### GRI-01/0102

**Benefits of GRI R&D Results**

**That Have Been Placed in Commercial Use**

**in 1996 Through 2000**

**Prepared by:**

**Athanasios D. Bournakis**

**Energy Resources Center**

**University of Illinois at Chicago**

**and**

**Gerald D. Pine**

**GRI**

**May 2001**

**Abstract**

This report provides brief descriptions for twenty-four new GRI R&D
products commercialized in 2000 and four enhancements of previously
introduced products. The economic benefits are quantified for one
hundred and sixteen items commercialized between 1996 and 2000 that are
known to have produced significant economic benefits for their users.
The calculated ratio of the benefits to gas customers to total GRI costs
incurred in 1996 through the end of 2000 was

9.4 to 1.

In a similar analysis carried out in 2000 for one hundred and
thirty-three R&D items placed in commercial use between 1995 and 1999,
the calculated ratio of the benefits to gas customers to total GRI costs
incurred during the same period was 9.4 to 1.

**Legal Notice**

This report was prepared by the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC)
Energy Resources Center as an account of work sponsored by GRI. Neither
GRI, members of GRI, UIC, officers, trustees, or staff of UIC, nor any
person acting on behalf of either:

a\. Makes any warranty or representation, express or implied, with
respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information
contained in this report, or that the use of any apparatus, method, or
process disclosed in this report may not infringe privately owned
rights; or

b\. Assumes any liability with respect to the use of, or for damages
resulting from the use of, any information, apparatus, method, or
process disclosed in this report.

**Acknowledgments**

The authors gratefully acknowledge the significant contribution provided
by the following personnel of the Energy Resources Center of the
University of Illinois at Chicago: Irene D. Banas for evaluating the
benefits of GRI's Exploration & Production, Environment & Safety,
Pipeline and Distribution R&D results; and Clifford P. Haefke on his
analysis of the Residential, Commercial, Industrial, Power Generation,
and Natural Gas Vehicles R&D benefits.

Also, we want to thank the GRI personnel for their continued support in
the evaluation of benefits from GRI R&D results.

**Introduction**

Between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2000, twenty-four GRI R&D
results were placed in commercial service. In addition, enhanced
versions of four previously commercialized items were placed in use.\*
Those items are listed in Table 1, and brief descriptions of the 28
items are included in Appendix A. With these new additions, some 170 GRI
R&D results have entered the commercial marketplace during the 5-year
period between January 1996 and December 2000. The full list of the 170
items is included in Appendix B. As one measure of the value of the GRI
R&D program, the economic benefits accruing to users of 116 out of the
170 products can be compared to the total outlays of GRI during the past
five years. This paper highlights the new GRI products that have entered
the market during the past year and presents the results of the
benefit-to-cost analysis of GRI\'s R&D results during the past five
years.

Notable additions to the list of GRI R&D results placed in commercial
service in 2000 are the development of new guidelines for properly
sizing and installing combination space-heating/water-heating systems;
two product lines of gas engine-driven chillers using R-134a
refrigerant; a single-stage absorption, hot water or steam-fired chiller
line; an advanced integrated kiosk ventilation system designed
specifically for non-traditional settings; an advanced bending and
tempering systems for deep bend automotive glass; an IR microturbine
cogeneration system; a precision pipe locator to detect the location of
buried steel, cast iron, or metal-wire-traced plastic pipe; a
computerized analytical tool to estimate the probability of breaks and
leaks occurring in steel mains; a smart pig that uses ultrasound
technology to inspect pipelines for defects due to stress corrosion
cracking and long seam fatigue cracking in in-service natural gas and
liquid pipelines; a leak detection and repair method for detecting leaks
that are cost effective to repair at compressor stations and gas plants;
development of through-casing logging tools that measure formation
resistivity and pressure; and a new *"Portfolio of Emerging Natural Gas
Resources -- Rocky Mountain Basins"* portfolio that assembles geologic,
reservoir and production data on those emerging natural gas plays in the
Greater Green River, Piceance and Wind River basins that hold promise
for large gas reserve additions.

\* For tangible products (hardware, software) we interpret
"commercialized" to mean that the product is commercially available,
economically viable without subsidies, and has been sold in meaningful
quantities. For the less tangible reports and other information
products, we require that the products have been used in a commercial
enterprise and have generated demonstrable economic benefits to the
users. "Enhanced" products have been augmented in a commercially
significant way, with or without GRI support. The augmentation may be a
technical improvement in a product line, expansion of a product catalog,
or expansion of the product market into new areas not available to the
original product at its time of introduction.

**Table 1. GRI R&D Results That Have Been Placed in Commercial Use in
2000**

####### RESIDENTIAL

1.  NAECA Water Heater Assessment

2.  Combo Systems Sizing and Installation Guidelines \*

####### 

####### COMMERCIAL

3.  Analysis of Commercial Sizing and Installation Guidelines

4.  Gas Cooling Guide − Pro Version

5.  BinMaker Pro \*

6.  York 600 RT 134a Chiller

7.  Tecogen 150 RT 134a Chiller

8.  Trane Single Effect Horizon Chiller

9.  Chiller Application Briefs

10. Restaurant Kiosk Ventilation and High-Performance Gas Countertop

####### INDUSTRIAL

11. Forced Convection Heater (FCH) Systems **−** Automotive

####### POWER GENERATION

12. IR PowerWorks Microturbine Cogeneration Systems

13. DGen Pro Software \*

####### TRANSPORTATION

14. Glass-Fiber-Wrapped Fuel Tanks for NGVs

####### DISTRIBUTION

15. Precision Pipe Locator

16. One-Step Paving

17. Bare Steel Maintenance Optimization System (BASMOS) Software

18. Soil Compaction Supervisor

####### PIPELINE

19. Emeritus Report B31.8 Code, Federal Pipeline Safety Regulations

20. Elastic Wave Vehicle Tool

21. Advanced Leak Detection and Repair at Gas Processing Plants --
    Hi-Flow Sampler

####### EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION

22. Glycol Dehydrator Emissions Calculation Program -- GLYCalc 4.0 \*

23. ProTreat Software for Amine Gas Treating Applications

24. Cased Hole Resistivity Tool

25. Cased Hole Pressure Tool

26. Well Siting in Carbonates -- EGI Report

27. Portfolio of Emerging Natural Gas Resources -- Rocky Mountain Basins

28. Mercury Contamination Training Workshop

\* Enhancement to a previous product.

**Benefits Results**

The full list of the 170 items placed in commercial use between January
1996 and December 2000 is included in Appendix B, but we chose to focus
the benefits analysis of GRI\'s R&D on 116 of the 170 items that are
known to have produced significant *economic* benefits for their users.
The 116 items are listed in Table 2. Benefits to product users in
typical applications were calculated by comparing the economics of the
GRI-sponsored products with the economics of products that would have
been used in the absence of the GRI product. Product cost and
performance data were obtained from product vendors, from field test
results, or from product users. The measure of product benefit is the
net present value of the incremental cash flow to the user (cost savings
minus incremental cost) over the product lifetime using a real discount
rate of 5% (above inflation). The GRI Baseline \[1\] national average
projections of energy prices were used, when appropriate, to estimate
cost savings. Total benefits were calculated by multiplying the unit
benefits by the sales projected by product vendors from the first year
in which the product was sold through 2004. The results are shown in
Table 2. A range of product sales is shown to protect proprietary vendor
sales projections.

As shown in Table 2, calculated economic benefits for the 116 items are
estimated to be between \$6.1 to \$11 billion. Table 3 shows the
expected value of benefits, at about \$7.9 billion, and the breakdown of
the economic benefits by sector. We estimate that the 116 items account
for most of the economic benefits that would be calculated for the
entire set of 170 products. Omitted items often offer significant
benefits to their users, but have not achieved widespread use as have
the 116 high impact items. In addition, some of the omitted items are
designed to produce benefits that are not easily expressed in economic
terms. For example, R&D results provide test methods for new gas
equipment, technologies to meet existing or anticipated air emissions
requirements, and information that is useful to the gas industry in
developing the gas resource and in delivering it to the customer.

**Table 2. Summary of Benefits of GRI R&D Results That Have Been Placed
in Commercial Use in 1996 Through 2000**

+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
|                              | **S  |   |      | ** | *  |   |    |
|                              | ales |   |      | Ye | *N |   |    |
|                              | or   |   |      | ar | et |   |    |
|                              | Ap   |   |      | ** | P  |   |    |
|                              | plic |   |      |    | re |   |    |
|                              | atio |   |      | ** | se |   |    |
|                              | ns** |   |      | of | nt |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      | F  | V  |   |    |
|                              | **P  |   |      | ir | al |   |    |
|                              | roje |   |      | st | ue |   |    |
|                              | cted |   |      | ** | of |   |    |
|                              | T    |   |      |    | Be |   |    |
|                              | hrou |   |      | ** | ne |   |    |
|                              | gh** |   |      | Sa | fi |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      | le | ts |   |    |
|                              | **   |   |      | ** | \* |   |    |
|                              | 2005 |   |      |    | \* |   |    |
|                              | (in  |   |      |    | ** |   |    |
|                              | unit |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|                              | s)** |   |      |    | ** |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    | (M |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    | il |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    | li |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    | on |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 2  |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 00 |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 0\ |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    | $) |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    | ** |   |    |
+==============================+======+===+======+====+====+===+====+
| # RESIDENTIAL                |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Carrier \"Chimney Friendly\" | 21   | t | 38   | 19 | \  | t | \$ |
| Furnace                      | ,000 | o | ,000 | 96 | $7 | o | 12 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .0 |   | .9 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Modulating Furnace           | 83   | t | 152  | 19 | \  | t | \  |
|                              | ,000 | o | ,000 | 96 | $0 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .9 |   | .6 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Empire Gravity Vented Wall   | 16   | t | 31   | 19 | \$ | t | \  |
| Furnace                      | ,000 | o | ,000 | 96 | 70 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .8 |   | 35 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   | .2 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Advanced Gas Fireplace       | 18   | t | 38   | 19 | \  | t | \$ |
|                              | ,000 | o | ,000 | 97 | $7 | o | 16 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .0 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Outdoor Water Heater         | 114  | t | 199  | 19 | \  | t | \$ |
|                              | ,000 | o | ,000 | 97 | $5 | o | 10 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .9 |   | .3 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Flammable Vapors             | 11   | t | 20   | 19 | \$ | t | \  |
|                              | ,000 | o | ,000 | 98 | 98 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .1 |   | 79 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   | .8 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| ## COMMERCIAL                |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Trane Horizon Absorption    | 550  | t | 950  | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Chiller                      |      | o |      | 96 | $2 | o | $4 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 43 |   | 46 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .0 |   | .0 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Trane Modulating Rooftop     | 3    | t | 6    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Unit                         | ,600 | o | ,300 | 96 | 17 | o | 30 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .2 |   | .2 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Separation Requirements in   | 18   | t | 37   | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| ASHRAE Standard 62-89R       | ,000 | o | ,000 | 96 | $1 | o | $3 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 78 |   | 74 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | .8 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Pulse Combustion Hydronic    | 5    | t | 9    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Boiler                       | ,500 | o | ,700 | 97 | 21 | o | 37 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .9 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| TecoFROST Gas Engine Driven | 90   | t | 190  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Refrigeration                |      | o |      | 97 | 20 | o | 43 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | .0 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| \*TecoFROST Warehouse       | 40   | t | 90   | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Refrigeration                |      | o |      | 98 | 13 | o | 29 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .9 |   | .2 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Alturdyne Hybrid             | 130  | t | 250  | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Electric/Gas Engine Chiller  |      | o |      | 98 | $1 | o | $2 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 28 |   | 35 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .9 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| kitchenCOST Software        | 550  | t | 1    | 1  | \$ | t | \$ |
|                              |      | o | ,000 | 99 | 31 | o | 56 |
|                              |      |   |      | 8/ | .0 |   | .9 |
|                              |      |   |      | 99 |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| DesiCalc Software           | 350  | t | 650  | 19 | \  | t | \  |
|                              |      | o |      | 98 | $3 | o | $6 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .6 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Low NOx Power Burner         | 1    | t | 2    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
|                              | ,300 | o | ,300 | 98 | 11 | o | 20 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| ASHRAE Standard 155P for     | 2    | t | 5    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Boilers                      | ,700 | o | ,800 | 98 | 38 | o | 79 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .0 |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Modulating Indirect-Fired    | 1    | t | 2    | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Make-Up Air Unit with Clean  | ,100 | o | ,100 | 99 | $4 | o | $7 |
| Modulation                   |      |   |      |    | .0 |   | .3 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| GATC: AERCO Benchmark Boiler | 900  | t | 1    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
|                              |      | o | ,800 | 99 | 14 | o | 29 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .4 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| PITCO Gas Fryers             | 48   | t | 89   | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
|                              | ,000 | o | ,000 | 99 | 25 | o | 48 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .8 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| AUTOFRY Deep Fat Fryer      | 1    | t | 2    | 19 | \  | t | \  |
|                              | ,500 | o | ,900 | 99 | $4 | o | $9 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .9 |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| York 600 RT 134a Chiller     | 40   | t | 60   | 20 | \$ | t | \$ |
|                              |      | o |      | 00 | 19 | o | 30 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Tecogen 150 RT 134a Chiller  | 40   | t | 65   | 20 | \  | t | \  |
|                              |      | o |      | 00 | $1 | o | $2 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | .4 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| ## INDUSTRIAL                |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Process Application of       | 34   | t | 58   | 1  | \$ | t | \  |
| Composite Radiant Tubes      | ,000 | o | ,000 | 99 | 59 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      | 4/ | .4 |   | 02 |
|                              |      |   |      | 99 |    |   | .9 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| High Performance Infrared    | 100  | t | 190  | 1  | \  | t | \  |
| Burners                      |      | o |      | 99 | $4 | o | $7 |
|                              |      |   |      | 5/ | 05 |   | 74 |
|                              |      |   |      | 00 | .5 |   | .2 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Multi-Variable Controls      | 13   | t | 23   | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| (MVC for Industrial         |      | o |      | 98 | $1 | o | $2 |
| Applications)                |      |   |      |    | 14 |   | 09 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | .9 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| RAPIDFIRE Products          | 10   | t | 20   | 19 | \$ | t | \  |
|                              |      | o |      | 98 | 96 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .3 |   | 68 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   | .5 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Natural Gas Cofiring in      | 10   | t | 15   | 19 | \$ | t | \  |
| Biomass-Fueled Stoker        |      | o |      | 99 | 83 | o | $1 |
| Boilers                      |      |   |      |    | .0 |   | 30 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   | .4 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Ultra-Low NOx Boiler Burner  | 80   | t | 120  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
|                              |      | o |      | 99 | 34 | o | 51 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .1 |   | .2 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| METHANE de-NOX Reburn       | 5    | t | 8    | 19 | \$ | t | \  |
| Technology                   |      | o |      | 99 | 99 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .0 |   | 69 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   | .6 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Forced Convection Heater     | 7    | t | 11   | 20 | \  | t | \$ |
| (FCH) Systems - Automotive   |      | o |      | 00 | $7 | o | 13 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .8 |   | .0 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| **POWER GENERATION**         |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Low NOx Turbine Combustors:  | \*   |   |      | 19 | \  | t | \  |
|                              | \*\* |   |      | 97 | $2 | o | $5 |
| -   Allison 501-K Low NO~x~  |      |   |      |    | 71 |   | 03 |
|     Combustor                |      |   |      |    | .0 |   | .4 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| -   Low-NO~x~ Turbine        |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|     Combustor (GE LM 1600)   |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| SOAPP Modules                | 700  | t | 1    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
|                              |      | o | ,500 | 98 | 16 | o | 34 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .2 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| IR PowerWorks Microturbine   | 1    | t | 1    | 20 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Cogeneration Systems         | ,100 | o | ,700 | 00 | 18 | o | 29 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .9 |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| ## TRANSPORTATION            |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Fuelmaker-Quantum Vehicle    | 44   | t | 111  | 19 | \$ | t | \  |
| Refueling Appliance Line     | ,000 | o | ,000 | 97 | 74 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .2 |   | 85 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   | .4 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| CNG Cylinder Maintenance     | 250  | t | 500  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Handbook                     | ,000 | o | ,000 | 98 | 28 | o | 60 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .3 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Ford Crown Victoria Natural  | 1    | t | 3    | 19 | \  | t | \$ |
| Gas Vehicle - Extended Range | ,200 | o | ,500 | 98 | $4 | o | 13 |
| Package                      |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .8 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Risk Management Program for  | 70   | t | 120  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Liquid Natural Gas Vehicle   |      | o |      | 98 | 28 | o | 50 |
| Refueling Stations           |      |   |      |    | .9 |   | .6 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| NGV Cylinders Types 1 and 2  | 15   | t | 36   | 19 | \  | t | \  |
|                              | ,000 | o | ,000 | 99 | $2 | o | $6 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .5 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| **DISTRIBUTION**             |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Plastic Pipe Across (and on) | 3    | t | 7    | 1  | \$ | t | \  |
| Bridges                      | ,800 | o | ,800 | 99 | 55 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      | 5/ | .5 |   | 16 |
|                              |      |   |      | 99 |    |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Anaerobic Cast Iron Joint    | 79   | t | 138  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Repair Guide                 | ,000 | o | ,000 | 96 | 34 | o | 60 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Carbon Monoxide Detector     | 19   | t | 37   | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Supplemental Standards       | ,000 | o | ,000 | 96 | $2 | o | $4 |
|                              | ,000 |   | ,000 |    | 11 |   | 03 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .3 |   | .4 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Pipeline Current Mapper      | 650  | t | 1    | 19 | \$ | t | \  |
|                              |      | o | ,100 | 97 | 67 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | 18 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| RENU Service Renewal        | 8    | t | 15   | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Technology                   | ,500 | o | ,000 | 97 | $2 | o | $4 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .4 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Pneumatic Tool Diagnostic    | 30   | t | 60   | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| System (Tool Tester)         |      | o |      | 97 | 10 | o | 21 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .9 |   | .8 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Contained Recovery of Oily   | 2    | t | 5    | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Waste (CROW) Technology for |      | o |      | 97 | $1 | o | $2 |
| Soil Cleanup                 |      |   |      |    | .1 |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Plastic Pipe Reliability     | 2    | t | 5    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| (PENT Test)                  | ,900 | o | ,800 | 97 | 20 | o | 40 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | .9 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Pipe Hawk (Buried Pipe      | 60   | t | 100  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Locator)                     |      | o |      | 98 | 11 | o | 20 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .5 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Optical Methane Detector     | 140  | t | 200  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| (OMD)                        |      | o |      | 98 | 28 | o | 42 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .9 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Predictive Control District  | 260  | t | 470  | 19 | \$ | t | \  |
| Regulators                   |      | o |      | 98 | 61 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | 13 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Split/Pull Service           | 6    | t | 12   | 19 | \  | t | \$ |
| Replacement                  |      | o |      | 98 | $7 | o | 15 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .5 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Main/Services Tester         | 270  | t | 500  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
|                              |      | o |      | 98 | 49 | o | 91 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .9 |   | .5 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Distribution Internal        | 14   | t | 25   | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Inspection System - Magnetic |      | o |      | 98 | 19 | o | 35 |
| Flux Leakage (MFL)           |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .8 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| TUBIS Software for          | 8    | t | 14   | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Repair/Replace Decisions     |      | o |      | 99 | 13 | o | 24 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | .8 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| DrillPath Software for      | 420  | t | 640  | 1  | \  | t | \  |
| Directional Drilling         |      | o |      | 99 | $2 | o | $3 |
| Operations                   |      |   |      | 6/ | .1 |   | .2 |
|                              |      |   |      | 99 |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Starline 2000 Renewal       | 38   | t | 70   | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Technology                   | ,000 | o | ,000 | 99 | $0 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | .0 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Guided Mole                  | 30   | t | 60   | 19 | \  | t | \  |
|                              |      | o |      | 99 | $3 | o | $5 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .3 |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Gas Holder Manual of         | 7    | t | 12   | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Practice                     |      | o |      | 99 | $4 | o | $8 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .6 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| One-Step Paving              | 160  | t | 300  | 20 | \  | t | \  |
|                              |      | o |      | 00 | $1 | o | $2 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .0 |   | .0 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Bare Steel Maintenance       | 7    | t | 14   | 20 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Optimization System (BASMOS) |      | o |      | 00 | 15 | o | 30 |
| Software                     |      |   |      |    | .4 |   | .9 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Soil Compaction Supervisor   | 380  | t | 660  | 20 | \  | t | \$ |
|                              |      | o |      | 00 | $6 | o | 11 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .6 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| **PIPELINE**                 |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Assessment of Gas Pipeline   | \*   |   |      | 19 | \$ | t | \  |
| Non-Destructive Evaluation   | \*\* |   |      | 96 | 53 | o | $1 |
| (NDE) Technologies           |      |   |      |    | .2 |   | 17 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Risk Assessment/Risk         | \*   |   |      | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Management:                  | \*\* |   |      | 96 | 31 | o | 55 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | .2 |
| -   Risk Assessment/Risk     |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|     Management Guidelines    |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| -   Airborne Pipeline        |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|     Integrity Monitoring     |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|     (APIM) Assessment        |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| -   Pipeline Inspection and  |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|     Maintenance Optimization |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|     System (PIMOS)           |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| -   Third-Party Damage       |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|     Prevention Assessment    |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Remote and Automatic         | \*   |   |      | 19 | \$ | t | \  |
| Controlled Valves Guidelines | \*\* |   |      | 96 | 93 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .2 |   | 63 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   | .0 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Hydrostatic Test Water       | 350  | t | 620  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Discharge                    |      | o |      | 97 | 49 | o | 87 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .9 |   | .4 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| PCB Contaminated Pipeline    | 1    | t | 2    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Abandonment Protocol         | ,100 | o | ,000 | 97 | 51 | o | 95 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .9 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Low Cost Method for          | 4    | t | 7    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Formaldehyde Measurements    | ,200 | o | ,700 | 97 | 30 | o | 55 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .4 |   | .8 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Lomic SonicWare             | 800  | t | 1    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
|                              |      | o | ,600 | 97 | 26 | o | 55 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| NOx Portable Analyzer        | 130  | t | 200  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Operator Guidelines          |      | o |      | 98 | 24 | o | 37 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .1 |   | .8 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Oxidation Catalyst Costs for | 100  | t | 180  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Aldehyde Control             |      | o |      | 98 | 21 | o | 37 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .2 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| TurboCharger Testing         | 400  | t | 700  | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Facility                     |      | o |      | 98 | $3 | o | $6 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .8 |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Magnetostrictive Sensor      | 300  | t | 500  | 19 | \  | t | \  |
|                              |      | o |      | 98 | $4 | o | $8 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Breeze Haz Environment and  | 3    | t | 5    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Safety Offsite Consequence   | ,000 | o | ,300 | 99 | 12 | o | 21 |
| Modeling Software            |      |   |      |    | .1 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Emeritus Report B31.8 Code,  | \*   |   |      | 20 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Federal Pipeline Safety      | \*\* |   |      | 00 | 10 | o | 31 |
| Regulations                  |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Elastic Wave Vehicle Tool    | 80   | t | 170  | 20 | \  | t | \  |
|                              |      | o |      | 00 | $1 | o | $3 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 53 |   | 33 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .0 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Advanced Leak Detection and  | 600  | t | 1    | 20 | \  | t | \  |
| Repair at Gas Processing     |      | o | ,000 | 00 | $2 | o | $3 |
| Plants -- Hi-Flow Sampler   |      |   |      |    | 15 |   | 85 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .9 |   | .6 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| **EXPLORATION AND            |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| PRODUCTION**                 |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Atlases of Major Gas         | 6    | t | 8    | 1  | \  | t | \  |
| Reservoirs:                  | ,700 | o | ,800 | 99 | $5 | o | $6 |
|                              |      |   |      | 7/ | 16 |   | 76 |
| -   Appalachian Atlas        |      |   |      | 98 | .2 |   | .1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| -   Offshore Atlas           |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| ```{=html}                   |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| <!-- -->                     |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| ```                          |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| -   Offshore Atlas, Vol 2.   |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Scavenger CalcBase Database  | 90   | t | 150  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
|                              |      | o |      | 96 | 29 | o | 49 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .0 |   | .3 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Title V Permitting Guidance  | 300  | t | 600  | 19 | \  | t | \  |
|                              |      | o |      | 96 | $0 | o | $0 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .3 |   | .6 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Environmental Technology     | 12   | t | 22   | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Information Center (ETIC)    | ,000 | o | ,000 | 96 | $1 | o | $2 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .9 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Granular Activated           | 7    | t | 12   | 19 | \  | t | \$ |
| Carbon-Fluidized Bed Reactor |      | o |      | 96 | $5 | o | 10 |
| (GAC-FBR)                    |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .5 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Emerging Resources in the    | 1    | t | 3    | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Greater Green River Basin    | ,500 | o | ,000 | 96 | $3 | o | $6 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 20 |   | 35 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Underbalanced Drilling       | 330  | t | 480  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Manual                       |      | o |      | 97 | 12 | o | 18 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .4 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Mercury Soil Contamination   | 72   | t | 125  | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Program                      | ,000 | o | ,000 | 97 | $2 | o | $3 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 04 |   | 57 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .1 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Glycol Dehydrator            | 36   | t | 56   | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Controls/Monitoring          | ,000 | o | ,000 | 97 | $1 | o | $2 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 66 |   | 61 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .3 |   | .3 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Coalbed Methane Reservoir    | 150  | t | 270  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Gas-In-Place Analytical      |      | o |      | 99 | 45 | o | 82 |
| Techniques                   |      |   |      |    | .1 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Freeze/Thaw for Production   | 70   | t | 110  | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Water                        |      | o |      | 97 | $1 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 05 |   | 65 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .4 |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Gas Plant                    | 380  | t | 660  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Emissions/Efficiency Report  |      | o |      | 97 | 14 | o | 25 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .9 |   | .5 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| GRI Sulfur Recovery Workshop | 300  | t | 440  | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Proceedings                  |      | o |      | 98 | $2 | o | $4 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .0 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Calcite Scale Handbook/ASTM  | 1    | t | 1    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Standards                    | ,000 | o | ,600 | 98 | 26 | o | 42 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .7 |   | .0 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Drill String Safety Valves   | 4    | t | 6    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| (DSSVs)                      | ,300 | o | ,500 | 98 | 39 | o | 59 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .3 |   | .0 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Mesa-GRIP Seismic Survey     | 180  | t | 240  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Design Software              |      | o |      | 98 | 67 | o | 93 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .8 |   | .3 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Crosswell Seismic Imaging    | 150  | t | 280  | 19 | \  | t | \  |
|                              |      | o |      | 98 | $1 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 09 |   | 98 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .1 |   | .6 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Fracturing Information and   | 10   | t | 20   | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Diagnostics                  | ,000 | o | ,000 | 98 | $1 | o | $2 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 41 |   | 81 |
| M-Site Advanced Diagnostics  |      |   |      |    | .8 |   | .0 |
| Insights                     |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| Hydraulic Fracture Mapping   |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| System                       |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| Downhole Tiltmeters          |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| Fracture Fluid               |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| Characterization Facility    |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| (FFCF) Insights              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Low Permeability Gas         | 110  | t | 200  | 19 | \  | t | \$ |
| Resource Database (CD-ROM)   |      | o |      | 99 | $9 | o | 16 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .4 |   | .6 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Nitrogen Removal             | 20   | t | 35   | 19 | \  | t | \  |
| Requirements Report          |      | o |      | 99 | $0 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .0 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Downhole Gas/Water           | 75   | t | 130  | 19 | \  | t | \$ |
| Separation CD-ROM            |      | o |      | 99 | $7 | o | 13 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Advanced Crosswell Seismic   | 200  | t | 400  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Source                       |      | o |      | 99 | 29 | o | 57 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .1 |   | .7 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| High Power VSP Mechanical    | 500  | t | 750  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Seismic Source               |      | o |      | 99 | 27 | o | 39 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .2 |   | .6 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Advanced Stimulation         | 120  | t | 220  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Technologies CD-ROM          |      | o |      | 99 | 13 | o | 24 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .2 |   | .2 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Coiled Tubing Standards      | 3    | t | 5    | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
|                              |      | o |      | 99 | 13 | o | 26 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| GRI--MSTR Software and      | 360  | t | 560  | 19 | \$ | t | \$ |
| Report to Predict Toxicity   |      | o |      | 99 | 13 | o | 20 |
| of Produced Water Discharged |      |   |      |    | .2 |   | .8 |
| to the Marine Environment    |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Glycol Dehydrator Emissions  | 700  | t | 1    | 1  | \$ | t | \  |
| Calculation Program -        |      | o | ,300 | 99 | 56 | o | $1 |
| GLYCalc 4.0                  |      |   |      | 2/ | .3 |   | 04 |
|                              |      |   |      | 00 |    |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| ProTreat Software for Amine | 45   | t | 75   | 20 | \  | t | \  |
| Gas Treating Applications    |      | o |      | 00 | $1 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 17 |   | 96 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .1 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Cased Hole Resistivity Tool  | 800  | t | 1    | 20 | \$ | t | \$ |
|                              |      | o | ,300 | 00 | 10 | o | 17 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .2 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Cased Hole Pressure Tool     | 750  | t | 1    | 20 | \$ | t | \  |
|                              |      | o | ,250 | 00 | 92 | o | $1 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .0 |   | 57 |
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   | .8 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Well Siting in Carbonates -- | 90   | t | 140  | 20 | \$ | t | \$ |
| EGI Report                   |      | o |      | 00 | 62 | o | 93 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .4 |   | .5 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Portfolio of Emerging        | 750  | t | 1    | 20 | \  | t | \  |
| Natural Gas Resources --     |      | o | ,100 | 00 | $1 | o | $2 |
| Rocky Mountain Basins        |      |   |      |    | 57 |   | 36 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .5 |   | .3 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| Mercury Contamination        | 300  | t | 500  | 20 | \  | t | \  |
| Training Workshop            |      | o |      | 00 | $2 | o | $4 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | .6 |   | .4 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
|                              |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| **TOTAL**                    |      |   |      |    | \  | t | \$ |
|                              |      |   |      |    | $6 | o | 10 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | ,1 |   | ,9 |
|                              |      |   |      |    | 48 |   | 84 |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+
| (million of 2000 dollars, 5% |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
| discount rate)               |      |   |      |    |    |   |    |
+------------------------------+------+---+------+----+----+---+----+

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\* Enhancement to a previous product for a new market application.

\*\* Net present value calculations based on a real discount rate of 5%
(excluding inflation), stated in 2000 dollars.

\*\*\* Benefits are based on user feedback about technical and market
influence of the group of the information items.

**Table 3. Total Expected Benefits by Sector (Millions of 2000\$)**

+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| -   Residential                                     | \$207          |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| -   Commercial                                      | \$949          |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| -   Industrial                                      | \$1,111        |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| -   Power Generation                                | \$331          |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| -   Transportation                                  | \$199          |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| -   Distribution                                    | \$921          |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| -   Pipeline                                        | \$1,277        |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| -   Exploration and Production                      | [\$2,90        |
|                                                     | 1]{.underline} |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+
| **TOTAL**                                           | \$7,896        |
+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------+

**GRI R&D Costs**

Between January 1996 and December 2000, GRI outlays totaled \$726.8
million. For comparison to the R&D benefits calculated above, the cost
cash flow stream was converted to an equivalent net present value lump
sum expenditure at the beginning of 2000. As with the benefits
calculation, a 5% real discount rate was used in the net present value
calculation. The calculated equivalent cost was \$842 million. These
costs include all outlays made by GRI during the past 5-year period, not
just the costs incurred to produce the 170 R&D products. Consequently, a
portion of the calculated cost will yet generate benefits as additional
products are commercialized in the future.

**Benefit-to-Cost Ratio**

Dividing the calculated benefits by the costs results in a calculated
benefit-to-cost ratio range of 7.3 : 1 to 13.0 : 1 (benefits of \$6.1 to
\$11.0 billion divided by outlays of \$842 million) with an expected
value of 9.4 : 1 (\$7.9 billion divided by \$842 million). In a similar
analysis carried out in 2000 for R&D items placed in commercial use
between 1995 and 1999, the calculated ratio of the benefits to gas
customers to total GRI costs incurred during the same period was 9.4 to
1 \[Reference 2\].

#### Continuing Successes of GRI R&D Results Commercialized Prior to 1996

Although the focus of this analysis has been on GRI\'s most recent
successes, several past successes continue to significantly impact the
markets in which they are used. GRI is proud of the continuing success
of these products, and we believe that a few comments about three of
them are appropriate here.

**Blast Furnaces.** Due to environmental regulations imposed on the
pollutant emissions from coke ovens, metallurgical coke is increasingly
scarce and expensive. In conjunction with this, the renewed steel demand
has strained the productive capacity of the current blast furnace
population. These two factors have poised the blast furnace industry to
look for alternate fuel sources to decrease costs and increase
productivity. The advantages of using high levels of natural gas
include: reduced coke usage, improved furnace stability, increased
iron-making productivity, lower operating costs, high quality (lower
sulfur content) hot metal product, lower air pollution emissions, and
gas-injection equipment has lower capital costs than pulverized-coal or
oil-injection equipment. For over 25% of blast furnace coke
requirements, high-level gas injection is an attractive substitute. GRI
and Charles River Associates demonstrated the technical merits and the
operational advantages of injecting natural gas at high levels (up to
300 lb/ton of hot metal) in blast furnaces and developed information and
guidelines for high level natural gas injection that were made available
to iron and steel makers throughout North America. Over the past decade,
gas use in blast furnaces has increased dramatically, from about 38 bcf
in 1987 to 106 bcf in 1995.

**Advanced Stimulation Technologies (AST).** In the early 1980s, GRI
began a comprehensive research effort to evaluate and enhance
technologies associated with hydraulic fracturing in gas wells to
increase gas production. Through a series of cooperative research and
Staged Field Experiment wells, GRI collected evidence that challenged
traditional hydraulic fracturing methodologies and theories. By
analyzing detailed reservoir data and real-time fracture treatment data,
new insights into the fracturing process were gained, and critical
factors associated with successful fracture treatments were identified.
Significant improvements were made in onsite treatment quality control,
pretreatment stress profiling and the use of 3-D fracture models,
fracture treatment pressure history matching, and performing fracture
treatment diagnostics onsite to identify well-specific fracturing
mechanisms at competitive prices. GRI AST tools and information are now
widely used by gas producers. Fracture treatment cost savings of about
\$200 million in 1998 have been documented by GRI. These savings have
increased the amount of economically attractive gas that can be produced
from tight formations and have been an important element in enabling gas
producers to survive in today's low gas price world.

**Secondary Gas Recovery.** GRI's Secondary Gas Recovery program
involves the integration, application and interpretation of geophysics,
geology, reservoir engineering, formation evaluation and well log
petrophysics. New methods were developed to interpret
seismic/geologic/reservoir engineering data for infill drilling of
existing, mature fields, for locating of missed zones due to
compartmentalization of the producing formation, and incompletely
drained and bypassed reservoirs. A series of short courses and "How-to"
manuals were initiated and technical lectures, videotapes, CD-ROM's, and
3-D seismic data sets with digitized well logs were distributed. Over
500 workshop participants from 264 different companies have attended the
short courses. The SGR program increases reserves, specifically to
infill drilling within mature producing areas and reduces dryhole wells.
According to a 1995 survey by Gelb of 98 operators familiar with GRI's
research, nine companies claimed 120 Bcf in enhanced production due to
GRI's SGR project in Gulf Coast. In 1998, Gelb revisited participants
who could not quantify reserves in 1995 and fourteen companies claimed
enhanced production of 91Bcf in 1997 and two companies claimed 97 Bcf of
enhanced production in 1998.

**Conclusions**

GRI\'s planning and budget allocation process strives to put in place a
program with the maximum ratio of benefits to R&D costs for the mutual
benefit of the gas customer and the gas industry. The economic
evaluation of GRI\'s commercially successful R&D results have
consistently shown that benefits far exceed the costs of the R&D
program.

Analysis of the benefits of approximately 116 of the 170 GRI R&D items
placed into commercial service between January 1996 and December 2000
shows that GRI R&D will return about \$9.40 for every dollar invested in
GRI during the same period. In addition to the fact that only portion of
GRI\'s commercialized R&D items are included in the benefits
calculation, all of the costs of GRI\'s operations during the 1996 to
2000 period have been included in the calculation of the benefit-to-cost
ratio.

**References**

1\. P.D. Holtberg, J.C. Cochener, \"Baseline Projection Data Book: 2001
Edition of the GRI Baseline Projection of U.S. Energy Supply and Demand
to 2020,\" GRI-01/0002.1 and GRI-01/0002.2, GRI, March 2001.

2\. A.D. Bournakis, and G.D. Pine, \"Benefits of GRI R&D Results That
Have Been Placed in Commercial Use in 1995 Through 1999,\" Gas Research
Institute, May 2000, GRI-00/0086.

**Appendix A**

**GRI R&D Results That Have Been Placed in Commercial Use in 2000**

**RESIDENTIAL**

**NAECA Water Heater Assessment**. This report, produced and released by
GRI, served as the technical basis for many gas industry comments
submitted to the Department of Energy (DOE) in 2000 as part of the
efficiency standards rulemaking process for water heaters. DOE
determined that three design options were economically justified for gas
water heaters. These options were the use of heat traps, additional
water heater insulation, and increased recovery efficiency. DOE\'s
life-cycle cost analysis showed that the consumer would more than
recover the added first cost of these design options through lower
operating costs over the life of the water heater. GRI's analysis showed
that the use of heat traps is, indeed, justified, but the other two
options are not. DOE\'s analysis neglected the added installation costs
for fitting larger diameter water heaters into homes with tight space.
GRI questioned this determination because it might unnecessarily add to
the life-cycle cost of gas water heaters. Consumers will benefit if the
gas industry comments succeed in preventing unwarranted NAECA (National
Appliance Energy Conservation Act) requirements on gas water heaters.

**\*Combo Systems Sizing and Installation Guidelines.** New guidelines
have been developed for properly sizing and installing combination
space-heating/water-heating systems, often termed "combo" systems. These
sizing guidelines are applicable across North America, and take into
account the calculated design space heating and cooling loads, as well
as the local coldest water supply temperature. Secondary sizing
considerations include the duration of showers desired, the presence of
laundry facilities, and whether or not nighttime setback may be used.
The proper sizing for water heaters includes both the burner input and
the tank volume, and for air handlers both the heating and cooling loads
plus air flow. Five combo sizing charts are included in this guideline
to cover the five basic heating zones in the U.S. The sizing charts
cover a range of cold water supply temperatures from 35°F to 70°F,
design heating loads from 0 to 40,000 Btu/hr, shower duration from 5 to
15 minutes, and night-time setbacks of 0, 5, and 10°F. Suggestions are
given for general installation guidelines, system checkout, startup
procedures, and problem solving.

**COMMERCIAL**

**Analysis of Commercial Sizing and Installation Guidelines.** This
report, released by GRI, showed that the 1999 revision of Standard 90.1
would result in no meaningful national reduction of source energy
consumption, site energy cost, or site energy consumption. The
mechanical and lighting portions of the revised standard would lead to
source and site energy reductions and reduced energy cost, but the
envelope portion of the standard would lead to increases. These results
should affect Federal and state policy on setting commercial building
energy codes. DOE should use this analysis in its assessment of energy
savings that would result from the 1999 revision of Standard 90.1. If
the report helps convince DOE that the changes suggested by Standard
90.1 need not be implemented through regulations, gas consumers will
avoid having to pay for unwarranted upgrades of equipment and
facilities. DOE has not yet accepted the GRI's recommendations and
modified its intended regulations.

**Gas Cooling Guide − Pro Version.** In 1998, GRI released the Gas
Cooling Guide, a software tool to estimate annual or monthly cooling
loads and the costs associated with air-conditioning a given building
and location. The Guide compares the performance and cost of electric
equipment with absorption, natural-gas-engine-driven, or desiccant
cooling systems. It features easy-to-understand technology descriptions,
a large library of case studies, an extensive product catalog, templates
for 14 typical buildings, weather data for more than 200 cities,
user-modifiable energy rate formats, and typical utility rates for 16
locations. This user-friendly program performs quick economic analyses
for gas cooling applications. It is designed for use by HVAC (heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning) consultants, system designers and
operators, marketing professionals from gas and electric utilities, and
gas cooling equipment vendors. A new Pro Version was developed for
retrofit applications of commercial chillers. The Pro Version allows
easy calibration of the computer model to match existing applications,
accepts user input of existing energy consumption profiles, and uses
these profiles during computer model calibration. The software quickly
analyzes various chiller equipment retrofit options in existing
buildings without extensive engineering studies. The Gas Cooling Guide
is the only software that can conveniently analyze complex day/night
utility rates and show how to optimize a hybrid system including both
electric and gas chillers. The guide includes an extensive product
catalog with photos and easily understood equipment descriptions. It
features a large library of successful applications case studies. The
software enables end users to make the best possible choices among
competing cooling options based on size and cost.

**\*BinMaker Pro.** The BinMaker software tool, developed by GARD
Analytics, Inc., Quantitative Decision Support, Linric Co., and Bluejay
Software Associates, upgrades bin energy analysis by creating a wide
range of accurate summaries of U.S. hourly weather data for 239
locations. Weather data files used by BinMaker are based on the TMY-2
(Typical Meteorological Year) data produced by the National Renewable
Energy Laboratory in Golden, CO. The files reflect typical weather for
all 8760 hours per year at 239 locations. They contain actual weather
observations rather than smoothed or adjusted data, ensuring of a good
presentation of weather behavior in the real world. The resulting
electronic file can be exported for use in spreadsheets or other
computer analysis programs. BinMaker CD-ROM-based program runs under
Windows 95 or 3.1. Among its other features, BinMaker avoids the error
of underestimating loads associated with coincident variables by
creating a joint-frequency table of hours at each combination of
temperature and humidity.

**York 600 RT 134a Chiller.** York International Corporation, with GRI
support, developed a top mounted driveline revision of its 550 TR Gas
Engine Driven (GED) Chiller that uses the Caterpillar G3408 Engine using
natural gas and uses R-134a refrigerant. The York chiller includes
easier installation, width reductions of over 50% and has the lowest
operating cost/highest COP (HHV) in the industry at full load and NPLV.

**Tecogen 150 RT 134a Chiller.** The TECOCHILL products, developed with
GRI support by Tecogen, offer high efficiency and low operating costs
and are now available with R-134a, an alternative refrigerant that has
no adverse impact on the ozone layer. The chillers integrate a
natural-gas engine with a standard screw or reciprocating compressor.
The variable-speed capability of the engine allows the load to be
followed more closely than with an electric motor, optimizing energy
consumption. A high-temperature heat recovery option (up to 225 °F)
supplies hot water without additional fuel consumption, further
improving operating savings. Microprocessor controls provide automatic
operation plus continuous monitoring, digital-display fault diagnostics,
and optional tie-in to an energy management system. The Tecogen R-134a
models are available from 150 to 500 tons.

**Trane Single Effect Horizon Chiller.** The Horizon family of chillers
includes a single-stage, hot water or steam-fired chiller line. The
single effect absorption chiller, developed by Trane with GRI support,
is able to produce chilled water in the range of 40 to 60°F and use 12
psig low-grade steam or 270°F hot water. Making chilled water from these
comparatively low temperature inputs, is particularly important for
energy conserving applications such as waste heat recovery,
co-generation equipment and solar-energy powered cooling. Using
refrigerant water helps eliminate refrigerant management or availability
concerns. Additionally, absorption technology reduces the use of
electric energy especially during the summer season when electricity
supplies are tight.

**Chiller Application Briefs**. GRI developed a series of six
application briefs, which are fact sheets, on the cost advantages that
gas-fired air conditioning offers relative to electric air conditioning.
The application briefs will help commercial energy consumers take the
first step in evaluating whether it is in their best interest to install
gas-powered chillers. These sheets allow building operators to quickly
assess whether they should consider installing either gas-fired
absorption chillers or gas-engine-driven chillers. The application
briefs are based on GRI-developed information on typical air
conditioning loads and equipment energy use for hospitals, office
buildings, and educational facilities. The fact sheets were published in
2000 and are available from GRI and the American Gas Cooling Center. The
application briefs will help commercial energy consumers take the first
step in evaluating whether it is in their best interest to install
gas-powered chillers.

**Restaurant Kiosk Ventilation and High-Performance Gas Countertop.**
With the rapid growth in non-traditional fast food restaurant formats
including food carts, kiosks, and downsized kitchens, gas cooking
equipment is at a disadvantage to electric. Working with equipment
manufacturers and food industry experts, GRI developed the Advanced
Integrated Kiosk ventilation system, a total cooking system designed
specifically for non-traditional settings. GRI also develop a
high-performance countertop fryer, a griddle, and an oven for kiosks.
These appliances can also be used independently of the kiosk. Blodgett
Corporation - a Maytag Company made the high-performance gas countertop
fryer commercially available in 2000 under the Solstice line of its
Pitco brand.

**INDUSTRIAL**

**Forced Convection Heater (FCH) Systems − Automotive.** Glasstech's
Advanced Bending and Tempering Systems for Deep Bend Automotive Glass
(available with electric radiation or gas-fired, forced-convection
heaters), developed with the help of GRI, produce high-optical-quality
glass to precise tolerances and in complex shapes that enable designers
to develop exciting new concepts. Tooling has been simplified; the
system, in quick sag mode, uses only one forming ring. This results in
lower costs and minimal downtime for part changeovers. The Deep Bend
operation adds only a mold and press ring. Glass produced on these
systems has exceptional optical quality and uniformity of shape. Coated
and tinted glass can be processed without difficulty. These
production-proven systems are superior in creating complex backlites,
sidelites and quarterlites to U.S. and international fracture standards.
The Gas-Fired Forced Convection Heater (FCH) is part of an architectural
flat or automotive glass tempering system that can significantly
increase throughput and cut energy costs when compared to electric
radiation heaters (ERH). The FCH blends heat from enclosed gas burners
with recirculating forced air and heats glass by controlled,
forced-convection heat transfer. The FCH heats most glass in about 30
second per millimeter of thickness. By contrast, ERH systems heat clear
float glass in about 40 seconds and reflective or Low-E coated glass in
50 to 60 second per millimeter of thickness. Shorter processing time
means the glass spends less time in contact with the system\'s rollers,
in turn allowing higher optical and surface quality.

**POWER GENERATION**

**IR PowerWorks Microturbine Cogeneration Systems.** Ingersoll-Rand
Energy Systems (IRES), through its former subsidiary, Northern Research
and Engineering Corporation, with GRI support, developed microturbines
that meet market needs much better than previous turbines. The turbines
were incorporated into cogeneration systems that also include improved
heat recuperators. IRES is now beginning to market complete 70 kW
cogeneration packages. Distributed generation microturbine systems use
gas turbines that were developed for use on aircraft or in other
industrial applications. However, these small turbines need improved
efficiency, size, and operational lifetimes to be fully acceptable for
distributed generation applications. The PowerWorks systems have higher
efficiency and longest life of any microturbine cogeneration system on
the market. They are much more reliable and have longer service
intervals than reciprocating engine systems, and they also have lower
installation cost, emissions, and noise levels than reciprocating
engines. They expand the range of energy users who can benefit from the
cost savings and reliability of cogeneration systems.

**\*DGen Pro Software.** GRI and Architectural Energy Corp. (AEC) have
developed a new version 3.0 of the software tool, named DGen Pro
(formerly known as DG Pro), for evaluating the economic viability of
on-site and distributed generation for specified installations. The
software offers a flexible interface that accesses a large database
library which includes cost and performance data for natural gas
reciprocating engines, gas turbines and microturbines; electric and gas
rates for utilities across the country; and prototypical building loads.
DGen Pro generates color graphic sales and marketing reports on the
economics of each project and may be customized with customer specific
data inputs. DGen Pro runs on Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows for
Workgroups, and Windows NT. The DGen Pro software is exclusively
licensed through AEC.

**TRANSPORTATION**

**Glass-Fiber-Wrapped Fuel Tanks for NGVs.** Glass fiber wrapping of
steel tanks increases their strength and allows lighter tanks to be used
for NGV fuel storage. However, some glass-wrapped tanks in the U.S. and
Argentina were found to corrode and crack due to exposure to moisture
and acids. To remedy this problem, GRI tested and validated improved
wrappings based on Owens-Corning's Advantex™ glass fibers for use in
severe NGV service. This information was distributed to NGV tank
manufacturers. The glass fibers are available from Owens-Corning at no
cost premium over other glass fibers. This development is an improvement
in NGV safety. It enables confident use of lighter NGV fuel tanks, which
increases vehicle range and efficiency.

####### DISTRIBUTION

**Precision Pipe Locator.** The Precision Pipe Locator, developed with
GRI support and available from Radiodetection Corporation, uses four
magnetometers to detect the location of buried steel, cast iron, or
metal-wire-traced plastic pipe. The device includes a sensor array and
associated digital signal processing electronics within a rugged
weatherproof housing. The use of four magnetometers plus real-time
digital signal processing makes this locator far more accurate than
previous devices. A very low frequency alternating current signal is
used, and this practically eliminates interference from current
induction on other utilities. Sophisticated vector analysis software
determines the position of the pipe relative to the unit and transmits
this information via a short-range radio link. Advanced digital signal
processing techniques allow the locator to compensate for interference,
enabling it to be used in places where previously it was not possible to
use electronic locators. If the interference is too great, the system
warns the operator that the results are less accurate than normal.
Significant expense and damage to gas pipelines is caused by third-party
damage due to failure to accurately locate the pipeline when digging for
other services. This portable battery-powered device reliably identifies
and locates buried pipe from the ground surface. It accurately indicates
the pipe location and depth without the need to dig. The kit consists of
a PPL receiver, a SensorBar, and a PCM transmitter. The manufacturer is
Radiodetection Corporation.

**One-Step Paving.** Pavement repairs are less costly if street crews
can complete them when an excavation is filled, rather than coming back
to complete the work later. One-step repair also leaves the pavement in
a safer state. GRI funded the evaluation of several products for quickly
restoring excavation holes in pavement. A number of cold-patch materials
were installed at several sites with varying operation conditions. They
were evaluated and their performance measured. Asphalt cold-repair
products that performed reliably were identified. Originally, none of
them worked adequately; but, as a result of the tests, two manufacturers
developed one-step-paving materials that met performance requirements in
subsequent tests. Although these materials do not work in all
situations, they are nevertheless an improvement over older materials.
Two pavement repair products became commercially available in 1999, one
through QPR Division of Blue Circle Aggregates and one through UPM
Corporation. A report was written to communicate the results. Gas
utilities and others that cut asphalt to maintain buried facilities can
gain benefits from these pavement repair products which can be applied
more quickly, less costly, and without the need for hot/patch equipment
and labor.

**Bare Steel Maintenance Optimization System (BASMOS) Software.** Gas
utilities now have the option of using a computerized analytical tool,
developed by URS Corporation for GRI, to estimate the probability of
breaks and leaks occurring in steel mains. This geographic information
system (GIS) has the capability of being added to GRI's Cast Iron
Maintenance Optimization System program (CIMOS) which has been on the
market since 1990. This model allows users to optimize replacement and
repair schedules by evaluating whether it would be more economical to
replace a segment of pipe in the current year, or to maintain it for a
year with repairs. The software is marketed by URS Corporation.

**Soil Compaction Supervisor.** Backfill subsidence and pavement failure
after excavation of gas mains can only be prevented by consistent
application of sound soil reinstatement practices. In 1996, the GRI
developed the Soil Compaction Meter. It overcame the factors that
limited widespread regular use of quality control tools in everyday
backfill operations. This low-cost, hand-held, quality control tool
required little training for proper use and avoids the cost of
re-repairing the pavement. The Soil Compaction Supervisor is a spin off
of the meter. It adds data-recording features. The Supervisor includes
all of the features of the Meter - a small sensor (placed at the bottom
of the excavation), a connecting wire, and an electronic readout box -
and data acquisition hardware. Data acquisition and storage allows the
operator to record job specific information such as site number, time
date, number of lifts, compaction time per lift, and total work time.
Use of the Soil Compaction Supervisor reduces gas distribution costs by
lowering the risk of pavement failure, eliminating callbacks, and taking
the guesswork out of soil reinstatement. Automatic recording of the data
by the Soil Compac­tion Supervisor decreases errors. The Supervisor is
available through MBW Inc.

**PIPELINE\
**

####### Emeritus Report B31.8 Code, Federal Pipeline Safety Regulations. This report presents a summary and assessment of design margins used in domestic and international pipeline codes throughout the world. Potential changes to the design factors contained in the U.S. pipeline regulations and codes have been recommended as a result of this review. The recommendations allow an increase in the design pressure in many pipelines. The historical development of the design factors in the ASME B31.8 code is traced. Pipeline design codes were researched to establish the design factors and the methods used in determining the factors. Risk-based methods were examined to ascertain the validity of using them to improve upon the current factors. Based on this review, it is recommended that the B31.8 Code Committee begin an in-depth study of the current design practices to take advantage of major improvements in design, construction, materials, welding, and other quality related factors over the last 65 years. It is also recommended that the Committee incorporate some form of reliability-based, limit states design or some specified risk assessment concepts in pipeline design in order to remain competitive in the international market. The incorporation of risk-based principles should result in reduced risk, improved safety, reduced losses, and more economic design, construction and operations of pipelines. It is also recommended that the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) incorporate the current ASME B31.8 Code requirements in its Pipeline Safety Regulations, Code of Federal Regulations CFR Part 192. The recommended changes in the design factors would result in increases in the DOT allowable design pressure on the order of 6% to 15% depending on the class location. An additional recommendation is that B31.8 Committee take a leadership role in the development and incorporation of rigorous risk-based design rules. A number of international codes have adopted some forms of reliability based or limit states design and some specified risk assessment concepts in pipeline design. To date, none of the international codes have begun to incorporate design rules based on rigorous risk principles. Such an undertaking will re-establish the historical leadership role of B31.8 and ASME in the development of international pipeline and pressure equipment standards. More importantly, the incorporation of risk based principles should result in reduced risk, improved safety, reduced losses and more economic design, construction and operations of pipelines.

**Elastic Wave Vehicle Tool.** The Elastic Wave Vehicle (EWV) Tool,
developed by British Gas Technology, is the first smart pig to use
ultrasound technology to inspect pipelines for defects due to stress
corrosion cracking (SCC) and long seam fatigue cracking in in-service
natural gas and liquid pipelines. With the enhanced ability to detect
SCC without digging up the pipe, pipeline operators can plan for safe,
cost-effective remediation of pipes in which a significant degree of SCC
is found. The EWV tool can discriminate between cracks and non-cracks
thereby reducing the number of false calls and improve the economics of
using the EWV for pipeline integrity management. This tool can be used
in 24-inch and 42-inch diameter lines.

**Advanced Leak Detection and Repair at Gas Processing Plants --
Hi-Flow Sampler.** GRI developed a leak detection and repair method for
detecting leaks that are cost effective to repair at compressor stations
and gas plants. This research was a joint venture with EPA and natural
gas industry utility companies. The GRI Leak Detection and Measurement
Service can reduce leakage, increase earnings and provide an accurate
\"baseline\" for methane emissions from natural gas facilities. GRI data
shows that when this procedure is implemented at natural gas compressor
stations, emissions can be reduced by 80 to 90 percent with a payback
period of 6 to 12 months. The key to this approach is a new instrument
\-- the Hi-Flow™ sampler \-- developed by GRI that is the only practical
way of measuring the size of the leak. With an estimate of the repair
cost and the measured leak rate, leaks can be rank ordered by payback
period. Since the data show that 10 percent of the leaks are responsible
for 80 to 90 percent of the emissions from a facility, significant
reductions can be achieved by repairing a relatively small number of
leaks. In the conventional approach to leak detection and repair, the
decision to repair is based on measuring the maximum concentration at
the leak. The problem is that concentration is a very poor indication of
leak rate and 10 times as many leaks are repaired than necessary to
obtain a significant reduction in emissions. Also, the conventional
approach does not provide an accurate measurement of either the baseline
emissions from the facility or the amount of emissions reduced (error is
± 300%). GRI and the U.S. EPA have tested the Hi-Flow sampler
extensively in the laboratory and the field. Test results demonstrate
that the leak rate can be measured within ±10 to 15 percent. The Hi-Flow
sampler has also been used to make measurements at over 250 natural gas
facilities including compressor stations, processing facilities, city
gates, metering and regulating stations, and liquefied natural gas
plants. It has been the basis of leak rate measurement programs
sponsored by GRI, EPA, PRCI, and several GRI member companies.

####### EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION

**\*Glycol Dehydrator Emissions Calculation Program - GLYCalc 4.0.**
Glycol dehydration units are commonly used for removing water vapor from
natural gas. Glycol dehydration of natural gas streams helps prevent
corrosion and the formation of hydrates in pipelines. An estimated
40,000 glycol dehydration units are operating in the United States. In
the glycol dehydration process, the glycol picks up other compounds from
the natural gas that can become part of the glycol dehydrator emissions
and waste streams. Air emissions from the reboiler still vent are the
most significant issue. Stricter regulations have made emissions of
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, the xylene isomers (BTEX) and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) from the reboiler still vent a major concern of
the natural gas industry. GRI-GLYCalc Version 4.0 is a Windows-based
program for estimating air emissions from glycol units using triethylene
glycol (TEG), diethylene glycol (DEG) or ethylene glycol (EG). Version
4.0 is the successor to GRI-GLYCalc Version 3.0 and includes a number of
new features, along with several improvements and enhancements. Like
previous versions, the program is based on fundamental engineering
thermodynamics and empirical correlations. GRI-GLYCalc 4.0 focuses on
estimating air emissions and helping users to comply with the Oil and
Natural Gas Production and Natural Gas Transmission and Storage MACT
standards. GLYCalc can be used to help identify units that may require
rigorous sampling to determine the need for emission control. The
program can also be used to predict the impact of combustion devices and
condensers on emission rates.

**ProTreat** **Software for Amine Gas Treating Applications.**
ProTreat is a rate-based simulator for amine gas treating applications
using advanced thermodynamics and tower models. ProTreat is designed to
help process engineers perform detailed evaluations of existing process
plants for such purposes as improving process efficiency, operation, and
evaluating process ability to handle new sour gas streams. Plant
engineers and operators, equipment vendors, engineering firms, and
university researchers could use the software. ProTreat can be used for
the highly complicated calculations for slipping carbon dioxide with or
without hydrogen sulfide being present. It will be useful for analyzing
the treatment of about 20% of total U.S. gas production and can reduce
processing costs by about 5% through better processing designs, solvent
selection and plant operations. ProTreat has the unique ability to model
mixed-amine systems. Competitive conditions in the gas industry will
cause at least some of these cost savings to be passed on to consumers.
Optimized Gas Treating, Inc. releases the program.

**Cased Hole Resistivity Tool.** With an estimated 400 trillion cubic
feet of new natural gas reserves to be found in existing fields in the
United States (nearly enough to meet 20 years of the country's total
natural gas demand), reliable through-casing logging tools which measure
reserves could help the industry better manage its existing reservoirs
and recover millions of dollars worth of bypassed gas. In addition, if
producers were able to place casings into exploratory wells and then run
cased-hole logs to evaluate a formation, they could avoid the costs
associated with trying to keep some wells open long enough to run
open-hole logs, potentially saving millions of dollars in exploration
costs. GRI has recognized the need for reliable tools to evaluate
reserves behind well casings and has sponsored research and development
of several through-casing logging tools that measure formation density,
resistivity, and pressure. The Cased Hole Resistivity Tool is an attempt
to overcome the limitations for measuring formation apparent resistivity
and identifying the presence of hydrocarbons in cased holes. Open-hole
resistivity logging tools are the most commonly used indicators of
hydrocarbon saturation in formations, with a 70-year history and large
body of knowledge available for interpretation of measurements. Because
the salt water present in subsurface formations conducts electricity
relatively well (whereas hydrocarbons are good insulators), measuring
electrical resistivity in open wells helps producers distinguish
formations that contain hydrocarbons from those saturated with brine.
The problem is that steel casings are very good conductors of
electricity and if used in an open-hole resistivity logging tool in a
cased well, all that will be detected is the very low resistivity of the
casing which basically acts like a wire. To overcome this problem, GRI
worked with Houston-based Baker Atlas Logging Services since 1994, which
licensed the technology to develop a commercially reliable cased-well
resistivity logging tools. A consortium of oil and gas producers have
provided advice on the tool design, application, and interpretation of
measurements. The tool is used to determine behind pipe water
saturation's, measure resistivities in wells where open hole resistivity
logs cannot be run, or relog old wells that do not have resistivity
logs. This tool will enable operators to find bypassed gas that can be
economically produced by perforating the casing of existing wells. Baker
Atlas Logging Services markets the tool.

**Cased Hole Pressure Tool.** Natural gas can be produced more readily
from high-pressure zones than from low-pressure zones in a formation.
Therefore, the industry can benefit from a device that could measure
pressure behind cased wells to identify zones that have production
value. GRI has been working with Schlumberger Well Services of Texas
since 1995 to design, construct, test, and commercialize a tool that can
be locked into a well casing, drill a hole through casing and cement,
measure reservoir pressure, take a fluid sample, then reseal the hole
with a mechanical plug. The plug, made of an alloy that will not cause
corrosion in the casing, consists of two concentric parts with a tapered
center. When the plug is inserted into the hole, the tapered center
expands to form a tight seal against the rim of the hole. Six holes can
be drilled and sealed in one logging run. The tool is marketed through
Schlumberger Well Services.

**Well Siting in Carbonates -- EGI Report.** This new methodology uses
3-D seismic data to guide the development of compartmental­ized karsted
reservoirs. It will help operators choose well site locations through
better understanding of producing carbonate formations. The methodology
will lead to the finding and producing more gas from these formations
and this will make more, lower-cost gas available to consumers. A
report, created by Energy & Geoscience Institute at the University of
Utah (EGI), is distributed through GRI.

**Portfolio of Emerging Natural Gas Resources - Rocky Mountain Basins.**
The idea of "emerging natural gas resources" in the basins of the Rocky
Mountains suggests untapped potential, but also high risk. However, GRI
recognizes that fresh ideas can help fuel the development of economic
reserves from historically underdeveloped basins. Numerous times in the
past, GRI has successfully compiled information that efficiently
characterizes the potential risks and rewards of developing reserves
that require technological innovation. Produced with the help of
Advanced Resources International, Inc. and Barlow & Haun, Inc., the new
*"Portfolio of Emerging Natural Gas Resources -- Rocky Mountain Basins"*
continues that trend. This three-part portfolio addresses underdeveloped
natural gas basins in a comprehensive manner, but goes beyond the
perspective of *"this is what the plays are"* to *"this is what they
could be"*, helping define the resource potential. Any producer active
in the Rockies will find it a valuable reference. The guide assembles
geologic, reservoir and production data on those emerging natural gas
plays in the Greater Green River, Piceance and Wind River basins that
hold promise for large gas reserve additions. Special emphasis is given
to play types that cross basin boundaries and to exploration and
development strategies that potentially have wide-spread application in
the Rockies. This publication was made available in late 1999 and is
distributed by GRI.

**Mercury Contamination Training Workshop.** GRI developed a workshop to
train gas and other industry workers on how to identify and clean-up
mercury spills. Sampling techniques and analytical methods appropriate
for assessing mercury contamination within the gas industry are examined
in this workshop. The emphasis of the reported research on sampling and
analytical techniques, especially the ultra clean techniques, and on
factors which make mercury a global pollutant, is of utmost importance
to gas industry environmental managers, chemists, and sampling crews.
Only a clean sample properly analyzed will determine whether there is a
problem. Analytical capabilities for mercury and mercury speciation have
improved dramatically in the past decade. Researchers are now able to
assess lower levels of mercury in the environment and the processes,
which control the fate, and effects of this pollutant. Environmental
factors, most of which are strongly influenced by anthropogenic
activity, may have at least as great an effect upon mercury accumulation
in the food chain as do the initial mercury emissions themselves. Thus,
knowledge of the global biochemical cycle is critical in developing
effective pollution control strategies for mercury.

\* Enhancement to a previous product.

**Appendix B**

**GRI R&D Results That Have Been Placed in Commercial Use in 1996
Through 2000**

**RESIDENTIAL**

1.  Combo Systems Sizing and Installation Guidelines -- 1992/2000

2.  Carrier "Chimney Friendly" Furnace - 1996

3.  Empire Gravity Vented Wall Furnace - 1996

4.  Modulating Furnace by RHEEM - 1996

5.  Utility-to-Customer Communication (Whisper) - 1996

6.  Hearth Products Technology Base - 1996

7.  Outdoor Gas Water Heater (American Water Heater Co.) - 1997

8.  Advanced Gas Fireplace (Lennox) - 1997

9.  Flammable Vapors -- 1998

10. NAECA Water Heater Assessment - 2000

    **COMMERCIAL**

11. Pulse Combustion Hydronic Boiler - 1989/91/97

12. GATC Quick Response Activities -- 1995/1999

> (Life-Cycle Cost Model for Food Service Technologies)\*

13. Trane Modulating Rooftop Unit - 1996

14. Trane Horizon Absorption Chiller - 1996

15. Low Emissions Package for Engine Chillers - 1996

16. Separation Requirements in ASHRAE Standard 62-89R - 1996

17. Food Service Ventilation Code Data - 1996

18. BinMaker Pro: The Weather Summary Tool -- 1997/2000

19. TecoFROST Gas Engine Driven Refrigeration - 1997/98

20. York Millennium GED, Model YB - 1997

21. Alturdyne Hybrid Electric/Gas Engine Chiller - 1998

22. kitchenCOST Software- 1998/99

23. DesiCalc Software - 1998

24. Low NO~x~ Power Burner - 1998

25. ASHRAE Standard 155P for Boilers - 1998

26. Modulating Indirect-Fired Make-Up Air Unit - 1999

27. GATC: AERCO Benchmark Boiler - 1999

28. Engine Rooftop Heat Pump (Goettl 15-20 ton) - 1999

29. PITCO Gas Fryers - 1999

30. AUTOFRY Deep Fat Fryer - 1999

31. Analysis of Commercial Sizing and Installation Guidelines - 2000

32. Gas Cooling Guide − Pro Version - 2000

33. York 600 RT 134a Chiller - 2000

34. Tecogen 150 RT 134a Chiller - 2000

35. Trane Single Effect Horizon Chiller - 2000

36. Chiller Application Briefs - 2000

37. Restaurant Kiosk Ventilation and High-Performance Gas Countertop -
    2000

    **INDUSTRIAL**

38. Process Application of Composite Radiant Tubes (and Case Studies) -
    1994/99

39. Industrial Boiler Gas Cofiring (including Biomass) - 1995/99

40. High Performance Infrared Burners (and Application Tools) -- 1995/99

41. ALZETA Pyrocore Ceramic Fiber Burner for Various Heating
    Applications - 1985/96

42. Volatile Organic Compound Abatement Technology - 1996

43. CYCLOMAX Low NO~x~ Industrial Burner - 1996

44. RAPIDFIRE Products - 1998

45. METHANE de-NOX Controls for Stoker Boilers - 1999

46. Ultra-Low NO~x~ Burner for Boiler Retrofit - 1999

47. Forced Convection Heater (FCH) Systems **−** Automotive - 2000

    **POWER GENERATION**

48. DGen Pro Software -- 1998/99/2000

49. SOAPP Modules -- 1998/99

50. Fuel-Lean Gas Reburn (including Amine-Enhanced FLGR) - 1998

51. Microturbines (Capstone and Honeywell) - 1999

52. Distributed Generation Guidebook for Municipal Utilities - 1999

53. IR PowerWorks Microturbine Cogeneration Systems - 2000

    **TRANSPORTATION**

54. Ford Crown Victoria Natural Gas Vehicle - 1995/98

55. Cummins C8.3G Engine - 1996

56. John Deere 8.1L Engine -- 1996/99

57. DDC Series 30G - 1996

58. Caterpillar Dual-Fuel Truck Engine - 1996/98

59. MACK E7G Refuse Hauler - 1996

60. Ford Vans and Pickups - 1996

61. GFI/GEM Forklifts - 1996

62. FuelMaker-Quantum Vehicle Refueling Appliance Line - 1997

63. AccuFill Dispenser Fill Algorithm - 1997

64. NGV-1 Receptacle/Nozzle Standard Design - 1997

65. John Deere 6.8L -- 1998/99

66. CNG Cylinder Maintenance Handbook - 1998

67. Risk Management Program for Liquid Natural Gas Vehicle Refueling
    Stations - 1998

68. NGV Cylinders (Types 1 and 2) - 1999

69. Glass-Fiber-Wrapped Fuel Tanks for NGVs - 2000

    **DISTRIBUTION**

70. Design Methods to Prevent Rapid Crack Propagation in Polyethylene
    Pipe - 1984/98

71. Field Failure Catalog for Polyethylene (PE) Pipe - 1987/98

72. Plastic Pipe Across Bridges -- 1995/99

73. Anaerobic Cast Iron Joint Repair Guide - 1996

74. DrillPath Guided Boring Software -- 1996/99

75. Cast-Iron Maintenance and Optimization System (CIMOS) - 1989/96

76. Carbon Monoxide Detector Supplemental Standards - 1996

77. Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) Site Management Guidebooks (4 Volume
    set) - 1996

78. Cost Model for MGP Site Cleanups - 1996

79. Soil Cofiring in Utility Boilers at MGP Sites - 1996

80. Thermal Desorption for Soil Cleanup at MGP Sites - 1996

81. Pipeline Current Mapper - 1997

82. RENU Service Renewal Technology - 1997

83. Pneumatic Tool Diagnostic System (Tool Tester) - 1997

84. Horizontal Directional Drilling Guidelines - 1997

85. Contained Recovery of Oily Waste (CROW) Technology for Soil
    Cleanup - 1997

86. CBT (Chemical-Biological Treatment) Cleanup Technology - 1997

87. Plastic Pipe Reliability (PENT Test) - 1997

88. Utility Communications Architecture (UCA) Protocol for Gas
    Distribution Systems - 1998

89. Optical Methane Detector (OMD) - 1998

90. Distribution Internal Inspection System - Magnetic Flux Leakage
    (MFL) - 1998

91. Pipe Hawk (Buried Pipe Locator) - 1998

92. Predictive Control District Regulators - 1998

93. Split/Pull Service Replacement - 1998

94. Main/Services Tester - 1998

95. TUBIS Software for Repair/Replace Decisions - 1999

96. Pipe Ovality and Scratch Depth Measurement Device and Guidelines -
    1999

97. Plastic Pipe Repair Techniques - 1999

98. Starline 2000 Renewal Technology - 1999

99. Guided Mole - 1999

100. Gas Holder Manual of Practice - 1999

101. Precision Pipe Locator - 2000

102. One-Step Paving - 2000

103. Bare Steel Maintenance Optimization System (BASMOS) Software - 2000

104. Soil Compaction Supervisor - 2000

     **PIPELINE**

105. Meter Research Facility - 1991/98

106. GE Dry Low NO~x~ Combustor - 1993/97

107. Clock Spring Composite Pipeline Repair Material -- 1995/99

108. Allison 501-K Low NO~x~ Combustor - 1995/97

109. Assessment of Gas Pipeline Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE)
     Technologies - 1996

110. Airborne Pipeline Integrity Monitoring (APIM) Assessment - 1996

111. Pipeline Inspection and Maintenance Optimization System (PIMOS) -
     1996

112. Remote and Automatic Controlled Valves Guidelines - 1996

113. Risk Assessment/Risk Management Guidelines -- 1996/99

114. Third-Party Damage Prevention Assessment - 1996

115. Orifice Meter Information - 1990/92/97/98

116. Hydrostatic Test Water Discharge - 1997

117. PCB Contaminated Pipeline Abandonment Protocol - 1997

118. Low Cost Method for Formaldehyde Measurements - 1997

119. Lomic SonicWare - 1997

120. NO~x~ Portable Analyzer Operator Guidelines - 1998

121. Oxidation Catalyst Costs for Aldehyde Control - 1998

122. Magnetostrictive Sensor - 1998

123. TurboCharger Testing Facility - 1998

124. Breeze Haz Environment and Safety Offsite Consequence Modeling
     Software - 1999

125. Emeritus Report B31.8 Code, Federal Pipeline Safety Regulations -
     2000

126. Elastic Wave Vehicle Tool - 2000

127. Advanced Leak Detection and Repair at Gas Processing Plants --
     Hi-Flow Sampler - 2000

     **EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION**

128. Advanced Process Control for Gas Processing/Industrial Applications
     (Multi-Variable Control (MVC)) - 1991/98

129. Glycol Dehydrator Emissions Calculation Program -- GLYCalc -
     1992/2000

130. Emerging Resources in the Greater Green River Basin - 1996

131. Scavenger CalcBase Database - 1996

132. Fracturing Fluid Characterization Facility (FFCF) - 1996

133. A Guide to Determining Coalbed Gas Content - 1996

134. Coalbed Methane Engineering Manual - 1996

135. Gas Composition Database - 1996

136. Title V Permitting Guidance - 1996

137. Environmental Technology Information Center (ETIC) - 1996

138. Granular Activated Carbon-Fluidized Bed Reactor (GAC-FBR) - 1996

139. Mercury Soil Contamination Program - 1997

140. Offshore Atlases - Part 2 - 1997

141. Appalachian Atlas - 1997

142. Underbalanced Drilling Manual - 1997

143. Freeze/Thaw for Production Water - 1997

144. Glycol Dehydrator Controls/Monitoring - 1997

145. Coalbed Reservoir Gas-In-Place Analysis Short Courses - 1997

146. Gas Plant Emissions/Efficiency Report - 1997

147. Calcite Scale Handbook - 1998

148. ASTM Standards - 1998

149. Drill String Safety Valves (DSSVs) - 1998

150. Mesa-GRIP Seismic Survey Design Software - 1998

151. Crosswell Seismic Imaging - 1998

> Fracturing Information and Diagnostics - 1998

152. M-Site Advanced Diagnostics Insights - 1998

153. Hydraulic Fracture Mapping System - 1998

154. Downhole Tiltmeters - 1998

155. Fracturing Fluid Characterization Facility (FFCF) Insights - 1998

156. GRI Sulfur Recovery Workshop Proceedings -- 1998

157. Low Permeability Gas Resource Database (CD-ROM) - 1999

158. Nitrogen Removal Requirements Report - 1999

159. Downhole Gas/Water Separation CD-ROM - 1999

160. Advanced Crosswell Seismic Source - 1999

161. High Power VSP Mechanical Seismic Source - 1999

162. Advanced Stimulation Technologies CD-ROM - 1999

163. Coiled Tubing Standards - 1999

164. GRI--MSTR Software and Report to Predict Toxicity of Produced
     Water Discharged to the Marine Environment -- 1999

165. ProTreat Software for Amine Gas Treating Applications - 2000

166. Cased Hole Resistivity Tool - 2000

167. Cased Hole Pressure Tool - 2000

168. Well Siting in Carbonates -- EGI Report - 2000

169. Portfolio of Emerging Natural Gas Resources -- Rocky Mountain
     Basins - 2000

170. Mercury Contamination Training Workshop - 2000