Table of Contents

### Item Page

**Executive Summary** i

**Table of Contents** v

**List of Tables** viii

**List of Figures** ix

1.  **Introduction to Study and Assessment** 1-1

    1.  Purpose of and Need for Action 1-1

    2.  Study Process and Environmental Assessment 1-3

    3.  Proposed Boundary Adjustments 1-4

> 1.3.1 Fort Heiman, Calloway County, Kentucky 1-4
>
> 1.3.2 Fort Henry, Stewart County, Kentucky 1-13
>
> 1.3.3 Fort Donelson, Stewart County, Kentucky 1-18
>
> 1.4 Scope of the BAS & EA 1-29

1.5 Issues and Impact Topics 1-30

> 1.5.1 Impact Topics Analyzed 1-30
>
> 1.5.2 Impact Topics Dismissed From Further Analysis 1-33

1.6 Organization of the BAS & EA 1-34

1.  **Alternatives Including the No Action** 2-1

    1.  Alternative A: No Action 2-1

        1.  Management Authority 2-2

        2.  Boundary Recommendation 2-2

        3.  Resource Protection and Visitor Use 2-2

> 2.2 Alternative B: Expand Fort Donelson by Adding Fort Heiman and Ten
> Eligible
>
> Properties at Fort Donelson National Battlefield (The Preferred
> Alternative) 2-3

1.  Management Authority 2-3

2.  Boundary Recommendation 2-3

3.  Resource Protection and Visitor Use 2-3

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2.  Budget Estimate 2-4

3.  Environmentally Preferred Alternative 2-4

4.  Alternatives Eliminated from Further Study 2-9

5.  Mitigation Measures 2-10

6.  Comparison of Alternatives 2-12

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2.  **Affected Environment** 3-1

3.1 Natural Resources 3-1

> 3.1.1 Soils and Topography 3-1
>
> 3.1.2 Water Resources 3-4
>
> 3.1.3 Air Quality 3-4
>
> 3.1.4 Vegetation 3-7
>
> 3.1.5 Wildlife 3-8
>
> 3.1.6 Threatened and Endangered Species 3-9

3.1.6.1 Calloway County Listed Species 3-9

3.1.6.2 Stewart County Listed Species 3-14

2.  Cultural Resources 3-19

> 3.2.1 Fort Heiman 3-21
>
> 3.2.2 Ten Eligible Battlefield Core Area Properties 3-23

3.  Visitor Use and Experience 3-25

4.  Socioeconomic Environment 3-29

    1.  Population, Economy, and Social Conditions 3-29

    2.  Utilities and Public Services 3-31

5.  Transportation 3-33

6.  Land Use 3-38

7.  Visual Resources 3-38

8.  Human Health and Safety 3-39

**4.0 Environmental Consequences** 4-1

4.1 Methodology 4-1

4.1.1 Definitions 4-2

4.1.2 Impairment of Park Resources 4-8

4.1.3 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-8

4.2 Alternative A: No Action 4-11

4.2.1 Natural Resources 4-11

4.2.1.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-12

4.2.1.2 Conclusion 4-13

4.2.2 Cultural Resources 4-13

4.2.2.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-14

4.2.2.2 Conclusion 4-14

4.2.3 Visitor Use and Experience 4-15

4.2.3.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-15

4.2.3.2 Conclusion 4-15

4.2.4 Socioeconomic Environment 4-16

4.2.4.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-17

4.2.4.2 Conclusion 4-17

4.2.5 Transportation 4-17

4.2.5.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-17

4.2.5.2 Conclusion 4-18

4.2.6 Land Use 4-18

4.2.6.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-18

4.2.6.2 Conclusion 4-18

4.2.7 Visual Resources 4-19

4.2.7.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-19

4.2.7.2 Conclusion 4-19

4.2.8 Human Health and Safety 4-19

4.2.8.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-20

4.2.8.2 Conclusion 4-20

> 4.3 Alternative B: Expand Fort Donelson by Adding Fort Heiman and Ten
> Eligible

Properties at Fort Donelson National Battlefield (The Preferred
Alternative) 4-20

4.3.1 Natural Resources 4-20

4.3.1.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-24

4.3.1.2 Conclusion 4-27

4.3.2 Cultural Resources 4-27

4.3.2.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-29

4.3.2.2 Conclusion 4-30

4.3.3 Visitor Use and Experience 4-31

4.3.3.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-32

4.3.3.2 Conclusion 4-33

4.3.4 Socioeconomic Environment 4-33

4.3.4.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-37

4.3.4.2 Conclusion 4-38

4.3.5 Transportation 4-39

4.3.5.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-40

4.3.5.2 Conclusion 4-41

4.3.6 Land Use 4-41

4.3.6.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-42

4.3.6.2 Conclusion 4-43

4.3.7 Visual Resources 4-43

4.3.7.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-44

4.3.7.2 Conclusion 4-44

4.3.8 Human Health and Safety 4-44

4.3.8.1 Connected Actions and Cumulative Impacts 4-45

4.3.8.2 Conclusion 4-46

**5.0 Consultation and Coordination** 5-1

5.1 Public Involvement 5-3

5.2 Public Scoping Response 5-4

**6.0 Compliance With Federal and State Regulations** 6-1

**7.0 References Cited** 7-1

**8.0 List of Preparers** 8-1

### Appendices

**Appendix A: Acronyms and Abbreviations** A-1

**Appendix B: Glossary** B-1

**Appendix C: Environmental Laws and Regulations** C-1

**Appendix D: Public Scoping** D-1

**Appendix E: Comments** **on the Draft BAS & EA** E-1

**Appendix F: Visitation Statistics from Similar Civil War and Military
History**

**Themed National Parks** F-1

List of Tables

### Number Title Page

1-1 Summary of the Organization of the BAS & EA 1-34

2-1 Selection of the Environmentally-Preferred Alternative 2-6

2-2 Recommended Mitigation Measures By Resource Area 2-11

2-3 Comparison of the Potential Impacts of the Alternatives 2-14

3-1 Properties and Suitability of Soil Series Underlying the Fort Heiman
site 3-2

3-2 State-Monitored Species of Calloway County, Kentucky 3-10

> 3-3 Tennessee Endangered, Threatened, Rare or Special Concern Species
>
> Listed for Stewart County 3-16

3-4 National Register of Historic Place Listings 3-20

3-5 Demographic and Economic Data for Calloway County, Kentucky and

> Stewart County, Tennessee 3-29

3-6 Employment by Major Industry in Calloway County, Kentucky 3-29

3-7 Employment by Occupation in Stewart County, Tennessee 3-31

8.  Road Classifications in the Affected Areas of Calloway

> and Stewart counties 3-34

3-9 Level of Service Descriptions 3-36

1.  Impact Threshold
    Definitions..........................................................4-3

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1.  Persons and Agencies
    Consulted......................................................5-1

List of Figures

### Number Title Page

1-1 Regional Map of Forts Donelson, Henry, and Heiman 1-2

1-2 Vicinity Map of Fort Heiman and Fort Henry 1-6

1-3 Federal Fort and Fort Heiman 1-7

1-4 Earthworks at Fort Heiman 1-7

1-5 "Federal Fort" at Fort Heiman detail 1-8

1-6 House under construction at Fort Heiman 1-9

1-7 View of Kentucky Lake (Tennessee River) from bluffs at Fort Heiman
1-10

1-8 Existing privately-owned house at Fort Heiman 1-11

1-9 Clearcut logging to the north of Fort Heiman 1-12

1-10 Area of clearcut logging 1-12

1-11 Fort Henry and Fort Donelson Campaign, February 1862 1-14

1-12 Main fort at Fort Henry, under Kentucky Lake 1-15

1-13 Fort Henry submerged beneath Kentucky Lake 1-16

1-14 Surviving outer earthworks at Fort Henry 1-16

1-15 Confederate cemetery near Fort Henry 1-17

1-16 Unknown Confederate gravesite 1-17

1-17 Earthworks at Fort Donelson 1-19

1-18 Lower River Battery, Fort Donelson; Cumberland River behind 1-20

1-19 Dover Hotel, restored to its 1862 appearance 1-21

1-20 View of Fort Donelson National Cemetery 1-22

1-21 Properties Eligible for Addition 1-25

22. Bagard tract -- scene of heavy fighting in FODO 1-31

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1.  Dense upland hardwood forest at Fort
    Heiman.....................................3-7

2.  Red-Cockaded
    Woodpecker...........................................................3-15

3.  Sailboating at Land Between the
    Lakes.............................................3-27

4.  Golfing at Paris Landing State Park Kentucky Lake
    behind..................... 3-28

5.  Rivers at War Trail in planning and
    development..................................3-32

3-6 Highway Functional Classification System 3-34

3-7 ADT's for Southeastern Calloway County 3-36

3-8 ADT's for a portion of Stewart County 3-37

4-1 Real estate signs near Fort Heiman 4-10

4-2 Real estate sign on Fort Heiman 4-10

5-1 Attendees at June 27, 2002 scoping meeting in Dover,
Tennessee............... 5-4