**Arctic Science,**

**Engineering, and Education**

**National Science Foundation**

**DIRECTORY OF AWARDS: FISCAL YEAR 1996**

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

**INTRODUCTION: ARCTIC SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND EDUCATION i**

ARCTIC AWARDS FOR INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS BY STATE ii

NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ARCTIC AWARDS SUMMARY: FISCAL YEAR 1996 vii

DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATION OF FORMAT viii

ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES

BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

EARTH SCIENCES

OCEAN SCIENCES

GLACIOLOGY

ARCTIC SYSTEM SCIENCE

GREENLAND ICE SHEET PROJECT (GISP2)

OCEAN--ATMOSPHERE--ICE INTERACTION (OAII)

PALEOCLIMATES FROM ARCTIC LAKES AND ESTUARIES (PALE)

LAND--ATMOSPHERE--ICE INTERACTIONS (LAII)

GENERAL

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES

ENGINEERING

EDUCATION

ARCTIC COORDINATION AND INFORMATION

ARCTIC RESEARCH SUPPORT

INDEXES

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS 88

INSTITUTIONS 91

GEOGRAPHIC AREAS 93

KEY WORDS 96

#  {#section .unnumbered}

# INTRODUCTION: ARCTIC SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND EDUCATION

The following is a report on Arctic grants awarded by the National
Science Foundation (NSF) during Fiscal Year 1996 (October 1, 1995 to
September 30, 1996).

Presentation of this information is partially a response to the Arctic
Research and Policy Act of 1984. The Arctic is defined by the Act as
"all United States and foreign territory north of the Arctic Circle and
all United States territory north and west of the boundary formed by the
Porcupine, Yukon, and Kuskokwin Rivers; all contiguous seas, including
the Arctic Ocean and the Beaufort, Bering, and Chukchi Seas; and the
Aleutian chain."

The Act designates the NSF as lead agency and chair agency for the
Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee, and calls for integrated
planning and budgetary processes.

This detailed listing shows the scope of NSF activities in the Arctic.
Essentially, all NSF funds were devoted to basic science, engineering,
and education and related operational, informational, and advisory
support. Further information on other agencies' programs is presented in
the journal, *Arctic Research of the United States*, and the *U.S.
Arctic Research Plan* and its biennial revisions.

In addition to investigations in Alaska and adjacent waters, research
was supported in all Arctic-bordered countries. Of the total \$46.07
million obligated in Fiscal Year 1996, the Office of Polar Programs'
(OPP) share is \$29.12 million. The remainder was awarded from funds in
other Divisions and programs throughout the Foundation. There were 326
awards to 133 institutions in 35 U.S. states, the District of Columbia,
Guam, Sweden, and Canada.

*NSF funding of Arctic research since 1988 is shown below in thousands
of dollars.*

  ----------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
              ***FY88***   ***FY89***   ***FY90***   ***FY91***   ***FY92***   ***FY93***   ***FY94***   ***FY95***   ***FY96***

  OPP         8,211        10,175       12,310       14,696       20,638       22,072       24,205       25,809       29,118

  Other       14,906       13,549       11,778       12,445       14,308       13,779       16,279       19,386       16,959

  **Total**   **23,117**   **23,724**   **24,088**   **27,151**   **39,946**   **35,851**   **40,484**   **45,195**   **46,077**
  ----------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

In some instances, awards are listed that may not fall strictly within
the limits of the Arctic as defined by the Arctic Research and Policy
Act, but apply to processes, properties, and phenomena of the Arctic.
Examples include research on boreal forests, subarctic or temperature
zone glaciers, geological and atmospheric projects south of the Arctic
Circle, and laboratory and theoretical studies. Individual awards
contain their own logistics budgets and no attempt is made to separate
those costs; only specific awards for field support are listed
separately. A complete list of institutions and organization that
received funds in Fiscal Year 1996 follows.

Users of this list should keep in mind that these projects do not
exhaust the range of subjects that might be supported by NSF in the
future. Research that promises to add significantly to science,
engineering, or education is eligible for consideration. The data
reported in this award list were compiled from individual program
submissions from throughout the NSF. The information includes awards for
research but excludes administrative costs that are included in NSF
budget source documents.

Charles E. Myers

Head, Interagency Arctic Staff

Office of Polar Programs

# ARCTIC AWARDS FOR INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANIZATIONS BY STATE

+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
|                                    | **OPP**  | **N      | *        |
|                                    |          | on-OPP** | *Total** |
|                                    | **F      |          |          |
|                                    | unding** | **F      |          |
|                                    |          | unding** |          |
+====================================+==========+==========+==========+
| ***[UNITED STATES AND              |          |          |          |
| TERRITORIES]{.underline}***        |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **ALABAMA**                        | **\$     | **\$     | **\$     |
|                                    | 16,000** | 34,539** | 50,539** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of South Alabama        |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **ALASKA**                         | **\$3,3  | **\$4,2  | **\$7,5  |
|                                    | 01,644** | 20,470** | 22,114** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Alaska Federation of Natives       |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Anchorage School District          |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Arctic Research Consortium of the  |          |          |          |
| United States                      |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Associated Village Council         |          |          |          |
| President                          |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| International Union for            |          |          |          |
| Circumpolar Health                 |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Inuit Circumpolar Conference       |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Scientific Fishery Systems         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Alaska--Anchorage    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Alaska--Fairbanks    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Alaska--SE Juneau    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **ARKANSAS**                       | **\$     | **\$0**  | **\$     |
|                                    | 91,700** |          | 91,700** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Arkansas             |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **ARIZONA**                        | **\$1    | **\$     | **\$2    |
|                                    | 88,251** | 99,098** | 87,349** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Arizona State University           |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Arizona              |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **CALIFORNIA**                     | **\$3,0  | **\$2,9  | **\$5,9  |
|                                    | 59,079** | 36,013** | 95,092** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Aerospace Corporation              |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Lockheed Miss--Palto Alto          |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Naval Postgraduate School          |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| San Diego State University         |          |          |          |
| Foundation                         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| San Francisco State University     |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| San Jose State University          |          |          |          |
| Foundation                         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| SRI International                  |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Stanford University                |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of California--Berkeley |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of California--Davis    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of California--Irvine   |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of California--Los      |          |          |          |
| Angeles                            |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of California--San      |          |          |          |
| Diego                              |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of California--Santa    |          |          |          |
| Barbara                            |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of California--Santa    |          |          |          |
| Cruz                               |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of California--Scripps  |          |          |          |
| Institute                          |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **COLORADO**                       | **\$3,4  | **\$4    | **\$3,8  |
|                                    | 24,510** | 63,231** | 87,741** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Colorado State University          |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| NOAA--Environmental Research       |          |          |          |
| Laboratory                         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| U.S. Geological Survey--Denver     |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University Corporation for         |          |          |          |
| Atmospheric Research               |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Colorado--Boulder    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Denver               |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **DELEWARE**                       | **\$0**  | **\$     | **\$     |
|                                    |          | 60,000** | 60,000** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Bartol Research Institute          |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA**           | **\$3    | **\$     | **\$4    |
|                                    | 53,078** | 75,100** | 28,178** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| American Geophysical Union         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Department of Navy--Naval Research |          |          |          |
| Laboratory                         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Department of Navy--NOAA Ice       |          |          |          |
| Center                             |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Joint Oceanographic Institutions,  |          |          |          |
| Inc.                               |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| National Academy of Sciences       |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| National Aeronautics and Space     |          |          |          |
| Administration                     |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Smithsonian Institution            |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **FLORIDA**                        | **\$1    | **\$2,7  | **\$2,8  |
|                                    | 67,362** | 29,542** | 96,904** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Emory--Riddle Aeronautical         |          |          |          |
| University                         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Florida International University   |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Harbor Branch Ocean Institute      |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Miami--School of     |          |          |          |
| Marine and                         |          |          |          |
|                                    |          |          |          |
| Atmospheric Sciences               |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **GEORGIA**                        | **\$0**  | **\$1    | **\$1    |
|                                    |          | 17,040** | 17,040** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Skidaway Institute of Oceanography |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **GUAM**                           | **\$0**  | **\$     | **\$     |
|                                    |          | 18,454** | 18,454** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Guam                 |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **HAWAII**                         | **\$1    | **\$0**  | **\$1    |
|                                    | 70,174** |          | 70,174** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Hawaii--Manoa        |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **ILLINOIS**                       | **\$     | **\$1    | **\$1    |
|                                    | 58,325** | 37,626** | 95,951** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Illinois             |          |          |          |
| Urbana--Champaign                  |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **INDIANA**                        | **\$     | **\$     | **\$     |
|                                    | 22,755** | 56,684** | 79,439** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Indiana University--Bloomington    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Purdue University Research         |          |          |          |
| Foundation                         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **MAINE**                          | **\$2    | **\$1    | **\$3    |
|                                    | 26,016** | 21,433** | 47,449** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Bates College                      |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean       |          |          |          |
| Sciences                           |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Bowdoin College                    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Maine                |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **MARYLAND**                       | **\$5    | **\$2    | **\$6    |
|                                    | 92,094** | 00,000** | 78,344** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Capital Systems Group, Inc.        |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Friday Systems Services, Inc.      |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Johns Hopkins University           |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| National Oceanic and Atmospheric   |          |          |          |
| Administration                     |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| NOAA--Oceanic and Atmospheric      |          |          |          |
| Research                           |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Maryland--College    |          |          |          |
| Park                               |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **MASSACHUSETTS**                  | **\$2,5  | **\$1,2  | **\$3,7  |
|                                    | 30,070** | 64,768** | 94,838** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Bentley College                    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Boston College                     |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Boston University                  |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Harvard University                 |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Marine Biological Laboratory       |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Massachusetts Institute of         |          |          |          |
| Technology                         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Mount Holyoke College              |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Quadrant Engineering               |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of                      |          |          |          |
| Massachusetts--Amherst             |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Woods Hole Oceanographic           |          |          |          |
| Institution                        |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **MICHIGAN**                       | **\$2    | **\$1,0  | **\$1,3  |
|                                    | 71,177** | 91,140** | 62,317** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Calvin College                     |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Michigan State University          |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Michigan Technological University  |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Michigan             |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **MINNESOTA**                      | **\$7    | **\$     | **\$8    |
|                                    | 70,741** | 80,000** | 50,741** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Augsburg College                   |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| St. Olaf College                   |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Minnesota--Twin      |          |          |          |
| Cities                             |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **MISSOURI**                       | **\$1    | **\$0**  | **\$1    |
|                                    | 05,879** |          | 05,879** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Missouri--St. Louis  |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **NEBRASKA**                       | **\$3,1  | **\$0**  | **\$3,1  |
|                                    | 68,741** |          | 68,741** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Nebraska at Lincoln  |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **NEVADA**                         | **\$1    | **\$0**  | **\$1    |
|                                    | 35,311** |          | 35,311** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Nevada--Desert       |          |          |          |
| Research Institute                 |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Nevada--Las Vegas    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **NEW HAMPSHIRE**                  | **\$1,7  | **\$2    | **\$1,9  |
|                                    | 21,789** | 49,650** | 71,439** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Dartmouth College                  |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of New Hampshire        |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| U.S. Army Cold Regions Research    |          |          |          |
| and Engineering                    |          |          |          |
|                                    |          |          |          |
| Laboratory                         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **NEW JERSEY**                     | **\$     | **\$     | **\$     |
|                                    | 55,767** | 25,767** | 81,534** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Rutgers, The State University      |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **NEW YORK**                       | **\$3,0  | **\$1,0  | **\$4,0  |
|                                    | 24,545** | 02,059** | 26,604** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Colgate University                 |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Columbia University                |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Cornell University--Endowed        |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| CUNY Hunter College                |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Health Research, Inc.              |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| State University of New            |          |          |          |
| York--Albany                       |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| State University of New            |          |          |          |
| York--Brockport                    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| State University of New            |          |          |          |
| York--Buffalo                      |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Rochester            |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Vassar College                     |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **NORTH CAROLINA**                 | **\$0**  | **\$     | **\$     |
|                                    |          | 74,145** | 74,145** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Duke University                    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Triangle Research and Development  |          |          |          |
| Corporation                        |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **OHIO**                           | **\$4    | **\$2    | **\$6    |
|                                    | 23,680** | 62,442** | 86,122** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Ohio State University Research     |          |          |          |
| Foundation                         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Cincinnati           |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **OREGON**                         | **\$3    | **\$1    | **\$5    |
|                                    | 97,872** | 95,386** | 93,258** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Oregon State University            |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Southern Oregon State College      |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Oregon--Eugene       |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| WET Labs, Inc.                     |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **PENNSYLVANIA**                   | **\$5    | **\$0**  | **\$5    |
|                                    | 37,335** |          | 37,335** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Bryn Mawr College                  |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Carnegie Mellon University         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Lehigh University                  |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Pennsylvania State                 |          |          |          |
| University--University Park        |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **RHODE ISLAND**                   | **\$1    | **\$     | **\$1    |
|                                    | 22,039** | 68,910** | 90,949** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Rhode Island         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **TENNESSEE**                      | **\$1    | **\$1    | **\$3    |
|                                    | 20,404** | 82,251** | 02,655** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Tennessee--Knoxville |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **TEXAS**                          | **\$7    | **\$1    | **\$9    |
|                                    | 39,742** | 86,300** | 26,042** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Houston              |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Texas--Austin        |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| William Marsh Rice University      |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **UTAH**                           | **\$     | **\$     | **\$1    |
|                                    | 69,165** | 65,000** | 34,165** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Brigham Young University           |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Utah State University              |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **VIRGINIA**                       | **\$7    | **\$1    | **\$9    |
|                                    | 75,827** | 58,833** | 32,644** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Arctic Research Commission         |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Department of Navy--Office of      |          |          |          |
| Naval Research                     |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Individual Award                   |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| National Science Foundation,       |          |          |          |
| Office of Polar                    |          |          |          |
|                                    |          |          |          |
| Programs (Research Support)        |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Old Dominion Research Foundation   |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| U.S. Geological Survey             |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **WASHINGTON**                     | **\$1,7  | **\$4    | **\$2,1  |
|                                    | 41,117** | 00,146** | 41,263** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Alliant Techsystems, Inc.          |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Washington           |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Washington State University        |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Western Washington University      |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **WISCONSIN**                      | **\$2    | **\$3    | **\$6    |
|                                    | 84,684** | 32,982** | 17,666** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Wisconsin--Madison   |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **WYOMING**                        | **\$4    | **\$0**  | **\$4    |
|                                    | 13,875** |          | 13,875** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| University of Wyoming              |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
|                                    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **[INTERNATIONAL]{.underline}**    |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **CANADA**                         | **\$0**  | **\$     | **\$     |
|                                    |          | 50,000** | 50,000** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| Memorial University of             |          |          |          |
| Newfoundland                       |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **SWEDEN**                         | **\$     | **\$0**  | **\$     |
|                                    | 37,995** |          | 37,995** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| International Geosphere            |          |          |          |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+
| **GRAND TOTALS**                   | **\$29,1 | **\$16,9 | **\$46,0 |
|                                    | 18,743** | 59,009** | 77,752** |
+------------------------------------+----------+----------+----------+

#  NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION ARCTIC AWARDS SUMMARY

# FISCAL YEAR 1996

+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                         | *      | **N    | **T    |
|                                         | *OPP** | on-OPP | otal** |
|                                         |        | Am     |        |
|                                         | **Am   | ount** |        |
|                                         | ount** |        |        |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| **ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES** (45 awards)    | **\    | **\    | **\    |
|                                         | $1,615 | $4,551 | $6,164 |
|                                         | ,107** | ,747** | ,838** |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| **BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES** (25 awards)     | **\    | **\    | **\    |
|                                         | $2,575 | $1,729 | $4,305 |
|                                         | ,215** | ,834** | ,049** |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| **EARTH SCIENCES** (41 awards)          | **\    | **\    | **\    |
|                                         | $1,696 | $1,704 | $3,400 |
|                                         | ,390** | ,065** | ,455** |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| **OCEAN SCIENCES** (29 awards)          | **\    | **\    | **\    |
|                                         | $2,498 | $4,075 | $6,574 |
|                                         | ,683** | ,380** | ,063** |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| **GLACIOLOGY** (28 awards)              | **\    | *      | **\    |
|                                         | $1,735 | *\$491 | $2,226 |
|                                         | ,800** | ,104** | ,904** |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| **ARCTIC SYSTEM SCIENCES** (96 awards)  | **\$   | **\    | **\$   |
|                                         | 15,653 | $1,134 | 16,673 |
|                                         | ,063** | ,686** | ,999** |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| **SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SCIENCES** (34    | **\    | *      | **\    |
| awards)                                 | $1,860 | *\$242 | $2,102 |
|                                         | ,633** | ,087** | ,720** |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| **ENGINEERING** (4 awards)              | *      | *      | *      |
|                                         | *\$0** | *\$259 | *\$259 |
|                                         |        | ,832** | ,832** |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| **EDUCATION** (7 awards)                | *      | **\    | **\    |
|                                         | *\$146 | $2,730 | $2,877 |
|                                         | ,875** | ,174** | ,049** |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| **ARCTIC COORDINATION & INFORMATION**   | *      | **\$40 | *      |
| (9 awards)                              | *\$838 | ,100** | *\$878 |
|                                         | ,701** |        | ,801** |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| **ARCTIC RESEARCH SUPPORT** (8 awards)  | *      | *      | *      |
|                                         | *\$498 | *\$0** | *\$498 |
|                                         | ,276** |        | ,276** |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+
| **GRAND TOTAL** (326 awards)            | **\$   | **\$   | **\$   |
|                                         | 29,118 | 16,959 | 46,077 |
|                                         | ,743** | ,009** | ,752** |
+-----------------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+

#  DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATION OF FORMAT

*Arctic Science, Engineering, and Education Directory of Awards*
provides bibliographic data on the Arctic awards granted each Fiscal
Year by the National Science Foundation. All awards are listed under
their primary Division and within Division by program. Split-funded
awards are listed only under their primary programs.

The following indexes appear at the end of the publication: Principal
Investigator; Institution; Geographic Area; and Key Word. All entries
are listed in alphabetical order and refer to the corresponding page
number.

#### **Sample Record and Field Definitions:**

1.  Title of the Award

2.  Award Number

3.  Starting Date; Amount Funded; and Duration of Award

4.  Name of Institution (any college, university, laboratory, industry,
    or other organization designated as the NSF awardee)

5.  Address of Awardee Institution

6.  Principal Investigator (PI)

7.  Abstract of Award

#### **Format at a Glance:**

1.  Paleozoic Faunal Affinity Studies in West-Central and East-Central
    Alaska

#### EAR 9312854

2.  09/15/96; (INT) \$12,919; 32 months

3.  University of Oregon--Eugene

4.  Eugene, OR 97403-5219

5.  Norman M. Savage

6.  The PI will collect brachiopod and conodont faunas of suspect
    terranes in central Alaska and compare these faunas with known
    faunas in southeastern Alaska and cratonic North America. The
    comparison of these faunas will help determine the history of
    terrane displacement in Alaska. The field effort will be coordinated
    with the U.S. Geological Survey.

# Atmospheric Sciences

Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): The
Longyearbyen Optical Station

#### ATM 9302610

06/15/93; (ATM) \$34,364; 48 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Roger W. Smith

The Longyearbyen Optical Station is the only ground station in the
Northern Hemisphere with regularly scheduled airline service, which
permits 24-hour observation of the aurora and airglow. The EISCAT radar
polar cap extension will be built a few miles from the observatory site.
This proposal seeks funding for maintenance of Longyearbyen in support
of the Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR)
and Geospace Environmental Monitoring (GEM) programs so that it will
provide a ready location for continued high-latitude optical studies.
The station has supported investigations of dayside and nightside
aurora, ionospheric currents, high-latitude dynamics of the thermosphere
and mesosphere and also measurements of stratospheric minor constituents
connected with the ozone cycle. In collaboration with the University of
Tromsø, the University of Alaska has developed the station into a modern
research facility complete with a set of first-class optical and
magnetic instruments, individual observation bays for visitors, areas
for setup and repairs, and comfortable living conditions. The PI plans
the continuation of this work with centrally supported maintenance of
the station and its instrument complement.

Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): Early
Polar Cap Observatory (ESU 93-13)

#### ATM 9311236

09/01/93; (OPP) \$160,000, (ATM) \$114,000; 60 months

SRI International

Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493

John D. Kelly

The Polar Cap Observatory (PCO) is considered essential for continued
progress in understanding the Sun's influence on the structure and
dynamics of our planet's atmosphere. An essential first step in the
establishment of the PCO is the development of infrastructure in
Resolute Bay, Northwest Territories, Canada, in which to conduct
preliminary scientific investigations. The PI proposes to provide the
necessary infrastructure with which to begin the Early PCO (EPCO) phase.
This includes a building with laboratory space, optical domes and living
quarters, along with road construction and installation of power lines.
The PI will also provide a spaced-receiver scintillation detector and
ionospheric drift monitor, as well as a frequency-agile radar for
preliminary scientific investigations. These investigations will focus
on polar cap E fields, plasma structure, polar cap auroral arcs and
polar mesospheric echoes. In addition, the proposed infrastructure would
be capable of supporting instruments proposed by other researchers that
might include a spectrometer, interferometer, photometer, magnetometer,
digisonde, riometer, medium frequency (MF) radar, ST radar and more.

Joint Incoherent Scatter Radar and Spectroscopic-Interferometric
Investigations of Auroral Processes Over Sondre Stromfjord

#### ATM 9320426

04/15/94; (ATM) \$100,542; 42 months

Emory--Riddle Aeronautical University

Daytona Beach, FL 32115-0540

Gulamabas G. Sivjee

This award is for joint radar and optical investigations of the
interactions between the atmospheric constituents in the polar
thermosphere and precipitating auroral electrons. The latter dissipate
most of their energy through a combination of processes involving
dissociation, excitation and ionization of some of the upper atmospheric
constituents. In turn, the by-products of these processes interact with
ambient air particles to modify polar thermospheric composition and
thermodynamics. All these upper atmospheric auroral processes can be
investigated by combining ground-based remote-sensing measurements of
auroral ionization profiles using incoherent scatter radar (ISR)
sounding of the auroral region, and concurrent bore-sighted
spectroscopic and interferometric observations of the optical signatures
of the auroral electron excitation of N~2~, O~2~, O and N. The database
for these studies will be constructed from the ISR and
spectro-interferometric observations of auroral displays occurring over
Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland.

Geospace Environmental Monitoring (GEM): Support for the Operation and
Analysis of Data from the Induction Magnetometer at Iqaluit, Northwest
Territories, Canada: A Conjugate Site to South Pole, Antarctica

#### ATM 9400664

08/15/94; (ATM) \$7,630; 36 months

University of New Hampshire

Durham, NH 03824

Roger L. Arnoldy

This proposal is a request for funds for the next three years (remainder
of the GEM Boundary Layer Campaign) to analyze the data that is being
received from an induction magnetometer operating at Iqaluit, Northwest
Territories, Canada, which is nominally magnetically conjugate to South
Pole, Antarctica. The magnetometer was built and installed at Iqaluit in
June 1993 with funds provided under the GEM program and Grant \#
ATM-9111929. The major objective of the GEM Boundary Layer Campaign is
to understand the interaction of the solar wind with the Earth's
magnetic field and the transport of energy across dayside boundaries.
Waves are an important mediator of this transport of energy due to the
collisionless nature of the medium in which the boundaries are imbedded.
Induction magnetometers measure the high-frequency component (greater
than 0.1 Hz) of naturally occurring ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves in
the Earth's magnetosphere and in the solar wind, which cannot be done
with conventional magnetometers. Ground measurement and the study of
these waves in the magnetosphere is important because they are of
sufficiently short wavelengths to propagate as wave packers in the
Earth's magnetic field. In such a mode of propagation the Pc 1 and Pc 2
waves can be used as probes of the topology of the geomagnetic field and
its boundaries. Their resonant generation by ions and the modification
of their propagation by cold plasma populations indirectly provides a
study of these particles. The location at Iqaluit is vital because this
site permits a global study of ULF waves by using several sites in
Antarctica, as well as at the Sondre Stromfjord site in Greenland.
Repetitive structure in the wave form at two opposite hemisphere sites
180 degrees out of phase can be an indication of closed magnetic field
lines. A time delay between sites at different longitudes in either
hemisphere can give scale size and/or motion of the source creating the
waves. Spacecraft making single point measurements are hard-pressed to
define boundaries, but done in correlation with multiple ground
measurements, as proposed here, one can begin to build a global picture
of the important dayside magnetospheric boundaries. As a result of this
correlative work in providing "space-truth," ground measurements in the
future can monitor these boundaries and their dependence upon solar wind
and, ultimately, solar conditions.

Geospace Environmental Monitoring (GEM): Continued Operation of the
Magnetometer Array for Cusp and Cleft Studies (MACCS)

#### ATM 9401524

08/01/94; (ATM) \$60,000; 36 months

Augsburg College

Minneapolis, MN 55454-1338

Mark J. Engebretson

#### ATM 9401733

09/01/94; (ATM) \$122,081; 36 months

Boston University

Boston, MA 02118-2394

W. Jeffrey Hughes

It is proposed to continue to operate and analyze data from the recently
installed MACCS array of fluxgate magnetometers located at cusp/cleft
latitudes (75° to 80°) in arctic Canada in a joint effort with Augsburg
College. During the summers of 1992 and 1993, eight magnetometers were
deployed at small communities in the eastern arctic. These eight
observatories span nearly five hours in magnetic local time in the
latitude region most valuable for ground-based observations of the
magnetospheric boundary layer, and also serve to connect existing
magnetometer sites in Alaska and western Canada to the west and to sites
on Greenland and Baffin Island to the east. In addition, it is proposed
here to add data loggers at three standard Canadian observatories
(Resolute, Cambridge Bay and Baker Lake). This would allow researchers
to obtain one-second data from these sites and routinely combine this
data with the MACCS database, effectively extending the MACCS array
another hour to the west. The purpose of the MACCS array is to study
ionospheric currents, plasma flows and waves associated with the
magnetospheric cusp and neighboring regions. In association with the
radar systems beginning to operate in this same area, these
magnetometers will provide high resolution, two-dimensional data on the
electrodynamics of cusp convection. The MACCS data also contain numerous
high-latitude substorm signatures. As the GEM program begins its
substorm campaign, it is proposed to use MACCS data to study the small,
contracted oval substorms associated with northward interplanetary
magnetic field (IMF), and also to study the recovery phase of regular
substorms during which the activity moves poleward over the MACCS array.

Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR): Lidar
Studies of the Arctic Middle Atmosphere at Poker Flat, Alaska

#### ATM 9415767

01/15/95; (ATM) \$72,311; 23 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Richard L. Collins

This award will support the deployment of a resonance lidar at the Poker
Flat Research Range near Fairbanks, Alaska. The lidar will provide
measurements of the arctic middle atmosphere from the upper troposphere
to the lower thermosphere. The lidar uses scattering from molecules,
aerosols and metal atoms to yield measurements of density, temperature,
aerosol backscatter ratio and metal density in the stratosphere and
mesosphere. The measurements will be used to address several topics of
current research interest: the role of aerosols in the chemistry of the
high-latitude stratosphere, the occurrence of aerosols in the polar
mesosphere, the temperature structure of the lower mesosphere and
stratosphere, the structure of the mesospheric metal layers and the
characteristics of waves and tides in the mesopause region.

Continuing Operation of a Magnetometer Array on the Greenland Ice Cap
(MAGIC) to Investigate Propagating Ionospheric Current Systems for
Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM)

#### ATM 9501380

06/01/95; (OPP) \$86,847, (ATM) \$43,153; 24 months

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1274

Vladimir O. Papitashvili

This proposal is directed toward the continued operation of an array of
unattended, automatic magnetic data collection platforms on the
Greenland ice cap and the reduction, distribution and analysis of these
data. The MAGIC array complements the magnetic stations on the coasts of
Greenland. The MAGIC magnetic stations form a two-dimensional array with
station separation of about 150 km. The scientific objective of these
magnetic measurements is to investigate, in conjunction with the coastal
stations, small-scale propagating magnetic disturbances which appear to
result from moving filamentary field-aligned currents interacting with
the ionosphere. Different classes of these systems now have been
identified, and the origin of the field-aligned currents appears to be
near the dayside magnetopause within the magnetospheric boundary layer.
It is particularly important to have a dense two-dimensional array in
order to resolve the motion and structural evolution of these current
systems. The Greenland stations, in combination with the other GEM
funded stations deployed in Canada, permit us to observe these phenomena
over a sufficient region so as to identify their generational location
and resolve their motion and spatial evolution as they propagate. These
data and the proposed research are important in understanding the
physics of the processes which couple energy and momentum from the solar
wind to the magnetosphere and ionosphere, the physics of the
magnetospheric boundary layer and the mapping of boundary layer
phenomena to the high-latitude ionosphere.

SuperDARN (Dual Auroral Radar Network): Global-Scale Observations of the
High-Latitude Ionosphere

#### ATM 9502993

09/01/95; (ATM) \$200,000; 24 months

Johns Hopkins University

Baltimore, MD 21218

Raymond A. Greenwald

This project involves the operation and maintenance of radar at Goose
Bay, Labrador, Canada. Over the past several years, a global-scale
network of high-latitude, high-frequency (HF) radars has been developed
to probe some of the critical questions in solar-terrestrial research.
The network is known by the acronym SuperDARN and the radars within it
are based upon the design and operation of the radar located at Goose
Bay. These HF radars sense ionospheric plasma motions from Doppler
measurements of signals backscattered from small-scale ionospheric
irregularities. The new radars are funded by Britain, Canada, Finland,
France and Antarctica; four remain to be completed within the next 16
months. In addition to operation and maintenance, the PIs will ensure
that the software that controls the radars is maintained and updated,
and that data from all of the radars are collected onto common databases
that are available to interested scientists from all participating
countries, including the United States. They also will assist U.S.
scientists in the acquisition and use of HF radar data, and continue
their own research activities that are associated with the SuperDARN
data. These include studies of the global-scale structure and dynamics
of high-latitude convection under changing interplanetary magnetic field
and solar-wind pressure, studies of transient magnetospheric boundary
processes as imaged in the high-latitude ionosphere, studies of the
detailed relationships that exist in the high-latitude E-region between
electric fields, currents and conductivities, studies of large-scale MH
resonances and studies of small-scale irregularity generation in the
high-latitude ionosphere.

Polar Mesospheric Clouds and Their Atmospheric Environment

#### ATM 9505449

09/01/95; (ATM) \$105,000; 24 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Gary E. Thomas

The PI will study the phenomenon of mesospheric clouds, their
atmospheric environment and their role in middle atmospheric global
change. The PI will combine (1) analysis of existing data gathered by
spacecraft, rockets and ground-based radar; and (2) theoretical modeling
of the microphysics of mesospheric ice particle evolution and of the
atmospheric environment, including coupled dynamics, radiation and
photochemistry of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The research
will increase the understanding of physical processes that occur in the
upper mesosphere, an atmospheric region which is still poorly understood
because of its complexity and inaccessibility.

Multi-Station Auroral Spectroscopy - II

#### ATM 9523643

03/01/96; (ATM) \$85,000; 12 months

Lockheed Miss--Palto Alto

Palo Alto, CA 94304-1121

Gary R. Swenson

The PI will continue studying auroral arcs from Godhavn, Greenland.
Simultaneously, incoherent scatter radar and optical instruments at the
Sondrestrom facility will view the same aurora. Overlapping fields from
these two sites will provide a database for two-dimensional measurement
and tomographic description of auroral arcs in the magnetic meridian.
The PI also will study auroral arcs and their thermospheric effects. The
PI plans to operate a dedicated "aeronomy" campaign each winter.
Finally, he will analyze and publish results in the third year.

Geospace Environmental Monitoring (GEM): A Survey of Simultaneous Pc 3
Micropulsations and High-Latitude Impulsive Events for the GEM Boundary
Layer Campaign

#### ATM 9623790

07/15/96; (ATM) \$50,000; 11 months

University of Houston

Houston, TX 77004-2610

Edgar A. Bering

This project will undertake analysis of data to increase our
understanding of the possible signatures of magnetopause and
magnetospheric boundary layer processes that are observed in the
ionosphere and on the ground. The study will focus specifically on a
search for simultaneous observations of two different geomagnetic
perturbation phenomena whose possible sources may be either the
magnetopause or the upstream solar wind. The phenomena that will be
studied are Pc 3 micropulsations and high-latitude magnetic impulse
events known as traveling convection vortices (TCVs). Pc 3
micropulsations are quasi-periodic pertubations of the Earth's magnetic
field with periods between 10 and 45 seconds. One source of these
pulsations is believed to be the upstream solar wind. High-latitude
magnetic impulse events are large amplitude (100 nt), often monopolar,
pulsations of the geomagnetic field of 10-20 minute durations. Interest
in these pulsations was stimulated by the hypothesis that they
constituted the ionospheric signature of sporadic reconnection--though
this speculation has become very controversial. Recent work suggests
that they may occur on closed field lines. The possible connection
between Pc 3 and TCVs has not been undertaken. There have, however, been
some observations to indicate that Pc 3 events can occur simultaneously
with TCV events and propagate with the same horizontal speed. This
suggests that they may occur on the same field lines and share a common
source. A detailed study is needed to develop a conclusive determination
of a possible relationship between the two phenomena using data from the
MACCS in northern Canada.

The Spectral Radiative Properties of Stratus Clouds and Ice Surfaces in
the Arctic

#### OPP 9414172

03/15/95; (OPP) \$132,017; 23 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Peter V. Hobbs

This project is an airborne study of arctic stratus clouds with the
objective of obtaining several comprehensive sets of simultaneous
measurements of their microstructure and spectral radiative properties.
Such concurrent measurements are basic to the improvement of current
models of radiative properties of stratus clouds. These models, in turn,
are a crucial component of global circulation models, which form an
important basis for global change studies. The development of optimized
radiative forcing algorithms is the objective of a major research
effort. Additional objectives of this project are to measure the
spectral reflective properties of various arctic surfaces such as
tundra, open ocean and melting and refreezing sea ice, and to test a new
approach for distinguishing water clouds from snow and ice surfaces. The
observations will be made from a Convair C-131A aircraft configured
specifically for airborne research.

Multi-Radar Studies of the Dynamics of the Antarctic Ionosphere

#### OPP 9421266 (Arctic Funding Component)

07/01/95; (OPP) \$40,000; 24 months

Johns Hopkins University

Baltimore, MD 21218

Kile B. Baker

This project uses high-frequency coherent back-scatter radars to study
ionospheric structures of auroral origin and to determine the
magnetospheric activity responsible for the radar echoes. The existing
radars are at Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada, and the British Antarctic
Survey station at Halley Bay, Antarctica. This pair is called the Polar
Anglo-American Conjugate Experiment, and they are located such that
their fields of view are magnetically conjugate. A new radar, called the
Southern Hemisphere Auroral Experiment, will be installed at the new
South African Sanae Station in Antarctica when it is built. Though not
officially part of this consortium, the new radar at the Japanese
Antarctic Station, Syowa, will contribute complementary data. The
project is a joint venture of Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics
Laboratory (JHU/APL), British Antarctic Survey and the South African
National Antarctic Expedition. The Japanese National Institute of Polar
Research is cooperating closely with the PACE/SHARE collaboration.
JHU/APL developed the use of HF coherent radars for auroral research,
based on their extensive experience with Over-The-Horizon radars, which
are used for defense purposes.

The Development of a Fast-Response, Lightweight Instrument for *In Situ*
Measurements of Reactive Chlorine and Bromine in the Lower Stratosphere

#### ATM 9313412

05/01/94; (OPP) \$50,000, (ATM) \$48,576; 36 months

University of California--Irvine

Irvine, CA 92717

Darin W. Toohey

The concentration of ozone in the lower stratosphere is sensitive to
interaction of part-per-trillion abundances of radical species in the
NO~x~, HO~x~, ClO~x~ and BrO~x~ families. While NO~x~ and NO~x~ and
HO~x~ are predominantly of natural origin, concentrations of the halogen
oxides in the stratosphere are thought to be increasing due to
anthropogenic uses of organic halides, mainly the chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), halons, and methyl bromide. The inherent non-linear coupling of
these radical families complicates interpretations of stratospheric
photochemistry that rely either on isolated measurements of a single
species in the atmosphere or on measurements using a single detection
technique. This research project will focus on the design and deployment
of a new instrument for *in situ* measurements of reactive chlorine (ClO
and Cl~2~O~2~) and reactive bromine (BrO), one of which is based on the
technique of chemical-conversion resonance fluorescence and the other
one of which has flown successfully on aircraft and balloons. This
instrument will be sufficiently lightweight that it could be deployed
easily in conjunction with existing balloon- or aircraft-borne payloads,
especially those to be flown on a new class of unmanned aircraft. Two
major objectives will direct this project. First, these researchers will
work closely with investigators who measure the halogen oxides with
remote techniques from the ground, balloons and space to provide a
critical intercomparison of the available techniques and an evaluation
of the uncertainties of the measurements over the altitude range from 12
to 35 km. The PIs are also interested in interactions with members of
both the Network for Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) and the
Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS). Second, the project
scientists will seek collaborative investigations of the chemical and
dynamical processes that determine the abundance of ozone-destroying
radicals in the lower stratosphere. Their main interest will be the
influence of aerosols on the balance of NO~x~, ClO~x~ and BrO~x~
chemistries, especially near the tropical tropopause and at
mid-latitudes.

Water Cycle Variations in Northern High-Latitudes

#### ATM 9319952

04/15/94; (ATM) \$79,300; 42 months

University of Illinois, Urbana--Champaign

Champaign, IL 61820

John E. Walsh

This project will serve as a bridge between global climate modeling and
regionally focused hydrologic studies of northern high-latitudes. It
will mesh with both the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX)
and the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP). The first task
will be the compilation of a climatological database, including monthly
fields as well as spatial and temporal variances, for use in: (1)
validating climate model simulations of the high-latitude hydrologic
cycle and its variability, and (2) quantifying the low-frequency
variability in high-latitude hydrologic quantities. The database
compilation will focus on precipitation and runoff fields, supplemented
by computations of atmospheric moisture flux convergence, which will be
used to estimate the net P E (precipitation minus evapotranspiration) on
a regional basis. The second task will be to diagnose quantitatively the
high-latitude hydrologic cycle of the AMIP simulations in order to
determine the reasons for the model overestimation of arctic
precipitation. The last task involves the use of a regional atmospheric
model to determine what resolution is required to realistically simulate
the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation over
topographically complex areas in high-latitudes.

Theoretical Studies of the Chemical Composition of the Earth's
Atmosphere

#### ATM 9320778

06/15/94; (ATM) \$257,000; 36 months

Harvard University

Cambridge, MA 02138-3826

Michael B. McElroy

This research project is aimed at addressing key issues in stratospheric
and tropospheric chemistry. For the stratosphere: (1) field observations
will be used to test and refine our understanding of the role of
heterogenous processes on the chemistry of the lower stratosphere; (2)
diagnostic models will be developed and applied to elucidate the
chemical and dynamical mechanisms responsible for long-term trends in
the ozone, with particular attention given to global effects of volcanic
aerosols; and (3) denitrification will be examined as the controlling
influence on loss of ozone in polar regions, as part of a strategy to
clarify differences between ozone loss in the Arctic and Antarctic. For
the troposphere, the PI proposes to: (1) use data for short-lived
species from recent field expeditions to test and improve photochemical
mechanisms; (2) test the distribution of the hydroxyl radical in a
global three-dimensional Chemical Tracer Model (CTM) by observations of
carbon-14, labeled carbon monoxide; (3) by use of the CTM, test
inventory of sources for carbon monoxide, a key species regulating
hydroxyl radical concentrations, taking advantage of new data for
carbon-13 labeled carbon monoxide and carbon-18, labeled carbon monoxide
and including additional studies of ethylene and acetylene; and (4) by
use of the CTM, investigate changes in the oxidizing power of the
troposphere from 1950 to the present.

The Arctic Outflow Campaign: A Measurement Study to Characterize the
Composition and Photochemistry of Arctic Air Transported Southward
During Spring

#### ATM 9528031

01/01/96; (ATM) \$100,999; 12 months

Michigan Technological University

Houghton, MI 49931

Richard E. Honrath

This project consists of a multi-investigator measurement campaign
studying the springtime outflow of arctic air toward the North Atlantic.
During winter and spring, levels of photochemically active pollutants
are elevated in the remote arctic troposphere. Recent work indicates
that transport through the Arctic provides a substantial flux of total
reactive nitrogen (NO~y~) and non-methane hydrocarbons to the temperate
North Atlantic region. This process may play a significant role in the
tropospheric ozone budget of this and other remote regions. Current
understanding of these effects is limited by an absence of measurements
of the relevant compounds in southward-transported arctic air. The
ground-based measurement campaign will take place during January--April
1996, at a site in Newfoundland, within the dominant pathway of
springtime arctic air flow. Measurements will include ozone, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, peroxyacetic nitric anhydride, peroxypropionic
nitric anhydride, alkyl nitrates, total reactive nitrogen, non-methane
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, in addition to standard meteorological
parameters and radiometer-based nitrogen dioxide photodissociation
rates. Real-time isentropic back-trajectory forecasts and meteorological
analyses will be used to guide the sampling frequency to ensure adequate
coverage during outflow events. An archive of back-trajectories will
assist in data interpretation. The results of this study will be used to
assess the impact of the winter--spring arctic reservoir on the levels
and speciation of NO~x~, NO~y~ and non-methane hydrocarbons at lower
latitudes. Impacts on the local ozone formation/destruction rate and
budget will be estimated by using a photochemical box model.

Heterogeneous Bromine Reactions at Polar Atmospheric Conditions

#### ATM 9530659

08/15/96; (ATM) \$70,499; 11 months

Health Research, Inc.

Albany, NY 12237

Liang T. Chu

This project will explore heterogeneous reactions of bromine, which are
potentially important to polar ozone depletion and ozone loss in the
tropospheric Arctic boundary layer. The role of HBr (hydrogen bromide)
conversion into photochemically active bromine on ice surfaces will be
explored. The results of this study will lead to a better mechanistic
understanding of uptake and heterogeneous reactions involved in ozone
depletion. The initial focus will be on uptake of HBr and the formation
mechanism of HBr hydrates on ice film surfaces. The phase diagram of
HBr-ice, along with other thermodynamic properties will be determined
from this study. The uptake of the hydrogen halides HF, HCl, HBr and HI
on ice surfaces will be compared and the trends interpreted in terms of
acidity and the interactions of the hydrogen halides with the ice
surfaces. The reaction probabilities and mechanism of gaseous HOCl and
HOBr with HBr on ice surfaces will be determined under simulated
atmospheric conditions. This project will use a glass flow reactor,
together with pulsed molecular beam sampling, quadruple mass
spectrometry and phase sensitive detection methods. Formation processes
for HBr hydrates will be examined by using specula reflection-absorbance
IR spectroscopy. The effect of the ice film surface morphology on HBr
uptake will be investigated by using scanning electron microscopic and
isotherm adsorption methods. Models will be developed to interpret the
results.

*In Situ* Measurements of Halogen Oxides in the Arctic Troposphere

#### ATM 9632968

04/15/96; (ATM) \$23,619; 11 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Linnea M. Avallone

This Small Grant for Exploratory Research (SGER) is being awarded for
the testing and deployment of a prototype instrument for detecting
halogen oxides in the troposphere. An existing and proven instrument
that has made measurements of chlorine monoxide and bromine monoxide in
the stratosphere has been modified to perform under the higher total
pressure and larger water vapor partial pressure conditions
characteristic of the troposphere. Bromine species are believed to play
a dominant role in the observed sudden depletions of ozone over the
arctic region during springtime. Bromine monoxide has been detected in
large abundance during these events. The PI will participate in the
ARCTOC 1996 campaign, which is being sponsored by the European Community
during March--May 1996. During this campaign, bromine monoxide will be
measured using other techniques as well, thereby providing an
opportunity to test the modified instrument. If this instrument works as
anticipated, halogen oxide measurements will be provided with a faster
time response and a lower detection limit than other techniques
currently in use.

Antarctic Halos and Ice Crystals

#### OPP 9419235 (Arctic Funding Component)

09/01/95; (OPP) \$77,732; 24 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Walter Tape

This project is an experimental and theoretical study of ice crystals in
the Antarctic atmosphere and the halos that they produce. For reasons
that currently are not known, the Antarctic interior experiences more
frequent and better developed halos than any other location on Earth.
The objectives of the project are to observe natural halos at South Pole
Station and to sample ice crystals in order to validate computer models
of light refraction and reflection in ice crystals. Such models have the
potential for the remote sensing of atmospheric conditions. Controlled
experiments, such as seeding the atmosphere with dry ice, will produce
artificially generated but simple and well-formed single-species
crystals. The project provides a unique mechanism for examining the
crystal growth and evolution process in the natural atmosphere. The
observation of halos through polarizing filters will also allow an
examination of the atmospheric ice crystal orientation, shape and size.
It will advance our understanding of the reasons for the growth of
well-formed ice crystals, which is a characteristic of the Antarctic
atmosphere, but is not generally observed elsewhere.

Collaborative Research: Atmospheric Controls on Northern Hemisphere
Cryosphere Variability

#### ATM 9314721

04/15/94; (OPP) \$25,767, (ATM) \$25,767; 42 months

Rutgers, The State University

New Brunswick, NJ 08903

David A. Robinson

ATM 9315351

04/15/94; (OPP) \$24,228, (ATM) \$24,228; 42 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Mark C. Serreze

This award supports comprehensive study of relationships between
atmospheric variability and fluctuations in the snow and sea-ice covers
in the Northern Hemisphere. The primary thrust of the work is to provide
a hemispheric synthesis of the sensitivity of the cryosphere to regional
changes in the atmospheric circulation, and to diagnose this sensitivity
with respect to associated interactions between precipitation,
temperature, winds and the modes of large-scale teleconnection patterns.
The PIs will identify those regions of the cryosphere warranting focused
monitoring for potential climate change, and possible future responses
of the cryosphere to changes in circulation regimes. As part of these
efforts, they will perform a series of intercomparisons between observed
snow-cover patterns and those simulated by different general circulation
models (GCMs) under present and projected future climatic conditions.
The study will address at least six basic questions: (1) What are the
relationships between variations in northern hemisphere sea ice extent
and terrestrial snow cover? (2) What areas of the cryosphere exhibit
strong or weak responses to atmospheric circulation changes and why? (3)
Which areas contribute most strongly to northern hemisphere cryosphere
variability? (4) What are the responses of the cryosphere to the modes
of large-scale teleconnections patterns, and how do these compare with
parallel anomalies in synoptic activity, temperature and precipitation?
(5) How well do different GCMs depict the present day distribution and
variability of snow cover, and are changes in the cryosphere projected
by GCMs in response to enhanced CO~2~ warming reasonable from the
viewpoint of modeled circulation changes? (6) Can the cryosphere be used
as a robust indicator of climate change? For the snow and sea-ice
analyses, gridded National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
charts of Northern Hemisphere snow extent and Navy/NOAA ice
concentration data will be combined with available station records of
snow depth, snowfall, precipitation and surface temperature.

The Affect of Altered Ocean Heat Transports on Climate: Feedback
Potential During Periods of Atmospheric Trace Gas Increase

#### ATM 9320372

04/15/94; (ATM) \$118,178; 36 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

Mark A. Chandler

The objective of this project is to investigate the decade- to
century-scale affects of ocean heat transports in numerical climate
change simulations. The project uses the Goddard Institute for Space
Studies (GISS) atmospheric general circulation model (GCM), coupled with
an ocean model that includes meridional transport of heat by the oceans,
to test directly whether changes in ocean heat transport could enhance
or ameliorate the effects of trace-gas-induced global warming. The
project is designed as a three-year, two-phase study. In the first
phase, surface heat flux diagnostics from GCM experiments will be used
to calculate the potential ocean heat transport associated with
historical (20th century) anomalies in sea surface temperatures (SST)
and sea-ice extent. The SST and sea-ice anomalies will be acquired from
the most comprehensive data sets available. In addition, ocean heat
transports will be calculated from GCM simulations and proxy data from
the Little Ice Age (ca. 1700 AD) and Last Glacial Maximum (ca. 18-2lky
BP) in order to obtain larger variations of heat fluxes that may be
closer to the potential variability of the system. The second phase of
the project focuses on simulations of the climatic effects of altered
ocean heat transports in conjunction with transient trace gas increase
scenarios. Ten 100-year simulations are planned in which the ocean heat
values, calculated in phase one, will be used to perturb the normal
pattern of climate change associated with the atmospheric trace gas
increase. The simulations in phase two will take approximately two years
to complete, based on estimates of the current computational efficiency
of the GISS GCM running on an IBM RS/6000-580 workstation. Individual
transient experiments will be completed and analyzed at the rate of one
every three months. The primary objective of this project is to identify
patterns of climate change that are associated with variability in the
air/sea/ice system and to estimate the potential ocean energy feedback
that may accompany climate changes induced by atmospheric trace gas
increase. Fingerprinting of such climate patterns will improve our
ability to detect the signs of ocean-induced climate change and can
improve our ability to distinguish between natural variability and
anthropogenic climate change. Furthermore, it will provide us with a
quantitative assessment of the oceans ability, through energy transport
feedback, to alter the climate sensitivity and GCM predictions of future
climate change. In lieu of fully coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice models,
which are unlikely to reach a reliable predictive capacity in the near
future, these experiments provide a realistic alternative for gauging
the ability of the oceans to alter GCM future climate diagnoses. This
project is funded under the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP)
NSF Climate Modeling, Analysis and Prediction program.

Derivation and Analysis of Climatic Information from Tree Rings

#### ATM 9406732

07/15/94; (ATM) \$245,000, (OPP) \$25,000, (INT) \$4,800; 36 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

Gordon C. Jacoby

This award supports dendroclimatic research at the Tree-Ring Laboratory
(TRL) at the Lamont--Doherty Earth Observatory. Analysis of growth rings
of old-aged trees provides an almost unique tool for determining
seasonal and year-by-year variations of past climate to evaluate recent
climatic changes. Large-scale reconstructions and local studies show
unusual warming in the past century, occasional abrupt climatic changes
and more prevalent extremes in dry and wet events. The current effort
will update and improve the coverage of climatically-sensitive
forest-ecotone sites with the addition of sampling for moisture stress
variations and inclusion of subfossil material to extend the tree-ring
record farther into the past. This extension is crucial for comparison
of the present, possibly anthropogenic, warmer period to natural warmer
periods of the more distant past.

Inter-American Institute (IAI) Workshop: Nunavut Environmental
Assessment Transect (NEAT)

#### ATM 9530135

05/15/96; (ATM) \$50,000; 11 months

Memorial University of Newfoundland

St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada

Elliott Burden

This project will assemble a team of senior researchers with expertise
in the areas of climate, hydrological cycles, biogeochemical cycles,
geological processes and human interventions. This team will outline, in
a conference format, the state of our knowledge of Nunavut and similar
high-latitude regions, and will then propose, in round table
discussions, the designs for long-term experiments aimed at identifying
and measuring change in these systems, and the collection and
compilation of other data and observations of change which will be the
focus of the proposal to be submitted to IAI Start-Up Grants Phase II.
Phase I of the IAI Start-Up Grants will aim to produce a volume of
review papers on the environment of Nunavut. Invited delegates will be
obligated to produce summaries of the understanding of the land, sea,
air and biology of Nunavut, and these summaries would be used to
establish baseline data and guidelines for future endeavors in Phase II
of the IAI Start-Up Grants. Logistically, platforms for this research
may be centered on the National Park reserves on Baffin, Bylot and
Ellesmere Islands. These three islands delineate a transect from below
the Arctic Circle to near the North Pole. The application developed for
Phase II will identify the relevance of this work to regional and global
interests. From a scientific perspective, understanding environmental
change is an important contribution towards understanding the earth
system. By predicting changes to Nunavut, government land-use policy can
be modified to accommodate future developments, and to contribute to
increasing the state of knowledge of similar high-latitude regions of
the Americas. It is likely that the Phase II proposal will reopen the
Arctic Research Establishment, a field station in Pond Inlet, and its
training component for local technicians and university students. In
addition, this proposal will link universities in Canada and the United
States with the IAI Network. These countries are members of the IAI, an
initiative to stimulate global change research among the scientific
institutions of the Americas.

Polar Processes in Global Climate Models

#### ATM 9612324

09/01/96; (ATM) \$58,326, (OPP) \$58,325; 24 months

University of Illinois, Urbana--Champaign

Champaign, IL 61820

John E. Walsh

This grant will promote the diagnosis and understanding of the behavior
of global climate models in polar regions. The diagnostic tasks will
complement upcoming Arctic field programs (Surface Heat Budget of the
Arctic Ocean and Atmospheric Radiation Measurements programs), driven by
the need to narrow the uncertainties in model simulations of climate
change. Research will draw upon daily output of a set of global climate
models to: (1) assess the Arctic cloud-radiation-temperature
associations in the model simulations, permitting direct comparisons
with results of the field measurements, (2) determine the frequency and
spatial distribution of extreme events in the atmospheric model
simulations and (3) determine the contribution of surface winds to
apparent biases in simulated evapotranspiration over polar surfaces. In
addition, the PI will compose a review paper synthesizing many recent
sea-ice sensitivity experiments with global climate models to identify
priorities for improving the treatment of sea ice in climate models. The
research will increase understanding of climate processes in polar
regions, as well as improve our ability to simulate these processes with
mathematical/physical models.

A Theory of Global Climate Change on Millennial Time Scales

#### ATM 9632255

07/01/96; (EAR) \$101,658; 24 months

University of Maine

Orono, ME 04469-5781

Kirk A. Maasch

In the Northern Hemisphere, large and rapid shifts in environmental
conditions have occurred repeatedly over the last glacial-interglacial
cycle. Indications are that climate change occurs on two characteristic
time scales, roughly 1--3,000 years and 5--10,000 years. Evidence for
millennial-scale climate variability has been found in ice cores drilled
through the Greenland Ice Sheet, sediment cores from the North Atlantic
Ocean, pollen records from both North America and Europe, and glacial
deposits in North America. Paleoclimate records from the Southern
Hemisphere also show climatic variability on millennial time scales.
While interhemispheric synchrony has been observed for the last
termination, the record of alpine glaciers and lake sediments in the
Andes and New Zealand now suggest that these higher frequency changes
may also be synchronous with the climatic fluctuations of the Northern
Hemisphere. This award supports a project designed to model the higher
frequency variations of climate. One of the challenges of developing
such a theory for millennial-scale climate change will be to account for
interhemispheric connections within the context of a global
environmental system. While changes in the thermohaline circulation of
the ocean have been postulated as a cause for rapid climate change on
millennial time scales in and around the North Atlantic,
interhemispheric synchrony would implicate the atmosphere as a key
factor in global climate change on this time scale.

Firn Properties and Processes at Shallow Coring Sites in Greenland

#### OPP 9530737

05/01/96; (OPP) \$33,789; 12 months

U.S. Army Cold Region Research and Engineering Laboratory

Hanover, NH 03755-1290

Mary R. Albert

The proposed project examines physical processes that affect the manner
in which heat, vapor and chemical species in air are incorporated into
snow and polar firn. The processes include diffusion and advection, the
transport of heat, vapor and chemical species by air flow within snow
and firn. An understanding of these processes is important because they
control grain growth, snow metamorphism, and the rate at which chemical
species in the atmosphere become incorporated into the snow and firn,
and thus will affect interpretation of polar ice core data. The
objectives of the project are to define the magnitude and extent, both
in space and time, of these transfer processes, and to develop a
process-level understanding and modeling capability of the phenomena
within the snow and firn. The approach is to conduct field studies at
sites where shallow cores and meteorological data are being obtained on
the Greenland Ice Sheet to determine the spatial and temporal extent for
key parameters, and boundary conditions needed to model the conduction
and advection of heat, mass and chemical species within the firn. An
existing multidimensional numerical model is being expanded to simulate
the processes and serve as the basis for ongoing and future work in
transport and distribution of chemical species. Currently,
interpretation of the polar ice core data assumes that diffusion
controls the rate at which chemical species are incorporated into the
firn. The proposed project will determine the site-specific extent of
ventilation in the firn, and will provide a model for multidimensional
diffusion and ventilation on grain growth, sublimation rates and
chemical species transport.

Monitoring Heat Transfer Across the Active Layer Above Permafrost in
Alaska

#### SBR 9308334

08/15/93; (OPP) \$19,926; 48 months

University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OH 45221

Kenneth M. Hinkel

Rising concentrations of carbon dioxide and other gases in the
atmosphere are expected to cause global warming. The effects of warming
are expected to be amplified and observable first in high-latitudes.
Current models predict that rapid warming will combine with increases in
summer rainfall and winter snowfall in northwestern North
America---conditions that may result in rapid degradation of permafrost
throughout large parts of Alaska and northwestern Canada. Similar
conditions may also persist in northern Eurasia. Although permafrost is
not in direct contact with the atmosphere, seasonal snow cover, surface
vegetation and an organic mat serve as an active layer that buffers heat
transfer. Energy passes through this active layer through convection and
through non-convective processes (including evaporation and
condensation, freezing and melting and volatilization and sublimation),
which consume or release latent energy. High-frequency measurements of
temperature and water-ionic concentrations in soils conducted by the PI
in discontinuous permafrost regions covered by boreal forests in Alaska
have indicated that the non-conductive processes can, under some
circumstances, dominate heat transfers in freezing and thawing soils.
This project will continue this line of research in both areas of
discontinuous permafrost and expand it into Arctic areas where
permafrost is continuous. Data will be collected at two different
scales, with high-frequency monitoring of near-surface processes
conducted at three sites. Measurements also will be taken in the upper
levels of permafrost at the same sites in order to refine methods for
observing changes in crucial variables in this critical zone. This
research will make contributions from both substantive and
methodological perspectives. It will add to general knowledge about the
role of non-conductive processes within the buffering active layer above
permafrost, especially as that layer responds to changes in temperature
and precipitation. Expansion of this line of research into the upper
layers of permafrost will increase understanding of processes in this
zone and will provide tests of the feasibility of new monitoring
procedures for use in many similar locales.

Variations in Upper Atmospheric Constituents' Density and Thermodynamics
in the Polar Cusp and Polar Cap Regions over Longyearbyen, Svalbard

#### ATM 9528593

05/01/96; (ATM) \$100,000; 12 months

Emory--Riddle Aeronautical University

Daytona Beach, FL 32115-0540

Gulamabas G. Sivjee

The PI will study, through remote sensing, various disturbances in the
polar upper atmosphere over the Cusp Auroral Observatory in
Longyearbyen, Svalbard. This research will address two aeronomic
problems: (1) the effects of charged particles on thermospheric
composition and thermodynamics, and (2) the effects of planetary, tidal
and gravity waves on the middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere
density and temperature. The unique location of Longyearbyen permits
monitoring optical signatures of upper atmospheric disturbances
triggered by the magnetospheric particles precipitating in the cusp and
poleward boundary of the night sector of the auroral oval, as well as in
the polar cap region. Large differences in the average energy of the
particles precipitating in these regions lead to optical emissions from
distinctly different heights. Absolute intensities of the emissions will
provide the necessary database for quantitative assessment of upper
atmospheric disturbances. Such data constitute the input needed for
detailed numerical auroral model calculations to derive thermospheric
temperatures and constituent densities at different heights. Finally,
the proposed measurements can determine the dynamical and chemical
processes that convert the effects of zonally symmetric non-migrating
tides in the polar middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere.

Space Weather: Forecasting the High-Latitude F-Region Weather

#### ATM 9613925

09/15/96; (OPP) \$29,981; 11 months

Boston College

Chestnut Hill, MA 02167-3800

Dwight Decker

The PIs intend to test their prediction abilities of the location and
timing of ionospheric irregularities in the high-latitude F region. Much
of the high-latitude F-region weather is caused by small-scale
(irregularities) and large-scale (polar cap patches, polar cap arcs,
boundary blobs, subauroral blobs, auroral blobs and auroral ionospheric
cavities) electron density structures. There is an intimate cause and
effect relationship between these small- and large-scale irregularities.
The PIs will use the Global Theoretical Ionospheric Model (GTIM) to
determine the requirements for accurately forecasting patches and blobs,
and, in turn, by using expressions for instability growth rates,
forecast the appearance of electron density irregularities. In sum, this
three-year project will: (1) test current understanding of large-scale
F-region structures and their ability to produce small-scale
irregularities, (2) confirm the role of two instability processes in
generating small-scale irregularities, (3) test current capability to
specify and forecast conditions in the high-latitudes that impact
satellite communications, (4) help establish what processes need to be
included in any physics-based ionospheric weather model and (5)
establish the level of detail required in the high-latitude electric
field in order to specify and forecast ionospheric weather.

Continuation Support of High-Latitude Geomagnetic Pulsation Measurements

#### OPP 9217024

04/01/93; (OPP) \$100,000; 54 months

University of New Hampshire

Durham, NH 03824

Roger L. Arnoldy

This grant supports the continued operation and analysis of the data
produced by induction magnetometers at South Pole and McMurdo Stations
in Antarctica and Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. These high geomagnetic
latitude sites are ideally suited for the study of plasm physics
processes which occur near the boundary of the Earth's magnetosphere, at
the poleward edge of the auroral oval and in the polar cap. The data
from this three station network, plus data from additional new
magnetometers operated by the same group but supported by other
programs, will make possible research which almost certainly will result
in new insight into the various phenomena which produce magnetic
micropulsations.

Magnetic Separatrix Identification and Measurement of Flow Across It

#### OPP 9423489

05/01/95; (OPP) \$20,000, (ATM) \$24,996; 36 months

Aerospace Corporation

Los Angeles, CA 90009

Lawrence R. Lyons

This is a project to investigate how energy from the solar wind enters
Earth's magnetosphere. The rate of energy transfer is controlled by the
electric field along the separatrix, which is the boundary between open
and closed magnetic field lines at the surface of the magnetosphere. For
this study, ground-based observations will be used to measure the rate
of reconnection of magnetic field lines across the separatrix. Both the
motion of the separatrix and the flow of plasma across it must be
measured simultaneously. The investigators will measure these quantities
using radar and optical techniques with a time resolution sufficient to
resolve changes associated with the growth and expansion phases of
auroral substorms. The results will be used to test models of plasma
convection in the magnetosphere and to evaluate the accuracy of
reconnection theories. The variation in reconnection rate associated
with auroral substorms and dayside transient effects also will be
studied.

High-Latitude Cosmic Ray Observatories in Canada

#### OPP 9424005

04/01/95; (ATM) \$60,000; 24 months

Bartol Research Institute

Newark, DE 19716

John W. Bieber

This award will enable the operation of a two-station array of cosmic
ray neutron monitors in Canada to continue for two years. They are
scheduled to be terminated very soon by the Canadian National Research
Council (NRC), which owns and operates them. The PI has reached an
agreement with the NRC to run them and eventually to obtain their
ownership. This award allows time for the arrangements of transfer to
occur, as well as to determine the relative priority of various such
facilities. These instruments, along with other high-latitude monitors,
are especially important contributors to cosmic ray studies because
their fields of view are well defined and also because they are much
more sensitive to low-energy cosmic rays, compared to mid-latitude
monitors.

Riometry in Antarctica and Conjugate Regions

#### OPP 9505823

07/15/95; (OPP) \$239,605; 23 months

University of Maryland--College Park

College Park, MD 20742

Theodore J. Rosenberg

The University of Maryland will continue studies of the high-magnetic
latitude ionosphere and magnetosphere using galactic radio noise
absorption techniques (riometry). Several years ago, they developed a
new imaging riometer which allows the study of auroral morphology during
daylight and through clouds. These imaging riometers are now being
operated at Iqaluit, Canada; Sonde Stromfjord, Greenland; and South
Pole, Antarctica. Additionally, they are operating broad beam riometers
at Iqaluit, McMurdo and South Pole as well as auroral photometers at
McMurdo and South Pole. In the next few years they will provide part of
the hardware necessary to build imaging riometers at the British Halley
Bay and the Australian Davis stations, both in Antarctica, thus
considerably extending coverage. The riometers work synergistically with
a number of other instruments which are operated at these sites by other
investigators. A major focus of investigations over the next few years
will be the characterization of drifting polar auroral patches and their
relationship to polar cap convection.

Sondestrom Facility--Research, Operation, and Coordination

#### ATM 9317167

01/15/94; (ATM) \$1,970,000; 60 months

SRI International

Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493

John D. Kelly

This award will provide continued support for the Sondrestrom incoherent
scatter radar and lidar facility at Kangerlussuaq, Greenland (formerly
Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland). SRI International will use the funds to
continue operating, maintaining and upgrading the facility and for the
scientific research efforts of its professional staff. The Sondrestrom
facility is the poleward mainstay of the four-radar chain that extends
to the magnetic equator. The requested funding will be used to
accomplish the following tasks involving both the radar and lidar
systems: (1) schedule and operate the radar approximately 1200 hours per
year, and assist in operating collocated instruments; (2) assist users
in planning, designing and interpreting results from radar and lidar
experiments; coordinate their visits, including obtaining U.S. Air Force
and diplomatic approval and providing logistics support; (3) maintain
and upgrade the radar and lidar facility, and assist in maintaining
other collocated facilities; (4) develop and maintain system software
for acquiring, reducing and interpreting data; (5) carry out World Day
observations and specific research programs; (6) provide World Day data
to the National Center for Atmospheric Research database and its users,
and maintain a comprehensive data library at Menlo Park; (7) collaborate
with scientists throughout the world in scientific pursuits concerning
the geospace environment; and (8) be the liaison between the Greenland
Home Rule Government, Danish Commission for Scientific Research in
Greenland and the National Science Foundation on issues related to the
Sondrestrom facility.

Observations and Modeling of the High-Latitude Ionosphere

#### ATM 9523818

09/01/96; (ATM) \$94,717; 12 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Brenton J. Watkins

The first part of this project will be studying the physical and
chemical processes associated with formation of thin metallic-ion
structures in the very-high-latitude upper atmosphere. Experiments will
be conducted at the Sondrestrom incoherent scatter radar facility at
Kangerlussauq, Greenland. The PI will use a routine measurement program
(currently underway) to establish a database that characterizes
different structures, such as single versus double layers, and
latitudinal and altitude distributions. He will also use a new
experimental mode that simultaneously determines latitudinal variation
of electric fields and high resolution density structures. In
conjunction with a new numerical model, these data will investigate the
relative roles of electric fields and neutral winds in layer formation,
determine the effects of time-varying E-fields, and discover the effects
of aeronomic parameters, such as the ion-neutral collision frequency.
Secondly, the PI will further develop a new Eulerian 3-time-dependent
model of the polar ionosphere. This approach is advantageous to the
traditional Lagrangian method in permitting efficient high spatial
resolution, in turn allowing time-dependent studies of polar plasma
structures and better comparisons with data. Using a new electric field
model, the PI will investigate time-dependent ionospheric effects,
particularly for northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)
conditions. This model can determine the continuous ionospheric response
to a time-varying IMF. He can then predict "space weather" effects, if
appropriate IMF and space-particle data inputs are available to the
model.

Operation of the Alaska--Canada High-Latitude Magnetometer Chain

#### ATM 9523998

04/15/96; (ATM) \$80,003; 11 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

John V. Olson

This award will continue the operation of the Alaska--Canada meridian
chain of magnetomers and riometers as a tool for the continued
investigation of high-latitude geomagnetic phenomena and also as a
remote sensing facility for the space physics community. The chain has
provided a virtually continuous database for study since the 1950s. Data
from various sites are returned in near real time to the NOAA Space
Environment Laboratory where it is available for public use and
distribution. The data are used to study magnetospheric processes,
including substorms, convection patterns, ionospheric currents,
geomagnetic pulsations and the polar cusp. The data are also used to
support rocket and satellite experiments that require information about
the overall conditions in the space environment. The investigators will
continue to operate the chain, provide data to the data center and
conduct scientific studies of geomagnetic processes. Three GOES
satellite radio transmitters will be purchased to allow real-time
transmission of data from the remote sites to the Space Environment
Center in Boulder, Colorado.

Space Weather: Ionospheric Electric Fields at High-Latitudes

#### OPP 9613847

10/01/96; (OPP) \$75,400; 12 months

Johns Hopkins University

Baltimore, MD 21218

J. M. Ruohoniemi

This project will apply the capabilities of the existing SuperDARN (Dual
Auroral Radar Network) high-frequency (HF) radar pairs in the Arctic and
Antarctic to the data needs of the National Space Weather Program
(NSWP). These radars are operated in large arrays in both polar regions
by several nations. One of the principal ways in which solar activity
influences the Earth is through the effect of the solar wind on the
magnetosphere and the upper atmosphere. The SuperDARN radars measure the
flow velocity of ionospheric structures in the upper atmosphere from
which the driving magnetospheric electric fields can be deduced. Thus,
in its present form, the radars can provide important data for the
research component of the NSWP. Additionally, the project will implement
real-time data links which will provide alerts of sudden disturbances in
the near-Earth space environment.

The Arctic Radiation Balance

#### OPP 9696032

09/01/95; (OPP) \$140,000; 26 months

Boston University

Boston, MA 02118-2394

Jeffrey R. Key

This three-year program will quantify the individual energy streams that
make up the arctic surface radiation budget, and will relate the
observed radiation distribution to synoptic-scale wind, pressure and
moisture patterns. It will be the first effort to produce a
comprehensive radiation climatology for the Arctic. The arctic surface
energy budget, particularly that of the Arctic Ocean, has been
identified as a major component of the global climate system that is
potentially sensitive to climate-scale perturbations due to feedback
mechanisms involving the surface albedo, the stability of the lower
troposphere and water vapor transport. The project includes four main
tasks: (1) the analysis of solar and long-wave radiation data obtained
directly at manned observation sites in the Arctic; (2) the calculation
of radiative fluxes at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere
using a satellite-based cloud data product from the International
Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP); (3) for selected months,
the ISCCP-derived fluxes will be compared to the corresponding synoptic
regime; and (4) a study to assess the effects of the sampling and
analysis procedure on the radiation statistics and their temporal
variability will be undertaken.

Balloon-Borne Measurements in the Arctic Vortex

#### OPP 9423285

06/01/95; (OPP) \$184,441; 24 months

University of Wyoming

Laramie, WY 82071-3434

James M. Rosen

This research involves the application of two observational methods for
the study of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) and ozone in the Arctic
winter vortex. The first method uses balloon-borne aerosol and particle
instrumentation floating with a fixed air mass for many days as PSCs
begin to form and evolve, while at the same time ozone concentrations
will be measured. The second approach involves making normal balloon
soundings with similar equipment at several Arctic stations which, in
contrast to the first method, will provide information on the evolution
of PSCs over a fixed location. This project is a continuation and
refinement of an ongoing successful international (United States,
Russia, Germany, Denmark and Finland) effort and represents a new
approach to identifying and quantifying ozone loss in the Arctic
Stratosphere.

Ground Based Infrared Measurements in the Arctic

#### OPP 9633041

10/01/96; (OPP) \$90,033, (ATM) \$20,000; 12 months

University of Denver

Denver, CO 80208

Frank J. Murcray

Infrared observations of the atmosphere from two sites in the Arctic are
proposed: Fairbanks, Alaska, and Eureka, Northwest Territories, Canada.
The instrument at Fairbanks will be a very high-spectral-resolution
solar absorption spectrometer. This instrument covers the range from 2.5
to 15°m. At least 30 chemical compounds have absorptions in the
instrument bandpass. This permits the derivation of total atmospheric
quantities of those gases. The very high spectral resolution permits
recovery of altitude profile information for at least half a dozen
gases, including ozone, HCI, HF, and N~2~O. This information will be
used to study stratospheric chemistry and dynamics, and will be compared
with data from McMurdo Station, Antarctica and other Northern Hemisphere
sites. Fairbanks is usually outside of the stratospheric polar vortex,
but is in the area where maximum leakage of vortex air occurs. This
allows the study of filaments of materials with different temperature,
sunlight and chemical conditioning. The Eureka (80°N, 86°W) instrument
is a medium-spectral-resolution system designed to measure the infrared
thermal emission of the atmosphere. This instrument covers the range
from 6 to 15°m. The atmosphere is very cold, and the signal is small,
but measurements can be made in the absence of sunlight. Eureka is
usually on the edge of the polar vortex, allowing observations in and
out of vortex conditions within a few days. The amounts of several gases
can be determined from the observations, particularly HNO~3~, which is
directly involved in the formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC),
and the chemical processing that occurs in ozone destroying conditions.
The spectral data also relate directly to the greenhouse effect, and
will be used to study the effect of chemistry, clouds and snow on the
radiation balance. Both instruments will be used for the study of
chemical processes that occur in the Arctic during the winter. The
multiyear data set will be important in the study of seasonal cycles,
and in the study of global change.

Support for ARGOs Data Collection and Location System

#### OCE 9642925

FY 1996; (OPP) \$2,016; 12 months

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Silver Spring, MD 20910

Michael Hall

This project provides funds to service ARGOs via the Office of Climatic
and Atmospheric Research of NOAA for processing data obtained from a
satellite system which provides global coverage every six hours. The
ARGOs system was placed on Tiros and NOAA satellites launched since
1979. The ARGOs system provides a means of locating platforms and
relaying environmental measurements from these platforms. The data are
relayed from the platforms to the satellite and thence to a ground
station in France where they are processed and sent to individual users.
Scientific experiments sponsored by the NSF, which require the use of
the ARGOs system, include the studies of ocean circulation patterns
using fixed and drifting buoys, and the weather and climate of
Antarctica.

# Biological Sciences

Constraints to Ecosystem Development in High Arctic Polar Deserts

#### OPP 9300045

09/15/93; (OPP) \$33,399; 42 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Lawrence C. Bliss

Research outlined here is a continuation of a study initiated in 1991 on
the barren, upland plateau on Devon Island, Canada. This research
focuses upon the interactive roles of soil development, and cryptogamic
crust and vascular plant establishment and function in the formation of
polar deserts. Research on the macroscale landscape features of crusted
and non-crusted sites will continue. This study will be expanded to
include the mesoscale features of stone nets and stripes and the role
these features play in soil weathering processes, the establishment and
nitrogen fixation of cryptogamic crusts, and the transfer of nitrogen
from crusts to soils and vascular plants. The physiological and
biomechanical adaptations of root systems to cold, nutrient-poor, frosty
disturbed soils, and the role of carbon accumulation and water relations
of seedlings and adults will be studied as these aspects relate to the
limited role of vascular plants within vast areas of polar desert. The
large year-to-year variability provides clues on how this highly
stressful system may respond to longer term climate change. Better
understanding the response to climate change of extensive, but little
understood, polar desert systems will contribute significantly to
program goals related to the effect of global changes in the arctic
polar environment.

Significance of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Arctic Waters: Effects on
Phytoplankton and Ichthyoplankton

#### OPP 9321736

06/15/94; (OPP) \$30,521; 36 months

University of California--Scripps Institute

La Jolla, CA 92093

Osmund Holm-Hansen

The effects of increased ultraviolet (UV) irradiance on planktonic
ecosystems have been studied in some detail for Antarctic waters but
comparable studies have not been carried out at high northern latitudes.
Recent evidence has documented a thinning of ozone over Arctic seas,
suggesting the potential for similar UV effects in northern waters. In
this proposal we will determine the effects of present-day UV radiation,
as well as the potential effects of increased UV irradiance, on
phytoplankton and ichthyoplankton in High Arctic latitudes. Studies of
Arctic phytoplankton, to be conducted in Norway, will focus on: (1) the
effects of UV radiation on photosynthetic rates and the effect on
overall rates of primary production, (2) the extent to which cells can
decrease their sensitivity of UV radiation by synthesis of UV-absorbing
compounds, (3) species-specific differences in UV resistance and (4) DNA
repair capacities which are unknown for northern plankton communities.
Studies of UV damage to ichthyoplankton have not been conducted at
either pole. Recently developed methods allow us to measure the amount
of UV-induced DNA damage in individual free-living eggs and larvae. The
results of these studies, done at temperate latitudes, have shown that
the diel cycle of damage and repair, the pre-exposure conditions and
interspecific differences greatly effect the susceptibility to UV
damage. The present study will be the first attempt to measure the
impact of UV on early life-stages of important polar fisheries species.
The proposal brings the investigators' skills in measuring UV damage
together with the unique location, collaborators and technical
capabilities of the laboratories in Tromsø, Norway.

Role of Biomass, Bioturbation, and Remineralization in Determining the
Fate of Carbon in the Arctic Ocean

#### OPP 9496298

09/01/94; (OCE) \$4,900; 32 months

Bates College

Lewiston, ME 04240

William G. Ambrose

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic
Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly
sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar
Programs. The research will be centered around a unique and intensive,
multidisciplinary research expedition to parts of the Arctic Ocean that
have never been extensively studied. The 1994 U.S./Canada Arctic Ocean
Section is a collaborative effort that will involve approximately 60
scientists on a Canadian and a U.S. icebreaker during summer 1994.
NSF-funded projects will focus on hydrography, biology, paleo- and
sea-ice studies. Data collected will be amongst the first ever from
several regions of the Arctic Ocean and will be highly relevant to
improving our understanding of how the Arctic is an indicator of
changing global climate conditions and how it affects the physical,
chemical and biological features of the more temperate oceans and
regions. This work is a component of the collaborative biology program.
Work will be undertaken to examine the fate of organic matter reaching
the sea floor and model cycling between the various carbon pools. The
fate of carbon fixed in the Arctic Ocean is largely unknown, but it is
surmised that a greater portion reaches the bottom than in other oceans.
Low abundance and slow feeding rates of zooplankton, and reduced
importance of the microbial loop, may explain why the majority of
primary productivity falls to the benthos at high-latitudes. Research
will focus on some of the possible fates of carbon reaching the benthos
by examining patterns of benthic biomass and rates of remineralization,
irrigation and particle mixing. Replicate box cores will be collected
along the Section. Abundance and biomass of macro- and meio-fauna and
depth profiles of Eh and particulate carbon will be determined from
these cores. Subcores will be incubated on-board to determine rates of
remineralization and bioirrigation. Particle mixing rates will be
determined directly from down-core 210Pb distribution and will be
compared with mixing estimates obtained from carbon depth-profiles and
bioirrigation rates. This study provides insights into the role of
benthos in mediating geochemical processes and will provide a model of
carbon cycling in Arctic sediments which can be used to make predictions
of the consequences of global warming.

Presidential Faculty Fellows Program

#### OPP 9553064

01/01/96; (OPP) \$104,084; 12 months

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1274

George W. Kling

The recipient has been chosen for an NSF Presidential Faculty Fellow
Award. The recipient will continue his research in the transport of
carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur through Arctic tundra ecosystems
to include both physical and geochemical transport mechanisms and
pathways. These studies will lead to a better understanding of broad
environmental problems such as acid rain, eutrophication, species
introductions and climate change. The research will lead to a
predicative capability for ecosystem function to show how organisms
react to each other and to human-imposed change. Fundamental questions
about geochemical cycling within organisms at both the regional and
global scales will be examined. A novel technique involving the use of
stable isotopes will be applied at the scale of entire ecosystems and
will be used to estimate the current carbon balance in arctic
ecosystems. Determination of the processes controlling the current
carbon balance will allow the PI to predict the changes that may occur
during forecasted climate change in the Arctic.

Ozone Depletion and Ultraviolet (UV) Inhibition of Photosynthesis in
Arctic Kelps: Spectral and Temporal Dependence

#### OPP 9622483

06/15/96; (OPP) \$482,160; 23 months

University of Texas--Austin

Austin, TX 78713-7726

Kenneth H. Dunton

Depletion of stratospheric ozone, particularly in the polar regions, is
causing increased concern over the effects of harmful UV radiation
(mainly UVB, 280--320 nm). UVB is damaging to many biological processes,
and in plants, specifically targets photosynthesis. Large increases in
the penetration of solar UVB in the Southern Ocean during the austral
spring from ozone depletion is known to have significant effects on
phytoplankton productivity. The phenomenon is less severe in the Arctic,
but ozone related increases in incident UVB have accelerated over the
last three years. This proposal addresses the question of the effects of
increased UVB on large benthic marine macroalgae (kelp) and the levels
of UVB that penetrate into the coastal water of the Arctic. Little is
known about the sensitivity of kelp photosynthesis to UVB. Assessment of
UV effects (280--400 nm) in an environmental context can be made by
weighting the spectrum of UV irradiance with a biological weighting
function (BWF; similar to an action spectrum). The investigators will
measure detailed BWFs and the kinetics of UV effects on photosynthesis
of macroalgae in High Arctic, emphasizing the kelps *Laminaria*
*saccharina* and *L. solidungula*, which are distributed throughout the
circumpolar Arctic. Both laboratory cultured plants and sporophytes
collected during two spring and one summer field season, in the Canadian
High Arctic (Resolute, 79°30\'N; 95°W) will be measured. Plants exposed
to different natural light environments during the nine-month ice
covered period will be examined for differences in their sensitivity to
UV radiation; the importance of the nitrogen status of the plants in
recovery processes that counteract UV-induced damage will also be
investigated. The results will enable the first quantification of
potential UV exposure in kelp habitats and the biological effects of
such exposure in terms of kelp productivity in arctic coastal systems.

The Physiology and Biochemistry of Organic Osmolytes in Arctic Fishes

#### OPP 9423920

07/01/95; (OPP) \$54,822; 24 months

University of Nevada--Las Vegas

Las Vegas, NV 89154-9900

James A. Raymond

Freezing resistance in polar fishes is usually attributed to
noncolligative peptide antifreezes. In 1991, it was found that some
arctic fishes increase the freezing point depression of their body
fluids by producing high concentrations of glycerol in winter.
Subsequent studies of this phenomenon have led to a realization that
other inorganic ions and organic osmolytes have important roles in
freezing resistance in many polar fishes, and possibly other roles as
well. Prominent among these solutes are trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and
urea, which are more widely distributed in polar fishes than glycerol.
These studies have lead to several unusual findings concerning the
synthesis, roles, conservation and distribution of these osmolytes.
Therefore, the overall objective of this study is to better understand
the biochemistry and physiology of glycerol, TMAO and urea in arctic
fishes. Previous studies have shown that significant glycerol losses
occur in smelt and that these losses are compensated for by a synthetic
pathway (via pyruvate) that appears to differ from that in other
cold-hardy, glycerol-producing animals. New studies will focus on
various amino acid substrates that may be involved in this pathway, and
the seasonal variation in activity of three key enzymes that also are
thought to be involved. The unexpected occurrence of high serum TMAO
levels in many arctic fishes also raises several questions. TMAO is
usually acquired by teleosts through the diet, but in the smelt family
it appears to be synthesized in response to cold. TMAO synthesis will be
tested by an assay for TMAO oxidase in warm- and cold-acclimated fishes.
Inorganic ion concentrations in polar fishes are high enough to
interfere with intracellular processes, such as enzyme activities.

Hormone-Behavior Adaptations in Arctic Birds

#### OPP 9530826

07/15/96; (OPP) \$163,620; 11 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

John C. Wingfield

Arctic breeding birds arrive on their nesting grounds at a time when
weather conditions may still be extreme (low temperature, snow).
However, the brief arctic summer requires that they begin nesting as
early as possible to take advantage of the ephemeral abundance of food
to feed young. Failure to adhere to this rigid schedule results in
drastically reduced reproductive success. Hormone-behavior adaptations
that maximize survival and reproductive success under the extreme
conditions of the Arctic are the focus of this proposal. It has been
shown that the interrelationships between testosterone and territorial
aggression are diverse, especially as birds arrive on the arctic
breeding grounds. In some species territoriality is extremely brief,
following which birds apparently become refractory to the effects of
testosterone. Others are territorial throughout the breeding season, but
the dependence of these behaviors upon testosterone activation remains
unclear. Aggressive behavior of between four and seven arctic breeding
passerines displaying different types of territoriality will be
compared. Temporal patterns of testosterone in relation to patterns of
aggressive behavior and the effects of manipulating testosterone level
will also be determined. Additionally, these species will be compared
with their closest relatives breeding at mid-latitudes (i.e., matched
pairwise comparisons to avoid confounding issues relating to
phylogenetic relationships). In this way it is possible to determine the
ecological bases of different types of territorial behavior and
interrelationships with testosterone, as well as indicate potential
specialization of arctic breeding birds. The same spectra of species in
the Arctic and at mid-latitudes will be used to compare adrenocortical
responses to stress.

Successional Processes in Taiga Forests of Interior Alaska: A Long-Term
Ecological Research (LTER) Program for Study of Controls of Subarctic
Forest Development

#### DEB 9211769

09/01/92; (DEB) \$1,245,000; 68 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

John A. Yarie

This program focuses on population and ecosystem level questions within
the framework of succession. It capitalizes on a substantial existing
base of information and preliminary results from past research to
address hypothesized controls of structure and function of successional
forest communities. These processes previously have not been examined in
a comprehensive manner in the North American taiga. Results of this
research will greatly improve understanding of the links between
resource supply (moisture, light, nutrients) and plant growth as
influenced by herbivores and soil microbial activity. Researchers in
interior Alaska have demonstrated their commitment to long-term studies
of ecological processes. Several studies have been pursued, essentially
by the same scientists for 20 to 25 years. For example, a series of
plots in various successional stages on the floodplain of the Chena and
Tanana Rivers, established in 1964, are still being monitored for growth
and changes in species composition. The U.S. Department of Agriculture
Forest Service also is committed to long-term experimentation and
encourages these activities through their management of Bonanza Creek
Experimental Forest, the principal site of this research. The hypotheses
put forth in this proposal address important long-term aspects of forest
ecosystem structure and function only initially evaluated in earlier
research efforts.

The Arctic Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Project: Terrestrial and
Freshwater Research on Ecological Controls

#### DEB 9211775

09/01/92; (DEB) \$14,000; 50 months

Marine Biological Laboratory

Woods Hole, MA 02543

John E. Hobbie

During the first five years of the Arctic LTER at Toolik Lake, Alaska,
systematic measurements of climate, of tundra plant distribution and
productivity, and of lake and stream physics, chemistry and biology were
begun. Whole system experiments were set up on the tundra, in streams,
and in lakes to examine the ecological effects of changes in
environmental and biological factors such as air temperature, added
nutrients and changes in the density of the top predators and grazers.
These measurements and long-term experiments are designed to help reach
the overall goal: to understand how tundra, streams and lakes function
in the Arctic and to predict how they respond to human-induced changes
including climate change. Under this broad goal there are three specific
goals: (1) determine year-to-year ecological variability in these
systems and measure long-term changes; (2) understand the extent of
control by resources (bottom-up control) or by grazing and predation
(top-down control); and (3) measure rates and understand the controls of
the exchange of nutrients and organic matter between land and water.
Long-term experiments are the heart of the Arctic LTER program. It has
been found that arctic systems often do not respond for many years, and
that long-term responses are often not predictable from short-term
responses. Changes in the responses of both streams and terrestrial
vegetation to nutrient amendments are still being documented after
nineyears. Lake trout manipulations take many years to show effects as
these long-lived fish may change their diet from invertebrates to fish
when they reach a certain size. As a result, most long-term experiments
and measurements for determining ecological variability will be
continued. The results of the long-term experiments will continue to be
measured as more is discovered about long-term ecosystem controls by
resources and predation. New research on the controls of the exchange of
nutrients between land and water will be started. A major watershed
experiment will be carried out to measure the movements of water and
dissolved gases through the groundwater and into the streams.

Controls of Structure and Function of Aquatic Ecosystems in the Arctic

#### OPP 9400722

06/15/94; (OPP) \$995,000; 36 months

Marine Biological Laboratory

Woods Hole, MA 02543

John E. Hobbie

Freshwater systems are a major feature of the arctic landscape, despite
the low precipitation, because permafrost prevents drainage and
evaporation is low. Their relative biotic simplicity offers advantages
to researchers attempting to sort out the various controls and
interactions of arctic lakes and streams. An understanding of the
ecological processes is a necessary part of the long-term goal of this
project: prediction of the effect of changes in land use and climate on
arctic stream and lake ecosystems. This project will be based at an LTER
site, Toolik Lake, on the North Slope of Alaska, and will make use of
long-term experiments of stream and lake fertilization and manipulations
of the dominant predator in lakes, the lake trout. These manipulations
are maintained by the LTER group. The project also will use
LTER-produced data on basic environmental conditions including climate,
lake physics and chemistry, nutrient concentrations in streams and lakes
and stream flow. The project will move strongly towards synthesis and
use data derived from all the past studies plus data from recent
manipulations on streams and lakes. The long-term goal of the synthesis
and modeling is to understand the movements and transformations of
water, nutrients and organic matter through an entire watershed in the
High Arctic.

The Importance of Foraging Pattern on Reproductive Success in the
Northern Fur Seal, *Callorhinus ursinus*

#### OPP 9500072

05/01/95; (OPP) \$109,847; 24 months

University of California--Santa Cruz

Santa Cruz, CA 95064-1077

Daniel P. Costa

Over the last several decades many populations of pinnipeds and seabirds
have undergone significant declines. Many hypotheses to explain the
declines have been made and numerous studies have been undertaken to
search for the underlying causes. Juvenile survival, however, may be one
of the most critical factors influencing the growth and recovery of
depleted populations of pinnipeds. Maternal resources imparted to
offspring prior to weaning are important for a successful transition
from nutritional dependence to independence and subsequent survival.
This may be particularly so of species whose life histories are
constrained by rearing young at high latitudes and species which wean
their young abruptly. Growth and recovery of depleted populations at
high latitudes are further constrained when life-history fecundity
schedules limit individuals to producing one offspring per year. Thus,
the quantity and quality of maternal investment to the young are a
critical determinant of post-weaning survival. This research will
examine the relationship between foraging behavior and maternal
investment in northern fur seals. The research will be conducted in the
Pribilof Islands, Alaska, where lactating northern fur seals have been
shown to have three distinct foraging patterns (shallow, deep and
mixed). The location of the Pribilof Islands, near the edge of an
extensive continental shelf, fortuitously gives animals breeding there
two distinct foraging environments, one on the continental and one off.
Each environment has a distinct assemblage of prey species. Previous
studies show the deep diving foraging pattern to be associated with
foraging over the continental shelf. We will quantify the foraging costs
and total investment in pups associated with the different foraging
strategies observed in northern fur seals. This will be done by
comparing the maternal investment in terms of both the actual energy and
material delivered to the pup and the energetic cost to the mother.
These data will be used to determine if one foraging strategy is
energetically more efficient or beneficial and if this is so, does it
allow the mother to make a greater investment in her young?

Diversity and Metabolic Capabilities of Arctic Bacterioplankton
Communities

#### OPP 9500237

02/15/95; (OPP) \$84,895; 23 months

San Francisco State University

San Francisco, CA 94132-1722

James T. Hollibaugh

This project will investigate the relationship between bacterioplankton
community composition and community metabolic capabilities in the Arctic
Ocean. They will examine the patterns of spatial variation in these
properties of Arctic Ocean bacterioplankton communities and attempt to
relate them to sources of organic matter fueling heterotrophic
production. The investigation will be conducted using samples collected
from a U.S. Navy submarine from March--May 1995, which then will be
dedicated to Arctic oceanography. Collected samples will be analyzed in
the laboratory after the cruise. Community composition will be analyzed
using a method developed at San Francisco State University based on
separating partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. Community metabolic
capabilities will be assessed by the ability of bacteria to grow on 95
different organic carbon sources. They will analyze water samples
chemically to determine the concentrations of amino acids, carbohydrates
and dissolved organic carbon, and conduct bioassays using native
bacteria to determine directly the proportion of dissolved organic
carbon that they can metabolize.

Plasticity of Life History Traits in Arctic Charr: Use of Retrospective
Data to Couple Migration Data with Environmental Variation

#### OPP 9530081

08/15/96; (OPP) \$79,568; 11 months

University of Hawaii--Manoa

Honolulu, HI 96822-2225

Richard L. Radtke

The relationships between morphology and environmental history will be
investigated. The plan of research is aimed at: (1) refining and
advancing promising, but nascent, techniques for extracting a record of
the past life history and environmental conditions encountered by
individual fish from otolith carbonate and archival tags, and (2)
exploring a fresh approach to investigate the influence of environmental
conditions upon morphology and life history plasticity by applying
experimentally validated otolith techniques to individuals from a
multitude of natural conditions. The goals are to establish
retrospective and predictive relationships between the chemical
structure of otoliths and environmental factors: to understand
interactions among environmental factors that affect chemical structure;
and to combine the environmental information encoded in otoliths with
field observations to evaluate the importance of biotic and abiotic
parameters to the establishment of divergent life history patterns in
Arctic charr. Daily growth increments, the ratios of elements in the
otolith and archival tag information will be used to back-calculate
environmental and somatic changes for individual fish. Techniques will
be applied to: (1) assess life history data (i.e., growth rates, age
structure, hatch date distribution, timing of spawning, etc.) in terms
of life history strategies; (2) establish the importance of critical
life-history transitions, conditions affecting their onset, and derive
migrational schemes (whether an individual is a migrant or a resident,
age at first migration, whether a former migrant individual will resume
a resident life history strategy and the events leading and following
migration) by investigating the structural and elemental composition of
fish otoliths; (3) detect differences in growth and life histories
between different geographical areas as related to hydrographic, trophic
or habitat conditions; (4) precisely time the occurrence of several
pivotal life history transitions and correlate them with environmental
variables. The results of the proposed research will provide a paradigm
to the study of fish life histories. Such knowledge is vital to our
understanding of the processes fundamental to adaptable life history
patterns and would make it possible to link growth and migration to
environmental occurrences. This would provide insight into the
ecological process of interactions between a species and its
environment.

Ecophysical Limits to Northern Breeding Distributions of Arctic
Sandpipers

#### OPP 9696134

11/01/95; (OPP) \$105,879; 19 months

University of Missouri--St. Louis

St. Louis, MO 63121-4401

Robert E. Ricklefs

The environment of the High Arctic imposes two critical limits to the
existence of many forms of life. One includes the extreme physical
conditions of the environment: cold temperatures, high wind velocities
and low precipitation. The other is the briefness of the growing season.
This environment is especially stringent for sandpipers (Scolopacidae),
which occupy their arctic breeding grounds for as little as two months,
and whose chicks are among the smallest of warm-blooded animals. This
research project will utilize detailed measurements of the growth and
development, energetics, thermal environment, food supply and parental
care of scolopacid chicks to discover how these birds exploit the arctic
environment so successfully. Cold temperatures require a high capacity
for generating metabolic heat; short breeding seasons require rapid
growth. Therefore, the combined stresses of low temperature and short
season would seem to push small homeotherms to the limit in the High
Arctic. The problem of resolving compromises between the conflicting
functions of growth rate and heat generation is an excellent model for
understanding how the design of the organism relates to its
environmental setting. Field and laboratory measurements will be used to
determine the forms of relationships and quantify the coefficients in a
mathematical model of the scolapacid chick. The essential elements of
the model encompass the internal organization of the chick and the
relationship of the chick to its environment. The model changes
continuously as the chick grows, and growth is simulated by expressions
relating growth rate to functional capacity of tissues, and functional
capacity to the proportion of adult size achieved. Laboratory and field
work will provide data to evaluate the scolapacid chick model.
Laboratory investigation will focus on components of energy budgets;
capacity of chicks to generate heat in response to cold stress; loss of
heat from the body, including that caused by evaporation from the
respiratory surfaces; and tolerance of body cooling. Observations of
free-ranging chicks in natural family groups, using radio-tagged
individuals where practical, will help to validate the results from
penned birds. Conditions of the thermal environment and the availability
of food items will be monitored continuously to provide data on the
range and temporal variability of these factors.

Parthenogenesis and Incompatibility Microorganisms in Insects

#### DEB 9318783

02/15/94; (DEB) \$85,000; 42 months

University of Rochester

Rochester, NY 14627

John H. Werren

Clonality is an extremely important phenomenon in plants. Clonal plant
species comprise up to 90% of the higher plant species in alpine and
Arctic communities, 60% or more of temperate floras, and even in
tropical habitats, the majority of woody species possess the ability to
sucker, crown sprout or develop adventitious roots. Clonality is found
in trees, shrubs and herbs, under terrestrial, aquatic and arboreal
conditions, and in both autotrophic and parasitic groups, yet much about
this widely successful growth mode remains poorly understood. In clonal
plants, sugars and other nutrients are transported from "mother" plants
to "daughter" offshoots (ramets). Using greenhouse experiments to test
theory, the research proposed will examine how variation in resource
allocation among ramets affects the life history and contributes to the
success of different genetic individuals of the clonal plant dodder
(*Cuscuta exaltata*). Clonal plants have broad economic importance as
both crop plants (e.g., strawberries, blueberries, raspberries and
asparagus) and noted crop pests such as dodder, which parasitizes crops
including alfalfa in both temperate and tropical agriculture. The
information provided by this study may prove useful for both crop growth
and pest control, offering the data needed to create better schemes for
timing and distribution of fertilizers in clonal crops, and reducing the
dependence on chemical control of clonal pests.

Latitudinal Gradients, Natural Selection and Variation in N:P
Stoichiometry in Plankton: A Test of the Growth Rate Hypothesis

#### DEB 9527322

08/01/96; (DEB) \$89,198, (OPP) \$22,000; 24 months

Arizona State University

Tempe, AZ 85287

James J. Elser

How does elemental composition ("stoichiometry") of animals vary among
species? How might differences in body elemental composition affect how
food webs function? This project will test the hypothesis that
differences among species in body stoichiometry of the nutrients
nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) reflect differences among species in
specific growth rate. It is predicted that rapidly growing organisms
must have high ribosome concentrations in their bodies. Ribosomes are
P-rich (low N:P ratio) cellular structures responsible for protein
synthesis and thus growth. Therefore, rapidly growing organisms are
predicted to have lower N:P ratios in their bodies than slower growing
species. We will test this hypothesis by studying elemental and
biochemical composition and body growth rates of zooplankton species at
high latitudes versus mid-latitudes. Natural selection along latitudinal
gradients is hypothesized to select for differing growth rates among
similar planktonic species. We will study ecological and evolutionary
determinants of a parameter, animal N:P stoichiometry, that is likely to
be a key factor influencing food webs of lake and ocean ecosystems.

Collaborative Research: Interactions Between Plant Chemicals and
Microbial Communities Through Forest Succession in the Alaskan Taiga

#### DEB 9527749

06/01/96; (DEB) \$175,000; 36 months

University of California--Santa Barbara

Santa Barbara, CA 93106

Joshua P. Schimel

#### DEB 9622788

06/01/96; (DEB) \$65,000; 12 months

Brigham Young University

Provo, UT 84602-1043

Rex G. Cates

The proposed research investigates the impact of plant chemical inputs
on soil microbial processes in the Alaskan taiga forest. Studies will
focus on tannins produced by alder and balsam poplar, two species that
form part of the successional sequence in the flood plain forests of
Alaska. Tannins of varying chemical structure will be isolated from
these species and added to soils from both alder and poplar sites. Their
effects on a suite of microbial processes including respiration,
nitrogen mineralization and enzyme activities will be measured. The
specific structure of the chemicals will be linked with their biological
activities to improve our understanding of the ecological function of
these chemicals. Tannins will be applied from each species to each soil
to determine whether the microbial communities can adapt to the
chemicals coming in. These studies will greatly improve our
understanding of how plants affect the soil processes that control
nutrient availability and therefore plant succession in the Alaskan
taiga. We will improve our understanding of forest community dynamics,
controls on litter quality and decomposition, plant-microbe interactions
and the role of microbial community composition in ecosystem function.

Dissertation Research: Disequilibrum of Dynamics of Boreal Permafrost
Peatlands During Transience to a Warmer Climate

#### DEB 9623598

06/15/96; (DEB) \$7,200; 23 months

Duke University

Durham, NC 27703-2570

James S. Clark

Global general circulation models suggest that the greatest future
temperature increases of 4--8ºC will occur in boreal and tundra biomes.
An understanding of the future dynamics of these systems is important in
determining their role as negative or positive feedback to the global
carbon cycle, especially in peatlands containing permafrost, which may
undergo dramatic change with climate warming. Permafrost peatlands are a
potential example of systems that do not respond in equilibrium with
climate. The PIs suggest that both local and regional factors influence
the dynamics of boreal permafrost peatland systems, and that the
transient dynamics of these landscapes will not correspond to climatic
warming in an equilibrial fashion due to local constraints serving as
negative feedback to change. The goal of this study is to identify the
relative contributions of regional climatic versus local autogenic
processes to the successional dynamics in permafrost peatland
landscapes. With this information, spatial cellular automata models will
be developed to test the degree of landscape disequilibrium with climate
by sequentially adding local feedback responses. The peat accumulation
potential of permafrost peatlands versus melted peatlands will be
measured to determine carbon source-sink shifts as landscapes change.

Collaborative Research: Dimethylsulfide Metabolism in Relation to Carbon
Cycling Pathways in Sphagnum-Dominated Wetlands

#### DEB 9632421

09/01/96; (DEB) \$34,539, (OPP) \$16,000; 12 months

University of South Alabama

Mobile, AL 36688

Ronald P. Kiene

Northern sphagnum-dominated wetlands are complex, nutrient-poor
ecosystems that are major sources of atmospheric methane and store
tremendous quantities of organic carbon. These systems can emit
unusually large amounts of dimethylsulfide (DMS) into the atmosphere,
and this efflux is often greater than emissions from marine habitats
that contain much more sulfur. Ongoing studies reveal that rapid fluxes
of DMS occur in oligotrophic areas of wetlands rather than in more
nutrient-rich sites. This peculiarity may to be due to the fact that the
methanogenic demethylation of DMS does not occur in oligotrophic peats,
whereas it does occur in minerotrophic ones and also in neutral lake
sediment. The present study will investigate the production, consumption
and emission of DMS in wetlands of varying trophic status to elucidate
the role of terminal decomposition processes in controlling DMS release.
Several hypotheses will be tested: (1) DMS emissions are most rapid in
oligotrophic (ombrotrophic) regions of wetlands, and this phenomenon is
ubiquitous; (2) DMS emissions (and accumulation) are faster in
oligotrophic regions because DMS is not decomposed by methanogenic
bacteria; (3) chemical conditions (i.e., pH, mineral content) are
responsible for the lack of DMS consumption in oligotrophic peats; (4)
methylotrophic methanogens are sparse in oligotrophic areas; (5)
Methylated sulfides are produced in all anoxic freshwater systems The
project will combine: (1) field experiments measuring emissions of
reduced gases and distribution of pertinent chemical species along
trophic gradients within a wetland, and in separate wetlands of
different trophic status; (2) field manipulations in which wetland plots
will be amended with selected nutrients and/or trace elements; (3)
laboratory experiments to investigate pathways of organic matter
transformations and relationships with trace gas production; (4)
investigations of the relative distribution and abundance of selected
microorganisms using molecular biotechnology techniques. The results
will elucidate important aspects of bacterial metabolic pathways for the
production and consumption of methylated S compounds in wetlands, and in
freshwaters in general. Since DMS transformations are conducted
primarily by microorganisms situated at the important terminal end of
decomposition, these data will provide insight into what controls
decomposition in sites that tend to accumulate large quantities of
organic matter, and how methanogenesis, acetogenesis, anaerobic
metabolism and methylation and demethylation activity vary in response
to changes in trophic status.

Effects of Species Traits and Biodiversity on Ecosystem Processes in
Arctic Tundra

#### OPP 9523247

09/15/96; (OPP) \$98,887; 11 months

University of California--Berkeley

Berkeley, CA 94720

F. Stuart Chapin

The objective of the proposed research is to explore the effects of
biodiversity in plant species and of plant growth forms on ecosystem
cycling of C and N in arctic tundra. In addition, it will test whether
or not functional groups of plants are an adequate approximation for
detailed physiological information on all species in understanding
vegetation controls over ecosystem processes, and the response of
ecosystems to perturbations. Effort will be focused on arctic tundra, a
high priority ecosystem. An integrated program of modeling and
experimentation is proposed. Experimentally, diversity in the tundra
will be manipulated by removing different growth forms of tundra plants
(which represent functional groups in the tundra), and all possible
combinations of the species from two growth forms, and effects on
ecosystem C and N cycling will be measured. Simulation models will be
developed to compare the effects of growth of individual plant species
on ecosystem-level resource supply and cycling with those of functional
groups constructed by averaging the characteristics of the different
species in the growth form. Plant growth for each of the major species
and competitive interactions during growth will be modeled. Model
predictions of the distribution and net productivity of species or
functional groups, ecosystem net primary productivity and nutrient
cycling under current climatic conditions will be compared. Effects of
removing or introducing species or functional groups from the models,
and of perturbations caused by herbivory or variable climate will also
be examined, and will be compared with experimental results of removing
species and growth forms. This research is novel because it is the first
experimental test of the effects of species and growth form diversity on
ecosystem processes in the tundra, and it is the first attempt to model
the impact of plant species and their competitive interactions on
ecosystem processes in arctic tundra. This is critical to understanding
the role of species and functional group diversity in ecosystem
processes.

Fisheries Management Geographical Information Systems

#### DMI 9460932

02/01/95; (DMI) \$9,997; 14 months

Scientific Fishery Systems

Anchorage, AK 99524

Patrick K. Simpson

The development of a fisheries management Geographical Information
System (GIS) for the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands (BSAI) of Alaska is
proposed. During Phase I, a needs assessment will be conducted, data
collection and analysis will begin, requirements analysis for the
fisheries managers in the BSAI region will be conducted and a fisheries
management BSAI GIS specification will be produced. Phase II will
complete the data collection and analysis process and implement the GIS
designed during Phase I.

Research at Undergraduate Institutions (RUI): Ice Scour Disturbance and
the Structure of Arctic Bottom Communities

#### OPP 9321504

06/01/94; (OPP) \$194,533; 36 months

San Jose State University Foundation

San Jose, CA 95172-0130

Rikk G. Kvitek

Ice scouring is the most disruptive and widespread physical disturbance
to marine bottom communities in polar waters. At high-latitudes, ice
pressure ridges scour the sea floor to depths of 60 m, and larger ice
bergs ground as deep as 400 m. This project will explore the ecological
implications of this disturbance to arctic benthic populations and
communities. It is a multidisciplinary Canadian--U.S. program involving
two major components. The first is to characterize and model the
physical disturbance regime over a three-year period by repetitive
mapping the study areas with high resolution side-scan sonar, and to
quantify the scour recovery process by divers. This approach will enable
us to identify newly formed scours each season, and to generate
quantitative and ecologically relevant data on disturbance coverage,
frequency, intensity and physical recovery. The second component is to
investigate benthic population and community responses to ice scour,
documenting the successional stages of biotic recovery. They will test
whether observed widespread patterns of zonation and larger spatial and
temporal community mosaics are correlated to this key disturbance. This
combined physical and biotic approach will enable them to develop a
conceptual model of scour aging and recovery, and to evaluate the impact
of this disturbance on benthic production and diversity.

# Earth Sciences

Collaborative Research: Crustal Evolution of the Bering Shelf--Chukchi
Sea

#### EAR 9316573

03/15/94; (EAR) \$36,300; 36 months

William Marsh Rice University

Houston, TX 77252-2692

James E. Wright

#### EAR 9317087

03/15/94; (EAR) \$157,923; 42 months

Stanford University

Stanford, CA 94305

Elizabeth L. Miller

#### EAR 9317142

03/15/94; (EAR) \$35,382; 36 months

University of California--Santa Barbara

Santa Barbara, CA 93106

Phillip B. Gans

#### EAR 9317531

03/15/94; (EAR) \$13,093; 42 months

Western Washington University

Bellingham, WA 98225-5996

David C. Engebretson

Since the advent of plate tectonics, earth scientists have increasingly
emphasized the importance of the lateral growth of continental crust by
the processes of terrane accretion and magmatic arc development. The
Cordilleran orogeny of North America is one of the prime examples of
such crustal growth, and the Alaskan portion of this belt is considered
to have been constructed almost entirely by the process of terrane
accretion. This study will undertake an ambitious geological and
geophysical transect across the northernmost portion of the Cordilleran
orogeny in the Bering--Chukchi region of the Arctic, between mainland
Alaska and Russia. The main goals of the research are to provide us with
greater insight into the details of the creation, evolution and
modification of the crust beneath Cordilleran-style orogenic belts, to
give us a better understanding of the coupling between tectonic and
petrologic processes at deep and shallow crustal levels, and to help us
determine the general links between processes at the scale of the crust
and those at the plate tectonic scale. The project is a collaborative
effort by researchers at Stanford (Miller and Klemperer), Rice (Wright),
Univeristy of California--Santa Barbara (Gans) and Western Washington
(Engebretson). The project also involves scientists from the U.S.
Geological Survey branches of Pacific Marine Geology (Scholl and
Childs), Alaskan Geology (Grantz and Moore), and Seismology (Brocher),
and three well-known Russian scientists from Khabarovsk (B. Natal'in),
Yakutsk (L. Parfenov) and Magadan (M. Gelman).

Research at Undergraduate Institutions (RUI): Terrane Analysis of
Silurian Reefal Carbonates, Alaska

#### EAR 9417407

06/01/95; (EAR) \$50,853, (INT) \$25,935; 36 months

Colgate University

Hamilton, NY 13346

Constance M. Soja

The accretion of terranes to continental margins is the tectonic process
believed by many geologists to have been responsible for continental
growth along western North America in the last 60--100 million years.
Because of the complex geologic relationships produced by accretionary
tectonics, the complete geologic history of this tectonic collage in
western North America is still unknown. The proposed project aims to
build upon the PI's previous research by investigating Silurian reef and
reef-related carbonate deposits in southeastern Alaska to determine
their geologic relationship to Silurian limestones in southwestern
Alaska. Rocks exposed in southeastern Alaska belong to the Alexander
terrane, which existed during the Early-Middle Paleozoic as volcanically
active islands at an unknown site in the ancient Pacific Ocean, whereas
deposits in southwestern Alaska (Nixon Fork terrane) represent an
original, although dismembered, part of the North American continent.
Strata in these two areas share distinctive Silurian sponge faunas
preserved in unusual stromatolite reefs. In southeastern Alaska,
Silurian carbonates have been examined in detail at scattered localities
but mainly only in one small area in the southern part of the Alexander
terrane. The research will enable detailed investigations of Silurian
rocks that are exposed in other parts of the Alexander terrane,
especially where reconnaissance studies have revealed well-preserved,
but as yet unstudied biotas. Field work involving undergraduate research
students will focus on describing rocks and collecting fossils
systematically from measured and photographed stratigraphic sections.
Compilation of petrologic, petrographic and paleontolgic data will form
the basis for determining the paleoecology, environmental setting and
faunal affinities of the preserved biotas and for identifying the degree
of similarity in rock and fossil composition with Silurian rocks in
southwestern Alaska. Demonstrating that a diversity of fossils from more
than one small part of southeastern Alaska is shared with southwestern
Alaska represents an important advancement in our understanding of the
early geologic history of the Alexander terrane. These data will help to
document evidence for the hypothesis that the Alexander terrane was in
close proximity to northwestern North America, allowing faunal
communication between the two localities. Such data would be important
in providing a definitive paleogeographic link between the Alexander
terrane and North America proper. Because similar Silurian sponge
deposits also occur in the Ural Mountains, Russia, the study will lay
critical groundwork for exploring the idea that a seaway enabled
migration of organisms along the northern rims of North America
(Laurentia) and Europe (Baltica) in the Late Silurian.

Late Quaternary Dynamics of the Labrador/Foxe Sectors of the Laurentide
Ice Sheet, Eastern Canadian Arctic

#### EAR 9510063

08/01/95; (EAR) \$94,197; 24 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Gifford H. Miller

Our concepts concerning the stability of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS)
and its role in the global climate systems have been revised
dramatically in the past five years, as high-resolution records have
been compiled from the sea floor, ice cores and from deposits around the
margin of the former ice sheet. Collectively, these records document
rapid reorganization of oceanic and atmospheric circulation on time
scales of a few years to a few decades, and rapid fluctuations of the
ice margin that resulted in massive transfers of ice into oceans on time
scales of decades to centuries. The rapid delivery of large volumes of
ice from the land to the ocean may have altered thermohaline
circulation, with subsequent reduction in high-latitude precipitation,
effectively coupling the three systems. The Institute for Arctic and
Alpine Research (INSTAAR) research effort of the last decade has focused
on the glacial history at the mouth of Hudson Strait, the most direct
connection of the ice sheet to the ocean. We have provided field
evidence for rapid advance and retreat of the ice margin in Hudson
Strait (sustained advances in excess of 100 km/century), and for ice
movement independent of topography, with major advances sourced in
Labrador/Ungava rather than Hudson Bay. A consequence of these advances
was a major flux of icebergs into the Labrador Sea, and subsequently the
North Atlantic, providing the first direct glacial geologic evidence of
a mechanism to produce Heinrich layers observed in the North Atlantic.
In this proposal, funding is requested to test three questions: (1) Are
observed rapid ice stream advances triggered by inherent instabilities
at the bed of the LIS, or are they climatically driven? (2) Did an ice
stream in Cumberland Sound contribute substantial
sediment/meltwater/icebergs to the Labrador Sea? If so, were
fluctuations in phase with the Hudson Strait advances? (3) Are the
reconstructions interpreted from the field evidence compatible with
glaciological theory? We proposed to address these questions by field
observations of the glacial geology at the mouth of Cumberland Sound and
by applying a three-glaciological model to the Labrador/Baffin region
using our field-based boundary conditions. The Cumberland Sound region
should preserve evidence that will clarify the timing and magnitude of a
Foxe Basin ice stream, and to the north, provide an independent record
of local glacier activity. Comparing the timing of advances for these
ice masses with that in Hudson Strait will indicate whether or not
forcing is primarily climate or ice-sheet instability. Modeling our
field-base glacier reconstructions will test whether or not they are
compatible with ice physics and will provide additional insights into
ice sheet dynamics.

Reconstruction of Global Ice Age Ice Sheets from Global Sea-Level and
Earth Deformation Data

#### EAR 9515322

09/01/96; (EAR) \$33,514; 24 months

Calvin College

Grand Rapids, MI 49506

James A. Clark

The two main goals of the proposed work are: (1) to reconstruct the
change in thickness of all of the large ice sheets that once covered
much of the Earth's surface during the last ice age, and (2) to explain
sea-level changes and earth deformation that have occurred during
late-glacial and postglacial time as a result of glacio-isostatic
processes. The reconstruction of ice-age ice sheets has usually been
attempted by glaciologists and Quaternary geologists who model the flow
of ice sheets and assume that climate and other boundary conditions are
known. Because the great weight of the ice sheets caused the earth to
deform, an alternative approach is to use earth deformation data (e.g.,
sea-level data, tide-gauge data, geodetic/GPS data or proglacial and
postglacial lake shoreline tilt data) and a numerical model of viscous
flow within the Earth's mantle to infer the weight of the ice sheets as
they advanced and then retreated. The success of initial attempts to
perform this "inversion" for the North American Laurentide ice sheet
have demonstrated the feasibility of performing the global calculation.
To ensure that the predicted ice sheets are plausible, the numerical
inversion procedure utilizes quadratic programming methods to provide
physical constraints upon the predicted ice sheets. The predicted ice
sheets can be constrained to be always nonnegative, less than a
prescribed maximum thickness, with thickness profile thinning in the
direction of glacier flow, and having a maximum rate of thinning or
thickening. Errors can be determined for the resulting ice-sheet
prediction. A recently implemented method uses *a priori* estimates of
the most likely ice-sheet thickness history to "guide" the inversion
process. Results are required to fit the deformation data using
least-squares criteria, while the predicted ice-sheet thicknesses are
still as close as possible to the *a priori* model. Prescribed errors of
the *a priori* model control how strongly the predicted ice sheet is
constrained by the *a priori* model, although the errors may be exceeded
if the deformation data warrant it. This approach allows considerable
spatial resolution in the inversion for ice-sheet history because the
inverse problem is always overdetermined regardless of the number of
unknown ice-sheet thicknesses. The number of equations always exceeds
the number of unknowns. An additional benefit is that the procedure
provides remarkable numerical stability in the determination of the
matrix eigenstructure. As the ice sheets retreated, their meltwater
filled the ocean basins resulting in a rise in sea level, which has been
observed in the geological record and recently estimated through time.
This "eustatic" sea level rise provides an important constraint upon the
inversion process by indicating the volume change of the Earth's ice
sheets during deglaciation, whereas deformation data provide an estimate
of the spatial distribution of this volume. Meltwater loading of the
ocean floor is an important factor contributing to variation in relative
sea-level curves at sites distant from ice sheets. An important goal of
the proposed work is to include this factor in the inverse procedure,
together with the requirement that sea level remain on a gravitational
equipotential surface.

Shortening, Gravity-Driven Compensation and the Thermal Evolution of the
East Greenland Caledonides

#### EAR 9526659

07/15/96; (OPP) \$165,000, (EAR) \$132,679; 36 months

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, MA 02139-4307

Kip V. Hodges

The process of extensional deformation within orogenic belts is of
considerable interest in the development of collisional mountain ranges.
First well-documented in the Himalayas, these extensional structures
appear to provide a mechanism for limiting the topographic relief and
mean elevation when physical erosion is not sufficient to compensate for
the compression-drives uplift. Commonly associated with these
extensional features is an enigmatic metamorphic relationship in which
the metamorphic grade is inverted, that is, increases upward. From
thermal modeling it is clear that these inverted metamorphic gradients
can be preserved only with rapid cooling. However, the temporal, spatial
and mechanical relationships between deformation (compression with
extensional unroofing accommodation) and the geothermal budget
(metamorphic grade and pressure-temperature-time path) of these systems
is not well understood. This project will study tectonic denudation and
inverted metamorphism in the East Greenland Caledonides. This area
exposes a much deeper part of an orogen, and the inverted metamorphic
gradient is present in a different structural setting from analogous
structures in the Himalayas. Technically, the high-precision
geochronologic techniques to be used are capable of more closely tying
deformation metamorphism in this older orogen. The expected results of
this research include a better understanding of the thermal behavior of
actively deforming orogens, particularly in response to episodes of
extension in the overall compressional orogens.

Tectonic Processes, Architecture and Isotopic Systematics of Deep
Crustal Levels: Investigation of the Nagssugtoqidian Orogen of West
Greenland

#### EAR 9526684

01/01/96; (EAR) \$100,000; 24 months

University of Texas--Austin

Austin, TX 78713-7726

James N. Connelly

Deep crustal features associated with continent--continent collisions
are difficult to study in most phanerozoic orogens because the exposure
levels are seldom deep enough. The Nagssugtoqidian Orogen of West
Greenland has attracted much attention as one of the world's most
completely exposed foreland-to-foreland transects of a deep Precambrian
orogen. However, recent work has failed to confirm the presence of major
displacement, crustal-scale shear zones and thrusts anywhere in the
orogen that should mark a continent--continent suture. This project, in
conjunction with the Danish Lithosphere Centre, will attempt to date,
characterize and interpret metamorphism of this belt, previously thought
to be an example of a deep suture, and to develop a tectonic model for
its formation. Results should determine whether or not the deformation
was due to an intracontinental, or an intercontinental, tectonic
setting.

Paleozoic Faunal Affinity Studies in West-Central and East-Central
Alaska

#### EAR 9312854

06/01/94; (INT) \$12,919; 32 months

University of Oregon--Eugene

Eugene, OR 97403-5219

Norman M. Savage

The PI will collect brachiopod and conodont faunas of suspect terranes
in central Alaska and compare these faunas with known faunas in
southeastern Alaska and cratonic North America. The comparison of these
faunas will help determine the history of terrane displacement in
Alaska. The field effort will be coordinated with the U.S. Geological
Survey.

Collaborative Research: Iridium Deposition in Central Greenland Ice:
Temporal Variability of Cosmic and Volcanic Sources

#### EAR 9316183

08/15/94; (OPP) \$30,000; 36 months

Rutgers, The State University

New Brunswick, NJ 08903

Robert M. Sherrell

#### EAR 9316207

08/15/94; (EAR) \$30,000; 36 months

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, MA 02139-4307

Edward A. Boyle

PIs have found iridium (Ir) anomalies in ice cores associated with the
1908 Tunguska event and the 1783 Laki eruption. In collaboration with
Robert Rocchia (Paris), they will extend these analyses to other ice
cores with the following goals: (1) test and verify findings, (2) make
systematic studies on ice core samples to clarify partitioning of Ir and
(3) investigate temporal variability of background Ir deposition.
Results have implications for debate over impact versus volcanic sources
for Ir in the stratigraphic record, and also for linking volcanism and
impacts to climatic changes.

Collaborative Research: Unstable Behavior of the Southern Margin of the
Laurentide Ice Sheet and Implications for Ice-Sheet Dynamics and Climate
Changes

#### EAR 9405117

07/15/94; (EAR) \$18,454; 36 months

University of Guam

Mangilao, GQ 96910

John W. Jenson

#### EAR 9405334

07/15/94; (EAR) \$49,000; 36 months

Oregon State University

Corvallis, OR 97331-5503

Peter U. Clark

#### EAR 9410262

07/15/94; (EAR) \$33,000; 36 months

Washington State University

Pullman, WA 99164-3140

Carlton L. Ho

Unstable ice-sheet behavior is now recognized as an important
characteristic of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) during the last
glaciation, and it played a crucial role in forcing abrupt climate
change in the circum-North Atlantic region, and perhaps globally. In
this collaborative work, we propose to evaluate mechanisms of unstable
ice-sheet behavior based on the late-Pleistocene sedimentary record of
the Des Moines and Lake Michigan lobes along the southern margin of the
LIS. This behavior is far better documented by well-dated records of
these lobes than for any other sector of the ice sheet, thus providing
the best opportunity to explore mechanisms of such behavior and its
relationship to abrupt climate change. Results from this research will
have significant application to other areas where unstable behavior of
the LIS occurred, but which are less well-constrained by the geologic
record (for example, Hudson Strait). Models of ice-sheet instability
thus far have treated the sources of the instability as arising from
internal ice-sheet dynamics involving saturated, deforming subglacial
sediment. The Des Moines and Lake Michigan lobes advanced across
fine-grained sediments that, when water saturated, would have deformed
under the shear stress applied by the ice. Additional studies, however,
suggest external (climate) forcing mechanisms for unstable ice-sheet
behavior. We will continue our collaborative work of integrating field,
experimental and modeling studies to investigate potential forcing
mechanisms. Our field studies will center on those aspects of the
sediment record that offer the most information on subglacial processes
with respect to mechanisms of ice-sheet behaviors as well as for
comparison to modeling studies. Our experimental work will involve using
geotechnical analyses of fine-grained diamictons deposited by the lobes
to define the range in rheological parameters of different till sheets
that are needed in the constitutive sediment flow law we use in modeling
studies. We will use a one-dimensional coupled ice-sediment numerical
model that integrates results of experimental work to investigate
mechanisms of unstable ice-sheet behavior due to internal ice-sheet
dynamics or external climate forcing. Finally, we will focus on
intercomparison of results from field and modeling studies of subglacial
hydrology, subglacial sediment processes and sediment transport fluxes.

Late Cretaceous to Paleocene Depositional Systems, Paleoclimate and
Strike-Slip Basin Development, Denali Fault System, Alaska

#### EAR 9406078

08/15/94; (EAR) \$56,684; 36 months

Purdue University Research Foundation

West Lafayette, IN 47907

Kenneth D. Ridgway

PI will investigate the Cantwell Basin strata in Alaska, addressing
questions of depositional systems, basin development and paleoclimate.
Strata in the basin may preserve the Cretaceous--Tertiary boundary as
well, offering opportunities to investigate fossil plant community
changes at this time in a high-latitude basin. Analysis of the Cantwell
Basin will be a key step in developing a regionally integrated database
for strike-slip basins along the Denali fault system.

Pleistocene Glacial Ice Cover and Interglacial Paleoclimatic History in
the NE Russian Arctic--Comparisons with Alaska

#### OPP 9423730

07/15/95; (OPP) \$134,178; 23 months

University of Massachusetts--Amherst

Amherst, MA 01003

Julie Brigham-Grette

This award supports a project to study the late Pleistoceneglacial
geology of the regions bordering the Bering Strait. Field work and
laboratory analyses of fossil materials collected on Chukotka Peninsula
over the last three years indicate that the late Cenozoic stratigraphic
framework for Northeast Russia is in need of significant revision. The
development of a unified stratigraphic scheme for those parts of
Beringia on both sides of the Bering Strait requires that the
Pleistocene stratigraphy of NE Russia be more firmly based upon modern
concepts of glacial sedimentology, isostasy and eustasy and secured with
better geochronology. Knowledge of glacial ice extent in the Russian
Arctic is important for establishing accurate boundary conditions for
paleoclimatic modeling. Likewise, knowledge of interglacial marine
conditions in the region is important for understanding changes in the
distribution of water masses and heat transport, as well as
understanding the role of the Bering Strait in global ocean circulation
models. Based upon past field work and a complete inventory of moraines
and other glaciogenic deposits using European Space Agency
synthetic-aperture-radar images across Northeast Russia, this project
will revise the Late Cenozoic stratigraphy of the region and provide an
opportunity for both U.S. and Russian researchers to compare and
exchange field methods and laboratory techniques via joint study of
crucial stratigraphic sections and moraine sequences on both sides of
the Bering Strait. Special attention will be given to the paleoclimatic
and paleoceanographic significance of similarities and contrasts in the
Pleistocene records. The correlation and geochronology of the deposits
will be based upon a variety of modern techniques, including amino acid
geochronology of mollusks, soft sediment paleomagnetism, cosmogenic
isotope surface exposure dating and quantitative geomorphology of
moraines, along with traditional biostratigraphy. The results of this
project will be important to developing a complete picture of
paleoenvironmental conditions in this region.

Cosmogenic Nuclide Chronology of Weathering Zones and Ice-Sheet Limits
in Northern Labrador: A Pilot Study

#### OPP 9530682

06/15/96; (OPP) \$49,039; 11 months

University of Rhode Island

Kingston, RI 02881

Edward J. Brook

#### OPP 9530759

06/15/96; (OPP) \$28,829; 11 months

Oregon State University

Corvallis, OR 97331-5503

Peter U. Clark

This proposal requests funds for a pilot study applying cosmogenic
nuclide exposure ages to glacial deposits in the Torngat Mountains,
northern Labrador, that were deposited by the eastern margin of the
Laurentide Ice Sheet. This sequence of moraines and drift represents at
least two successively limited glaciations of the Torngat Mountains and
is a "type area" for study of weathering zones in North America. Despite
over a century of study, the chronology of this classic sequence of
differentially weathered glacial deposits is highly uncertain.
Furthermore, the glacial history of this region is a key component in
reconstructing the past history of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which
exerted a major influence on global climate during the last glacial
period. Examples for measurement of cosmogenic 10Be and other cosmogenic
nuclides will be collected to evaluate the suitability of this region
for exposure dating studies. The preliminary 10Be data will be used to
create an absolute exposure age chronology for the region, and to
evaluate the correlation of previously mapped and correlated deposits.
Potential results of the proposed work and its possible extensions
include: (1) absolute chronology for a largely undated glacial sequence
in an area that is crucial for reconstructing the margins of the
Laurentide Ice Sheet at the last glacial maximum (LGM); (2) age
constraints for glacial deposits and ice-sheet limits related to pre-LGM
Laurentide Ice Sheet advances in Labrador; and (3) constraints on
erosion rates and weathering history of rock surfaces in
sub-Arctic/Arctic regions.

An Integrated Modeling and Experimental Study of the Formation and
Dynamics of Patterned Ground

#### OPP 9530809

06/01/96; (OPP) \$88,719; 12 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Bernard Hallet

#### OPP 9530860

06/01/96; (OPP) \$77,494; 12 months

University of California--Scripps Institute

La Jolla, CA 92093

Bradley Werner

The emergence of order from disorder is observed in a wide range of
complex dynamical systems. Several geological features, including
patterned ground, constitute some of the clearest and most accessible
examples of abiotic self-organization in nature. It is proposed to
investigate the spontaneous emergence and dynamics of patterned ground
through a coordinated program of field measurement and computer
simulation of discrete particle motion in soil subjected to freeze/thaw
activity. The close bending of these two approaches promises to be
synergistic, with the simulations guiding the investigations in
formulating novel and more precise questions in the field and vice
versa. A new and more fundamental view of patterned ground as a prime
example of self-organization will be obtained through the integration of
the following specific objectives: (1) to develop a three-dimensional
computer simulation of discrete particle motion in soil subjected to
recurrent freezing and thawing, and to use it to investigate the
development of patterns in frozen ground; (2) to measure stone and soil
displacements, document the formation of patterns and their reaction to
disturbances, and monitor with automated instrumentation soil
temperature, moisture and climate parameters in established study sites
with well-developed sorted circles and stripes; (3) to construct a
micro-mechanical model of sorting in patterned ground through computer
simulation and laboratory experimentation; and (4) to develop a
realistic heat and mass transfer model to investigate factors critical
in the formation of sorted circles---active layer depth and
three-dimensional geometry of propagating freezing and thawing fronts.
An important practical benefit of developing a realistic near-surface
heat transfer model for frozen ground is that it promises to contribute
to a more precise understanding of both the anticipated impacts of
climate change permafrost areas, and the record of recent climate change
that is contained in permafrost temperatures. The goal of the proposed
research is to understand the processes through which patterns such as
these circles of stones in the Arctic arise from a disordered initial
state---in this case, a wave cut platform covered with 1--2 m of
assorted beach sediments.

History of Quaternary Ice Sheets on Arctic Islands, Phase 1: Integrated
Approach Using Dating of Terrestrial Glacial Deposits, Glacially Abraded
Bedrock and Marine Shorelines

#### OPP 9530857

07/15/96; (OPP) \$108,531; 11 months

University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ 85721

Marek G. Zreda

The extent of arctic ice sheets during the last glaciation is among the
most controversial issues in arctic glacial geology, paleoglaciology and
paleoclimatology. One of the main reasons is our inability to accurately
date terrestrial deposits that define ancient ice margins. The *in situ*
accumulation of cosmogenic nuclides can be used to approach this
problem. In this study, cosmogenic surface exposure dating methods will
be used to reconstruct the history of the last arctic ice sheets. The
main goals of the proposed integrated study are to provide clear
evidence either for or against the existence of the Innuitian Ice Sheet
in the late Quaternary, to reconstruct the history of the last ice
sheets, from their birth until today, and to determine the duration of
ice-free period before the last glaciation started. The investigation
will obtain cosmogenic surface exposure ages for glacial deposits and
polished bedrock in northwestern Greenland, eastern Ellesmere Island and
several small islands between them, western Ellesmere and eastern Axel
Heiberg Islands, Devon, Baffin, Cornwallis, Somerset, Bathurst, Prince
Patrick and Ellef Ringness Islands. They will also obtain cosmogenic and
radiocarbon ages for raised marine shorelines in order to reconstruct
the history of sea-level changes at these locations. The results will
provide the much needed chronologic control for the late Quaternary
glaciations in arctic islands. The results will also have important
implications for paleoclimatologic studies because of a possibility to
establish whether or not there was a connection between the Arctic Ocean
and Baffin Bay during the last glaciation.

A Study of Crustal Anisotropy in Alaska

#### EAR 9505837

09/01/95; (EAR) \$27,927; 24 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Max Wyss

This research is to measure the direction of polarization of the S-waves
from local earthquakes recorded by most of the 12 three-component
seismograph stations in the Alaska network. Emphasis will be placed on
those stations where preferred mineral orientation is not likely to be
responsible for the anisotropy. The derived stress directions will be
compared to those estimated in previously funded NSF work based on
inversion of fault-plane solutions. It is important to estimate stress
directions from S-polarizations, where this can be done, because there
is not enough information available concerning stress directions to
understand the seismic hazard in central and southern Alaska. All stress
direction estimates (from fault-plane solutions, volcanic dikes,
hydrofracture and anisotropy) will be integrated to construct a
seismotectonic model for central and southern Alaska. This research is a
component of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program.

Geophysical Study of Chukchi Borderland and Lomonosov and Alpha Ridges

#### OPP 9423419

02/15/95; (OPP) \$55,130; 23 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

Bernard J. Coakley

This award supports a geophysical survey from a nuclear submarine during
the operation of the SCICEX-95 cruise to the Arctic Ocean. The survey
will result in a comprehensive map of bathymetry and gravity of the
Chukchi Borderland and portions of the Lomonosov Ridge, Makarov Basin
and Mendeleev Ridge. These areas are out of the normal operating range
of aerogeophysics platforms, and data from the region that are available
to western scientists are extremely sparse. The proposed survey is
designed to test current hypotheses of the geologic structure and
tectonic development of the main geographic features of the region.
Whether or not the hypotheses prove to be true, the data will fill a
conspicuous gap in the geophysical data coverage in the Arctic Ocean
Basin. Hence, the data collected will be valuable in determining the
geologic and tectonic structure of the region and, in turn, will also be
useful for evaluating tectonic models for the development of the region.

Collaborative Research: Aerogeophysics in the Canada Basin

#### OPP 9531249

06/15/96; (OPP) \$105,603; 11 months

University of Texas--Austin

Austin, TX 78713-7726

Lawrence A. Lawver

#### OPP 9626701

06/15/96; (OPP) \$202,820; 11 months

Department of Navy--Naval Research Laboratory

Washington, DC 20375-5328

John M. Brozena

The Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean remains one of the least known
regions of the Earth, yet understanding its evolution is important in
understanding the history of ocean circulation and climate generation,
as well as the fact that the Alaska margin of the Canada Basin contains
one of the world's giant hydrocarbon fields. In order to complete the
aerogeophysical coverage of the Canada Basin between the Alpha and
Mendeleyev ridges and the Arctic Alaska/Canada and Far Eastern Siberia
margins, two seasons of aerogeophysics are proposed. The three most
important aspects of the proposed work are: (1) collect reconnaissance
aerogeophysical data that will allow specific hypotheses to be
formulated about the tectonic evolution of the Canada Basin of the
Arctic; (2) combine the aerogeophysical data collected offshore with a
high-resolution aeromagnetics survey of Arctic Alaska's continental
shelf (these two datasets definitely should answer the question of the
nature of the Ocean--Continent Boundary along Arctic Alaska); and (3)
survey in detail, gravity over the Chukchi Plateau and onto the
continental margin of what should be the buried North Chukchi Basin, to
allow insight into the evolution of this margin. Present data does not
allow reasonable interpretation of the evolution of this margin.

Fluvial Geochemistry of the Arctic Rivers of Eastern Siberia

#### EAR 9627613

07/15/96; (EAR) \$92,500, (OPP) \$60,000, (INT) \$20,500; 23 months

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, MA 02139-4307

John M. Edmond

The aims of this continuing project are to: (1) characterize the
chemical compositions of the pristine large rivers of Eastern Siberia
and their fluxes to the Arctic Ocean; (2) investigate the factors
controlling weathering rates in low-temperature environments as compared
to those operating in similar geologic terrains in the Tropics; (3)
constrain the effects that the large expansion of peri-glacial
environments characteristic of the glacial maxima had on weathering
fluxes; and (4) provide baseline data for the environment likely to be
most impacted by future greenhouse warming. This work will provide
insights into the biogeochemical effects that will result from the
climatic and hydrologic changes to be expected from anthropogenic global
warming. In addition, the results will allow estimates to be made of the
effects of climatic deterioration (i.e., glacial maximum conditions) on
global weathering fluxes, presently a topic of much controversy owing,
mainly, to lack of data. Strong constraints will also be placed on the
assumptions used in global climate models of the geologic past that
invoke a pCO~2~-weathering feedback to stabilize the greenhouse effect.
Extensive field work has been carried out in the basins of the Lena,
Yana and Kolyma. Data from steams draining the igneous and metamorphic
basement rocks of the Aldan Shield and Trans-Baikal Highland in the Lena
headwaters give areal chemical fluxes comparable to those from the
Guayana Shield in the drainage of the Orinoco, despite the fact that the
latter has an annual average temperature that is \~50°C warmer and
receives at least four times the amount of precipitation. While the
chemical yields are comparable the severity of weathering, as indicated
by Na/K ratios and the 87 Sr/86Sr values, is much less in the Siberian
basins. In the Tropics weathering of basement is essentially complete,
to kaolinite and gibbsite, but extremely slow, "transport limited." In
cold climates frost action continually generates fresh reaction surfaces
at all scales leading to essentially an "exposure limited" situation. In
addition, rivers draining the complete range of sedimentary rock types
give fluxes similar to those observed in lower latitudes (e.g., the
large rivers of China). It is proposed to extend this work to the other
important rivers of the region---the Anabar, Olenek, Indigirka and
Anadyrs---and to make a complete characterization of the major, minor
and trace element geochemistry and of the isotopic systematics of the
dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen systems of the
fluvial regimes in this unglaciated but cold-dominated environment.

Collaborative Research: Structural and Geochronologic Analysis of the
Ruby Terrane Central Alaska: Thermal and Tectonic Processes of
Arc-Continent Collision and Exhumation

#### EAR 9406404

06/15/94; (EAR) \$16,162; 36 months

University of California--Santa Barbara

Santa Barbara, CA 93106

William C. McClelland

#### EAR 9406480

06/15/94; (EAR) \$21,491; 36 months

University of California--Davis

Davis, CA 95616-8671

Sarah Roeske

Northern and central Alaska consist primarily of large blocks of
continental crust that are locally overlain by oceanic crustal
fragments. Gross similarities between them has led to speculation that
they are all fragments of North America's continental margin. However,
data to support or refute this hypothesis is particularly sparse in the
Ruby terrane of central Alaska. This project will provide the necessary
thermal and structural history of the area in order to reconstruct the
subduction and exhumation events so that firm comparisons to other
continental blocks can be made. Results should lead to a robust model of
the Mesozoic paleogeography of the northern Cordillera and answer the
questions of what the relative significance of strike-slip, thrust and
extensional tectonics were in the history of the Ruby terrane, and also
how it arrived at its current oblique angle to the regional trends in
the northern Cordillera.

Geometry and Kinematics of Faulting and Dike Intrusion in the Tertiary
East Greenland Rifted Margin

#### EAR 9508250

07/01/95; (EAR) \$56,945; 24 months

Duke University

Durham, NC 27703-2570

Jeffrey A. Karson

This project will conduct mapping and paleomagnetic studies of the East
Greenland rifted margin along the northeast branch of the Atlantic
Ocean, a uniquely uplifted and exposed area of rifted continental
margin. The basaltic lavas of rifted margins are typically imaged on
seismic reflection profiles as a series of seaward-dipping reflectors
that record a progressive subsidence and flexure of the continental edge
during the transition to sea floor spreading. Surface mapping will
document the interaction of faulting and basalt intrusion, and the large
fjords will afford natural cross sections of key parts of the major
structures. The onshore data will be integrated with offshore data to
provide a comprehensive view of the internal structure and composition
of this continental margin. Logistical support is being provided by the
Danish Geological Survey. The results of this project will provide a
comprehensive view of the internal structure and composition of this
continental margin, and will be applicable to other rifted margins in a
variety of tectonic regimes.

Rates of Glacial Erosion in Southern Alaska

#### EAR 9628675

08/15/96; (EAR) \$100,620; 11 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Bernard Hallet

The research bears on an outstanding issue of broad scientific interest:
the rate of glacial erosion in a tectonically active area, and its
implications for the development of mountain ranges as dictated by the
interplay of tectonics, climate and erosion. The Bering Glacier section
of the proposed study also promises to yield valuable new information on
rapid glacial overriding of sediments and its implication regarding the
dynamics of glaciers and the stability of calving glaciers. Objectives
are to determine current erosion rates in the extensive (\>5000 km~2~)
and tectonically active region drained by Bering Glacier, including the
Mt. St. Elias area with unsurpassed relief from sea level, by monitoring
sediment accumulation in the proglacial Vitus Lake complex to examine
considerable new data recently obtained by researchers in the fjords and
inland passages of Southeast Alaska. These data promise to yield
valuable information about Quaternary and Holocene sediment yields over
a broad, heavily glacierized area that can be compared to longer term
regional exhumation rates known to be high; to compile readily available
data from other Southeast Alaska glaciers to improve the definition and
understanding of factors controlling regional rates of glacial erosion
and sediment transfer to fjords; to develop a quantitative framework for
exploring the topographic and geodynamic implications of rapid glacial
erosion and sediment transfer through a continuum mechanical model of
crustal convergence coupled with a simple abstraction of erosion and
sediment transfer by glaciers. The multifaceted research is deemed
feasible, within the five-year proposed duration of the project. It is a
group effort involving four established researchers and is founded on
considerable data already available. It involves Lew Hunter of the U.S.
Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), and
independently funded U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) researchers Bruce
Molnia and Paul Carslon, as well as PI Bernard Hallet and research
assistant Yann Merrand (both at the University of Washington). All
members will participate in field work. The collective expertise of our
team is ideally suited for the proposed work; it emanates from
considerable field experience in fjords and coastal waters and on
glaciers in Alaska, and from quantitative studies of glacial erosion and
calving-margin processes, process geomorphology and geodynamics. We
stress that the NSF resources requested herein strongly will be
leveraged by the collaboration with the USGS and CRREL.

Collaborative Research: Mesozoic to Present-Day Tectonics of Northeast
Russia: A Cooperative Research Program with the Yakut Science Center
(YSC) and the Northeast Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute
(NEISRI)

#### OPP 9424139

06/15/95; (OPP) \$14,305; 23 months

Michigan State University

East Lansing, MI 48824

Kazuya Fujita

#### OPP 9500241

06/15/95; (OPP) \$72,723; 23 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Paul W. Layer

This award provides support to continue a cooperative research program
between the University of Alaska--Fairbanks, Michigan State University,
the Yakut Science Center (Yakutsk, Russia) and the Northeast
Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute (Magadan, Russia) which
was initiated in 1990. The research program is interdisciplinary, using
paleomagnetism, geochronology, geochemistry, seismology and structural
geology to study the Mesozoic to Cenozoic tectonic history of
northeastern Russia from the edge of the Siberian platform up to, and
including, the Okhotsk--Chukotka volcanic belt (OCVB). The study area
includes the zone of Mesozoic accretion of terranes of both Arctic and
Pacific origins and the present-day plate boundary between North America
(NA) and Eurasia (EU). So far, this cooperative project has detected an
age progression among Mesozoic granites, identified a widespread
paleomagnetic overprint in the northwestern Kolyma Structural Loop
(KSL), and obtained previously published paleomagnetic data for the
region. To expand understanding of the KSL, this project will focus on
its southeastern end, where formations similar to those studied in the
northeastern part of the loop turn from a southeasterly strike to a
northeasterly one. This region also lies along the NA-OK plate boundary,
and fault traces and seismically generated features are visible in
low-resolution satellite images.

The Strand Fiord Large Igneous Province: A Multidisciplinary
Investigation of Its Origin and Paleomagnetic Record

#### OPP 9531007

06/01/96; (OPP) \$106,022; 12 months

University of Rochester

Rochester, NY 14627

John A. Tarduno

A multidisciplinary study of the Strand Fiord and related volcanics is
planned to address several questions of Arctic tectonic evolution and
global change, taking advantage of the exposed sections to obtain
high-latitude paleomagnetic data. The following five questions will be
addressed through the collection of new paleomagnetic, radiometric and
geochemical data: (1) What is the exact age and duration of the Strand
Fiord volcanics, and do these flood basalt correlate, as do others
(Deccan and Siberian Traps), with a global extinction event? (2) What is
the relationship between the Strand Fiord volcanics and the older
Isachesen volcanics, and can any of these units be used to constrain the
geomagnetic timescale? (3) What is the relationship between these
volcanics and mantle plumes, such as Iceland, and a larger scale
activity such as the "superplume?" (4) Can a paleomagnetic record from
the Strand Fiord volcanics answer the Nares Strait problem? (5) Can the
Strand Fiord volcanics provide geomagnetic paleointensity information
for the Cretaceous Normal Polarity Superchron? The study of these
geological and geophysical questions is linked through a common sampling
scheme, the flow-by-flow sampling of long, continuous volcanic sections
for paleomagnetic and geochemical analyses.

Testing Earth System Models with Paleoenvironmental Observations (TEMPO)

#### ATM 9510668

09/01/95; (OPP) \$25,000, (EAR) \$150,000, (ATM) \$80,000; 24 months

University of Wisconsin--Madison

Madison, WI 53706-1490

John E. Kutzbach

This award supports a project under the Earth System History (ESH)
Program of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). The
objective of this award is to improve the ability of models to simulate
large changes in the Earth system and to understand the interactions and
feedback among components of the system. The Earth's climate system with
its vegetation, lakes, wetlands and oceans has changed dramatically in
the past, and the data about these large changes provide "ground truth"
for testing the accuracy of the Earth system models. The research team
will develop an integrated equilibrium biosphere model, a
lake/continental-hydrology model, and coupling procedures to link these
models off-line to atmospheric general circulation models and an ocean
general circulation model. A regional fine-mesh climate model will also
be used for studying Earth system changes in regions of complex
topography. With these coupled models, it will be possible to explore a
wide variety of potential Earth system feedback including: (1)
atmosphere--biosphere interactions associated with boreal forest
replacing tundra, or tropical savannah replacing desert; (2)
atmosphere/land-surface-hydrology interactions associated with increases
or decreases in the area extend of lakes and wetlands; and (3)
atmosphere/ocean/terrestrial-vegetation interactions associated with
changes in Arctic sea-ice, the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation
and coastal and equatorial upwelling. Global paleovegetation and lake
status data sets will be compiled for 6,000 and 21,000 years ago, and
these data sets will be used along with data for ocean circulation and
from previous interglacial data to make comparisons with the coupled
earth system models.

Support of Travel to 30th International Geological Congress, Beijing,
China, August 4--14, 1996

#### EAR 9627219

07/01/96; (EAR) \$8,000, (OPP) \$2,000, (ATM) \$2,000; 12 months

American Geophysical Union

Washington, DC 20009-1231

A. F. Spilhaus

The objective of this project is to make possible the participation of
approximately seven researchers from the United States in the
International Geological Congress (IGC). The 30th IGC will take place
August 4--14, 1996, in Beijing, China. This venue will highlight the
demands of massive populations and evolving economies on the resources
of the earth and the environment. It also will offer unparalleled
opportunities for U.S. scientists to learn about the unique geology of
China and the progress made by Chinese geoscientists. The scientific
contacts and new perspectives that U.S. scientists will find at the
technical sessions and field trips of the IGC will be invaluable for
advancing understanding of the dynamic earth system.

Acquisition of a Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometer for Automated
Carbonate Analysis: Analytical Instrumentation for Earth Science/Global
Change Research

#### EAR 9628080

09/15/96; (EAR) \$50,987, (OPP) \$36,000, (ATM) \$17,000; 23 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Julia E. Cole

This grant provides \$113,487 as one-half support of the costs of
acquiring a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (SIRMS) with a dual
inlet system and a Kiel device for automated carbonate sample
introduction. The PI's research involves deciphering high-resolution
records of climate change indicated by variations in the carbon and
oxygen isotopic signatures recorded in biogenic carbonates including
corals, foraminifera and mollusc shells. The primary focus of research
to be conducted utilizing this mass spectrometer will be on analyses of
the del 18-O recorded in massive, scleractinian coral skeletons as
high-resolution indicators of variability in tropical sea surface
temperatures. These corals grow rapidly and can live for periods as long
as 800 years, and, thus, offer a unique, high-resolution record of
climate variability over decadal-to-centurian time scales, and also can
aid our understanding of coupled ocean-atmospheric systems, such as the
El Niño/Southern Oscillation that has global significance in determining
patterns of precipitation, and, thus, is relevant to worldwide
agriculture and flooding hazard mitigation. To effectively and
efficiently analyze the carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios recorded in
biogenic carbonates at sub-monthly resolutions requires a sensitive mass
spectrometer capable of analyzing samples in the 100--600 mg size range
with high throughput. Analyses of upwards of 10,000 samples per year
including sufficient replicates so as to ensure regional fidelity can be
required for century-scale records. The inclusion of a Kiel device in
this acquisition will allow unassisted and sequential sample
introduction of up to 74 samples, thus allowing for nighttime operations
which are essential for maintaining the high throughput necessary for
these high-resolution studies.

Investigation of the Effects of Climatic Change and Human Activities on
Discontinuous Permafrost in Alaska

#### OPP 9423426

07/01/95; (OPP) \$79,229; 24 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Thomas E. Osterkamp

This award supports a study of discontinuous permafrost in northern
Alaska. Permafrost exists in arctic and subarctic regions where changes
in climate are most likely to be largest and to occur first. Warm
discontinuous permafrost will be the first to thaw in the event of any
climatic warming. Climatic data indicate that Alaska is currently
warming at a rate of about 2.4ºC per century. Data has been obtained
which shows that the discontinuous permafrost south of the Yukon River
in Alaska has recently warmed by as much as 1.5ºC and that some of it is
already thawing. The objective of this research is to develop a better
understanding of the response of discontinuous permafrost to changes in
climate and human activities. The significance of permafrost in the
context of climatic change studies is that permafrost can detect and
record climatic changes in its thermal regime. In thawing, it can act as
an agent of environmental changes that influences ecological and human
communities, and it can amplify climatic change by feedback effects
associated with the release of carbon stored in the permafrost. This
research includes analyses and interpretations of an extensive long-term
(18 years) data set obtained at more than a dozen sites representing a
wide range of environmental conditions that span the discontinuous
permafrost zone along a north--south transect of Alaska, measurements of
current conditions, and assessing changes that have occurred and those
that are still occurring. Six sites will be instrumented to measure
temperatures in the air and active layer, permafrost, moisture contents
(including unfrozen water), thermal parameters, snow cover and active
layer characteristics, and heave. Less detailed measurements will be
made at eight other sites. This research also will include an
investigation of temporal and spatial trends in the data, the flow of
heat and moisture (including several existing hypotheses) and the
application of an analytical model and of two existing numerical models
for predicting the thermal regime and talik development in warm and
thawing permafrost. A sensitivity analysis will be carried out on the
effects of changes in climatic variables and active layer
characteristics on the thermal regime of the discontinuous permafrost.

A Laboratory Study of Till Deformation

#### OPP 9530814

08/15/96; (OPP) \$144,285, (ATM) \$20,000; 23 months

University of Minnesota--Twin Cities

Minneapolis, MN 55415-1226

Neal R. Iverson

Deformation of water-saturated sediment (till) beneath glaciers may, in
effect, lubricate glacier beds. Such deformation has been measured
beneath a number of modern glaciers and also may have contributed to the
fast flow of Pleistocene ice masses with a possibly profound effect on
regional climate. Support is requested to study with a rotary
(ring-shear) device that shears a water-saturated till sample. Because
the device can deform a large sample to infinitely high strains, it can
be used to test a much broader range of hypotheses than traditional soil
testing devices. For example, it has been used successfully to study
stress concentrations in shearing sediment and the consequent evolution
of till grain size. Special features of the device allow continuous
observation of the distribution of shear strain, measurement of local
stresses normal to the direction of shear and isolation of wall effects.
In experiments aimed at better understanding till rheology, both
clay-rich and clay-poor tills will be sheared with the primary goal of
determining the relation between deformation rate and the steady
(residual) till strength. In some experiments the effective normal
stress will be varied to investigate the role of transient pore-pressure
gradients on the apparent till rheology. In a second set of experiments,
the evolution of contacts, the preservation of structures (e.g.,
sublithified sand clasts) and the development of fabric will be studied
to test field criteria for the identification of highly strained
Pleistocene tills. In addition, grain communication will continue to be
studied with the additional important goal of quantifying the
progressive degradation of selected diatom species as a function of
shear strain.

Influence of Climate and Environmental Factors on the Thermal Regime of
the Active Layer and Permafrost

#### OPP 9531220

08/01/96; (OPP) \$111,483; 12 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Thomas E. Osterkamp

Permafrost is one of the primary components of the Arctic
land-atmosphere-ice system. Recent unexpected discoveries of a
large-amplitude temperature cycle in the permafrost and of large and
systematic changes in active layer thicknesses (since 1986) indicate
that the current understanding of climate-active layer-permafrost
interactions needs improvement. These interactions are important because
warmer air temperatures predicted in the Arctic from increases in
greenhouse gases will cause permafrost to thaw as the active layer
becomes thicker. A better understanding of the linkages between the
atmosphere, soil surface, active layer and permafrost is required to
answer questions regarding the rate and extent of permafrost
degradation, modifications to its thermal regime, release of carbon and
trace gases by thawing permafrost, changes in soil moisture, the biota,
the hydrological cycle, how these changes will influence the use of
polar lands and the development, calibration, and validation of
small-scale numerical models (\<2 km grids) of land-atmosphere
interactions that are to be nested in larger scale models. A permafrost
research program is proposed that combines field measurements,
laboratory measurements and analyses and interpretation of data to be
obtained at six long-term study sites along a transect from Prudhoe Bay
across the coastal plain and foothills into the Brooks Range. These
sites are in undisturbed areas, span a wide range of permafrost,
climatic and environmental conditions, include drillholes in the
permafrost (40 to 75 m in depth) and have a long-time series of data
(since 1983).

Atmospheric Contamination of Russian Soils (1895--Present)

#### SBR 9601272

09/15/96; (SBR) \$160,000; 23 months

State University of New York--Albany

Albany, NY 12201-0009

Andrei Lapenis

The research supported by this award aims to take advantage of the
recent discovery of information that describes the location and
circumstances of late-19th-century soil samples from sites across Russia
(across the East European Plain and in central and eastern Siberia). The
study will: measure the accumulation of atmospheric contaminants in
Russian soils by comparing the 1895 and 1996/1997 samples; measure the
changes in soil carbon stocks; combine these analyses to assess the
effect of climate and soil type on the presence of trace metals in the
soil profiles; and provide data to constrain models of atmospheric
emission of these elements during Russian industrialization. The samples
have been carefully stored, and with the help of a pilot award from NSF
(as well as some institutional and some personal funds), the PI has
ascertained that 47 samples are in exceptionally good condition, and
that the locational and attribute information is sufficient to locate
and access the sites for current-day sampling. In addition, some of the
sites are in environmentally protected or controlled locations. The PI
has collected long-term weather records for some of the sites already.
The current research will focus on four sites, which have been located
exactly from the documentation of the original samples. Three of the
sites have the same vegetative profile now as they did in the late 19th
century. All four sites will be resampled, and all eight samples will be
analyzed for organic matter, radiocarbon content, trace elements, base
cations, pH and particular anthropogenic organic compounds. These data
will be used to: measure the accumulation of radiocarbon and toxic
metals, trace nutrients and other atmospheric inputs; model the rate and
form in which these elements are processed in the different soils and
ecosystems; and relate the storage, depth distribution and form of these
constituents to climate and soil characteristics.

# OceAN Sciences

Marine Technicians

#### OCE 9400282

04/01/94; (OCE) \$149,454; 42 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Thomas D. Smith

The University of Alaska (UA) requests renewed funding for shipboard
technician activities associated with the 133-foot research vessel
*Alpha Helix*. The *Alpha Helix* is owned by the NSF and operated by UA.
In calendar year 1994, the *Alpha Helix* will support 145 days of
NSF-funded research projects in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea.
UA technicians will be responsible for operating and repairing
instruments while at sea, maintaining instruments ashore and assisting
with scientific operations necessary before and after cruises. Budgets
for years two and three of this award will be negotiated when ship
schedules are finalized.

Shipboard Scientific Support Equipment

#### OCE 9530903

05/01/96; (OCE) \$15,977; 24 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Thomas D. Smith

This project will provide shipboard scientific support equipment for the
research vessel *Alpha Helix*, an NSF-owned ship operated by the
University of Alaska, Institute of Marine Science, and dedicated to use
in support of ocean science research. The Shipboard Scientific Support
Equipment Program provides funds for ship equipment deemed essential to
the proper and safe conduct of ocean science research. This Program
provides support for such items as deck equipment including winch
systems for the deployment and retrieval of scientific instruments,
navigational equipment such as radars, gyroscopes and earth satellite
receivers to pinpoint the location of research sites, communication
equipment including radio transceivers and satellite transceivers for
voice and scientific data communications and other equipment such as
motorized workboats for transporting scientists to and from data
retrieval sites. The Project Director, Thomas D. Smith, is fully
qualified to direct this project, having had considerable experience in
overseeing the acquisition and installation of shipboard equipment. This
project will allow the institution to replace the ship's obsolete SSB
radio with one that meets current requirements, replace fire fighting
nozzles with modern ones and install uninterruptable power supplies to
protect equipment.

Ship Operations

#### OCE 9622696

01/01/96; (OCE) \$405,095; 12 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Thomas D. Smith

#### OCE 9622783

01/01/96; (OCE) \$2,529,000; 12 months

Harbor Branch Ocean Institute

Fort Pierce, FL 34946-7303

Tim Askew

The University of Alaska will operate the 133-foot general oceanographic
research vessel (R/V) *Alpha Helix* during 1996 in support of NSF-funded
projects. The ship is scheduled for 174 operating days in 1996, of which
123 days are in support of NSF-sponsored projects. The cruises will be
primarily in the north Pacific Ocean but include significant research
cruise legs to the Aleutian, Bering and Chukchi Seas regions during
minimum ice conditions in late summer. This vessel is part of a fleet
used by the NSF and other research agencies to support oceanographic
research. Most oceanographic research requires specialized equipment
that must be permanently installed on the research vessel. Trained crew
members are also required to support the equipment systems and research
operations. This is the first year of a planned three-year award.

Collaborative Research: Improved Instrumentation for Arctic
Submarine-Based Geophysical Surveys

#### OPP 9615283

09/01/96; (OPP) \$1,200,810; 12 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

Dale N. Chayes

#### OPP 9615666

09/01/96; (OPP) \$90,606; 12 months

University of Hawaii--Manoa

Honolulu, HI 96822-2225

Margo H. Edwards

This work is to develop an improved geophysical instrument package for
use on U.S. Navy nuclear-powered submarines during science cruises to
the Arctic Ocean. The PIs plan an integrated data acquisition system
that would expand the current instrument suite to include a
swath-bathymetric imaging system, a "chirp"-type low-frequency bottom
penetrating sonar and an integrated data logging and quality control
computer system. With specifically adapted instrumentation the submarine
is the only platform for underway marine geophysical surveys in the High
Arctic. The proposed 12 kHz bathymetric imaging system will acquire
co-registered bathymetry and backscatter from the sea floor across a
swath up to 20 km wide. Data from the "chirp" sonar will, under
favorable conditions, define the acoustic stratigraphy of at least the
upper 100 m sediment below the sea floor. Transducers for both sonars
will be housed in a single pod secured beneath the submarine. The
combined backscatter, bathymetry, "chirp" profiles and gravity anomaly
data collected over the entire deep Arctic Ocean will provide not only
the basis for solving some of the vexing problems of Arctic tectonics,
but it also will provide an essential database for planning future
coring, dredging or deep sea drilling. This instrument package will make
the most of the opportunity generously offered by the U.S. Navy to
provide operational support for annual submarine cruises through 1999.
Critical design goals include: collection of high quality data, dockside
installation (i.e., without dry-docking), boat-to-boat transfer with
modest effort and cost; and minimization of returns from the ice canopy.
The proposed development, integration and testing effort is a complex
undertaking, requiring coordination between participating organizations,
user community and the submarine fleet. These submarine cruises will be
the only opportunity to systematically collect this data with a set of
optimized instruments over the entire ocean basin. The combined suite of
swath bathymetry and backscatter imagery, gravity anomaly data,
bottom-penetrating chirp sonar, and possibly magnetometer data, will
provide a complete geophysical characterization of the morphology,
recent sedimentology, shallow stratigraphy and deep structure of the
major Arctic Ocean basins.

Collaborative Research: Design Study for a Portable Swath Bathymetric
Imaging System for Sturgeon Class Submarines

#### OPP 9622604

07/01/96; (OPP) \$17,755; 12 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

Bernard J. Coakley

#### OPP 9626702

07/01/96; (OPP) \$38,998; 12 months

Alliant Techsystems, Inc.

Mukilteo, WA 98275-4844

James Kosalos

This proposal seeks support for a design study of a submarine-mounted
Swath Bathymetric Imaging System (SWABS) to be used on U.S. Navy
nuclear-powered submarines during future unclassified science cruises to
the Arctic Ocean. The system would be an adaptation of a demonstrated
design, the SeaMARCTM towed side-looking sonar system. Towed platforms
can be readily adapted for hull mounting on a submarine. The proposed
12-kHz side-looking sonar will acquire co-registered bathymetry and
backscatter of the sea floor across a swath up to 20 km wide. If the
SWABS is installed for the 1997 cruise, the remaining three cruises in
the Submarine Science program (SUBSCI) could collect more than 800,000
km~2~ of data, covering a large fraction of the deep Arctic Basin
operational area for these cruises. The final result of this study will
be a set of documents that demonstrate the feasibility of installing a
swath bathymetric imaging system on the submarine assigned to the 1997
SUBSCI cruise.

Influence of Joekulhlaups on Deep-Sea Sedimentation Adjacent to the
Iceland Hotspot

#### OCE 9402296

02/15/95; (OCE) \$68,910; 23 months

University of Rhode Island

Kingston, RI 02881

Steven Carey

The PIs will investigate the record of the catastrophic floods, known as
joekulhlaups, generated by subglacial eruptions or drainage of
ice-dammed lakes on Iceland that cause the introduction of
volcaniclastic material into the ocean, where it is deposited as
turbidites on the submarine fan. Samples of land-based joekulhlaup
events, as well as those from deep sea cores, will be examined. Oxygen
isotopic stratigraphy will provide chronology. The findings will help
resolve the history of flood events and contribute to the modeling of
sedimentation around a volcanic hotspot such as Iceland that is strongly
influenced by glacial cycles.

Deep Structure of a Hotspot-Influenced Rifted Volcanic Margin: A Joint
U.S.--Danish Seismic Experiment off Southeast Greenland

#### OCE 9416631

06/01/96; (OCE) \$386,393; 12 months

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Woods Hole, MA 02543

W. S. Holbrook

This project is a U.S.--Danish study of the Southeast Greenland margin
to provide a better understanding of the volcanic rifted continental
margins which contain great thicknesses of mafic igneous material
emplaced during continental breakup. This is an ideal setting to study
volcanic rifted margins, because of a known hotspot and well-defined
hot-spot track, a relatively simple tectonic and geologic history and a
thin postrift sediment cover. The NSF's recent Ocean Drilling Program
(ODP) drilling and numerous existing field studies provide additional
background data. A multichannel and wide-angle seismic study is planned
with the objectives to determine the influence of a mantle plume on the
rifted margin magmatism, the detailed structure of the continent--ocean
transition, and to compare the crustal structure of conjugate volcanic
margin segments. The data will provide a framework for interpreting
geological and drilling results on the margin, and for constraining
thermomechanical models of volcanic rifted margin evolution.

Abrupt Onset of Large-Scale Northern Hemisphere Glaciation: Are
Volcanoes the Smoking Gun?

#### OCE 9506716

03/01/96; (OCE) \$65,000; 12 months

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1274

David K. Rea

A high-resolution stratigraphic study will be undertaken to ascertain
the timing of the onset of global conditions on Siberia and Alaska and
the timing of the massive late Pliocene volcanism on the North Pacific
rim on orbital and millennial time scales, based on fluxes and
tephrochronology of cores from the North Pacific, respectively. The
temporal relationship between the two phenomena will determine if the
massive volcanic activity was responsible for the onset of large-scale
glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere at the end of Pliocene.

Ocean--Ice-Sheet Interactions in the North Atlantic Prior to \~130,000
Years Ago

#### OCE 9509997

09/15/95; (OCE) \$110,105; 23 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

Gerard C. Bond

Fast-paced cycles of 2,000--3,000 years recorded in the North Atlantic
cores show apparently synchronous discharge of icebergs from at least
two sources on Iceland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and may be related
to mechanisms originating in the ocean/atmosphere system. Each cycle
also correlates with cold pulses in Greenland ice cores and linked to
Heinrich events. The PI's research will investigate further the role of
ice sheets in forcing rapid climate shifts. If the 2,000--3,000 year
cycles persist through different glacial/interglacial periods, then they
would imply that the oscillations operate independently of large
glaciers and originate in the atmosphere/ocean system.

Support for a Coring Cruise to the East Greenland Continental Margin and
Denmark Strait, and Preliminary Data Analysis

#### OPP 9615935

09/15/96; (OPP) \$50,000; 11 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Anne Jennings

This project is to participate in a cruise on the Research Vessel *Jan
Mayen* (University of Tromsø, Norway) which was planned as a
U.S.--Norwegian research cruise between investigators at the University
of Colorado and the University of Tromsø. The Co-Chief Scientists on the
cruise will be Hald (Tromsø) and Jennings (Colorado). The research plan
was developed jointly during a sabbatical of Hald in Colorado and built
upon the reconnaissance marine cruises that had been undertaken with the
Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) leadership in 1991
and 1993. The cruise will take place between Sept. 21 and Oct. 10, 1996
(Tromsø-to-Tromsø), and will undertake a transect from NW Iceland,
across Denmark Strait to the East Greenland margin at ca. 68°N. The
major goal of the cruise is to extract sediment cores which will provide
information on the extent of the Greenland Ice Sheet in the Denmark
Strait, and the late Quaternary paleoceanography and on ice-sheet/ocean
interactions across this critical "gateway" between the Arctic and
mid-latitude North Atlantic. Based on existing core data (mainly 1--2 m
long gravity cores) and on a detailed analysis of 1655 km of seismic
tracklines on the East Greenland shelf, key coring sites have been
selected to: (1) test potential late Quaternary ice-sheet grounding
positions on the shelf and (2) extend our paleoceanographic time-frame
on the shelf well beyond the 8--14 ka basal age limit that we
encountered previously. The ability to obtain 10 m cores will
potentially allow the team to obtain records into Marine Isotope Stage
2/3, depending on the glacial history. The *Jan Mayen* will be equipped
with a piston corer that will allow the scientists to obtain 10 m cores,
which will revolutionize their ability to extract the information needed
to obtain data on glacial ice extent and icesheet ocean interactions.
Preliminary analyses of the East Greenland cores also will be
undertaken, including visual and x-radiograph core descriptions, laser
color logging, bulk density measurements, volume and mass magnetic
susceptibility, accelerator maps spectrometry 14C dating of foraminifera
and potentially molluscs, and coarse resolution foraminiferal
biostratigraphy.

Nansen Arctic Drilling (NAD) Program Workshop: Ten-Year Implementation
Plan for Scientific Ocean Drilling in the Arctic Seas; St. Petersburg,
Russia, October 14--15, 1996

#### OPP 9622496

09/15/96; (OPP) \$26,800; 8 months

Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc.

Washington, DC 20036-2102

Ellen Kappel

Joint Oceanographic Institutions Incorporated (JOI) proposes to provide
the U.S. oceanographic community the opportunity to participate in the
future planning of the Nansen Arctic Drilling Program (NAD). NAD is a
potentially significant international research effort designed to
understand the geological and oceanographic evolution of the Arctic, as
well as elucidate the contribution of the Arctic region to global change
and its forcing functions. This knowledge will help characterize the
Arctic basin and its impact on global processes. NAD is planning a
workshop to produce a ten-year "Implementation Plan" for scientific
ocean drilling in the Arctic. The NAD Implementation Plan will outline
the strategy and steps necessary to achieve NAD's scientific goals.
Because of the difficult and costly nature of scientific ocean drilling
in the Arctic, the endeavor will require close multinational cooperation
and funding. The workshop's planning and organization will be guided by
the NAD Secretariat, which is funded by the eight NAD member countries
and housed at JOI. Specifically, this proposal seeks full support for
the travel of U.S. scientists and two JOI staff to attend the workshop,
as well as partial funding to cover the cost for the JOI/NAD Secretariat
to organize the workshop, and also to produce and print the resulting
NAD Implementation Plan. The travel expenses of the participating
non-U.S. scientists (about 30) will be covered by individual NAD member
and observer countries. Funding for the rest of the cost of the workshop
will be sought from participating countries, and the balance will be
covered by the NAD Secretariat.

Arctic Gravity and Bathymetric Data Acquisition Over the Arctic
Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR) and the Lomonosov Ridge

#### OPP 9623170

05/15/96; (OPP) \$54,509; 11 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

Bernard J. Coakley

Funds are requested to cover the costs of gravity and bathymetry data
acquisition in the Arctic Ocean for a study of the Arctic Mid-Ocean
Ridge (AMOR) and the adjacent sliver of continental crust, the Lomonosov
Ridge. In concert with the physical oceanographic program, we would like
to collect additional long bathymetric and gravity anomaly profiles
across the combined Lomonosov Ridge and AMOR. This data, combined with
that collected on previous submarine science cruises, will permit the
construction of regional scale maps across much of the basin within the
operational area. The advance of plate tectonics into the Arctic Ocean
basin has reached only to the Lomonosov Ridge. The AMOR is the northern
extension of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It is perhaps the slowest spreading
ridge on Earth. Propagation of the AMOR into the Arctic Ocean separated
the Lomonosov Ridge from the northern edge of Eurasia beginning at about
58 Ma. This separation has continued up until the present time. Maps
produced during this study will be used to define transverse structures
in the ridge (the geometry of half graben bounding faults and transfer
zones) and the morphology of the AMOR. The regional lines also will be
useful for studies of isostatic compensation of both the Lomonosov Ridge
and the AMOR, as well as defining he transition from the Lomonosov Ridge
to the adjacent enigmatic Alpha-Mendeleev Ridge.

U.S.--Russian--Norwegian Investigation of Gas Hydrate and Hydrothermal
Activity in Ancient and Recent Plate Boundaries Within the
Norwegian--Greenland and Barents Seas

#### OPP 9634505

08/15/96; (OPP) \$41,484; 11 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

Kathleen Crane

During the summer of 1995, a U.S.--Norwegian--Russian expedition in the
Norwegian--Greenland and Barents Sea discovered a warm gas vent located
on an ancient fracture zone known as the Hornsund Fault, at great
distance from known present-day plate boundaries in the region. The vent
was characterized by high heat flow, clathrates, H~2~S and an unknown
species of Pogonophore worm. This award is to return rapidly back to the
site, to map, in detail, the extent of the vent domain using a Russian
vessel equipped with side-looking sonar and a remotely operated vehicle
(ROV). In addition, it is to investigate likely sites along the
Knipovich Ridge for recent hydrothermal activity. It is believed that
the examination of the warm gas vents along the margin of the Barents
Sea may shed new light on the degree of thermal rejuvenation of ancient
plate boundaries in the region, and the possible role that warn vents in
the Arctic region may play on deglaciation events, either in modern
settings on land (such as Spitsbergen) or in ancient glaciated regions,
such as the Bear Island Fan.

Selenium in Lake Sediments: A Measure of the Extent of Sea-Ice Cover

#### ATM 9634345

06/01/96; (OPP) \$25,000, (ATM) \$14,875; 12 months

University of Maine

Orono, ME 04469-5781

Stephen A. Norton

Several lines of paleolimnological and lake water chemistry research
suggest that: (1) selenium (Se) in lake sediments is linearly related to
the percentage of organic matter for individual lakes and (2) normalized
to organic matter concentration for lake districts, Se concentration is
related to distance from the open ocean. The linkage is through the
delivery of Se in marine aerosols from the open ocean to lake basin
catchments, and the subsequent incorporation of Se (a chemical analog
for S) into organic matter. Marine aerosols are the only significant
sources of Se to most aquatic ecosystems. This Small Grant for
Exploratory Research (SGER) award supports the investigation of
stratigraphic variations in Se concentration in coastal lakes as a
record of changing distance to open ocean and as a proxy for sea-ice
cover. Methods will involve chemical palynological and radiometric
analyses (the later to establish absolute age) of existing cores
spanning the Holocene and core spanning the Little Age to the present.
This will enable calibration of the method against known climate
variation and historically-documented variation in sea-ice cover.

Oxygen, Nutrient and Salinity Analyses in the Eastern Arctic Ocean

#### OCE 9521382

04/15/96; (OCE) \$113,555; 11 months

University of California--Scripps Institute

La Jolla, CA 92093

James H. Swift

In this project, the PI will participate, with Scripps Ocean Data
Facility (ODF) personnel, in oceanographic sections crossing from the
Siberian continental shelves into the Nansen, Amundsen and Makarov
Basins of the Arctic Ocean, and a transect of the Siberian ends of the
three basins from July--September 1996, as part of the ACSYS (Arctic
System Sciences) program on both Swedish and German icebreakers. The PI
proposes to augment the full-depth current and temperature (CT)
measurements by providing 36-place rosettes, and carrying out
top-quality measurements of salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients at
about 120 locations along the tracks. These data are crucial to
understanding the interactions of the Arctic Ocean circulation on the
global climate system. The ODF capability will add a very important
element of quality control to this set of measurements.

A Tracer Release Experiment in the Greenland Sea

#### OCE 9529605

05/01/96; (OCE) \$69,976; 12 months

University of Wisconsin--Madison

Madison, WI 53706-1490

Kim A. Van Scoy

An inert and safe chemical tracer will be released in the center of the
Greenland Sea gyre during the summer of 1996 to study mixing, convection
and circulation within the gyre, as well as exchange with the
surrounding waters, and flow into the North Atlantic through the Denmark
Strait. The tracer will be sampled in November 1996, prior to winter
convection, in March 1997, during or just after winter convection, and
again in May 1997. Samples also will be taken in the surrounding waters
and across the Denmark Strait on cruises through 1998 to study the paths
and rates of water mass exchange. This work is in collaboration with
European scientists (European Subpolar Ocean Programme Phase 2) and
contributes to the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE).

A Multidisciplinary Analysis of Shelf-Derived Carbon Dispersal Within
the Arctic Basins, as Sampled by Submarine

#### OPP 9423349

02/15/95; (OPP) \$104,428; 23 months

University of Texas--Austin

Austin, TX 78713-7726

Terry E. Whitledge

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is the major reservoir of organic carbon
in the Arctic Ocean, and as such this reservoir may also serve as an
important sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. Characterization of the
processes controlling the concentrations and fates of DOC is therefore
critical for gaining a quantitative understanding of the Arctic Ocean
carbon cycle. During a U.S. Navy submarine cruise from March--May 1995
along the shelf breaks of the Beaufort, Chukchi, East Siberian and
Laptev Seas, approximately 1,000 samples will be collected and analyzed
for concentrations of nutrients, DOC and dissolved inorganic carbon
(DIC). Approximately 100 water samples will be analyzed for dissolved
oxygen, alkalinity and chlorophyll pigments during the cruise track.
These data will be used to determine the sources of DOC to the various
regions, the rates of microbial remineralization processes and the
coupling between nitrogen and carbon cycling.

Submarine Cruise 1996: Tracer Studies of the Large-Scale Circulation of
the Upper Waters in the Canadian Basin

#### OPP 9529834

06/15/96; (OPP) \$112,826; 11 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

Peter Schlosser

This proposal requests funds for collection, measurement and
interpretation of about 200 tracer element (Tritium, Helium, Oxygen and
CFC's) samples in the framework of the planned 1996 Arctic Ocean
submarine cruise. The work will be focused on a broad survey of the
upper waters in the Canadian Basin. Results from a previous submarine
cruise (*USS Pargo*, 1993) demonstrated the feasibility of obtaining
high-quality transient tracer samples from surface stations. The
measurements will be used, together with hydrographic data, to: (1)
study the transport of shelf waters into the Arctic halocline; (2)
derive evolution, circulation patterns and mean residence times of the
upper waters in the Canadian Basin; (3) delineate pathways and storage
times of river runoff and sea-ice meltwater in the upper layers of the
Canadian Basin; and (4) validate Arctic Ocean circulation models.

Polar Sea Convective Instabilities

#### OPP 9530530

07/15/96; (OPP) \$101,400; 11 months

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, CA 93943

Roland W. Garwood

The major scientific objective of this proposed four-year study is to
understand the coupled ocean mixed layer-ice system response to the
passage of atmospheric storms. The most intense surface cooling and wind
stresses in the Arctic are associated with these storms, and their
long-term cumulative effects on the heat and water budgets for the
Arctic Ocean cannot be predicted without including realistic mixed layer
physics, ice thermodynamics and three-dimensional wind-driven ocean
circulation. The PI has shown in previous work that oceanic
instabilities may lead to significant deep oceanic convection and
possible formation of bottom water. The initial energy source to trigger
these instabilities may be provided by transient atmospheric forcing.
Numerical models will be developed, including a three-dimensional
simulation of the upper ocean (temperature, salinity, circulation and
ice) response to passage of atmospheric storms. This numerical model
will consist of an existing ocean primitive equation model with embedded
turbulence-closure mixed layer and an ice model with realistic
thermodynamics and mechanical properties. The embedded mixed layer will
include previously neglected physics to predict the onset of conditional
instabilities and possible formation of deep water. The realistic
prediction of deep convection is necessary to understand the start of
the global conveyor belt and the role of the oceans in climate change. A
major deficiency in earlier ocean models has been the lack of adequate
convection physics to realistically predict the correct temperature and
salinity properties for the convectively produced deeper water masses.
The proposed modeling program, including realistic storm forcing and
realistic ocean convection, will directly tie atmospheric forcing and
ice thermodynamics to mixed layer dynamics and the start of the global
conveyor belt in the Greenland--Iceland Seas. The results will lead to
more realistic parameterization of subgrid scale convection of heat,
mass, momentum, nutrients and tracers in basin and global oceanic
models.

Turbulent Mixing in Barrow Strait

#### OPP 9530916

07/15/96; (OPP) \$138,571; 23 months

Oregon State University

Corvallis, OR 97331-5503

Laurence Padman

This proposal requests funds to continue analysis of data collected in
the Northwest Passage near Resolute, Northwest Territories, Canada, in
April and May of 1995. The data that was collected consisted of nearly
1,200 vertical profiles of microstructure temperature (T), conductivity
(C) and turbulent dissipation rate, continuous measurements of the
vertical profile of currents with a 300-kHz acoustic doppler current
profiler (ADCP); and continuous measurement of T (10 depths) and C (3
depths) from sensors mounted on a mooring. All measurements span the
approximate depth range from 2 to 125 m below the ice base, in 150 m of
water. The three-dimensional structure and horizontal phase propagation
of the large-amplitude internal gravity waves that are responsible for
most of the mixing in this region were determined. A separate study by
Cota (University of Tennessee) investigates the relative importance of
light and nutrient fluxes on the spring growth of ice algal communities.
The two-year period covered by this renewal will allow the study of
generation, evolution and dissipation of large-amplitude, non-linear
waves (with Ingram and Marsden); surface mixing under the smooth,
land-fast sea ice (with McPhee); and the role of tide-related vertical
mixing on the provision of nutrients to the ice algal communities (with
Cota).

Tracing Riverine Inputs and Ventilation Processes of the Upper Arctic by
Means of Submarine Mounted On-Line Chemical Sensors

#### OPP 9622603

05/15/96; (OPP) \$126,825, (OCE) \$30,000; 11 months

Oregon State University

Corvallis, OR 97331-5503

Kelly K. Falkner

Among the outstanding issues regarding Arctic Ocean circulation are the
fate of its riverine inputs and the nature of the processes ventilating
sub-surface waters of its interior. Circulation and material transport
and transformation in the Arctic needs to be more completely
characterized because of the potentially critical role the Arctic plays
in global themohaline circulation and on a more immediate timescale,
because of the need to predict the fate of pollutants, including
radioactive and industrial wastes and pesticides, in this sensitive
environment. It is proposed to develop and apply new means to address
these issues by adapting methodologies for mapping geochemical tracer
fields in real time using the submarine platform, in combination with
more conventional chemical hydrography conducted from the ice upon
surfacing with the sub. Specifically, a sea-going fiber optic UV
spectrometer will be mounted on the hull of the submarine. This
instrument will continuously monitor the humic fraction of dissolved
organic matter along track during the SCICEX-96 field season (August
1996) and monitor multiple parameters during the SCICEX-97 field season.
In addition discreet samples will be taken via ice-based hydrocasts from
the ice for calibration purposes and continuation of a related study to
track Arctic river waters by geochemical means. This dataset will allow
an unprecedented examination of the carbon cycle and circulation
questions in the Arctic.

Fluxes of Dissolved Inorganic, Dissolved Organic and Particulate Carbon
Associated with Water Masses of the Arctic Ocean Based on Samples from
the 1996 U.S. Navy *Pargo* Cruise

#### OPP 9622621

05/01/96; (OPP) \$103,437; 12 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

Raymond N. Sambrotto

The recent use of the U.S. Navy's atomic submarine *Pargo* for
non-military scientific exploration in the Arctic has opened a new
dimension in the oceanography of the least-sampled ocean basin. Based on
samples brought back from the 1996 science cruise of the *Pargo*, the
proposed project will make additional measurements of dissolved
inorganic carbon (DIC) and add new and critical measurements of
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate carbon (PC). These
measurements will qualify the inorganic and organic carbon pools
associated with waters in the Canada, Makarov, Amundsen and Nansen
Basins, as well as shelf and upper slope waters of the Chukchi region
that appear to be the site of entry for a huge amount of carbon to the
upper halocline of adjacent waters. Spatial changes in the carbon pools
will be analyzed with respect to geochemical tracer data such as tritium
and ^3^He collected from the *Pargo* and other Arctic cruises to
estimate the rates of change associated with each pool. Such rates are
critical for understanding the Arctic's role in the carbon cycle at the
world ocean and global scale. As one of the atmospheric constituents
that is prominent in the heat budget of the lower atmosphere, carbon
dioxide has received increasing scrutiny to assess the non-human induced
factors that influence its abundance. The Arctic Ocean is currently
poorly characterized in this respect but is a potentially important link
in the dynamics of the ocean's carbon cycle. First order questions
include the size of the carbon reservoirs associated with the unique
water masses of the Arctic, the water mass formation rates and the
changes, if any, that can be expected in these cold reservoirs if
climate change brings about a warning in this region.

Viral Diversity and Mortality of Phyto- and Bacterioplankton in the
Arctic Ocean

#### OPP 9623130

05/01/96; (OPP) \$79,233; 12 months

University of California--Scripps Institute

La Jolla, CA 92093

Farooq Azam

This proposal requests funding to investigate the magnitude and
variability of bacteria and phytoplankton mortality due to viral attack
in the Arctic Ocean. Viral distribution, abundance and variations in
composition and diversity of viruses in the study area also will be
investigated. In addition to the examination of natural viral
communities, samples will be screened for the presence of sewage-derived
bacterial viruses as an indicator of the penetration of terrestrial
biological pollutants into the Arctic Ocean. Collection, fixation and
concentration of sea water samples will be accomplished at sampling
sites by deployment from a U.S. Navy submarine. Subsequent analyses will
be conducted in the laboratory. Total counts of viruses and the
frequency of viral infection in phytoplankton and bacteria will be
determined by electron microscopy on fixed samples. To examine natural
community diversity, concentrates of viruses will be purified and
subjected to pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to separate viral DNA
based on genome size. From the number, positions and staining intensity
of different bands, the diversity, genome sizes and abundance of viruses
in each sample will be estimated. Sewage-derived viruses will be
detected by amplification of target DNA sequences using the polymerase
chain reaction and by plaque assay. Through coordination with other
researchers, viral abundance, frequency of viral infections and viral
community diversity will be related to hydrographic and biological
variables in order to determine those which may be important in
regulating viral propagation.

Diversity and Metabolic Capabilities of Arctic Bacterioplankton
Communities

#### OPP 9625131

05/15/96; (OPP) \$90,260; 11 months

San Francisco State University

San Francisco, CA 94132-1722

James T. Hollibaugh

The proposed study is to investigate the distribution of key
properties---abundance, community composition and community metabolic
capabilities---of bacterioplankton communities in the Arctic Ocean. In
conjunction with data collected during April on the SCICEX-95 cruise,
the seasonal and spatial variation of these properties will be studied.
The patterns of spatial and temporal variation of these properties will
be examined and related to sources of organic matter fueling
heterotrophic production. The investigation will be conducted using
samples collected from a submarine dedicated to Arctic oceanography and
analyzed in the laboratory after the cruise. Community composition will
be analyzed using a method developed in the PI's laboratory based on
separating partial sequences of the 16S rRNA gene. Community metabolic
capabilities will be assessed by the ability of bacteria to grow
heterotrophically on a battery of 95 different sole C sources.
Bacterioplankton abundance will be determined by epifluorescence
microscopy. We will analyze water samples chemically to determine the
concentrations of amino acids, carbohydrates and dissolved organic
carbon, and conduct bioassays using native bacteria to determine
directly the proportion of dissolved organic carbon that they can
metabolize.

Processes Affecting Material Transport to the Oceans from
Arctic--Subarctic Watershed, from Direct Groundwater Discharge and
Through Lagoonal Systems

#### OCE 9415789

11/15/94; (OCE) \$117,040; 23 months

Skidaway Institute of Oceanography

Savannah, GA 31411

Herbert L. Windom

A number of gaps exist in the understanding of biogeochemical processes
associated with the transport of material across the land--sea boundary.
Among these gaps are lack of data on: (1) small watersheds of different
morphoclimatic zones and their ability/efficiency, relative to larger
watersheds, to transport materials to the oceans; (2) transport of
material through lagoonal estuarine systems, the mixing rates of which
are slow and the mixing zones large; and (3) inputs of material to
coastal waters in groundwater. Research is proposed to address these
gaps through investigations on three types of under-studied systems with
the following objectives: (1) To obtain a better understanding of
products resulting from arctic-subarctic weathering, the fate of these
materials (primary trace elements) in the freshwater-seawater mixing
zone and relative contribution of fluxes to the ocean from smaller
rivers of this morphoclimatic zone. These studies will be carried out in
the Anadyr River--Estuary system in northeastern Russia. (2) To identify
the major biogeochemical interactions that control trace element fluxes
through a lagoonal estuary, taking advantage of the slow mixing
rate/long residence times of materials in such systems to obtain better
resolution of solute-master variable relationships during mixing in the
low salinity region. The Patos Lagoons, in Southern Brazil will provide
the field site for these investigators. (3) To determine the composition
and concentrations of subterranean weathering products associated with
the Floridian Aquifer and to investigate biogeochemical processes that
influence the fate of trace elements upon entering the marine
environment. Freshwater springs, which discharge directly into coastal
waters of the West Florida shelf, and the adjacent coastal waters will
provide the site for these studies.

Assessing Holocene Environmental Change in the Kara Sea, Eurasian Arctic

#### OPP 9529133

09/15/96; (OPP) \$95,741; 23 months

Ohio State University Research Foundation

Columbus, OH 43210-1016

Leonid Polyak

Little is known about the environmental change in the Eurasian Arctic, a
major site for the formation and passage of sea-ice and water masses in
the Arctic Ocean. The knowledge of climatic and oceanographic
fluctuations in this region on a millenial and submillenial scale is
especially important in view of the special role of the Arctic in the
modern global change. This project is aimed at the first
time-constrained reconstruction of Holocene paleoenvironments in the
Kara Sea, which is strongly influenced by both the extensive continental
runoff and the Atlantic water advection. The Kara Sea sediments contain
a unique record of variations in the discharge of Siberian rivers,
Atlantic water flow, and the formation of bottom waters. A number of
sediment cores and surface sediment samples were collected recently in
the Kara Sea. Cores from key sites located in a corridor between the
estuaries of Ob' and Yenisey Rivers and the marginal Saint Anna Trough,
are chosen for a study of the Holocene environmental change on a
millenial-to-centennial time scale. Core stratigraphy will be
time-constrained by AMS 14C dating of *in situ* calcareous faunal
remnants. Mineralogical, geochemical and grain-size analyses will be
used to assess sediment dispersal sources and depositional environments.
Stable isotopes will be measured on planktonic foraminifers from the
northern Kara Sea to understand the relation between the Siberian river
discharge and oceanographic change in the eastern Arctic Ocean. Modern
distributional patterns of foraminifers and ostracodes, with respect to
the Kara Sea hydrology, will be established to provide reliable
paleoenvironmental reconstructions for the Holocene. Results of this
collaborative research will significantly improve our knowledge of
environmental change in the Eurasian Arctic. Reconstruction of amplitude
and timing of riverine and Atlantic water pulses throughout the Holocene
will reveal new insights into mechanisms of heat and water vapor
transfer from the North Atlantic to the Arctic, and their controls on
the extent of sea ice and formation of water masses in the Arctic Ocean.

# Glaciology

A Cooperative Ice Core Paleoclimate Study of Monsoon Variability as
Archived in the Dasuopu Glacier, China

#### ATM 9523237

05/01/96; (ATM) \$182,442, (INT) \$50,000; 12 months

Ohio State University Research Foundation

Columbus, OH 43210-1016

Lonnie G. Thompson

This award supports the retrieval and analysis of ice cores from the
tropical Dasuopu glacier located in the south central Himalayas, where
conventional, long-term climatic data are completely absent. Tropical
records are of particular interest because 50% of the global surface
lies between 30°N and 30°S, and 75% of the Earth's population inhabits
these climatically tropical lands. The records from these cores will
complement the long histories recovered from the Dunde and Guliya ice
caps on the northeastern and northwestern margins of the
Qinghai--Tibetan (Q--T) Plateau. Located on the southern margin of the
Q--T Plateau the new drilling site lies well within the spatial extent
of the monsoon system. Dominance of monsoonal circulation produces
distinctly annual cycles in oxygen isotopic ratios and in the deposition
of visible dust, which permit the reconstruction of high resolution
(annual) records of climatic and environmental conditions. Dasuopu is
located just north of the Himalayas with annual precipitation of about
300 mm water equivalent (H~2~O eq.). The high elevation of this site
ensures that ice temperatures will be well below OºC; hence this glacier
may be "polar" in character and is likely to contain a long,
well-preserved record. The initial field program includes a complement
of geophysical and surface studies designed to determine the suitability
of this glacier for the recovery of high resolution, well-preserved ice
core records. Studies of the climate of China are plagued by the absence
of data from major sections of the Q--T Plateau and the surrounding high
mountain ranges. The successful retrieval of previous records (Dunde and
Guliya) suggests that ice cores from carefully selected ice caps in Asia
are excellent archives for climatic and environmental histories. These
records are essential to fill one of the major spatial gaps in the
Earth's climate history.

Implementation of a Pilot Global Geocryological Database at the World
Data Center (WDC-A) Glaciology

#### ATM 9528007

05/01/96; (OPP) \$30,000, (ATM) \$30,000; 12 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Roger G. Barry

This is a one-year grant to rescue, recover, archive and disseminate
permafrost data that was collected in the former Soviet Union but is in
danger of getting lost permanently. The project is guided by criteria
for priority databases established by the International Permafrost
Association (IPA) working group on permafrost data and information. This
data is very valuable for climate research.

Inter-American Institute (IAI) Workshop: Climate Variability in the
Americas from High Elevation Ice Cores

#### ATM 9530179

07/01/96; (ATM) \$49,937; 12 months

University of Massachusetts--Amherst

Amherst, MA 01003

Raymond S. Bradley

The purpose of this workshop on Climate Variability in the Americas from
High Elevation Ice Cores is to develop plans for obtaining a set of ice
cores from sites distributed along the mountainous western axis of the
Americas, from Alaska/Yukon to the southern tip of South America.
Although most ice core research has been in polar regions, ice cores
from high elevations in the Americas have also provided unique and
detailed insights into paleoclimates of the past, and this workshop will
build on the analysis which has been carried out in the past. The
workshop will bring together interested parties from different research
institutions in the region: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile,
Ecuador, Peru, and the United States. The primary goal of the workshop
is to prepare a document outlining the opportunities that ice core
studies in the high mountains of the Americas can provide in
understanding El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO)-related interannual
variability and cold region processes. The goal will be achieved by:
identifying the principal scientific questions which can be answered by
ice core studies; determining which ice caps have the potential of
yielding high-resolution paleoenvironmental records; prioritizing the
most important sites; planning preparatory glaciological and geophysical
surveys to determine in detail the optimum coring sites; establishing
which research institutions and individuals have the necessary technical
and analytical skills and the motivation to carry out the required work;
determining what funding would be required to carry out the proposed
research and to establish a time-frame for accomplishing the work; and
developing a plan for interinstitutional exchange of scientists and
graduate students to ensure that the research program is truly
collaborative, international and multidisciplinary. These objectives
will contribute to the study of an IAI research priority, which is, to
what extent climate variability in the two hemispheres is synchronous.
The workshop will identify institutions and individuals and their
relevant expertise to assign areas of responsibility for subsequent
research. A priority list of sites where research should be initiated
will also be prepared in order to build on existing knowledge or new
areas for reconnaissance studies. Workshop participants will discuss
what mechanisms currently exist or will be required to ensure that the
proposed research will be carried out in the framework of full
international collaboration.

Relationships Between Climate and Glacier Variations in Western North
America

#### ATM 9530691

05/15/96; (ATM) \$41,877, (OPP) \$30,000; 11 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Howard Conway

This award will support a study designed to establish what climate
information can be extracted from the glacial record on the west coast
of North America. Glaciers contain a non-linear transformation of past
meteorological conditions and a systematic comparison of the behavior of
these glaciers has potential to reveal considerable new information
about past climate in the region. The Aleutian Low in the north Pacific
has a steering effect on storm tracks such that conditions are dry in
Washington and wet in Alaska during years when the Pacific--North
America index is positive; there is a negative correlation between the
mass balance of Alaskan and Washington glaciers. This study will improve
understanding of atmosphere--glacier processes. Although many
high-resolution meteorological observations are needed to accurately
model atmosphere--glacier processes over short (annual) time scales, two
or three variables should be sufficient to explain behavior over longer
(decadal) time scales. Sensitivity studies will explore glacier response
to climate (both mass changes and subsequent dynamic response) through
physical models of decreasing complexity, and establish the simplest
workable model that accurately simulates behavior over decadal time
scales.

Travel Support for U.S. Participants in Workshop on Glaciers, Ice
Sheets, and Sea Level; Fjaerland, Norway; June 21--22, 1996

#### ATM 9612799

06/15/96; (OPP) \$6,115, (ATM) \$5,000; 11 months

University of Wisconsin--Madison

Madison, WI 53706-1490

Charles R. Bentley

The ice bodies of the world contain sufficient water to raise worldwide
sea level by more than 70 m if melted completely. Glaciers and ice
sheets might be a major source of water for the present-day rise in sea
level, but the uncertainty is large. All glacial ice on the Earth must
be considered in evaluating the contribution of changing ice masses to
changing sea level. Furthermore, it is necessary to consider the history
of past ice-sheet changes in order to interpret the present changes and
predict those of the future. To evaluate all these factors in sea-level
changes and to point the way towards research programs, a workshop will
be held in Norway on the global interactions between glaciers, ice
sheets and sea level. This award will make possible the participation by
U.S. invitees in the workshop.

Study of Photoplastic Effect on Ice

#### DMR 9413362

12/15/94; (DMR) \$60,000, (OPP) \$25,000; 23 months

Dartmouth College

Hanover, NH 03755

Victor F. Petrenko

This project is co-funded between the Condensed Matter Physics and Polar
Glaciology Programs. The project will investigate the characteristics
and physical mechanisms of the photoplastic effect (PPE) in ice: pure
and doped ice demonstrate significant and persistent hardening under the
action of ultraviolet illumination. The fundamental mechanism of PPE in
ice is not understood, and is of importance from a fundamental
solid-state physics standpoint, as well as geophysical and environmental
viewpoints. Both laboratory and field experiments will be conducted.
Emphasis will be placed on microscopic processes which are studied by
internal friction, dislocation currents, conductivity and
photoconductivity, etching and replicating of dislocations emerging on
the surface of the ice and spectroscopic study of photochemical products
accumulating ice under illumination. The project also includes a modest
theory component. The results are intended to determine the fundamental
mechanism of the PPE in ice, and whether or not ultraviolet solar
irradiation is essential in forming plastic properties of natural ice
and snow.

Development of Laser-Based Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy Techniques
for 81Kr and 85Kr Measurements in the Geosciences

#### EAR 9410695

09/01/94; (EAR) \$71,848, (OPP) \$10,000; 36 months

University of Tennessee--Knoxville

Knoxville, TN 37996-0140

Norbert Thonnard

This award provides funding for the development of a laser-based
resonance ionization spectroscopy technique capable of measuring the
isotopic abundances of noble gas constituents krypton-81 (81Kr) and
krypton-85 (85Kr) in natural samples. The project is to be carried out
in the Institute for Rare Isotope Measurements at the University of
Tennessee. Accurate measurements of the radionuclei of 81Kr and 85Kr can
contribute to a better understanding of processes in the environment,
including dating of polar ice and very old groundwater, deep ocean
circulation rates and modern water flow patterns. These isotopes have
half-lives of 210,000 and 10.8 years, respectively, and are found in
natural samples with isotopic abundances usually less than one part per
trillion. Accurate analysis is a problem that has not yet been solved.
The PI and colleagues on this project will develop a multi-step
technique aimed at achieving an analytical procedure capable of
measuring hundreds of environmentally significant samples per year.

Collaborative Research: Late Weichselian (Valdi) Glaciation and
Deglaciation of Franz Josef Land, Russia

#### OPP 9222972

05/01/93; (OPP) \$5,000; 48 months

Ohio State University Research Foundation

Columbus, OH 43210-1016

Steven L. Forman

This award is for support of a glacial geologic, stratigraphic, and
geochronologic study of the limits and timing of Late
Weichselian/Holocene glacial and deglacial events on Franz Josef Land,
Russia. High-resolution satellite imagery will be used to identify study
areas; radiocarbon dating of subfossils included in raised beaches of
known elevation will provide information on the timing and rate of
glacial-isostatic uplift; stratigraphic and sedimentological studies of
glacial deposits will provide information on provenance; and integration
of field data with isostatic and glaciological modeling will provide
insight into glacial thickness, position of ice divides, domes and
streams and possible response to sea-level rise. This study will provide
new data on Holocene and Late Weichselian glacial geometry in the
Russian Arctic, where little data currently exists.

Relation Between Water Input, Water Pressure, Surface Speed, and Basal
Till Deformation, Storglaciaren

#### OPP 9224209

04/15/93; (OPP) \$13,947; 54 months

University of Minnesota--Twin Cities

Minneapolis, MN 55415-1226

Roger Hooke

This award is for support of a project to study a small valley glacier
in northern Sweden, Storglaciaren. The three objectives of this project
are to: (1) develop an empirical relation between melt rates on the
glacier surface and meteorological forcing; (2) establish a relation
between subglacial water pressures and velocities at the glacier
surface; and (3) measure strain rates, shear stresses and water
pressures in the subglacial till in order to establish a constitutive
relation for till deformation. A long-term goal of this work is to
develop a model to predict glacier motion on diurnal-to-seasonal time
scales.

Reconstruction of the Subarctic Climatic History and High-Resolution
Dating of Glacier Fluctuations Using Tree-Ring Analysis at Yakutat and
Icy Bays, Alaska

#### OPP 9321213

06/01/94; (OPP) \$95,982; 36 months

State University of New York--Buffalo

Buffalo, NY 14260

Parker E. Calkin

This award is for a three-year study to investigate the subarctic
climatic history as recorded largely in the tree-ring record, and to
precisely date glacial fluctuations of ice tongues terminating in, and
occurring at, the margins of the deep, 50-km long fjords of Yakutat and
Icy Bays of southeastern coastal Alaska. Chronologies drawn from 500- to
900-year-old living trees cross-dated with logs of buried forests at
multiple sites in each of the fjords will provide the main basis for
climatic reconstruction over the last two millenia. Climatic and glacial
series together are expected to yield the first sound basis for testing
response of fjord glaciers to climate change.

Studies on the Mechanics of Columbia Glacier, Alaska, During its Rapid
Retreat

#### OPP 9321556

06/15/94; (OPP) \$83,343; 36 months

Ohio State University Research Foundation

Columbus, OH 43210-1016

Cornelis J. Van der Veen

This award is for support for a study on the mechanics of Columbia
Glacier, Alaska, during its current rapid retreat. The extensive data
set of surface elevations and velocities obtained from many repeat
aerial photogrammetries of the glacier will be analyzed in order to
identify the sites of, and magnitudes of mechanical controls on the
lower part of the glacier. This data also will provide information to
help determine whether the ongoing retreat is associated with a major
change in flow style, and to test various calving relations at each
phase of retreat of the ice front. The understanding of the controls of
the collapse of the Columbia Glacier, obtained from these data, will be
very helpful in understanding major collapses of other glaciers.

Geologic Test for Extent of Wisconsinian Glaciation on Southern Baffin
Island, Arctic Canada, from Exposure Ages Determined by Radionuclides
26A1 and 10Be

#### OPP 9321733

06/01/94; (OPP) \$6,222; 42 months

Bentley College

Waltham, MA 02154-4705

P. Thompson Davis

This award is for support for a project to refine the glacial chronology
on southern Baffin Island by determining cosmogenic exposure ages of
polished and striated bedrock surfaces and morainal boulders. In order
to estimate the timing of deglaciation, the Beryllium-10 and Aluminum-26
in quartz separates from: (1) polished and striated bedrock surfaces on
valley bottoms and along fjord sidewalls, and (2) boulders on nested
sets of moraines will be measured. Preliminary results suggest that
deglaciation in the Pangnirtung area of southern Baffin Island occurred
around 7,500 years ago. This work will provide information to help
resolve a long-standing controversy in Quaternary science involving the
extent of ice sheets in the eastern Canadian Arctic during the late
Wisconsinian.

An Ice Core Derived Multivariate Proxy Record of Holocene Climate Change
from the Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada

#### OPP 9322045

04/15/94; (OPP) \$80,176; 42 months

University of New Hampshire

Durham, NH 03824

Gregory A. Zielinski

This award supports participation by a U.S. research team from the
University of New Hampshire in an international collaborative effort to
collect and study an approximately 500 m ice core from the Penny Ice Cap
on Baffin Island, Canada. This project is a collaboration with the
Geological Survey of Canada and Japan's National Institute of Polar
Research. Field work includes study of snow pits and shallow cores in
addition to collection and analysis of the main 500 m core. Laboratory
work supported by this award includes analysis of major ions (sodium,
ammonium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, nitrate and sulfate),
insoluble microparticles and methanesulfonic acid. These data will be
integrated with analytical data collected in Canada and Japan and the
complete set of analyses will be used to construct a proxy record of
climate and environmental conditions for Baffin Island for the Holocene.
These data from the Penny Ice Cap will complement records from the
Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP). Specifically, these data will
provide information about climatic conditions at lower elevations that
will allow a useful comparison to interpretations from the GISP cores.

Rheology of Basal Ice

#### OPP 9423422

04/01/95; (OPP) \$78,291; 24 months

University of Minnesota--Twin Cities

Minneapolis, MN 55415-1226

Roger Hooke

This award supports a two-year study of the rheology of basal ice. The
study has two principal parts: (1) measurements of the ice flow field
around an artificial irregularity at the base of the glacier Engabreen
in northern Norway; and (2) development of a theoretical (numerical)
model that describes the three-dimensional flow field in basal ice.
Tunnels through the bedrock beneath Engabreen will provide the unique
setting and opportunity to directly measure the flow field in basal ice.
The velocity field will be determined by using a video camera to monitor
the position of markers in the ice. The numerical model will be based on
an existing finite element code at the University of Minnesota, taking
advantage of the facilities at the Minnesota Supercomputer Institute.
Comparison between the model and the experimentally observed flow fields
will permit an evaluation of various constitutive laws. Numerical values
will be determined for the material constants in the models that give
the best fit to the observed flow field.

Basal Morphology and Dynamics of a Temperate Surge-Type Glacier

#### OPP 9423477

07/01/95; (OPP) \$234,033; 24 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

William D. Harrison

This award supports a three-year project to determine the morphology of
the base of a surge-type glacier (Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska) using
modern wireline drilling and sampling techniques, along with related
measurements of basal water pressure, surface speed and other
parameters. The project is an attempt to shed light, by direct
observation, on the most important unsolved problem in glacier and
ice-sheet dynamics---the role of basal motion and how it is affected by
basal morphology. The role of bed morphology in glacier surging is of
particular interest, because the restricted geographic occurrence of
these glaciers may reflect necessary basal conditions. The drilling and
sampling program proposed here should be able to recover continuous core
of virtually any length, from the base of the clean ice, through any
basal ice, sediments or combination of sediments and ice, and into the
underlying bedrock. Although such sampling has been accomplished before
in connection with mineral exploration, it would be the first scientific
effort of its kind in a temperate glacier.

Assessment of Variations in the Snow Accumulation Rate in Northern
Greenland

#### OPP 9423530

04/01/95; (OPP) \$126,236; 24 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Konrad Steffen

This award is for support for a three-year program to assess the
variation in the snow accumulation rate in northern Greenland. Previous
work has shown that isotope records from shallow ice cores can be used
to identify interannual, and perhaps seasonal, cycles of snow
temperature and accumulation. In order to assess seasonal and
interannual variability, the isotope temperature record requires
calibration from *in situ* meteorologic measurements. Ongoing remote
sensing research appears to show that interannual trends in brightness
temperature can be used as proxy data for annual accumulation, but this
work requires calibration from ice core data in northern Greenland.
Combining stable isotope measurements, remote sensing and surface energy
balance data will allow an assessment of how interannual and seasonal
processes affect the magnitude and variability of snow accumulation.
Meteorologic data collection stations will be established and five
shallow ice cores will be drilled in a 400-km~2~ area around each of two
stations, one in northeastern and one in northwestern Greenland. Argos
satellite links will provide data transmission capability from each
remote site. Grain size and temperature profiles, sublimation and energy
balance will be calculated using a one-dimensional energy and mass flux
model.

Evaluation of a General Sliding Law by Flow Simulation, Haut Glacier
d'Arolla, Switzerland

#### OPP 9496345

08/01/94; (OPP) \$12,766; 36 months

Purdue University Research Foundation

West Lafayette, IN 47907

Jonathan M. Harbor

This award is for support for a project to use a finite element model
for cross-sectional flow to constrain sliding and flow laws for the Haut
Glacier d'Arolla (Switzerland). By varying sliding law exponents, the
piezometric surface form and position, and the pattern of basal
friction, it will be possible to constrain the range of conditions that
yields velocity fields consistent with empirical data. This work takes
advantage of a unique chance to test and refine the general sliding law,
and an opportunity to explicitly examine spatial variations in sliding,
in the context of detailed information on the temporal and spatial
development of the glacier's hydrologic system. Although this work will
be based on data collected in a mid-latitude alpine area, the results
will be of direct relevance to polar glaciology because they can also be
applied to glaciers with temperate (warm based) areas in polar regions.

Collaborative Research: Late Quaternary Glaciations of Northern Novaya
Zemlya, Russia

#### OPP 9529293

07/15/96; (OPP) \$88,222; 11 months

Ohio State University Research Foundation

Columbus, OH 43210-1016

Steven L. Forman

#### OPP 9529350

07/15/96; (OPP) \$52,429; 11 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Gifford H. Miller

The extent and timing of Pleistocene ice sheets over northern Eurasia
remain unresolved. The views range from full coverage of the Barents and
Kara Seas by a marine-based ice sheet to land-based ice cap systems on
adjacent archipelagos. The heart of the divergence on the nature of last
glaciation in northern Eurasia is uncertainty on ice-sheet thickness
over Novaya Zemlya, Russia, and extension into Siberia. In collaboration
with the Murmansk Institute of Marine Biology, we propose to initiate
basic glacial-geologic, stratigraphic and geochronologic studies to
provide new field data to independently evaluate the limits and timing
of Weichselian glacial and deglacial events on Novaya Zemlya, Russia.
Field research will focus on three field areas on northern Novaya
Zemlya, where ice-free forelands contain abundant raised marine and
glacial features. We plan to use the following approaches to decipher
the record of Quaternary glaciations on Novaya Zemlya: (1)
High-resolution (10-m pixels) SPOT satellite imagery will be used to
evaluate large-scale sea-level, glacial erosional and depositional
features (moraines) that may not readily be discernible in the field.
(2) Documentation of the timing and rate of the glacial-isostatic
response by radiocarbon dating of subfossils included in raised beaches
of known elevation. (3) A study of the stratigraphy and sedimentology of
superimposed Quaternary sediments in cliff sections. Particular
attention will be given to the recognition of glacial damicts and
unconformities, and the collection of micro- and macrofauna for
paleoenvironmental assessment and chronological control. (4) Age control
for the latest glacial/sea-level events will be derived from
conventional and AMS radiocarbon dating of included marine subfossil and
driftage. (5) Integration of field data with isostatic and glaciological
modeling to provide insight into glacier thickness, position of ice
divides, domes and streams and response to sea-level rise. Results from
this study are important for evaluating if ice sheets on northern
continental shelves responded synchronously, if the Barents, Kara and
Norwegian Seas deglaciated prior to 14 ka ago, and the effect of
Eurasian ice sheets on North Atlantic thermohaline circulation.

Pleistocene Sea-Level and Glacial Fluctuations, Coastal Ahklun
Mountains, Southwest Alaska

#### OPP 9529940

06/15/96; (OPP) \$69,165; 11 months

Utah State University

Logan, UT 84322

Darrell Kaufman

Recent work in the south part of the west coast of Alaska (eastern
Bristol Bay, 59°N) demonstrates that glaciers experienced extensive
advances during the late Pleistocene. In northwestern Alaska (Seward
Peninsula, 65°N, and western Brooks Range, 67°N), on the other hand,
early Wisconsin glaciers were restricted to the highest mountain valleys
and occupied an area approximately an order of magnitude less extensive
than during middle and early Pleistocene advances. The most recent major
advance of glacier ice to the coast in southwestern Alaska was at least
300,000 years younger than the last advance of ice to the coast in
northwestern Alaska. To understand the cause and significance of this
apparent glacial-geologic and paleoclimatological incongruity, the
following must be addressed: (1) Where and over what distance along the
coast between eastern Bristol Bay and Seward Peninsula does the
crossover between late Pleistocene glacial maxima and middle Pleistocene
maxima occur? (2) To what extent do valley hypsometries control the
extent of ice from the different source areas? (3) What does the
geographic distribution of late-Wisconsin and pre-late-Wisconsin ice
imply about equilibrium line altitude (ELA) lowering and equilibrium
line altitude (ELA) gradients, and consequently, moisture sources and
other climate variables? Solving these questions will require extensive
field, aerial photographic and geochronologic research in the only
glaciated region between eastern Bristol Bay and Seward Peninsula---the
Ahklun Mountains. It will depend on a multidisciplinary effort to obtain
numerical-age control on the deposits. State-of-the-art geochronologic
and sedimentologic techniques will be applied to reconstruct the spatial
and temporal pattern of Pleistocene sea-level and glacier fluctuations.
This work will improve the understanding of the paleoclimatological
controls of glaciation across western Alaska and their relation to the
global climate system; it also should enable us to address whether or
not glaciation in southwestern Alaska is synchronous with Northern
Hemispheric ice-sheet fluctuations, or whether or not major glaciations
here precedes ice build-up at lower latitude.

Tritium in Basal Ice and Debris Bands: Demonstration of Freeze-On from
Subglacial Waters

#### OPP 9530757

07/15/96; (OPP) \$197,150; 23 months

Lehigh University

Bethlehem, PA 18015-3005

Edward B. Evenson

The objectives of the proposed research are to determine the rates of
subglacial ice accretion, identify the genesis of englacial debris bands
and assess the generality of freeze-on mechanisms. Recent research by
the authors demonstrates that debris-rich basal ice at the Matanuska
Glacier in south-central Alaska forms by basal freeze-on in an open
hydrologic system. Evidence includes: (1) tritium-rich basal ice; (2)
summer melt-season ice growth in subglacially-fed, high-pressure
discharge vents; and (3) measurements of sub-zero water temperatures.
Subglacial water flowing towards the terminus supercools when the
pressure-melting point rises faster than the temperature increases.
During periods of high discharge, supercooling occurs where the slope of
the bed is steeper and in the opposite direction of the slope of the
glacier surface. Tritium analysis provides a "fingerprint" of ice which
formed since 1952. Elevated concentrations of tritium in basal ice
indicate post-1952 freeze-on from atmospherically-derived waters.
High-resolution analysis of tritium from multiple basal sections at the
Matanuska Glacier will provide data necessary to calculate subglacial
accretion rates and to estimate the relative contributions of different
water sources to the subglacial drainage system. A record of tritium
concentrations in precipitation in this region from 1958 to 1993
provides an input function to which the tritium profiles in basal ice
can be correlated. In addition, tritium in samples obtained across
englacial debris bands at the Matanuska Glacier will provide information
on the genesis of these ubiquitous and controversial features.
Interpretations of Heinrich events, estimates of glacial debris flux and
models of glacier sliding all require knowledge or assumptions of
subglacial conditions and mechanisms of debris entrainment. The
information gained from this research will increase our understanding of
subglacial processes and will provide critical constraints to numerical
models of glacier flow and debris transport in the glacial system.

Global Glacier Mass Balance Synthesis

#### OPP 9530782

09/01/96; (OPP) \$84,597; 12 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Mark F. Meier

A global synthesis of glacier mass balance data is proposed, which will
include an evaluation and digitization of measured mass balance data.
The mass balance data set will include three databases: (1) annual
specific mass balances of all measured mountain and subpolar glaciers;
(2) annual accumulation (or winter balance) and annual ablation (or
summer balance); and (3) winter, summer and annual mass balance
gradients with altitude. These data will be analyzed in several ways:
statistical spatio-temporal analyses of individual glaciers, mountain
ranges and countries, both hemispheric and global; analyses of annual
fluctuations and determination of long-term mass-balance trends; and
analyses of mass balance gradient changes. The main tasks: (1) assemble
and check the annual specific mass balance data of all measured glaciers
since 1945; (2) determine the contribution of glacier changes to sea
level (e.g., how much do different glacier regions contribute to
sea-level change?); (3) estimate the variability of winter and summer
balances (or annual accumulation and ablation) and their impact on
annual mass balances in different geographical locations; (4) determine
the main causes for mass balance changes in different mountain regions;
and (5) analyze mass balance gradients (activity indices) and their
changes in connection with climate change. The end products of this
research will include three mass balance data sets which will be
produced at INSTAAR in a form accessible by the community, and in a data
report.

Glaciological Interpretation of Changes in Radar Reflection
Characteristics from Glaciers

#### OPP 9530827

07/01/96; (OPP) \$37,540; 12 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Charles F. Raymond

The speed of glaciers and ice sheets can be affected by hydraulic
conditions at their beds. Examples are the dramatic fast-motion of ice
streams and glacier surges or the more modest seasonal variations in
speed that are common in temperate glaciers. The connection between
glacier speed and hydraulic conditions at the bed has been established
through borehole and glacial discharge observations. However, these
observations yield only very limited spatial coverage (in the case of
boreholes) or resolution (in the case of stream discharges). Radio
echo-sounding (RES) has been used extensively to map the thickness and
structure of many glaciers and ice sheets. The PI recently used RES to
monitor the spatial and temporal reflection changes within a temperate
glacier (Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska) and across a relict ice stream
margin in Antarctica. Results from Black Rapids Glacier show distinct
temporal changes in RES return characteristics during the early part of
the melt season when the speed of the glacier increased significantly.
Results from Antarctica show a large spatial change in RES return
characteristics; the reflection strength of the bed changed by about
300% in a traverse across the relict margin. Interpretation of the
evolving physical conditions at the bed is complicated because some of
the observed changes in RES returns from the bed may be caused by
changes at the surface and/or within the interior of the ice. The PI
proposes to determine the changes in reflection characteristics of the
bed by using multivariate analysis to remove the effects of transmission
through the surface and propagation within the ice. Models of reflection
from layered dielectric media will be used to investigate relationships
between the changes in reflection coefficient and changes in basal
conditions, such as the thickness and electrical conductivity of water
at the bed. The objective is to use the RES records to gain
understanding about physical conditions at the bed of glaciers and ice
sheets.

Collaborative Research: Direct Measurement of the *In Situ* Stress
Tensor at Depth in Glacier Ice

#### OPP 9531450

07/15/96; (OPP) \$128,881; 11 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

W. Tad Pfeffer

#### OPP 9531565

08/01/96; (OPP) \$62,048; 12 months

University of Wyoming

Laramie, WY 82071-3434

Neil F. Humphrey

A technique for direct, *in situ* measurement of the stress tensor in
deep glacier ice will be developed by adapting methods presently in use
in rock mechanics for the measurement of *in situ* stress in
visco-elastic/plastic materials. Direct stress and deformation
measurements will be combined. This will provide two critical properties
near the bed of a glacier experiencing fairly complex sliding behavior.
For the first time, independent observations of the full stress tensor
and the full strain rate tensor in glacier ice will be obtained. The
determination of the spatial and temporal character of coupling between
glacier ice and the glacier bed is necessary for understanding the
dynamics of virtually all ice masses of current interest. Variations in
basal and marginal tractions are critical controlling factors in polar
ice streams, calving and surging glaciers. The behavior of ice sheets,
as well as the stratigraphic interpretation of cores taken from ice
sheets, depend on an understanding of the patterns of coupling at the
bed and the velocity fields that arise in the ice as a consequence.

Ice/Radar and Satellite Remote-Sensing Studies of Glaciers and Ice
Sheets--II

#### OPP 9531501 (Arctic Funding Component)

04/15/96; (OPP) \$15,075; 11 months

St. Olaf College

Northfield, MN 55057

Robert W. Jacobel

This project is for continued funding of the Research Experiences for
Undergraduates (REU) Site at St. Olaf College and South Cascade Glacier,
West Antarctic. Since 1987, with support from the NSF, the St. Olaf ice
radar has been part of the effort to understand the dynamics of the West
Antarctic ice sheet. The St. Olaf contribution to this project has been
the development and deployment of a ground-based radar system used in
studies of several of the fast ice streams which drain into the Ross Ice
Shelf. Through the current REU award, the group has more recently become
involved in the use of satellite imagery for obtaining ice
velocities---a complementary tool to the radar also used for
understanding ice dynamics. At the same time, St. Olaf has carried out
an active research program on South Cascade Glacier in collaboration
with scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey. In addition to serving as
a testing and development site for the Antarctic radar system, this
glacier has been the focus of an intensive effort to investigate the
problem of englacial and subglacial drainage and hydrology. Studies on
South Cascade Glacier also provide an accessible site for students to
experience glaciological science in the field, and to plan and carry out
experiments of their own design, similar to those done in the polar
regions. This proposal will enable undergraduate students to participate
in the data reduction and analysis phase of radar and ice dynamical
studies being carried out on Siple Dome, Antarctica. It also will fund a
complementary study of ice velocities in this area using satellite
imagery to answer questions about the transitory nature of the ice
streams surrounding the dome. The proposal supports continued field work
in South Cascade Glacier to study problems of glacial hydrology and
further developments of the radar system.

Radar Array Suppression of Englacial Coherent Noise in Probing Temperate
Glaciers

#### OPP 9531579

09/01/96; (OPP) \$58,273; 24 months

Penn State University--University Park

University Park, PA 16802-1503

Roy J. Greenfield

High Frequency Radar Array Characterization of Temperate Glacier
Hydrology

#### OPP 9531800

09/01/96; (OPP) \$58,208; 24 months

U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

Hanover, NH 03755-1290

Mark L. Moran

The ultimate scientific objective of this study is to investigate a new
high-frequency radar array technology for characterizing temperate
glaciers by mapping bed topography, basal ice hydrologic features,
thickness and distribution of saturated tills and deep englacial
drainage channels. It is widely acknowledged that presently there are no
effective direct, or remote, methods capable of delineating these
structures. Radar methods fail because of the intrinsic high noise
properties of temperate glaciers. Modern radar instruments have overcome
random noise and antenna noise problems. The current limitation on radar
is noise resulting from subsurface water inclusions, which impose a
10-mHz upper frequency limitation on conventional temperate glacier
surveying methods. A radar survey method utilizing array processing can
significantly suppress noise from water-filled scattering inclusions.
Numerical models and time domain data processing algorithms will be
developed to guide the array design, performance analysis and
interpretation procedures. In addition, a physical scale model of a
temperate glacier will be used to collect radar data in the millimeter
wave frequency (30 gHz) range. The physical model results will be used
to verify numerical and theoretical array processing results and further
refine the approach. A field experiment will be carried out on the
shallow (100--200 m), readily accessible Gulkana Glacier, Alaska. This
field experiment will include conventional radar and radar array data
collection methods with 100-mHz antennas. In the field operations they
will be specifically interested in demonstrating the improved depth of
penetration using the array method as compared to the conventional
technique. The immediate glaciologic benefits will be an accurate
picture of how near-surface englacial and basal ice water channels are
interconnected and oriented on a small, but interesting temperate
glacier. The extended benefit will be the development of a practical
method for sounding much deeper temperate glaciers. For example, on very
deep (1000 m) temperate glaciers they believe the high-frequency radar
array could operate at a center frequency around 30 mHz. In this band,
multiple radar array stations, or a towed array, would have the
potential to define, characterize and spatially map meter scale
englacial and basal ice hydrologic features, as well as ice bed
topography. This is particularly relevant since the depth and bottom
topography of almost all large subpolar ice fields are unknown. In
addition, a high-resolution deep penetration radar capability applied to
large ice masses would help answer questions about steady flow and surge
mechanisms, basal freeze, and sediment transport. The radar array
technique will also be applicable to Antarctic glaciers.

Operation and Maintenance of the U.S. National Ice Core Laboratory

#### OPP 9634659

03/01/96; (OPP) \$47,101; 69 months

U.S. Geological Survey

Reston, VA 22092

Joan J. Fitzpatrick

This award is for support for the operations and maintenance of the U.S.
National Ice Core Laboratory (NICL), a government-owned facility for
storing, curating and studying ice cores recovered from the ice-covered
regions of the world. NICL provides NSF- and U.S. Geological
Survey-funded investigators with the capability to conduct examinations
and measurements of ice cores while preserving the integrity of these
cores in a safeguarded environment. NICL fosters the utilization of
these cores for scientific research by handling inquiries from
scientists interested in obtaining samples of ice cores, by making
inventory listings easily available through electronic distribution, by
acting as an information resource to the scientific community and by
improving current technologies for ice core analysis in accordance with
the needs and requirements of their client base. NICL is located at the
Denver Federal Center in Lakewood, Colorado, and is housed
administratively within the USGS Office of the Central Regional
Geologist, Geologic Division.

# Arctic System Science

## Greenland ice sheet project (gisp2)

Snow-Atmosphere Transfer Function for Reversibly Deposited Chemical
Species

#### OPP 9224192

08/15/93; (OPP) \$14,276; 42 months

University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ 85721

Roger C. Bales

This is one of four coordinated projects that will make use of the camp
facilities established on the ice sheet in the interior of Greenland as
part of the GISP2 ice core drilling effort, in order to investigate how
atmospheric trace elements are deposited on the ice and what kind of
changes they undergo as they are being incorporated into the ice. An
understanding of such processes is necessary in order to properly
interpret the proxy climate data that can be recovered from ice cores.
While significant progress has been made recently in extracting and
analyzing ice cores, progress in understanding the air-to-snow transfer
process for reactive chemical species has lagged behind. The goal of
this project is to determine the atmosphere-to-snow transfer function
for chemical species whose deposition is reversible (i.e., ones that can
move from the snow back into the atmosphere to be removed or redeposited
elsewhere). The two species to be investigated are hydrogen peroxide and
formaldehyde. Based on measurements of their concentration in the free
atmosphere and in the air within the snow, as well as in snow and ice, a
transfer model will be developed. Concurrent laboratory studies will be
done to determine and constrain model parameters such as chemical
equilibrium coefficients and mass transfer coefficients. The model will
be generalized to other reactive species, such as nitric acid and
organic acids.

Effects of Greenland Ice on the Earth's Gravity, Crustal Deformation and
Tilt

#### OPP 9320568

09/01/94; (OPP) \$29,918; 36 months

Vassar College

Poughkeepsie, NY 12601

Andrew S. Trupin

This award supports a theoretical and modeling effort to determine the
effects of the Greenland Ice Sheet on the rotation and gravity field of
Earth. To accomplish the goals, the secular and interannual changes in
the geopotential, the position in the Earth's rotation axis and certain
other parameters, such as center-of-mass motion and length of day, will
be calculated from mass balance changes in ice. The largest
gravitational effects of ice-thickness change shown in simple models are
up to many times higher than the observed effects. This suggests that
the viscous response of the mantle to long-term changes in ice loading
may be canceling some of the elastic response. Current changes in
gravity and crustal motion depend critically on the time-lagged response
of the Earth's mantle to previous loading histories, lasting as long as
tens of thousands of years. Spatial and temporal changes in mass balance
from late Pleistocene deglaciation and the subsequent interglacial
period will be combined with current mass balance estimates to assemble
time histories for ice thickness throughout the ice sheet. From these
histories, the elastic results for gravity, rotation and deformation can
be corrected by the use of glacial rebound models, such as the
visco-elastic spherical Earth model. The viscous correction to the
elastic loading for several cases of late Pleistocene deglaciation and
more recent thickness change will be calculated for various upper- and
lower-mantle viscosity profiles. A 20 km x 20 km grid will provide means
of projecting the viscous rebound rates for the point mass model into
the non-pointlike structure of the Greenland Ice Sheet. In addition to
gravity, the components of crustal deformation and tilt are important in
geodetic measurements from space. This project also will assess the
impact that future observational improvements will have on understanding
the mass balance of Greenland. The observational improvements are
anticipated from global positioning system (GPS) studies and studies
involving satellites that use laser ranging. The use of existing gridded
meteorological, accumulation, ablation and ice-thickness data, along
with ice-flow models to predict future ice thickness changes in
Greenland, are expected to greatly reduce the difficulty in calculating
gravity coefficients and crustal motion for both the elastic and viscous
cases. The effects of the possible changes in the position of the upper
boundary of appreciable summer snow melt that roughly follows the
periphery of the ice sheet called the Benson Line can be used to predict
vertical motion near the ice sheet boundary and the results may be
checked against sea-level records, where they exist. Greenland strain
and velocity data may be used to estimate retention time of new
accumulation and the rates of discharge at the perimeter of the ice
sheet. The sensitivity of ice model contributions to the total mass loss
(or gain) to the oceans and to changes in other ice systems will be
investigated.

The Oxygen Isotope Record of Climatic Change in the GISP2 Core

#### OPP 9321164

05/01/94; (OPP) \$105,000; 36 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Minze Stuiver

This award is for support to complete the oxygen isotope GISP2 ice core
at 1.0-m and 0.2-m resolution. The relative importance of central
Greenland temperature change versus ocean source temperature change will
be investigated (in cooperation with James White, University of
Colorado, Boulder) by calculating the deuterium excess of these samples.
In addition, the phase relationships between oxygen isotope patterns and
changes in accumulation rate, ice chemistry, dust content and
atmospheric trace gases will be determined. The climatic and
environmental significance of the ice core record will be assessed, and
the spatial and temporal variability of the isotope record will
determined.

High-Precision Temperature Log of GISP2 and GRIP Boreholes, Summit,
Greenland, for Paleoclimate Reconstruction and Ice Dynamics Studies

#### OPP 9321376

05/01/94; (OPP) \$30,181; 36 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Edwin D. Waddington

This award is for support for a three-year project to obtain temperature
logs in the GISP2 and Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) boreholes at
Summit, Greenland, using the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS)
high-precision temperature logging system. Temperatures also will be
logged in several dry holes near GISP2 and GRIP, since the upper 100 m
in the main holes have been thermally disturbed by the drill domes and
drilling activities. The data are needed to derive surface
paleotemperatures directly from the present-day temperature transients
remaining at depth at these sites, and to better calibrate the isotope
paleothermometer over the past 25,000 years. Simultaneous inversion of
high-precision data from both deep holes will allow isolation of the
paleoclimate signal from ice dynamics effects. The temperature data may
also allow detection of rapid shearing in the silty basal ice, thus
providing a test independent of the borehole deformation.

Cosmogenic Radionuclides in the GISP2 Ice Core: 10Be, 26Al and 36Cl

#### OPP 9321407

09/01/94; (OPP) \$90,500; 36 months

University of California--Berkeley

Berkeley, CA 94720

Kunihiko Nishiizumi

This award supports a program to measure Beryllium-10, Aluminum-26 and
Chlorine-36 in samples from the GISP2 ice core. A continuous profile of
cosmogenic nuclide concentrations from the surface to the bottom of the
core will be measured and the resulting time series of nuclide
concentrations will be applied to deducing the history of solar
activity, deducing the history of variations in the geomagnetic field
and dating of ice cores. The time series also will be used to study
climatic history through the effects of atmospheric circulation and of
atmospheric chemistry on nuclide deposition. The successful coring of
the sub-ice bedrock has also provided the opportunity of studying the
exposure age of the sub-ice surface.

GISP2 Major Ions---History and Cause(s) of Climate Change

#### OPP 9321428

05/01/94; (OPP) \$140,071; 42 months

University of New Hampshire

Durham, NH 03824

Paul A. Mayewski

This award is for support to provide a high-resolution
paleoenvironmental record of major anions and cations in the GISP2 ice
core. The parameters to be measured include chloride, nitrate, sulfate,
sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and ammonium. The high quality,
continuous, high-resolution multivariate chemical series will be
combined with mathematical and statistical techniques in order to
examine the history and understand the causes of climate change. This
work will allow the characterization of the fundamental connections
among the glaciochemical signals and the other parameters measured in
the GISP2 core, and will permit a comparison with other ice core
records, instrumental records and other proxy records. This study also
will allow for the interpretation of changes in the sources and
production rates of the chemical species recorded in the GISP2 ice, and
will permit an investigation into the causes of climate change on a
variety of time scales.

University of New Hampshire (UNH) Science Management Office: GISP2

#### OPP 9321499

05/01/94; (OPP) \$109,707; 36 months

University of New Hampshire

Durham, NH 03824

Paul A. Mayewski

This award is for support for three years of funding for the Science
Management Office (SMO) for GISP2. The major tasks are: to act as an
organizational tool for GISP2 PIs; to continue data handling and
development of a "final" data set; to coordinate ice core collection
activities in Denver at the National Ice Core Laboratory; to guide and
organize statistical tools; to maintain current ties with the European
Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP); to include additional viewpoints and
disciplines; to handle specific issues (e.g., dating and
intercalibration); to coordinate workshops and meetings; to organize
final products including a compendium volume and papers; and continued
communications with PIs, other scientists, the NSF, GRIP and the public.

The Geochemistry of Trapped Gases in the GISP2 Ice Core

#### OPP 9321514

08/01/94; (OPP) \$73,000; 36 months

University of Rhode Island

Kingston, RI 02881

Michael L. Bender

#### OPP 9529101

09/01/95; (OPP) \$11,150; 24 months

Penn State University--University Park

University Park, PA 16802-1503

Todd Sowers

This award is for support to continue research on the concentration of
methane, the isotopic composition and concentration of oxygen, nitrogen,
argon and total gas content of samples from the GISP2 ice core. The
methane concentration of air is a proxy for the extent of wetlands and
the warm, wet climates they signify. Methane is also a radiatively
active gas which affects climate. The isotopic composition of oxygen in
air reflects relative rates of primary production in the terrestrial and
marine environments, and humidity in productive continental areas.
Methane and the isotopic composition of oxygen are also constant (or
nearly so) throughout the atmosphere at any one time. They therefore
serve as time stratigraphic markers for correlating Greenland and
Antarctic ice cores. Nitrogen and argon isotopes indicate the extent of
gravitational fractionation during the trapping process and allow for
correction of the measured concentrations and isotopic compositions of
these gases. Total gas content reflects paleoelevation of ice sheets
among other poorly understood influences. This work will provide
information on climate and biogeochemistry during the last approximately
250,000 years of Earth history.

Reconstruction of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Delta Carbon-13 from
the High-Resolution GISP2 Ice Core

#### OPP 9321552

05/01/94; (OPP) \$121,000; 36 months

University of California--San Diego

La Jolla, CA 92093-0234

Martin Wahlen

This award is for support to investigate, in detail, the timing between
changes in temperature (indicated by the isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen
in the ice, as well as the accumulation rate) and atmospheric carbon
dioxide (from measurements of occluded air) in the high-resolution GISP2
ice core from central Greenland. The carbon dioxide measurements will be
performed over periods of rapid climate change, such as the last
glacial-to-interglacial transition, and during the glacial
interstadials, the Eemian and the previous glacial. The determination of
leads or lags between temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide will
help to understand the interplay of carbon dioxide and climate. The
carbon isotope composition of atmospheric carbon dioxide will also be
analyzed for these periods in order to gain more information about the
mechanisms and processes responsible for carbon dioxide and climate
variations.

Delta and Deuterium Excess in the GISP2 Ice Core

#### OPP 9321564

07/15/94; (OPP) \$87,000; 36 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

James W. White

This award is for support to continue measurements of deuterium on
samples from the GISP2 ice core. The values of deuterium measured on the
GISP2 ice core samples will be used to reconstruct and interpret the
temperature history recorded in the core. Deuterium excess values will
also be calculated in order to determine the climate conditions at the
oceanic moisture source. This work will be coordinated with the group
from the University of Washington that is measuring oxygen isotope
ratios on the ice core. Work to date suggests that records of pressure
(North Atlantic Oscillation) and temperature (Jakobshave-Oslo seesaw)
oscillations are recorded in the deuterium and deuterium excess values.
Values of deuterium excess during the last glacial period show sharp
changes at the times of some, but not all, of the massive fluxes of
icebergs into the North Atlantic (Heinrich Events). Major questions to
be addressed include the nature of rapid climate changes seen in many of
the climate proxies measured in the core, the existence of modes of
climate as reflected by preferred states of the climate proxies and the
importance for the climate record of differential thinning and
thickening of layers, as well as possible folding and faulting of the
near basal ice.

Physical and Structural Properties of the GISP2 Deep Core

#### OPP 9321624

05/01/94; (OPP) \$66,958; 36 months

U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (USACRREL)

Hanover, NH 03755-1290

Anthony J. Gow

This award is for support for a three-year project to complete physical
properties work (analysis of visual stratigraphy, density variations and
c-axis fabric measurements) on the GISP2 ice core. The objectives of
this project are to: (1) complete the dating of the core, providing as
highly accurate a depth/age scale as is possible using all available
parameters; (2) determine the accumulation history at Summit, Greenland,
to the maximum possible depth; (3) use ice crystal c-axis fabrics and
related structural parameters to assess the extent and nature of the
distortion which has been observed in the bottom 200--300 m of ice; (4)
continue monitoring relaxation characteristics of the ice through
repeated measurements of ice sample density and ultrasonic velocities;
and (5) carry out detailed examination of the basal debris layer to
determine its compositional and structural characteristics and to
delineate the origin and mechanics of incorporation of the debris-rich
ice.

Insoluble Particles in the GISP2 Ice Core: Analysis of Core Stratigraphy
by Laser-Light Scattering and Changes in Minerology and Particle Size in
Glacial Ice

#### OPP 9322401

05/01/94; (OPP) \$90,998; 36 months

State University of New York--Buffalo

Buffalo, NY 14260

Michael Ram

This award is for support for a three-year project to complete
measurements of stratigraphy on the GISP2 ice core with laser-light
scattering, using both a solid technique and a technique that involves
analysis of meltwater. At present, the resolution of the meltwater
measurements only allows annual layers larger than 3 cm to be
distinguished, so ice below 1900 m cannot be properly analyzed by
scattering from meltwater. The resolution of these measurements will be
improved so that annual layers as small as 1 cm will be able to be
measured by this technique. Measurements using the solid technique have,
so far, only been applied to bubble-free ice. It will be demonstrated
that this technique can be extended to bubbly ice, and this method will
be used to analyze all remaining sections of the ice core. The
laser-light scattering measurements will be calibrated so that they give
the variation in number of particles larger than 0.5 microns along the
core, rather than just the relative scattered light intensity. Finally,
selected sections of the core will be measured at regular time intervals
to determine how the scattered signal changes with time as bubbles
reemerge.

Methanesulfonate in the GISP2 Ice Core (Summit, Greenland)

#### OPP 9322518

05/15/94; (OPP) \$65,000; 36 months

University of Miami School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences

Miami, FL 33149

Eric S. Saltzman

This award is for support for an investigation of the distribution of
methanesulfonate (MSA) in the GISP2 ice core in order to assess the
relationship between biogenic sulfur emissions, atmospheric aerosols and
climate change over the North Atlantic. This project is primarily
directed at completing the GISP2 MSA record from Summit, Greenland,
which will cover an entire glacial/interglacial cycle. The GISP2 record
already has demonstrated dramatic differences between
glacial/interglacial trends in Greenland as compared to Antarctica. This
work will provide new information about the factors controlling the
variability in the atmospheric sulfur signal and its relationship to
other changes in atmospheric chemistry. Samples from two other Greenland
ice cores (Camp Century and Dye-3) will also be studied to examine
climate-related variability of MSA during the Holocene.

Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Chemical Constituents at Summit,
Greenland: Interpretation of the GISP2 Ice Core

#### OPP 9423410

06/01/95; (OPP) \$132,160; 24 months

Carnegie Mellon University

Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3815

Cliff I. Davidson

This project is the continuation of an investigation of the transport of
chemical trace elements and species from source regions through the
atmosphere to the Greenland Ice Sheet. Its goal is to provide
information for the interpretation of the trace element distribution in
the long ice core that has been obtained through the GISP2 drilling
effort. The ice core will provide a detailed record spanning 200,000
years. The project has three specific objectives: (1) the identification
of source regions and atmospheric pathways for the chemical constituents
reaching the drill site, including the possible changes in air mass
characteristics during transit; (2) the quantification of relationships
between chemical species in the atmosphere and those in the ice sheet;
and (3) the interpretation of the deep ice core data using this
information. Prior field work has resulted in the collection of samples
of air, aerosol, precipitation and deposited snow, which will be
analyzed for various anions and cations, trace elements, carbon
compounds and trace gases. This project will emphasize the deposition
mechanisms. The first objective will be achieved by measuring
concentrations of chemical species in air and snow, and then combining
this information with meteorological data of other investigators.
Concentrations of major anions and cations will be determined by ion
chromatography in our laboratories, while concentrations of trace
elements and other species will be obtained by collaboration with other
groups. The second objective involves measurement of wet, dry and fog
deposition, as well as changes that occur in the snow pack after
deposition of chemical species. The third objective will be achieved by
developing models to explain the processes influencing air and snow
chemistry at the site in collaboration with GISP2 researchers who are
actively working with the core data. The results will be a better
interpretation of the ice core data, and the reduction of uncertainties
involved in using the core data to determine past atmospheric
conditions.

Tephrochronolgy of the GISP2 Ice Core

#### OPP 9423441

04/15/95; (OPP) \$86,738; 23 months

University of New Hampshire

Durham, NH 03824

Gregory A. Zielinski

Researchers at the University of New Hampshire will investigate the
relationship between climate and volcanism by extracting ash layers from
ice cores recovered by the GISP2. Large volumes of volcanic material in
the atmosphere may affect the global heat budget for years. The
relationship of volcanism and climate change, however, has not been
convincingly demonstrated due to the lack of a data set that contains
records of both volcanism and climate. GISP2 ice cores provide such a
record. The ash layers will be analyzed geochemically so that the
"fingerprint" of individual ash layers may be used to determine the
volcanic center where the eruption occurred. Once the source of the ash
is determined and the timing is established by the location of the ash
within the well-dated ice core, then the relative magnitude of the
eruption will be known. By comparing the timing of the volcanic
eruptions to the climate record in the ice core, the potential impact of
large eruptions on climate change may be examined.

Characterization of the Atmospheric Concentration and Air--Snow Exchange
of Soluble Gaseous Acids at Summit, Greenland

#### OPP 9423490

04/15/95; (OPP) \$93,980; 23 months

University of New Hampshire

Durham, NH 03824

Jack E. Dibb

This award is for support for a two-year program to study the origin of
nitrate in the atmosphere and surface snow at Summit, Greenland.
Preliminary results from unfunded pilot studies suggest that nitric acid
(HNO~3~) is not the only, and may not be even the major, nitrogen
species contributing to nitrate (NO^3^-) in summertime snow at Summit.
Peroxy acetyl nitrate and one or more alkyl nitrate species seem to be
the most likely candidates, and they also may be contributing to the
elevated concentrations of organic acids observed just above the snow
surface at Summit. Gradient measurements of soluble acidic gases will be
made with two mist chamber samplers at different heights in the 1995 and
1996 seasons at Summit. These measurements will be complemented with
intensive experiments comparing mist chamber samples to nylon filter
samples and the use of nylon filters on the mist chamber inlet, to
quantify soluble nitrogen species besides nitric acid. The primary goal
of this study will be to enable improved interpretation of the nitrate
records in polar ice, but additional insights into reactive nitrogen
chemistry over snow covered surfaces are also anticipated.

Relationships Between Air and Snow Chemistry in Winter at Summit,
Greenland

#### OPP 9530575

09/01/96; (OPP) \$19,444; 12 months

University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ 85721

Roger C. Bales

#### OPP 9530579

09/01/96; (OPP) \$139,184; 12 months

University of New Hampshire

Durham, NH 03824

Jack E. Dibb

#### OPP 9530670

09/01/96; (OPP) \$20,000; 12 months

Carnegie Mellon University

Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3815

Cliff I. Davidson

#### OPP 9530706

09/01/96; (OPP) \$19,836; 12 months

University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee

Milwaukee, WI 53201-0340

Jonathan D. Kahl

#### OPP 9530738

09/01/96; (OPP) \$20,520; 12 months

U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

Hanover, NH 03755-1290

Mary R. Albert

#### OPP 9530818

09/01/96; (OPP) \$20,000; 12 months

University of California--Irvine

Irvine, CA 92717

Donald R. Blake

The research is a collaborative project among researchers at six
universities. The researchers will extend their previous study of the
record of atmospheric chemistry concentrations recorded in the glacial
ice at Summit, Greenland, from a summer only to a full year study by
adding a winter sampling program. The ice core record from the GISP2 has
been analyzed for traces of atmospheric chemistry, but the results
cannot be assessed fully until a complete annual record of present
chemistry is available because the largest signal in the ice core
results from snow that accumulates during the winter months. A winter
sampling program has been logistically impossible until this year.

The Record of Cosmogenic *In Situ* and Atmospheric 14C in GISP2 Ice Core

#### OPP 9530897

09/15/96; (OPP) \$147,526; 36 months

University of California--San Diego

La Jolla, CA 92093-0234

Devendra Lal

The PI proposes to study the record of the cosmogenic and atmospheric
14C in air samples that have been trapped in the ice core recovered from
the summit of the Greenland Ice Sheet by the GISP2. The abundance of 14C
in the GISP2 ice core will be used to determine the atmospheric
chemistry at the site for the past 30,000 years and to determine the
chronology of climatic changes. Changes in the 14C tracer are an
important piece of the evidence of a changing atmosphere during the
transition from full glacial conditions to the present interglacial
period.

Origins of Atmospheric Dust in GISP2 Ice Core

#### OPP 9530978

05/01/96; (OPP) \$318,588; 24 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

Pierre E. Biscaye

Investigators will continue a project of extracting dust samples from
the GISP2 ice core. The origin of the dust will be determined by
comparing the geochemistry of the dust from the ice core to that of
samples taken from potential continental sources worldwide. Changes in
the source area for the dust in the ice cores will reveal how
continental weathering and atmospheric transport have changed in
response to changing climate during the past 100,000 years. Changes in
atmospheric transport patterns will provide data for testing climate
models that predict changes in atmospheric conditions during climate
events during both glacial and interglacial climate extremes.

## Ocean--Atmosphere--Ice Interaction (OAII)

A CTD/Hydrographic Section Across the Arctic Ocean

#### OPP 9322546

04/01/94; (OPP) \$17,519, (OCE) \$17,519; 42 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Knut Aagaard

The Arctic Ocean Section is under the auspices of the Arctic Systems
Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and research is jointly
sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences, the Office of Polar
Programs and Office of Naval Research (ONR). Data collected should be
relevant to improving our understanding of how the Arctic is an
indicator of changing global climate conditions, and how it affects the
physical, chemical and biological features of the more temperate oceans
and regions. This specific research project encompasses part of the
hydrography program. Precision temperature, conductivity, oxygen and
nutrient profiles will be collected at intervals along the cruise track.
Resulting data will be analyzed to increase understanding of the
structure and circulation of the Arctic Ocean. Research will focus on
three areas: (1) the structure of the halocine, wherein density
differences between masses of seawater may drive the circulation and
mixing of deep Arctic Ocean water with water from other parts of the
world's oceans; (2) seawater properties and gradients near major sea
floor features; and (3) the horizontal and vertical structure of the
water column below 1500 m.

Oxygen Consumption, Denitrification and Carbon Oxidation Rates In
Near-Surface Sediments of the Arctic Ocean

#### OPP 9400058

05/01/94; (OPP) \$8,550; 30 months

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575

John P. Christensen

This work is a component of the collaborative biology program. Research
will be undertaken to determine the rates of oxygen consumption and
carbon oxidation in sediments along the cruise track. Sedimentary
oxidation rates are said to relate to the flux of usable organic matter
from overlying surface waters. Hence, it is an indicator of primary
production and possible transport of carbon and nutrients from the
marginal regions. A series of box and piston cores will be taken and
sub-samples provided to a number of PIs. Measurements will be made of
key biogeochemical solutes \[oxygen, nutrients, alkalinity, pH, soluble
iron and manganese, sulfate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sulfide (if
present)\] and solid constituents such as porosity, surface area,
organic carbon and nitrogen and carbonate. Sites to be sampled include
continental shelves, slopes, abyssal plains and mid-basin ridges. The
data will be used to evaluate sediment-bottom water fluxes and to
estimate rates of oxygen consumption, denitrification and carbon
oxidation. Information will provide a greater understanding of the
carbon budget and nitrogen budget in the Arctic and global ocean.

Sea-Ice Measurements on the U.S./Canada Arctic Ocean Section

#### OPP 9400241

05/01/94; (OPP) \$6,561, (ESI) \$10,786; 36 months

U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

Hanover, NH 03755-1290

Walter B. Tucker

This project is part of the program that focuses on the
interrelationship of sea-ice physical and electromagnetic properties. A
two-stage approach will be undertaken: Small-scale detailed studies of
the different ice types and large-scale surveys to determine their
relative areal coverage will be performed. Measurements of spectral
albedo, bidirectional reflectance and wavelength integrated albedo at
visible and near-infrared wavelengths will be made. Ice cores will be
taken and studied for physical state and structure, including vertical
profiles of temperature, salinity, brine and air volume, crystallography
and inclusion size distribution. These small-scale measurements will be
done in conjunction with helicopter surveys of active and passive
microwave observations of the same ice to determine the range of
physical properties, and also to determine the impact of changes in the
physical properties on electromagnetic signatures. Helicopter transects,
using an airborne spectroradiometer, as well as conventional
photographic and video cameras will be used to determine a quantitative
estimate of large-scale albedo, ice concentration, melt pond fraction
and floe size distribution. These large-scale measurements will be
linked with small-scale data to provide an understanding of the spatial
and temporal variability of ice albedo and the coupling of shortwave
irradiance to ice ablation. Such measurements are critical to our
understanding of how the Arctic Ocean stores and reflects heat and its
influence on climate variability.

Nd, Sr and Pb Isotope, Major Cation, and Rare-Earth Element Geochemistry
of the Arctic Ocean

#### OPP 9400254

05/15/94; (OPP) \$28,007, (OCE) \$28,006; 36 months

University of Wisconsin--Madison

Madison, WI 53706-1490

David L. Clark

This specific research effort involves the study of rare-earth element
(REE) and Nd isotope systematics in order to gain insights on the
interplay of ocean chemistry, biology and physics. REE and Nd isotope
measurements will be obtained from sediment and water samples collected
during the cruise and will be used to determine the origin of different
water masses comprising the Arctic Ocean. Information also will be
derived on the origin and maintenance of the seawater stratification,
mixing processes, circulation and biogeochemical processes. In addition,
these data will allow the Arctic Ocean to be placed in context with
other existing REE and Nd isotope data from the sub-Arctic oceans and to
be integrated into existing global, interoceanic circulation models.
Analysis of ice-borne and seabed sediments for Pb, REE, and Nd-Pb-Sr
isotopes will allow integration of Late Cenozoic Arctic Ocean sediment
geochemistry to the current understanding of sediment sources and
dispersal in the Arctic Ocean.

Late Quaternary Paleoceanography of the Arctic Ocean

#### OPP 9400255

07/01/94; (OPP) \$71,921; 36 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

William M. Briggs

This work is a component of the collaborative paleoceanographic program.
Work will involve research on ostracodes contained in sediment samples
to be collected, as well as from existing surface sediments collected by
the Geological Survey of Canada from several other Arctic Ocean sites,
including the northern Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Ostracodes are small
calcareous bivalved crustaceans, and some benthic marine ostracodes are
attuned, within narrow limits, to several environmental variables, the
most important of which are temperature, salinity, dissolved O~2~,
nutrients and substrate. Their distribution on the sea floor therefore
reflects bottom water conditions, making ostracodes ideal monitors of
water mass changes and circulation anomalies through geological time.
Previous investigations have suggested that ostracodes are useful for
paleoceanographic reconstructions of water mass history. This work will
provide a better understanding of the relationship between modern
ostracodes, water masses and Arctic bathymetry; of the relationship
between intermediate-depth and deep-water ostracodes and Atlantic and
Pacific faunas; and of faunal history and inferred ocean history during
the Holocene, the Last Glaciation, and possibly, the whole of the
Brunhes Epoch.

Dense Water Transport off Arctic Continental Shelves: Numerical Studies
of Shelf--Basin Interaction

#### OPP 9422292

04/15/95; (OPP) \$71,542, (OCE) \$71,542; 23 months

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Woods Hole, MA 02543

Glen G. Gawarkiewicz

Investigators at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution will undertake
research to increase the complexity of computer model simulations of the
formation of dense high-salinity water that leaves the Arctic
continental shelf and flows to the deep Arctic Ocean. The flows are
capable of carrying nutrients and sediments from the continental shelf
to the deeper ocean, and may play a major role in the transfer of heat
between the atmosphere and deep ocean. Fluctuations in the formation of
the cross-shelf flow could affect the transfer of heat from warm deep
water in the Arctic Ocean that is produced in the Atlantic Ocean. Heat
from that warm deep flow controls the formation of sea ice in the
climatically sensitive Arctic Ocean. The improved computer models will,
for the first time, take into account the effects of coastal currents,
topographic complexities and water mass stratification of the
continental slopes so that the models may begin to approach real world
conditions. The improved models are necessary to understand how the
Arctic ocean--atmosphere--ice system operates to affect, and be affected
by, global climates.

Vertical and Lateral Mixing in the Upper Arctic Ocean: Studies at the
Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) Ice Camp

#### OPP 9503330

07/01/95; (OPP) \$154,428, (OCE) \$154,428; 24 months

University of California--San Diego

La Jolla, CA 92093-0234

Robert Pinkel

Research supported by this grant is under the auspices of the Arctic
Systems Science (ARCSS) Global Change Research Program and is jointly
sponsored by the Division of Ocean Sciences and the Office of Polar
Programs. Work to be performed represents preliminary steps towards a
major five-year research project named SHEBA, which is envisioned to
study the heat budget of the Arctic Ocean and its impact on global
change. The primary goals of SHEBA are to: (1) develop, test and
implement models of Arctic ocean--atmosphere--ice processes that
demonstrably improve simulations of the present day arctic climate,
including its variability, using General Circulation Models (GCMs), and
(2) improve the interpretation of satellite remote sensing data in the
Arctic for analysis of the arctic climate system and provide reliable
data for model input, model validation and climate monitoring.
Researchers at the University of California--San Diego, will build an
instrument that will measure the vertical and horizontal flux of heat
and momentum under the sea ice at the location of the proposed ice camp
in 1997. The proposed sonar system will provide accurate measurements of
mixing processes that will improve the ability of models to predict the
component of the heat budget of the Arctic that is produced within the
ocean.

Boundary-Layer Dynamics and Cloud-Radiative Studies in SHEBA:
Development of an Atmospheric Lidar and a Wind Profiler

#### OPP 9503654

05/01/95; (OPP) \$250,000; 24 months

NOAA--Environmental Research Laboratory

Boulder, CO 80303-3328

C. W. Fairall

This work will develop, construct and prepare for deployment two new
instruments that will be built specifically for autonomous operation at
the main SHEBA ice camp. The first is a wind profiler to provide wind
and temperature profiles continuously to 2.5 km altitude. The second is
a lidar for cloud and aerosol monitoring, which will measure optical
depth and provide ice/water determinations. The instruments will be
designed to optimize performance under Arctic conditions. This
instrumentation will be useful in addressing an identified critical
issue of SHEBA, the sea Arctic cloud-radiation feedback mechanism.

Analysis of Existing Aircraft Data Sets of Arctic Clouds, Radiation and
Surface Characteristics: Applications to SHEBA Planning

#### OPP 9504261

06/15/95; (OPP) \$175,230; 23 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Judith A. Curry

Researchers at the University of Colorado will use data taken from
aircraft in previous experiments similar to SHEBA to analyze the status
cloud data so that the SHEBA field experiment may be planned more
efficiently. The aircraft-derived data will be used to validate the
results from remote sensing data taken from satellites so that those
results may be extended beyond the specific region of the proposed field
experiment.

Development of a Sample, Lightweight Cloud/Radiation Instrumentation
Package and Balloon Platform for Deployment at the SHEBA Ice Camp

#### OPP 9504356

08/15/95; (OPP) \$107,677; 23 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Knut Stamnes

A Tethered Balloon Cloud Microphysical and Chemical Sounding System

#### OPP 9504551

07/15/95; (OPP) \$80,489; 23 months

University of Nevada--Desert Research Institute

Reno, NV 89506-0220

Randolph D. Borys

This work is a collaborative effort between the University of
Nevada--Desert Research Institute and the University of
Alaska--Geophysical Institute. Several key atmospheric measurements
during the SHEBA field program will be made from tethered balloons that
will carry scientific instruments up to 1 km above the ice surface. Some
of these instruments must be adapted and tested for Arctic conditions.
One group of measurements focuses on cloud microphysics and another
group involves radiative heat flux measurements. The microphysics
instruments will provide characterizations of cloud particles at
different altitudes as the balloon moves vertically through cloud
layers. The radiative instrument package will consist of self-leveling
up and down short-wave flux radiometers, cloud liquid water instruments,
and meteorological packages for pressure, temperature, humidity and
wind. The collaborative effort will provide common operational and data
logging components. Partial support is also being provided by the
Department of Energy.

SHEBA Project Office

#### OPP 9505093

07/01/95; (OPP) \$143,921, (OCE) \$94,037; 24 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Richard E. Moritz

This award to the University of Washington establishes a Science Project
Office for the SHEBA Program. The Office will coordinate planning
activities and data collection, and will also serve as the primary point
of contact for the project. The data generated by all of the Phase I PIs
will be transmitted to the Office and made available to other
investigators so that the planning effort for the field program will be
efficiently conducted with the most recent data set available.

U.S. Interagency Arctic Buoy Program

#### OPP 9510436

05/15/95; (OPP) \$25,000, (OCE) \$25,000; 23 months

Department of Navy--NOAA Ice Center

Washington, DC 20395-0001

David A. Benner

By interagency agreement the U.S. Navy/NOAA Joint Ice Center will
provide the management structure and coordination necessary to establish
and maintain a network of drifting meteorological buoys in the Arctic.
The buoys will be emplaced at a sufficient spatial resolution and
longevity to define surface synoptic scale atmospheric pressure, air
temperature and sea-ice fields. The data will be made available in real
time for operational weather forecasting and will be used by researchers
for studying global change in the climatically sensitive Arctic.

Carbon Oxidation and Denitrification Rates in Sediments of the Chukchi
Sea

#### OPP 9530774

06/15/96; (OPP) \$123,445; 11 months

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences

West Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575

John P. Christensen

The northward flow through the Bering Strait transports nitrate-rich
Pacific waters into the Arctic basin. This influx supports the richest
productivity found in the Arctic. It has been hypothesized that export
of part of this productivity could supply significant amounts of organic
matter to the central Arctic. Part of the productivity is consumed
within the Chukchi Sea, via sedimentary carbon oxidation, and the rates
in the U.S. region of the Chukchi are moderately high. However, new
measurements of sedimentary sulfate reduction rates indicate that past
estimates were severalfold low. Furthermore, conversion of inorganic
nitrogen to N~2~ by denitrification in these sediments appears to be
rapid. Thus, the sediments in the U.S. Chukchi Sea may oxidize more of
the productivity and remove more of the nitrogen than previously
thought. Furthermore, a large pool of organic rich sediments underlies
much of the Russian Chukchi Sea, suggesting that even larger areas of
sedimentary consumption, perhaps with even greater rates of oxidation
and denitrification, may occur in the Russian areas. The organic rich
areas of the U.S. and Russian Chukchi Sea will be sampled throughout the
ice-free regions in midsummer of 1996. At each site, sediment-water
fluxes of O~2~, N~2~, N~2~O, inorganic nutrients, TCO~2~ and alkalinity
will be measured in replicate flux experiments. Vertical profiles of
sulfate reduction rates will be determined by current ^35^SO~4~ tracer
techniques. Porosity, organic matter content and pore water
distributions of key solutes will also be determined. These data would
expand our knowledge of sedimentary carbon oxidation and denitrification
rates and their role in the productivity cycle in the Chukchi Sea. The
improved estimates of these sedimentary processes will better estimate
the potential for this region to export significant quantities of
organic matter to the rest of the Arctic basin.

Tritium/He-3 and O-18 Measurements During the ACSYS Expedition 1996

#### OPP 9530795

05/01/96; (OPP) \$120,055, (OCE) \$120,055; 36 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

Peter Schlosser

The PI proposes to conduct a research project on a cruise aboard the
German research vessel *Polarstern* as a part of the international
initiative ACSYS planned by the World Meteorological Organization. He
will make tritium, helium, and oxygen isotope measurements in the
eastern Arctic Ocean to determine the extent of Atlantic water that has
recently been found to extend much farther into the basin than
previously known. The expansion of Atlantic water into the Arctic could
be the result of global change in response to a warming climate, or a
temporary change in circulation due to factors not associated with
climate. The data collected on this cruise will fill in an important gap
in the Arctic Ocean so that future studies may observe the persistence
of the change in circulation within a global change context.

ARCSS/OAII Biological Initiative in the Arctic: Shelf--Basin
Interactions Science Planning Workshop

#### OPP 9612784

06/15/96; (OPP) \$39,205, (OCE) \$39,205; 11 months

University of Tennessee--Knoxville

Knoxville, TN 37996-0140

Jacqueline M. Grebmeier

The award is to support a planning workshop to develop a science plan
for studies of the physical and biogeochemical interactions of Arctic
Ocean shelves. The Shelf--Basin Interactions initiative to be developed
by the workshop participants will identify a research program that may
be conducted to address the question of the fate of organically derived
material from the shelf that is transported to the deep basin in
response to global change. The fate of the organic material must be
determined in order to improve models for estimating the volume of
carbon dioxide exchange with the atmosphere during global warming. At
present, the carbon exchange from shelf to basin is largely unknown in
the Arctic Ocean, and must be investigated if accurate estimates of the
impact of global change on the climatically sensitive Arctic region is
to be determined. The workshop will produce a science plan for
conducting a research program.

Modeling the Long-Term Turbulent Circulation of the Arctic Ocean and Its
Sea Ice

#### OPP 9613892

09/01/96; (OPP) \$291,000; 36 months

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, CA 93943

Wieslaw Maslowski

The PIs will develop an Arctic Ocean circulation model coupled to a
sea-ice model on two spatial grids. The model numerical will allow the
researchers to investigate the input of Pacific Ocean water and the
outflow of Arctic Ocean water to the Atlantic so that not only the
circulation within the Arctic Ocean is simulated but also the important
inputs and outputs are derived. The model should produce a very
realistic circulation that may be examined for changing climatic
conditions to determine the climatic effect on both Arctic Ocean
circulation and the effects of that circulation on the North Atlantic
Ocean. The model will provide a framework for other studies in the
Arctic that require a predictive capability for ocean circulation in
areas of the Arctic Ocean where no observational data exists.

Collaborative Research: Science Management for the Arctic System
Science's Ocean--Atmosphere--Ice Interactions (OAII) Component

#### OPP 9614710

08/15/96; (OPP) \$158,833, (OCE) \$158,833; 36 months

Old Dominion Research Foundation

Norfolk, VA 23508-0369

Louis A. Codispoti

#### OPP 9615002

08/15/96; (OPP) \$71,199, (OCE) \$71,198; 36 months

University of Tennessee--Knoxville

Knoxville, TN 37996-0140

Jacqueline M. Grebmeier

This is a joint proposal to support the OAII Science Management Office
(SMO) and Science Steering Committee (SSC). The SMO will be located at
Old Dominion University and the chair of the SSC will be at the
University of Tennessee. The SMO will support the activities of the OAII
SSC (e.g., workshops, planning meetings and coordination with
international science projects), publish a newsletter, promote
correspondence of OAII results at national meetings and between PIs,
facilitate logistical arrangements and promote integration of OAII
activities with other components of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS)
Program. The SSC will conduct planning meetings for future OAII science
projects, appoint working groups to conduct workshops for development of
science plans for new initiatives and provide the ARCSS Program with an
assessment on priorities for OAII global change initiatives/projects in
the Arctic that are developed through the workshops.

Workshop: Polar Processes in Global Climate

#### OPP 9614741

07/01/96; (OPP) \$40,000; 12 months

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Washington, DC 20036-5915

Robert H. Thomas

A jointly supported NASA/NSF workshop will examine bipolar processes of
climate change. Research results and climate models suggest that climate
changes observed in Antarctic and Arctic records have occurred similarly
in both polar regions. The workshop participants will examine the recent
results collected separately at the two poles and discuss a strategy for
modeling climate changes that involve bipolar interactions of the
climate. The increased communication between scientists separately
studying Antarctic or Arctic climates will foster development of better
models and enhanced collaboration that will lead to improved
understanding of global climate changes.

Analysis of Arctic Ice Draft Profiles Obtained by Submarines

#### OPP 9634513

08/15/96; (OPP) \$171,234, (OCE) \$171,234; 36 months

U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

Hanover, NH 03755-1290

Walter B. Tucker

The PIs propose to examine the iceberg keel depth data taken on U.S.
nuclear submarines under the Arctic pack ice for a record of temporal
changes in ice thickness in the Arctic Ocean. These data provide the
only means of looking at the historical record of ice thickness for the
past 30 years and, as such, are an excellent recorder of the possible
impact of global change on the Arctic. The results of this study are
very important for understanding the persistence of the pack ice in the
past with the possibility of predicting changes that could occur in the
near future. The results will be a valuable test of predictions from
climate models that indicate a magnified global warming effect in the
Arctic that might result in the disappearance of the pack ice.

Submarine Arctic Science Program: Technical Support

#### OPP 9643488

FY 1996; (OPP) \$113,750; 12 months

Department of Navy--Office of Naval Research

Arlington, VA 22217

Thomas Curtin

This action provides support for the U.S. Navy Arctic Submarine
Laboratory for baseline and special data acquisition during an extended
scientific cruise of a submarine under the Arctic Ocean ice cover in the
summer of 1995. The basis for this support is a Memorandum of Agreement
among four operational units of the Navy and three civilian federal
agencies: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S.
Geological Survey and the NSF.

## Paleoclimates from Arctic Lakes and ESTUARIES (PALE)

Late Quaternary Climates of Western Beringia

#### ATM 9317569

04/15/94; (OPP) \$152,894; 42 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Patricia M. Anderson

This award supports a project under PALE, a program that focuses on the
timing, magnitude and rates of change in Arctic climates during the late
Quaternary. Understanding the complex regional responses to past shifts
in global climate requires: (1) the compilation of numerous well-dated
records of paleoclimate indicators (e.g., pollen); (2) the calibration
of these proxies by defining their modern climatic relationships; and
(3) the comparison of climatic histories inferred from the paleodata to
qualitative or quantitative paleoclimatic models. Although such data
sets are available from lakes in many areas of the North American and
European Arctic, comparable information is virtually absent from
northern Siberia. This award supports a project designed to analyze
pollen, spores, plant macrofossils and sediment geochemistry of lake
cores to reconstruct the late Quaternary vegetation and climate of
Western Beringia (northeast Siberia). These histories will be
reconstructed for six study areas, which today encompass the range of
vegetation and climate in far northeast Russia. Analyses of surficial
lake muds will improve the definition of modern
pollen--vegetation--climate relationships and aid the paleoclimatic
interpretation of fossil data. The new Russian data will allow a more
detailed description of trans-Beringian paleovegetational patterns and
inferred paleoclimates. Definition of such broad-scale patterns will
help paleodata/GCM comparisons for the Arctic, thereby improving the
understanding of high-latitude responses to global climatic changes.

Collaborative Research: Laminated Lake Sediments from the Canadian High
Arctic: Understanding the Climatic Signal for Paleoclimatic
Reconstruction

#### ATM 9322768

05/15/94; (OPP) \$41,000; 36 months

Bates College

Lewiston, ME 04240

Michael J. Retelle

#### ATM 9322769

05/15/94; (OPP) \$100,000; 36 months

University of Massachusetts--Amherst

Amherst, MA 01003

Raymond S. Bradley

Ice core and other paleoclimatic records from the High Arctic suggest
that summer temperatures reached minimum levels for the entire Holocene
during the last 500 years, but underwent a dramatic reversal in the last
100 years. This award, under the PALE program, is designed to study lake
sediments from a number of sites to determine if this hypothesis is
supported by the sedimentary record. To better understand the
paleoclimatic signal in the sediments, a three-year process-based study
is planned to determine the primary controls on sediment flux and varved
sediment formation in Sophia Lake, a High Arctic hypersaline, meromictic
lake. Sophia Lake provides a simple topographic environment, which will
facilitate efforts to isolate the primary climatic forcing. Sediments
from lakes on the margin of Agassiz Ice Cap also will be recovered in
order to link the paleoclimatic record of ice cores from the ice cap to
sedimentary records from the glacier margin.

A PALE Lake Sediment Calibration Network for the Eastern Canadian Arctic

#### ATM 9402657

07/01/94; (OPP) \$114,918; 36 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Jonathan T. Overpeck

This award supports a PALE/ARCSS effort to construct a high-quality data
set for surficial lake sediment calibration in the eastern Canadian
Arctic. A detailed sampling and analysis program will allow the
development of new calibration data for fossil pollen and isotopic and
palelimnological proxies. Modern numerical analysis will be applied to
existing lake-based fossil pollen records to produce a new generation of
quantitative paleoclimate estimates. This work will result in a large
public domain database, and will make a collection of surface lake
sediments available to the paleoclimate community for additional
research.

Cooperative Agreement: Support of the National Center for Atmospheric
Research

#### ATM 9403608

12/01/93; (OPP) \$120,000; 58 months

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

Boulder, CO 80307-3000

Richard Anthes

These funds support a cooperative agreement for the National Center for
Atmospheric Research: Arctic System Science Program support for the PALE
program.

Late Quaternary Climatic and Vegetation History of the Alaskan North
Slope: Part II, Analysis of Paleo Records

#### ATM 9423392

04/15/95; (OPP) \$134,000; 23 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Linda B. Brubaker

Beringia (far northwest Canada, Alaska, and northeast Siberia) is an
important region of paleoclimate study for the NSF PALE program because
it remained unglaciated during the late Quaternary and experienced
extensive changes in paleogeography due to changing sea levels. This
research is designed to describe the late Quaternary climate history of
the North Slope (ca. 150,000 years BP to present) through the analysis
of proxy climate indicators in a suite of lake sediment cores on the
Alaskan North Slope. The research will: (1) describe temporal and
spatial variations in the pollen, spores, plant macrofossils and
selected geochemical properties; (2) interpret variations in
paleoclimate from proxy indicators (using analytical approaches and
large modern calibration data sets for the interpretation of pollen
data); and (3) infer potential causes of paleoclimatic variations using
a conceptual framework of large-scale controls of eastern Beringian
climate and climate model simulations as part of ongoing PALE
paleoclimate projects. Results of the proposed research will contribute
directly to PALE's goal of documenting circumarctic paleoclimate
variability.

Paleoclimate Records from Lake Sediments in a Cape Dyer--Quvitu
Transect, Eastern Baffin Island, Arctic Canada

#### ATM 9503279

05/01/95; (OPP) \$97,805; 24 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Gifford H. Miller

The sensitivity of the polar regions to increased greenhouse gases is
described by global circulation models. Rapid changes in Arctic boundary
conditions that influence climate, such as vegetation type (especially
tundra versus boreal forest), extent and duration of sea ice and
seasonal snow cover, and continental ice thickness/iceberg discharge may
have had dramatic impacts outside the Arctic in the past, and may have
similar future impacts. These impacts underlie current interest in the
role of the Arctic in the global climate system. A primary objective of
PALE is to obtain and analyze a series of lake sediment cores that span
the circumarctic region. This project focuses on the 0--20,000-year time
period, with opportunistic sampling of older records and high-resolution
younger records where encountered. Research will continue lake-coring
research efforts, including the interpretation of pollen, diatom,
sedimentological and isotopic analyses. additional proxies for past
climate utilizing the isotopic composition (C and O isotopes) of aquatic
macrofossils and specific classes of dissolved organic matter preserved
in lake sediments and changes in diatom floral assemblages.

PALE Steering Committee, Data Coordination and Community Radiocarbon
Dating

#### ATM 9526384

09/01/95; (OPP) \$147,270, (ATM) \$43,200; 24 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Gifford H. Miller

This award supports activities that are central to the success of PALE,
a project within the Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) Program, but which
are beyond the scope of individually funded research projects. The
general contribution of PALE to the ARCSS program is the description of
temporal and spatial variations in late Quaternary (150,000 years to
present). Arctic climates are determined by multiple proxy indicators
preserved in lacustrine and estuarine sediment records. These data, when
coupled with paleoclimatic models, provide a fuller understanding of
possible mechanisms and feedback that affect both circumarctic and
regional high-latitude climate changes. Such knowledge improves
predictive capabilities for assessing possible environmental responses
to future climatic fluctuations. This award will support the activities
of the PALE Steering Committee for coordination among national and
international scientific programs. A data coordinator is also supported
as being vital to PALE as the major facilitator for compilation, storage
and exchange of data with other paleoclimatic programs. Support for
radiocarbon analyses will ensure the high quality chronologies necessary
to PALE.

Paleoclimate (0 to \>14 ka) of West and Northwest Iceland, A Comparison
of Lake and Near-Shore Marine Proxy Records: A U.S./Iceland Contribution
to PALE

#### ATM 9531397

05/15/96; (OPP) \$95,560; 11 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

John T. Andrews

Iceland is located on the eastern side of Denmark Strait in a region
where changes in the extent and duration of sea ice have major impacts
on both the marine and terrestrial environments. This area monitors the
relative strength of both the northward advection of Atlantic water and
the southward flux of sea ice and freshwater in the East Greenland
Current. This PALE/ARCSS award supports the recovery of a series of
sediment cores from lakes in Northwest Iceland and compares their proxy
records of climate with proxy records from marine cores taken from
fjords and shelf-troughs off Northwest Iceland. Based on earlier PALE
studies, decadal/centennial sampling resolution is realistic in both
environments, and correlations within systems and between lakes and the
offshore are enhanced by an abundance of regional tephras. A major
Icelandic contribution to the grant will include ship-time to carry out
coring along three fjord shelf transects in Northwest Iceland.

Quaternary Paleoclimatic Variations of Beringia: Large-Scale Controls
and Regional Responses

#### ATM 9532074

06/01/96; (OPP) \$83,647; 12 months

University of Oregon--Eugene

Eugene, OR 97403-5219

Patrick J. Bartlein

The climate system of the Arctic is a key component of the global
system, and an understanding of the nature of paleoclimatic variations
in the Arctic is therefore an important element in predicting how that
region may respond to changes in the large-scale controls of climate.
This PALE/ARCSS award supports the analysis of Quaternary
paleoecological records from Beringia to: (1) document the nature and
magnitude of past climatic changes; (2) test hypotheses about the
controls of regional climatic variations, and how changes in those
controls are expressed at the regional and local levels; and (3) exploit
the growing number of paleoenvironmental records from this region for
use in the examination of paleoclimatic variations along key transects,
and for application in model-validation studies. This analysis requires
the compilation of modern sets of climate and vegetation data from the
region, and their use to establish relationships between vegetation and
climate. These relationships can then be applied to: (1) interpret
fossil--pollen data in climate terms, thereby illustrating the range of
past climate changes; (2) test specific hypotheses about the controls of
past climatic variations by comparing the "observed" record of
vegetation change with that implied by the hypotheses; and (3) validate
climate model simulations of Arctic paleoclimates.

Mutual Climatic Range Reconstructions of Late Quaternary Climates in
Beringia

#### ATM 9612641

09/01/96; (OPP) \$166,297; 36 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Scott A. Elias

The aim of this grant is to synthesize and quantify paleoclimate
reconstructions on the basis of fossil insect data from Eastern Beringia
(Alaska, the Yukon Territory) and the Bering Land Bridge, using the
Mutual Climate Range method. The Quaternary insect fossil record is a
source of proxy data that provides sensitive, accurate paleoclimatic
reconstructions for terrestrial ecosystems. As with any single source of
proxy data, fossil insect interpretations cannot provide the complete
paleoenvironmental picture. This investigation will promote
interdisciplinary cooperation by generating calibrated, quantitative
paleotemperature data for fossil beetle assemblages that will be more
readily comparable to the reconstructions based on the interpretation of
other proxy data, such as pollen response surfaces and transfer
functions. A principal objective of this investigation will be to
establish the nature, timing and intensity of the major climatic
transitions of the late Pleistocene. Secondly, this method will be
applied in Eastern Beringia to calibrate existing data and provide
seasonal temperature reconstructions.

Collaborative Research: Paleoenvironmental Time Series from Postglacial
Lake Basins on Kola Peninsula, Russia

#### ATM 9600126

07/01/96; (OPP) \$50,934, (INT) \$30,000; 12 months

Ohio State University Research Foundation

Columbus, OH 43210-1016

Steven L. Forman

#### ATM 9632926

07/01/96; (OPP) \$41,170, (INT) \$19,500; 12 months

University of California--Los Angeles

Los Angeles, CA 90024-1301

Glen M. MacDonald

It is poorly known how dramatic changes in deglacial and Holocene
climates in the North Atlantic region propagated into the Eurasian
Arctic. Lacustrine and estuarine records from the Kola Peninsula,
adjacent to the North Cape Current, the easternmost limb of the North
Atlantic Current, provide archives to assess postglacial and Holocene
variations in lakes, vegetation and tree line and inferred changes in
atmospheric and oceanic circulation. Extant cores from the northern Kola
Peninsula provide estuarine and lacustrine records spanning at least the
last 12,000 years. Preliminary analyses demonstrate that these sediments
are rich in biologic remains, ideal for securing a reliable radiocarbon
chronology and for determining environmental changes. This PALE/ARCSS
award supports lake coring on a transect from the tundra-dominated
northern coast to the forested center of the Kola Peninsula. This
research will utilize an array of paleoecological techniques such as
pollen, diatom, macrofossil and sediment analyses, augmented by recent
advances in stomate, chironomid and cellulose stable isotope analyses.
To strengthen the paleoenvironmental interpretations of the cores,
modern sediment samples will be collected from lakes to statistically
calibrate pollen, stomate, diatom and chironomid records with present
climatic, edaphic and vegetation conditions. The research will provide
new late glacial and Holocene records from the western Russian Arctic,
currently a void in global paleoclimatic time series.

The Paleoclimatic Record of Elgygytgyn Lake, Northeast Russia: A Pilot
Study

#### ATM 9615768

10/01/96; (OPP) \$36,756, (ATM) \$13,226; 16 months

University of Massachusetts--Amherst

Amherst, MA 01003

Julie Brigham-Grette

This Small Grants for Exploratory Research (SGER) award supports a pilot
study of Elgygytgyn Lake, a large lacustrine basin located 100 km north
of the Arctic Circle in northeast Russia. This lake was created by a
meteorite impact that generated a crater roughly 23 km in diameter. The
lack of glaciation in this basin makes it highly likely that the modern
lake contains a continuous paleoenvironmental record of at least the
last 250,000 years, but probably back to the time of impact. It is
believed that an international, multidisciplinary project to collect and
analyze core materials from this lake will provide a paleoclimate record
unparalleled in northern Asia. The objectives in this project are
intended to test the hypothesis that this large, but morphologically
simple lacustrine system contains a high-resolution sediment archive
extending through the Holocene and well into the late Pleistocene. If
successful, these cores will provide the impetus for a major deep
drilling program to retrieve the entire record in the future.

Assessment of Pre-Late Wisconsin-Kettle Basins: Potentially Long Records
of Environmental Change, Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska

#### ATM 9633517

06/01/96; (OPP) \$20,660; 12 months

Mount Holyoke College

South Hadley, MA 01075

Al Werner

This SGER awards supports the exploration of two small lakes in the
Denali area of Alaska for their potential to yield a continuous
environmental record of the last 60,000 years. Field work will include
the documentation of basin bathymetry, structure of the sediment fill
through acoustic profiling and nature of the sediment infill. If
successful, these basins could provide a key record of paleoclimate for
the glacial period.

Holocene Landscape Dynamics in Northern Alaska: Paleoceanological
Investigations of Peat Deposits from Former Thaw Lake Basins

#### HRD 9550382

09/01/95; (HRD) \$11,917; 27 months

University of Alaska--Anchorage

Anchorage, AK 99508-4614

Wendy R. Eisner

This research will analyze the pollen from selected peat cores from the
tundra of Beringia, the ancient subcontinent which now includes Alaska
and northeastern Siberia. The Arctic tundra is a major ecosystem which
plays a significant role as a major repository of the world's carbon.
Whether northern peat is still accumulating soil carbon or may actually
be losing carbon is a question with important consequences for global
change scenarios. This work will use plant ecology and soil studies to
interpret pollen records. Pollen analysis offers ecologists a long-term
perspective on vegetation change in this complex environment.
Interactive activities include teaching a course directly related to
this research, and introducing students to the tools and methods used to
understand past environmental change. In addition, a seminar will be
offered, entitled Women in Prehistoric Society. This course is an
exploration of the traditional biases toward gender roles in prehistory,
which will enable the PI to extend her visibility and contribution to
other departments at the University of Alaska.

Laurentide Ice Sheet Instability: Heinrich Events in the Labrador Sea
and Rapid Climate Changes

#### OPP 9321135

04/01/94; (OPP) \$115,504; 42 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

John T. Andrews

This award is for support for a study to continue development of a
chronology, reconstruct paleoenvironments and understand the processes
associated with major ice sheet instability (Heinrich events) of the
eastern sector of the Laurentide Ice Sheet over the last glacial cycle.
During the continental glaciation of North America, Hudson Strait
drained one-quarter to one-third of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and was the
major conduit for the transport of water, sediment and icebergs from the
ice sheet into the North Atlantic. The fluxes of these materials into
the Labrador Sea and North Atlantic would have had a dramatic effect on
the global climate system. A number of cores have been identified for
study that will provide high-resolution records of ice sheet (Heinrich)
events on centurial-to-decadal time scales.

## Land--AtmosPhere­--Ice Interactions (LAII)

Effects of Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise on Trophic Dynamics and
Ecosystem Processes of the Coastal Tundra Ecosystem, the
Yukon--Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska

#### OPP 9214970

08/15/93; (OPP) \$266,302; 54 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

James S. Sedinger

This project seeks to develop a dynamic model to describe the potential
impact of climate variation on the tropic structure of a coastal Alaskan
ecosystem by assessing the degree to which climate change influences
habitat structure and availability with the population dynamics of a
colonially nesting bird, the Pacific brant. The area of study, the
Yukon--Kuskokwim Delta, has been traditionally exploited by Yup'ik
people, and geese are a seasonally important resource. A parallel study
of native oral history will be conducted in order to access traditional
knowledge of the ecology of this region.

Large Area Estimates of Carbon Fluxes in Arctic Landscapes

#### OPP 9318527

06/01/94; (OPP) \$641,789; 36 months

San Diego State University Foundation

San Diego, CA 92115-2412

Walter C. Oechel

This project is a significant contribution to the Arctic System Science
(ARCSS) Land--Atmosphere--Ice Interactions (LAII) study. The research
proposed will determine CO~2~ and water, momentum, and energy fluxes at
three spatial scales (plot, landscape and mesoscale) using chamber,
tower-based eddy correlation techniques, and aircraft-based eddy
correlation techniques. The information obtained from each of these
techniques will be analyzed and compared, especially in light of
defining the most efficient approaches for estimating large spatial
scale CO~2~ flux in the Arctic. Remotely sensed spectral indices,
geographic information system (GIS), process model, and phenomenological
models will be used to develop a methodology for efficiently estimating
ecosystem CO~2~ flux over meso- and global scales. Initial testing of
the applicability of these methods will be undertaken during 1993--1996.
The research will yield the current CO~2~ flux for the area studied
(east-central North Slope of Alaska), the contribution to CO~2~ flux of
various elements of the landscape, the sensitivity of net ecosystem
CO~2~ flux to altered environmental conditions, models and methodology
to predict CO~2~ flux in the Arctic and efficient techniques for
estimating meso- and global scale CO~2~ and other trace gas fluxes.

Attaining Ecological Understanding at the Regional Level: The Kuparuk
River as a Model Arctic System

#### OPP 9318529

06/01/94; (OPP) \$190,000; 36 months

Marine Biological Laboratory

Woods Hole, MA 02543

John E. Hobbie

The research, a part of the ARCSS LAII Study, will take place in Arctic
Alaska in the headwaters of the Kuparuk River. There are four parts: (1)
the measurements of flux of carbon as CO~2~ and organic matter from
groundwater/land to streams and lakes and eventually, in the case of
CO~2~, to the atmosphere (calibrations to be carried out with the help
of the Chapin project); (2) the measurement of the concentration of
nutrients (PO~4~, NO~3~, NH~4~) and dissolved and particulate organic
matter in the Kuparuk River in order to calculate flux to the ocean; (3)
the enhancement of a General Ecosystem Model (GEM) to include anaerobic
conditions and phosphorus cycling in order to understand and predict the
interactions of variations in vegetation, soil, and carbon cycling on
CO~2~ and methane transfer to the atmosphere; and (4) The enhancement of
a Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) to include permafrost in the soil
moisture calculations in order to make spatially explicit regional
estimates of CO~2~ exchange between vegetation/soil and the atmosphere.

A Hierarchic GIS for Studies of Process, Pattern and Scale in Arctic
Ecosystems

#### OPP 9318530

06/15/94; (OPP) \$170,579; 48 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Donald A. Walker

This component of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS) LAII Flux Study
will: (1) develop GIS databases at five scales (1:10, 1:500, 1:5000,
1:25,000 and 1:250,000) and at five sites; (2) develop an understanding
of the relationship between vegetation signals and key terrain
parameters; and (3) develop a method to use remotely-sensed images and
GIS variables to distinguish key vegetation parameters for spatial
models of trace gas fluxes. One task will be the development of methane
and CO~2~ flux maps at multiple scales of the Toolik Lake--Imnavait
Creek region, using an empirical approach based on field measurements of
trace gas fluxes in a hierarchy of vegetation types, and a modeled
approach using a variety of remotely-sensed satellite data. Measurements
of vegetation, biomass, soil, site and spectral reflectance
characteristics will be made at permanent study plots representing the
majority of landscape variation. Trace gas measurements by other
investigators at the same sites and GIS databases will be used to
extrapolate this information to landscape and regional scales.
Permanently marked 1 km x 1 km grids at the five study areas will be
used as a sampling framework for much of this research (e.g., monitoring
trends in species composition and canopy structure in relation to
landscape variables and climate change) and other research within the
project. Data from GIS databases also will be used by other
investigators in hydrology models, terrain models of trace gas fluxes
and algorithms to scale plot level measurements to regional scales.

CO~2~ and Methane Fluxes by Ecosystem Type and the Long-Term Feedback
Relationship with the Atmosphere: Methane Fluxes and Control

#### OPP 9318531

06/15/94; (OPP) \$113,672; 36 months

University of California--Irvine

Irvine, CA 92717

William S. Reeburgh

The goals of the CH~4~ component of the Arctic System Science (ARCSS)
LAII Flux Study are to produce regional CH~4~ flux estimates and perform
field experiments that will elucidate the controls and feedback on CH~4~
and CO~2~ emission from tundra environments. The region flux estimates
will be made using time series chamber measurements of CH~4~ flux at
permanent sites along a transect covering a range of physiographic
provinces. The locations and times of measurements will be coordinated
with atmospheric CO~2~ studies, with vegetation mapping studies, and
with soil chemistry studies. The field experiments will involve
manipulations of soil temperature and water table level, jar and core
experiments at a range of temperatures and moisture contents and a
series of isotope labeling experiments. The experiments will provide
information on CH~4~ oxidation to temperature and moisture changes, and
the role of recently fixed carbon in CH~4~ and CO~2~ emissions. These
experiments will be performed in collaboration with other LAII
investigators.

CO~2~ and Methane Fluxes by Ecosystem Type and Long-Term Feedback
Relationships with the Atmosphere

#### OPP 9318532

06/15/94; (OPP) \$182,528; 42 months

University of California--Berkeley

Berkeley, CA 94720

F. Stuart Chapin

The three major aspects of this project are: (1) comparison of CO~2~,
water and energy fluxes in different vegetation types and climates; (2)
evaluating the roles of water and energy fluxes as components of the
coupled land--atmosphere system; and (3) determining the relative
importance of soil, root and above-ground components of net ecosystem
CO~2~ flux. Fluxes will be measured in reference vegetation types by
other projects. The role of water and energy fluxes in regional climate
will assessed by a land-surface model that can be coupled to a regional
climate model. Sensitivity analysis with this land-surface model will
determine the major ways in which regional climate affects water and
energy fluxes. Labeling of soils with stable isotopes will be used to
evaluate the relative importance of roots and soil in controlling CO~2~
flux from tundra. These experiments will be coordinated with
measurements of soil organic matter content and quality and of ecosystem
CO~2~ flux made by other projects in the Arctic System Science (ARCSS)
LAII Flux Study.

A Regional Model of the Arctic Land--Atmosphere System

#### OPP 9318533

06/15/94; (OPP) \$184,779; 36 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Gunter E. Weller

The goal of this project is the implementation of a regional model of
the Arctic atmosphere--land system for use in the Flux Study of the
ARCSS LAII program. Specific objectives are to simulate the
land--atmosphere interactions that control the hydrology and the trace
gas fluxes over the northern Alaskan region, and to project changes in
the climate and surface forcing of this region. The atmospheric
simulations utilize the NCAR/Penn State mesoscale analyses to provide
the lateral forcing. The surface exchanges will draw upon a coupling to
soil-vegetation and hydrological models under development in other Flux
Study projects. Mesoscale topography, vegetation and soil data also
provided by other Flux Study projects will be incorporated into the
model. The regional model provides the framework for scaling up the
study's plot, tower and aircraft measurements of the surface fluxes.
Finally, output from a global circulation model will be used to drive
the regional model in a series of greenhouse-induced climate change
experiments, thereby providing high-resolution scenarios of regional
climate change for assessments of future trace gas fluxes.

LAII Flux Study: CO~2~ and Methane Fluxes by Ecosystem Type and
Long-Term Feedback Relationships with the Atmosphere

#### OPP 9318534

06/15/94; (OPP) \$140,000; 36 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Chien-Lu Ping

The major objective of this research is to assess the quantity and
quality of soil organic matter (SOM) and to test the roles of the active
fractions of SOM in CO~2~ and CH~4~ production in the Arctic ecosystem.
The first phase of this project involves the sampling and full
characterization of soils on the flux study sites which were jointly
selected by all PIs involved in this collaborative proposal. The soil
characterization will provide a database for extrapolating the results
of gas flux studies over a geographic base. The second phase involves
the isolation and characterization of the inactive and active organic
fractions in soils and soil solutions; then identification of the
microbial active fractions by using respiration experiments under
controlled conditions and the identification of active components as
substrates for gas flux (both CO~2~ and CH~4~) by using carbon labeling
experiments. It is hypothesized that the major sources of CO~2~ and
CH~4~ production are the active fractions in SOM. The composition,
quantity of active and inactive organic carbon fraction and their
turnover rate are expected to closely relate to gas flux on different
arctic ecosystems. This project is part of the larger integrated LAII
Flux Study.

Hydrologic Linkages with Arctic Freshwater and Terrestrial Systems

#### OPP 9318535

06/15/94; (OPP) \$388,081; 48 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Douglas L. Kane

Development of climatic models has intensely highlighted the fact that
almost all of the important processes controlling climate are
interactive, and that it is vital to understand the linkages between
these processes; for example, what is the role of the hydrologic system
in connecting atmospheric and terrestrial processes? As a component of
the ARCSS LAII Flux Study, the objective of this project is to improve
the understanding of the linkages between atmospheric, terrestrial and
aquatic systems. Specifically, this means developing a quantitative
understanding of the energy and mass transfer processes of the
hydrologic regime. A primary component of this study is a field
measurement program to quantify the water balance of watersheds that are
physically quite different (e.g., watersheds in the foothills compared
to those on the coastal plain) and an energy balance of the entire
region from the Arctic Ocean to the Brooks Range. One goal is to develop
a physically based, spatially distributed hydrologic model that, when
combined with the results of cooperating LAII researchers, can be
coupled with the biogeochemical processes of a watershed. Other goals
are to develop an understanding of the mechanisms which impact snow
distribution and a working model of lateral and vertical fluxes of water
and energy in the entire Kuparuk watershed.

Effects of Increased Season Length on Plant Phenology, Community
Composition, Productivity and Ecosystem Carbon Fluxes in Alaskan Tundra:
Implications for Climate Warming

#### OPP 9321626

07/15/94; (OPP) \$102,362; 38 months

Florida International University

Miami, FL 33199

Steven F. Oberbauer

Global warming will substantially increase the length of the active
season for high-latitude ecosystems, but many plant species in these
areas have phenological patterns adapted to short growing seasons. Some,
but not all, of the factors that affect phenological stages will change
with global warming. Those species constrained by cues that will be
unchanged with global warming, such as photoperiod, will be unable to
respond to extended season length. As a result, species composition,
productivity and carbon fluxes from these ecosystems will change
substantially. Using Alaskan tundra as a model system, this project
addresses the questions: (1) What are the constraints on phenological
patterns for the dominant species? (2) What physiological adjustments
will species make in response to an extended period of resource
availability? (3) How will growth of the dominant species, ecosystem
productivity and ecosystem carbon fluxes change under field-simulated
extended seasons? These questions will be addressed using a combination
of controlled-environment studies and field manipulations of season
length. Growth chamber studies will examine the effects of photoperiod,
soil and air temperature, and leaf age on phenological patterns and
carbon gain of selected species of the dominant growth forms. Field
studies will examine the effects of extended active period on phenology,
growth, productivity and ecosystem carbon balance. Results from this
study will be used to develop a model of phenological patterns of tundra
plants that can be used to evaluate species' responses to extended
growing season.

Evolutionary Response of Arctic Plant Populations to Climate Change

#### OPP 9321917

07/01/94; (OPP) \$74,161; 36 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Kent E. Schwaegerle

Rising levels of greenhouse gases are expected to bring about a host of
changes in climate and terrestrial ecosystems. These changes are
expected to be greatest at high-latitudes. This project will assess the
capacity of three important arctic plant species to adapt to new
environments that may arise as a consequence of climate change. Because
the exact nature of future climate change is, at present, unclear, this
research will focus on plant response to multiple environmental factors
including temperature, moisture, CO~2~ and nutrients. In this way,
models of evolutionary response will be developed that have predictive
value among a range of alternative scenarios of climate change. A series
of experiments will focus on plant growth rate and morphological traits,
relationships between traits and growth, and quantitative genetic
analysis. This research is expected to produce evolutionary models of
each species that describe the capacity of arctic plant populations to
adapt to new environments and the patterns of morphological and
physiological changes that would be favored by natural selection in
these altered environments.

Comparative Responses of Moist and Dry Arctic Tundra to Altered Snow and
Temperature Regimes

#### OPP 9400083

07/15/94; (OPP) \$135,515; 36 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Marilyn D. Walker

#### OPP 9321730

07/15/94; (OPP) \$96,642; 23 months

Colorado State University

Fort Collins, CO 80523

Jeffrey M. Welker

#### OPP 9617643

09/15/96; (OPP) \$167,386; 36 months

University of Wyoming

Laramie, WY 82071-3434

Jeffrey M. Welker

This project will evaluate the ecological consequences of climate change
in moist and dry Arctic tundra with field manipulations of winter
precipitation and summer temperature. Project scientists will
investigate effects on species performance, community structure and
ecosystem C and N dynamics. They will erect snow fences to increase
snowpack and use small greenhouses to warm air and soil temperatures.
Growth rings and annual stem increments of wood species and
physiological plant performance will be compared with historical
temperature and precipitation records. Experimental findings also will
be compared to natural vegetation patterns along snow gradients and
areas where long-term anthropogenic increases in snow cover have
occurred. Simulation modeling will be used to extend their findings with
a focus on net ecosystem carbon budgets. The main effort will be to
quantify and understand the magnitude and direction of the transient
response of Arctic tundra to a series of climate change scenarios. The
experimental infrastructure will permit more detailed investigations by
other investigators in future years if the response is, as we
anticipate, of sufficient magnitude to be of importance for evaluation
effects of climate change to arctic ecosystems. The project is a U.S.
contribution of the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX).

ARCSS Land--Atmosphere--Ice Interactions (LAII) Science Management
Office

#### OPP 9403647

04/01/94; (OPP) \$147,915; 42 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Gunter E. Weller

The LAII Science Management Office, located at the University of
Alaska--Fairbanks, is part of the LAII Flux Study, but it also is
involved in the integration and coordination of the Flux Study within
the broader aspects of LAII, and indeed the entire Arctic System Science
program of the NSF. The SMO will also establish connections to other
international programs of global change research in the Arctic. The SMO
will facilitate project planning and integration by providing active
scientific leadership and coordination service to the LAII projects, by
holding science planning and synthesis meetings, providing
communications between PIs and ensuring linkages to related programs.
Specifically, long-term science plans for the Flux Study will be
developed, modeling and data management requirements will be specified
in the context of the overall ARCSS program, and logistics needs will be
coordinated. The SMO will be advised by an Executive Committee of four,
including the director of the SMO, and a Steering Committee of both
external members and LAII PIs. The establishment of the LAII SMO is in
response to a recommendation from the NSF review panel for the LAII Flux
Study.

The Role of Snow Cover and Its Distribution in Governing Heat and Mass
Exchange in the Arctic

#### OPP 9415386

09/15/94; (OPP) \$153,590; 36 months

U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

Hanover, NH 03755-1290

Matthew Sturm

A combined program of field measurements and modeling of the Arctic snow
cover is proposed as an addition to the LAII component of the Arctic
System Science Program. The objective of the proposed program is to
understand the role of the Arctic snow cover in governing the winter
heat and mass exchange between the ground and the atmosphere. The
justification for studying the Arctic snow cover is that it is one of
the dominant features of the Arctic system and needs to be accurately
incorporated in an Arctic system model. Studies have shown that
long-term changes in the depth and thermal properties of the snow that
could accompany a change in climate would affect plants under the snow
as well as the temperature. Furthermore, thawing of carbon-rich
permafrost may release CO~2~ to the atmosphere, providing a strong
feedback mechanism for local and global warming. Predicting how the
Arctic will respond to a changing climate will require understanding the
role of the winter snow cover. The core of the proposed program is a
series of over-snow traverses during which extensive measurements of the
physical and thermal properties of the snow will be made. Traverse
measurements, along with knowledge of the physical process that affect
the Arctic snow cover, will be used to develop an Arctic snow
distribution model. The validated snow distribution model can be
incorporated in both climate and surface process models being developed
under other LAII projects.

Primary Production in Arctic Ecosystems: Interacting Mechanisms of
Adjustment to Climate Change

#### OPP 9415411

04/15/95; (OPP) \$180,000; 23 months

Marine Biological Laboratory

Woods Hole, MA 02543

Edward B. Rastetter

The aim of this research is to analyze the role of temperature, light
and nutrient availability in regulating primary production of Arctic
tundra ecosystems at several levels of ecological organization and at
different time scales. The research is organized around three general
hypotheses about the mechanisms reevaluating adjustments of primary
production in response to short- and long-term variation in climate. The
basic idea is that different mechanisms control the responses to climate
at different levels of ecological organization and at different time
scales. In order to obtain useful predictions of the effects of climate
change on primary production, a better understanding of relationships
between these interacting mechanisms of adjustment to climate change is
needed. To test the three general hypotheses, this five-year program of
research will focus on an integrated series of field experiments in
moist tussock tundra at Toolik Lake, Alaska. The mechanisms to be
studied include those operating at the physiological level (e.g.,
photosynthesis), the whole-plant level (storage and recycling, changes
in allocation and biomass turnover), the species and ecotype levels
(constraints on nutrient use efficiency and growth rates), and the
whole-ecosystem level (climate controls on soil nutrient supply). This
project is part of the International Tundra Experiment (ITEX).
Collaboration with other ecologists working at Toolik Lake and at other
Arctic sites, as part of the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) and
Global Change in Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) Programs, will increase
the application and impact of this research.

Arctic--Boreal Transects: Synthesis of Information on the Effects of
Climate and Vegetation Diversity on Ecosystem and Global Processes

#### OPP 9523396

09/15/95; (OPP) \$110,691; 23 months

University of California--Berkeley

Berkeley, CA 94720

F. Stuart Chapin

A researcher at the University of California will conduct two workshops
to examine trace gas feedback to global climates, water/energy feedback
to climate and the role of vegetation structure and change in feedback
to climate. The workshops will address the importance of biodiversity
and vegetation structure to large-scale (regional to global) processes.
The workshops will serve to integrate the results of several separate
high-latitude programs into a comprehensive framework to determine the
interactive roles of vegetation and ecosystem processes in the feedback
of high-latitude ecosystems to global climate. Separate workshops are
planned to summarize the vegetation and water feedback to climate. The
workshops will constitute the U.S. contribution to the International
Geosphere--Biosphere Programme effort to coordinate North American
high-latitude research in global change.

Detection of Heat and Moisture Movement in the Upper Permafrost,
Northern Alaska

#### OPP 9529783

06/01/96; (OPP) \$80,514; 12 months

University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati, OH 45221

Kenneth M. Hinkel

This project will examine the processes for transfer of heat from the
atmosphere into the permafrost at the Barrow Environmental Observatory
on the North Slope of Alaska. Data loggers will be installed at 3 m
depth in the soil at numerous sites to monitor the effects of moisture
on heat transfer during the seasonal freeze/thaw cycle of the upper
permafrost layer. The data will be used to establish how moisture and
climate affect the permafrost so that the potential effects of climate
change on the permafrost layer may be predicted. The research will test
a new theory about the way permafrost responds to seasonal temperature
changes in order to examine the role that global warming may play on the
surficial frozen soil layer in the Arctic. The results are critically
important to planning for the potential impacts of proposed climate
change on the construction of buildings, roads, and other infrastructure
in the Arctic.

Active Layer/Landscape Interactions: A Retrospective and Contemporary
Approach in Arctic Alaska

#### OPP 9612647

06/01/96; (OPP) \$305,561; 12 months

State University of New York--Albany

Albany, NY 12201-0009

Frederick E. Nelson

This project addresses the central hypotheses of the Arctic System
Science LAII Flux Study by examining spatial (local and regional) and
temporal (interannual to interdecadal) variations in soil active layer
thickness. This is done on representative landscapes by using different
probing and soil coring approaches (grids, transects, and point data).
Standard 1-km x 1-km grids are located in different landscape units
across the Alaska Arctic Slope. The LAII sites, which are shared by
other Flux Study projects, were selected in most cases based on
availability of long-term data sets, including soil thaw and local
climate records. The study relies upon high-frequency, site-specific
determination of active layer thickness as a function of climate, soil
properties and landscape units (geobotanical complexes). The historical
boundary between the base of the recelt soil thaw and the upper
permafrost is established by coring the frozen ground and observing the
distribution and morphology of the ground ice. The thaw-depth
measurements are used to validate or modify active layer models and to
assess climate change upon the Arctic tundra ecosystem. The carbon
status of the soils and near-surface permafrost are established across
landscape units and serve as a basis for carbon balance extrapolations
to regional scales.

Modeling Canopy Carbon and Energy Balances in the Pan-Arctic: Scaling
from Leaf to Region

#### OPP 9614038

09/01/96; (OPP) \$285,707; 36 months

Marine Biological Laboratory

Woods Hole, MA 02543

Edward B. Rastetter

The goal of this project is to quantify and to improve understanding of
changes in carbon storage in terrestrial Arctic ecosystems. The balance
between canopy and soil carbon cycling processes, and the interactions
between them and soil moisture, will help determine whether the Arctic
develops as an important sink or source for carbon. This project will
focus specifically on modeling canopy carbon and water exchange, and
synthesize information gathered in experimental components of existing
programs. A hierarchy of models will be employed that will produce
robust regional models of canopy carbon and energy exchange, derived
from validated process-based models. The project will integrate
information collected from the Toolik Lake LTER site, make linkages that
will facilitate the construction of simpler and coarsely-scaled models
of canopy process and create suitably scaled representations of canopy
process for use by other regional modeling efforts.

The Role of High-Latitude Ecosystems in the Global Carbon Cycle

#### OPP 9614253

09/15/96; (OPP) \$442,026; 36 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

A. David McGuire

This study proposes to elucidate the role of high-latitude ecosystems in
the global carbon cycle and to assess the sensitivity and uncertainty of
terrestrial carbon storage responses to transient changes in climate.
The study will synthesize and integrate data from investigations of
carbon cycling at local, regional, and global scales with the
Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM). Once the TEM is tested, the model
will be run for the historical transient climate to compare estimated
temporal and spatial variations in terrestrial carbon storage with those
estimated by analysis of the historical record of atmospheric carbon
dioxide. The results will be useful for identifying the uncertainty in
carbon storage responses of high-latitude ecosystems and for assessing
the effects of climate change in terrestrial systems.

The Utility of NCEP/NCAR "Reanalysis" Fields for Arctic Climate Studies

#### OPP 9614297

09/01/96; (OPP) \$219,747; 24 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Mark C. Serreze

The research project will examine the fluctuations in fresh water input
into the Arctic by utilizing output from historical weather prediction
models in the Arctic as a means for predicting climate variables in the
region. The model output will be validated using observed data. The
resulting calibrated models of Arctic temperature and precipitation, for
example, will be used to examine the relationship between climate
variables and fresh water input, circulation fields and sea-ice extent.
The results of this project will provide a very important set of
predicted climate parameters for regions where observational data is
scarce, or absent. Therefore, the output of the derived data will serve
as input for other models that require closely spaced observational data
that is not available directly.

Collaborative Research: Effects of Climate--Landscape Interactions on
Soil Carbon Storage and Cycling in Arctic Alaska

#### OPP 9615947

09/15/96; (OPP) \$108,251; 36 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Linda B. Brubaker

#### OPP 9615986

09/01/96; (OPP) \$65,941; 36 months

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1274

George W. Kling

#### OPP 9616288

09/15/96; (OPP) \$128,429; 36 months

University of Minnesota--Twin Cities

Minneapolis, MN 55415-1226

Feng S. Hu

Researchers will examine the role of climate forcing and landscape
character on the evolution of vegetation cover and soil carbon storage
in the central Arctic foothills of Alaska. A combination of field
methods, modeling and paleoreconstruction will be used to determine the
spatial variation of ecosystem processes on different age landscapes.
The results of this study will provide an indication of expected changes
to the carbon balance in the Arctic due to changes in tundra ecology as
a result of global climate change. The study is important for
understanding the role of tundra as a source or reservoir of terrestrial
carbon that may be added to, or extracted from, the atmosphere under
proposed greenhouse climate conditions.

Development of a Linked Hydro-Biogeochemical Model for an Arctic
Watershed

#### OPP 9622157

04/15/96; (OPP) \$115,024; 23 months

Marine Biological Laboratory

Woods Hole, MA 02543

Anne E. Giblin

Investigators from the Marine Biological Laboratory and the University
of Michigan propose to apply a new, computationally simple, modeling
scheme to the problem of understanding the hydrological controls on
terrestrial Arctic ecosystems. The model will allow researchers to
calculate the flux of nutrients, gases and water through lakes, streams
and entire watersheds so that the ecological response of the terrestrial
vegetation may be examined. The development of a model to determine the
flux of materials and water flow is urgently needed because the cost of
observing and calculating the flow throughout the Arctic is prohibitive.
The new model will be used in conjunction with global climate models to
test the effects of changing climate scenarios on the response of
vegetation in the Arctic. The Arctic is expected to feel the impact of
global change to a greater degree than other places on Earth and the new
modeling scheme will allow predictions of the ecosystem response on the
landscape scale without the necessity to run complex models requiring
prohibitively long computational times.

Effect of Treeline Movement in the Alaskan Arctic on Global Climate
Change

#### OPP 9630913

09/01/96; (OPP) \$390,714; 36 months

University of Minnesota--Twin Cities

Minneapolis, MN 55415-1226

Anthony M. Starfield

The proposed research will address a major problem in climate change
research in the Arctic. The role of shifts in treeline due to past
climate change will be examined using the relationships of modern
treeline position with measured climate variables. The results from the
study of predicted response of treeline position to climate changes in
the past will then be used to examine changes that could take place due
to proposed climate changes in the future. The consequences of feedback
to climate change due to the movement of the treeline is important to
ascertain so that management and policy decisions can be made concerning
the impacts of global change and other disturbance factors on human use
of forest resources in the Arctic.

Dissertation Research: The Effects of Climate and Vegetation on
Below-Ground CO~2~ Fluxes in Arctic Ecosystems

#### OPP 9632380

06/15/96; (OPP) \$29,130; 23 months

University of California--Berkeley

Berkeley, CA 94720

F. Stuart Chapin

The PIs propose to examine the climatic effects of a warming trend on
the below-ground component of plant respiration. The results of this
study will complement the results of a large study on the Alaskan North
Slope that is examining the effects of global warming on the flux of
carbon dioxide from plants and soil. The assessment of the below-ground
component of the carbon dioxide flux will allow researchers to
differentiate between the carbon dioxide flux due to respiration of
living plants from that resulting from decay of organic matter
incorporated into the frozen soil. This study will be an important
component of ongoing studies relating the tundra ecosystem to climate in
the Arctic.

A New Methodology for Assessing Glacier Mass Balances and Runoff for
Global Studies of Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise

#### OPP 9634289

10/01/96; (OPP) \$344,953, (OCE) \$55,000; 39 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Mark Dyurgerov

The researchers will develop a new method for studying the annual cycle
of glacial melting in relation to climate change. Satellite imagery will
be used to examine large areas encompassing many glaciers rather than
traditional methods of studying individual glaciers using time-consuming
field measurements. The assessment of annual glacial melting rates is
important because it may provide a precursor to climate change and the
meltwater will contribute to a sea-level rise. That rise will have
potentially serious effects on coastal human populations and must be
examined if management policies are required to prepare for the rise.

## General

Arctic System Science Data Coordination Center At the National Snow and
Ice Data Center (NSIDC)

#### OPP 9321416

09/15/94; (OPP) \$172,236; 36 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

David L. McGinnis

The National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) proposes an ARCSS (Arctic
System Science) Data Coordination Center to integrate management of data
for LAII, OAII, GISP2, PALE, and the emerging Arctic Archaeology
component. In this three-year view, NSIDC envisions a distributed set of
ARCSS data archives with data sets held in appropriate centers
(including NSIDC), linked by NSIDC's "front end" coordination to ensure
that ARCSS-funded researchers can easily obtain required data, and to
guarantee archival of data they collect during ARCSS. The "front end,"
or Data Coordination Center, will produce the results described below:
(1) publishing of ARCSS and other Arctic data sets and products of
importance to ARCSS science priorities in an ARCSS Catalog and in the
Global Change Master Directory; (2) making ARCSS and other Arctic data
sets and products easier to access and to use for research; (3)
coordinating and managing ARCSS data sets within the framework of
established and emerging U.S. and international data systems and
centers; (4) establishing a data accession and archival system for ARCSS
data sets and products at NSIDC; (5) developing and promulgating
guidelines for data formats and documents, including GIS and model
output data sets, within the ARCSS community; (6) delivering tailored
data products, on CD-ROM, diskette, and via electronic file transfer
delivering to ARCSS investigators; (7) working with the ARCSS Data
Management Working Group, ARCSS Modeling Working Group, and ARCSS
Science Steering Committees to identify data priorities for ARCSS-funded
research; (8) facilitating exchange of information about data sets and
data-related activities among members of the ARCSS community will be
facilitation by an electronic bulletin board, newsletter, and
information clearinghouse at NSIDC; and (9) initiating work on a
geocryological database by capitalizing on recent opportunities to
obtain data from the former Soviet Union.

Organizational Support to the U.S. Arctic Science Program

#### OPP 9404321

05/01/94; (OPP) \$479,165; 36 months

Arctic Research Consortium of the United States

Fairbanks, AK 99708-0684

Nicholas E. Flanders

With this award the Arctic Research Consortium of the United States
(ARCUS) has entered into a three-year cooperative agreement with the
NSF's Office of Polar Programs. This agreement will facilitate the
continuing development, promotion and implementation of the Arctic
System Science (ARCSS) Program, with special emphasis on integrating and
synthesizing its various parts, and to broaden ARCSS so that it involves
other presently neglected areas, such as the human aspect of global
change. ARCUS will work to increase communication among Arctic
researchers, academic institutions, federal agencies and logistical
field facilities and projects; to inform policymakers, funding sources
(federal agencies, private foundations and corporate bodies), and
educators on the need, opportunities and benefits in Arctic research;
and to improve offerings and programs in Arctic science education. ARCUS
will facilitate an Arctic Week, combining several of these activities to
increase participation of all interested Arctic groups and individuals,
to foster interdisciplinary exchanges and to make the most effective use
of available resources.

Logistic and Engineering Support by the Polar Ice Coring Office

#### OPP 9423042

FY 1996; (OPP) \$3,168,741; 12 months

University of Nebraska--Lincoln

Lincoln, NE 68588

Karl Kuivinen

This award continues funding of the Polar Ice Coring Office at the
University of Nebraska for support of scientific operations in Greenland
and at other Arctic locations.

# Social and Economic Sciences

Dissertation Research: The Organization of Complexity: A Study of Late
Prehistoric Village Organization in the Eastern Aleutian Region

#### OPP 9629992

06/15/96; (OPP) \$30,216; 11 months

University of Wisconsin--Madison

Madison, WI 53706-1490

Herbert D. G. Maschner

This dissertation grant is for support of an archaeological project on
Unimak Island in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska. The goal is to illuminate
the socioeconomic organization of a complex hunter--gatherer village.
The site consists of nine semi-subterranean houses. Preservation at the
site is excellent and this site is ideal for archaeological study in
this little known region. Ethnohistorical and archaeological data
suggest that early contact-period Aleut society was socially and
politically complex. There were numerous ranked societies, permanent
communal houses, intensive warfare and interregional exchange networks.
The relationships between rank, economic organization and the corporate
group will be investigated through the excavation of these multi-family
houses and analysis of artifacts, features and food refuse.

Visiting Professorships for Women (VPW): Yup'ik Conception of Wellness

#### HRD 9627078

09/01/96; (HRD) \$130,968; 12 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Penelope M. Cordes

This project describes contemporary Yup'ik conceptions of wellness
(i.e., beliefs and practices associated with health promotion and
illness prevention). Research is being conducted over a 12-month period
in Bethel, Alaska, which is the hub of the Yukon--Kuskokwim Delta---the
most populous region of Yup'ik speakers in the state. The hospital there
serves as the medical center for 56 villages. The project entails
collaboration with the Alaska Native regional health entity operating
the hospital to prioritize specific issues of concern within the topic
of Yup'ik conceptions of wellness. The specific issues identified are
the focus of ethnographic research at the hospital. By most
epidemiologic, economic, demographic and social health measures this
region is the most disadvantaged in the state. Acute infectious disease
contributes to substantial morbidity. Additionally, many health problems
are due to chronic disease, injury and other health problems that have a
behavioral factor as a contributing cause, the prevention of which
entails a behavior change component. The illness profile describing the
disease and psychosocial dysfunction of the people of the region is well
defined. A wellness profile will be developed through compilation of
quantitative data on diachronic indices of risk factors and health
behavior change, and qualitative, ethnographic data describing cognitive
categories related to preventive health domains, explanatory models of
illness episodes and their relationship to wellness and health behavior
"success stories." By focusing on contemporary beliefs, the research
will advance the knowledge of: Yup'ik conceptual categories of etiology
and prevention; beliefs of a much wider age group than has previously
been described; and beliefs related to health issues previously
unexamined. Paradoxically, this work that focuses on the contemporary
and on fostering behavior change, could advance the Yup'ik cultural
revitalization agenda by reinforcing the traditional Yup'ik value of
illness prevention and belief in the role of human agency in the health
of the individual and the community. Interactive activities include
teaching an undergraduate course, instruction and supervision of
students as research assistants, teaching a graduate course for health
care providers and giving guest lectures, including instruction for
Community Health Aides, at the Alaska Statewide Community Health Aide
Conference in Anchorage in April 1997.

Russian Translation Project, Arctic Anthropology

#### OPP 9112838

09/01/91; (OPP) \$6,700; 66 months

University of Arkansas

Fayetteville, AR 72701

Allen P. McCartney

Funds are requested for a three-year Russian translation project to be
organized by the international circumpolar journal *Arctic
Anthropology*. There is an urgent need to disseminate the scholarship of
Soviet anthropologists working in the Eurasian Arctic and Subarctic.
Since only a few Soviet scholars are sufficiently fluent to write for
English language journals, important research contributions are
off-limits to all but a few Russian-reading North American scholars.
This project hopes to provide systematic coverage of Soviet scholarship,
publishing 5--6 papers in each volume over a three-year period.

North Atlantic Biocultural Coordination and Research Project

#### OPP 9222956

04/01/93; (OPP) \$173,142; 54 months

CUNY Hunter College

New York, NY 10021-5024

Thomas H. McGovern

Scandinavian settlers colonized the islands of the North Atlantic 500
years before Columbus. They introduced European economies and culture
into fragile Arctic terrestrial and marine ecosystems and, over time,
suffered the consequences of ecological damage, human population
decreases and extinction. The Nordic archaeological, historical and
ecological data on these human impacts is unique in the circumpolar
world and highly relevant to our understanding of global change. This
five-year project seeks to coordinate, integrate and analyze the complex
multidisciplinary data from the North Atlantic region. This effort will
greatly enhance the value of individual research projects in ten
countries, and is of direct relevance to applied studies of fisheries
and agriculture in the North.

The Development of Cultural Complexity in the Shumagin Islands

#### OPP 9223473

06/01/93; (OPP) \$12,438; 54 months

Vassar College

Poughkeepsie, NY 12601

Lucy L. Johnson

The prehistory of the Aleutian Islands is poorly known and there is
little understanding of the development of cultural complexity in this
region. This archaeological investigation involves the excavation and
analysis of structures and middens in the Shumagin Islands. The project
is designed to determine how many of the structures were occupied
simultaneously and what variation exists in larger and smaller
structures. In addition to determining the distributions of implements
and prestige goods, the excavations will render food remains indicative
of diet. Combined with this new information, overall patterns of site
densities in the Aleutian Islands will enable estimates of prehistoric
Aleutian populations.

Occupational, Educational and Residential Choices of Arctic Youth:
Longitudinal Comparison of High School Aspirations and Young Adult
Behaviors

#### OPP 9319921

04/01/94; (OPP) \$61,628; 42 months

Old Dominion Research Foundation

Norfolk, VA 23508-0369

Garland F. White

Rapid social and economic changes have taken place throughout rural
Alaska, but relatively little research has focused specifically on how
these changes affect adolescents whose life changes and beliefs about
their future foreshadow the destiny of many Arctic villages. This
project is a longitudinal study based on the Northwest Alaska Borough,
site of a large zinc mine, and the Bristol Bay area, where commercial
fishing dominates. The project systematically explores the progression
from high school expectations to post-high school experiences. The data
will be based on surveys, as well as ethnographic fieldwork, interviews,
employment, police and Native association records. The data collected
will help test the relationship between intentions and behavior,
describe connections between individual and social changes in a rapidly
transforming environment and yield practical insights for those involved
in education, social services and occupational training for Native
youths in rural Alaska.

Archaeology of the North Alaska Coast: A Settlement Pattern Study from
Point Franklin to Wainwright

#### OPP 9321112

04/01/94; (OPP) \$118,602; 48 months

Bryn Mawr College

Bryn Mawr, PA 19010

Glenn W. Sheehan

This archaeological project will recover data on prehistoric and
historic occupations at Pingasagruk, Point Franklin, once a whaling
village on Alaska's Chukchi Sea coast. The rapidly eroding site will
provide comparative data on differential access to trade and resources
in the region, and provide a background for interpreting the
well-documented aboriginal warfare of the past. In addition to analyzing
settlement abandonment phases and the hiatus between the historic and
prehistoric settlement at Pingasagruk, poorly documented outlying sites
will be recorded using spatial domain radar. Information on house pit
reuse and the vertical and historical extents of middens can be used to
refine population estimates and patterns of resource exploitation. The
project will be carried out in cooperation with Wainwright village
residents and the North Slope Borough. Both students and elders will
participate.

Indigenous Knowledge and Practice in Changing Greenlandic Resource
Management Regimes

#### OPP 9403834

07/15/94; (OPP) \$26,183; 42 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Richard A. Caulfield

The proposed research will examine the changing significance of
indigenous knowledge and practice in shaping resource management
schemes. The principal research question examines whether or not
attempts to integrate indigenous knowledge and practice with Danish
management systems have led to more effective resource management in
Greenland. The project seeks to understand what forms of indigenous
knowledge and practice underlie use of renewable resources in West
Greenland, and how indigenous knowledge and practice might contribute to
future sustainable development in Greenland under Home Rule.
Ethnohistorical materials will be analyzed, hunting lists compiled and
case studies will be carried out within the the project. These data will
additionally be made available to other North Atlantic projects (NABO)
and the Danish Polar Centre.

An Ethnohistory of Yuit and Inupiat Women's Culture

#### OPP 9411706

03/01/95; (OPP) \$5,000; 24 months

Associated Village Council President

Bethel, AK 99559-0219

Molly Lee

The focus of this study is the weaving culture of Alaska Yup'ik and
Inupiat Eskimo. Practiced continuously for at least a century, coiled
basketry is nonetheless almost completely undocumented. Coiled basketry
is a women's art and, as such, has been eclipsed by male art forms such
as ivory carving and mask making. This collaborative Alaska Native study
will be a first step in documenting this art form. The hypothesis that
rapid social change negatively impacts indigenous art forms will be
examined, as will the role of art in reinforcing cultural and gender
identity in Native Alaska.

Late Prehistoric and Ipiutak Settlements in the Brooks Range

#### OPP 9413112

08/15/94; (OPP) \$98,805; 36 months

State University of New York--Brockport

Brockport, NY 14420

Richard E. Reanier

This archaeological project in northwestern interior Alaska seeks to
elucidate the character of the Ipiutak and Late Prehistoric cultures,
which span the transition between the 4000-year old Arctic Small Tool
tradition and recent peoples of the region. The Ipiutak culture
contrasts dramatically with Late Prehistoric cultures and various
hypotheses to explain these differences will be tested using excavated
data from numerous sites. Points of comparison will include settlement
patterns, subsistence systems, house forms, tool types and
paleoenvironmental data. Although some new field work will be
undertaken, a major component of the project consists of analysis of
previously excavated, but unpublished, material. The product will stand
as a significant contribution to anthropology and to the knowledge of
cultural development in Alaska.

Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Beluga Whales: An Indigenous
Knowledge Pilot Project in the Chukchi and Northern Bering Seas

#### OPP 9422070

05/15/95; (OPP) \$49,041; 23 months

Inuit Circumpolar Conference

Anchorage, AK 99503

Henry P. Huntington

This research project will document traditional ecological wisdom of
beluga whales in native villages in northwest Alaska and in Chukotka,
Russia. The objectives are to gather information on the natural history
of beluga whales, including aspects of human use and interaction. A
primary focus will be to examine patterns and changes over time,
providing a temporal depth that is unavailable in the scientific
literature. While traditional knowledge is often discussed, little
research of this kind has been done in Alaska and Chukotka. This is also
a pilot project of the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy, and is
intended to demonstrate how indigenous knowledge can be documented and
incorporated into this and other management and conservation programs.

A Directory of Arctic Social Scientists

#### OPP 9422303

12/01/94; (OPP) \$6,249; 24 months

Individual Award

Arlington, VA 22230

Ernest S. Burch, Jr.

The number of social scientists engaged in Arctic research has grown
substantially over the past two decades. This expansion in numbers, and
in the variety of fields represented, has made it increasingly difficult
to keep abreast of this research. The proposed project is intended to
foster communication between social scientists and others working in the
Arctic by creating a worldwide directory which could be made available
free of charge to both individuals and organizations. The directory will
further make known the expertise of Arctic social scientists to northern
residents and natural scientists.

U.S.--Russia Joint Collaborative Research: Y Chromosome Variation in
Native Human Populations of Siberia

#### OPP 9423429

08/15/95; (OPP) \$24,000, (SBR) \$7,068, (INT) \$2,832; 23 months

University of Arizona

Tucson, AZ 85721

Michael F. Hammer

Well publicized genetic studies linking the origin of modern humans to
Africa have been based largely on maternally inherited mitochondrial
DNA, which reveal nothing about the role of males in the dynamics of
human migration. The overall goal of this research project is to use the
Y chromosome (carried by males alone) as an independent tool to test
hypotheses regarding the origin and migration patterns of modern human
populations and the male-dedicated gene flow in selected regions of the
world. This research is the first comprehensive effort to systematically
examine genetic variation in the human Y chromosome. These paternally
derived data will complement the growing wealth of linguistic and
archaeological data in northern Eurasia, and will give a more complete
view of the origins and migration patterns of humans into the New World.

Human Adaptation to Large-Scale Ecological Decline: A Comparative Study
of North Atlantic Fishing Communities

#### OPP 9515380

06/01/96; (OPP) \$374,900; 36 months

University of New Hampshire

Durham, NH 03824

Lawrence C. Hamilton

Major declines in fish stocks in the North Atlantic region are having
extensive impacts on northern communities. This three-year comparative
environmental, sociological and anthropological study examines how
communities are responding to these environmental changes. The research
design involves the collection and multivariate analysis of statistical
data on fishing communities in Newfoundland, Greenland, Iceland and
Norway accompanied by more detailed qualitative case studies on single
communities in Iceland, Newfoundland and northern Norway. The objectives
are to examine exactly how people are being impacted, and what
households, communities, governments and other institutions are doing to
adapt to these changes. Of particular interest are concerns about
sustainability, and how these vary by generation, gender, family,
community, culture, levels of human and social capital, and political
context. Finally, various adaptive responses that increase or reduce the
resource base will be examined. The project is an important contribution
to research on environmental policy, economic change, social change and
global change.

Sustainability of Arctic Communities: Interactions Between Global
Changes, Public Policies and Ecological Processes

#### OPP 9521459

09/01/95; (OPP) \$95,161; 24 months

University of Alaska--Anchorage

Anchorage, AK 99508-4614

John A. Kruse

This study addresses policy questions about the ability of Arctic
communities to sustain themselves in the face of climate changes and
development. For the past 25 years, communities in Alaska's North Slope
Borough have sustained themselves through a combination of wage
employment derived from petroleum revenues, harvests of caribou, marine
mammals, and other resources. Local control has been exercised through
regional government and Native-owned corporations. The principal climate
changes considered in this study are rising temperatures, increased
precipitation and increased frequency of extreme events. Climate changes
of these types will affect caribou and other populations important to
the local subsistence economy, as well as construction, transportation,
and regional development. The policy audience includes state and
national entities and the North Slope Borough. An interdisciplinary
group will focus on a number of goals including: (1) development of a
vegetation model that predicts forage for caribou and a model that
responds to climate variables and human harvest; (2) a subsistence
hunting/wage employment model as affected by caribou and wage
opportunities; (3) an econometric and institutional analysis of
petroleum investments as affected by environmental costs and public
policies; (4) a comparative analysis of policy vehicles for responding
to forces of change; and (5) development of a synthesis framework for
relating policies to future outcomes. The study will not attempt to link
the detailed subsystem models in a single grand model. Rather, the
subsystem models will be designed to operate independently with the
outputs of one subsystem model serving as key inputs to the other
subsystem models. Integration of the subsystems will start with a simple
meta-model that reflects gross changes and then successively elaborate
the model to a level of detail appropriate to address specific policy
questions. The ultimate goal is to develop a means by which policy
makers can systematically examine relationships between policy choices
and possible futures, as well as to provide a vehicle for scientists
from different disciplines to combine their data and develop
complementary research programs.

Historical Dimensions of Sustainability in the North Atlantic ca. 2000
BP--Present

#### OPP 9523529

09/15/96; (OPP) \$50,085; 11 months

CUNY Hunter College

New York, NY 10021-5024

Thomas H. McGovern

This proposal is for support of an interdisciplinary, international
research group studying human/environmental interactions over the past
2000 years in the North Atlantic region. The North Atlantic Biocultural
Organization (NABO) has developed a network of researchers from over 40
organizations and ten nations. Operating under the theoretical
orientation of historical ecology, NABO workers are integrating
historical, archaeological and ethnographic data with recent
paleoenvironmental data derived from ice cores, pollen analysis, bones,
insects and other sources. The overarching goal is to develop an
integrated analytical approach to complex problems of climate impact on
humans, human impacts on the environment, and the environmental effects
of humans' interactions with each other. Systematic working meetings are
needed to advance U.S. and international human dimensions of global
change research.

Alaska Native Science Commission

#### OPP 9527788

03/15/96; (OPP) \$40,000; 11 months

Alaska Federation of Natives

Anchorage, AK 99501

Dorothy M. Larson

This proposal is for initial support of an Alaska Native Science
Commission (ANSC). The concept was developed following a series of
planning meetings organized by the Alaska Federation of Natives, in
concert with the University of Alaska Anchorage and other scientific and
indigenous groups. The mission of the ANSC is to facilitate the
integration of indigenous knowledge into science; influence priorities
in research; mandate participation of Natives at all levels of science;
provide mechanisms for the feedback of results; promote science to young
people; encourage Native people to enter science; and to ensure that
Native people share in the economic benefits derived from their
intellectual property.

Doctoral Dissertation Research: Kinship, Economic Organization and
Ethnicity Among the Dolgan of Arctic Siberia

#### OPP 9528936

03/01/96; (OPP) \$18,575; 18 months

University of California--Santa Barbara

Santa Barbara, CA 93106

Napoleon A. Chagnon

This dissertation research project will test the proposition that
Siberian peoples are becoming more integrated with the Russian and
global market economy. Although microeconomic theory and ethnographic
reports support this hypothesis for many regions, there is reason to
question it for the Siberian north. Since the dissolution of the Soviet
Union, native people across Siberia are instituting "family and clan"
farms. They are replacing the state farm economy and may represent
greater autonomy on the part of native people. The project will generate
both quantitative and qualitative data from household surveys,
interviews and participant observation in the community of Ust Avan.
These data will be used to analyze and compare family/clan farms with
the state farm system, modes of exchange, patterns of land and resource
use and ethnicity.

International Workshop on Archeological Human Remains: Examining the
Past to Protect the Future

#### OPP 9612381

06/15/96; (OPP) \$5,000, (SBR) \$5,000; 11 months

International Union for Circumpolar Health

Anchorage, AK 99514-1594

Thomas R. Bender

This workshop will bring together Arctic indigenous people and applied
health scientists from the United States, Canada and Siberia to discuss
ethical issues in health research. Many of these issues involve social
and cultural communication and the linkages between rapid social change
and health status. This linkage is recognized by the U.S. Arctic
Research Policy Act of 1984 and the Polar Research Board of the U.S.
National Academy of Sciences. The objectives of the workshop are to
significantly extend the current dialogue between health researchers and
indigenous peoples' organizations in the circumpolar north, to exchange
information on health research ethics, to adopt principles on health
research ethics which may be adopted by the circumpolar nations, and to
ensure indigenous participation in the development of these principles.
The workshop will take place in Inuvik, Canada, on June 2--3, 1995. U.S.
support is being provided for Alaskan and Russian participants. Canada
is supporting Canadian, Greenlandic and European participation.

Dissertation Research: An Examination of Lithic Technology During the
Transition from Late Pleistocene to Modern Environments in the Upper
Kolyma Region, Western Beringia

#### OPP 9612532

07/15/96; (OPP) \$10,000; 11 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Donald K. Grayson

This dissertation project will use data from the Upper Kolyma region,
northeastern Siberia, to undertake a broad examination of stone tool
technology over a 4000-year period (11,000--7,000 B.P.). The proposed
research involves an analysis of material from three sites (Uptar,
Kheta, Buyunda), an analysis of assemblage variability using published
reports and the investigation of the potentials of an environmental
model for explaining artifact variability in this region. This study
will make a significant contribution toward understanding the early
prehistory of northeastern Siberia. A regional analysis of tools and
manufacturing debris, and the environment in which people made and used
tools, is prerequisite to an understanding of the earliest settlers of
Beringia and the New World.

LINK: Small-Scale Societies of the North Atlantic

#### OPP 9615812

09/01/96; (OPP) \$28,021; 24 months

Bowdoin College

Brunswick, ME 04011

Susan A. Kaplan

This goal of this proposal is to convene two international workshops
incorporating social and natural scientists in order to examine how
small-scale societies, such as the Labrador Inuit, have responded to
long- and short-term climate fluctuation in the North Atlantic region.
The collaborators all conduct research in the North Atlantic region and
conceive of their individual study areas as regional monitoring sites in
which chronology, climate, subsistence and technological issues can be
examined. The study sites range from northern Greenland to Newfoundland.
This region is strongly influenced by El Niño effects, and ice core data
afford exceptional climate records for comparisons with human settlement
and resource changes over time.

Doctoral Dissertation Research: Portrait of Nash Harbor: Prehistory,
History and Lifeways of an Alaskan Community

#### OPP 9629758

06/15/96; (OPP) \$20,000; 23 months

University of Oregon--Eugene

Eugene, OR 97403-5219

Don E. Dumond

This dissertation improvement grant proposal combines archaeology and
oral history in an analysis of Cupiit Eskimo society on Nunivak Island,
Alaska. Due to their isolation, these people were long able to maintain
their traditional lifestyle. The focus of the study is Nash Harbor, a
known late historic village with at least 350 years of occupation. By
integrating the oral testimony of island elders with the results of
archaeological excavations and known ethnographic accounts, a
comprehensive view of the lifeways of this unique culture will be
revealed. This project will provide an enhanced understanding of the
intimate relationship between the Cupiit people and their environment
before the contact period, as well as an assessment of the impacts of
Euroamerican culture into the late 20th century. The program involves
local people in research, and contributes to an increased scientific and
cultural literacy at the community level.

Dissertation Research: Is Salmon Specialization Concurrent with Changing
Village Organization in the Kodiak Archipelago

#### OPP 9629947

07/15/96; (OPP) \$9,940; 23 months

University of Wisconsin--Madison

Madison, WI 53706-1490

James B. Stoltman

This dissertation grant proposal focuses on subsistence specialization
during the last 1,000 years in the Kodiak Archipelago in Alaska. The
role of marine resource specialization has been debated in the North
Pacific region. This archaeological study will involve systematic
collection and analysis of faunal remains from two prehistoric sites.
Multiple faunal seasonality indicators will be used to test the
hypothesis that salmon specialization was a major factor in changing
village organization. The research will be part of, and will benefit
from, a larger scale project on Alutiiq history by the Afognak Native
Corporation.

Doctoral Dissertation Research: Cultural Revival in Bella Coola: Art,
Appropriation and National Identity

#### OPP 9630019

08/01/96; (OPP) \$12,000; 24 months

Columbia University

New York, NY 10027

David C. Koester

The object of the dissertation project in anthropology is to investigate
the role of native art in cultural identity and revival among the Bella
Coola, or Nuxalk, people of British Columbia. For the Nuxalk, art is a
process and a culture-constructing event, as well as an end product.
Contemporary Nuxalk art can be interpreted as a manifestation of the
current struggles surrounding Nuxalk identity. Art will be studied from
the perspective of its producers, as well as its Native consumers. This
study, which will employ participant-observation and open-ended
interviews, relates to issues of object and knowledge appropriation and
repatriation.

Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Development for
Archaeological, Ecological and Geomorphological Reconnaissance on the
Peninsula

#### OPP 9630072

07/01/96; (OPP) \$165,570; 12 months

University of Wisconsin--Madison

Madison, WI 53706-1490

Herbert D. G. Maschner

Recent research in the lower Alaskan Peninsula and Unimak Island has
demonstrated that this area is critical to our understanding of the
development of Aleut society and human adaptation to climate change and
landscape evolution in the region. A broad regional approach to these
problems depends on large-scale systematic archaeological survey.
Because of the expense of doing surveys in this remote region, satellite
images, aerial photography, a Geographic Information System and
statistical modeling, combined with field controls, will be utilized and
tested. If successful, this method will greatly facilitate the discovery
of archaeological sites and enhance our understanding of regional
ecology and human adaptation in the North Pacific region.

Preparation of Internet Profiles on NSF Arctic Social Science Projects
for Presentation on the Arctic Studies Center's Web Site

#### OPP 9632174

06/01/96; (OPP) \$16,358; 12 months

Smithsonian Institution

Washington, DC 20560

William W. Fitzhugh

This project by the Smithsonian Institution's Arctic Studies Center is
designed to present profiles of NSF-supported research projects on the
Arctic Studies Center web site. The Smithsonian Institution (SI) is a
major web site with thousands of "hits" per day. Since an important
strategic goal of the NSF is scientific literacy, this linkage to the SI
offers a unique opportunity for the Arctic Social Sciences Program. The
web site team will be tasked with designing and operating a NSF Arctic
Social Sciences graphic identity, which will introduce a mission
statement, a menu page for Arctic Social Science projects, reports and
information, news and notables, hot links to other polar sites, and the
NSF Home Page.

Workshop of the Social Transition in the North Project

#### OPP 9633690

04/01/96; (OPP) \$108,116, (INT) \$25,000; 36 months

Alaska Federation of Natives

Anchorage, AK 99501

Patricia A. Cochran

This proposal is for a series of workshops and working sessions to
coordinate the scientific data and results of the project "Social
Transitions in the North: Alaska and the Russian Far East"
(OPP-9496351). The PIs of the original project, Steven McNabb, Alexander
Pika and William Richards, died while doing field work in the Russian
Far East. They were completing the fourth year of a study examining
social change and health in Native villages in Alaska, the Aleutian
Islands, Chukotka and Kamchatka. The Alaska Native Science Commission
(ANSC) will serve as successor institution and coordinate the activities
of a senior advisory group, which will oversee the completion of the
project. This group consists of Patricia Cochran, Executive Director,
Alaska Native Science Commission; Professor Lydia Black, University of
Alaska--Fairbanks; Professor Joseph Jorgensen, University of
California--Irvine; and Professor Robert Kraus, University of Kentucky.
The ANSC will convene the meetings, facilitate the archiving of project
materials, manage the budget and help produce a final report.

An Archaeological Resource Dilemma in Perspective: Values and Practices
on St. Lawrence Island

#### OPP 9633760

08/01/96; (OPP) \$9,989; 12 months

Indiana University­--Bloomington

Bloomington, IN 47402-1847

Richard Wilk

A definite relationship has been found between the commercialization of
archaeological finds and the destruction of archaeological sites. In
spite of worldwide public attention to archaeological heritage
preservation, site destruction continues to increase. The objective of
this dissertation study is to analyze the rules, values and practices
that affect the use of archaeological resources on St. Lawrence Island
in the Bering Straits of Alaska. The Native village of Gambell is a
unique case of a legal archaeological market. Many residents recover and
sell marketable artifacts as a means of meeting subsistence needs in a
cash economy. Other residents oppose this practice. This project
addresses the dilemma of selling cultural heritage property, protecting
archaeological resources and the clash between cultural resource
managers and local people with limited sources of cash income.

Yup'ik Women, Yup'ik Families: A Comparative Study of Siberian Yup'ik
and St. Lawrence Island Yup'ik Family Life

#### OPP 9634390

10/01/96; (OPP) \$100,121; 12 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Carol Z. Jolles

This project will investigate the lives of women and children in two
Yup'ik Eskimo communities on St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, and in
Chukotka, Russia. The people of both communities, Gambell and Sireniki,
are close kin and still strongly identify themselves as Yup'ik, but they
have experienced very different histories of contact with Western
policies and cultures. The researchers will work with elders, family
groups, and Yup'ik women in community work forces. Life histories will
be recorded, as well as documentation of childbearing tasks,
interactions of families and in education settings. Analysis of words
related to emotions and values also will be carried out. The special
features of the research are the circumpolar comparisons, the
combinations of multifaceted methodologies, the attention paid to women,
children and family life and a focus on cultural psychology, the nature
of personhood and the socialization of emotions and values.

Western Arctic Whale Hunting Societies: Origins, Development,
Environmental Responses and Contemporary Sociocultural
Dimensions---Sociocultural Component

#### OPP 9634538

09/01/96; (OPP) \$51,418; 24 months

University of Alaska--Anchorage

Anchorage, AK 99508-4614

Roger K. Harritt

This small grant for exploratory research is intended to bring the PIs
together with the Alaska Native Whaling Commission and the North Slope
Borough History, Language and Culture Commission for purposes of
research planning and coordination. The focus will be on prehistoric and
contemporary whaling practices and cultures. Among the primary questions
to be addressed are the environmental contexts within which whaling
originated and developed, the varied importance of whaling through time,
oral traditions, gender roles and ceremonialism. This combination of
scientific expertise with Native interests has great potential and is in
keeping with the goal of creating research partnerships with Native
peoples.

Western Arctic Whale Hunting Societies: Whale Biometrics and
Environments

#### OPP 9634834

08/15/96; (OPP) \$85,000; 23 months

University of Arkansas

Fayetteville, AR 72701

Allen P. McCartney

This proposed research project will investigate baleen whale bones on
precontact and contact Eskimo village sites between Barrow and St.
Lawrence Island in northern Alaska. Bone elements will be identified to
species and size for purposes of reconstructing the relative abundance
of major species, their ages and sizes at death, and the ways they were
used by humans. The analysis of mortality profiles in zooarchaeological
assemblages is important for understanding the relationships between
human predators and prey species. Further, because the distribution of
bowheads and gray whales is ice- and season-dependent, whale abundance,
or scarcity, will be related to long-term climatic reconstructions.
Comparisons will be made with previously analyzed bone assemblages from
northern Canada.

Athabaskan--Eyak--Tlingit Comparative Lexical Database

#### SBR 9410909

05/01/95; (SBR) \$31,040, (OPP) \$31,040; 24 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Jeffry A. Leer

The objective of this research project is to produce a relational
database documenting the genetic relationship of Athabaskan, Eyak and
Tlingit, as well as explanatory prose. The main tables within the
database will include: (1) a combined morpheme list for the (proto-)
languages compared; (2) citations for Proto-Athabaskan reconstructions
and other comparisons in the published and unpublished literature; (3)
the cognate sets themselves; (4) sets of conceivably interrelated
cognate sets; and (5) tables of regular sound correspondence. The
database and prose explanation will be disseminated in diskette sets
that are compatible with either MacIntosh or DOS-based computers.

The Postlexical Prosody of Central Alaskan Yup'ik

#### SBR 9511856

08/01/95; (OPP) \$47,551; 24 months

University of Texas--Austin

Austin, TX 78713-7726

Anthony C. Woodbury

This is a project to study the phonetic and phonological elements of
Central Alaskan Yup'ik postlexical prosody; their distribution with
respect to each other and with respect to independently motivated
syntactic and discourse structures; and their meaning (i.e., their
pragmatic value and their use in framing naturally occurring speech of
various kinds). Project work involves: (1) two three-week field trips to
Chevak, Alaska, a village where a particular dialect of Central Alaskan
Yup'ik is spoken, in order to construct and record sets of utterances in
which potentially independent determinants of postlexical prosody are
systematically varied, and to examine prosodic usage in already existing
recordings from Chevak of oral literature and other speech; (2)
instrumental and other linguistic analysis of both elicited and
naturalistic recordings at the PIs home base; and (3) writing for a book
on the project's topic. The project is expected to have significance
for: (1) the documentation and description of Central Alaskan Yup'ik, a
language that is rapidly becoming moribund as fewer and fewer children
learn it; (2) the theory of postlexical prosody, by contributing a case
study and by exploring the idea that syntax, discourse structure and
interpretation directly determine the distributions of individual
prosodic elements; (3) prosodic methodology, by establishing the
importance of studying distribution and use side by side, using
quantitative data from both repetitive elicitation and natural
discourse; and (4) the promotion (via the foregoing) of research on a
wide range of languages, especially those studied in the "field" and
faced with imminent extinction.

Dissertation: Morphosyntactic Interactions in the First Language
Acquisition of Inuktitut

#### SBR 9529166

03/01/96; (SBR) \$11,634; 12 months

Cornell University--Endowed

Ithaca, NY 14853-2801

Barbara Lust

This dissertation project will provide experimental and naturalistic
studies of the language acquisition of children 3--6 years of age as
they acquire Inuktitut (a language of the Eskimo--Aleut family) as their
first language in Igloolik, Northwest Territories, Canada. This research
will be particularly significant because it: (1) will contribute to
providing foundational knowledge on the acquisition of languages with
highly complex morphology; (2) will examine the concurrent acquisition
of syntax and morphology, and the ways in which the child's developing
knowledge of one might contribute to knowledge of the other; (3) will
investigate aspects of the human cognitive competence for language in
the context of a language (and a language family) which has been little
studied to date; and (4) will provide important descriptive information
on a North American language in an area where there is current concern
about severe language loss.

The Upper Paleolithic Settlement of the Transbaikal, Siberia

#### SBR 9600664

08/01/96; (SBR) \$28,545; 18 months

Southern Oregon State College

Ashland, OR 97520-5001

Frank (Ted) E. Goebel

With NSF support, the PI, in collaboration with American and Russian
colleagues will conduct archaeological excavations at the site of
Masterov Kliuch', which is located in the Transbaikal region of Siberia.
Previous test excavations have revealed five stratigraphically separate
archaeological components. The lowest three contain Upper Paleolithic
materials and span the period from ca. 40,000 to 10,000 years ago. In
addition to excavation, the team will apply a number of specialized
techniques that will enhance the capture of archaeological information.
The entire stratigraphic profile will be chronometrically dated through
multiple procedures, including accelerator radiocarbon, luminescence and
electron spin resonance. All excavated artifacts and ecofacts will be
precisely provenienced, and orientations will be noted to reconstruct
site formation processes. Fauna will be studied in detail and lithic
artifacts analyzed and refitted to trace technological manufacturing
processes, as well as site spatial patterns. Humans first penetrated
Siberia during Upper Paleolithic times and the Northern Eurasian region
constituted the last major habitable area to be settled. Based on
available information, it appears that groups expanded from West to East
and the stone blade tools characteristic of these groups appear to stop
in the Transbaikal region. The reason for this is not known and the
phenomenon is interesting, because it may shed light on basic processes
of human adaptation. This research is significant for several reasons.
It will add to our understanding of the origins and dispersal of modern
humans, especially attempts to explain the pattern of human global
colonization. It will significantly increase our knowledge of the Upper
Paleolithic of the Old World. Through the application of paleoecological
and paleogeographic perspectives, the research will add to a growing
body of knowledge addressing past human adaptive strategies and
associated environmental limiting factors affecting past and present
population distributions. Finally, the project will offer unique
research experiences for undergraduate students.

# Engineering

Materials for Extending Endurance and Productivity of Underwater Divers
in Cold Waters

#### DMI 9461179

06/01/95; (DMI) \$10,000; 14 months

Triangle Research and Development Corporation

Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2696

Yvonne G. Bryant

This Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I project will
investigate using microencapsulated phase change materials (microPCMs)
in a fabric layer as a thermal barrier to extend the endurance and
productivity of underwater divers in cold water. MicroPCM-enhanced
fabrics could be used alone (passively), or in conjunction with an
auxiliary heating device (actively). For Phase I research purposes, the
emphasis will be on studying the effectiveness of a microPCM fabric as a
thermal barrier in a diver's dry suit. However, the concepts developed
here also will apply to wet suits. Phase I objectives will be to:
select, encapsulate and evaluate thermal properties of appropriate PCMs;
acquire coated microPCM fabric samples and controls and evaluate their
thermal properties; design laboratory tests to evaluate thermal
performance of test fabrics; and evaluate thermal performance of test
fabrics with and without auxiliary heating. The potential use of
microPCM material to keep divers comfortable and extend their work
period will be thoroughly examined and recommendations will be made to
the NSF for a follow-on Phase II effort.

A Subsurface Volume Imaging Radar for Polar Region Ice Studies

#### DMI 9560637

03/01/96; (DMI) \$74,910; 6 months

Quadrant Engineering

Amherst, MA 01002

Philip M. Langlois

This SBIR Phase I project describes remote sensing of the physical
properties of Earth's surface and subsurface with radar systems. It is
of generic interest to the geophysical sciences community and is
important to a wide range of military and commercial applications.
Recently, an experimental radar was used by researchers from the
University of Kansas to map the thickness of the Jacobshavn glacier in
Greenland. This radar produced high-range resolution measurements of ice
thickness, but suffered from very coarse cross-track resolution. This
proposal describes a novel nadir-looking imaging radar system that can
provide three-dimension volume images of the structure and depth of
glaciers and icebergs to depths of several kilometers. Utilizing a
conformal array of many antenna elements mounted on the underside of an
aircraft wing, we can use digital beamforming techniques to generate up
to 40 beams in the cross-track direction, each with a narrow 1.4--3
degree beamwidth. Along-track resolution will be achieved by unfocused
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) processing. The resultant volume images
generated by this radar will have spatial resolution on the order of 30
m x 30 m x 30 m at ranges from 1 to 2 km, sampled from the top surface
down to ground level several kilometers below the surface. Potential
commercial applications include surveying ice in polar regions, as well
as subsurface imaging of metallic objects, hazardous waste, tunnels, and
detection of hard targets through foliage.

Development of a Frazil Ice Meter

#### DMI 9561330

04/01/96; (DMI) \$74,922; 6 months

WET Labs, Inc.

Philomath, OR 97370-0518

Casey C. Moore

This SBIR Phase I project is to develop a differential absorption meter
optimized for frazil ice detection. Small crystals known as frazil ice
form when heat is removed from a turbulent water body that is at, or
below, the freezing point. This process proves a major factor in ice
formation of northern lakes and exposed polar oceanic bodies, and plays
an important role in numerous physical and biological processes. In
addition, frazil ice formation can severely impact various cold-climate
industrial water use processes. Yet the mechanism, it's prevalence, and
the associated dynamics remain poorly understood, largely for lack of
effective instrumentation. Researchers recently successfully tested a
measurement technique in which the differential absorption of water and
ice were determined to yield ice crystal concentration. This technique
shows great promise in becoming an accepted method if an instrument can
be developed to effectively exploit it. Phase I effort will focus upon
the development and testing of a proof of principal prototype.
Commercial uses of this meter range from research applications to
environmental and process monitoring. Potential customers include
scientists, government agencies, hydroelectric power authorities,
municipal water authorities, shipping companies and other industrial
concerns.

Dynamics of Ice Surfaces

#### DMR 9623590

05/01/96; (DMR) \$100,000; 12 months

University of Washington

Seattle, WA 98195

Samuel C. Fain

Fain Ice is important in a number of environments on the Earth, in the
atmosphere, on other planets, and in space. The objective of this
project is to understand the interaction between ice surfaces and other
solids in a controlled environment at temperatures near the triple
point. Dynamical measurements of the normal and lateral forces exerted
on scanning mechanical probes by the surface of ice will be made as a
function of temperature, atmosphere above the ice surface and electric
potential between the probe and the ice. The probe could be a very sharp
point or a very small diameter sphere; forces exerted on the probe as it
comes into contact with the surface will be measured by deflecting a
laser beam from a microscopic lever. The fundamental information
obtained by such microscopic scale measurements will aid in
understanding macroscopic mechanical interactions between ice surfaces
and other solids such as occur in the adhesion of ice to objects in a
cold environment.

# Education

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Educational
Outreach and Related Activities

#### ATM 9417693

07/01/94; (OPP) \$99,875; 51 months

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

Boulder, CO 80307-3000

Richard Anthes

This Scientific Program Order (SPO) supports the University Corporation
for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) Educational Outreach Program and related
activities. Specifically, this SPO will support visiting scientists at
UCAR, postdoctoral research in ocean modeling, summer employment
programs, and workshops involving the atmospheric community.

Rural Alaskan Environmental Education Program

#### DUE 9553680

10/01/95; (DUE) \$170,000, (ESI) \$80,000; 24 months

University of Alaska--SE Juneau

Juneau, AK 99801-8625

John W. Carnegie

The University of Alaska Southeast (UAS) proposes a three-year project
to develop and implement the Rural Alaskan Sanitation Education Program.
The project establishes a centralized educational center at the UAS
Sitka Campus, as well as a system for dissemination of curriculum to
teachers and students in remote villages throughout the state. The
program is modeled on the recommendations of the federal Field Working
Group on Rural Alaska Sanitation Problems and represents a cooperative
effort of secondary/postsecondary educators, Native leaders and those
state and federal agencies responsible for environmental sanitation
programs in the State of Alaska. The program addresses a critical public
health need, throughout Alaska and other rural settings, for sanitation
technicians and environmental scientists. It is designed to establish
cultural awareness of the linkage between the environment and public
health, engaging village youth as agents of change. The program will
provide a cross-disciplinary curriculum in an articulated 2+2 tech-prep
format for grades 11--14. Curriculum components encompass an academic
core (math, written and oral communications, social science); laboratory
science (chemistry, microbiology, geology, climate) and systems
technology (hydraulics, mechanics, electronics). Students will complete
a systematic program leading from secondary diploma to postsecondary
associate degree, along with field experience necessary to achieve
technician certification under Alaska regulations for operation of water
and wastewater treatment, distribution and collection systems. An
academic and career counseling program, based on professional mentoring
and service learning, will assure that students completing the program
are prepared both for transfer to baccalaureate degree programs and for
transition into the work force in rural Alaska.

Project on Leading Alaska Reform in Science (POLARIS)

#### ESI 9454390

11/01/94; (ESI) \$749,104; 36 months

Anchorage School District

Anchorage, AK 99508-3126

Robert M. Nanney

POLARIS, the Project On Leading Alaska Reform In Science, is a four-year
program to effect comprehensive science education reform in schools
along the length of the Alaska Highway, from Kenai to Fairbanks. Sixty
leader teachers, from grades seven through nine, will participate in a
series of two six-day academies each summer, a three-day winter short
course and ten follow-up meetings during the academic year. Workshop
content and pedagogy will be merged so that teachers will learn in a
format that their students are expected to use. The science content will
be guided by local needs, national science education reform efforts and
the emerging National Research Council (NRC) standards. Reflecting its
comprehensive nature these teachers also will learn assessment
techniques, applications of technology and leadership skills and
strategies. Other middle and high school science teachers in the
participating districts will be included in the project through
intensive workshop experiences lasting 105 hours. These second tier
workshops will be conducted by the leader teachers. The Anchorage School
District will be the lead district. The extraordinary contrast between
urban centers and road-accessible, remote rural communities will be
alleviated by partnering the resources of each by using electronic
networks.

The Earth Systems Implementation Project (ESIP)

#### ESI 9454411

02/01/95; (ESI) \$810,919; 31 months

Anchorage School District

Anchorage, AK 99508-3126

Judy Reid

The Earth Systems Implementation Project is the culmination of an
elementary science reform effort which was first initiated by an
Anchorage School District's (ASD) elementary teacher in 1992, and which
builds on the system's award winning elementary science program. The
effort has involved administrators, parents and community members from
the major Alaskan science professions working with teachers to develop
an advanced K--6 inquiry-based hands-on science curriculum. This new
curriculum, made up of modules from nationally validated elementary
science materials development projects, will be implemented in each of
the district's 58 elementary schools. To accomplish this, the project
will provide approximately 1,000 elementary school teachers with the
content and teaching strategies needed to implement the program. The
project also will involve over 2,000 parents working directly with
teachers in support of the project. Cost sharing will be 69% of the NSF
funds.

SSC: Ellamek Elicaraq (Yup'ik) "Learning About Our World"

#### HRD 9353255

09/15/93; (HRD) \$71,677; 42 months

Anchorage School District

Anchorage, AK 99508-3126

Edna Lamebull

This three-year project is designed for seventh-, eighth-, and
ninth-grade Alaskan Eskimo and Indian children. It is strengthened by
links with Native American cultures and traditions. Each year's camp is
a five-week hands-on exploration of science and math applications to the
Alaskan environment and major related careers. Professional role models
and mentors are important components. School year follow-up and
mentoring is provided for each student. The program's purpose is to
provide students with basic tools to choose science and math courses,
stay with their studies, achieve in their studies, and graduate to
further science studies or careers. A summary of objectives and
significances is: (1) allowing 50 middle school age Alaska Native
students each year to remain in school and pursue appropriate science
and math studies, including a five-week hands-on camp with highly
motivating interactive science and math experiences and extended on-site
field trips to prepare them for academic school year curriculum; (2)
providing students with experiential knowledge of Alaskan environment,
geology, climate, ecology, habitats and technologies coincident to
Alaskan science careers; (3) developing student skills and application
of knowledge embedded in the natural and cultural world which surrounds
them; and (4) providing ongoing guidance and career exposure for
academic and career preparation in Alaska-based science and engineering
professions.

A Scientific Group Communications and Collaborative Testbed for Upper
Atmospheric Research

#### IRI 9216848

09/01/92; (IRI) \$448,474, (ATM) \$400,000; 73 months

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1274

Daniel E. Atkins

This is a cooperative agreement to fund a multidisciplinary effort
linking research in computer science, behavioral science, and upper
atmospheric and space science to build a prototype system for a
distributed but shared working environment; the vision of a
collaboratory. This effort conceives, develops, deploys, tests,
evaluates, and integrates a high-performance, group-centered computing
environment into the collaborative experimental and modeling activities
ongoing in the upper atmospheric research community. The upper
atmospheric researchers here are a collaborating group engaged in
observational activities using a variety of instruments located at the
Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland, upper atmospheric research facility. Many
of these activities are directed at rare, or intermittent, phenomena
requiring real time control of instruments by the scientists observing
the changing conditions. This is presently accomplished by visits to the
remote facility. To prototype test and evaluate the distributed tools
for collaboration, research under this agreement will develop a
user-oriented, rapid prototyping testbed built around the Sondre
Stromfjord facility and its user community. Testing and evaluation of
the prototype tools will involve measurements of human behavior.

Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Site: Environmental
Chemistry and Biochemistry in Alaska

#### OPP 9501808

07/01/95; (OPP) \$47,000; 24 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Lawrence K. Duffy

This program would provide an organized opportunity for undergraduates
in a relatively isolated geographical area to gain research experience
in environmental chemistry and biochemistry. A diversified approach
centering around environmental and biotechnical applications of
chemistry and biology is proposed in which students work with committed
faculty. This research focus, spotlighting chemical and biochemical
components of environmental and ecological studies specific to
high-latitudes, is appropriate for undergraduates. Core disciplines in
chemistry and biochemistry are well represented with projects. Research
projects include environmental chemistry, molecular evolution,
bioinorganic chemistry, molecular biology of marine organisms and
atmospheric chemistry. The program will recruit undergraduate students
who are majoring in chemical or biological science, and encourages women
and minorities, such as Native Alaskans, who are attending the
University of Alaska to apply. We wish to continue our cross-cultural
approach in which Alaskan students exchange scientific and social
perspectives with students from the lower 48. A summer seminar series by
both local faculty and visitors is included in our program to increase
the exposure of the students to a wide range of chemistry and
biochemistry. Ethics and honor in science discussions also are held
weekly, and outside speakers will be invited. Evening workshops on
graduate school admission and selection, as well as discussions of
career opportunities will be held. We also will develop an improved
follow-through and tracking of students to monitor what careers the
students pursued.

# Arctic Coordination and Information

U.S. Support for Central Scientific Coordination and Integration
Activities of the International Geosphere--Biosphere Programme (IGBP)

#### OCE 9320648

09/15/93; (OPP) \$37,995; 48 months

International Geosphere

Stockholm, SW

Chris G. Rapley

NSF support is provided from funds allocated by federal agency members
of the interagency Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES)
Subcommittee on Global Change Research, for shared international funding
of the centralized costs of planning for the International
Geosphere--Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Planning and development of a
series of core research projects of the IGBP will be undertaken. The
IGBP and these core projects will support development of a global
observing system; will contribute to international assessments of global
change science, in particular to those of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC); will improve and facilitate the flow of data and
information in support of IGBP research; and will assist scientists and
scientific institutions in developing countries to participate more
fully in and support such research. Results of the IGBP will provide
input into the analysis, modeling and interpretation of global change.
To achieve these objectives, meetings of international scientific
committees and scientific steering groups for the core projects will be
convened. Scientific and technological reports, which result from IGBP
activities, will be prepared and distributed. The IGBP Secretariat will
support these activities.

Arctic Research Commission

#### OPP 9023825

10/01/90; (OPP) \$500,000; 85 months

Arctic Research Commission

Arlington, VA 22230

Garrett W. Brass

This action continues the Interagency Agreement between the NSF and the
Arctic Research Commission and provides for its continuing operations.
The Arctic Research Commission was established under the Arctic Research
Policy Act of 1984 (Public Law 98-373) and Executive Order 12501. The
General Services Administration will provide administrative services to
the Commission as specified in PL# 98-373 \[Section 106(4)\]. This
action fulfills the intent of Congress to provide FY 1996 funding for
the Commission through the NSF.

A User-Based Polar Information System: Coordinating Responsibilities
Through the U.S. Polar Information Working Group (USPIWG)

#### OPP 9321320

03/15/94; (OPP) \$21,054; 42 months

University of Colorado--Boulder

Boulder, CO 80309-0019

Martha Andrews

The project proposes to coordinate continuing U.S. activities that have
resulted in improved access to polar bibliographic information
resources. Publication of research results by the polar scientific
community continues to increase rapidly with 15,000 to 20,000 new papers
being indexed annually. It is essential to deliver access to these
research results to the desktop of every potential user of polar regions
information in the most user-friendly manner possible. This project
provides funding for three annual meetings of the USPIWG in 1994, 1995
and 1996, to be held in Cambridge, UK, Washington, DC, and Anchorage,
Alaska. Individuals representing U.S. bodies that provide polar
information and/or information services will participate in each
meeting. The USPIWG is a formally constituted body whose goal is to meet
the research needs of the polar scientific community through user-based
information access systems. Effective dissemination of polar regions
information is necessary for the United States to carry out research and
management activities provided for in the Arctic Research and Policy Act
of 1984 (amended 1990), the U.S. Arctic Research Plan and its revisions,
and the U.S. Antarctic Program (USAP). The USPIWG goals are consistent
with the goals of the Arctic Research Commission. In line with its
intention to offer its services to the organizations serving the U.S.
polar scientific communities, USPIWG contributes to the biennial
revision to the U.S. Arctic Research Plan. At an international level,
USPIWG continues to play a leadership role within the Polar Libraries
Colloquy.

Arctic Environmental Data Management

#### OPP 9615032

08/15/96; (OPP) \$100,000; 11 months

U.S. Geological Survey--Denver

Denver, CO 80201

Douglas R. Posson

In 1988, the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC)
established the Arctic Environmenal Directory (AED) Working Group to
identify, organize, preserve and present information about Arctic
environmental data which is available from U.S. federal agencies and
selected Alaska State agencies and academic institutions. The Arctic
Environmental Data Directory (AEDD) was assembled as a subset of the
Earth Science Data Directory of the U.S. Geological Survey. AED contains
more than 400 references to data sets, each of which has been reviewed
for completeness, consistency and accuracy. Data sets described cover
many disciplines including geophysics, hydrology, geochemistry,
oceanography, cartography, atmospheric physics and chemistry, marine and
terrestrial biology, health and medicine, contaminants, remote sensed
data and *in situ* data. AED resides on a computer system accessible to
scientists, policy makers, educators and the interested public over the
Internet. This proposal is for continuation of funding support for the
project activities of the AED Working Group for 1996--1997. The AED
Working Group is comprised of members of the IARPC agencies,and academic
representatives. These activities include: maintenance of the AEDD,
including entry and review of new data set descriptions, updates to
existing entries, personal computer hardware and software; Internet
access to Aden, a UNIX server, located in offices of the U.S. Geological
Survey in Anchorage, Alaska; development of an international counterpart
to AEDD, the international Arctic Data Directory (ADD) with partner
organizations initially in Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Russia;
coordination with and links to related data management activities, such
as the Global Change Master Director and the ADD; outreach and
information dissemination, including sponsorship of and participation in
workshops, conferences and meetings involving agencies, academics, the
Arctic Research Commission, the IARPC and international partners; and
liaison with related U.S. and international environmental programs. This
project supports the IARPC response to recommendations of the Arctic
Research Commission on Arctic Data and Information.

Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) Support

#### OPP 9616613

09/01/96; (OPP) \$40,000; 12 months

NOAA--Oceanic and Atmospheric Research

Silver Spring, MD 20910

Edward P. Myers

The Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee provides leadership for
the U.S. AMAP. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) functions as the U.S. Secretariat to the AMAP program. Funds are
provided via this interagency transfer for publication of the state of
the Arctic Environment Report and the AMAP Arctic Assessment Report.

Support to Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee Staff

#### OPP 9622318

01/01/96; (OPP) \$61,173; 12 months

U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

Hanover, NH 03755-1290

David W. Cate

This Interagency Agreement supports activities of the Interagency Arctic
Research Policy Committee (IARPC), for which NSF has lead agency role.
These activities involve editing and preparation of the camera-ready
copy of the Spring and Fall 1996 and 1997 issues of the journal, *Arctic
Research of the United States*. The journal serves an essential step in
fulfilling the requirements of Public Law 98-373, the Arctic Research
and Policy Act. It contains information on research activities of the
federal agencies involved in the Arctic and reports and minutes of
meetings from the Arctic Research Commission and IARPC. This action
provides support for preparation of the journal and documentation of the
interagency programs.

Polar Libraries Colloquy: Proceedings and Participant Support

#### OPP 9627353

06/01/96; (OPP) \$18,329; 6 months

University of Alaska--Anchorage

Anchorage, AK 99508-4614

Barbara J. Sokolov

The Polar Libraries Colloquy (Colloquy) was founded in 1971 to provide
an international forum for librarians and others involved in the
collection, preservation and dissemination of polar information.
Colloquy participants represent the institutions generating and housing
most of the unpublished and published information about the Arctic and
Antarctic. Colloquy's purpose is to bring these specialists together to
discuss issues of mutual interest and to promote improved and expanded
collections, coordinated information systems, improved delivery of
information and materials and other services. NSF funding supports
production of the 1996 Colloquy proceedings, which will include the text
of presented papers, poster sessions, a summary of the business meeting
and a list of participants. The published proceedings provide an
invaluable and unique reference and reach a broader audience than does
Colloquy itself. They foster collaborative projects, report on the
status of polar information preservation and dissemination, and aid in
identifying information gaps. The proceedings are important as the most
comprehensive record available concerning polar information management.

The 1996 International Radiation Commission (IRC) Symposium "IRS 96:
Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation"

#### OPP 9632183

08/15/96; (OPP) \$20,050; 11 months

University of Alaska--Fairbanks

Fairbanks, AK 99775-0900

Knut Stamnes

The symposium will provide a forum for multidisciplinary discussion of
remote sensing and physical/natural science studies related to
atmospheric radiation. Ten science discussion sessions are planned with
participation from both international and U.S. scientists expected. An
emphasis of the symposium will be discussion of phenomena and processes
relevant to high-latitude research. The symposium will bring together a
large number of scientists studying a problem that is very important to
the development of an upcoming research program, Surface Heat Budget of
the Arctic Ocean.

Core Support for the Polar Research Board

#### OPP 9633478

08/15/96; (OPP) \$40,100, (OCE) \$40,100; 11 months

National Academy of Sciences

Washington, DC 20418-0007

Chris Elfring

The Polar Research Board (PRB), a unit of the National Research Council,
was established in 1958 to advise the government on polar issues. The
PRB strives to make research in the polar regions more productive and
responsive to the needs of the United States, to maintain U.S. awareness
of, and representation in, international science programs, and to
enhance understanding of issues in polar regions. The Board provides
national and international scientific and technical information to U.S.
government policy makers and the polar community, represents U.S.
interests in international nongovernmental polar scientific
organizations and conducts focused studies in areas of polar science,
technology and resource management. The PRB facilitates participation of
U.S. scientists in two critical international committees dedicated to
planning and coordinating research in the Arctic and Antarctic \[i.e.,
the International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) and the Scientific
Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)\]. PRB activities are conducted
by a group of volunteer experts, supported by a small staff, selected
from academic institutions, industry and national laboratories. The PRB
will continue to serve as an information center for distributing
materials on IASC and SCAR to U.S. government agencies and the polar
community. Other federal agencies and foundations also provide support
to the PRB.

# Arctic Research Support

IPA Support

FY 1996; (OPP) \$347,562; 12 months

OPP 9615194, OPP 9615900, OPP 9640989

National Science Foundation,Office of Polar Programs

Arlington, VA 22230

Arctic Science Program

Funds expended to provide salary, travel and other support for
Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA) personnel assigned to the Arctic
Sciences Section, Office of Polar Programs.

Support Services for the Arctic Natural Sciences Program in OPP (Task
Order #115, CPO-9596088)

#### OPP 9630104

01/29/96; (OPP) \$57,145; 12 months

Friday Systems Services, Inc.

Lanham--Seabrook, MD 20706

Thomas L. Binaut

The Friday Systems Services (FSS) staff member will provide proposal
processing services to the Arctic Natural Sciences Program in the Office
of Polar Programs for approximately 100 proposals.

Scientific Meeting Panel Support

FY 1996; (OPP) \$33,754; 12 months

National Science Foundation,Office of Polar Programs

Arlington, VA 22230

Arctic Science Program

Funds expended in support of panelists for scientific reviews of
proposals.

Publication Costs

FY 1996; (OPP) \$33,621; 12 months

National Science Foundation,Office of Polar Programs

Arlington, VA 22230

Arctic Science Program

Funds expended for Arctic publications to include: *Arctic Research
Journal*; *Federal Research in the Arctic*; and *Arctic Science,
Engineering and Education*.

Preparation of the *Arctic Science, Engineering, and Education Directory
of Awards: Fiscal Year 1996* (Task Order #45, OPP 9200919)

#### OPP 9200919

12/01/91; (OPP) \$26,194; 4 months

Capital Systems Group, Inc.

Rockville, MD 20850-4315

Raj N. Shah

This task order is to provide the NSF with editorial and data analysis
services for the *Arctic Science, Engineering, and Education Directory
of Awards: Fiscal Year 1996,* report on Arctic research. The report
provides essential information in support of the requirements of the
Arctic Research and Policy Act.

# INDEX OF PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS

A

Aagaard, Knut 54

Albert, Mary R. 9, 53

Ambrose, William G. 14

Anderson, Patricia M. 59

Andrews, John T. 60, 62

Andrews, Martha 84

Anthes, Richard 60, 82

Arnoldy, Roger L. 1, 10

Askew, Tim 33

Atkins, Daniel E. 83

Avallone, Linnea M. 6

Azam, Farooq 39

B

Baker, Kile B. 4

Bales, Roger C. 49, 53

Barry, Roger G. 41

Bartlein, Patrick J. 61

Bender, Michael L. 51

Bender, Thomas R. 75

Benner, David A. 57

Bentley, Charles R. 42

Bering, Edgar A. 4

Bieber, John W. 11

Binaut, Thomas L. 87

Biscaye, Pierre E. 54

Blake, Donald R. 53

Bliss, Lawrence C. 14

Bond, Gerard C. 35

Borys, Randolph D. 56

Boyle, Edward A. 24

Bradley, Raymond S. 41, 59

Brass, Garrett W. 84

Briggs, William M. 55

Brigham-Grette, Julie 25, 62

Brook, Edward J. 26

Brozena, John M. 28

Brubaker, Linda B. 60, 68

Bryant, Yvonne G. 80

Burch, Jr., Ernest S. 73

Burden, Elliott 8

C

Calkin, Parker E. 43

Carey, Steven 34

Carnegie, John W. 82

Cate, David W. 85

Cates, Rex G. 19

Caulfield, Richard A. 72

Chagnon, Napoleon A. 75

Chandler, Mark A. 7

Chapin, F. Stuart 20, 64, 67, 69

Chayes, Dale N. 33

Christensen, John P. 54, 57

Chu, Liang T. 6

Clark, David L. 55

Clark, James A. 23

Clark, James S. 20

Clark, Peter U. 25, 26

Coakley, Bernard J. 27, 34, 36

Cochran, Patricia A. 77

Codispoti, Louis A. 58

Cole, Julia E. 31

Collins, Richard L. 2

Connelly, James N. 24

Conway, Howard 42

Cordes, Penelope M. 71

Costa, Daniel P. 17

Crane, Kathleen 36

Curry, Judith A. 56

Curtin, Thomas 59

D

Davidson, Cliff I. 52, 53

Davis, P. Thompson 43

Decker, Dwight 10

Dibb, Jack E. 53

Duffy, Lawrence K. 83

Dumond, Don E. 76

Dunton, Kenneth H. 15

Dyurgerov, Mark 69

E

Edmond, John M. 28

Edwards, Margo H. 33

Eisner, Wendy R. 62

Elfring, Chris 86

Elias, Scott A. 61

Elser, James J. 19

Engebretson, David C. 22

Engebretson, Mark J. 2

Evenson, Edward B. 46

F

Fain, Samuel C. 80

Fairall, C. W. 56

Falkner, Kelly K. 38

Fitzhugh, William W. 76

Fitzpatrick, Joan J. 48

Flanders, Nicholas E. 70

Forman, Steven L. 43, 45, 61

Fujita, Kazuya 29

G

Gans, Phillip B. 22

Garwood, Roland W. 37

Gawarkiewicz, Glen G. 55

Giblin, Anne E. 69

Goebel, Frank (Ted) E. 79

Gow, Anthony J. 51

Grayson, Donald K. 75

Grebmeier, Jacqueline M. 57, 58

Greenfield, Roy J. 48

Greenwald, Raymond A. 3

H

Hall, Michael 13

Hallet, Bernard 26, 29

Hamilton, Lawrence C. 74

Hammer, Michael F. 73

Harbor, Jonathan M. 45

Harrison, William D. 44

Harritt, Roger K. 77

Hinkel, Kenneth M. 9, 67

Ho, Carlton L. 25

Hobbie, John E. 16, 17, 63

Hobbs, Peter V. 4

Hodges, Kip V. 24

Holbrook, W. S. 34

Hollibaugh, James T. 18, 39

Holm-Hansen, Osmund 14

Honrath, Richard E. 5

Hooke, Roger 43, 44

Hu, Feng S. 68

Hughes, W. Jeffrey 2

Humphrey, Neil F. 47

Huntington, Henry P. 73

*I*

Iverson, Neal R. 31

J

Jacoby, Gordon C. 8

Jacobel, Robert W. 47

Jennings, Anne 35

Jenson, John W. 25

Johnson, Lucy L. 72

Jolles, Carol Z. 77

K

Kahl, Jonathan D. 53

Kane, Douglas L. 65

Kaplan, Susan A. 75

Kappel, Ellen 35

Karson, Jeffrey A. 29

Kaufman, Darrell 45

Kelly, John D. 1, 11

Key, Jeffrey R. 12

Kiene, Ronald P. 20

Kling, George W. 15, 68

Koester, David C. 76

Kosalos, James 34

Kruse, John A. 74

Kuivinen, Karl 70

Kutzbach, John E. 30

Kvitek, Rikk G. 21

L

Lal, Devendra 53

Lamebull, Edna 83

Langlois, Philip M. 80

Lapenis, Andrei 32

Larson, Dorothy M. 74

Lawver, Lawrence A. 28

Layer, Paul W. 29

Lee, Molly 73

Leer, Jeffry A. 78

Lust, Barbara 78

Lyons, Lawrence R. 10

M

Maasch, Kirk A. 9

MacDonald, Glen M. 61

Maschner, Herbert D. G. 71, 76

Maslowski, Wieslaw 58

Mayewski, Paul A. 50

McCartney, Allen P. 71, 78

McClelland, William C. 28

McElroy, Michael B. 5

McGinnis, David L. 69

McGovern, Thomas H. 71, 74

McGuire, A. David 68

Meier, Mark F. 46

Miller, Elizabeth L. 22

Miller, Gifford H. 23, 45, 60

Moore, Casey C. 80

Moran, Mark L. 48

Moritz, Richard E. 57

Murcray, Frank J. 13

Myers, Edward P. 85

N

Nanney, Robert M. 82

Nelson, Frederick E. 67

Nishiizumi, Kunihiko 50

Norton, Stephen A. 36

O

Oberbauer, Steven F. 65

Oechel, Walter C. 63

Olson, John V. 12

Osterkamp, Thomas E. 31, 32

Overpeck, Jonathan T. 59

P

Padman, Laurence 38

Papitashvili, Vladimir O. 3

Petrenko, Victor F. 42

Pfeffer, W. Tad 47

Ping, Chien-Lu 64

Pinkel, Robert 56

Polyak, Leonid 40

Posson, Douglas R. 84

R

Radtke, Richard L. 18

Ram, Michael 52

Rapley, Chris G. 84

Rastetter, Edward B. 67, 68

Raymond, Charles F. 47

Raymond, James A. 15

Rea, David K. 35

Reanier, Richard E. 73

Reeburgh, William S. 64

Reid, Judy 82

Retelle, Michael J. 59

Ricklefs, Robert E. 18

Ridgway, Kenneth D. 25

Robinson, David A. 7

Roeske, Sarah 28

Rosen, James M. 13

Rosenberg, Theodore J. 11

Ruohoniemi, J. M. 12

S

Saltzman, Eric S. 52

Sambrotto, Raymond N. 38

Savage, Norman M. 24

Schimel, Joshua P. 19

Schlosser, Peter 37, 57

Schwaegerle, Kent E. 65

Sedinger, James S. 63

Serreze, Mark C. 7, 68

Shah, Raj N. 87

Sheehan, Glenn W. 72

Sherrell, Robert M. 24

Simpson, Patrick K. 21

Sivjee, Gulamabas G. 1, 10

Smith, Roger W. 1

Smith, Thomas D. 33

Soja, Constance M. 22

Sokolov, Barbara J. 85

Sowers, Todd 51

Spilhaus, A. F. 30

Stamnes, Knut 56, 85

Starfield, Anthony M. 69

Steffen, Konrad 44

Stoltman, James B. 76

Stuiver, Minze 49

Sturm, Matthew 66

Swenson, Gary R. 3

Swift, James H. 37

T

Tape, Walter 6

Tarduno, John A. 30

Thomas, Gary E. 3

Thomas, Robert H. 58

Thompson, Lonnie G. 41

Thonnard, Norbert 42

Toohey, Darin W. 4

Trupin, Andrew S. 49

Tucker, Walter B. 54, 58

V

Van der Veen, Cornelis J. 43

Van Scoy, Kim A. 37

W

Waddington, Edwin D. 50

Wahlen, Martin 51

Walker, Donald A. 63

Walker, Marilyn D. 66

Walsh, John E. 5, 8

Watkins, Brenton J. 11

Welker, Jeffrey M. 66

Weller, Gunter E. 64, 66

Werner, Al 62

Werner, Bradley 26

Werren, John H. 19

White, Garland F. 72

White, James W. 51

Whitledge, Terry E. 37

Wilk, Richard 77

Windom, Herbert L. 39

Wingfield, John C. 16

Woodbury, Anthony C. 78

Wright, James E. 22

Wyss, Max 27

Y

Yarie, John A. 16

Z

Zielinski, Gregory A. 44, 53

Zreda, Marek G. 27

# INDEX OF INSTITUTIONS

A

Aerospace Corporation 10

Alaska Federation of Natives 74, 75, 77

Alliant Techsystems, Inc. 34

American Geophysical Union 30

Anchorage School District 82, 83

Arctic Research Commission 84, 85

Arctic Research Consortium of the United States 70

Arizona State University 19

Associated Village Council President 73

Augsburg College 2

B

Bartol Research Institute 11

Bates College 14, 59

Bentley College 43

Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences 54, 57

Boston College 10

Boston University 2, 12

Bowdoin College 75

Brigham Young University 19

Bryn Mawr College 72

C

Calvin College 23

Capital Systems Group, Inc. 87

Carnegie Mellon University 52, 53

Colgate University 22

Colorado State University 66

Columbia University 7, 8, 27, 33, 34,

35, 36, 37, 38, 54, 57, 76

Cornell University--Endowed 78

CUNY Hunter College 71, 74

D

Dartmouth College 42

Department of Navy--Naval Research Laboratory 28

Department of Navy--NOAA Ice Center 57

Department of Navy--Office of Naval Research 59

Duke University 20, 29

*E*

Emory--Riddle Aeronautical University 1, 10

F

Florida International University 65

Friday Systems Services, Inc. 87

H

Harbor Branch Ocean Institute 33

Harvard University 5

Health Research, Inc. 6

I

Indiana University--Bloomington 77

International Geosphere 67, 84

International Union of Circumpolar Health 75

Inuit Circumpolar Conference 73

J

Johns Hopkins University 3, 4, 12

Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. 35

L

Lehigh University 46

Lockheed Miss--Palo Alto 3

M

Marine Biological Laboratory 16, 17, 63, 67, 68, 69

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 24, 28

Memorial University of Newfoundland 8

Michigan State University 29, 30

Michigan Technological University v

Mount Holyoke College 62

N

National Academy of Sciences 75, 86

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 58

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 7, 13, 57, 85

NOAA--Environmental Research Laboratory 56

NOAA--Oceanic and Atmospheric Research 85

National Science Foundation, Office of Polar Programs 87

Naval Postgraduate School 37, 58

O

Ohio State University Research Foundation 40, 41, 43,

45, 61

Old Dominion Research Foundation 58, 72

Oregon State University 25, 26, 38

P

Penn State University--University Park 48, 51

Purdue University Research Foundation 25, 45

Q

Quadrant Engineering 80

R

Rutgers, The State University 7, 24

S

San Diego State University Foundation 63

San Francisco State University 18, 39

San Jose State University Foundation 21

Scientific Fishery Systems 21

Skidaway Institute of Oceanography 39

Smithsonian Institution 76

Southern Oregon State College 79

SRI International 1, 11

St. Olaf College 47

Stanford University 22

State University of New York--Albany 32, 67

State University of New York--Brockport 73

State University of New York--Buffalo 43, 52

T

Triangle Research and Development Corporation 80

U

U.S. Army Cold Region Research and Engineering Laboratory (USACRREL) 9,
48, 51, 53, 54, 58, 66, 85

U.S. Geological Survey 22, 24, 29, 47, 48, 50, 59, 84, 85

U.S. Geological Survey--Denver 84

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research 60, 82

University of Alaska--Anchorage 62, 74, 77, 85

University of Alaska--Fairbanks 1, 2, 6, 11, 12, 16, 27, 29,

31, 32, 33, 44, 56, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72, 78, 83, 85

University of Alaska--SE Juneau 82

University of Arizona 27, 49, 53, 73

University of Arkansas 71, 78

University of California--Berkley 20, 50, 64, 67, 69

University of California--Davis 28

University of California--Irvine 4, 53, 54

University of California--Los Angeles 61

University of California--San Diego 51, 53, 56

University of California--Santa Barbara 19, 22, 28, 75

University of California--Santa Cruz 17

University of California--Scripps Institute 14, 26, 37, 39

University of Cincinnati 9, 67

University of Colorado--Boulder 3, 6, 7, 23, 31, 35, 41,

44, 45, 46, 47, 51, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 68,

69, 84

University of Denver 13

University of Guam 25

University of Hawaii--Manoa 18, 33

University of Houston 4

University of Illinois, Urbana--Champaign 5, 8

University of Maine 9, 36

University of Maryland--College Park 11

University of Massachusetts--Amherst 25, 41, 59, 62

University of Miami--School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences 52

University of Michigan 3, 15, 35, 68, 69, 83

University of Minnesota--Twin Cities 31, 43, 44, 68, 69

University of Missouri--St. Louis 18

University of Nebraska at Lincoln 70

University of Nevada--Desert Research Institute 56

University of Nevada--Las Vegas 15

University of New Hampshire 1, 10, 44, 50, 53, 74

University of Oregon--Eugene 24, 61, 76

University of Rhode Island 26, 34, 51

University of Rochester 19, 30

University of South Alabama 20

University of Tennessee-Knoxville 42, 57, 58

University of Texas--Austin 15, 24, 25, 37, 78

University of Washington 4, 14, 16, 26, 29, 42, 47, 49, 50,

51, 54, 57, 59, 60, 68, 75, 77, 80

University of Wisconsin--Madison 30, 37, 42, 55, 71, 76

University of Wisconsin--Milwaukee 53

University of Wyoming 13, 47, 66

Utah State University 45

V

Vassar College 49, 72

W

Washington State University 25

Western Washington University 22

WET Labs, Inc. 80

William Marsh Rice University 22

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 34, 55

# INDEX OF GEOGRAPHIC AREAS

A

Africa 73

Agassiz Ice Cap 59

Ahklun Mountains 45, 46

Alaska 1, 2, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27,

28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,

56, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,

76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 85

Aldan Shield 28

Aleutian 21, 33, 42, 71, 72, 77

Aleutian Islands 21, 71, 72, 77

Alexander terrane 22

Alpha Ridges 27

Alpha-Mendeleev Ridge 28

Americas 8, 41

Amundsen 37, 39

Anabar 28

Anadyr 40

Antarctica 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 13, 47, 52

Arctic Basin 34, 37

Arctic Circle 8, 62

Arctic Continental Shelves 55

Arctic Ocean 8, 12, 14, 18, 27, 28, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39,

40, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 65, 86

Argentina 41

Asia 41, 62

Atlantic 6, 9, 23, 25, 29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 40, 45, 51, 52, 55,

57, 58, 61, 62, 71, 72, 74, 75

B

Baffin Bay 27

Baffin Island 2, 43, 44, 60

Baker Lake 2

Baltica 23

Barents Sea 36

Barrow 38, 67, 78

Bathurst 27

Bear Island Fan 36

Beijing 30, 31

Bering Glacier 29

Bering Land Bridge 61

Bering Sea 21, 33, 73

Bering Shelf 22

Bering Strait 25, 57, 77

Beringia 59, 60, 61, 62, 75

Bethel 71, 73

Black Rapids Glacier 44, 47

Bolivia 41

Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest 16

Brazil 40, 41

Bristol Bay 45, 72

British Columbia 76

Brooks Range 32, 65, 73

Buyunda 75

Bylot 8

C

Cambridge Bay 2

Canada 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 28, 38, 39, 41, 43,

44, 54, 55, 60, 75, 78, 85

Cantwell Basin 25

Chena 16

Chevak 78

Chile 41

China 28, 30, 31, 41

Chukchi Borderland 22, 27, 28, 33, 37, 39, 57, 72, 73

Chukchi Sea 22, 27, 28, 33, 37, 39, 57, 72, 73

Chukotka 25, 30, 73, 77

Chukotka Peninsula 25

Columbia Glacier 43

Continental Margin 35

Cordillera 29

Cornwallis 27

Cumberland Sound 23

D

Dasuopu Glacier 41

Davis 11, 28, 43

Deccan and Siberian Traps 30

Denali Fault System 25

Denali National Park and Preserve 62

Denmark 13, 35, 37, 61, 85

Denmark Strait 35, 37, 61

Devon 14, 27

Devon Island 14

Dunde 41

E

East European Plain 32

Ecuador 41

Elgygytgyn Lake 62

Ellef Ringness Islands 27

Engabreen 44

Eurasia 9, 30, 36, 40, 45, 61, 71, 73, 79

Eureka 13

F

Fairbanks, Alaska 1, 2, 6, 11, 12, 13, 16, 27, 30, 31, 32,

33, 44, 56, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 77, 78, 82,

83, 85

Finland 3, 13, 85

Fjaerland 42

Foxe Basin 23

France 3, 13

Franz Josef Land 43

G

Gambell 77

Germany 13

Goose Bay, Labrador 3, 4

Greenland 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 24, 27, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,

44, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 61, 72, 74, 75, 80, 83

Greenland Ice Sheet 9, 35, 44, 49, 52, 54

Greenland Sea 37

Guayana Shield 28

Gulf of Alaska 33

Gulf of St. Lawrence 35

Guliya 41

H

Halley Bay 4, 11

Hornsund Fault 36

Hudson Bay 23

Hudson Strait 23, 25, 62

I

Iceland 30, 34, 35, 38, 60, 61, 74

Icy Bays 43

Igloolik 78

Imnavait Creek 63

Indigirka 28

Innuitian Ice Sheet 27

Inuvik 75

Iqaluit 1, 2, 11

Isachesen volcanics 30

J

Jacobshavn glacier 80

Japan 44

K

Kamchatka 77

Kara Sea 40, 45

Kenai 82

Khabarovsk 22

Kheta 75

Knipovich Ridge 36

Kola Peninsula 61

Kolyma 28, 30, 75

Kuparuk 63, 65

Kuparuk River 63

L

Labrador 3, 4, 23, 26, 62, 75

Labrador Sea 23, 62

Lakewood, Colorado 48

Laki 25

Laptev 37

Laurentia 23

Laurentide Ice Sheet 23, 25, 26, 62

Lena 28

Lomonosov Ridge 27, 36

M

Magadan 22, 30

Makarov 27, 37, 39

Makarov Basin 27, 37

Matanuska Glacier 46

McMurdo Stations 10

Mendeleev Ridge 27, 36

Minnesota 31, 43, 44, 68, 69

Mt. St. Elias 29

N

Nagssugtoqidian 24

Nansen 35, 37, 39

Nares Strait 30

Nash Harbor 76

Native Alaska 73, 83

Newfoundland 6, 8, 74, 75

Nixon Fork 22

North America 16, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 42, 59, 62, 67,

71, 78

North Atlantic Ocean 6, 9, 23, 25, 30, 35, 37, 45, 51, 52,

58, 61, 62, 71, 72, 74, 75

North Cape Current 61

North Chukchi Basin 28

North Pole 8

North Slope 17, 60, 63, 67, 69, 72, 74, 77

Northern Hemisphere 1, 7, 9, 13, 35

Northwest Passage 38

Northwest Territories 1, 13, 38, 78

Norway 14, 35, 42, 44, 74, 85

Norwegian Seas 45

Novaya Zemlya 45

Nunavut 8

Nunivak Island 76

O

Ob' 40

Olenek 28

Orinoco 28

P

Pacific Ocean 22, 30, 33, 35, 42, 55, 57, 58, 63, 76

Pacific rim 35

Patos Lagoons 40

Penny Ice Cap 44

Peru 41

Pingasagruk 72

Point Franklin 72

Poker Flat 2

Polar Deserts 14

Polar Sea 37

Pond Inlet 8

Pribilof Islands 17

Prince Patrick 27

Prudhoe Bay, Alaska 32

R

Resolute Bay, Canada 1

Resolute, Canada 1, 2, 15, 38

Ross Ice Shelf 47

Ruby Terrane 28

Russia 13, 22, 23, 25, 29, 30, 32, 35, 40, 43, 45, 59, 61, 62,

73, 77, 85

S

Saint Anna Trough 40

Saint Lawrence Island 77, 78

Seward Peninsula 46

Shumagin Islands 72

Siberia 28, 30, 32, 35, 37, 40, 45, 59, 60, 62, 73, 75, 77, 79

Siberian basins 28

Siberian rivers 40

Silurian reef 22

Sireniki 77

Somerset 27

Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland 1, 2, 10, 11, 83

Sondrestrom 3, 11

Sophia Lake 59

South African Sanae Station 4

South America 41

South Cascade Glacier 47

South Pole, Antarctica 1, 2, 6, 10, 11

Southern Ocean 15

Soviet Union (former) 41, 70, 75

Spitsbergen 36

St. Lawrence Island 77, 78

Storglaciaren 43

Strand Fiord 30

Summit, Greenland 50, 51, 52, 53

Svalbard, Norway 10

Sweden 43

Switzerland 45

T

Tanana 16

Tennessee 38, 42, 57, 58

Toolik Lake, Alaska 16, 17, 63, 67, 68

Torngat Mountains 26

Tromsø, Norway 1, 14, 35

Tropics 28

Tunguska 25

U

Ungava 23

Unimak Island 71, 76

United States 3, 13, 21, 31, 34, 36, 41, 42, 60, 67, 73,

74, 75, 84, 85, 86

Upper Kolyma Region 75

Uptar 75

Ural Mountains 23

V

Valdi 43

Vitus Lake 29

W

Wainwright 72

West Antarctic Ice Sheet 47

West Florida shelf 40

Y

Yakutat 43

Yakutsk 22, 30

Yana 28

Yenisey 40

Yukon 31, 41, 61, 63, 71

# INDEX OF KEY WORDS

A

aerogeophysics 27, 28

air 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 31, 32, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54,

55, 57, 65, 66

Alaska Native Science Commission (ANSC) 74, 75, 77

Aleut 71, 76, 78

*Alpha Helix* research vessel 33

Arctic charr 18

Arctic Data Directory (ADD) 85

Arctic Environmental Data Directory (AEDD) 85

Arctic Environmental Directory (AED) 84

Arctic fishes 15

Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) 85

Arctic radiation 12

Arctic Systems Science (ARCSS) 14, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59,

60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 70

Arctic Vortex 13

Arctic whale 73, 77, 78

aurora 1

Auroral Spectroscopy 3

B

Bacterioplankton 18, 39

balloon(s) 5, 13, 56

basal ice 44, 46, 48, 50, 51

bathymetry 27, 34, 36, 55, 62

bedrock 27, 44, 50

behavior 8, 16, 17, 24, 25, 42, 47, 71, 72, 83

Bella Coola 76

biochemistry 83

biodiversity 20, 67

biology 8, 14, 16, 54, 55, 83, 85

bird(s) 16, 18, 63

C

carbon 5, 6, 9, 14, 15, 18, 20, 28, 31, 32, 37, 38, 39, 51,

52, 54, 57, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69

carbon cycle 20, 37, 38, 39, 68

carbon cycling 15, 37, 63, 68

chemistry 2, 5, 13, 16, 17, 36, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 64, 82,

83, 85

circulation 4, 7, 9, 13, 20, 23, 26, 28, 30, 37, 38, 41, 42,

45, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 64, 68

climate 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 25,

26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44,

46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,

63,64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 74, 75, 76, 80, 82, 83

climate change 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 17, 25, 27, 31, 38, 39, 43,

44, 46, 50, 51, 52, 53, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,

67, 68, 69, 74, 76, 84

clouds 3, 4, 11, 13, 56

contaminants 32, 85

Cordillera 29

coring 9, 34, 35, 41, 50, 60, 61, 67, 70

cosmic ray 11

Coupling, Energetics and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions (CEDAR) 1, 2

crustal deformation 49

culture, clutural 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82, 83

Cupiit 76

D

Denali fault 25

Deuterium 51

diet 16, 17, 72

E

Earth Systems Implementation Project (ESIP) 82

ecosystem(s) 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 32, 36, 61, 62, 63,

64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72

education 70, 72, 77, 82, 87

El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) 31, 41, 75

equilibrium line altitude (ELA) 46

Eskimo(s) 73, 76, 77, 78, 83

Eyak 78

F

fauna 22, 24, 55, 79

firn 9

fish 15, 17, 18, 74

fishing 74

flow 6, 9, 11, 12, 17, 23, 25, 30, 31, 32, 36, 37, 40, 43,

44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 55, 57, 69, 73, 84

flux(es) 5, 6, 7, 12, 20, 23, 25, 28, 35, 38, 40, 45, 46, 51,

54, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69

forest(s) 8, 9, 16, 19, 30, 43, 60, 69

fossil 22, 25, 59, 61

frazil ice 80

freshwater 16, 17, 20, 40, 61, 65

G

General Circulation Models (GCMs) 7, 20, 30, 56

Geographic Information System (GIS) 21, 63, 70, 76

geology 23, 25, 27, 30, 31, 82, 83

geomagnetic 2, 4, 10, 12, 30, 50

Geospace Environmental Monitoring (GEM) 1, 2, 3, 4, 63

glacial, glacier(s) 7, 9, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 34, 35,

42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 62, 69, 80

Global Change in Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) Programs 67

global climate 5, 8, 9, 12, 14, 23, 26, 28, 37, 46, 54, 55,

58, 59, 60, 62, 67, 68, 69

global positioning system (GPS) 49

global warming 7, 9, 15, 28, 65, 66, 67, 69

greenhouse gases 32, 60, 65

Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) 50

Greenland Ice Sheet 9, 35, 44, 49, 52, 54

Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP2) 44, 49, 50, 51, 52,

53, 54

groundwater 39

H

halos 6

Heinrich Events 51, 62

High Arctic 14, 15, 17, 18, 33, 59

Holocene 29, 36, 40, 43, 44, 52, 55, 59, 61, 62

hotspot 34

human(s) 8, 15, 17, 31, 39, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76,

78, 79, 83

hunting 77, 78

I

ice camp 56

ice core(s) 9, 23, 25, 35, 41, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,

59, 74

ice sheet(s) 23, 25, 27, 35, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 62

incoherent scatter radar (ISR) 1, 3, 11

indigenous 72, 73, 75

induction magnetometer 10

infrared 13

Insects 19

Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR) 23, 35

Instrumentation 31, 33, 56

Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC) 84,

85

Inter-American Institute (IAI) 8, 41

Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA) 87

International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) 86

International Geological Congress (IGC) 31

International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP) 84

International Tundra Experiment (ITEX) 66, 67

Inuit 73, 75

Inuktitut 78

Inupiat 73

ionosphere 3, 4, 11, 12

isotopic 28, 31, 34, 41, 42, 51, 59, 60

J

*Jan Mayen* research vessel 35

joekulhlaups 34

K

kelp 15

L

lake(s) 9, 16, 17, 19, 20, 23, 30, 36, 59, 60, 61, 62

Land--Atmosphere--Ice Interactions (LAII) 63, 64, 65,

66, 67

Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) 23, 25, 26, 62

lidar 2, 11, 56

Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) 16, 17, 67, 68

Longyearbyen Optical Station 1

M

magnetometer 1, 2, 10, 34

Magnetometer Array for Cusp and Cleft Studies (MACCS) 2, 4

Magnetometer Array on the Greenland Ice Cap (MAGIC) 3

magnetosphere 2, 3, 10, 12

marine ecosystems 72

mesospheric clouds 3

Mesozoic 29, 30

Methane 51, 64

models, modeling 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24,

25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48,

49, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70,

71, 74, 76, 82, 83, 84

N

Nansen Arctic Drilling Program (NAD) 35

National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) 11, 60,

64, 68

National Ice Core Laboratory (NICL) 48, 50

National Research Council (NRC) 11, 82, 86

National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) 69

Native 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 82, 83

Northeast Interdisciplinary Scientific Research Institute (NEISRI) 29,
30

Northern Fur Seal 17

Numerical models 38, 48

Nunavut Environmental Assessment Transect (NEAT) 8

Nuxalk 76

O

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) 34

Ocean--Atmosphere--Ice Interaction (OAII) 54, 57, 58

orogeny, orogenic 22, 24

oxygen isotope 50, 51, 57

ozone 1, 5, 6, 13, 14, 15

P

pack ice 58

paleoclimate 9, 25, 41, 50, 59, 60, 61, 62

Paleoclimates from Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) 59,

60, 61

*Pargo* research vessel 37, 38

patterned ground 26

peatlands 20

permafrost 9, 17, 20, 27, 31, 32, 41, 63, 66, 67, 68

photochemistry 3, 5, 6

photoplastic effect (PPE) 42

photosynthesis 15, 67

Phytoplankton 14, 15, 39

plants 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 65, 66, 69

Pleistocene 25, 26, 32, 45, 49, 61, 62, 75

Polar Cap 1, 10

Polar Cusp 10

polar desert(s) 14

Polar Ice Coring Office (PICO) 70

Polar Libraries Colloquy 84, 85

Polar Research Board (PRB) 75, 86

*Polarstern* research vessel 57

pollen 9, 59, 60, 61, 62, 74

Project On Leading Alaska Reform in Science (POLARIS) 82

Q

Quaternary 23, 27, 29, 35, 44, 45, 55, 59, 60, 61

R

radar 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 26, 47, 48, 72, 80

radiation 8, 12, 14, 56

Radio echo-sounding (RES) 47

rare-earth element (REE) 55

Research at Undergraduate Institutions (RUI) 21, 22

Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) 47, 83

research vessel 33, 57

riometry 11

rock(s) 22, 26, 28, 47

Rural Alaskan Sanitation Education Program 82

S

sandpipers 18

satellite imagery 43, 45, 47

school 37, 52, 58, 72, 82, 83

Science Management Office (SMO) 50, 58, 66

Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) 86

sea ice 4, 7, 38, 40, 55, 56, 60, 61

sediment(s) 9, 15, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36,

40, 44, 45, 48, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62

Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) 80

Small Grant for Exploratory Research (SGER) 6, 36, 62

snow 4, 7, 9, 13, 16, 31, 42, 44, 49, 52, 53, 60, 65, 66, 69

soil organic matter (SOM) 64

soil(s) 14, 16, 19, 26, 32, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69

stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer (SIRMS) 31

strata 22, 25

stratosphere 2, 4, 5, 6, 13

submarine 18, 27, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 59

SuperDARN (Dual Auroral Radar Network) 3, 12

Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) 56, 57

Swath Bathymetric Imaging System (SWABS) 34

T

taiga 16, 19

tannins 19

tectonic 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 34

temperature 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28, 32,

37, 38, 45, 46, 50, 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 61, 64, 65, 66, 67,

68, 81

terrestrial 3, 17, 19, 27, 30, 39, 51, 61, 65, 68, 69, 72, 85

Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM) 63, 68

Testing Earth System Models with Paleoenvironmental Observations (TEMPO)
30

till 25, 32, 43

Tlingit 78

treeline 69

tree-ring 8, 43

trees 8, 19, 43

troposphere 2, 5, 6, 12

tundra 4, 15, 16, 20, 21, 30, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66,

67, 68, 69

U

U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) 8, 30

U.S. Polar Information Working Group (USPIWG) 84

ultraviolet radiation 14, 15, 38, 42

undergraduate 22, 47, 71, 79, 83

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) 60, 82

V

vegetation 9, 17, 21, 30, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 67,

68, 69, 74

volcanic, volcanism 5, 25, 27, 30, 34, 35, 53

W

water cycle 5

watershed 39, 69

weather 10, 12, 13, 16, 32, 57, 68

web site 76

wetlands 20, 30, 51

women 62, 71, 73, 77, 83

World Data Center (WDC-A) 41

Y

Yakut Science Center (YSC) 29, 30

Yup'ik 63, 71, 73, 77, 78, 83

Z

Zooplankton 19

**NSF 97-78**

**(Replaces NSF 96-101)**