+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| ![]       |   |                                     |                    |
| (media/im |   |                                     |                    |
| age1.png) |   |                                     |                    |
| {width="1 |   |                                     |                    |
| .03125in" |   |                                     |                    |
| h         |   |                                     |                    |
| eight="1. |   |                                     |                    |
| 0625in"}\ |   |                                     |                    |
| The White |   |                                     |                    |
| House     |   |                                     |                    |
| Closing   |   |                                     |                    |
| the       |   |                                     |                    |
| Circle    |   |                                     |                    |
| Awards\   |   |                                     |                    |
| 2007      |   |                                     |                    |
| No        |   |                                     |                    |
| minations |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
| **        |   |                                     |                    |
| Deadline: |   |                                     |                    |
| January   |   |                                     |                    |
| 31,       |   |                                     |                    |
| 2007**    |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| **REG     |   |                                     |                    |
| ISTRATION |   |                                     |                    |
| PROCESS:  |   |                                     |                    |
| Step 1:   |   |                                     |                    |
| C         |   |                                     |                    |
| omplete** |   |                                     |                    |
| \-\--\>   |   |                                     |                    |
| Step 2:   |   |                                     |                    |
| Review    |   |                                     |                    |
| \-\--\>   |   |                                     |                    |
| Step 3:   |   |                                     |                    |
| Print     |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Instru  |   |                                     |                    |
| ctions**: |   |                                     |                    |
| This is   |   |                                     |                    |
| the first |   |                                     |                    |
| of three  |   |                                     |                    |
| steps.    |   |                                     |                    |
| For       |   |                                     |                    |
| **Step    |   |                                     |                    |
| 1**:      |   |                                     |                    |
| Complete  |   |                                     |                    |
| the       |   |                                     |                    |
| n         |   |                                     |                    |
| omination |   |                                     |                    |
| form      |   |                                     |                    |
| below.    |   |                                     |                    |
| Once      |   |                                     |                    |
| c         |   |                                     |                    |
| ompleted, |   |                                     |                    |
| click     |   |                                     |                    |
| \"Review  |   |                                     |                    |
| Nom       |   |                                     |                    |
| ination\" |   |                                     |                    |
| (**Please |   |                                     |                    |
| note:     |   |                                     |                    |
| C         |   |                                     |                    |
| ompleting |   |                                     |                    |
| this page |   |                                     |                    |
| and       |   |                                     |                    |
| clicking  |   |                                     |                    |
| \"Review  |   |                                     |                    |
| Nom       |   |                                     |                    |
| ination\" |   |                                     |                    |
| does not  |   |                                     |                    |
| complete  |   |                                     |                    |
| your      |   |                                     |                    |
| regist    |   |                                     |                    |
| ration**. |   |                                     |                    |
| You must  |   |                                     |                    |
| review    |   |                                     |                    |
| the       |   |                                     |                    |
| n         |   |                                     |                    |
| omination |   |                                     |                    |
| and       |   |                                     |                    |
| submit it |   |                                     |                    |
| in Step   |   |                                     |                    |
| 2.)       |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Please    |   |                                     |                    |
| note: for |   |                                     |                    |
| your      |   |                                     |                    |
| as        |   |                                     |                    |
| sistance, |   |                                     |                    |
| sample    |   |                                     |                    |
| entries   |   |                                     |                    |
| appear to |   |                                     |                    |
| the right |   |                                     |                    |
| of each   |   |                                     |                    |
| field.\   |   |                                     |                    |
| **W       |   |                                     |                    |
| arning:** |   |                                     |                    |
| do not    |   |                                     |                    |
| use your  |   |                                     |                    |
| Return    |   |                                     |                    |
| key to    |   |                                     |                    |
| jump      |   |                                     |                    |
| between   |   |                                     |                    |
| fields    |   |                                     |                    |
| (this     |   |                                     |                    |
| action    |   |                                     |                    |
| will      |   |                                     |                    |
| cause     |   |                                     |                    |
| your      |   |                                     |                    |
| ap        |   |                                     |                    |
| plication |   |                                     |                    |
| to be     |   |                                     |                    |
| su        |   |                                     |                    |
| bmitted). |   |                                     |                    |
| Use your  |   |                                     |                    |
| Tab key   |   |                                     |                    |
| to jump   |   |                                     |                    |
| to the    |   |                                     |                    |
| next      |   |                                     |                    |
| field.    |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
| Top of    |   |                                     |                    |
| Form      |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| *         |   |                                     |                    |
| *Agency** |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   | **\* U.S. Postal Service Nominees:  |                    |
|           |   | Please [Link                        |                    |
|           |   | Here](http://                       |                    |
|           |   | ofee.tteam.com/usps_ofee/index.cfm) |                    |
|           |   | to Submit Your Data.**              |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Field   |   |                                     |                    |
| A         |   |                                     |                    |
| ctivity** |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Name:     |   | ![](media/image2.wmf)               | US Camp Swampy     |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Location: |   | ![](media/image3.wmf)               | Nowhere, AZ        |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Point   |   |                                     |                    |
| of        |   |                                     |                    |
| Contact** |   |                                     |                    |
| (used to  |   |                                     |                    |
| contact   |   |                                     |                    |
| winner)   |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Name:     |   | ![](media/image4.wmf)               | Mr. John Smith     |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Address:  |   | ![](media/image5.wmf)               | 123 Anywhere       |
|           |   |                                     | Street             |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   | ![](media/image6.wmf)               | Suite 100          |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| City:     |   | ![](media/image7.wmf)               | Nowhere            |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| State:    |   | ![](media/image8.wmf)               | AZ                 |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| ZIP:      |   | ![](media/image9.wmf)               | 11111-2233         |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Phone:    |   | ![](media/image10.wmf)              | 123-456-7890       |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Fax:      |   | ![](media/image11.wmf)              | 123-654-9870       |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Email:    |   | ![](media/image12.wmf)              | jsmith@nowhere.com |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Media   |   |                                     |                    |
| Contact** |   |                                     |                    |
| (agency   |   |                                     |                    |
| public    |   |                                     |                    |
| affairs   |   |                                     |                    |
| repres    |   |                                     |                    |
| entative) |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Name:     |   | ![](media/image13.wmf)              | Ms. Jane Johnson   |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Address:  |   | ![](media/image14.wmf)              | 555 Anyroad Dr.    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   | ![](media/image15.wmf)              | Suite 555          |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| City:     |   | ![](media/image16.wmf)              | Nowhere            |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| State:    |   | ![](media/image17.wmf)              | AZ                 |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| ZIP:      |   | ![](media/image18.wmf)              | 99887-6655         |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Phone:    |   | ![](media/image19.wmf)              | 123-555-5487       |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Fax:      |   | ![](media/image20.wmf)              | 123-555-4567       |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Email:    |   | ![](media/image21.wmf)              | jj                 |
|           |   |                                     | ohnson@nowhere.com |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Award   |   |                                     |                    |
| C         |   |                                     |                    |
| ategory** |   |                                     |                    |
| (choose   |   |                                     |                    |
| only one) |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   | ![                                  |                    |
|           |   | ](media/image22.wmf)Waste/Pollution |                    |
|           |   | Prevention\                         |                    |
|           |   | ![](media/image23.wmf)Recycling\    |                    |
|           |   | ![](media/image24.wmf)Green         |                    |
|           |   | Purchasing\                         |                    |
|           |   | ![](media/image25.wmf)Environmental |                    |
|           |   | Management Systems\                 |                    |
|           |   | ![](media/image26.wmf)Sustainable   |                    |
|           |   | Design/Green Buildings\             |                    |
|           |   | ![](media/image27.wmf)Alternative   |                    |
|           |   | Fuel and Fuel Conservation in       |                    |
|           |   | Transportation\                     |                    |
|           |   | ![](media/image28.wmf)Electronics   |                    |
|           |   | Stewardship                         |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| **        |   |                                     |                    |
| Nominee** |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   | ![](media/image29.wmf)Team          |                    |
|           |   | Nomination\                         |                    |
|           |   | ![](media/image30.wmf)Individual    |                    |
|           |   | Nomination                          |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Team/In   |   | ![](media/image31.wmf)\             | Individual: Mr.    |
| dividual: |   | Complete name as it would appear on | Stephen Jones\     |
|           |   | the award certificate.\             | Team: Camp Swampy  |
|           |   | For Team: Indicate only the name of | P2 Team            |
|           |   | the team (not individuals) not to   |                    |
|           |   | exceed 6 words in length.           |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Address:  |   | ![](media/image32.wmf)              | 555 Street Road    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   | ![](media/image33.wmf)              | Apartment 111      |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| City:     |   | ![](media/image34.wmf)              | Nowhere            |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| State:    |   | ![](media/image35.wmf)              | AZ                 |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| ZIP:      |   | ![](media/image36.wmf)              | 12345-4455         |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Phone:    |   | ![](media/image37.wmf)              | 123-445-6655       |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Fax:      |   | ![](media/image38.wmf)              | 123-445-9988       |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Email:    |   | ![](media/image39.wmf)              | sjones@nowhere.com |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Title   |   |                                     |                    |
| of        |   |                                     |                    |
| Nom       |   |                                     |                    |
| ination** |   |                                     |                    |
| (i.e.     |   |                                     |                    |
| \"Cl      |   |                                     |                    |
| osed-Loop |   |                                     |                    |
| Used Oil  |   |                                     |                    |
| Rec       |   |                                     |                    |
| ycling\") |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   | ![](media/image40.wmf)\             |                    |
|           |   | Note: Complete title as it would    |                    |
|           |   | appear on the award certificate.    |                    |
|           |   | Title must not exceed 6 words in    |                    |
|           |   | length.                             |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| **N       |   |                                     |                    |
| omination |   |                                     |                    |
| Desc      |   |                                     |                    |
| ription** |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Please    |   |                                     |                    |
| include   |   |                                     |                    |
| your      |   |                                     |                    |
| \"N       |   |                                     |                    |
| omination |   |                                     |                    |
| Narrative |   |                                     |                    |
| Doc       |   |                                     |                    |
| ument\".\ |   |                                     |                    |
| \         |   |                                     |                    |
| **File    |   |                                     |                    |
| Requi     |   |                                     |                    |
| rements** |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
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| Allowable |   |                                     |                    |
|     file  |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|    types: |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|    -   MS |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|      Word |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|  Document |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|    (.doc) |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|  -   Rich |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|      Text |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|      File |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|    (.rtf) |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
| -   Size: |   |                                     |                    |
|     not   |   |                                     |                    |
|     to    |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
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|     4     |   |                                     |                    |
|     pages |   |                                     |                    |
|     and 1 |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|  Megabyte |   |                                     |                    |
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| including |   |                                     |                    |
|     any   |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|  embedded |   |                                     |                    |
|     TIFF, |   |                                     |                    |
|     GIF,  |   |                                     |                    |
|     or    |   |                                     |                    |
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|           |   |                                     |                    |
|   images) |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
| -   Font: |   |                                     |                    |
|     size  |   |                                     |                    |
|     12    |   |                                     |                    |
|     Times |   |                                     |                    |
|     New   |   |                                     |                    |
|     Roman |   |                                     |                    |
|     or    |   |                                     |                    |
|     e     |   |                                     |                    |
| quivalent |   |                                     |                    |
|     font. |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
| Important |   |                                     |                    |
| note:     |   |                                     |                    |
| Before    |   |                                     |                    |
| uploading |   |                                     |                    |
| the       |   |                                     |                    |
| N         |   |                                     |                    |
| omination |   |                                     |                    |
| Narrative |   |                                     |                    |
| Document  |   |                                     |                    |
| please    |   |                                     |                    |
| include a |   |                                     |                    |
| copy of   |   |                                     |                    |
| this      |   |                                     |                    |
| ap        |   |                                     |                    |
| plication |   |                                     |                    |
| page in   |   |                                     |                    |
| the       |   |                                     |                    |
| document. |   |                                     |                    |
| On your   |   |                                     |                    |
| browsers  |   |                                     |                    |
| EDIT      |   |                                     |                    |
| menu,     |   |                                     |                    |
| SELECT    |   |                                     |                    |
| ALL, then |   |                                     |                    |
| "copy and |   |                                     |                    |
| paste"    |   |                                     |                    |
| this      |   |                                     |                    |
| completed |   |                                     |                    |
| N         |   |                                     |                    |
| omination |   |                                     |                    |
| Form on   |   |                                     |                    |
| the first |   |                                     |                    |
| page of   |   |                                     |                    |
| your      |   |                                     |                    |
| N         |   |                                     |                    |
| omination |   |                                     |                    |
| document. |   |                                     |                    |
| The       |   |                                     |                    |
| ap        |   |                                     |                    |
| plication |   |                                     |                    |
| page will |   |                                     |                    |
| not count |   |                                     |                    |
| against   |   |                                     |                    |
| the       |   |                                     |                    |
| 4-page    |   |                                     |                    |
| limit in  |   |                                     |                    |
| the       |   |                                     |                    |
| su        |   |                                     |                    |
| bmission. |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   | ![](media/image41.wmf)\             |                    |
|           |   | Nomination Narrative Document\      |                    |
|           |   | File name should not contain the    |                    |
|           |   | following characters:\              |                    |
|           |   | pound (#), ampersand (&),           |                    |
|           |   | exclamation point (!), arrows (\<   |                    |
|           |   | \>), or parentheses ( ).            |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   | Document 2\                         |                    |
|           |   | Main Nomination Narrative           |                    |
|           |   |                                     |                    |
|           |   | Document 3\                         |                    |
|           |   | Main Nomination Narrative           |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| *         |   |                                     |                    |
| *Continue |   |                                     |                    |
| to Step   |   |                                     |                    |
| 2 -       |   |                                     |                    |
| Review    |   |                                     |                    |
| Nom       |   |                                     |                    |
| ination** |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Each      |   |                                     |                    |
| applicant |   |                                     |                    |
| will be   |   |                                     |                    |
| subject   |   |                                     |                    |
| to a      |   |                                     |                    |
| review of |   |                                     |                    |
| b         |   |                                     |                    |
| ackground |   |                                     |                    |
| in        |   |                                     |                    |
| formation |   |                                     |                    |
| on their  |   |                                     |                    |
| envi      |   |                                     |                    |
| ronmental |   |                                     |                    |
| c         |   |                                     |                    |
| ompliance |   |                                     |                    |
| status    |   |                                     |                    |
| and       |   |                                     |                    |
| en        |   |                                     |                    |
| forcement |   |                                     |                    |
| history.  |   |                                     |                    |
| This      |   |                                     |                    |
| process   |   |                                     |                    |
| will      |   |                                     |                    |
| include   |   |                                     |                    |
| cons      |   |                                     |                    |
| ideration |   |                                     |                    |
| of        |   |                                     |                    |
| in        |   |                                     |                    |
| formation |   |                                     |                    |
| in the    |   |                                     |                    |
| Envi      |   |                                     |                    |
| ronmental |   |                                     |                    |
| P         |   |                                     |                    |
| rotection |   |                                     |                    |
| A         |   |                                     |                    |
| gency\'s, |   |                                     |                    |
| Online    |   |                                     |                    |
| Tracking  |   |                                     |                    |
| In        |   |                                     |                    |
| formation |   |                                     |                    |
| System    |   |                                     |                    |
| (OTIS)    |   |                                     |                    |
| which is  |   |                                     |                    |
| available |   |                                     |                    |
| online    |   |                                     |                    |
| at:       |   |                                     |                    |
| [www.epa. |   |                                     |                    |
| gov/idea/ |   |                                     |                    |
| otis](htt |   |                                     |                    |
| p://www.e |   |                                     |                    |
| pa.gov/id |   |                                     |                    |
| ea/otis/) |   |                                     |                    |
| as well   |   |                                     |                    |
| as other  |   |                                     |                    |
| available |   |                                     |                    |
| c         |   |                                     |                    |
| ompliance |   |                                     |                    |
| and       |   |                                     |                    |
| en        |   |                                     |                    |
| forcement |   |                                     |                    |
| inf       |   |                                     |                    |
| ormation. |   |                                     |                    |
| A         |   |                                     |                    |
| pplicants |   |                                     |                    |
| should    |   |                                     |                    |
| review    |   |                                     |                    |
| their     |   |                                     |                    |
| c         |   |                                     |                    |
| ompliance |   |                                     |                    |
| status    |   |                                     |                    |
| and       |   |                                     |                    |
| history   |   |                                     |                    |
| prior to  |   |                                     |                    |
| s         |   |                                     |                    |
| ubmission |   |                                     |                    |
| and may   |   |                                     |                    |
| provide   |   |                                     |                    |
| in        |   |                                     |                    |
| formation |   |                                     |                    |
| for       |   |                                     |                    |
| cons      |   |                                     |                    |
| ideration |   |                                     |                    |
| in the    |   |                                     |                    |
| c         |   |                                     |                    |
| ompliance |   |                                     |                    |
| screen    |   |                                     |                    |
| where     |   |                                     |                    |
| they      |   |                                     |                    |
| believe   |   |                                     |                    |
| the OTIS  |   |                                     |                    |
| data is   |   |                                     |                    |
| i         |   |                                     |                    |
| ncorrect. |   |                                     |                    |
| In        |   |                                     |                    |
| general,  |   |                                     |                    |
| chronic   |   |                                     |                    |
| non-c     |   |                                     |                    |
| ompliance |   |                                     |                    |
| and/or    |   |                                     |                    |
| recent or |   |                                     |                    |
| ongoing   |   |                                     |                    |
| criminal  |   |                                     |                    |
| or        |   |                                     |                    |
| certain   |   |                                     |                    |
| civil     |   |                                     |                    |
| en        |   |                                     |                    |
| forcement |   |                                     |                    |
| activity  |   |                                     |                    |
| will be   |   |                                     |                    |
| c         |   |                                     |                    |
| onsidered |   |                                     |                    |
| a basis   |   |                                     |                    |
| for       |   |                                     |                    |
| disquali  |   |                                     |                    |
| fication. |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Please  |   |                                     |                    |
| click     |   |                                     |                    |
| Review    |   |                                     |                    |
| N         |   |                                     |                    |
| omination |   |                                     |                    |
| to        |   |                                     |                    |
| Proceed   |   |                                     |                    |
| to Step   |   |                                     |                    |
| 2**\      |   |                                     |                    |
| ![](medi  |   |                                     |                    |
| a/image42 |   |                                     |                    |
| .wmf)![]( |   |                                     |                    |
| media/ima |   |                                     |                    |
| ge43.wmf) |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
|           |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Bottom of |   |                                     |                    |
| Form      |   |                                     |                    |
+-----------+---+-------------------------------------+--------------------+

**Project Title:** Cryogenic Refrigeration System Improvements at
Jefferson Lab

**Nomination Description:**

The Cryogenics Group in the Accelerator Engineering Department is tasked
with providing refrigeration for a variety of Jefferson Lab research
activities. Three refrigerators provide -452 and -456 degrees Fahrenheit
refrigeration for the operation of the Continuous Electron Beam
Accelerator Facility and its three experimental halls, the Free-
Electron Laser Facility, and the Superconducting Radio Frequency Test
Facility.

Using their extensive experience in the industrial design of cryogenic
systems, group members have designed a new process that revolutionizes
the way cryogenic plants work. Many existing plants use multi-megawatt
of electrical power for their process.  Portions of the new process,
termed as the \"Ganni Cycle,\" has already reduced the utility
requirements of a number of existing facilities inclusive of those of
Jefferson Lab where a savings of \$1,000/day in electricity has been
realized.  Although the benefits of the process are fully realized for
new plants, portions of the new process have already been applied to
existing plants, resulting in substantial savings in electricity costs
at several Department of Energy (DOE) research facilities. Users of the
new process also experience increased equipment reliability by a factor
of two and increased plant stability. Jefferson Lab, Brookhaven National
Lab\'s Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Spallation Neutron Source
at Oak Ridge National Lab have all benefited from the innovation through
cooperative collaborations.

[Keeping Cool]{.underline}

Jefferson Lab\'s refrigeration system uses a continuous closed cycle
very similar to that of a home air conditioner. Instead of Freon, helium
is used as the refrigerant. It is first sent through a series of
compressors.

\"When you compress helium, it gets warmer. You cool it down with water
and then further cool it down with liquid nitrogen,\" says Will Oren,
Head of the Engineering Department in Jefferson Lab\'s Accelerator
Division. The high pressure helium gas then drives turbines, making it
even colder until the helium gas finally turns into a liquid at a
temperature of -452 to -456 degrees Fahrenheit. As the liquid helium is
used to cool the superconducting accelerator cavities and other
equipment at the Lab, it boils back into a gas and begins to warm up. At
this point, it\'s sent back through the system to start the cool-down
process all over again.

[Pressure]{.underline}

One atmosphere of pressure is the amount of pressure felt at sea level
at the same latitude as

Paris, France. It equates to just over 14.5 pounds per square inch. For
comparison, a car tire may be inflated to about 32 pounds per square
inch, a little more than two atmospheres of pressure. The compressors in
the Central Helium Liquefier can compress helium from one atmosphere to
between 16 and 21 atmospheres, equating to a pressure of 235-309 pounds
per square inch.

Cryogenics Group Deputy Leader Venkatarao (Rao) Ganni says that of all
the components in the system, the compressors use the largest amount of
electricity. \"We use very large helium compressors, which compress
helium from about one atmosphere up to 21 atmospheres. These compressors
use a lot of electrical power,\" he explains.

Ganni says helium refrigerator manufacturers didn\'t always consider the
daily variations in a client\'s needs when designing a plant. Instead,
refrigerators were made to operate at maximum efficiency when at the
full refrigeration design capacity or, at best, a few intermediate
operating points. \"In industry, we were asked by our customers to
guarantee this maximum capacity, although that operating point is
normally higher than the daily operating needs,\" Ganni says.

For instance, when less refrigeration was needed in the past, the same
amount of helium was sent through the compressors at full operating
pressures; therefore, the compressors were using the same amount of
electricity, even when full refrigeration capacity was not needed.
Cryogenics Group Electrical Lead Jonathan Creel notes, \"It\'s like
driving your car everywhere with the gas pedal all the way down while
controlling your speed with the brake pedal, even if you only need to go
ten miles an hour.\"

Ganni says the new process takes a different approach. He says the brake
is removed and the speed is now controlled by only the gas pedal.

Jefferson Lab\'s Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility uses
superconducting niobium cavities to accelerate electrons for nuclear
physics experiments. Niobium is superconducting, having close to zero
electrical resistance, at cryogenic temperatures. Jefferson Lab
routinely cools niobium to between -452 and -456 degrees Fahrenheit.
This extremely low temperature requirement is met with liquid helium.
Cryogenics is the science of the very cold, which includes temperatures
below -292 degrees Fahrenheit.

[Removing the Brake]{.underline}

Ganni and his colleagues implemented a new philosophy to manage the
cryogenic refrigeration system capacity. They reconfigured the
refrigeration system controls to efficiently scale back the compressor
energy consumption by reducing the operating pressures when full
capacity is not needed. When more refrigeration is required, the system
controls then ramp the system pressures back up.

\"We refer to this portion of the process as *Floating Pressure*. When
applicable portions of the new cycle are applied to existing plants, we
regulate the compressor discharge pressure to match the refrigeration
load,\" Ganni explains. The discharge pressure is the amount of
compression the compressors apply to the helium (usually 16-21
atmospheres). Ganni says the new control system senses when more
refrigeration is needed by monitoring the amount of helium being used
for cooling. \"The pressure floats to meet the load. If there\'s no
load, the pressures will come down, the power going into the motor will
come down, the electricity

use will come down,\" he iterates.

\"We\'ve actually been able to turn down these compressors to the level
where they\'re providing the correct amount of refrigeration for a given
load,\" says Dana Arenius, Cryogenics Group Leader. He says this
different mode of operation, dubbed the Ganni Cycle, has made the
refrigeration plant much more efficient.

The portions of the Ganni Cycle which can be used for existing plants
have slashed the power requirements of the Jefferson Lab\'s
refrigeration system, while still meeting the Lab\'s needs. The cycle
has dropped the electricity required for Jefferson Lab cryogenics from 6
Megawatts (MW) to 4.2 MW, resulting in a direct savings of \$33,000 each
month in electricity costs.

What\'s more, Arenius says implementing the new cycle didn\'t require a
lot of new equipment. As implemented at several existing facilities, the
cycle required very few or no new components. \"It uses the same
equipment. However, what it does change is how it\'s controlled and how
it\'s configured,\" he says.

The Ganni Cycle also nearly doubles the lifetime of some refrigerator
components, increasing the time between necessary maintenance periods.
\"Industry standards would indicate that you have to tear down a
compressor for a complete rebuild after a maximum of 45,000 hours of
operation. At Jefferson Lab with the Ganni Cycle, the number of hours
before required compressor rebuild is around 74,000 hours. So we\'re
gaining a factor of just over 1.7 more running time without having to do
repair or maintenance. And that is a substantial savings in manpower and
spare parts,\" Arenius notes. In addition, the system runs more
reliably, has more availability, has improved stability and runs more
efficiently.

The group is also looking forward. Group members theorize that
incorporating the Ganni Cycle into designs for the next generation of
refrigeration systems will make the technology even more efficient.
\"It\'s an intellectual process, but it sets the pattern for how you
design the hardware. It\'ll produce a higher-efficiency plant which will
lower operational costs,\" Creel says. Ganni agrees. \"It costs you less
\-- costs less capital, consumes less power, and the system is more
reliable. If you have a more efficient plant, you need less hardware,\"
he says.

[Sharing the Bounty]{.underline}

The money savings realized with the Ganni Cycle is having an impact at
the Lab. The Cryo Group used some of the money to revitalize the
refrigeration plant\'s charcoal beds and to conduct other cost-saving
maintenance and efficiency improvements. (Charcoal beds are used to
purify the helium. They remove oil that\'s added to the helium during
part of the refrigeration process).

\"We are taking less money to run the refrigerators. We gained more
physics out of it, because we turned that savings around to work more
efficiently. So you\'re getting more physics in an indirect way,\" Oren
says.

Portions of the Ganni Cycle have also been implemented at other DOE
facilities for existing plants. In a cooperative energy savings
collaboration with Jefferson Lab, the Brookhaven National Laboratory,
located in Upton N.Y., initiated a program to upgrade the Relativistic
Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) cryogenic system where portions of the Ganni
Cycle were applied to help increase the efficiency of the helium
liquefier. The collaboration reduced the refrigerator electric power
consumption by 35 percent, from 9.2 MW to 6 MW. The RHIC staff has also
reported an increase in system stability and reliability. At the
Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Lab in Oak Ridge, TN, a
similar collaboration centering on optimizing the 2K (Kelvin) helium
cryogenic plant operation led to a 32 percent electric power reduction,
from 3.8 MW to 2.6 MW.

The process behind the Ganni Cycle has been submitted to the U.S. Patent
Office for review, and a patent is pending. In addition, the group has
also fully automated Jefferson Lab\'s refrigeration facilities, using a
computer-based control system for round-the-clock load-matching
efficient operation, without the need for round-the-clock staffing.