> APPENDIX A ‑ DESCRIPTION OF PLATFORMS, INSTRUMENTATION, AND DATA
>
> PRODUCTS A‑1
>
> A.1 SATELLlTE A‑1
>
> A.1.1 GOES A‑1
>
> A. 1.2 NOAA (TIROS‑N) A‑2
>
> A. 1.3 Landsat A‑4
>
> A. 1.4 SAGE II A‑5
>
> A. 1.5 DMSP A‑5
>
> A.1.6 ERS‑1 A‑7
>
> A. 1.7 METEOR A‑7
>
> A. 1.8 ISCCP CX A‑7
>
> A.2 AIRCRAFT A‑8
>
> A.2. 1 NASA ER‑2 A‑8
>
> A.2.2 NCAR Sabreliner A‑10
>
> A.2.3 NCAR King Air A‑13
>
> A.2.4 University of North Dakota Citation A‑16
>
> A.3 SURFACE A‑18
>
> A.3.1 HUB A‑18
>
> A.3.2 R2 A‑22
>
> A.3.3 R3 A‑25
>
> A.3.4 Rla A‑25
>
> A.3.5 SRB A‑25
>
> A.3.6 SPECTRE A‑25
>
> A.3.7 OTHER LOCATIONS A‑28

APPENDIX A

DESCRIPTION OF PLATFORMS, INSTRUMENTATION, AND DATA PRODUCTS

FOR CIRRUS IFO‑II

> The following is a description of the platforms, instruments, and data
> products for those instruments participating in the Cirrus IFO‑II. The
> data products are describe for raw data (investigator archived),
> reduced data (FIRE Central Archive), and value‑added data (FIRE
> Central Archive).
>
> A. 1 SATELLITE
>
> FIRE will obtain data from seven possible satellites. Each satellite
> has the following instruments, characteristics, and data products:
>
> A.1.1 GOES
>
> The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) system
> operates one to two spacecraft in geostationary orbit. These
> spacecraft are positioned on the equator at 135•W and 75•W longitude.
> If only one is operated, as was the situation at the stars of FIRE in
> 1986, then it is positioned from 90• to 100•W.
>
> The GOES carry two instruments of interest to FIRE. The Visible
> Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer (VISSR) produces images of the full
> earth every one‑half hour. It scans in both the visible (0.52‑0.67 μm)
> and infrared window (10.35‑11.25, 10.4‑12.1 μm) wavelengths
> simultaneously. The sensor uses the spin of the spacecraft to scan
> from west to east and a mirror for rastor scanning from north to
> south. In one west to east scan 8 fines are scanned in the visible
> image by 8 photomultipliers and one fine in the infrared image by a
> separate photomultiplier. The single field of view resolution is 1 km
> in diameter for the visible image and 8 km in the infrared image. The
> infrared image is digitized at every 4 km in the west to east
> direction so the transmitted pixel has a 4x8 km shape. At the
> latitudes of the FIRE experiment (30•‑ 42•N), the fields of view of
> the sensor are approximately 1.4 km in the visible and 11 km in the
> infrared.
>
> The GOES VISSR normally scans the full earth twice per hour. However,
> for special operations images can be started at three minute intervals
> if a limited latitude belt is scanned. This \"rapid scan mode\" is
> normally invoked by NOAA for monitoring severe convective activity.
> The images are reduced in their north‑south dimension to approximately
> 20• of latitude over the continental United States.
>
> The GOES spacecraft also carry a second imaging sensor, the VISSR
> Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) for multispectral imaging. The VAS has 12
> channels, 11 in the infrared and 1 in the visible. These channels are
> primarily in the CO2 and water vapor absorption regions of the
> spectrum. Each channel has a response to radiation upwelling from
> different altitudes in the atmosphere. The multispectral channel data
> is used for determining vertical profiles of temperature and water
> vapor, and for cloud top altitude information.
>
> All channels have field of view resolutions nominally of 8 km at nadir
> which corresponds to approximately 11 km at the FIRE sites. The VAS
> image starts after the VISSR at 18 and 48 minutes after the hour. Two
> images per hour are taken under normal operations; however, the
> latitude extent of each image is limited to 20•. Repeat scans are made
> on each fine because only one channel can be scanned per fine at a
> time. Repeat scans on some channels are also made to reduce noise in
> the signal. The VAS scans four fines across the earth then leaves four
> blank fines. This venetian blind scanning mode is used to maximize the
> latitude extent of each image.
>
> The latitude belt scanned by VAS is normally alternated between the
> northern and southern parts of the United States. Thus, one location
> is covered at any hourly frequency.
>
> [VISSR]{.underline}:
>
> Raw: Raw GOES satellite data will not be archived by FIRE‑II
>
> Reduced: 0.55 ‑ 0.75 μm radiance (squared instrument courts)

Value‑Added: TOA radiances, cloud height, cloud amount, optical depth,
TOA flux estimates, cloud particle size, TOA H20 radiances,

> [VAS]{.underline}: TBD ‑ Wylie
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: cirrus cloud heights, cirrus cloud amounts
>
> A.1.2 NOAA (TIROS‑N)
>
> NOAA operates two polar orbiting satellites of the TIROS design. The
> satellites are three axis stabilized in sun synchronous orbits. They
> normally pass once in the morning (NOAA‑10 at approximately 7:30 local
> time) and once in the afternoon (NOAA‑11 at approximately 2:30 local
> time).
>
> The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) scans across the
> orbit track producing images at five spectral wavelengths. One channel
> is in the visible (0.57‑0.67 μm), two A are in the infrared window
> (10.35‑11.25 and 11.4‑12.4 μm), and two are in the near infrared
> (0.72‑0.98 and 3.S5‑3.85 μm). Each image covers approximately 20• of
> longitude at the equator. Overlapping coverage between orbits is
> common near the pores. The 12 μm channel is not on NOAA‑11.
>
> The AVHRR channels all have fields of view of 1 km in diameter. These
> high resolution data are transmitted directly as scanned along the
> orbit track, and are called the High Resolution Picture Transmission
> (HRPT) format. HRPT imagery is only archived when the satellite is in
> view of a \"round station. Lower resolution data at 4 km field of view
> are stored on the satellite and offloaded for complete Global Area
> Coverage (GAC).
>
> The NOAA satellites also carry a package of instruments called the
> TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS). Three instruments are in
> this package: the High Resolution Infrared Sounder number 2 (HIRS‑2),
> the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) and the Microwave Sounding Unit
> (MSU). The HIRS has 20 channels, 19 in the infrared and one in the
> visible. These channels are used for vertical temperature and moisture
> profiles as well as for cloud top altitudes determination, similar to
> the GOES VAS. They are in the CO2, water vapor, and ozone regions of
> the spectrum.
>
> The HIRS is scanned in parallel with the AVHRR, covering nearly the
> same swath. The field of view diameter of the HIRS varies from 21 km
> at nadir to 52 km at the edge of the scan. All HIRS data are
> transmitted from the satellite and archived globally.
>
> Currently, NOAA‑10 (7:30 a.m.) and NOAA‑11 (2:30 p.m.) are in orbit
> and fully operational. NOAA‑10 was launched in October 1986 and is
> scheduled for replacement in Spring 1991 by NOAA‑12. NOAA‑11 was
> launched in October 1988 but has lost two of its three navigational
> gyros. It is currently planned for replacement in November 1991. Since
> the satellites typically require 4 weeks for \"shakedown\" it is
> possible that the 2:30 p.m. NOAA orbit will be unavailable during the
> Cirrus IFO‑II experiment. If NOAA‑11 fails before April 1991, the NOAA
> 13 replacement launch could be accelerated before November 1991,
> giving FIRE data in November l 991. If NOAA‑ 11 fails between April
> and November 1991, FIRE may be without NOAA data in the 2:30 p.m.
> orbit. The five channel AVHRR‑2 instruments on NOAA‑12 and NOAA‑13
> have the same spectral bandpasses as NOAA‑9 and ‑11 (NOAA‑10 was
> missing the 12.5 μm channel). The AVHRR‑3 instrument (4 copies
> available, adds a split 3.7/1.6 μm channel) will fly on NOAA 14
> through NOAA‑17.
>
> [AVHRR ‑ HRPT]{.underline}:
>
> Raw: Raw NOAA TIROS satellite data will not be archived by the FIRE.

Reduced: 0.58 ‑ 0.68 μm lambertian reflectance, 0.725 ‑ 1.10 μm
lambertian reflectance, 3.55 ‑3.93 μm brightness temperature, 10.3 ‑
11.3 μm brightness temperature, 11.5 ‑ 12.5 μm brightness temperature
(not on NOAA‑10)

Value‑Added: cloud fraction, cloud optical thickness, cloud top
temperature, cloud column liquid water cloud IR emissivity, cloud
albedo, model index (particle phase and size), clear sky albedo, clear
sky temperature

> [AVHRR ‑ GAC:]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD

Reduced: 0.58 ‑ 0.68 μm lambertian reflectance, 0.725 ‑ 1.10 μm
lambertian reflectance, 3.55 ‑3.93 μm brightness temperature, 10.3 ‑
11.3 μm brightness temperature, 11.5 ‑ 12.5 μm brightness temperature
(not on NOAA‑ 10)

Value‑Added: cloud fraction, cloud optical thickness, cloud top
temperature, cloud column liquid water, cloud IR emissivity, cloud
albedo, model index (particle phase and size), clear sky albedo, clear
sky temperature

> [TOVS ‑ HIRS:]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TOA radiances
>
> Value‑Added: temperature profiles
>
> A.1.3 Landsat
>
> Landsat carries an extremely high resolution multispectral instrument
> called the Thematic Mapper. This sensor has 7 channels (0.45‑0.52,
> 0.52‑0.60, 0.63‑0.69, 0.76‑0.90, 1.55‑1.75, 2.08‑2.35, 10.4‑12.5 μm)
> in the visible, near infrared, and thermal infrared regions. Its field
> of view is extremely small (28.5‑114 m) compared to other satellites.
> However, its images also cover very small areas of 180 km in
> dimension. The polar orbit of the satellite and small viewing area
> combine to limit its coverage of a location to once every 16 days.
> Landsat ‑4 and ‑5 are currently in sunsynchronous orbit, with equator
> crossing times within 1 minute of 9:30 atm.
>
> The Landsat satellite orbit in a 9:45 atm. sun‑synchronous orbit. Data
> is collected for 185 km by 170 km scenes. Spatial resolution in the 6
> shortwave and near‑infrared window channels is 28.5 meters. Spatial
> resolution in the 11 μm window channel is 114 meters. A given Landsat
> scene is viewed once every 16 days. The data is taken every 16 days
> over the continental U.S., but is only processed (radiometric
> calibration and geometric location) upon request. For especially
> interesting cirrus conditions over the IFO sites, several Landsat TM
> scenes may be ordered. These
>
> scenes would be ordered on l yr after preliminary examination of
> surface lidar and cloud image data to verify cirrus conditions.
>
> Raw: Raw Landsat satellite data will not be archived by FIRE‑II

Reduced: 0.45 ‑ 0.52 μm reflected radiance (digital counts which can be
linearly converted to radiance using supplied calibration
coefficients.),O.52 ‑ 0.60 μm reflected radiance, 0.63 ‑ 0.69 μm
reflected radiance, 0.76 ‑ 0.90 μm reflected radiance, 1.55 ‑ 1.75 μm
reflected radiance, 2.08 ‑ 2.35 μm reflected radiance, 10.4 ‑12.5 μm
reflected radiance

> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> A.1.4 SAGE II
>
> The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE‑II) operates a
> sensor on the ERBS satellite. The ERBS is in a mid‑inclination (57•),
> non‑sun synchronous orbit.
>
> The SAGE‑II instrument measures solar radiation passing through the
> limb of the atmosphere as the satellite views sunrises and sunsets.
> This instrument in essence scans the atmosphere vertically, measuring
> the attenuated radiation from the sun at seven discrete wavelengths
> between 0.385 and 1.02 μm. These channels are sensitive to aerosols,
> nitrogen dioxide, water vapor, ozone, and clouds in the stratosphere
> and upper troposphere.
>
> The limb scanning mode of the SAGE‑II sensor has a field of view that
> is greatly elongated, 0.5 x 200 km. The location of each field of view
> is highly dependent on the relative angle between the sun and the
> satellite. Each point on the earth between 75• N and 75• S is scanned
> at sunrise or sunset for three days in succession in a six‑month
> period.
>
> Raw: Raw SAGE n satellite data will not be archived by FIRE‑II
>
> Reduced: TBD ‑ extinction profile, H20 profile
>
> Value‑Added: cirrus cloud heights, cirrus climatology.
>
> A.1.5 DMSP
>
> There are currently three DMSP satellites in sun‑synchronous polar
> orbit. The orbit for F‑8, F‑9, and F‑10 have equator crossing local
> times of 0630, 1000, and 1930 ascending (south to north),
> respectively. F‑10 was launched in early December 1990, with an
> unplanned elliptical orbit of 720 by 850 km. With this orbit the
> equatorial crossing time will display a drift of 45 minutes (local
> time) per year. This will place the overpass time at approximately
> 2015 during Cirrus IFO II.
>
> Each platform carries an Operational Line Scan (OLS) Imager, a Special
> Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I, not on F‑9) and a Special Sensor
> Microwave Temperature Sounder (SSM/I ). The launch of the F‑ll, which
> also carries the Special Sensor Microwave Water Vapor Sounder
> (SSM/T2), has been delayed until December 1991. There will be at least
> two DMSP satellites (F‑8 and/or F‑9, and F‑10) operational during the
> Cirrus IFO‑II.
>
> The OLS imager is comprised of a broadband visible channel (OLS‑L,
> 0.4‑1.1 μm), a nighttime only lowlight sensor (PLS‑PMT, 0.45‑0.95 μm),
> and a broad band infrared channel (OLS‑T, 10.2‑12.8 μm). The OLS‑PMT
> sensor is automatically activated when the scene solar elevation angle
> is 3• below the horizon. Nominal pixel resolution is 0.3 km; the OLS
> corrects for variations in pixel separation at larger scan angles by
> adjusting the step rate of the scanner. This provides a relatively
> uniform pixel separation out to a scan angle of 55• from the subtrack
> point. The sensor information is transmitted in two modes: fine and
> smooth. The data is received at remote read‑out sites as either Read
> Data Fine (RDF) or Real Data Smooth (RDS). RDF data is stored at the
> nominal satellite resolution (0.3 km); RDS data is smoothed along the
> scan fine (1.5 km resolution). At this high resolution only 1 channel
> (OLS‑L or OLS‑T) can be saved at any one time. The Air Force Global
> Weather Central (AFGWC) receives both channels of the OLS at both fine
> (Stored Data Fine, SDF) and smooth (Stored Data Smooth, SDS)
> resolution along a scan fine but further averaged over consecutive
> scan fines. OLS‑L is stored at 6‑bit resolution and OLS‑T is stored at
> 8‑bit resolution for SDS while both channels are stored at 6‑bit
> resolution for SDF.
>
> The SSM/I is a conically scanned, seven channel, four frequency,
> linearly polarized, passive microwave radiometric system. The
> instrument rotates continuously about an axis normal to the spacecraft
> and measures microwave radiation over an angular sector of 102.4•
> about the subsatellite track looking aft of the spacecraft at a scan
> angle of 47•. This results in a swath width of 1396 km which does not
> allow for overlap of adjacent swaths at low and midlatitudes. The
> channel center frequencies and footprints are 19.35 GHz V&H, 50 km;
> 22.235 GHz V, 50 km; 37.00 GHz V&H, 25 km; 85.50 GHz V&H, 12 km. The
> fixed antenna size of 66 cm x 61 cm results in the variable footprints
> shown above.
>
> The SSM/T is a seven channel passive microwave temperature sounder.
> The channel center frequencies are 50.50, 53.20, 54.35, 54.00, 58.40,
> 58.825, 59.40 GHz providing profiles from the earth\'s surface to 30
> km. The channel measurements provide a set of radiances at a
> horizontal spatial resolution of 200 km. The SSM/T2 will consist of
> eight channels, six of which are clustered around 183 GHz (183 + 1,
> +3, +7) providing measurements of upper atmospheric water vapor and
> two at 91.50 and 150.00 GHz which sense water vapor in the longer
> atmosphere (below 4 km). The 183 GHz channels have a surface
> resolution of 50 km while the 91 and 150 GHz channels have a
> resolution of 90 km.
>
> [Imager:]{.underline}
>
> Raw: Raw DMSP satellite data will not be archived by FIRE‑II
>
> Reduced: TOA radiances
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [SSM/I:]{.underline} TBD (Griffin)
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TOA microwave radiances
>
> Value‑Added: total cloud liquid water
>
> A.1.6 ERS‑1
>
> TBD ‑ Olsen
>
> Raw: Raw ERS‑1 satellite data will not be archived by FIRE‑II
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> A. 1.7 METEOR
>
> The Soviet METEOR satellites will carry a French‑Soviet designed
> broadband scanning radiometer SCARAB (Scanner for Radiation Budget).
> The SCARAB has 4 spectral bands (0.25.0, 0.2‑4.0, 0.5‑0.7, and
> 10.5‑12.5 μm) with a field of view at nadir of about 60 km. The first
> instrument will be launched in spring of 1991 to an orbit altitude of
> 1250 km, inclination of 82d, and an orbit precession period of 96
> days. In this orbit, the METEOR spacecraft varies the local time of
> observation over a 24 hour period in 96 days. The calibration of the
> shortwave (i. e. solar) channels on the SCARAB is currently uncertain,
> although the thermal infrared calibration should be accurate. A second
> SCARAB scanner launched on a METEOR spacecraft near the end of 1992 is
> expected to have improved shortwave calibration.
>
> Raw: Raw METEOR SCARAB satellite data will not be archived by FIRE‑II
>
> Reduced: TBD ‑ Wielicki
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> A.1.8 ISCCP CX
>
> TBD‑ Rossow
>
> Raw: Raw ISCCP satellite data will not be archived by FIRE‑II
>
> Reduced: TBD ‑ Rossow
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> A.2 AIRCRAFT
>
> A.2.1 NASA ER‑2
>
> Investigators: Drs. Valero, Spinhirne, King, and Smith
>
> Instruments:
>
> [Cloud and Aerosol Lidar System (CALS)]{.underline} (Spinhirne)
> Downward pointing Nd and doubled Nd (0.53 and 1.06 μm) dual
> polarization lidar with \~7.5 m vertical resolution and 50 m
> horizontal sampling interval.
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: vertical structure, cloud height, depolarization, cloud habit
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [MODIS‑N Airborne Simulator (MAS)]{.underline} (King) Multispectral
> cross track scanning radiometer with 50 spectral channels (0.47‑14.23
> μm) separated into 4 grating spectrometers to cover this spectral
> range. The spatial resolution is 2.5 mrad, corresponding to around
> resolution of 45 m at nadir, and the swath width is 34 km (\~43•) with
> 716 pixels per scan. Currently the data system is restricted to 8 bits
> (256 levers) and can record 12 of the available 50 spectral channels,
> programmable prior to take‑off.
>
> Raw: images of reflected and emitted radiation in counts for 12
> spectral channels
>
> Reduced: multispectral radiance images
>
> Value‑Added: cloud top altitude, cloud optical thickness, effective
> particle radius, thermodynamic phase of clouds
>
> [Millimeter Imaging Radiometer]{.underline} (Spinhirne)
>
> TBD ‑ Spinhirne
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: microwave radiance imagery
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [High spectral resolution Interferometer Sounder (HIS)]{.underline}
> (Smith)
>
> TBD‑ Smith
>
> Raw: interferograms
>
> Reduced: upwelling radiances
>
> Value‑Added: thermodynamic cloud and surface properties
>
> [Hemispheric IR Radiometer]{.underline} (Valero)
>
> TBD‑ Valero
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Fixed Pyranometers]{.underline} (Valero) Upwelling and downwelling
> broadband shortwave fluxes.
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: Upwelling and downwelling broadband shortwave fluxes
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Rotating Pyranometers]{.underline} (Valero) Upwelling, downwelling
> and net broadband longwave fluxes.
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: Upwelling, downwelling and net broadband longwave fluxes
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Narrow Field of View Infrared Radiometer]{.underline} (Valero)
>
> Nadir viewing 2‑channels (IR window)
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Grating Scanning Radiometer]{.underline} (Valero)
>
> TBD‑ Valero
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Special Electro Optic Camera]{.underline} (Spinhirne)
>
> TBD ‑ Spinhirne
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: spectral CCD imagery
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> Notes: Comprehensive on‑board data logging facilities. Data sampling
> rate of 3.47 Hz.
>
> A.2.2 NCAR Sabreliner
>
> Investigator: Drs. Heymsfield, Stephens, Hagen, and Valero
>
> Instruments:
>
> [Rosemount/PMS LWC]{.underline} (Heymsfield) Measures liquid water
> content.
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: liquid water detection and content
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [2D‑C PMS]{.underline} (Heymsfield)
>
> Measures the ice crystal size distributions (50 ‑ 1600 μm) and the
> hydrometer size
>
> distributions (0.1 ‑ 3.4 μm).
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: particle size spectra, shape, habit
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [2D‑P PMS]{.underline} (Heymsfield)
>
> TBD‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: particle size spectra, shape, habit
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Continuous Ice Particle Sampler (CIPS)]{.underline} (Heymsfield)
>
> TBD ‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: shape, habit
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Ice Panicle Collection Devices]{.underline} (Heymsfield)
>
> TBD ‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: shape, habit
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Cloud Condensation Nuclei Chamber]{.underline} (Hagen)
>
> TBD ‑ Hagen
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: CCN, composition
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Composition Analyzer]{.underline} (Hagen)
>
> TBD ‑ Hagen
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: CCN, composition
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Meteorology Sensors]{.underline} (Heymsfield)
>
> TBD ‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: P, T, winds
>
> Value‑Added: state and turbulence parameters
>
> [Cryogenic Frost Point Hygrometer]{.underline} (Heymsfield)
>
> TBD ‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: frost point temperature
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> Lyman Alpha Hygrometer (Heymsfield)
>
> TBD ‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Pvranometers]{.underline} (Stephens/Valero)
>
> Upwelling and downwelling shortwave fluxes.
>
> Two measure total solar, two from 0.7 to 3 μm
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: Upwelling and downwelling shortwave fluxes
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Pyrgeometers]{.underline} (Stephens/Valero) Upwelling and downwelling
> broadband longwave fluxes. + 15 W m\~2.
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: Upwelling and downwelling broadband longwave fluxes
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> CSU [Radiometer]{.underline} (Stephens)
>
> Continuously variable filter wheel from 0.3 to 3.5 μm, scanning from
> nadir to zenith.
>
> Discrete filters for longwave radiation. Referenced to an NBS standard
> detector to [+]{.underline}
>
> 1%. Sampled at 250 Hz.
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Total Direct Diffuse Radiometer]{.underline} (TDDR) (Valero)
>
> TBD ‑ Valero
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: narrowband, multi‑spectral solar and near IR irradiances
> (wavelength TBD)
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Spectral Radiometer (SPERAD)]{.underline} (Stephens)
>
> TBD ‑ Stephens
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Multiangle Radiometer (bugeye)]{.underline} (Stephens)
>
> TBD ‑ Stephens
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Photography]{.underline} (Stephens)
>
> TBD ‑ Stephens
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD

Notes: Except as stated, the sampling rate is 50 Hz. Temperature, frost
point and a/c parameters also sampled. Comprehensive on‑board data
logging capabilities.

> A.2.3 NCAR King Air
>
> Investigators: Drs. Heymsfield and Sassen
>
> Instruments:
>
> [Rosemount Johnson Williams/PMS]{.underline}
>
> Measures liquid water content from O to 0.1 gm3 with resolution of
> 0.01 gm‑3
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: liquid water content
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [2D‑C PMS]{.underline}
>
> Measures the ice crystal and hydrometer size distributions from 25 μm
> resolution, and 0.1
>
> to 3.2 μm at 0.3 μm resolution.
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: particle size spectra, shape, habit
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [2D‑P PMS]{.underline}
>
> TBD ‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: particle size spectra, shape, habit
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [FSSP]{.underline}
>
> Measures cloud droplet size distributions from 0.5 to 7.5 μm at 0.5 μm
> resolution.
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: particle size spectra, shape, habit
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Ice Particle Collection Devices]{.underline}
>
> TBD ‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: ice particle size and shape
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Meteorology Sensors]{.underline}
>
> TBD ‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: P, T, winds
>
> Value‑Added: state and turbulence parameters
>
> [Cryogenic Frost Point Hygrometer]{.underline}
>
> TBD ‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: frost point T
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Lvman Alpha Hygrometer]{.underline}
>
> TBD‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Particle Imaging Nephelometer]{.underline} (Sassen)
>
> TBD‑ Sassen
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: particle phase function
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Pyranometers]{.underline}
>
> Upwelling and downwelling broadband longwave fluxes.
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: Upwelling and downwelling broadband longwave fluxes
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Pyrgeometers]{.underline}
>
> TBD‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Barnes PRT‑5]{.underline} Nadir viewing IR window radiances.
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Cameras]{.underline}
>
> TBD‑ Heymsfield
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [SSH2]{.underline} (Griffin)
>
> 18 channel radiometer, with 7 channels between 18‑28 microns,
>
> 6 channels between 13‑15 microns,
>
> 2 broadband IR channels, and
>
> 3 window channels
>
> Raw: downwelling radiances
>
> Reduced: downwelling radiances
>
> Value‑Added: TBD

Notes: The above values, together with temperature, dew point and
absolute humidity to be sampled at 50 Hz. Comprehensive on‑board data
logging capabilities.

> A.2.4 University of North Dakota Citation
>
> Investigators: Poellot, Hallett
>
> [Liquid Water Content Probes]{.underline} Johnson‑Williams ‑ Liquid
> water content. Threshold at approximately 0.05 gm-3 Rosemount Icing
> Rate ‑ Supercooled liquid water content as derived from ice
> accumulation ± 0.013 cm. Threshold at approximately 0.01 gm‑3.
>
> Raw: voltages
>
> Reduced: liquid water content
>
> Value‑Added: none
>
> [FSSP]{.underline}
>
> Measures cloud droplet size distributions from 0.5‑8.0 μm, at 0.5 μm
> resolution. Sampled
>
> at 4 Hz.
>
> Raw: counts per channel, activity
>
> Reduced: particle size spectra, shape, habit
>
> Value‑Added: liquid water content
>
> [OAP ID‑C]{.underline}
>
> Measures cloud particle size distributions from 20‑600 μm, at 20 μm
> resolution. Sampled
>
> at 4 Hz.
>
> Raw: counts per channel
>
> Reduced: particle size spectra, shape, habit
>
> Value‑Added: particle concentration
>
> [OAP 2D‑C]{.underline}
>
> Provides 2‑D images and hydrometer size distributions from 31‑992 μm,
> at 31 μm
>
> resolution. Sampled at 4 Hz maximum.
>
> Raw: binary image slices
>
> Reduced: particle size spectra, shape, habit
>
> Value‑Added: particle concentrations
>
> [OAP lD‑P]{.underline}
>
> Measures precipitation particle size distributions from 0.3‑4.5 μm, at
> 0.3 μm resolution.
>
> Sampled at 4 Hz.
>
> Raw: counts per channel
>
> Reduced: particle size spectra, shape, habit
>
> Value‑Added: particle concentrations
>
> [Meteorology Sensors]{.underline}
>
> Rosemount Temperature, Reverse Flow Temperature ‑ Air temperature from
>
> ‑65 to + 50• C.
>
> EG&G Dew Point Temperature ‑ cooled minor, from ‑50 to +70• C.
>
> Rosemount Absolute Pressure Transducer ‑ static pressure.
>
> Raw: voltages
>
> Reduced: temperature, dew point/frost print, pressure
>
> Value‑Added: thermodynamic parameters (e.g., potential temperature)
>
> [Particle Replicator]{.underline} (Hallett) Captures continuous record
> of particles impacting on Formvar‑coated film, from 5‑500 μm
> (approximately).
>
> Raw: formvar images on 16 mm film
>
> Reduced: particle size spectra, shape
>
> Value‑Added: particle concentration
>
> [Condensation Nuclei Counter]{.underline} Measures concentration of
> condensation nuclei \>0.1 μm. Samples at 1 Hz.
>
> Raw: voltages
>
> Reduced: CN concentration
>
> Value‑Added**:** none

Note: Except as stated, the sampling rate is 24 Hz. Aircraft and
inertial navigation system parameters are also sampled.

> A.3 SURFACE
>
> A.3.1 HUB
>
> TBD ‑ Starr
>
> [U. Utah Ground Based YAG Lidar (Dual Polarization)]{.underline}

Raw: Parallel channel sensitivity (mv), Perpendicular channel
sensitivity (mv), Parallel channel photomultiplier voltage (v),
Perpendicular channel photomultiplier voltage (v), Delay generator 1
setting (ms), Delay generator 2 setting (ms), Sweep speed (ms), Time of
observation (Month/Day/Year, Hr/Min/Sec GMT), Record number, Number of
lidar pulses averaged, Laser repetition rate (Hz), Zenith angle (Degrees
from zenith), Azimuth angle (Clockwise degrees from north), Parallel
channel backscatter measurement (mv), Perpendicular channel backscatter
measurement (mv)

Reduced: Time of observation (Month/Day/Year, Hr/Min/Sec GMT), Record
number, Zenith angle (Degrees from zenith), Azimuth angle (Clockwise
degrees from north), Cloud layer optical density, Altitude array (km),
Parallel channel backscatter ratio array, Depolarization ratio array,
Extinction coefficient array (/km), Cloud base altitudes (km), Cloud top
altitudes (km)

Value‑Added: Time of observation (Month/Day/Year, Hr/Min/Sec GMT),
Record number, Number of altitude intervals, Number of lidar pulses
averaged, Laser repetition rate (Hz), Zenith angle (Degrees from
zenith), Azimuth angle (Clockwise degrees from north), Record starting
altitude (2‑5 km), Record ending altitude (15‑30 km), Parallel channel
backscatter ratio, Depolarization ratio, Cloud base altitudes (km),
Cloud top altitudes (km)

> [High Spectral Resolution Lidar]{.underline}
>
> Raw: lidar backscatter, range‑lime images

Reduced: backscatter cross section, backscatter phase function, absolute
optical depth (.532 μm), cloud optical height

> Value‑Added: many synergistic products in conjunction with other
> sensors
>
> [Doppler Radar]{.underline}
>
> Raw: radar reflectivity, Doppler velocity, Doppler spectral width,
> depolarization ratio

Reduced: existence of multiple cloud layers, cloud top and base heights
of each layer, cloud structure, ice mass content, in‑cloud horizontal
and vertical velocity profiles, turbulent fluxes of momentum and TKE,
vertical velocities

> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [CO2: Doppler Lidar]{.underline}
>
> Raw: backscatter profiles, radial velocity profiles

Reduced: backscatter coefficient profiles, cloud base height, radial
velocity profiles, vertical velocities

Value‑Added: ice particle fall speeds, turbulent intensity, vertical
profiles of horizontal divergence/convergence, cloud structure, average
extinction‑to‑backscatter ratio, particle size distribution information,
cloud absorption/emissivity profiles, optical depth estimates,
inter‑cloud dynamics

> [Ceilometers]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: cloud base height
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Raman Lidar]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD

Value‑Added: cloud base and height, water vapor profile, temperature
profile, aerosol optical depth, ozone profile, density profile

> [Microwave (915 MHz) Wind Profiler]{.underline}
>
> Raw: speed of sound, vertical wind
>
> Reduced: vertical temperatures
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Microwave Wind Profiler (RASS)]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: horizontal winds, vertical winds, temperature profile
>
> [Microwave (3‑channel) Water Vapor Sounder]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: integrated vapor, integrated liquid
>
> Value‑Added: water vapor profiles
>
> [HIS Spectrometer]{.underline}
>
> Raw: uncalibrated spectra
>
> Reduced: downwelling radiances
>
> Value‑Added: thermodynamic and cloud properties
>
> [Sun Photometers]{.underline}
>
> Raw: Spectral radiance (watts/meter‑square/steradian), Time
> (Day/Mo/Yr, Hr/Min/Sec GMT)
>
> Reduced: Spectral radiance (watts/meter‑square/steradian), Time
> (Day/Mo/Yr, Hr/Min/Sec GMT)
>
> [U. Utah 11 μm Radiometer Aligned With Lidar]{.underline}
>
> Raw: Spectral radiance (watts/meter‑square/steradian), Time
> (Day/Mo/Yr, Hr/Min/Sec GMT)
>
> Reduced: Spectral radiance (equivalent blackbody temperature in
> degrees K), Time (Day/Mo/Yr, Hr/Min/Sec GMT)
>
> Value‑Added: Cirrus emissivity at 11 μm, Time of observation

[Pvranometers and Pyrheliometers]{.underline}

Raw: Downward solar radiative flux at 1 minute intervals (W/m), Time of
Observation (Day/Month/Yr, Hr/Min GMT).

Reduced: Downward solar radiative flux at 1 minute intervals (W/m), Time
of Observation (Day/Month/Yr, Hr/Min GMT).

> [Cloud Imaging Cameras]{.underline}
>
> Raw: 35 mm film slides of camera field of view and/or videotape of
> camera field of view

Reduced: 35 mm film slides of camera field of view and/or videotape of
camera field of view

Value‑Added: Cloud fraction (%) for the entire camera field of view,
Cloud fraction (%) for an 8 km by 8 km area of the cirrus, centered at
zenith, for comparison to satellite derived cloud cover, Cloud type,
Cloud height (km), Time of observation (Day/Mo/Yr, Hr/Min/Sec GMT)

> [ARC Total‑Direct‑Diffuse Radiometer]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [ARC Near IR Spectroradiometet]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [ARC Thermal IR Narrow FOV Radiometer]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [CLASS Rawinsonde]{.underline}
>
> Vaisala R‑80 package with LORAN navigational transceiver (aneroid
> barometer, rod thermistor, humicap)
>
> Raw latitude and longitude vs. time (every 2.5 seconds), P, T,
> relative humidity

Reduced: geopotential height (Z) vs. time (\~ every 50 m), latitude and
longitude vs. Z, P, T, potential T, relative humidity (wrt liquid and
ice), dew and frost point T, specific humidity

Value‑Added: geopotential height (Z) vs. time (\~ every 50 m), latitude
and longitude vs. Z, T lapse rate, static stability, vertical shear of
horizontal wind, Richardson number, vertical velocity

> Reduced: temperature and dew point profile, horizontal wind profile
>
> Value‑Added: vertical winds

[Ice Particle Replicator Sonde]{.underline}

Raw: TBD

Reduced: particle size spectra, habit (shape), ice content

Value‑Added: TBD

> A.3.2 R2
>
> TBD ‑ Cox
>
> [DIAL Doppler Lidar]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [CO2 Doppler Lidar]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [LaRC Cloud Lidar]{.underline}
>
> Raw: orthogonally polarized lidar returns
>
> Reduced: scattering ratio, depolarization ratio
>
> Value‑Added: extinction coefficients, particle phase, particle
> orientation, scattering ratio, depolarization ratio
>
> [Ceilometer]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Microwave Wind Profiler]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Doppler Radar]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Microwave Water Vapor Sounder]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [HIS Spectrometer]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [Sun Photometers]{.underline}
>
> Raw: Spectral radiance (watts/meter‑square/steradian), Time
> (Day/Mo/Yr, Hr/Min/Sec GMT)
>
> Reduced: Spectral radiance (watts/meter‑square/steradian), Time
> (Day/Mo/Yr, Hr/Min/Sec GMT)
>
> [11 μm Radiometer Aligned With Lidar]{.underline}
>
> Raw: Spectral radiance (watts/meter‑square/steradian), Time
> (Day/Mo/Yr, Hr/Min/Sec GMT)
>
> Reduced: Spectral radiance (equivalent blackbody temperature in
> degrees K), Time (Day/Mo/Yr, Hr/Min/Sec GMT)
>
> Value‑Added: Cirrus emissivity at 11 μm, Time of observation
>
> [Pvranometers and Pyrheliometers]{.underline}

Raw: Downward solar radiative flux at 1 minute intervals (W/m), Time of
Observation (Day/Month/Yr, Hr/Min GMT).

Reduced: Downward solar radiative flux at 1 minute intervals (W/m), Time
of Observation (Day/Month/Yr, Hr/Min GMT).

> [Cloud Imaging Cameras]{.underline}
>
> Raw: 35 mm film slides of camera field of view and/or videotape of
> camera field of view

Reduced. 35 mm film slides of camera field of view and/or videotape of
camera field of view

Value‑Added: Cloud fraction (%) for the entire camera field of view,
Cloud fraction (%) for an 8 km by 8 km area of the cirrus, centered at
zenith, for comparison to satellite derived cloud cover, Cloud type,
Cloud height (km), Time of observation (Day/Mo/Yr, Hr/Min/Sec GMT)

> [AFGL Cloud Imaging Camera]{.underline}
>
> Raw: 4 visible band radiances
>
> Reduced: cloud presence
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [AFGL IR Scanning Radiometer]{.underline}
>
> Raw: radiance profile
>
> Reduced: T profile
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [CLASS Rawinsonde]{.underline}
>
> Measurements: Vaisala R‑80 package with LORAN navigational transceiver
>
> (aneroid barometer, rod thermistor, humicap)
>
> Raw: latitude and longitude vs. time (every 2.5 seconds), P, T,
> relative humidity

Reduced: geopotential height (Z) vs. time (\~ every 50 m), latitude and
longitude vs. Z, P, T, potential T, relative humidity (wrt liquid and
ice), dew and frost point T, specific humidity

Value‑Added: geopotential height (Z) vs. time (\~ every 50 m), latitude
and longitude vs. Z, T lapse rate, static stability, vertical shear of
horizontal wind, Richardson number, vertical velocity

> [NCAR PAMS]{.underline}

Raw: continuous measurements (averaged 1‑minute values) of pressure,
temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and downwelling (shortwave)
radiation at the surface

Reduced: continuous measurements (averaged 1‑minute values) of pressure,
temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and downwelling (shortwave)
radiation at the surface

> A.3.3 R3
>
> TBD ‑ Ackerman
>
> [Microwave Wind Profiler]{.underline}
>
> Measurements: TBD
>
> A.3.4 Rla
>
> TBD ‑ Eloranta
>
> [Volume Imaging Lidar]{.underline}
>
> Raw: 15 km X 120 km images
>
> Reduced: morphology of cloud structure
>
> Value‑Added: large variety of synergistic products in conjunction with
> other sensors
>
> A.3.5 SRB
>
> TBD‑ DeLuisi
>
> A.3.6 SPECTRE
>
> TBD ‑ Wiscombe
>
> [GSFC Raman Lidar]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [PSU 9‑Channel Microwave Radiometer\*]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [WPL Channel Microwave Radiometer\*]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [WPL 915 MHz RASS]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [PSU/WPL 50 MHz Wind Profiler\*/RASS]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [WFF Sonde System]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [WPL Ozonesondes]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [WPL Dobson]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [WFF Tethersonde]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [U**.** Denver Solar Spectrometers]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [U. Wisconsin HIS]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [GSFC SIRIS]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [GSFC Calibration Facility]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [WPL Flask Samples]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [WPL Broadband IR Radiometers]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [PSU Broadband IR Radiometers\*]{.underline}
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> \* ‑ FIRE provided
>
> A.3.7 OTHER LOCATIONS
>
> [CLASS Sondes]{.underline}
>
> Vaisala R‑80 package with LORAN navigational transceiver
>
> (aneroid barometer, rod thermistor, humicap)
>
> Raw: latitude and longitude vs. time (every 2.5 seconds), P, T,
> relative humidity
>
> Reduced: geopotential height (Z) vs. time (\~every 50 m), latitude and
> longitude vs**.** Z, P,
>
> T, potential T, relative humidity (wrt liquid and ice), dew and frost
> point T, specific
>
> humidity
>
> Value‑Added: geopotential height (Z) vs. time (\~every 50 m), latitude
> and longitude vs. Z,
>
> T lapse rate, static stability, vertical shear of horizontal wind,
> Richardson number,
>
> vertical velocity
>
> [NWS Wind Profilers]{.underline}
>
> NWS/UNISYS 400 MHz 3‑beam system
>
> Raw: TBD
>
> Reduced: TBD
>
> Value‑Added: TBD
>
> [NWS Rawinsondes]{.underline}
>
> NWS standard VIS sonde package with radio receiver
>
> (aneroid barometer, rod thermistor, carbon hygristor)
>
> Raw: elevation and azimuth vs. time (every 6 seconds), P, T, relative
> humidity

Reduced: geopotential height (Z) vs. time (\~every 50 m), latitude and
longitude vs. Z, P, T, potential T, relative humidity (wrt liquid and
ice), dew and frost point T, specific humidity, wind speed and
direction, u and v wind components

Value‑Added: geopotential height (Z) vs. time (every 50 m), latitude and
longitude vs. Z, T lapse rate, static stability (dry), vertical shear of
horizontal wind (vector), Richardson number, vertical velocity

> APPENDIX B
>
> SATELLITE OVERPASS TIMES
>
> B. 1.0 GOES
>
> The GOES satellites stars an Earth scan‑ at the North Pole, and scan
> the Earth\'s disk from north to south in approximately 18 minutes.
> GOES East scans stars on the hour and the half hour. The time of GOES
> observations for any surface station is simply a function of the
> latitude of the surface station and is given by
>
> t = t start + 9\*(1‑sinθ)
>
> where θ is the latitude (positive north, negative south), t is in
> minutes, and t start is at the time at which the GOES scan starts.
>
> B.2.0 NOAA Polar Orbiter
>
> NOAA overpass times for a given surface site will vary by up to 100
> minutes from day to day. Predicted satellite orbital elements are used
> to predict the viewing conditions (time and viewing angle) for each
> day during the Cirrus IFO‑II. Since the NOAA satellite orbits are not
> continually adjusted, the orbits drift in time. It is estimated that
> predicted satellite overpass times are accurate to plus or minus 5
> minutes. Updates to these predictions will be issued every 6 months.
> Experience with the accuracy of the orbital predictions will dictate
> if more frequent updates are required. The following table gives a
> sample of the overpass times and viewing angles for Coffeyville,
> Kansas.
>
> Table ‑ TBD ‑ Harrison
>
> B.3.0 Landsat
>
> Currently Landsats 4 and 5 are still operational. Data is
> operationally acquired over the entire continental U.S. The Landsat
> orbit is adjusted as necessary to maintain the sampling time for each
> region constant to within I minute. Landsat data is collected in
> \"scenes\" which are 180 km by 170 km in size. The satellite views the
> scene area in approximately 170 km / (7 km/sec) = 24 seconds. Since
> Landsat only acquires data immediately beneath the satellite (viewing
> zenith angles within 7 degrees of nadir), complete Earth coverage
> requires many days of sampling. The orbit has been designed so that
> each Landsat scene is viewed once each 16 days. Therefore for a
>
> given surface observation site, Landsat data will be taken over that
> site once every 16 days at the same GMT time each day.
>
> The Landsat data collection strategy for Cirrus IFO‑II is as follows:
>
> I. [Kansas]{.underline}
>
> a\. Landsat 5 data is taken operationally over the continental U.S. No
> special acquisitions are required for the Kansas region.
>
> b\. Landsat 4 special data acquisitions will be scheduled during the
> Nov. 13 ‑ Dec. 7 experiment period for a region bounded by 34N ‑
> 38.25N and 92W ‑ 97W where aircraft operations are easiest. This area
> is covered by 3 Landsat orbit paths with 3 scenes along each path.
> (see figure B.3.1). The resulting 9 Landsat scene path/row
> designations are: 27/34‑36, 26/34‑36, 25/34‑36, and 24/34‑36. Six of
> these scenes are viewed on 2 days during the experiment, three are
> viewed on a single day, resulting in a total of 15 scene acquisitions.
> Digital data would be ordered for 3‑5 of the acquired scenes.
>
> II\. [Gulf of Mexico]{.underline}
>
> a\. While surface reflectance of the Gulf will be uniform, surface
> temperature can vary by 13K. One source of surface temperature
> verification is given by three ocean buoys in the Gulf of Mexico (see
> solid triangles in figure B.3.2). Since the aircraft will fly from San
> Antonio, there is a trade‑off between the desire to observe well away
> from the coastal water variations and the desire to minimize flight
> distance. A reasonable compromise is to select as candidates the 6
> Landsat scenes with scene centers between 25‑28N and 92‑96W (shown in
> the figure with an \"X\" through the scene center).
>
> b\. Landsat 4 and Landsat 5 data acquisitions will be scheduled for 6
> scenes specified by path/row designations: 23/41, 23/42, 24/41, 24/42,
> 25/41, and 25/42. Since each Landsat scene is viewed on 3 days during
> the experiment, a total of 18 Landsat scenes will be acquired. Digital
> data will be ordered for 4‑6 of the 18.
>
> B.4.0 DMSP
>
> Currently there are three DMSP satellites in orbit. F‑8 and F‑9 are in
> sun‑synchronous polar‑orbits with equator crossing times of 0630 and
> 1000 local time ascending and 1830 and 2200 descending. Each location
> is viewed at least twice per day by each satellite (more often near
> polar locations). Principal sensors are the OLS, SSM/I, and the SSM/I.
> F‑10 (launched in December 1990) is in an unplanned elliptical orbit.
> Initial equator crossing times of 1930 local time ascending
>
> ![](media/image1.wmf){width="7.902777777777778in"
> height="8.291666666666666in"}

Figure B.3. 1 ‑ Landsat 4/5 overpass dates/times for FIRE Cirrus IFO‑II,
Kansas, November 13 ‑ December 7, 1991

> ![](media/image2.wmf){width="6.736111111111111in"
> height="8.708333333333334in"}
>
> Figure B.3.2 ‑ Landsat 4/5 overpass dates/times for FIRE Cirrus
> IFO‑II, Gulf of Mexico
>
> and 0730 descending are predicted to increase to near 2015 and 0815 at
> the time of the Cirrus IFOII. This is due to a drift in the orbit
> which will make advanced prediction of overpass times more difficult.
> Principal sensors are identical to those onboard F‑8 and F‑9. The
> following table gives a sample of DMSP F‑8 and F‑9 overpass times and
> viewing angles for Coffeyville, Kansas.
>
> Table ‑ TBD ‑ Griffin/ Harrison
>
> B.5.0 ERS‑ I
>
> TBD‑Olsen
>
> B.6.0 METEOR
>
> TBD ‑ Wielicki/ Harrison
>
> B.7.0 SAGE‑II
>
> The primary surface/satellite coincidence target for the ERBS
> satellite is the SAGE‑II solar occultation measurement. This
> measurement is taken at sunrise/sunset and coincidence times will vary
> from surface site to surface site. Observation days will be scattered
> through the year for any given site. The following table gives the
> times and locations of the tangent point occultations near
> Coffeyville, Kansas.
>
> Table ‑ TBD ‑ Harrison
>
> APPENDIX C
>
> FIRE CIRRUS IFO‑II PARTICIPANTS

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| FIRE Program Manager:             | Dr. Tim Suttles                   |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | NASA Headquarters                 |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Code SE/OSSA                      |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Washington, DC 20546              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| FIRE Project Manager:             | > David McDougal                  |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NASA Langley Research Center    |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > MS 483                          |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Hampton, VA 23665‑5225            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Operations Manager:               | > Tom Owens                       |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NASA Langley Research Center    |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > MS 483                          |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Hampton, VA 23665‑5225            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Data Manager:                     | > Lola Olsen                      |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NASA Goddard Space Flight       |
|                                   | > Center                          |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Code 934                        |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Greenbelt,MD 20771                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Lead Mission Scientist:           | > Dr. David Starr                 |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NASA Goddard Space Flight       |
|                                   | > Center                          |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Code 913                        |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Greenbelt,MD 20771                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Mission Selection Team Chairman:  | > Dr. David Starr                 |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NASA Goddard Space Flight       |
|                                   | > Center                          |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Code 913                        |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Greenbelt,MD 20771              |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| hub Site Coordinator:             | > TBD                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| R2 Site Coordinator:              | > Dr. Stephen Cox                 |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Colorado State University       |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences   |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Fort Collins, CO 80523            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| R3 Site Coordinators:             | > Dr. Tom Ackerman                |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Pennsylvania State University   |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Department of Meteorology       |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > 503 Walker Building             |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | University Park, PA 16802         |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Rla Site Coordinator:             | > Dr. Ed Eloranta                 |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > University of Wisconsin‑Madison |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Department of Meteorology       |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > 1225 West Dayton Street         |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Madison, WI 53706               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| SRB Coordinator:                  | > Dr. John DeLuisi                |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NOM                             |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > CMDL                            |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > 325 Broadway                    |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Boulder, CO 80303                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| SPECTRE \`Coordinators:           | > Dr. Warren Wiscombe             |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NASA Goddard Space Flight       |
|                                   | > Center                          |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Laboratory for Atmospheres      |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Code 913                        |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Greenbelt,MD 20771                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   | > Dr. Robert Ellingson            |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > University of Maryland          |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Department of Meteorology       |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > 2213 Space Sciences             |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | College Park, MD 20742‑2425       |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| CLASS Sonde Coordinator:          | > Dr. David Starr                 |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NASA Goddard Space Flight       |
|                                   | > Center                          |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Code 913                        |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Greenbelt,MD 20771                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| NWS Sonde Coordinator:            | > Dr. David Starr                 |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NASA Goddard Space Flight       |
|                                   | > Center                          |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Code 913                        |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Greenbelt,MD 20771                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Ice Particle Replicator Sonde:    | > Dr. Andrew Heymsfield           |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NCAR                            |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > MMM Division                    |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > P.O. Box 3000                   |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Boulder, CO 80307‑3000          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| NWS Wind Profiler Coordinator:    | > Dr. Tom Ackerman                |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Pennsylvania State University   |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Department of Meteorology       |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > 503 Walker Building             |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > University Park, PA 16802       |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ER‑2 Coordinators:                | > Dr. Francisco Valero            |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NASA Ames Research Center       |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Atmospheric Physics Research    |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > MS 245‑4                        |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Moffett Field, CA 94035         |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Dr. Jim Spinhirne               |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NASA Goddard Space Flight       |
|                                   | > Center                          |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Code 917                        |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Greenbelt,MD 20771              |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Dr. Michael King                |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NASA Goddard Space Flight       |
|                                   | > Center                          |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Climate and Radiation Branch    |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Code 913                        |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Laboratory for Atmospheres      |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Greenbelt,MD 20771              |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Gary Shelton                    |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NASA Ames Research Center       |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > High Altitude Branch/OHM        |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > MS 240‑6                        |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Moffett Field, CA 94035‑1000      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Sabreliner Coordinators:          | > Dr. Andrew Heymsfield           |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NCAR MMM Division               |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > P.O. Box 3000                   |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Boulder, CO 80307‑3000          |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Dr. Graeme Stephens             |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Colorado State University       |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Dept. of Atmospheric Science    |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Fort Collins, CO 80523            |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| King Air Coordinators:            | > Dr. Andrew Heymsfield           |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > NCAR                            |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > MMM Division                    |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > P.O. Box 3000                   |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Boulder, CO 80307‑3000          |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Dr. Kenneth Sassen              |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > University of Utah              |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Department of Meteorology       |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > 819 WB Browning Building        |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Salt Lake City, UT 84112          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Citation Coordinator:             | > Dr. Michael Poellot             |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > University of North Dakota      |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Atmospheric Sciences            |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Box 8216                        |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > University Station              |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Grand Forks, ND 58202‑8216        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| FAA Coordinator:                  | > Gil Summers                     |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > 1571 Judson Drive               |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Boulder, CO 80303                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Satellite Coordinators:           | > Dr. Donald Wylie                |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > University of Wisconsin‑Madison |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Space Science and Engineering   |
|                                   | > Ctr                             |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > 1225 West Dayton Street         |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Madison, WI 53706                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Project Coordinators:             | > Doris Stroup                    |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > ST Systems Corporation (STX)    |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > 28 Research Drive               |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Hampton, VA 23666               |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Fanny Valladares                |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > ST Systems Corporation (STX)    |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > 28 Research Drive               |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Hampton, VA 23666                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Coffeyville Airport Manager:      | > Robert Ingmire                  |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > Airport Industrial Park         |
|                                   | > Coordinator                     |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > 232 West 8th Street             |
|                                   | >                                 |
|                                   | > P.O. Box 1629                   |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Coffeyville, KS 67337             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|                                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

> APPENDIX D
>
> STANDARD DATA FORMAT FOR FIRE
>
> TABLE OF CONTENTS
>
> D.1.0 JUSTIFICATION D‑1
>
> D.2.0 DATA CHARACTERISTICS D‑2
>
> D.3.0 ARCHIVAL OF DATA D‑2
>
> D.4.0 TAPE FORMAT SPECIFICATIONS D‑4
>
> D.4. 1 Tape Header File (Volume ID) D‑6
>
> D.4.2 Volume Table of Contents File D‑15
>
> D.4.3 Test Data File D‑16
>
> D.4.4 Ancillary and Observation Data Files D‑16
>
> D.5.0 STANDARD FORMAT FOR SATELLITE DATA D‑17
>
> D.6.0 GUIDELINES FOR ORGANIZATION OF DATA ON TAPES D‑18
>
> D.6. 1 Use of File Divisions D‑18
>
> D.6.2 Geographical Location Information D‑18
>
> D.6.3 Multi‑component Data D‑18
>
> D.6.4 Data and Analysis Products D‑19
>
> D.7.0 CONCLUSION D‑19
>
> STANDARD DATA FORMAT FOR FIRE
>
> This document provides the rules to be followed in constructing data
> sets to be submitted to the FIRE Central Archive ‑ the NASA Climate
> Data System (NCDS). These rules will be referred to as the FIRE
> Standard Data Format (SDF). They actually allow a family of formats,
> not just a single, fixed format.
>
> D.1.0 JUSTIFICATION
>
> The FIRE SDF should provide an exchange format which will allow both
> the investigators and central archive programmers (actually the
> programs which they implement) to determine the basic logical
> structure of a data set with minimal recourse to external
> documentation, while providing for the inclusion of all necessary data
> and for future expansion to include additional types of data. The SDF
> should greatly facilitate the exchange of data between investigators
> and the use of the data by other scientists once the data are released
> to the public. Without such an exchange format, the multi‑data studies
> required to make the FIRE a success would be very timeconsuming and
> costly.
>
> The exchange format is written in a way which will allow the FIRE
> Central Archive to minimize the amount of human intervention
> (programming, software maintenance, and data entry) needed to catalog,
> inventory, read, or copy the data sets submitted to the archive, while
> still allowing the investigators the flexibility to incorporate all
> needed data and to make mod)fications in the future. This should also
> allow the archive to provide more sophisticated access services than
> otherwise possible. Investigators may obtain subsets of data sets by
> specifying the type of records and the values of many data elements,
> such as the latitude, the longitude, and the time of the data, and not
> just the physical storage medium, such as the specific tapes.
> Investigators may also take advantage of general purpose capabilities
> already developed at the archive facility. This will allow them to
> perform some initial analysis of the data with the archive\'s data
> manipulation and display capabilities.
>
> Additionally, the archive can deal with some of the differences
> between computer representations of numerical values, instead of this
> burden falling on each investigator. The archive\'s programs will read
> data sets using either IBM or VAX integer representations and provide
> investigators with data subsets in either of these representations.
> The generic software routines needed to perform these functions can
> also be made available to the investigators. Even if these routines
> are not directly usable, they should provide some guidance in
> developing software for reading other data in the standard data
> format. Since the staff of the archive facility will be familiar with
> the standard data format, they will also be able to provide assistance
> with problems encountered.
>
> D.2.0 DATA CHARACTERISTICS
>
> The FIRE will produce several distinct types of data exhibiting very
> different characteristics: (a) digital satellite image data which are
> usually voluminous, are stored in various formats, and contain
> appended information, (b) digital ground and aircraft instrument data
> provided in both small and large volume data sets, each with a format
> nearly unique to the instruments which collected the data, and (c)
> photographs (analog data) produced by ground and aircraft observers to
> document the sky conditions. Scientists must analyze all of these data
> types simultaneously in order to elucidate cloud and radiation
> processes, to obtain statistical descriptions of the cloud properties,
> and to meet the scientific objectives of the FIRE. Some
> standardization of digital data formats is required to facilitate this
> analysis. The analog data will not be held by the central archive and
> are not considered further in this document.
>
> D.3.0 ARCHIVAL OF DATA
>
> Both individual investigators and the FIRE Central Archive will hold
> FIRE data. The central archive\'s holdings will consist of any data
> sets submitted in SDF by individual investigators and special
> satellite data sets described in Section 5 of this document.
> Investigators are also encouraged to adopt the standard format for
> their individual holdings. Use of the SDF for all individual holdings
> is encouraged in order to facilitate team interaction and distribution
> of data. Use of the SDF will also allow investigators to take
> advantage of any formatting software developed for the SDF by other
> investigators or by the central archive.
>
> Because the format standards described here allow variations in the
> content of data sets, investigators providing data to the FIRE Central
> Archive must submit a sample data tape, along with a document
> describing the format. This document may essentially be a dump of the
> first file on the tape, as described later in this document. The FIRE
> Central Archive will verify that the sample data tape corresponds to
> the documentation and conforms to the FIRE Standard Data Format.
>
> After a data set has been submitted in a specific format, all
> subsequent data of the same type must be submitted in the identical
> format. Changes of format can be implemented only by replacing all of
> the archive holdings or by labelling the new format data as different
> data. The investigator is allowed to replace missing data with dummy
> values to maintain the data structure. Similarly, if an investigator
> anticipates a need for future expansion of his/her data products,
> he/she is encouraged to include additional fields in the data record.
> These fields can be filled with the \"missing\" data flag until they
> are needed. This would eliminate the need for replacing all of the
> previously submitted archive holdings or labelling of the new data
> format as different data.

![](media/image3.wmf){width="7.694444444444445in"
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height="9.916666666666666in"}

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height="9.88888888888889in"}

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> AIRCRAFT FLIGHT PATH**.** ABOUT 500M METERS ARE COVERED IN A 5-SEC
>
> INTERVAL. CALIBRATION INFO:
>
> SEE FIRST REFERENCE.
>
> REFERENCES:
>
> HEYMSFIELD, A.J. AND J.L PARRISH 1979; TECHNIQUES EMPLOYED IN THE
> PROCESSING OF PARTICLE SIZE SPECTRA AND STATE PARAMETERS DATA OBTAINED
> WITH THE T-28 AIRCRAFT PLATFORM. NCAR/TN-137+lA, NATIONAL CENTER FOR
> ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH, BOULDER, CO. 78PP.
>
> SOFTWARE:
>
> UNEVEN INTERVAL INFORMATION FOLLOWS
>
> CH-SIZE, DIMENSION(19)
>
> 150,250,350,450,550,650,750,850,950,1050,1150,1250,1350.
>
> 1500,1700,1900,2200,2700,3500. (1) shows no ancillary riles used
>
> \(2\) beginning of 1st DDR
>
> \(3\) shows first data type, PROBE-2C

\(4\) shows second data type, PROBE-P

END OF OBSERVATION SEGMENT

D.4.2 Volume Table of Contents File

> The Volume Table of Contents File (TOC) is always the second file on a
> data tape and is composed entirely of ASCII character data. It
> contains text describing the tape contents. This textual information
> is arranged in the form of a table showing a file by file listing of
> contents. The TOC consists of one or more physical records (blocks),
> consisting of 6400 characters arranged in 160-byte logical records
> (card images). All character information is provided left-justified;
> all numbers right justified; unused characters are blank filled. The
> following characters are provided for each data file on the tape:
>
> **[Characters]{.underline}** **[Contents]{.underline}**
>
> 1 **-** 4 Data file sequence number on tape (right justified)
>
> 6 - 11 Data sequence number within data set (right justified)
>
> 13 - 20 Type of record (datatype) in the file (8 character short name,
> with no spaces, as
>
> defined in the DDR of the header file) e.g. PROBE-2C
>
> 22 - 35 Date and GMT of earliest observation in file (YYYYMMDDHHMMSS)
>
> 37 - 50 Date and GMT of latest observations in file (YYYYMMDDHHMMSS)
>
> 52 - 57 Northern most latitude covered by data in file (using
> convention -90.00 to +90.00
>
> with -90.00 the South Pole and +90.00 the North)
>
> 59 - 64 Southern most latitude covered by data in file (using
> convention -90.00 to +90.00)
>
> 66 - 72 Western most longitude covered by data in file (using
> convention -180-00 to
>
> 180.00, where Eastward from Greenwich is positive direction
>
> 74 - 80 Eastern most longitude covered by data in file (using
> convention -180.00 to
>
> 180.00)
>
> 81 - 160 Where appropriate, description of viewing geometry in file,
> using ranges where
>
> necessary, blank filled

The data file sequence number indicates the file number containing the
listed data. This number allows identification of any data file and any
data record on the tape by comparison to the sequence numbers given in
each record. The data sequence number refers to a numbering of
observations within an observation set (e.g., image number, orbit
number, flight number) that is used by the investigator to relate the
observations on this data tape to other observations on other data
tapes. In order to keep the table of contents compact enough to be
useful as a guide to data on the tape, the information about geographic
coverage and time/space resolution need only approximate the true
features of the data.

D.4.3 Test Data File

The Test Data file is written entirely in ASCII and represents the
complete contents of the first data file of the tape. It contains the
contents of the first observation data file on the tape, in the format
specified by the L DR. This file should be easily read and can be used
to validate the contents of the first observation data file. This file
should be of fixed-sized block(s) which are multiples of fixed-sized
logical records.

D.4.4 Ancillary and Observation Data Files

The data records of any one file contain data for only one defined
record type (datatype). The record type is documented in the first
physical record of the file. This physical record contains the same
160-byte descriptive information about the data in the file as the
corresponding record in the TOC file. This descriptive information is
composed entirely of ASCII character data. This information is spread
over the logical records and blank-filled as necessary to maintain it on
the logical record boundaries for the file. (For example, if the data
records for this type of data have a logical length of 160 bytes, the
first logical record is just the file descriptor. If the data records
for this type of data have a logical record length of 80 bytes, the
first 2 logical records of the file would contain the file descriptor
record. If the data records have a logical record length of 76 bytes,
then the first 3 logical records of the file would contain the file
descriptor record. The last 68 bytes of the third logical record would
be filled with blanks.)

It is **highly** recommended that the following variables (using the
noted names for ease of data set comparison) be included in all data
records. These would be described in a DDR in the same way as the other
variables. Some of these variables are for preventing loss of
synchronization by input/output errors; others are for ease of selection
of data meeting the

experiment needs.

**FNUM** Data file number on tape, in I\*4

**RNUM** Data record sequence number within the file, in I\*4

**TSEQ** Data record sequence number within tape, in I\*4

**DSEQ** Data record sequence number within data set, in 1\*4

**YEAR** Year of the data observation, in I\*4 (for example 1986)

**MONTH** Month of the data observation, in I\*4 (1 through 12)

**DAY** Day of the data observation, in I\*4

**HOUR** Hour of the data observation, in I\*4

**MIN** Minutes of the data observation, in I\*4

**SEC** Seconds of the data observation, in I\*4

**MSEC** Milliseconds of the data observation, in I\*4

**LAT** Latitude of the observation using the convention noted in the
TOC described above

**LONG** Longitude of the observation using the convention noted in the
TOC

**????** Other appropriate location fields, such as altitude, or fields

> indicating viewing geometry, such as solar zenith angle, relative
>
> azimuth, viewing zenith angle, or other equivalents)

The data sequence numbers within a file are simply reference numbers
indicating the position of the data in that record within the file.
Likewise, the data sequence numbers within a tape indicate the position
of the data in that record within the whole tape. If more than one data
tape is produced, a data sequence number for the position within the
whole data set is desirable.

Remember to use Table 4 to properly scale binary data for ancillary and
observation data file. Bad or missing data must be represented by the
largest possible integer value (e.g., (2\*\*31)-l for 32-bit words) for
each data type used. Data arrangement must align the records (logical
and physical) on 32-bit word boundaries.

D.5.0 STANDARD FORMAT FOR SATELLITE DATA

Satellite data may be submitted to the FIRE Central Archive in two
different formats. The first format is essentially that of the original
tape. These data are submitted in this format in order to avoid
reprocessing large data volumes. Certain modifications of the formats
may be necessary, however, to insure the presence of all of the proper
ancillary information or to change features which produce special
handling difficulties. (No changes for the latter purpose are
anticipated.) The FIRE Central Archive will support the satellite data
sets which are submitted in this format with catalog information giving
a high-level description of the data, a simple inventory giving some

information about the contents of each tape in the data set (basically
time and instrument/mission information), and straight tape copying
capabilities. (In other words, the archive will make a copy of any
available tape for an investigator but will not further subset it.)

The second format for satellite data tapes is SDF. Having these data in
SDF, especially for key case studies, will facilitate intensive data
comparisons. The FIRE Central Archive will support satellite data tapes
submitted in the SDF with the full capabilities developed for the other
FIRE data sets.

D.6.0 GUIDELINES FOR ORGANIZATION OF DATA ON TAPES

Because of the diversity of the FIRE data sets and planned analyses,
specification of a single \"best\" way to organize these data is
impractical. However, certain basic principles can be followed which are
described in the following subsections.

D.6.1 Use of File Divisions

The arrangement of the data on a single data tape should follow a
\"natural\" sequence, usually a time sequence of spatially correlated
observations. The division of the sequence into files on the tape should
produce a moderate number (10 - 100) of files. Too few files are
vulnerable to 1/0 errors while too many files waste tape in EOF marks.
(This guideline refers primarily to data sets which fill one or more
data tapes.) Time records should at least be broken into daily files.

D.6.2 Geographical Location Information

Satellite data form an image of a region at one time. Location
information may be supplied as a function of pixel coordinate or
interleaved with the data values. The latter is more convenient if the
relation between pixel coordinate and location is variable; the former
is more convenient if the relation is fixed, at least within the file.
Aircraft data should be presented as time records to which location tags
are appended.

D.6.3 Multi-component Data

Many FIRE data sets are composed of measurements from multi-channel
instruments or from groups of instruments making coincident
measurements. Although many investigators may wish to examine particular
components of such data sets and would, therefore, prefer the components
in separate files, the heart of the FIRE concept is the analysis of many
simultaneous or coincident observations of the same cloud. Since most
multi-component data are naturally collected with the different
variables interleaved, these data should be organized by time period
into

files containing multiple variables that are interleaved to give all
observations at each location at each instant of time.

D.6.4 Data and Analysis Products

Data (raw or reduced through straightforward processing) should be
compiled separately from analysis products and placed on separate data
tapes. However, subsequent studies of the initial analysis products can
be enhanced by repeating and interleaving the original data on the data
product tapes. Therefore, multiple forms of the same data may be
required.

D.7.0 CONCLUSION

The FIRE Standard Data Format should allow descriptive information on
the contents of a data set to be recorded with a data set (i.e., on the
data set tape). It should also allow the data to be easily decoded,
using simple computer programs. A sample of the type of plot
investigators can obtain by accessing the NCDS is shown in Figure 6. The
sample plot was obtain using the Processed CLASS (PCLASS) soundings
datatype from the Fire Marine Stratocumulus (FIRE-MS) Data Set. This
data set was provided by Dr. Wayne Schubert of Colorado State
University\'s Department of Atmospheric Science.

Table 4. CHOOSING SCALING VALUES

> In order to scale the data so they are I -byte, 2-byte, or 4-byte
> positive integers, the following equation is used:
>
> Q = (R - A)\*(2\*\*(b-N))
>
> where R is the actual (real) data value, b=7 for 1-byte integers, b=15
> for 2-byte integers, and b=31 for 4-byte integers, and Q is rounded to
> a positive integer. The value of A and the value of N are chosen to be
> integers which will allow the full range of the data to be
> represented, as well as give a positive value for Q.
>
> For example, if the data are actually positive integers that can be
> easily represented in 32-bit (4-byte) integers, then there is no
> reason to scale the actual data. Therefore, A\--O and N=31 are
> reasonable values.

If otherwise, A should be chosen so it is the largest integer less than
or equal to the minimum allowable value of the data (e.g., the minimum
value of the data minus A should be non-negative). And N should be
chosen so it is the least non-negative integer so that the following is
true:

> (Maximum - A)/(2\*\*N) \< 1
>
> The following steps should be helpful in determining \"A\" and "N\":
>
> I Determine the smallest value of data, *Dmin.*
>
> 2\. Determine \"A\" where: A is less than or equal to *Dmin*
>
> A = Integer (positive or negative)
>
> A = Greatest lower bound
>
> 3\. Determine, the largest value of data, Dmax.
>
> 4\. Determine \"N\" where: 2 to the Nth power is greater than *Dmax-A*
>
> *N* = Non-negative integer
>
> *N* = Least upper bound

Therefore, for a variable with a minimum value of 0.00 and a maximum
value of 300.00, the value of A should be set at 0. The value of N
should be set as 9. \[Note 300.00/(2\*\*9) is less than 1 but
300.00/(2\*\*8) is not.\] So the quantity Q stored in a 32-bit word of
the data record for *R=0.00 is Q=O. For R=300.00, Q=300.00\*(2\*\*22).
For R=150.00,* *Q=150.00\*(2\*\*22).*

As another example, consider latitude with a minimum value of -90.0 and
maximum value of 90.0. The value of A would be set as -90. (Note that
this negative number does not appear in the data.) The value of N would
be 8 \[since (90.0-(-90))/(2\*\*8) is less than 1 but
(90.0-(­90))/(2\*\*7) is not\]. So for R=-90.0, what is actually stored
on the tape is (-90.0 *90)1(2 \* \*23)* or 0.

![](media/image14.wmf){width="7.180555555555555in"
height="6.388888888888889in"}

APPENDIX E

GENERAL INFORMATION ON COFFEYVILLE, KANSAS

[Coffeyville\--local area information:]{.underline} The population is
estimated at about 16,000; the center of town is located near the
intersection of US 166 & US 169, in the southeastern comer of Kansas,
approximately three miles from the Oklahoma border.

Lodging Accommodations

It is the responsibility of each Cirrus IFO participant to obtain his
own lodging. The motel operators in Coffeyville, Kansas, are aware of
the lodging requirements throughout the entire period of the field
mission, November 1 - December 20, 1991. This extended time period
includes pre-IFO (receiving equipment and supply shipments and equipment
set-up), IFO operations, and post-IFO (breakdown, return shipments, and
wrap-up). There is a limited number of motel rooms available on a daily
basis in the Coffeyville area. Therefore, it is important that each
Cirrus IFO participant locate and guarantee his lodging arrangements
well in advance of the anticipated date of arrival. Only a few of the
motel operators will allow the use of a small refrigerator and/or a
microwave in the motel room. In addition to obtaining permission from
the motel operator to use these appliances in the room, it is the
responsibility of the participant to provide any allowable appliances.

[Coffeyville Motels:]{.underline} Two of the better motels are listed
below. The rates for the motels range up to \$47 per person/per night.
The Best Western Fountain Plaza Motel manager will negotiate a special
rate for a long-term stay if you mention that you are associated with
Project FIRE..

> \(a\) Appletree Inn: 316-251-0002 900 East 11th Street (43 units)
>
> Special amenities include: an indoor pool and hot tub; hot coffee
> (available on a 24-hour basis), a refrigerator stocked with milk and
> juice, and a microwave are available in the lobby for in-house guests.
>
> \(b\) Best Western Fountain Plaza Inn: 316-251-2250 104 West 11th
> Street (94 units) Special amenities include: a 24-hour restaurant and
> a lounge on-property

[Realtors (apartments and houses):]{.underline} The Coffeyville area has
extremely limited transient housing. The following realtors are aware of
the request for housing during the extended period of the Cirrus field
mission and are available to assist the researchers and their support
staff with locating housing.

> Carla Jones - 316-251-6321 Century 21 407 West 11th Street
>
> David George - 316-251-4687 George Realtors, 1411 West 8th Street
>
> Barbara Heasty - 316-251-4140 Midwest Real Estate, 309 West 11 th
> Street
>
> Colleen Perkins - 316-251-4640 Powell Realty, 712 Maple
>
> Clayton Farlow - 316-251-7843, Real Estate Center, 805 Willow
>
> JoAnn Nordin & Virginia Chaffin - 316-251-3130, 210 West 9th Street

[Tulsa Hotels:]{.underline} Tulsa is located 75 miles due south of
Coffeyville. The hotels listed below have agreed to provide lodging for
the participants of the Cirrus IFO at the rate of \$47.25 (taxes
included). In order to obtain these rates, the caller must refer to the
key words: [Project FIRE]{.underline}

> \(a\) Doubletree-Downtown: 918-587-8000 616 West 7th Street (418
> units)
>
> Special amenities include: health spa with whirlpool and exercise
> equipment; jogging tracks; restaurants on property; and complimentary
> transportation from the Tulsa Airport.
>
> \(b\) Doubletree at Warren Place: 918-495-1000 61 10 South Yale (371
> units)
>
> Special amenities include: health spa with whirlpool, exercise
> equipment and indoor swimming pool; jogging tracks; restaurants on
> property; and complimentary transportation from the Tulsa Airport.
>
> \(c\) Holiday Inn: 918-437-7660 1010 North Garnett units) Special
> amenities include: restaurant on property; indoor swimming pool;
> complimentary transportation from the Tulsa Airport.

Medical Facilities

Information regarding local hospitals, physicians, and dentists will be
available in the Cirrus IFO Project Office, located in the main
terminal, second floor.

Restaurants

Dining facilities in the local area range from fast food to ethnic
restaurants and steak houses. The prices are reasonable and the
restaurants provide ample servings.

Shopping

[Groceries:]{.underline} There are a couple of mid-west chain grocery
stores and a few locally­ owned small stores located in Coffeyville.

[Office Supplies]{.underline} : The local suppliers carry a limited
inventory but will special order items (overnight shipments will result
in a delivery fee). To ensure that all required items are available for
use by the researcher and his support staff throughout the field
mission, it is recommended that these items are either brought to the
field site or shipped in advance to the Cirrus IFO Project Office at the
airport's main terminal. The items can be stored in the project office
until the researcher arrives on­site. Computer support is limited in
Coffeyville; however, there are several computer companies in Tulsa,
Oklahoma and in Joplin, Missouri, that can provide supplies and
maintenance.

[Miscellaneous:]{.underline} There are local suppliers that carry a
limited inventory of plumbing, electrical, hardware, lumber, and
construction items. In addition, there are a few department stores that
carry clothing and household goods. There are three laundromats and two
dry cleaners in the area.

Recreation Facilities

Outdoor activities (fishing, boating, hiking, etc.) are available nearby
at Montgomery County State Lake; Edna Lake, Elk City Reservoir, and Big
Hill Reservoir. In-town facilities include: bowling, skating,
racquetball, and golf at Pfister Park. The Director of Coffeyville's
Convention and Tourist Bureau is in the process of making arrangement
that will allow the Cirrus IFO participants to use the swimming pool
(lap swimming) and the free weight-room at the Coffeyville High School.

Local Area Attractions

Coffeyville, KS: Antique Shoppes, Brown Mansion, Dalton Museum, Condon
Bank, Death Alley and Jail, Elmwood Cemetery, and Downtown Murals
depicting historical Coffeyville

Nearby attractions include: Sedan, KS: The Emmett Kelly Museum and the
Yellow Brick Road, Independence, KS: replica of the Little House on the
Prairie; Claremont and Oologha, OK: Museum & birthplace of Will Rogers;
and Bartlesville, OK: Woolaroc (wildlife preserve), home of Frank
Phillips (Phillips Petroleum), and Prairie National Wild Horse Refuge.

Local Driving Information

The staff of the FIRE Project Office will have copies of the Kansas
Driving Handbook available in the project office for your review in
preparation for your stay in Coffeyville, KS.

> APPENDIX F
>
> ACRONYMS

ACARS ARINC Communications, Addressing, and Reporting System

AFGL Air Force Geophysical Laboratory

AFGWC Air Force Geophysical Weather Central

AFOS Automation of Field Operations and Services

ANSI ?

ARINC Aeronautical Radio, Inc.

ARM Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Program

ASASP Axially-Scattering Aerosol Spectrometer Probe

ASCII ?

ASTEX Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment

ATRS Along Track Scanning Radiometer

AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Sounding Unit

AVIRIS Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer

CALS cloud and aerosol lidar system

CCD coupled charge device

CCN cloud condensation nuclei

CIPS continuous ice particle sampler

CLASS Cross-Chain Loran Atmospheric Sounding System

CN cloud nuclei

CSU Colorado State University

DDR Data Description Table

DEOF double end of file

DIAL Differential Absorption Lidar

DMS Deputy Mission Scientist

DMSP Defense Meteorology Satellite Program

DMWG Data Management Working Group

DOD Department of Defense

DOE Department of Energy

DWIPS Digital Weather Imaging Processing System

ECLIPS Experimental Cloud Lidar Pilot Study

EG&G ?

EOF end of file

EOS Earth Observing System

ER-2 Extended Resources-2

ERBE Earth Radiation Budget Experiment

ERBS Earth Radiation Budget Satellite

ERL Environmental Research Laboratory

ERS-1 European Remote Sensing Satellite-1

ESA European Space Agency

ETO Extended Time Observations

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FCA FIRE Central Archive

FDDA Four Dimensional Data Assimilation

FIRE First ISCCP Regional Experiment

FORTRAN ?

fov field of view

FSL Forecast Systems Laboratories

FSSP Forward-Scattering Spectrometer Probe

FST FIRE Science Team

FYIB ?

GAC global area coverage

GCM general circulation model

GMT Greenwich Mean Time

GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite

GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center

HF high frequency

HIRS High-resolution Infrared Sounder

HIS High spectral resolution Interferometer Spectrometer

HRPT High-Resolution Picture Transmission

HSRL High Spectral Resolution Lidar

IO input/output

113M International Business Machine

ICRCCM Intercomparison of Radiation Codes in Climate Models

ID identification

IFO Intensive Field Observations

IFR Instrument Flight Rules

INS inertial navigation system

IR infrared

ISCCP International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program

IWC ice water content

JAW Johnson Williams

KA King Air

LaRC Langley Research Center

LCL lifting condensation level

LORAN ?

LST local solar time

LWC liquid water content

MAPS Mesoscale Analysis and Prediction System

MAS MODIS-N Airborne Simulator

McIDAS Man-Interactive Data Acquisition System

METEOR ?

MOA Military Operating Areas

MODIS-N Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer-Nadir

MS Marine Stratocumulus

MS Mission Scientist

MSI Multi-Spectral Imagery

MST Mission Selection Team

MSU Microwave Sounding Unit

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NBS National Bureau of Standards

NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research

NCDS NASA Climate Data System

NMC National Meteorological Center

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NRZI non return to zero

NSF National Science Foundation

NTIS ?

NWS National Weather Service

OAP Optical Array Probe

OLS Operational Line Scanner

ONR Office of Naval Research

PAMS Portable Automated Mesonet Stations

PCLASS Processed CLASS

PERT Program Evaluation Review Technique

PI principal investigator

PLS ?

PMS Particle Measurement Systems

PMT

PROFS Program for Regional Observing and Forecasting Services

PRT ?

PSU Pennsylvania State University

RAMS Regional Atmospheric Model

RASS Radio-Acoustic Sounding System

RDF Read Data File

RDS Read Data Smooth

RM Rosemount

SAGE 11 Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment 11

SCARAB Scanner for Radiation Budget

SDF Standard Data Format

SDF Stored Data File

SDS Stored Data Smooth

SIRIS ?

SL Sabreliner

SPECTRE Spectral Radiance Experiment

SPERAD Spectrally-scanning Radiometer

SRB Surface Radiation Budget

SSH2 ?

SSM/I Special Sensor Microwave imager

SSM/T Special Sensor Microwave Water Vapor Sounder

SSU Stratospheric Sounder Unit

STX ST Systems Corporation

TBD to be determined

TDDR Total Direct-Diffuse Radiometer

Tdp dew point temperature

TIROS ?

TKE thermodynamic kinetic equilibrium

TM Thematic Mapper

TOA top of the atmosphere

TOC Table of Contents

TOVS TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder

UHF ultra high frequency

UKMO United Kingdom Meteorological Office

UND University of North Dakota

UNISYS ?

USAF United States Air Force

UTC Universal Coordinated Time

VAD Velocity-Azimuth-Display

VAS VISSR Atmospheric Sounder

VAX ?

VCR video camera recorder

VFR Visual Flight Rules

VRF very high frequency

VIL Volume Imaging Lidar

VIS visible

VISSR Visible Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer

VORTAC ?

WFF Wallops Flight Facility

APPENDIX G

COLLABORATIVE EXPERIMENTS PARTICIPATING IN CIRRUS IFO-II

G.1.0 Spectral Radiance Experiment (SPECTRE)

The ongoing program known as ICRCCM (Intercomparison of Radiation Codes
in Climate Models, now a part of the World Climate Research Program) has
conducted intercomparisons of infrared radiative transfer models ranging
from line-by-line models to the highly parameterized models used in
GCMs. These comparisons have revealed substantial disagreements in
computed fluxes (20% and more) not only among GCM radiation models but
also among the so-called "narrow-band" models that were presumed
accurate. The line-by-line models were able to achieve 1-2% relative
accuracy, but only after agreeing to make certain common assumptions
regarding line shape, line cutoff, and continuum absorption. Thus, these
models should not be regarded as an absolute standard. SPECTRE,
sponsored by NASA and DOE is an outgrowth of these findings.

SPECTRE\'s main objective is to accurately measure the zenith infrared
radiance at high spectral resolution while simultaneously profiling the
radiatively important atmospheric characteristics . In this way, the
radiative models may be tested in a meaningful way. High priority is
placed upon improving and calibrating line-by-line models, since these
are the models against which cruder radiative models (such as those in
GCMs) are tested. SPECTRE aims to close the loopholes by which radiation
models have eluded incisive comparison with measurements in the past by:

> • using remote profiling technologies that continuously sense the
> whole atmospheric column thereby minimizing the \'uncertainty of
> atmospheric characteristics\' associated with the sampling
> characteristics of rawinsondes and aircraft.
>
> • considering the downwelling radiation and thereby eliminating the
> \'uncertainty in surface temperature and emittance\'. This also makes
> atmospheric emission stand out in stark relief and provides the
> severest test of the models.
>
> • using laboratory class spectrometers (several for redundancy) and an
> onsite blackbody calibration facility to eliminate the \'uncertainty
> in measurement accuracy\'.

A second related objective is to demonstrate that radiation measurements
in the field can approach their potential accuracy of 1 %. This is
important because 1% changes in radiation energy are climatically
significant. This increased accuracy will further deny models any tuning
latitude.

Thus, the key features of SPECTRE are simultaneous, instantaneous
profiles of temperature, humidity, aerosol, and cloud; spectral detail
in the form of continuous high resolution

infrared spectra; radiance rather than flux measurements; careful and
frequent radiometric calibration in the field; and redundant
measurements.

The field measurement activities of SPECTRE will be conducted in
conjunction with the FIRE Phase II Cirrus Intensive Field Observations
campaign (section 4.3.2). In addition to the uplooking spectrometers
(spectral resolution better than I cm- I over the spectral region from
about 4 km to 20 Jim), a Raman lidar for profiling water vapor, a
radio-acoustic sounder (RASS) for profiling temperature, and ozone sonde
for profiling ozone will be deployed. Rawinsondes and satellites will be
used to characterize the atmospheric state at upper levels while a
tethersonde system will be used to monitor conditions in the boundary
layer where the remote sensing systems have difficulties. Flask samples
will be taken and analyzed for trace gas concentrations. As part of FIRE
IFO-11, lidar and *in situ* (aircraft) observations will be obtained to
characterize aerosol profiles and cirrus clouds (when present) and
airborne observations of downwelling radiance will also be obtained in
some cases. IR spectrometer measurements of upwelling radiance, using a
spectrometer identical to the one operating at the Hub, will be taken
from the ER-2

G.2.0 Experimental Cloud Lidar Pilot Study (ECLIPS)

The Experimental Cloud Lidar Pilot Study (ECLIPS) is an international
research program in support of ISCCP. ECLIPS uses intensive periods of
lidar and ancillary measurements to categorize all clouds (low, middle,
and high) present during overpasses of NOAA polar orbiter satellites.
The main objective is to provide \'ground truth\' data on cloud
properties (heights and coverage) for validation of cloud properties
inferred from satellite radiance observations (AVHRR and HIRS),
especially those derived by ISCCP. An auxiliary objective is to provide
detailed statistics on the temporal variations of cloud base altitude
which exerts a significant radiative influence on the earth\'s surface
temperature. ECLIPS also seeks to encourage international collaboration
and uniform data processing methods among lidar investigators in order
to facilitate a possible future program of long-term global cloud
monitoring using lidars. The first experimental stage of ECLIPS was
conducted over a one-month period in the fall of 1989. International
participation appeared strong and meetings are underway to organize the
data processing effort.

ECLIPS and FIRE share some objectives and will mutually benefit one
another. Increased utilization of lidar observations to monitor
cloudiness worldwide would provide extended time observations of cirrus
(and other) clouds for a variety of geographical areas and
climatological regimes. Such information would be quite useful to FIRE
researchers both with respect to validation of algorithms for retrieving
cirrus cloud properties from satellite observations (section 5.1) as
well as for investigating possible differences in cirrus cloud structure
(i.e., assessing the global representativeness of FIRE observations).
Greater commonalty in lidar data processing and interpretation is a
mutual concern, especially with respect to the integration of lidar and
radiometric observations. FIRE researchers are active participants in
ECLIPS. FIRE lidar groups, who are

regularly collecting extended time observations (ETO) of cirrus (section
5.0), augmented their observation schedules to obtain more comprehensive
data sets (all clouds) during ECLIPS. Other groups conducted intensive
ETO research efforts during the ECLIPS observational period.

G.3.0 Atmospheric Radiation Measurements Program (ARM)

The Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) Program sponsored by the
Department of Energy is a recently initiated effort with the primary
goal of improving the parameterization of clouds and cloud-radiative
interactions in general circulation models (GCMs). In concept, ARM may
be thought of as an instrumented grid point. A large number of
sophisticated ground-based, remote-sensing instruments will be
co-located at some site. These instruments will be used to monitor on a
continuous basis atmospheric wind, temperature, and humidity profiles;
cloud physical and optical properties; and surface spectral and
broadband radiometric quantities. Current plans call for the
establishment of at least four such sites and a program duration of some
10 years.

Although FIRE and ARM have different primary goals, there is obviously
substantial overlap among their objectives and considerable potential
collaboration. Some examples of the overlap are:

> \- many of the instruments proposed for the Cirrus IFO-11 Hub site
> (table 3) are logical candidates for deployment at an ARM site.
>
> \- operation of the Cirrus IFO-11 Hub site will provide a test of the
> ARM site concept both in terms of instrument deployment and
> synergistic data reduction and analysis.
>
> \- *in situ* aircraft measurements will provide basic understanding
> and calibration of remote sensing measurements that will be vital for
> the success of ARM.
>
> \- Cirrus IFO-II will be a test of concept that will need to be very
> carefully examined in the context of ARM.
>
> \- cloud process modelling based on the Cirrus IFO-11 data set will
> undoubtedly shape ARM measurement strategies and interpretation of
> data.
>
> \- further FIRE programs may very likely be coordinated with ARM
> ground sites to take advantage of existing instrumentation and ARM
> funding, as well as provide further calibration of ARM measurements.

FIRE and ARM are related programs that have the potential for
considerable interaction and a great deal of mutual benefit. FIRE is a
fairly mature field operation, about to conduct its third intensive
field campaign. ARM is just beginning to get underway, but with
considerable momentum. Due to the close relationship between the science
of the two projects, they will undoubtedly share participants. At the
current time, these shared participants will be able to provide
sufficient information flow between the two programs to keep each
abreast of the other\'s plans and to provide for some general
collaboration. However, as ARM becomes more clearly defined, a more
formal collaborative effort should be considered.

APPENDIX H

LISTING OF NWS STATIONS AND CODES

NWS Stations - Type A 15 stations

[State]{.underline} [City]{.underline} [Type]{.underline}
[Region]{.underline} [Call]{.underline}

Arkansas: Little Rock WSFO S LJT

Colorado: Denver WSFO C DEN

Kansas: Dodge City WSO C DDC

Topeka WSFO C TOP

Missouri: Monett WSMO C UNM

Nebraska: North Platte WSO C LBF

Omaha WSFO C OMA

New Mexico: Albuquerque WSMO S ABQ

Oklahoma: Oklahoma City WSFO S OKC

Texas: Amarillo WSO S AMA

Del Rio WSO S DRT

El Paso WSO S ELP

Longview WSMO S GGG

Midland WSO S MAF

Stephenville WSMO S SEP

Type Code: WSFO - Weather Service Forecast office (main office)

> WSO - Weather Service Office
>
> WSMO - Weather Service Meteorological Observatory
>
> WSCMO - Weather Service Contract Meteorological Observatory
>
> Note that observatories are not routinely staffed on a 24-hour basis,
> although observers are present to take routine surface and upper air
> observations.
>
> Region Code: E - Eastern
>
> C - Central
>
> S - Southern
>
> W - Western

[NWS Stations - Type B]{.underline} 36 stations

[State]{.underline} [City]{.underline} [Type]{.underline}
[Region]{.underline} [Call]{.underline}

Alabama: Centerville-Brent WSMO S CKL

Arizona: Tucson WSO W TUS

Winslow WSO W INW

California: Oakland WSCMO/WSO W OAK

San Diego WSCMO/WSO W MYF

Colorado: Grand Junction WSO C GJT

Idaho: Boise WSFO W BOI

Illinois: Peoria WSO C PIA

Salem WSCMO C SLO

Louisiana: Boothville WSCMO S BVE

Lake Charles WSO S LCH

Michigan: Flint WSO C FNT

Sault Ste. Marie \*\* WSO C SSM

Minnesota: International Falls \*\* WSO C INL

St. Cloud WSO C STC

Mississippi: Jackson WSFO S JAN

Montana: Glasgow \*\* WSO W GGW

Great Falls \*\* WSCMO/WSFO W GTF

Nevada: Ely WSO W ELY

Mercury WSMO W UCC

Winnemucca WSO W WMC

North Dakota: Bismark \*\* WSFO C BIS

Ohio: Dayton WSCMO E DAY

Oregon: Medford WSO W MFR

Salem \*\* WSO W SLE

South Dakota: Huron WSO C HON

Rapid City WSO C RAP

Tennessee: Nashville WSMO S BNA

Texas: Brownsville WSO S BRO

Victoria WSO S VCF

Utah: Salt Lake City WSFO W SLC

Washington: Quillayute \*\* WSCMO W UIL

Spokane \*\* WSO W GEG

West Virginia: Huntington WSO E HTS

Wisconsin: Green Bay WSO C GRB

Wyoming: Lander WSO C LND

\*\* Additional Type B stations