**References for Treatment Report**

1\. Institute of Medicine. Gulf War Veterans: Treating Symptoms and
Syndromes. Committee on Identifying Effective Treatments for Gulf War
Veterans\' Health Problems. Editors Bernard M. Rosof and Lyla M.
Hernandez. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2001:152.

2\. Moher D, Reviews. DotTCCCfS, Assistant CHoEORIa, Professor of the
Department of Pediatrics at the University of Ottawa. Does the inclusion
of grey literature influence the estimates of intervention effectiveness
reported in meta-analyses? \[abstract\]. *Research Seminar Series, UCLA
Division of General Internal Medicine/Health Services Research and the
Clinical Scholars Program. June 2000.* Los Angeles; 2000.

3\. Collins JF, Donta ST, Engel CC, et al. The antibiotic treatment
trial of Gulf War Veterans\' Illnesses: issues, design, screening, and
baseline characteristics. *Control Clin Trials*. 2002;23:333-53.

4\. Hilborne L, Golomb B. A Review of the Scientific Literature as it
Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses, Vol 1: Infectious Diseases. Washington,
DC: RAND; 1998.

5\. Hyman ES. Urinary sediment examination and Gulf War Syndrome. *Am J
Med Sci*. 1998;316:411-3.

6\. Nicolson GL, Nicolson NL. Diagnosis and treatment of mycoplasma
infections. ; 1995.

7\. Nicolson GL, Nicolson NL. The isolation, purification, and analysis
of specific gene-containing nucleoproteins and nucleoprotein complexes.
*Methods Mol Genetics*. 1994;5:281-298.

8\. Rea WJ, Pan Y, Johnson AR, Ross GH, Suyama H, Fenyves EJ. Reduction
of chemical sensitivity by means of heat depuration, physical therapy
and nutritional supplementation in a controlled environment. *J
Nutritional Medicine*. 1996;6.

9\. Kilburn KH, Warsaw RH, Shields MG. Neurobehavioral dysfunction in
firemen exposed to polycholorinated biphenyls (PCBs): possible
improvement after detoxification. *Arch Environ Health*. 1989;44:345-50.

10\. Folkers K, Nilsson JL. \[Coenzyme Q regarded as a vitamin\]. *Nord
Med*. 1970;83:489-93.

11\. Bargossi AM, Battino M, Gaddi A, et al. Exogenous CoQ10 preserves
plasma ubiquinone levels in patients treated with
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. *Int J Clin
Lab Res*. 1994;24:171-6.

12\. England JD, Walsh JC, Stewart P, Boyd I, Rohan A, Halmagyi GM.
Mitochondrial myopathy developing on treatment with the HMG CoA
reductase inhibitors\--simvastatin and pravastatin \[letter\].
*Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine*. 1995;25:374-5.

13\. Barbiroli B, Frassineti C, Martinelli P, et al. Coenzyme Q10
improves mitochondrial respiration in patients with mitochondrial
cytopathies. An in vivo study on brain and skeletal muscle by
phosphorous magnetic resonance spectroscopy. *Cellular and Molecular
Biology*. 1997;43:741-9.

14\. Chen RS, Huang CC, Chu NS. Coenzyme Q10 treatment in mitochondrial
encephalomyopathies. Short-term double-blind, crossover study. *European
Neurology*. 1997;37:212-8.

15\. Folkers K, Simonsen R. Two successful double-blind trials with
coenzyme Q10 (vitamin Q10) on muscular dystrophies and neurogenic
atrophies. *Biochimica et Biophysica Acta*. 1995;1271:281-6.

16\. Kuz\'menko IV, Donchenko GV, Kovalenko VN, Gololobov AD, Tarasova
NV. \[Efficiency of ubiquinone and p-oxybenzoic acid in prevention of
E-hypovitaminosis-induced development of muscular dystrophy\]. *Ukr
Biokhim Zh*. 1981;53:73-9.

17\. Shimomura Y, Suzuki M, Sugiyama S, Hanaki Y, Ozawa T. Protective
effect of coenzyme Q10 on exercise-induced muscular injury. *Biochem
Biophys Res Commun*. 1991;176:349-55.

18\. Kamikawa T, Kobayashi A, Yamashita T, Hayashi H, Yamazaki N.
Effects of coenzyme Q10 on exercise tolerance in chronic stable angina
pectoris. *Am J Cardiol*. 1985;56:247-51.

19\. Alleva R, Tomasetti M, Andera L, et al. Coenzyme Q blocks
biochemical but not receptor-mediated apoptosis by increasing
mitochondrial antioxidant protection. *FEBS Lett*. 2001;503:46-50.

20\. Di Giovanni S, Mirabella M, Spinazzola A, et al. Coenzyme Q10
reverses pathological phenotype and reduces apoptosis in familial CoQ10
deficiency. *Neurology*. 2001;57:515-8.

21\. Fernandez-Ayala DJ, Martin SF, Barroso MP, et al. Coenzyme Q
protects cells against serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis by inhibition
of ceramide release and caspase-3 activation. *Antioxid Redox Signal*.
2000;2:263-75.

22\. Kagan T, Davis C, Lin L, Zakeri Z. Coenzyme Q10 can in some
circumstances block apoptosis, and this effect is mediated through
mitochondria. *Ann N Y Acad Sci*. 1999;887:31-47.

23\. Mosca L, Marcellini S, Perluigi M, et al. Modulation of apoptosis
and improved redox metabolism with the use of a new antioxidant formula.
*Biochem Pharmacol*. 2002;63:1305-14.

24\. Schults CW, Oakes D, Kieburtz K, et al. Effects of coenzyme Q10 in
early Parkinson disease. Evidence of slowing of the functional decline.
*Archives of Neurology*. *2002*;59:1541-50.

25\. Haley RW, Marshall WW, McDonald GG, Daugherty MA, Petty F,
Fleckenstein JL. Brain abnormalities in Gulf War syndrome: Evaluation
with 1H MR spectroscopy. *Radiology*. 2000;215:807-817.

26\. Sinzinger H, Schmid P, O\'Grady J. Two different types of
exercise-induced muscle pain without myopathy and CK -elevation during
HMG-Co-enzyme-A-reductase inhibitor treatment. *Atherosclerosis*.
1999;143:459-460.

27\. Muller DP, Lloyd JK, Wolff OH. Vitamin E and neurological function:
abetalipoproteinaemia and other disorders of fat absorption. *Ciba Found
Symp*. 1983;101:106-21.

28\. Muller DPR, Lloyd JK, Bird A. Long-term management of
abetalipoproteinemia. Possible role for vitamin E. *Arch Dis Child*.
1977;52:209-14.

29\. Iannaccone ST, Sokol RJ. Vitamin E deficiency in neuropathy of
abetalipoproteinemia. *Neurology*. 1986;36:1009.

30\. Hegele RA, Angel A. Arrest of neuropathy and myopathy in
abetalipoproteinemia with high-dose vitamin E therapy. *Can Med Assoc
J*. 1985;132:41-4.

31\. Azizi E, Zaidman JL, Eschar J, Aszeinberg A. Abetalipoproteinemia
treated with parenteral and oral vitamin A and E and with medium chain
triglycerides. *Acta Pediatr Scand*. 1978; 67:797-801.

32\. Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Wilson RS. Vitamin E
and cognitive decline in older persons. *Archives of Neurology*.
2002;59:1125-1132.

33\. Veltkamp R, Toole JF. Hyperbaric oxygen\--a neuroprotective
adjuvant for hyperacute ischemic stroke? *Journal of the Neurological
Sciences*. 1997;150:1-2.

34\. Clifton GL. Hypothermia and hyperbaric oxygen as treatment
modalities for severe head injury. *New Horizons*. 1995;3:474-8.

35\. Nighoghossian N, Trouillas P. Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of
acute ischemic stroke: an unsettled issue. *Journal of the Neurological
Sciences*. 1997;150:27-31.

36\. Nighoghossian N, Trouillas P, Adeleine P, Salord F. Hyperbaric
oxygen in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. A double-blind pilot
study. *Stroke*. 1995;26:1369-72.

37\. Berrouschot J, Schwab S, Schneider D, Hacke W. \[Hyperbaric oxygen
therapy (HBO) after acute focal cerebral ischemia\]. *Nervenarzt*.
1998;69:1037-44.

38\. Krakovsky M, Rogatsky G, Zarchin N, Mayevsky A. Effect of
hyperbaric oxygen therapy on survival after global cerebral ischemia in
rats. *Surgical Neurology*. 1998;49:412-6.

39\. Jain. Textbook of Hyperbaric Medicine. ; 1999.

40\. http://www. yperbaric-therapy.com/ms/mscenter/index.html. Treating
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) with Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBO). 2000.

41\. Heuser G, Uszler JM. Hyperbaric oxygenation for cerebral palsy.
*Lancet*. 2001;357:2053-4.

42\. O\'Donnell P, Buxton PJ, Pitkin A, Jarvis LJ. The magnetic
resonance imaging appearances of the brain in acute carbon monoxide
poisoning. *Clinical Radiology*. 2000;55:273-80.

43\. Stuppaeck CH, Miller CH, Ehrmann H, Fleischhacker WW, Felber S,
Poewe W. Akathisia induced by necrosis of the basal ganglia after carbon
monoxide intoxication. *Movement Disorders*. 1995;10:229-231.

44\. Albin RL. Basal ganglia neurotoxins. *Neurologic Clinics,*.
2000;18:665-80.

45\. Kao CH, Hung DZ, ChangLai SP, Liao KK, Chieng PU. HMPAO brain SPECT
in acute carbon monoxide poisoning. *Journal of Nuclear Medicine*.
1998;39:769-72.

46\. Weaver L, Howe S, Hopkins R, Chan KJ. Carboxyhemoglobin half-life
in carbon monoxide-poisoned patients treated with 100% oxygen at
atmospheric pressure. *Chest*. 2000;117:801-8.

47\. Golomb BA. A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to
Gulf War Illnesses, Vol 2: Pyridostigmine Bromide. Santa Monica, CA:
RAND; 1999:385.

48\. Cecchine G, Golomb BA, Hilborne LH, Spektor DM, Anthony CR. A
Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War
Illnesses, Vol 8: Pesticides. Santa Monica, CA: RAND; 2000:182.

49\. Augerson W. A Review of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to
Gulf War Illnesses, Volume 5: Chemical and Biological Warfare Agentsw.
Washington, D.C.: RAND; 2000.

50\. Nicolson GL, Nicolson NL, Nasralla M. Mycoplasmal infections and
fibromyalgia/chronic fatigue illness (Gulf War Illness) associated with
deployment to Operation Desert Storm. *International Journal of
Medicine*. 1998;1:80-89.

51\. Duerksen S. Infection may hold clue to Gulf ills: Bacteria being
found in many ailing vets. *San Diego Union Tribune*; 2000:B1.

52\. Fukuda K, Nisenbaum R, Stewart G, et al. Chronic multisymptom
illness affecting Air Force veterans of the Gulf War. *Jama*.
1998;280:981-8.

53\. May KP, West SG, Baker MR, Everett DW. Sleep apnea in male patients
with the fibromyalgia syndrome. *Am J Med*. 1993;94:505-8.

54\. Molony RR, MacPeek DM, Schiffman PL, et al. Sleep, sleep apnea and
the fibromyalgia syndrome. *J Rheumatol*. 1986;13:797-800.

55\. Alvarez Lario B, Alonso Valdivielso JL, Alegre Lopez J, Martel
Soteres C, Viejo Banuelos JL, Maranon Cabello A. Fibromyalgia syndrome:
overnight falls in arterial oxygen saturation. *Am J Med*.
1996;101:54-60.

56\. Plantamura A, Steinbauer J, Eisinger J. \[Sleep apnea and
fibromyalgia: the absence of correlation does not indicate an exclusive
central hypothesis\]. *Rev Med Interne*. 1995;16:662-5.

57\. Alvarez Lario B, Teran J, Alonso JL, Alegre J, Arroyo I, Viejo JL.
Lack of association between fibromyalgia and sleep apnoea syndrome. *Ann
Rheum Dis*. 1992;51:108-11.

58\. Jennum P, Drewes AM, Andreasen A, Nielsen KD. Sleep and other
symptoms in primary fibromyalgia and in healthy controls. *J Rheumatol*.
1993;20:1756-9.

59\. Harding SM. Sleep in fibromyalgia patients: subjective and
objective findings. *Am J Med Sci*. 1998;315:367-76.

60\. Fischler B, Le Bon O, Hoffmann G, Cluydts R, Kaufman L, De Meirleir
K. Sleep anomalies in the chronic fatigue syndrome. A comorbidity study.
*Neuropsychobiology*. 1997;35:115-22.

61\. Paiva T, Batista A, Martins P, Martins A. The relationship between
headaches and sleep disturbances. *Headache*. 1995;35:590-6.

62\. Jelkmann W. Use of recombinant human erythropoietin as an
antianemic and performance enhancing drug. *Curr Pharm Biotechnol*.
2000;1:11-31.

63\. Green D, Lawler M, Rosen M, et al. Recombinant human
erythropoietin: effect on the functional performance of anemic
orthopedic patients. *Arch Phys Med Rehabil*. 1996;77:242-6.

64\. Ekblom B. Blood doping and erythropoietin. The effects of variation
in hemoglobin concentration and other related factors on physical
performance. *Am J Sports Med*. 1996;24:S40-2.

65\. Hengemihle JM, Abugo O, Rifkind J, Spangler E, Danon D, Ingram DK.
Chronic treatment with human recombinant erythropoietin increases
hematocrit and improves water maze performance in mice. *Physiol Behav*.
1996;59:153-6.

66\. Verbrugge DJ, Goodnough LT. The effect of recombinant human
erythropoietin treatment on the endurance performance of Sprague-Dawley
rats. *Scand J Clin Lab Invest*. 1994;54:55-9.

67\. Martin GR, Ongkingo JR, Turner ME, Skurow ES, Ruley EJ. Recombinant
erythropoietin (Epogen) improves cardiac exercise performance in
children with end-stage renal disease. *Pediatr Nephrol*. 1993;7:276-80.

68\. McMahon LP, Johns JA, McKenzie A, Austin M, Fowler R, Dawborn JK.
Haemodynamic changes and physical performance at comparative levels of
haemoglobin after long-term treatment with recombinant erythropoietin.
*Nephrol Dial Transplant*. 1992;7:1199-206.

69\. Adamson JW, Vapnek D. Recombinant erythropoietin to improve
athletic performance. *N Engl J Med*. 1991;324:698-9.

70\. Braumann KM, Nonnast-Daniel B, Boning D, Bocker A, Frei U. Improved
physical performance after treatment of renal anemia with recombinant
human erythropoietin. *Nephron*. 1991;58:129-34.

71\. Scott WC. The abuse of erythropoietin to enhance athletic
performance. *Jama*. 1990;264:1660.

72\. Huppmann M, Hief C, Schenk E, Nurnberg M, Meisl F, Kummer F.
\[Erythropoietin therapy in renal anemia. Effect on ergospirometry
performance parameters\]. *Wien Med Wochenschr Suppl*. 1989;104:suppl
48-50.

73\. Bocker A, Reimers E, Nonnast-Daniel B, et al. Effect of
erythropoietin treatment on O2 affinity and performance in patients with
renal anemia. *Contrib Nephrol*. 1988;66:165-75.

74\. Corey-Bloom J. Ginkgo biloba slows cognitive decline in patients
with multiple sclerosis. *Annual Meeting of the American Academy of
Neurology*. Denver, CO; 2002.

75\. Joint National Committee. The Sixth Report of the Joint National
Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high
blood pressure (JNC VI). *Arch Intern Med*. 1997;157:2413-2446.

76\. Matsubayashi K, Okumiya K, Wada T, et al. Postural dysregulation in
systolic blood pressure is associated with worsened scoring on
neurobehavioral function tests and leukoaraiosis in the older elderly
living in a community. *Stroke*. 1997;28:2169-73.

77\. Korten AE, Jorm AF, Jiao Z, et al. Health, cognitive, and
psychosocial factors as predictors of mortality in an elderly community
sample. *Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health*. 1999;53:83-88.

78\. Guo Z, Fratiglioni L, Winblad B, Viitanen M. Blood pressure and
performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination in the very old.
Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from the Kungsholmen Project.
*American Journal of Epidemiology*. 1997;145:1106-1113.

79\. Guo Z, Fratiglioni L, Zhu L, Fastbom J, Winblad B, Viitanen M.
Occurrence and progression of dementia in a community population aged 75
years and older: relationship of antihypertensive medication use.
*Archives of Neurology*. 1999;56:991-6.

80\. Zhu L, Viitanen M, Guo Z, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Blood pressure
reduction, cardiovascular diseases, and cognitive decline in the
mini-mental state examination in a community population of normal very
old people: a three-year follow-up. *Journal of Clinical Epidemiology*.
1998;51:385-01.

81\. Guo Z, Viitanen M, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. Low blood pressure and
incidence of dementia in a very old sample: dependent on initial
cognition. *Journal of the American Geriatrics Society*. 1999;47:723-6.

82\. Kario K, Motai K, Mitsuhashi T, et al. Autonomic nervous system
dysfunction in elderly hypertensive patients with abnormal diurnal blood
pressure variation: relation to silent cerebrovascular disease.
*Hypertension*. 1997;30:1504-10.

83\. Watanabe N, Imai Y, Nagai K, et al. Nocturnal blood pressure and
silent cerebrovascular lesions in elderly Japanese. *Stroke*.
1996;27:1319-27.

84\. Langer RD, Ganiats TG, Barrett-Connor E. Paradoxical survival of
elderly men with high blood pressure. *Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.)*.
1989;298:1356-7.

85\. Langer RD, Ganiats TG, Barrett-Connor E. Factors associated with
paradoxical survival at higher blood pressures in the very old
\[published erratum appears in Am J Epidemiol 1993 Nov 1;138(9):774\].
*American Journal of Epidemiology*. 1991;134:29-38.

86\. Langer RD, Criqui MH, Barrett-Connor EL, Klauber MR, Ganiats TG.
Blood pressure change and survival after age 75. *Hypertension*.
1993;22:551-9.

87\. Jancin B. Blood pressure rise reperfuses stroke. *Internal Medicine
News*; 2002:1-2.

88\. De Lorenzo F, Hargreaves J, Kakkar VV. Pathogenesis and management
of delayed orthostatic hypotension in patients with chronic fatigue
syndrome. *Clin Auton Res*. 1997;7:185-90.

89\. Peroutka SJ. Chronic fatigue disorders: an inappropriate response
to arginine vasopressin? *Med Hypotheses*. 1998;50:521-3.

90\. Rowe PC, Calkins H, DeBusk K, et al. Fludrocortisone acetate to
treat neurally mediated hypotension in chronic fatigue syndrome: a
randomized controlled trial. *Jama*. 2001;285:52-9.

91\. Baschetti R. Investigations of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone
in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome. *J Clin Endocrinol Metab*.
1999;84:2263-4.

92\. Peterson PK, Pheley A, Schroeppel J, et al. A preliminary
placebo-controlled crossover trial of fludrocortisone for chronic
fatigue syndrome. *Arch Intern Med*. 1998;158:908-14.

93\. Hanelt W. Experience with atropine, 3\*.000125g/d for chronic
fatigue. Letter to Dr. Golomb dated 2-15-00. 2000.

94\. Golomb BA. Illness in Persian Gulf War veterans: Evidence for a
causal role for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (pyridostigmine bromide,
pesticides, and nerve agent). Submitted.

95\. Rustam H, Von Burg L, Amin-Zaki L, El Hassani S. Evidence for a
neuromuscular disorder in methylmercury poisoning. *Arch Environ
Health*. 1975;30:190-195.

96\. Braham J. Drop attacks in the elderly: Effect of pyridostigmine.
*Postgraduate Medical Journal*. 1994;70:848.

97\. Trojan D, Cashman N. Anticholinesterases in post-poliomyelitis
syndrome. *Ann NY Acad Sci*. 1995;753:285-295.

98\. Trojan D, Cashman N. An open trial of pyridostigmine in
post-poliomyelitis syndrome. *Canadian J of Neurological Sciences*.
1995;22:223-227.

99\. Park K, Kim D, Arnold TW, Oh SJ, Bradley R. Pyridostigmine
toxicity: Electrophysiological study. *Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol*.
1993;33:323-328.

100\. Jancin B. Blood pressure rise reperfuses stroke. *Internal
Medicine News*; 2002:1-2.

101\. Cupler FJ, Otero C, Hench K, Luciano C, Dalakas MC. Acetylcholine
receptor antibodies as markers of treatable fatigue in HIV-1 infected
individuals. *Muscle and Nerve*. 1996;19:1186-1188.

102\. Robbins TW, McAlonan G, Muir JL, Everitt BJ. Cognitive enhancers
in theory and practice: Studies of the cholinergic hypothesis of
cognitive deficits in Alzheimer\'s disease. *Behav Brain Res*.
1997;83:15-23.

103\. Davis KL, Mohs RC, Tinklenberg JR, Pfefferbaum A, Hollister LE,
Kopell BS. Physostigmine: improvement of long-term memory processes in
normal humans. *Science*. 1978;201:272-4.

104\. Mohs RC, Davis KL, Tinklenberg JR, Pfefferbaum A, Hollister LE,
Kopell BS. Cognitive effects of physostigmine and choline chloride in
normal subjects. In: Davis K, Berger P, eds. *Brain Acetylcholine and
Neuropsychiatric Disease*. New York: Plenum Press; 1979:237-251.

105\. Christie JE, Shering A, Ferguson J, Glen AI. Physostigmine and
arecoline: effects of intravenous infusions in Alzheimer presenile
dementia. *Br J Psychiatry*. 1981;138:46-50.

106\. Peters B, Levin H. Memory enhancement after physostigmine in the
amnesic syndrome. *Arch Neurol*. 1977;34:215.

107\. Mohs R, Davis B, et al. Oral physostigmine treatment of patients
with Alzheimer\'s disease. *Am J Psychiatry*. 1979;142:28-33.

108\. Wilson AL, Langley LK, Monley J, et al. Nicotine patches in
Alzheimer\'s disease: pilot study on learning, memory, and safety.
*Pharmacol Biochem Behav*. 1995;51:509-14.

109\. Westman EC, Levin ED, Rose JE. Nicotine as a therapeutic drug. *N
C Med J*. 1995;56:48-51.

110\. Alagiakrishnan K, Wong W, Blanchette PL. Use of donepezil in
elderly patients with Alzheimer\'s disease\--a Hawaii based study.
*Hawaii Med J*. 2000;59:57-9.

111\. Burov Iu V, Baimanov TD, Maisov NI. \[Effects of amiridin and
tacrine, drugs effective in Alzheimer\'s disease, on synaptosomal uptake
of neuromediators\]. *Biull Eksp Biol Med*. 1992;113:379-81.

112\. Coyle J, Kershaw P. Galantamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor that
allosterically modulates nicotinic receptors: effects on the course of
Alzheimer\'s disease. *Biol Psychiatry*. 2001;49:289-99.

113\. Cummings JL, Gorman DG, Shapira J. Physostigmine ameliorates the
delusions of Alzheimer\'s disease. *Biol Psychiatry*. 1993;33:536-41.

114\. Fuschillo C, La Pia S, Campana F, Pinto A, De Simone L. Cognitive
deficits in Alzheimer\'s disease: Treatment with acetylcholinesterase
inhibitor agents. *Arch Gerontol Geriatr*. 2001;33 Suppl 1:151-158.

115\. Geib SJ, Tuckmantel W, Kozikowski AP. Huperzine A\--a potent
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor of use in the treatment of Alzheimer\'s
disease. *Acta Crystallogr C*. 1991;47 ( Pt 4):824-7.

116\. Gottwald MD, Rozanski RI. Rivastigmine, a brain-region selective
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor for treating Alzheimer\'s disease: review
and current status. *Expert Opin Investig Drugs*. 1999;8:1673-1682.

117\. Lopez-Pousa S, Lombardia Fernandez C. \[Treatment of Alzheimer\'s
disease: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors\]. *Neurologia*. 1999;14:180-8.

118\. Olin J, Schneider L. Galantamine for Alzheimer\'s disease
(Cochrane Review). *Cochrane Database Syst Rev*. 2002:CD001747.

119\. Rogers SL, Doody RS, Mohs RC, Friedhoff LT. Donepezil improves
cognition and global function in Alzheimer disease: a 15-week,
double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Donepezil Study Group. *Arch
Intern Med*. 1998;158:1021-31.

120\. Donnelly-Roberts DL, Puttfarcken PS, Kuntzweiler TA, et al.
ABT-594 \[(R)-5-(2-Azetidinyl-methoxy)-2-Chloropyridine\]: A novel,
orally effective analgesic acting via neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine
receptors: I. In vitro characterization. *J Pharmacol Exp Ther*.
1998;285:777-786.

121\. Damaj MI, Creasy KR, Grove AD, Rosecrans JA, Martin BR.
Pharmacological effects of epibatidine optical enantiomers. *Brain Res*.
1994;662:34-40.

122\. Damaj MI, Martin BR. Tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of
epibatidine after acute and chronic administration in mice. *Eur J
Pharmacol*. 1996;300:51-57.

123\. Barlocco D, Cignarella G, Tondi D, et al. Mono- and
di-substituted-3,8-Diazabicyclo\[3.2.1\] octane derivatives as
analgesics structurally related to epibatidine: synthesis, activity, and
modeling. *J Med Chem*. 1998;41:674-681.

124\. Bannon AW, Gunther KL, Decker MW. Is epibatidine really analgesic?
Dissociation of the activity, temperature, and analgesic effects of
(+/-)-epibatidine. *Pharmacol Biochem Behav*. 1995;51:693-698.

125\. Holladay MW, Wasicak JT, Lin NH, et al. Identification and initial
structure-activity relationships of
(R)-5-(2-Azetidinylmethoxy)-2-chloropyridine (ABT-594), a potent, orally
active, non-opiate analgesic agent acting via neuronal nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors. *J Med Chem*. 1998;41:407-412.

126\. Khan IM, Yaksh TL, Taylor P. Epibatidine binding sites and
activity in the spinal cord. *Brain Res*. 1997;753:269-282.

127\. Puttfarcken PS, Manelli AM, Arneric SP, Donnelly-Roberts DL.
Evidence for nicotinic receptors potentially modulating nociceptive
transmission at the level of the primary sensory neuron: Studies with
F11 cells. *J Neurochem*. 1997;69:930-938.

128\. Rao TS, Correa LD, Reid RT, Lloyd GK. Evaluation of
anti-nociceptive effects of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
(NAChR) ligands in the rat tail-flick assay. *Neuropharmacology*.
1996;35:393-405.

129\. Rupniak NM, Patel S, Marwood R, et al. Antinociceptive and toxic
effects of (+)-epibatidine oxalate attributable to nicotinic agonist
activity. *Br J Pharmacol*. 1994;113:1487-1493.

130\. Jurna I, Krauss P, Baldauf J. Depression by nicotine of
pain-related nociceptive activity in the rat thalamus and spinal cord.
*Clin Investig*. 1993;72:65-73.

131\. Ando Y. Transdermal nicotine for ulcerative colitis \[letter\].
*Ann Intern Med*. 1997;127:491-2; discussion 492-3.

132\. Baron JA. Beneficial effects of nicotine and cigarette smoking:
the real, the possible and the spurious. *Br Med Bull*. 1996;52:58-73.

133\. Birtwistle J, Hall K. Does nicotine have beneficial effects in the
treatment of certain diseases? *Br J Nurs*. 1996;5:1195-202.

134\. Bonapace CR, Mays DA. The effect of mesalamine and nicotine in the
treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. *Ann Pharmacother*.
1997;31:907-13.

135\. Bonner GF. Current medical therapy for inflammatory bowel disease
\[see comments\]. *South Med J*. 1996;89:556-66.

136\. Compton RF, Sandborn WJ, Lawson GM, et al. A dose-ranging
pharmacokinetic study of nicotine tartrate following single-dose
delayed-release oral and intravenous administration. *Aliment Pharmacol
Ther*. 1997;11:865-74.

137\. Finnie IA, Campbell BJ, Taylor BA, et al. Stimulation of colonic
mucin synthesis by corticosteroids and nicotine. *Clin Sci (Colch)*.
1996;91:359-64.

138\. Green JT, Thomas GA, Rhodes J, et al. Nicotine enemas for active
ulcerative colitis\--a pilot study. *Aliment Pharmacol Ther*.
1997;11:859-63.

139\. Griffel L, Das KM. Nicotine and ulcerative colitis. *Natl Med J
India*. 1994;7:222-3.

140\. Guslandi M, Tittobello A. Pilot trial of nicotine patches as an
alternative to corticosteroids in ulcerative colitis. *J Gastroenterol*.
1996;31:627-9.

141\. Guslandi M, Tittobello A. Transdermal nicotine for ulcerative
colitis \[letter\]. *Ann Intern Med*. 1997;127:492; discussion 492-3.

142\. Kennedy LD. Nicotine therapy for ulcerative colitis. *Ann
Pharmacother*. 1996;30:1022-3.

143\. Koop I. \[Nicotine for ulcerative colitis\--a new therapeutic
principle?\]. *Z Gastroenterol*. 1994;32:656-7.

144\. Paran H, Silverberg D, Mayo A, Shwartz I, Neufeld D, Freund U.
Treatment of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction with neostigmine. *J Am
Coll Surg*. 2000;190:315-8.

145\. Pierach CA. Neostigmine for acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. *N
Engl J Med*. 1999;341:1622-3.

146\. Ponec RJ, Saunders MD, Kimmey MB. Neostigmine for the treatment of
acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. *N Engl J Med*. 1999;341:137-41.

147\. Sarna S, Latimer P, Campbell D, Waterfall WE. Effect of stress,
meal and neostigmine on rectosigmoid electrical control activity (ECA)
in normals and in irritable bowel syndrome patients. *Dig Dis Sci*.
1982;27:582-91.

148\. St John PH, Radcliffe AG. Contraindication for the use of
neostigmine in colonic pseudo-obstruction. *Br J Surg*. 1997;84:1481-2.

149\. Trevisani GT, Hyman NH, Church JM. Neostigmine: safe and effective
treatment for acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. *Dis Colon Rectum*.
2000;43:599-603.

150\. Turegano-Fuentes F, Munoz-Jimenez F, Del Valle-Hernandez E, et al.
Early resolution of Ogilvie\'s syndrome with intravenous neostigmine: a
simple, effective treatment. *Dis Colon Rectum*. 1997;40:1353-7.

151\. van der Spoel JI, Oudemans-van Straaten HM, Stoutenbeek CP, Bosman
RJ, Zandstra DF. Neostigmine resolves critical illness-related colonic
ileus in intensive care patients with multiple organ failure\--a
prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. *Intensive Care
Med*. 2001;27:822-7.

152\. Vavilala MS, Lam AM. Neostigmine for acute colonic
pseudo-obstruction. *N Engl J Med*. 1999;341:1622; discussion 1623.

153\. Nicholson D. Neostigmine for acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. *N
Engl J Med*. 1999;341:1623.

154\. Loffeld RJ. \[Neostigmine for the treatment of acute
pseudo-obstruction of the colon (Ogilvie syndrome)\]. *Ned Tijdschr
Geneeskd*. 2001;145:1034.

155\. Kreis ME, Kasparek M, Zittel TT, Becker HD, Jehle EC. Neostigmine
increases postoperative colonic motility in patients undergoing
colorectal surgery. *Surgery*. 2001;130:449-56.

156\. Koornstra JJ, Klaver NS, ter Maaten JC, Limburg AJ, van der Jagt
EJ, van der Werf TS. \[Neostigmine treatment of acute pseudo-obstruction
of colon (Ogilvie syndrome)\]. *Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd*. 2001;145:586-9.

157\. Hasler WL. Neostigmine for acute colonic pseudo-obstruction: new
use for an old drug? *Gastroenterology*. 2000;118:443-4.

158\. Fink S, Chaudhuri TK. Neostigmine treatment for acute colonic
pseudo-obstruction. *Dis Colon Rectum*. 2000;43:1454.

159\. Daaboul B, Eaker EY. Successful decompression of colonic
pseudo-obstruction with neostigmine. *Am J Gastroenterol*.
1999;94:3371-2.

160\. Cyba-Altunbay S, Bauer J. \[Therapy of prolonged postoperative
intestinal atony following interventions on the aorto-iliac circulation.
Results of a prospective randomized study with ceruletide lyophilysate
versus neostigmine\]. *Fortschr Med*. 1985;103:441-4.

161\. Breccia M, Girmenia C, Mecarocci S, et al. Ogilvie\'s syndrome in
acute myeloid leukemia: pharmacological approach with neostigmine. *Ann
Hematol*. 2001;80:614-6.

162\. Amaro R, Rogers AI. Neostigmine infusion: new standard of care for
acute colonic pseudo-obstruction? *Am J Gastroenterol*. 2000;95:304-5.

163\. Althausen PL, Gupta MC, Benson DR, Jones DA. The use of
neostigmine to treat postoperative ileus in orthopedic spinal patients.
*J Spinal Disord*. 2001;14:541-5.

164\. Abeyta BJ, Albrecht RM, Schermer CR. Retrospective study of
neostigmine for the treatment of acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. *Am
Surg*. 2001;67:265-8; discussion 268-9.

165\. Abbasakoor F, Evans A, Stephenson BM. Neostigmine for acute
colonic pseudo-obstruction. *N Engl J Med*. 1999;341:1622; discussion
1623.

166\. Sadjadpour K. Pyridostigmine bromide and constipation in
Parkinson\'s disease. *Jama*. 1983;249:1148.

167\. Yellin AE, Newman J, Donovan AJ. Neostigmine-induced
hyperperistalsis. Effects on security of colonic anastomoses. *Arch
Surg*. 1973;106:779-84.

168\. Salin-Pascual RJ, de la Fuente JR, Galicia-Polo L, Drucker-Colin
R. Effects of transdermal nicotine on mood and sleep in nonsmoking major
depressed patients. *Psychopharmacology (Berl)*. 1995;121:476-9.

169\. Davis KL, Berger PA, Hollister LE, Defraites E. Physostigmine in
mania. *Arch Gen Psychiatry*. 1978;35:119-22.

170\. Khouzam HR, Kissmeyer PM. Physostigmine temporarily and
dramatically reversing acute mania. *Gen Hosp Psychiatry*.
1996;18:203-4.

171\. Shopsin B, Janowsky D, Davis J, Gershon S. Rebound phenomena in
manic patients following physostigmine. Preliminary observations.
*Neuropsychobiology*. 1975;1:180-7.

172\. Hein H, Kirsten D, Jugert C, Magnussen H. \[Nicotine as therapy of
obstructive sleep apnea?\]. *Pneumologie*. 1995;49 Suppl 1:185-6.

173\. Wirth JA. \[Organic psychosyndrome and sleep apnea. Transdermal
nicotine\--a new therapy concept?\]. *Pneumologie*. 1995;49 Suppl
1:183-4.

174\. Davila DG, Hurt RD, Offord KP, Harris CD, Shepard JW, Jr. Acute
effects of transdermal nicotine on sleep architecture, snoring, and
sleep-disordered breathing in nonsmokers. *Am J Respir Crit Care Med*.
1994;150:469-74.

175\. Obermeyer WH, Benca RM. Effects of drugs on sleep. *Neurol Clin*.
1996;14:827-40.

176\. Wilson AL, Langley LK, Monley J, et al. Nicotine patches in
Alzheimer\'s disease: pilot study on learning, memory, and safety.
*Pharmacol Biochem Behav*. 1995;51:509-14.

177\. Vazquez J, Guzman-Marin R, Salin-Pascual RJ, Drucker-Colin R.
Transdermal nicotine on sleep and PGO spikes. *Brain Res*.
1996;737:317-20.