**Chapter 14. Cooperative Business Relationships**

**14.1 General**

PHAs can choose to coordinate, collaborate, partner, or contract with
various types of public or private entities to administer or manage any
or all of their programs or to handle procurement matters. This chapter
assists PHAs in recognizing the benefits of these relationships and
explains how the Federal procurement regulations apply. Please note
that, for PHAs to access various interagency purchasing agreements, the
underlying contract(s) must have been procured in accordance with **24
CFR 85.36**.

Use of cooperative and interagency agreements can often greatly simplify
and expedite the procurement process by relieving the PHA of developing
specifications or issuing solicitations. These cooperative arrangements
can also offer substantial discounts over what a PHA might be required
to pay if it purchased the items on its own.

Please note that requirements of a PHA associated with a mixed-finance
development process are addressed separately in Chapter 16 of this
Handbook.

**14.2 Intergovernmental Agreements for Procurement Activity**

A. **Requirements**. A PHA may enter into intergovernmental or
interagency purchasing agreements without competitive procurement
provided the following conditions are met:

1\. The agreement provides for greater economy and efficiency and
results in cost savings to the PHA. Before utilizing an interagency
agreement for procurement, the PHA should compare the cost and
availability of the identified supplies or services on the open market
with the cost of purchasing them through another unit of government to
determine if it is the most economical and efficient method;

2\. The agreement is used for common supplies and services that are of a
routine nature only. In deciding whether it is appropriate for the PHA
to obtain supplies or services through an intergovernmental agreement
rather than through a competitive procurement, the nature of the
required supplies or services will be a determining factor.
Intergovernmental agreements may be used only for the procurement and
use of common supplies and services. If services, required by the PHA,
are provided by the State or locality and are part of that government's
normal duties and responsibilities, it is permissible for the PHA to
share the services and cost of staff under an agreement. For example, a
PHA could enter into an intergovernmental agreement, without competitive
procurement, to use the services of a local government's accounting
office to conduct an annual audit of its books or to use the services of
a city health agency to provide advice about drug abuse prevention
strategies. A PHA could not, however, without competitive procurement,
enter into an intergovernmental agreement with a local police department
to purchase cabinets manufactured by the police department (the
manufacturing of cabinets is not a normal function of a law enforcement
agency);

3\. PHAs must take steps to ensure that any supplies or services
obtained using another agency's contract are purchased in compliance
with **24 CFR 85.36**;

4\. A PHA's procurement files should contain a copy of the
Intergovernmental Agreement and documentation showing that cost and
availability were evaluated before the agreement was executed, and these
factors are reviewed and compared at least annually with those contained
in the agreement; and

5\. The agreement must be between the PHA and a state or local
governmental agency, which may be another PHA.

B. **Examples**. Types of intergovernmental agreements may include, but
are not limited to:

1\. Paying a city for the cost of additional police patrols (i.e., for
special "community policing" efforts) so long as those patrols are above
and beyond those that the police department would provide under the
PHA's Cooperation Agreement with the city (see **Appendix 16** for
sample intergovernmental agreement);

2\. Using the city's Recreation Department to operate an after-school
sports program for residents of public housing;

3\. Using the services of the city's accounting office to conduct an
internal audit;

4\. Sharing warehouse space with the city;

5\. Purchasing supplies and services through a local, county, or State
government's supply, service, or equipment contractor;

6\. Using a local, county, or State governmental unit, including another
PHA, to perform procurement activities for the PHA; or

7\. Using bonding services from a state Housing Finance Agency.

C. **Process for Using Intergovernmental Agreements**. Typically, the
process for entering into intergovernmental agreements is as follows:

1\. The government agency solicits bids or proposals, then enters into
contracts with vendors for a variety of supplies or services;

2\. The PHA enters into an agreement with the government agency whereby
the PHA is able to order supplies and services from the vendors who have
a contractual agreement to furnish the supplies and services to the
government agency (note, however, that some states/localities allow for
PHAs to access state/local contracts directly without any formal
agreement between the PHA and the lead agency);

3\. The PHA orders the supplies or services covered by the government
contract at the prices specified;

4\. Depending on the agreement structure, PHAs may order the supplies or
services either directly from the vendor or indirectly from the
government agency; and

5\. Again, depending on the agreement structure, the vendor will bill
the PHA directly and payment will be made to the vendor or, if ordered
through the sponsoring agency, the PHA will reimburse the agency
directly.

D. **Terms of Agreement**. Most government agencies will have their own
intergovernmental agreement forms. However, the PHA should review any
standard agreements to make sure that all applicable procurement
regulations are met and that the PHA's interests are protected. PHAs
should consider inclusion of the following provisions in their
intergovernmental agreements:

1\. Identification of the parties;

2\. Effective date;

3\. Basic purpose of the agreement;

4\. Procedures for providing lists of needed items;

5\. Description of items to be purchased;

6\. Identification of lead party in the procurement;

7\. Rules or codes that should be followed in the procurement (PHA
procurement policy, State procurement code, Federal Regulations, etc.);

8\. Delivery terms;

9\. Types of contract (indefinite quantity, etc.);

10\. Warranty terms;

11\. Any fees to be paid to the lead agency;

12\. Procedures for resolving disputes with contractors;

13\. Procedures for resolving disputes between the parties;

14\. Procedures for bilateral modification or early termination of the
agreement.

15\. Any provisions for meetings on specification issues;

16\. Non-exclusivity clause (right to conduct separate procurements,
notwithstanding the existence of a cooperative purchasing agreement);
and

17\. Authorized signatures and titles.

E. **Evaluating the Use of Intergovernmental Agreements**. After
entering into an agreement, PHAs should compare cost and availability
annually to determine if the terms of the agreement continue to pass the
tests of economy and efficiency.

> F. **Federal Supply Schedule Contracts**. The General Services
> Administration (GSA) within the Federal government awards a wide
> variety of contracts under which Federal agencies may purchase
> supplies and services from pre-priced schedules. (Note: These
> contracts may provide supplies or services despite the name Federal
> Supply Schedule.) Section 211 of the E-Government Act of 2002 only
> allows for state and local government entities (including PHAs) to
> purchase from GSA Schedule 70, Information Technology, and
> Consolidated (formerly Corporate Contracts) Schedule contracts
> containing IT SINs. State and local government entities may not
> purchase information technology from any other GSA Schedules. No other
> schedule contracts are available to PHAs. In addition, PHAs may not
> purchase items from GSA schedule contractors on a noncompetitive
> basis. PHAs may solicit GSA contractors for prices for supplies and
> services when conducting competitive procurements, but they shall be
> considered only another potential source.

**14.3 Selecting Joint Venture Partners**

In connection with the provision of PHA administrative or management
functions of public housing, or the provision of supportive and social
services, PHAs may use one of the following options for the selection of
joint venture partners:

A. The QBS method, using a RFQ, subject to the negotiation of a fair and
reasonable price; or

B. The solicitation of a sole source proposal, under the following
conditions:

1\. The proposed joint venture partner has under its control and will
make available to the partnership substantial, unique, and tangible
resources or other benefits that would not otherwise be available to the
PHA on the open market (such as planning expertise, program experience,
or financial or other resources).

In this case, the PHA must carefully and thoroughly document both the
cost reasonableness and the unique qualifications offered by its
proposed partner; or

2\. A resident group or a PHA subsidiary is willing and able to act as
the partner in performing the administrative or management function or
to provide supportive or social services. A resident group or a PHA
subsidiary must comply with the requirements of **24 CFR Part 84** (if
the entity is a nonprofit) or **24 CFR Part 85** (if it is a State or
local government) in selecting members of the team. Team members must be
paid on a cost reimbursement basis only. The PHA must document the cost
reasonableness of its selection of a resident group or subsidiary and
the group's ability to act as a PHA partner.

**14.4 Conflict of Interest Considerations for Joint Ventures,
Subsidiaries and Affiliates**

Federal, and often State and local procurement laws, contain various
conflict of interest provisions barring PHAs from obtaining supplies and
services from persons or entities with certain conflicts.

A. Section 515 of the old ACC (53010 and 53011) specifies that
transactions between PHAs and any joint venture, subsidiary, affiliate,
or other identity-of-interest entity must comply with the conflict of
interest provisions.

B. Section 19 of the new ACC (HUD 53012-A, 7/95) similarly specifies
that PHA transactions must comply with the conflict of interest
provisions. In addition, the conflict of interest provisions of **24 CFR
85.36** must also be followed if Federal grant funds are involved.

C. In addition to Federal conflict of interest provisions in the ACC and
in **24 CFR 85.36**, all joint venture partners and the joint venture as
a whole must comply with State and local procurement and conflict of
interest requirements in conducting activities to acquire supplies and
services. A person who is a member of both a PHA's Board of
Commissioners and another entity's governing board may not participate
in actions by the PHA Board that are incidental agreements with the
entity and may present a conflict of interest, real or apparent.

D. Disclosures of conflict must be made to HUD and waivers of conflict
under the ACC and exceptions under **24 CFR 85.36** must be submitted to
the HUD Field Offices for approval by HUD Headquarters if the HUD Field
Office recommends approval. HUD Headquarters will determine if good
cause exists for approving a waiver under the ACC or an exception under
**24 CFR 85.36**.

E. The ability of a PHA Board to act at all in these cases will be
determined by whether a quorum of Board members is left after the
abstentions of common board members who have conflicts.

**14.5 Procurement Requirements of Joint Venture Partners (24 CFR Part
943, Subpart C)**

A. A joint venture partner is generally not a grantee or subgrantee and,
accordingly, is not required to follow **24 CFR Parts 84** or **85** in
procuring supplies or services. The exception to this general rule
applies if the joint venture partner is a subsidiary, affiliate or
identity-of- interest party of the PHA. (See Section 14.6.B below.)

B. If the joint venture partner is a resident group, subsidiary,
affiliate, or identity-of-interest party of the PHA, it must comply with
**24 CFR Parts 84** or **85**, as applicable. HUD may, on a case-by-case
basis, grant an exemption to the joint venture partner from the need to
comply with the requirements under **24 CFR 85.36** if HUD determines
there is good cause and that the joint venture partner has developed an
acceptable alternative procurement plan.

C. A selected joint venture partner may contract with an
identity-of-interest party for goods or services or a party specified in
the selected bidder's response to an RFP or RFQ (as applicable) without
further procurement if:

1\. The PHA can demonstrate that its original competitive selection of
the partner clearly anticipated the later provision of such goods and
services;

2\. Compensation of all identity-of-interest parties is structured to
ensure that there is no duplication of profit or expenses; and

3\. The PHA can demonstrate that its selection is reasonable based on
prevailing market costs and standards, and the quality and timeliness of
the goods and services is comparable to that available in the open
market.

**14.6 Contracting with PHA Subsidiaries, Affiliates, and Joint Venture
Partners**

A PHA may, in connection with public housing, contract with a joint
venture partner, subsidiary, or affiliate to perform (1) administrative
or maintenance services, (2) the provision of social and supportive
services, or (3) other services only after compliance with **24 CFR
85.36**, i.e., full and open competition.

**14.7 Consortia**

The 1998 Quality Housing and Work Responsibility Act (QHWRA) created a
new Section 13 of the Housing Act of 1937 that authorizes PHAs to form a
special type of consortium, called a Section 13 Consortium. Regulations
on Consortia can be found at **24 CFR Part 943**.

A. Under a Section 13 Consortium, participating PHAs enter into a
consortium agreement, submit joint PHA Plans to HUD, and may combine all
or part of their funding and program administration.

B. Although PHAs do not need to comply with **24 CFR 85.36** to enter
into Consortia, the consortium itself must comply.

**14.8 Considerations**

A PHA should consider several factors before deciding to participate in
a particular type of operating organization, including:

> • The complexity of the program(s) to be managed and administered;
>
> • Technical capability of staff;
>
> • PHA financial strength;
>
> • PHA willingness to assume financial risk;
>
> • PHA statutory and contractual powers;
>
> • Identity-of-interest and conflict of interest issues; and
>
> • State Law. PHAs are typically created through State-enabling
> legislation and governed by State statutes. As a result, contractual
> powers may vary significantly. For this reason, PHAs should have legal
> counsel investigate the specific limitations, liabilities, and
> authority available under State law before entering into any
> cooperative business relationship.