# [HAZARDS RISK MANAGEMENT]{.underline}

# FEMA Emergency Management Institute

# 

# ![](media/image1.wmf){width="5.993055555555555in" height="3.30625in"}

# 

# 

# 

# 

# 

# 

# 

# Instructor Guide Materials Under Development

# 

# [The Development Team]{.underline}

# Greg L. Shaw -- Project Manager

# George Haddow

# Claire Rubin

# Damon Coppola

# 

# 

# The George Washington University

# Institute for Crisis, Disaster, and Risk Management 

# FEMA Hazards Risk Management Course

The Hazards Risk Management course is designed and developed as both a
stand-alone course and to complement additional related courses such as
Hazards Risk Assessment and Hazards Risk Communication. For the purpose
of this course, hazards risk management is conceptualized as an over
arching process that includes: establishing a context for hazards risk
management; risk identification, risk analysis, risk assessment, risk
communication; risk based decision making; risk mitigation; and overall
process monitoring and review.

Session 1 Course Introduction, Overview, Definitions, and Concepts (3
Hours)

-   Instructor and student introductions

-   Class standards of behavior

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Course syllabus, assignments and expectations

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Definitions

-   Disciplines of risk management

-   Concepts (risk, risk perception, risk communication, stakeholders,
    etc.)

-   Processing the learning experience

Session 2 Emergency Management: Past, Present, and Future (3 Hours)

-   Evolution of Emergency Management

-   Evolution of Hazards Risk Management

-   IDNDR, Yokomama Strategy and Plan of Action, ISDR

Session 3 Hazards Risk Management Context of Today (1 Hour)

-   Process owners and stakeholders

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Incentives

-   Obstacles

-   The hazards risk management model

Session 4 Public Sector Competencies and Techniques (1 Hour)

-   Professionalism

-   Training and education

-   Certification

Session 5 Private Sector Hazards Risk Management (2 Hours)

-   Similarities and differences between the private and public sectors

-   A private sector model for risk management

-   Training and education

-   Certification

-   Applying private sector processes to public sector hazards risk
    management

Session 6 Australian and New Zealand Experiences (1 Hour)

-   Overall philosophy

-   Turning philosophy into plans and actions

Session 7 Legal Basis for Hazards Risk Management (1 Hour)

Session 8 Federal Requirements for Hazards Risk Assessment (1 Hour)

## Establish the Course-Specific Context

Session 9 The Hazards Risk Management Approach (3 Hours)

-   Defining the problem

-   Establishing a strategic context

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Understanding the local (location of the University/College)
    community

-   Building a culture of disaster preparedness

-   Shifting from a response emphasis to a hazards risk management
    emphasis

-   Defining objectives

-   Defining measures of effectiveness

-   Reintroduction of the hazards risk management model

-   The importance of hazards risk communication

Session 10 Issues Management (2 Hours)

-   Public consultation, purpose and process

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Identifying stakeholders

-   Defining and identifying issues

-   The lifecycle of an issue

-   Developing an issues management program

-   Implementing an issues management program

Session 11 Making Hazards Risk Management work (2 Hours)

-   Selling (marketing) the hazards risk management approach

-   Visual presentation tools (GIS, Maps, Internet, etc.)

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Developing and implementing policies

-   Enforcing policies

-   Case studies

## Risk Identification

Session 12 Hazards (1 Hour)

-   Natural, technological and human induced

-   Hazard profiling

-   Data/information sources and collection

Session 13 Community and Environment (1 Hour)

-   The physical community

-   Interdependence of communities/regional context

-   The local community extended to regional concerns

-   Mutual aid agreements

-   Growth plans

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   The built environment

-   The physical environment

-   The social environment

-   Critical infrastructure

Session 14 Scope Vulnerability (1 Hour)

-   Social vulnerability

-   Physical vulnerability

-   Infratructure vulnerability

-   Economic vulnerability

-   Proximity to hazards

Session 15 Risk Perceptions (2 Hours)

-   Public perceptions

-   Business perceptions

Session 16 Risk Statements (2 Hours)

-   Relationship between hazards and elements of risk

-   Elements of risk statements

-   Risk statement matrix development

Session 17 Midterm Exam (1 Hour)

## Analyze Risks

Session 18 Determine likelihood and consequence (2 Hours)

-   Qualitative and quantitative

-   Knowledge to shape decisions

-   Translation of science into policy

-   Risk communications issues

Session 19 Modeling techniques (1 Hour)

-   Physical

-   Virtual

-   Mathematical

-   Intuitive

-   Evaluation of models

-   Assumptions of models

-   Uncertainty of models

## Evaluate Risks

Session 20 Compare the risk evaluation criteria with the levels of risk
(1 Hour)

-   Context of risks

Session 21 Prioritize risks using the risk levels (1 Hour)

-   Set priority criteria (i.e. extreme, high, moderate, low, etc.)

-   Identify types of potential mitigation actions

Session 22 Determine which risks are acceptable (1 Hour)

-   Who decides (i.e. elected officials, commissions, public, etc.)?

-   Impacts on infrastructure

-   How different processes work

-   Ranking risks

## Communicate and consult

Session 23 Public input (1 Hour)

-   Solicit input and support from variety of audiences

-   Conducted continually throughout planning process

-   Informs planning process

-   Audiences -- residents, business owners, public officials

-   Mechanisms - surveys, focus groups, public meetings and partnerships

-   Public and organizational involvement in process

-   Technology

Session 24 Communicating risk (1 Hour)

-   Communicating natural hazard risks

-   Communicating technological hazard risk

-   Communicating terrorism and homeland security risk

-   Terminology

-   Media

Session 25 Communicating actions and plans to the public (1 Hour)

-   Methods of communications

-   Interactive communications

-   Communications research

-   Technology

-   Role of leadership

Session 26 Building public-private partnerships (1 Hour)

-   Partnership opportunities and targets

-   Outreach programs and techniques

-   Existing partnerships

-   Leveraging resources and communications

Session 27 Marketing risk mitigation management and actions (1 Hour)

-   Developing a marketing strategy

-   Research into public awareness and knowledge

-   Identifying best media components

-   Production of marketing materials

-   Dissemination of marketing materials

-   Managing a marketing campaign

Session 28 Monitor and review (1 Hour)

-   Ongoing throughout planning process

-   Evaluation of planning and implementation phases

-   Evaluation of communications

-   Evaluation of risk reduction

## Mitigate Risks

Session 29 Generate risk mitigation options (1 Hour)

-   Structural (i.e. levees, dams, retrofits, safe rooms, etc.)

-   Non-structural (i.e. building codes, zoning, land use, etc.)

-   Large steps vs. small steps

Session 30 Consider the assessment criteria for risk mitigation options
(1 Hour)

-   Impacts on various community sectors (i.e. homes, businesses,
    infrastructure)

-   Impacts on community capitol building and maintenance plans

-   Economic impacts

-   Funding and jurisdictional considerations

-   Impacts on environment

-   Public awareness and education

Session 31 Assess and select appropriate mix of risk mitigation options
(1 Hour)

-   Impact on risk reduction

-   Probability of implementation

-   Funding

-   Timing

-   Leveraging resources

Session 32 Insurance (1 Hour)

-   Risk transfer

-   Affordability and availability

Session 33 Prepare and implement risk mitigation schedule and plan (1
Hour)

-   Budget

-   Timeline

-   Responsible agencies and organizations

-   Communications

-   Partnerships

### Case Studies

Session 34 Case studies -- Application of the Hazards Risk Management
Process to actual situations (2 Hours)

-   Napa, CA

-   Boulder, CO

-   Tulsa, OK

-   Columbia, SC

-   Mecklenburg County, NC

-   State of Oregon

-   Deerfield Beach, FL

-   Seattle, WA

Session 35 Final Exam (2 Hours)

# Course Text Books

[Living with Risk: A Global Review of Disaster Reduction
Initiative.]{.underline}

Preliminary version, July 2002. Prepared as an inter-agency effort
coordinated by

the ISDR Secretariat with special support from the Government of Japan,
the World Meteorological Organization and the Asian Disaster Reduction
Center (Kobe, Japan)

[Emergency Risk Management: Applications Guide.]{.underline} Australian
Emergency Manuals Series Part II, Volume I. Compiled and edited by Peter
Koob, Tasmania State emergency Service. Echo Press, Australia. 2000.

State and Local Mitigation Planning, how-to guide. [Understanding Your
Risks: Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses. FEMA 2001. Version
1.0]{.underline}

[Integrating Human-Caused Hazards into Mitigation Planning.]{.underline}
FEMA 2002 (coming soon)

[Cumulative Bibliography 05/22/03]{.underline}

Ansell, J. and F. Wharton. 1992. *Risk: Analysis, Assessment, and
Management*. John Wiley & Sons. Chichester.

Barnes, Dr. Paul. 2002. "Approaches to Community Safety: Risk Perception
and Social Meaning." *Australian Journal of Emergency Management*.
Autumn.

Blanchard, B. Wayne. 2002. FEMA Higher Education Project Course *Theory,
Principles and Fundamentals of Hazards, Disasters and U. S. Emergency
Management*. Draft Sessions 1 and 4.

Bokman, Lloyd. ( March 2003) *All Hazards Planning, What Does It
Mean,*in the Natural Hazards Observer. URL:
<http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/o/maro03/maro03f.htm>

Britton, Neil R. 1998. *Managing Community Risks.* Ministry of Civil
Defense, New Zealand, 2^nd^ Edition.

Broadleaf Capital International. 1999. *The Australian and New Zealand
Standard on Risk Management, AS/NZS 4360:1999.* Broadleaf Capital
International. Pymble, Australia.

Burby, Raymond J. 2002. FEMA Higher Education Project Course. *Building
Disaster Resilient* *Communities*. Session 1 Overview. 2002.

Canadian Standards Association. 1997. *Risk Management: Guideline for
Decision-Makers.* Canadian Standards Association. Ontario.

CDC. 2002. *Suicide in the United States.* National Center for Injury
Prevention and Control.
\<http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/suifacts.htm\>

Copenhaver, John*. From a Business Perspective: Government and Business
Working Together in Emergency Management.* (1 page)
http://www.disaster-resource.com/ , click on articles and scroll down or
search by author's name.

Crable & Vibbert (1985) "Managing Issues and Influencing Public Policy",
*Public Relations Review*, Summer 1985.

Derby, Stephen L., and Ralph L. Keeney. 1981. "Risk Analysis:
Understanding 'How Safe Is Safe Enough?'". *Risk Analysis*. V1, No.3.
Pp. 217-224. September.

Economist. 2002. *The Logic of Irrational Fear*. The Economist. October
19.

Emergency Management Australia. 2000. *Emergency Risk Management:
Applications Guide*. Emergency Management Australia. Dickson.

Emergency Management Australia. 2003. *Critical Infrastructure Emergency
Risk Management and Assurance*. Emergency Management Australia. Dickson.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1996. *Guide for All-Hazard
Emergency Operations Planning*. FEMA. Washington, DC. \<
http://www.fema.gov/pdf/rrr/0-prelim.pdf\>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1997. *MultiHazard: Identification
and Risk Assessment*. FEMA. Washington, DC.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1998. *IS393 Introduction to
Mitigation*. Emergency Management Institute. \<
http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/is393lst.asp\>

Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2001. *Understanding Your Risks:
Identifying Hazards and Estimating Losses*. FEMA. Washington, DC.

Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2002. *Mitigation Planning Workshop
for Local Communities*. Instructor Guide. DMA 2000 State and Local Plan
Interim Criteria. FEMA. Washington, DC.
\<http://www.fema.gov/fima/planning_toc4.shtm\>

FEMA. 1992. *Federal Response Plan; With Revisions*. FEMA.

FEMA. 1997. "Project Impact: Building a Disaster Resistant Community --
Guidebook." Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1997.

FEMA. 1999. *The Professional in Emergency Management (IS-513).*
Emergency Management Institute. Emmitsburg, MD.

FEMA. 2002. "Getting Started: Building Support for Mitigation Planning"
Federal Emergency Management Agency. September 2002.
<http://www.fema.gov/fima/planning_toc5.shtm>

General Account Office. *Hazard Mitigation: Proposed Changes to FEMA's
Multihazard Mitigation Programs Present Challenges . GAO-02-1035, Sept.
2002.*
\<[**http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d021035.pdf**](http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d021035.pdf)\>

Glassner, Barry. 1999. *The Culture of Fear.* Basic Books. New York.

Hainsworth Brad E. (1990) "The Distribution of Advantages and
Disadvantages", *Public Relations Review*, spring.

Hainsworth, Brad E. (1990) "Issues Management: An Overview", *Public
Relations Review*, vol 16 no 1.

Hardine, Cynthia, and S. Hrudley. 1997. *Mixed Messages in Risk
Communication.* Risk Analysis. Vol. 17. No. 4. Pp. 489-498.

Harrald, John R. 1998. "A Strategic Framework for Corporate Crisis
Management*.*" The International Emergency Management Conference 1998
(TIEMS '98) Proceedings. Washington, DC. Pages 389--397. Available as
Session 03 Reading -- FEMA Higher Education Course *Business and
Industry Crisis Management* By Gregory Shaw.

Harrald, John R. 1998. "*Linking Corporate Crisis Management to Natural
Disaster Reduction."* Submitted for inclusion in the International
Decade for Natural Disaster (IDNDR) Press Kit. Pages 1--4. Available as
Session 01 Reading -- FEMA Higher Education Course *Business and
Industry Crisis Management* By Gregory Shaw.

Harvard Center for Risk Analysis. 2000. "Cellular Phones and Driving:
Weighing the Risks and Benefits." *Risk in Perspective*, Vol. 8, No. 6.

Heath, R L and Cousino, K R (1990) "Issues Management: End of First
Decade Progress Report", *Public Relations Review*, vol 16 no 1.

Housing Assistance Council. 1994. *Overcoming Exclusion in Rural
Communities: NIMBY Case Studies*. The Housing Assistance Council (HIC).
Washington, D.C.

Hutt, Peter Barton. 1997. *Law and Risk Assessment in the United
States*, in Fundamentals of Risk Analysis and Management, Vlasta Molak
(editor). N.Y.: CRC Press. pp. 293-300.

ICESI. 2002. *Primera Encuesta Nacional sobre Inseguridad Publica en las
Entidades Federativas*. Instituto Ciudadano de Estudios Sobre la
Inseguridad A.C. May. Mexico City.

Inhaber, Herbert. 2002. *NIMBY and LULU.* Regulation: The Cato Review of
Business and Government. Washington, D.C.

Jardine, Cynthia G., and Steve E. Hrudey. 1997. [Mixed Messages in Risk
Communication]{.underline}, Risk Analysis, Vol. 17, No. 4, 1997.

Kaplan, Stan. 1997. "The Words of Risk Analysis." *Risk Analysis*, Vol.
17, No. 4. Pages 407--417.

Kedar, B.Z. 1970. *Again: Arabic Risq, Medieval Latin Risicum, Studi
Medievali.* Centro Italiano Di Studi Sull Alto Medioevo. Spoleto.

Kellman, Barry. 2002. *Managing Terrorism's Consequences: Legal Issues*.
Sponsored by the Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism.
\<www.mipt.org\>

Kisken, Tom. 2001. *Climate of Fear Overblown, Sociologist Says*.
Ventura County Star. November 6. p. B1.

Kleindorfer, P.R., Kunreuther, H.C., and Schoemaker, P.J.H. 1993.
*Decision Sciences -- An Integrative Perspective.* Cambridge University
Press. Cambridge.

Kunkel, Kenneth E., Pielke, Roger A. Jr., and Chagnon. Stanley A.
"Temporal Fluctuations in Weather and Climate Extremes That Cause
Economic and Human Health Impacts: A Review." *Bulletin of the*
*American Meteorological Society* (Vol. 8, No. 6, June 1999), p. 1080.
Drawn from www .dir.ucar.edu/esig/socasp/weather1.

Laye, John. 2002. Avoiding Disaster, How to Keep Your Business Going
When Catastrophe Strikes. Hoboken, NJ. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Lerbinger, Otto (1997) "Crisis Manager: Facing Risk and Responsibility."
Mahwah, NJ. Erlbaum. Chapter 13.

Lindell, Michael K., and Ronald W. Perry. 1992. Behavioral Foundations
of Community Emergency Planning. Washington, D.C. Hemisphere Publishing
Corp.

Lopes, Rocky, Ph.D. 2002. "The Eleven "C's" of Community Disaster
Education." The American National Red Cross, Washington, DC.
\<<http://www.vaemergency.com/library/cderesources/02outreachconf/lopes.ppt>\>

Major, G; and Vardy, G F. 1989. "Public perception of risk and its
consequences: the case of a natural fibrous mineral deposit." In
*Non-occupational Exposure to Mineral Fibres.* edited by J Bignon, J
Peto and R Saracci. International Agency for Research on Cancer, p.
497-508

Memmott, Mark. 2002. *Fear may be overwhelming, but so are the odds.*
USA Today. October 18. p.6A

Meng, M B (1987) *Issues Management Today*, Unpublished thesis, Brigham
Young University.

Mileti, Dennis. 1999. *Disasters By Design: A Reassessment of Natural
Hazards in the United States.* Joseph Henry Press. Washington, DC.

National Research Council. 1991. *A Safer Future: Reducing the Impacts
of Natural Disasters*. National Academy Press. Washington, DC.

Office of Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Preparedness. N/D.
*Scoping of Issues Concerning Risk Reduction to All Hazards in Canadian
Non-Urban Communities*. Government of Canada. Ottowa.

OurCommunity.Com. N/D. *Identifying Risks in Your Organization.*
\<http://www.ourcommunity.com.au/insurance/view_help_sheet.do?articleid=341\>

Pfeiffer, W.J., and Jones, J.E. 1981. *Reference Guide to Handbooks and
Annuals (Revised)*. San Diego, CA: University associates, Inc.

Pitzer, C.J. 1999. "New Thinking on Disasters; the Link Between Safety
Culture and Risk-Taking." *Australian Journal of Emergency Management.*
Spring.

PMEP (Pesticide Management Education Program). 1997. "The Delaney
Paradox and Negligible Risk 8/91." Cornell University.
\<http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/issues/delaney-negrisk-891.html\>

Post, J E and Kelley, P C (1988) "Lessons from the Learning Curve: The
Past, Present and Future of Issues Management", *Strategic Issues
Management: How Organizations Influence and Respond to Public Interests
and Policies*.

Regester, Michael and Larkin, Judy (1997) *Risk Issues and Crisis
Management: A Casebook of Best Practices.*

Reiss, Claire Lee, J.D. 2001. *Risk Identification and Analysis: A
Guide.* Public Entity Risk Institute (PERI)

Renee Pearce, L.D. 2000. *An Integrated Approach For Community Hazard,
Impact, Risk and Vulnerability Analysis: HIRV.* Excerpt, Doctoral
Dissertation, University of British Columbia.

Ropeik, David. 2002. *"Fear factors" in an age of terrorism.* MSNBC
Online. October 15.

Rothstein, Philip Jan. *Pitching Preparedness.* Contingency Planning and
Management Magazine. March/April 1996. Available on the Internet at
[**www.rothstein.com**](http://www.rothstein.com/) under "Feature
Articles.

Rubin, Claire B., et. al., 2003. *Major Terrorist Events and Their U.S.
Outcomes ( 1988-2001).*. Forthcoming from the University of Colorado,
Hazards Center; Working Paper;
[www.colorado.edu/hazards](http://www.colorado.edu/hazards)

Slovic, P., B. Fischhoff, and S. Lichtenstein. 1979. "Rating the Risks."
*Environment*. 21:14-20, 36-39.

Slovic, P., B. Fischhoff, and S. Lichtenstein. 1980. "Facts and Fears:
Understanding Perceived Risk." In *Societal Risk Assessment: How Safe Is
Safe Enough?* New York. Plenium.

Slovic, Paul (2002) "Trust, Emotion, Sex, Politics, and Science:
Surveying the Risk-Assessment Battlefield", from *Human and Ecological
Risk Assessment*. Edited by Dennis J. Paustenbach. Wiley.

Slovic, Paul, and Elke Weber. 2002. "Perception of Risk Posed by Extreme
Events." Presented at *Risk Management Strategies in an Uncertain
World*. Palisades, NY. 4/12-13/2002.

Slovic, Paul. 1986. *Informing and Educating the Public about Risk.*
Risk Analysis. Vol.6. No. 4. Pp.403-415.

Smith, Keith. 1992. *Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing
Disaster*. Routledge Press. London

Spencer, Jane, and Cynthia Crossen. 2003. "Why Do Americans Believe
Danger Lurks Everywhere?" *The Wall Street Journal Online Edition*.
April 24.

State of Minnesota. 2002. *Creating a Community Assessment*. MN
Planning. St. Paul.
\<http://www.lpa.state.mn.us/pdf/Hazardmit/Community%20Assessment%20handout.pdf\>

STATS. 2002. *Abducting the Headlines*. STATS.
\<http://www.stats.org/newsletters/0208/abduction.htm\>

Sylves, Richard. 1998. *Political and Policy Basis of Emergency
Management*, FEMA EMI I.G.

Tierney, Kathleen J. 1994. *Business Vulnerability and Disruption Data
from the 1993 Midwest Floods.* Newark, Del., University of Delaware,
Disaster Research Center; Preliminary Paper No. 213, 21 pp.

Tierney, Kathleen J. 1995. *Impacts of Recent U.S. Disasters on
Businesses: The 1993 Midwest Floods and the 1994 Northridge Earthquake*.
Newark, Del., University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center;
Preliminary Paper No. 230, 53 pp.

Tierney, Kathleen L., Michael K Lindell and Ronald W. Perry. Facing the
Unexpected: Disaster Preparedness and Response in the U.S. (Washington
DC: Joseph Henry Press) 2001.

Tucker, Kerry and Broom, Glen (1993) "Managing Issues Acts as Bridge to
Strategic Planning", *Public Relations Journal*, November.

Twomey, Jane. 2001. *Media Fuels Fear About Youth Crime*. The Baltimore
Sun. May 13. p. 1C.

U.S. Public Affairs Council (1978) *The Fundamentals of Issue
Management*.

United Nations Development Programme. 1994. *Vulnerability and Risk
Assessment*. Cambridge Architectural Research Limited. Cambridge, UK.
<http://www.undmtp.org/english/vulnerability_riskassessment/vulnerability.pdf>

United Nations, Department of Humanitarian Affairs. 1992.
*Internationally Agreed Glossary of Basic Terms Related to Disaster
Management*. (DNA/93/36). United Nations. Geneva.

Vedantam, Shankar. 2003. "More Afraid Than We Should Be." *The
Washington Post.* March 31. P.A6.

Wagoner, William D. "Hazard Mitigation/Comprehensive Plan Interface,
Integration of Emergency Management into The Community Planning Process.
G626 Student Manual". Michigan Department of State Police Emergency
Management Division. 2002. pp. SM I - 4,5.

Walsh, James. 1996. *True Odds: How Risk Affects Your Everyday Life.*
Merritt Publishing. Santa Monica.

Warner, Kenneth E. 1989. "The Epidemiology of Coffin Nails." In *Health
Risks and the Press: Coverage on Media Coverage of Risk Assessment and
Health.* Washington, D.C. The Media Institute.

Warr, Mark. 2000. *Fear of Crime in the United States: Avenues for
Research and Policy*. In "Measurement and Analysis of Crime and
Justice". P451-489

Waugh, William L. 2000. *Public Administration and Emergency
Management,* FEMA EMI I.G.

Waugh, William L. 2000. *Terrorism and Emergency Management*, FEMA EMI
I.G.

Waugh, William L. Jr. 2000. *Living With Hazards Dealing With
Disasters*. NY. M.E. Sharpe Co.

Wiggins, Carol. 2002. *Warm Waters Attract People and Sharks*. The
Standard (Baker County). March 27.

Wikopedia. 2002. *The Great Chicago Fire.* Wikopedia.org.

Wilson, Richard. 1979. "Analyzing the Daily Risks of Life." *Technology
Review*. V.81, No.4. Pp. 41-46.

Witt, James Lee*. Building a Public Private Partnership in Emergency
Management.* (1 page)

Young, Elspeth. 1998. "Dealing With Hazards and Disasters: Risk
Perception and Community Participation in Management." *Australian
Journal of Emergency Management*. Winter.

**Hazards Risk Management Modeling Programs**

Excalibur -- Risk and Environment Modeling:
http://ssor.twi.tudelft.nl/\~risk/software/excalibur.html

\@Risk: http://www.palisade.com/html/risk.html

Top Rank: http://www.palisade.com/html/toprank.html

PrecisionTree: http://www.palisade.com/html/ptree.html

REMIS: http://www.risktools.co.uk/remis.htm

ARM: http://www.risktools.co.uk/arm.htm

Cassandra: http://www.risktools.co.uk/cassandra.htm

RMP\*Comp Modelling Program for Risk Management Plans:
http://yosemite.epa.gov/oswer/ceppoweb.nsf/content/rmp-comp.htm

CAMEO ALOHA - Areal Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres MARPLOT - Mapping
Applications for Response, Planning, and Local Operational Tasks:
<http://www.epa.gov/ceppo/cameo>

HAZUS HAZUS-MH: <http://www.fema.gov/hazus/index.shtm>

React: http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/chemaids/react.html

CATmandu: http://www.karma2go.com/technology/catmandu.htm

Consequences Assessment Tool Set (CATS):
http://www.saic.com/products/simulation/cats/cats.html
http://www.dtra.mil/td/acecenter/td_cats.html

FEMA Flood Hazard Mapping Software:
<http://www.fema.gov/mit/tsd/frm_soft.shtm>

CLASIC/2: <http://www.air-boston.com/_public/html/aboutclasic2.asp>
<http://www.air-boston.com/_public/html/terrorism.asp>

EM Tools: http://www.emistech.com/emtools.asp NHEMATIS