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**Introduction to Databases on Significant Metalliferous and Selected
Non-Metalliferous Lode Deposits, and Selected Placer Districts of
Northeast Asia**

# By Sodov Ariunbileg[^1^]{.smallcaps}, Gennandiy V. Biryul\'kin[^2^]{.smallcaps}, Jamba Byamba[^3^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Yury V. Davydov[^3^]{.smallcaps}, Gunchin Dejidmaa[^4^]{.smallcaps}, Elimir G. Distanov[^5^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Dangindorjiin Dorjgotov[^3^]{.smallcaps}, Gennadiy N. Gamyanin[^2^]{.smallcaps}, Ochir Gerel[^6^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Valeriy Yu. Fridovskiy[^7^]{.smallcaps}, Ayurzana Gotovsuren^8^, Duk Hwan Hwang[^9^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Anatoliy P. Kochnev^10^, Alexei V. Kostin[^2^]{.smallcaps}, Mikhail I. Kuzmin[^11^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Sergey A. Letunov^11^, Jiliang Li[^12^]{.smallcaps}, Xujun Li[^12^]{.smallcaps}, Galina D. Malceva^10^, 

# V.D. Melnikov[^2^]{.smallcaps}, Valeriy M. Nikitin[^7^]{.smallcaps}, Alexander A. Obolenskiy[^5^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Masatsugu Ogasawara[^13^]{.smallcaps}, Demberel Orolmaa[^1^]{.smallcaps}, Leonid M. Parfenov[^2^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Nikolay V. Popov[^5^]{.smallcaps}, Andrei V. Prokopiev[^2^]{.smallcaps}, Vladimir Ratkin[^14^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Sergey M. Rodionov[^15^]{.smallcaps}, Zhan V. Seminskiy[^10^]{.smallcaps}, Vladimir I. Shpikerman[^16^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Alexander P. Smelov[^2^]{.smallcaps}, Vitaly I. Sotnikov[^5^]{.smallcaps}, Alexander V. Spiridonov[^11^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Valeriy V. Stogniy[^7^]{.smallcaps}, Sadahisa Sudo[^13^]{.smallcaps}, Fengyue Sun[^12^]{.smallcaps}, Jiapeng Sun[^12^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Weizhi Sun[^12^]{.smallcaps}, Valeriy M. Supletsov[^10^]{.smallcaps}, Vladimir F. Timofeev[^2^]{.smallcaps}, Oleg A. Tyan[^2^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Valeriy G. Vetluzhskikh[^2^]{.smallcaps}, Aihua Xi[^12^]{.smallcaps}, Yakov V. Yakovlev[^2^]{.smallcaps}, Hongquan Yan[^12^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Vladimir I. Zhizhin[^7^]{.smallcaps}, Nikolay N. Zinchuk[^19^]{.smallcaps}, and Lydia M. Zorina[^11^]{.smallcaps}

# Edited by Warren J. Nokleberg[^158^]{.smallcaps} and Tatiana V. Bounaeva^11^, 

# Robert J. Miller[^15^]{.smallcaps}, and Zhan V. Seminskiy[^10^]{.smallcaps}

^1^ Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar

^2^ Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk

[^3^]{.smallcaps} Mongolian National University, Ulaanbaatar

^4^ Mineral Resources Authority of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar

[^5^]{.smallcaps} Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk

^6^ Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar

^7^ Yakutian State University, Yakutsk

^8^ Mongolia Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Ulaanbaatar

^9^ Korean Institute of Geology, Mining, and Mineral Resources, Taejon

^10^ Irkutsk State Technical University, Irkutsk

^11^ Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk

^12^ Jilin University, Changchun

^13^ Geological Survey of Japan/AIST, Tsukuba

^14^ Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok

[^15^]{.smallcaps} Russian Academy of Sciences, Khabarovsk

[^16^]{.smallcaps} Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan

^15^ Russian Academy of Sciences, Blagoveschensk

[^19^]{.smallcaps} ALROSA Joint Company, Mirnyi

[^18^]{.smallcaps} U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park

# Introduction

This publication is a digital database compilation of the significant
metalliferous and selected non-metalliferous lode deposits and placer
districts of Northeast Asia. This region includes Eastern Siberia,
Russian Far East, Mongolia, Northeast China, South Korea, and Japan. The
report provides detailed summaries of the important features of the
significant lode deposits and placer districts along with a summary of
mineral deposit models, and lists of cited references. Data are provided
herein for 1,674 significant lode deposits of the region and 91 placer
districts for the region.

The databases for significant lode deposits and placer districts are
given in the following files in the directory named DATABASE:

1\. lode deposits.fp5 Lode deposit database for NE Asia in FileMaker Pro
5 format.

2\. lode deposits.xls Lode deposit database for NE Asia in Excel format.

3\. lode deposits.db4 Lode deposit database for NE Asia in dBase format.

4\. lode deposits.doc Lode deposit database for NE Asia in Word format.

5\. lode deposits.txt Lode deposit database for NE Asia in
tab-delineated text format.

6\. placer districts.fp5 Placer district database for NE Asia in
FileMaker Pro 5 format.

7\. placer districts.xls Placer district database for NE Asia in Excel
format.

8\. placer districts.db4 Placer district database for NE Asia in dBase
format.

9\. placer districts.doc Placer district database for NE Asia in Word
format.

10\. placer districts.txt Placer district database for NE Asia in
tab-delineated text format.

On this CD-ROM, the databases for lode deposits and placer districts are
sorted in order of map row, map column, and number in quadrant, as
explained below. This sorting parallels the map showing locations of
lode deposits and placer districts. The databases be resorted according
to the wishes of the user and capabilities of the database and other
programs.

The complete references for the databases are given in the following
files in the directory named TEXT FILES.

1\. lode references.doc References for NE Asia lode deposits in Word
format.

2\. placer references.doc References for NE Asia lode placer districts
in Word format.

The directory named LOCATION contains a map in Adobe Acrobat PDF format
that shows the locations of the lode deposits and placer districts at a
scale of 1:7,500,000. The base for the map is a simplified version of a
Northeast Asia Geodynamics Map that is published separately.

These databases are prepared by a large group of Russian, Chinese,
Mongolian, South Korean, Japanese, and USA geologists who are members of
the joint international project on *Major Mineral Deposits,
Metallogenesis, and Tectonics of Northeast Asia*. This project is being
conducted by the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Mongolian Academy of
Sciences, Mongolian National University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolian
Technical University, the Mineral Resources Authority of Mongolia,
Geological Research Institute, Jilin University, China Geological
Survey, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, the
Geological Survey of Japan, and the U.S. Geological Survey. Information
about major goals and pubications for this project is available at the
USGS Internet/Web site at
http://minerals.usgs.gov/west/projects/minres.html. This report is
published in digital format on a CD-ROM. This report is one of a series
of studies on the mineral deposits, metallogenic belts, bedrock geology,
and tectonics of the Northeast Asia. This report is one of a series of
reports on the mineral resources, metallogenesis, geodynamics, and
metallogenesis of the region.

# Metallogenic, Tectonic, Alteration, and Specialized Rock Name Definitions

The following key definitions are provided.

*Aleurolite*. Siltstone.

*Beresite*. A greisen or altered rock with quartz, sericite, carbonate
(mainly ankerite), and pyrite.

*Deposit*. A general term for any lode or placer mineral occurrence,
mineral deposit, prospect, and (or) mine.

*Listvenite.* An altered rock with quartz, fuchsite (Cr mica), chlorite,
sericite, and carbonate (mainly magnesite and breunnerite).

*Metallogenic belt*. A geologic unit (area) that either contains or is
favorable for a group of coeval and genetically-related, significant
lode deposit models.

*Metasomatite*. A rock whose chemical composition is substantially
changed by metasomatic alteration of original constutents. Examples are
skarn and hydrothermally-altered rock..

*Mine*. A site where valuable minerals have been extracted.

*Mineral deposit*. A site where concentrations of potentially valuable
minerals for which grade and tonnage estimates have been made.

*Mineral occurrence.* A site of potentially valuable minerals on which
no visible exploration has occurred, or for which no grade and tonnage
estimates have been made.

*Overlap assemblage.* A postaccretion unit of sedimentary or igneous
rocks deposited on, or intruded into, two or more adjacent terranes
(Jones and others, 1983; Howell and others, 1985; Nokleberg and others,
2000). The sedimentary and volcanic parts either depositionally overlie,
or are interpreted to have originally depositionally overlain, two or
more adjacent terranes, or terranes and the craton margin. Overlapping
plutonic rocks, which may be coeval and genetically related to overlap
volcanic rocks, link or stitch together adjacent terranes, or a terrane
and a craton margin.

*Prospect*. A site of potentially valuable minerals in which excavation
has occurred.

*Secondary quartzite.* A metasomatic quartz-rich rock formed during
hydrothermal alteration or supergene alteration associated with porphyry
Cu or Mo deposits.

*Significant mineral deposit*. A mine, mineral deposit, prospect, or
occurrence that is judged as important in the metallogenesis of a
geographic region.

*Terrane.* A fault-bounded geologic entity or fragment that is
characterized by a distinctive geologic history that differs markedly
from that of adjacent terranes (Jones and others, 1983; Howell and
others, 1985; Nokleberg and others, 2000). Constitutes a physical
entity, i.e., a stratigraphic succession bounded by faults, inferred
faults, or an intensely-deformed structural complex bounded by faults.
Some terranes may be displaced (faulted) facies of other terranes.

## Lode and Placer Mineral Deposit Models

For description and classification, lode mineral and placer deposits are
classified into various models or types. Detailed descriptions are
provided in the companion paper by Obolenskiy and others on this CD-ROM.
The following principles are employed for synthesis of mineral deposit
models for this study. (1) Deposit forming processes are closely related
to rock-forming processes (Obruchev, 1928). (2) Mineral deposits
originate as the result of mineral mass differentiation in sedimentary,
magmatic, and metamorphic circles of formation of rocks and geological
structures (Smirnov, 1969). And (3) the classification is easily
understood, and open so that new types of the deposits can be added (Cox
and Singer, 1986).

In this classification for this study, lode deposits are grouped into
the hierarchic levels of metallogenic taxons according to such their
stable features as: (a) environment of formation of host and
genetically-related rocks, (b) genetic features of the deposit, and (c)
mineral and (or) elemental composition of the ore. The six hierarchial
levels are as follows.

Group of deposits

Class of deposits

Clan of deposits

Deposit types (models)

The deposit models are subdivided into the following four large groups
according to major geological rock-forming processes: (1) deposits
related to magmatic processes; (2) deposits related to
hydrothermal-sedimentary processes; (3) deposits related to metamorphic
processes; (4) deposits related to surficial processes and (5) exotic
deposits. Each group includes several classes. For example, the group of
deposits related to magmatic processes includes two classes: (1) those
related to intrusive rocks; and (2) those related to extrusive rocks.
Each class includes several clans, and so on. The most detailed
subdivisions are for magmatic-related deposits because they are the most
abundant in the project area. In the below classification, lode deposit
types models that share a similar origin, such as magnesian and (or)
calcic skarns, or porphyry deposits, are grouped together under a single
genus with several types

(or species) within the genus.

.

**Table 1. Hierarchial ranking of mineral deposit models.**

Deposits related to magmatic processes

Deposits related to intrusive magmatic rocks

I. Deposits related to mafic and ultramafic intrusions

A. Deposits associated with differentiated mafic-ultramafic complexes

Mafic-ultramafic related Cu-Ni-PGE

Mafic-ultramafic related Ti-Fe ([+]{.underline}V)

Zoned mafic-ultramafic Cr-PGE

B. Deposits associated with ophiolitic complexes

Podiform chromite

Serpentinite-hosted asbestos

C. Deposits associated with anorthosite complexes

Anorthosite apatite-Ti-Fe-P

D. Deposits associated with kimberlite

Diamond-bearing kimberlite

II\. Deposits related to intermediate and felsic intrusions

A. Pegmatite

Muscovite pegmatite

REE-Li pegmatite

B. Greisen and quartz vein

Fluorite greisen

Sn-W greisen, stockwork, and quartz vein

W-Mo-Be greisen, stockwork, and quartz vein

C. Alkaline metasomatite

Ta-Nb-REE alkaline metasomatite

D. Skarn (contact metasomatic)

Au skarn

Boron (datolite) skarn

Carbonate-hosted asbestos

Co skarn

Cu (±Fe, Au, Ag, Mo) skarn

Fe skarn

Fe-Zn skarn

Sn skarn

Sn-B (Fe) skarn (ludwigite)

W±Mo±Be skarn

Zn-Pb (±Ag, Cu) skarn

E. Porphyry and granitoid pluton-hosted deposit

Cassiterite-sulfide-silicate vein and stockwork

Felsic plutonic U-REE

Granitoid-related Au vein

Polymetallic Pb-Zn ± Cu (±Ag, Au) vein and stockwork

Porphyry Au

Porphyry Cu (±Au)

Porphyry Cu-Mo (±Au, Ag)

Porphyry Mo (±W, Bi)

Porphyry Sn

III\. Deposits related to alkaline intrusions

A. Carbonatite-related deposits

Apatite carbonatite

Fe-REE carbonatite

Fe-Ti (±Ta, Nb, Fe,Cu, apatite) carbonatite

Phlogopite carbonatite

REE (±Ta, Nb, Fe) carbonatite

B. Alkaline-silicic intrusions related deposits

Alkaline complex-hosted Au

Peralkaline granitoid-related Nb-Zr-REE

Albite syenite-related REE

Ta-Li ongonite

C. Alkaline-gabbroic intrusion-related deposits

Charoite metasomatite

Magmatic and metasomatic apatite

Magmatic graphite

Magmatic nepheline

Deposits related to extrusive rocks

IV\. Deposits related to marine extrusive rocks

A. Massive sulfide deposits

Besshi Cu-Zn-Ag massive sulfide

Cyprus Cu-Zn massive sulfide

Korean Pb-Zn massive sulfide

Volcanogenic Cu-Zn massive sulfide (Urals type)

Volcanogenic Zn-Pb-Cu massive sulfide (Kuroko, Altai types)

B. Volcanogenic-sedimentary deposits

Volcanogenic-hydrothermal-sedimentary massive sulfide Pb-Zn (±Cu)

Volcanogenic-sedimentary Fe

Volcanogenic-sedimentary Mn

V. Deposits related to subaerial extrusive rocks

A. Deposits associated with mafic extrusive rocks and dike complexes

Ag-Sb vein

Basaltic native Cu (Lake Superior type)

Hg-Sb-W vein and stockwork

Hydrothermal Iceland spar

Ni-Co arsenide vein

Silica-carbonate (listvenite) Hg

Trap related Fe skarn (Angara-Ilim type)

B. Deposits associated with felsic to intermediate extrusive rocks

Au-Ag epithermal vein

Ag-Pb epithermal vein

Au potassium metasomatite (Kuranakh type)

Barite vein

Be tuff

Carbonate-hosted As-Au metasomatite

Carbonate-hosted fluorspar

Carbonate-hosted Hg-Sb

Clastic sediment-hosted Hg±Sb

Epithermal quartz-alunite

Fluorspar vein

Hydrothermal-sedimentary fluorite

Limonite from spring water

Mn vein

Polymetallic (Pb, Zn±Cu, Ba, Ag, Au) volcanic-hosted metasomatite

Polymetallic (Pb, Zn, Ag) carbonate-hosted metasomatite

Rhyolite-hosted Sn

Sulfur-sulfide (S, FeS2)

Volcanic-hosted Au-base-metal metasomatite

Volcanic-hosted Hg

Volcanic-hosted U

Volcanic-hosted zeolite

Deposits related to hydrothermal-sedimentary sedimentary processes

VI\. Stratiform and stratabound deposits

Bedded barite

Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn (Mississippi valley type)

Sediment-hosted Cu

Sedimentary exhalative Pb-Zn (SEDEX)

VII\. Sedimentary rock-hosted deposits

Chemical-sedimentary Fe-Mn

Evaporate halite

Evaporate sedimentary gypsum

Sedimentary bauxite

Sedimentary celestite

Sedimentary phosphate

Sedimentary Fe-V

Sedimentary siderite Fe

Stratiform Zr (Algama Type)

VIII\. Polygenic carbonate-hosted deposits

Polygenic REE-Fe-Nb deposits (Bayan-Obo type)

Deposits related to metamorphic processes

IX\. Sedimentary-metamorphic deposits

Banded iron formation (BIF, Algoma Fe)

Banded iron formation (BIF, Superior Fe)

Homestake Au

Sedimentary-metamorphic borate

Sedimentary-metamorphic magnesite

X. Deposits related to regionally metamorphosed rocks

Au in black shale

Au in shear zone and quartz vein

Clastic-sediment-hosted Sb-Au

Cu-Ag vein

Piezoquartz

Rhodusite asbestos

Talc (magnesite) replacement

Metamorphic graphite

Metamorphic sillimanite

Phlogopite skarn

Deposits related to surficial proceses

XI\. Residual deposts

Bauxite (karst type)

Laterite Ni

Weathering crust Mn (±Fe)

Weathering crust and karst phosphate

Weathering crust carbonatite REE-Zr-Nb-Li

XII\. Depositional deposits

Placer and paleoplacer Au

Placer diamond

Placer PGE

Placer Sn

Placer Ti-Zr

REE and Fe oolite

Exotic deposits

Impact diamond

# Descriptions of Headings for Tabular Descriptions for Significant Lode Deposits and Placer Districts

## Map Number, Name, Major Metals

Map number refers to a specific deposit in a given region. Lode deposits
and placer districts are numbered separately within individual quadrants
bounded by integer values of 4° of latitude and 6° of longitude. The
quadrants are numbered from west to east, and are lettered from south to
north. A latitude and longitude location is stated for each deposit in
degrees and minutes. Names of lode deposits are derived from published
sources or common usage. In some cases, two deposits are grouped
together and both names are given. In other cases, an alternate name is
given in parentheses. Major metals are the known potentially valuable
metals reported for each deposit, and are listed in order of decreasing
abundance and (or) value, and are shown by standard chemical symbols.

## Lode Deposit Type

Type of lode deposit, or lode deposit model is an interpretation that
was made by examining the summary of the deposit and then classifying
the deposit using the deposit models previously described. The type is
queried where insufficient description precludes precise determination.
For a few deposits, either the closest two deposit models are listed, or
else a short description is given in parentheses.

## Summary with References

The summary is a brief description of the major features of the deposit.
Where known, the major economic minerals, gangue minerals, and the
deposit form are stated. Form of deposit denotes the physical aspect of
a deposit, whether, for example, a vein, disseminated mineral grains, or
masses of minerals. Form is descriptive, and is distinct from genetic
terms such as *contact metasomatic* or *volcanogenic*, which imply
origin or history. Because lode deposits may be geologically complex, a
deposit may contain more than one form, and certain forms may be
gradational. Where known, estimates of tonnage and grade are listed, or
else the terms small, medium, or large size, and low-, medium-, or
high-grade are used. Tonnages are listed in tonnes (metric tons). Grades
are stated either in weight percent (%), for abundant metals, or in
grams per tonne (g/t) for scarce and precious metals. In many deposits,
the only available information is on the grade(s) of grab samples. The
metric system (SI) is used for all volume and weight measurements. If
publicly known, the length, width, and depth of the deposit are stated.
Additional information on the host rocks and their relation to the
deposit are also stated. Information on extent of underground or surface
workings and on the period of mining or development is given, if known.
Sources of information, stated at the end of each summary, are the
references and oral or written communications used to compile the data
for each deposit. Unpublished data gathered expressly for this report
are indicated by the terms *written communication* or *oral
communication*.

# Tabular Descriptions for Significant Placer Districts

Table headings for deposits in placer districts are described only for
headings differing from those for lode deposits. District refers to the
name of a group of geologically and geographically related placer
deposits, as derived from published sources or from general usage. In
some cases, two or more districts are grouped together and both names
are given. In other cases, an alternate name is given in parentheses.
Type refers to the placer deposit type as determined by examining the
description of the district and then classifying using one of the
deposit models described above. Economic and significant heavy minerals
are reported for each district, listed in order of decreasing abundance.

# Abbreviations in Tables

Standard chemical symbols: for example, Au, gold; Cu, copper; Fe, iron;
U, uranium

PGE: Platinum-group elements\--minerals and alloys

REE: Rare-earth elements

mm, cm, m, km: millimeter, centimeter, meter, kilometer

g, kg, t: gram, kilogram, metric ton

g/t, g/m3: grams per metric ton, grams per cubic meter

tonne: metric ton

%: weight percent

sq: square

# Conversion Factors for Tables

The following conversion factors were used to convert weight and volume
from U.S. Customary to metric quantities:

1 cubic yard = 0.765 cubic meter

1 troy ounce per short ton = 34.29 grams per metric ton

1 part per million = 1 gram per metric ton

1 pound = 0.454 kilogram

1 troy ounce = 31.10 grams

1 short ton = 0.907 metric ton

1 flask (76.0 pounds mercury) = 34.7 kilograms

# Tabular Descriptions for Sizes of Lode Deposits

Size categories for lode mineral deposits, adapted from Guild (1981),
are listed below. These size categories define the terms *world class,
large, medium, and small*. These size categories are used mainly in the
parts of Table 1 on the lode deposits where specific tonnage and grade
data are not yet available. The *small* category may include occurrences
of unknown size. Units are metric tons of metal or mineral contained,

unless otherwise specified.

.

Table 2. Size categories for lode mineral deposits, adapted from Guild
(1981).

+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| **Metal**      | **World    | **Large \>** | **Medium    | **\<     |
|                | Class \>** |              | \>**        | Small**  |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
|                |            |              |             |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Antimony       |            | 50,000       | 5,000       |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Barite (BaSO4) |            | 5,000,000    | 50,000      |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Chromium       |            | 1,000,000    | 10,000      |          |
|                |            |              |             |          |
| (Cr2O3)        |            |              |             |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Cobalt         |            | 20,000       | 1,000       |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Copper         | 5 million  | 1,000,000    | 50,000      |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Gold           |            | 500          | 25          |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Iron (ore)     |            | 100,000,000  | 5,000,000   |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Lead           | 5 million  | 1,000,000    | 50,000      |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Magnesium      |            | 10,000,000   | 100,000     |          |
|                |            |              |             |          |
| (MgCO3)        |            |              |             |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Manganese      |            | 10,000,000   | 100,000     |          |
|                |            |              |             |          |
| (tons of 40%   |            |              |             |          |
| Mn)            |            |              |             |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Mercury        |            | 500,000      | 10,000      |          |
|                |            |              |             |          |
| (flasks)       |            |              |             |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Molybdenum     | 500,000    | 200,000      | 5,000       |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Nickel         | 1 million  | 500,000      | 25,000      |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Ni             |            | 100,000      | 1,000       |          |
| obium-Tantalum |            |              |             |          |
| (R205)         |            |              |             |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Platinum group |            | 500          | 25          |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Pyrite (FeS2)  |            | 20,000,000   | 200,000     |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Rare earths    |            | 1,000,000    | 1,000       |          |
| (RE203)        |            |              |             |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Silver         |            | 10,000       | 500         |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Tin            |            | 100,000      | 5,000       |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Titanium       |            | 10,000,000   | 1,000,000   |          |
| (Ti02)         |            |              |             |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Tungsten       | 30,000     | 10,000       | 500         |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Vanadium       | 30,000     | 10,000       | 500         |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+
| Zinc           | 5 million  | 1,000,000    | 50,000      |          |
+----------------+------------+--------------+-------------+----------+

# ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the many geologists who have worked with us for their valuable
expertise on the mineral deposits, geology, metallogenesis, and
tectonics of Northeast Asia. We thank Russian interpreters Tatiana
Bounaeva and Elena Koltunova for their skill and assistance during long
and complex scientific

dialogues, and for translation of complex geologic unit and mineral
deposit descriptions, and references. We also thank Dennis P. Cox and
Jeff L. Doebrich for their constructive reviews.

# REFERENCES CITED

Cox, D.P. and Singer, D.A., eds., 1986, Mineral deposit models: U.S.
Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, 379 p.

Guild, P.W., 1981, Preliminary metallogenic map of North America: A
numerical listing of deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 858-A, 93
p.

Howell, D.G., Jones, D.L., and Schermer, E.R., 1985,
Tectonostratigraphic terranes of the Circum-Pacific region: principles
of terrane analysis, *in* Howell, D.G., ed., Tectonostratigraphic
terranes of the Circum-Pacific region: Circum-Pacific Council for Energy
and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series, v. 1, p. 3-31.

Jones, D.L., Howell, D.G., Coney, P.J., and Monger, J.W.H., 1983,
Recognition, character, and analysis of tectonostratigraphic terranes in
western North America, *in* Hashimoto, M., and Uyeda, S., eds.,
Accretion tectonics in the circum-Pacific region: proceedings of the Oji
International Seminar on Accretion Tectonics, Japan, 1981: Tokyo, Terra
Scientific Publishing Co., Advances in Earth and Planetary Sciences, p.
21-35.

Nokleberg, W.J., Parfenov, L.M., Monger, J.W.H., Norton, I.O., Khanchuk,
A.I., Stone, D.B., Scholl, D.W., and Fujita, K., 2000, Phanerozoic
tectonic evolution of the Circum-North Pacific: U.S. Geological Survey
Professional Paper 1626, 122 p.

Obruchev, V.V., 1928, Various investigations on ore deposit systematics:
Journal of Mineralogy, Geology, and Paleontology, v. A., no. 4, p.
143-146 (in German).

Smirnov, V.I., 1969, Geology of useful minerals: Nedra, Moscow, 687 p.
(in Russian).