) - a horizontal strip of sculpture, usually in low
relief, which is applied to a wall.

**Heroic** (adj.) - as it refers to the size of sculpture, larger than
life.

**Mythology** (noun) - stories of gods and goddesses from Greek and
Roman legends.

**Patina** (noun) -- a green film formed naturally on copper or bronze
due to long exposure to the elements, or created artificially by
selected acids applied to metal to give it a certain color, usually
green or brown. (verb) -- to apply acids to metal.

**Portrait** (noun) - the real image of a person or animal.

**Relief** (noun)- a sculptural term in which the figures are attached
to a background; the figures may be modeled in High relief or Low
relief, and are meant to be seen from the front only.

**Sculpture in the Round** -- refers to a three-dimensional sculpture,
which is freestanding and has height, depth and width.

**Sprew** (noun) -- a wax addition made to a sculpture to allow for the
free flow of metal during casting.

**Representational** (adj.) -- a work of art which is realistic, with no
distortion or stylization.

Bas Relief Activity

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Goal: **Students will demonstrate an understanding of the bas-relief
sculpture**

**process by modeling from their original drawing.**

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Background Information:

1)  Review with students the term *relief sculpture*. Explain that
    *relief sculpture* is sometimes called \"a drawing in clay,\" in
    which the design is raised from the background and at the same time
    attached to it. Relief is meant to be seen from the front only.

2)  Saint-Gaudens did many relief portraits in the bas relief
    (pronounced **baaa**) technique. Some of his work is so delicate
    that the figures are modeled only 1/8\" above the background.

3)  Remember that coins are also examples of *relief sculpture*.

4)  Relief is the most difficult type of sculpture to do well! Let your
    students try the technique, which will help them to experience this
    process of modeling in clay.

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Materials:

1)  Clay- about 1-2 pounds of clay per student. (If there is no kiln,
    use self-hardening clay.)

2)  A 12\" square piece of masonite/cardboard on which to work

3)  Simple clay tools (or improvise with plastic spoons, forks, knives
    etc.)

4)  Rolling pins

5)  Atomizers or sponges (to keep the clay damp and workable)

6)  Plastic bags in which to keep clay and to cover student reliefs
    (make sure there are no holes)

7)  If this relief is to become a wall plaque, make a hole approx. 1/2\"
    from the top. Clay shrinks as it dries, so make the hole larger than
    you might expect.

8)  Round toothpicks

Best Location for this Activity: Any room with access to clay, water and
storage.

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Procedure:

1)  The night before, ask students to make a drawing which would fit on
    an 8\" x 11\" piece of paper. Subjects could be a portrait of a
    friend, sibling, parent, or a pet; scenes from daily life such as
    their house, room or school; an historical event, a special place or
    an episode from their favorite story. They could also bring in a
    photo to use as a start. **However, the best designs are simple.**

2)  Distribute clay to students; wedge (knead) clay to get air bubbles
    out.

3)  Students will divide their clay in half and either roll or press out
    a slab about 3/4\" thickness. Be sure to flip the slab while it is
    being shaped so it will not stick to the work surface. Keep unused
    clay in the bag.

4)  With a toothpick, lightly trace the drawing onto the slab. Now,
    using the other half of the clay, begin to model the drawing using
    fingers and tools. You are working for three levels of relief. The
    background will be the lowest relief and the foreground (those
    shapes closest to you) will be the highest. This will take practice.

5)  If the clay begins to dry out, dampen it with the sponge or
    atomizer.

6)  Textures should be modeled with fingers/tools for an interesting
    surface.

7)  If this relief is to become a wall plaque, make a hole approx. 1/2\"
    from the top. Clay shrinks as it dries, so make the hole larger than
    you might expect.

Lesson 2 - Let's Look at Sculpture

A **SCULPTOR** is an artist who makes **SCULPTURE**.

-   Augustus Saint-Gaudens worked in two kinds of traditional sculpture:

    -   RELIEF: in which the figures are attached to their background. A
        relief has been defined as a \"drawing in clay.\" Coins and
        medals are examples of relief. Saint-Gaudens modeled many of his
        friends in portrait reliefs. If the figures in a relief form a
        procession, this is called a frieze.

    -   SCULPTURE IN THE ROUND: a figure which is finished on all sides
        and which you can walk around. A portrait bust is an example of
        sculpture in the round.

**[What can a sculpture be made of? How is it
made?\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}**

> **Stone** Carved with chisels
>
> **Clay** Modeled with fingers or tools
>
> **Wood** Carved with knives
>
> **Plaster Cast** From a clay original
>
> **Bronze Cast** From a plaster original

**[What can a sculpture show?
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Something **representational** or **realistic** Shows something real or
modeled from life

> A **portrait** Shows an individual.
>
> An **allegory** Uses a human figure to suggest an idea or an emotion.
>
> A **myth** Mythology is a favorite source for subject matter using
> figures taken from Greek or Roman legends.

**[How can you USE sculptures?
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**What ideas do you have?**

> **coins** used in trade for goods and services
>
> **trophies or medals** used as awards
>
> **garden figures** used as decoration or as fountains
>
> **weathervanes** used to show wind direction
>
> **public monuments** used to remember a person or event
>
> **gravestones** used to document someone\'s life

**[What SIZE is sculpture?
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COLOSSAL HEROIC LIFE-SIZE REDUCTION

(like the Statue of Liberty) (larger than life) (less than life-size)

PUZZLER

How many of the following sculpture terms can you find? Draw a circle
around the answers. The words may be written forward, backward, on the
diagonal and may share letters.

**Happy Hunting!**

  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  L     G     R     A     V     E     S     T     O     N     E     P

  A     W     L     R     A     C     C     E     I     D     V     M

  S     U     I     E     F     L     U     R     B     O     D     T

  S     M     Y     T     H     O     L     O     G     Y     V     K

  O     O     G     S     J     T     P     C     A     S     T     I

  L     N     V     A     N     S     T     O     G     S     I     D

  O     U     R     L     E     Q     U     S     U     O     A     B

  C     M     I     P     U     Z     R     B     A     C     R     E

  H     E     R     O     I     C     E     P     J     O     T     Y

  M     N     H     A     P     C     O     I     N     L     R     A

  A     T     I     D     W     P     R     Z     R     B     O     L

  F     E     I     L     E     R     E     F     C     F     P     C
  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

1.  allegory 2. bronze 3. bust 4. cast 5. clay

6\. coin 7. colossal 8. frieze 9. gravestone 10. heroic

11\. monument 12. mythology 13. plaster 14. portrait 15. relief

16\. sculpture

### [PUZZLERS-DECODER]{.underline}

How many of the following sculpture terms can you find? Draw a circle
around the answers. The words may be written forward, backward, on the
diagonal and may share letters.

  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  L     G     R     A     V     E     S     T     O     N     E     P

  A     W     L     R     A     C     C     E     I     D     V     M

  S     U     I     E     F     L     U     R     B     O     D     T

  S     M     Y     T     H     O     L     O     G     Y     V     K

  O     O     G     S     J     T     P     C     A     S     T     I

  L     N     V     A     N     S     T     O     G     S     I     D

  O     U     R     L     E     Q     U     S     U     O     A     B

  C     M     I     P     U     Z     R     B     A     C     R     E

  H     E     R     O     I     C     E     P     J     O     T     Y

  M     N     H     A     P     C     O     I     N     L     R     A

  A     T     I     D     W     P     R     Z     R     B     O     L

  F     E     I     L     E     R     E     F     C     F     P     C
  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

1.  allegory 2. bronze 3. bust 4. cast 5. clay

6\. coin 7. colossal 8. frieze 9. gravestone 10. heroic

11\. monument 12. mythology 13. plaster 14. portrait 15. relief

16\. sculpture

### Draw Your Own Frieze

A **frieze** is a band of figures modeled in relief sculpture. (Example:
in Saint-Gaudens\' *SHAW MEMORIAL* the soldiers are modeled from very
low relief to very high relief.) Can you think of a procession you have
seen?\....a 4th of July parade, a marching band, scout troops marching,
a sports team entering a play field, or even a football lineup?

**Design your own frieze. Remember: overlapping figures give a sense of
depth. Be sure to fill the space between the guidelines.**

When Augustus Saint-Gaudens was a young man he traveled to Italy and
opened his first studio in Rome, where he lived for five years. He loved
the classical art and architecture he saw around him. Much later, when
he came to Cornish, NH, he mounted a copy of a classical **frieze** on
the wall of his studio.