**TEMPLATE: NRCS Pollinator**

**Biology and Habitat Technology Note**

**Prepared by the USDA NRCS [\_\_\_\_]{.mark} State Office and**

**the Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation Program**

**([date]{.mark})**

This technical note provides information on how to plan for, protect,
and create habitat for pollinators in agricultural settings. Pollinators
are an integral part of our environment and our agricultural systems;
they are important in 35% of global crop production (Klein et al. 2007).
Animal pollinators include bees, butterflies, moths, wasps, flies,
beetles, ants, bats and hummingbirds. This technical note focuses on
native bees, the most important pollinators in temperate North America,
but also addresses the habitat needs of butterflies and, to a lesser
degree, other beneficial insects.

Worldwide, there are an estimated 20,000 species of bees (Michener
2000), with approximately 4,000 species native to the United States
(Winfree et al. 2007a). The non-native European honey bee (*Apis
mellifera*) is the most important crop pollinator in the United States.
However, the number of honey bee colonies is in decline because of
disease and other factors (National Research Council 2007), making
native pollinators even more important to the future of agriculture.
Native bees provide free pollination services, and are often specialized
for foraging on particular flowers, such as squash, berries, or orchard
crops (e.g. Tepedino 1981, Bosch & Kemp 2001, Javorek et al. 2002). This
specialization results in more efficient pollination and the production
of larger and more abundant fruit from certain crops (Greenleaf & Kremen
2006, Klein et al. 2007). Native bees contribute an estimated \$3
billion worth of crop pollination annually to the U.S. economy (Losey &
Vaughan 2006).

Undeveloped areas on and close to farms can serve as long-term refugia
for native wild pollinators. Protecting, enhancing or providing habitat
is the best way to conserve native pollinators (Kremen et al. 2007) and,
at the same time, provide pollen and nectar resources that support local
honey bees; on farms with sufficient natural habitat, native pollinators
can provide all of the pollination for some crops (Kremen et al. 2002,
Kremen et al. 2004, Winfree et al 2007b).

Pollinators have two basic habitat needs: a diversity of flowering
native or naturalized plants, and egg-laying or nesting sites. The NRCS
can assist landowners with providing adequate pollinator habitat by, for
example, suggesting locally appropriate plants and offering advice on
how to provide nesting or egg-laying habitat.

Contents

Pollinator Conservation and Farm System Planning
[3](#pollinator-conservation-and-farm-system-planning)

I. Recognizing Existing Pollinator Habitat
[4](#i.-recognizing-existing-pollinator-habitat)

[A. Existing Plant Composition]{.underline}
[4](#a.-existing-plant-composition)

[B. Nesting and Overwintering Sites]{.underline}
[4](#b.-nesting-and-overwintering-sites)

II\. Protecting Pollinators and Their Habitat
[6](#ii.-protecting-pollinators-and-their-habitat)

[A. Minimizing Pesticide Use]{.underline}
[6](#a.-minimizing-pesticide-use)

[B. Minimizing the Impact of Mowing, Haying, Burning, or
Grazing]{.underline}
[8](#b.-minimizing-the-impact-of-mowing-haying-burning-or-grazing)

[C. Protecting Ground Nesting Bees]{.underline}
[8](#c.-protecting-ground-nesting-bees)

[D. Protecting Tunnel-Nesting Bees]{.underline}
[8](#d.-protecting-tunnel-nesting-bees)

III\. Enhancing and Developing New Pollinator Habitat
[8](#iii.-enhancing-and-developing-new-pollinator-habitat)

[A. Site Selection]{.underline} [9](#a.-site-selection)

[B. Habitat Design]{.underline} [10](#b.-habitat-design)

[C. Plant Selection and Seed Sources]{.underline}
[12](#c.-plant-selection-and-seed-sources)

[D. Creating Artificial Nest Sites]{.underline}
[13](#d.-creating-artificial-nest-sites)

IV\. Management of New Pollinator Habitat
[14](#iv.-management-of-new-pollinator-habitat)

Pollinator Habitat and NRCS Practices
[14](#pollinator-habitat-and-nrcs-practices)

Financial Resources [20](#financial-resources)

Plant Tables [20](#plant-tables)

I. Native Plant Species [22](#i.-native-plant-species)

[A. Native Trees and Shrubs for Pollinator Enhancement]{.underline}
[22](#a.-native-trees-and-shrubs-for-pollinator-enhancement)

[B. Native Forbs (wildlflowers)]{.underline}
[23](#b.-native-forbs-wildlflowers)

[C. Native Bunch Grasses and Sedges]{.underline}
[24](#c.-native-bunch-grasses-and-sedges)

II\. Non-Native Plant Species for Cover Crops, Green Manures, Livestock
Forage and Insectary Plantings
[25](#ii.-non-native-plant-species-for-cover-crops-green-manures-livestock-forage-and-insectary-plantings)

III\. Garden Plants [26](#iii.-garden-plants)

IV\. Noxious Weed Species [27](#iv.-noxious-weed-species)

Appendix: Additional Information [28](#appendix-additional-information)

I. Regional Technical Support [28](#i.-regional-technical-support)

II\. Publications [28](#ii.-publications)

III\. Web-Sites [29](#iii.-web-sites)

References [29](#references)

Acknowledgements [35](#acknowledgements)

# Pollinator Conservation and Farm System Planning {#pollinator-conservation-and-farm-system-planning .Style-Heading-1-+-Times-New-Roman-14-pt-Black}

A growing emphasis within the NRCS is to take a whole farm approach to
conservation efforts. As projects are being considered, field
conservation staff must constantly weigh the potential costs against the
benefits of the practices they help implement.

Habitat enhancement for native pollinators on farms, especially with
native plants, provides multiple benefits. In addition to supporting
pollinators, native plant habitat will attract beneficial insects that
predate on crop pests and lessen the need for pesticides on your farm
(Barbosa 1998, Landis et al. 2000, Nicholls et al. 2000, Lee et al.
2001, Van Emden 2003, Olsen & Wackers 2007). Pollinator habitat can also
provide habitat for other wildlife, such as birds (Belfrage et al.
2005), serve as windbreaks, help stabilize the soil, and improve water
quality.

This document provides a four-step approach to pollinator conservation:
(1) advice on recognizing existing pollinator habitat, (2) steps to
protect pollinators and existing habitat, (3) methods to further enhance
or restore habitat for pollinators, and then (4) managing habitat for
the benefit of a diverse pollinator community.

**Table 1.** General native pollinator habitat requirements

+------------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+
| **Po       | **Food**                | **Shelter**                   |
| llinator** |                         |                               |
+------------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Solitary   | Nectar and pollen       | Most nest in bare or          |
| bees       |                         | partially vegetated,          |
|            |                         | well-drained soil; many       |
|            |                         | others nest in narrow tunnels |
|            |                         | in dead standing trees, or    |
|            |                         | excavate nests within the     |
|            |                         | pith of stems and twigs; some |
|            |                         | construct domed nests of mud, |
|            |                         | plant resins, saps, or gums   |
|            |                         | on the surface of rocks or    |
|            |                         | trees                         |
+------------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Bumble     | Nectar and pollen       | Most nest in small cavities   |
| bees       |                         | (approx. softball size),      |
|            |                         | often underground in          |
|            |                         | abandoned rodent nests or     |
|            |                         | under clumps of grass, but    |
|            |                         | can be in hollow trees, bird  |
|            |                         | nests, or walls               |
+------------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+
| B          | Non-feeding stage       | Usually on or near larval     |
| utterflies |                         | host plant                    |
| and Moths  |                         |                               |
| -- Egg     |                         |                               |
+------------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+
| B          | Leaves of larval host   | Larval host plants            |
| utterflies | plants                  |                               |
| and Moths  |                         |                               |
| --         |                         |                               |
| C          |                         |                               |
| aterpillar |                         |                               |
+------------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+
| B          | Non-feeding stage       | Protected site such as a      |
| utterflies |                         | bush, tall grass, a pile of   |
| and        |                         | leaves or sticks or, in the   |
| Moths -    |                         | case of some moths,           |
| Pupa       |                         | underground                   |
+------------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+
| B          | Nectar; some males      | Protected site such as a      |
| utterflies | obtain nutrients,       | tree, bush, tall grass, or a  |
| and        |                         | pile of leaves, sticks or     |
|            | minerals, and salt from | rocks                         |
| Moths --   | rotting fruit, tree     |                               |
| Adult      | sap, animal dung and    |                               |
|            | urine, carrion, clay    |                               |
|            | deposits, and mud       |                               |
|            | puddles                 |                               |
+------------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Hu         | Nectar, insects, tree   | Trees, shrubs, and vines.     |
| mmingbirds | sap, spiders,           |                               |
|            | caterpillars, aphids,   |                               |
|            | insect eggs, and willow |                               |
|            | catkins Typically need  |                               |
|            | red, deep-throated      |                               |
|            | flowers, such as twin   |                               |
|            | berry or penstemons     |                               |
+------------+-------------------------+-------------------------------+

\[Adapted from: Native Pollinators. Feb. 2006. Fish and Wildlife Habitat
Management Leaflet. No. 34.\]

## I. Recognizing Existing Pollinator Habitat

Many growers may already have an abundance of habitat for native
pollinators on or near their land; having semi-natural or natural
habitat available significantly increases pollinator populations (Kremen
et al. 2004, Williams & Kremen 2007). Linear habitats along field
margins such as field edges, hedgerows, and drainage ditches offer both
nesting and foraging sites (Carvell 2004). Woodlots, conservation areas,
utility easements, farm roads, and other untilled areas may also contain
good habitat. Often, marginal areas, less fit for crops, may be useful
instead as pollinator habitat (Morandin and Winston 2006). Here we
provide advice on recognizing specific habitat resources so that they
can be factored into farm systems planning.

### [A. Existing Plant Composition]{.underline}

When assessing pollen and nectar resources, it is important to look at
all of the potential plant resources on and around a landowner or
farmer's property, and which plants are heavily visited by bees and
other pollinators. These plants include insect-pollinated crops, as well
as the flowers -- even "weeds" -- in buffer areas, forest edges,
hedgerows, roadsides, natural areas, fallowed fields, etc.
Insect-pollinated crops may supply abundant forage for short periods of
time, and such flowering crops should be factored into an overall farm
plan if a grower is interested in supporting wild pollinators (Banaszak
1992). However, for pollinators to be most productive, nectar and pollen
resources are needed outside the period of crop bloom.

As long as a plant is not a noxious weed species that should be removed
or controlled, producers might consider letting some of the native or
non-native forbs that are currently present on site to bloom prior to
their crop bloom, mow them during crop bloom, then let them bloom again
afterward. For example, dandelions, clover, and other non-native plants
are often good pollinator plants (Free 1968, Mosquin 1971). Forbs can be
mowed during crop bloom; however, one must weight benefits to crop
pollination against potential negative effects on ground nesting
wildlife. Forbs can be mowed during crop bloom; however, one must weight
benefits to crop pollination against potential negative effects on
ground nesting wildlife. Growers may also allow some salad and cabbage
crops to bolt. In addition to pollinators, the predators and parasitoids
of pests are attracted to the flowers of arugula, chervil, chicory,
mustards and other greens, supporting pest management.

When evaluating existing plant communities on the margins of cropland, a
special effort should be made to conserve very early and very late
blooming plants. Early flowering plants provide an important food source
for bees emerging from hibernation, and late flowering plants help
bumble bees build up their energy reserves before entering winter
dormancy (Pywell et al. 2005).

Keep in mind that small bees may only fly a couple hundred yards, while
large bees, such as bumble bees, easily forage a mile or more from their
nest (Greenleaf et al. 2007). Therefore, taken together, a diversity of
flowering crops, wild plants on field margins, and plants up to a half
mile away on adjacent land can provide the sequentially blooming supply
of flowers necessary to support a resident population of pollinators
(Winfree et al. 2008).

### [B. Nesting and Overwintering Sites]{.underline}

Bees need nest sites. Indeed, to support populations of native bees,
protecting or providing nest sites is as important, if not more
important, as providing flowers (Tscharntke et al. 1998, Cane 2001,
Potts et al. 2005). Similarly, caterpillar hostplants are necessary for
strong butterfly populations, if that is a management goal (Feber et al.
1996).

The ideal is to have nesting and forage resources in the same habitat
patch, but bees are able to adapt to landscapes in which nesting and
forage resources are separated (Cane 2001). However, it is important
that these two key habitat components are not too far apart (Westrich
1996).

Native bees often nest in inconspicuous locations. For example, many
excavate tunnels in bare soil, others occupy tree cavities, and a few
even chew out the soft pith of the stems of plants like elderberry or
black berry to make nests (O'Toole & Raw 1999, Michener 2000). It is
important to retain as many naturally occurring sites as possible and to
create new ones where appropriate.

Most of North America's native bee species (about 70 percent, or very
roughly 2,800 species) are ground nesters. These bees usually need
direct access to the soil surface (Potts et al. 2005) to excavate and
access their nests. Ground-nesting bees seldom nest in rich soils, so
poor quality sandy or loamy sand soils may provide fine sites. The great
majority of ground-nesting bees are solitary, though some will share the
nest entrance or cooperate to excavate and supply the nest (Michener
2000). Still other species will nest independently, but in large
aggregations with as many as 100s or 1000s of bees excavating nests in
the same area.

Approximately 30 percent (around 1,200 species) of bees in North America
are wood nesters. These are almost exclusively solitary. Generally,
these bees nest in abandoned beetle tunnels in logs, stumps, and snags.
A few can chew out the centers of woody plant stems and twigs (Michener
2000), such as elderberry, sumac, and in the case of the large carpenter
bee, agave or even soft pines. Dead limbs, logs, or snags should be
preserved wherever possible. Some wood-nesters also use materials such
as mud, leaf pieces, or tree resin to construct brood cells in their
nests (O'Toole & Raw 1999).

Bumble bees are the native species usually considered to be social.
There are about 45 species in North America (Kearns & Thomson 2001).
They nest in small cavities, such as abandoned rodent nests under grass
tussocks or in the ground (Kearns & Thompson 2001). Leaving patches of
rough undisturbed grass in which rodents can nest will create future
nest sites for bumble bees (McFrederick & LeBuhn 2006). Bunch grasses
tend to provide better nesting habitat than does sod-forming varieties.

A secondary benefit of flower-rich foraging habitats is the provision of
egg-laying sites for butterflies and moths. They lay their eggs on the
plant on which their larva will feed once it hatches (Croxton et al.
2005, Feber et al. 1996, Ries et al. 2001). Some butterflies may rely on
plants of a single species or genus for host-plants (the monarch is an
example, feeding only on species of milkweed, *Asclepias* sp.), whereas
others may exploit a wide range of plants, such as some swallowtails
(*Papilio* sp.), whose larvae can eat a range of trees, shrubs, and
forbs (Scott 1986). In order to provide egg-laying habitat for the
highest number of butterflies and moths, growers should first provide
plants that can be used by a number of species. Later those plants can
be supplemented with host-plants for more specialized species. Consult a
book on your region's butterfly fauna or contact local experts (Appendix
I. A) to find out about species' specific needs.

![](media/image1.wmf){width="5.997222222222222in" height="2.00625in"}

**Figure 1. From: Agroforestry Note -- 34: "Enhancing Nest Sites for
Native Bee Crop Pollinators"**

## II. Protecting Pollinators and Their Habitat

When farmers and landowners recognize the potential pollinator habitat
on their land, they can then work to protect these resources. In
addition to conserving the food and nest sources of their resident
pollinators, farmers can take an active role in reducing mortality of
the pollinators themselves. While insecticides are an obvious threat to
beneficial insects like bees, other farm operations or disturbance, such
as burning and tilling, can also be lethal to pollinators (Kim et al.
2006).

### [A. Minimizing Pesticide Use]{.underline}

Pesticides are detrimental to a healthy community of native pollinators.
Insecticides not only kill pollinators (Johansen 1977), but sub-lethal
doses can affect their foraging and nesting behaviors (Thompson 2003,
Decourtye et al. 2004, Desneux et al. 2007), often preventing
pollination. Herbicides can kill plants that pollinators depend on when
crops are not in bloom, thus reducing the amount of foraging and
egg-laying resources available (Kremen 2002, Tscharntke et al. 2005).

If pesticides cannot be avoided, they should be applied directly on
target plants to prevent drift, and broad-spectrum chemicals should be
avoided if at all possible (Zhong et al. 2004). Similarly, crops should
not be sprayed while in bloom and fields should be kept weed free (or
mowed just prior to insecticide applications) to discourage pollinators
from venturing into the crop if it needs to be sprayed outside of the
bloom period. Nighttime spraying, when bees are not foraging, is one way
to reduce bee mortality (Riedl et al. 2006, Tew 1997, Johansen & Mayer
1990). Periods of low temperatures may also be good for spraying since
many bees are less active. However the residual toxicity of many
pesticides tends to last longer in cool temperatures. For example, dewy
nights may cause an insecticide to remain wet on the foliage and be more
toxic to bees the following morning, so exercise caution (Vaughan et al.
2007, Tew 1997, Johansen & Mayer 1990).

In general, while pesticide labels may list hazards to honey bees,
potential dangers to native bees are often not listed. For example, many
native bees are much smaller in size than honey bees and affected by
lower doses. Also, honey bee colonies may be covered or moved from a
field, whereas wild natives will continue to forage and nest in spray
areas.

The use of selective insecticides that target a narrow range of insects,
such as *Bacillus thuringiensis* (*Bt*) for moth caterpillars, is one
way to reduce or prevent harm to beneficial insects like bees. Generally
dusts and fine powders that may become trapped in the pollen collecting
hairs of bees and consequently fed to developing larvae are more
dangerous than liquid formulations (Riedl et al. 2006). Alternatives to
insecticides are also available for some pests, such as pheromones for
mating disruption, and kaolin clay barriers for fruit crops. Local
cooperative extension personnel can often assist with the selection of
less toxic pesticides [(references to local contacts provided in the
Appendix).]{.mark}

Landowners who encourage native plants for pollinator habitat will
inevitably be providing habitat that also will host many beneficial
insects that help control pests naturally, and may come to depend less
on pesticides.

In addition to providing pollinator habitat, windbreaks, hedgerows, and
conservation headlands can be effective barriers to reduce pesticide
drift from adjacent fields (Ucar & Hall 2001, Longley & Sotherton 1997).
Spray drift can occur either as spray droplets or vapors---as happens
when a volatile liquid changes to a gas. Factors effecting drift include
weather, application method, equipment settings, and spray formulation
(Ozkan 2000). Weather related drift increases with temperature, wind
velocity, convection air currents, and during temperature inversions.

Wind related drift can be minimized by spraying during early morning or
in the evening when wind velocity is often lower. However even a light
wind can cause considerable drift. Pesticide labels will occasionally
provide specific guidelines on acceptable wind velocities for spraying a
particular product (Ozkan 2000).

Midday spraying is also less desirable because as the ground warms,
rising air can lift the spray particles in vertical convection currents.
These droplets may remain aloft for some time, and can travel many
miles. Similarly, during temperature inversions spray droplets become
trapped in a cool lower air mass and move laterally above the ground.
Inversions often occur when cool night temperatures follow high day
temperatures, and are usually worst in early morning before the ground
warms. Low humidity and high temperature conditions also promote drift
through the evaporation of spray droplets and the corresponding
reduction of particle size. Optimal spray conditions for reducing drift
occur when the air is slightly unstable with a very mild steady wind
(Ozkan 2000).

Spray application methods and equipment settings also strongly influence
the potential for drift. Since small droplets are most likely to drift
long distances, aerial applications and mist blowers should be avoided
whenever possible. Standard boom sprayers should be operated at the
lowest effective pressure and with the nozzles set as low as possible.
For example, drop nozzles can be used to deliver insecticide within the
crop canopy where it is less likely to be carried by wind currents
(Ozkan 2000).

Regardless of the chemical or type of application equipment used,
sprayers should be properly calibrated to ensure that excess amounts of
pesticide are not applied.

Nozzle type also has a great influence on the amount of drift a sprayer
produces. Turbo jet, raindrop, and air-induction nozzles produce less
drift than conventional nozzles. Standard flat fan or hollow cone
nozzles are generally poor choices. Select nozzles capable of operating
at low pressures (15 to 30 psi) to produce larger, heavier droplets
(Ozkan 2000).

Finally, oil-based chemical carriers produce smaller, lighter, droplets
than water carriers and should also be avoided when possible. Consider
using thickening agents if they are compatible with your pesticide
(Ozkan 2000).

### [B. Minimizing the Impact of Mowing, Haying, Burning, or Grazing]{.underline}

Only a portion of pollinator habitat should be burned, mowed, grazed, or
hayed at any one time in order to protect overwintering pollinators and
foraging larvae and adults (Black et al. 2008), as well as other
wildlife. This will allow for recolonization of the disturbed area from
nearby undisturbed refugia, an important factor in the recovery of
pollinator populations after disturbance (Hartley et al. 2007). In order
to maximize foraging and egg-laying opportunities, maintenance
activities should be avoided while plants are in flower (Smallidge &
Leopold 1997). Ideally, mowing or haying should be done only in the fall
or winter (Munguira & Thomas 1992).

### [C. Protecting Ground Nesting Bees]{.underline}

In order to protect nest sites of ground-nesting bees, tilling (Shuler
et al. 2005) and flood-irrigating (Vaughan et al. 2007) areas of bare or
partially bare ground that may be occupied by nesting bees should be
avoided. Grazing such areas can also disturb ground nests (Gess & Gess
1993, Vinson et al. 1993). Similarly, using fumigants like Chloropicrin
for the control of soilborne crop pathogens (such as *Verticillium*
wilt), or covering large areas with plastic mulch could be detrimental
to beneficial ground nesting insects like bees (Agrios 2005, Yeates et
al. 1991).

Weed control alternatives to tillage include the use of selective crop
herbicides, flame weeders, and hooded sprayers for between row herbicide
applications.

### [D. Protecting Tunnel-Nesting Bees]{.underline}

Tunnel-nesting bees will make their homes in the abandoned tunnels of
wood-boring beetles and the pithy centers of many woody plant stems.
Allowing snags and dead trees to stand, so long as they do not pose a
risk to property or people, and protecting shrubs with pithy or hollow
stems, such as elderberry, raspberry, black berry, box elder, will go a
long way towards supporting these solitary bees.

## III. Enhancing and Developing New Pollinator Habitat

Landowners who want to take a more active role in increasing their
population of resident pollinators can increase the available foraging
habitat to include a range of plants that bloom and provide abundant
sources of pollen and nectar throughout spring, summer, and fall.

Such habitat can take the form of designated pollinator meadows ("bee
pastures"), demonstration gardens, orchard understory plantings,
hedgerows and windbreaks with flowering trees and shrubs, riparian and
rangeland re-vegetation efforts, flowering cover crops and green
manures, and other similar efforts.

Where possible, locally native plants are often preferred for their ease
of establishment, greater wildlife value, and their mutually beneficial
co-evolution with native pollinators (Kearns et al. 1998). Non-native
plants may be suitable however on disturbed sites, for specialty uses
such as cover cropping, and where native plants are not available.
Mixtures of native and non-native plants are also possible, so long as
non-native species are naturalized and not invasive.

### [A. Site Selection]{.underline} 

Site selection for installing new pollinator-enhancement habitat should
begin with a thorough assessment of exposure (including aspect and plant
shade) and soil conditions, but also must take into account land use and
available resources.

**[1. aspect:]{.smallcaps}** In general, areas of level ground, with
full sun throughout the day, and good air circulation offer the most
flexibility. East and south-facing slopes may also be acceptable as long
as erosion is controlled during the installation process. Unless the
site is located near a large body of water, west-facing slopes in many
climates are often subjected to hot afternoon sunlight, and drying
winds. Under such conditions west-facing slopes tend to be naturally
dominated by grasses, which are usually of little food value to
pollinators, but may host nest sites for ground-nesting bees and bumble
bees. North-facing slopes are often cooler and tend to be dominated by
trees.

**[2. sun exposure:]{.smallcaps}** Since some plants require full sun or
shaded conditions to thrive, the planting design should allow for
sun-loving plants to remain in full sun as the habitat matures.
Plantings can also be installed in several phases, for example allowing
trees and shrubs to develop an over-story prior to planting shade-loving
herbaceous plants below. Generally, plants will flower more, and thus
provide greater amounts of nectar and pollen, when they receive more
sunlight than when they are fully shaded.

**[3. soil characteristics:]{.smallcaps}** Soil type is also an
important consideration when selecting a site, with some plants favoring
particular soil textures such as sand, silt, clay, or loam. Drainage,
salinity, pH, organic content, bulk density, and compaction are some of
the other factors that will influence plant establishment. Many of these
factors can be determined from local soil surveys, and the NRCS Web Soil
Survey (<http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/> ). Planning should
emphasize those plants that will be adapted for the particular soil
conditions faced.

Fertility, soil pathogens, the presence of rhizobium bacteria, and
previous herbicide use should also be considered during the planning
process (Packard 1997). Soil fertility will be most critical during
early plant establishment, especially on previously cropped land. As the
habitat matures, few if any inputs should be required, especially if
native plants are selected. Similarly, previously cropped land may
harbor soilborne pathogens that may inhibit plant development. Where
such conditions exist, pathogen-resistant plant species should be
considered. Conversely some soil microorganisms, such as rhizobium
bacteria, are essential for the successful establishment of certain
types of plants, legumes for example. If rhizobium bacteria are absent
in the soil, specially inoculated seed is often available. Finally,
herbicides like atrazine and trifluralin can inhibit seed germination
(Packard 1997). These chemicals, soil pathogens, beneficial
microorganisms, and soil fertility can all be tested for by state, and
extension soil laboratories.

**[4. adjacent land use:]{.smallcaps}** Along with exposure and soil
conditions, adjacent plant communities and existing land use activities
should be considered. For example even if weeds are eliminated prior to
planting, the presence of invasive plants adjacent to the restored
habitat may result in a persistent problem that requires ongoing
management (Steinauer 2003). Adjacent cropland can also present a
challenge unless the enhancement site is protected from herbicide drift.

**[5. using marginal land:]{.smallcaps}** Some otherwise marginal land,
such as septic fields and mound systems, can be perfectly suited for
pollinator plantings. While trees may be problematic on such sites,
forbs will generally not penetrate pipes or clog systems. As an added
benefit, plants on these sites may help absorb excess nutrients from
wastewater. Ditches, field buffer strips, and waterways can also be
planted with pollinator-friendly plants rather than turf grass (Carvell
2004).

**[6. size and shape:]{.smallcaps}** The larger the planting area, the
greater the potential benefit to pollinator species. An area considered
for enhancement should be at least at least one-half acre area in size,
with two acres or more providing even greater benefits (Morandin &
Winston 2006, Kremen et al. 2004). With herbaceous plantings, large,
square planting blocks will minimize the edge around the enhancement
site and thus reduce susceptibility to invasion by weeds surrounding the
perimeter. However, linear corridor plantings (e.g. along a stream or a
hedgerow, or a crop border) will often be more practical. [NOTE:
consider requiring 1 or 2 acres for every 25 acres of cropped
field.]{.mark}

### [B. Habitat Design]{.underline}

When designing a pollinator planting, first consider the overall
landscape and how the new habitat will function with adjacent crops.
From there focus on the specifics of the planting, such as species
diversity, bloom time, plant density, and the inclusion of grasses for
weed control and soil stabilization.

**[1. landscape considerations:]{.smallcaps}** The first step in habitat
design should be a consideration of how the area can work with adjacent
landscape features.

For example, is the new habitat area close enough to crops requiring
pollination to be of significant value? Remember that flight distances
of small native bees might be as little as 500 feet, while larger bumble
bees may forage up to a mile away from their nest. Thus, crops that
depend heavily upon bumble bees for pollination, such as cranberries or
blueberries, might still benefit from pollinator habitat located some
distance from the field (although even bumble bees prefer habitat as
close to the crop as possible). This sort of arrangement would minimize
the encroachment into the crop by unwanted pollinator plants while still
supporting a strong local population of bees.

Similarly, is the new habitat located near existing pollinator
populations that can "seed" the new area? For example, fallow areas,
existing wildlands, or unmanaged landscapes can all make a good starting
place for habitat enhancement. In some cases these areas may already
have abundant nest sites, such as fallen trees or stable ground, but
lack the floral resources to support a large pollinator population. Be
aware of these existing habitats and consider improving them with
additional pollinator plants or nesting sites, or constructing new
enhancement areas adjacent to them.

**[2. diverse plantings:]{.smallcaps}** Diversity is a critical factor
in the design of pollinator enhancement areas. Flowers should be
available throughout the entire growing season, or at least whenever
adjacent crops needing pollination are not in bloom. It is desirable to
include a diversity of plants with different flower colors, sizes and
shapes as well as varying plant heights and growth habits to encourage
the greatest numbers and diversity of pollinators (Frankie et al. 2002,
Potts et al. 2003, Ghazoul 2006). Most bee species are generalists,
feeding on a range of plants throughout their life cycle. Many others,
including some important crop pollinators, only forage on a single
family or even genus of plants.

Butterflies have a long tongue that can probe tubular flowers.
Therefore, choose plants with a variety flower shapes in order to
attract a diversity of pollinators. Color is another consideration. Bees
typically visit flowers that are purple, violet, yellow, white, and blue
(Proctor et al. 1996). Butterflies visit a similarly wide range of
colors, including red (Procter et al. 1996), whereas flies are primarily
attracted to white and yellow flowers (Stubbs & Chandler 1978). Thus, by
having several plant species flowering at once, and a sequence of plants
flowering through spring, summer, and fall, habitat enhancements can
support a wide range of pollinator species that fly at different times
of the season (Feber et al. 1996, Tscharntke et al. 1998, Potts et al.
2003).

Diverse plantings that resemble natural native plant communities are
also the most likely to resist pest, disease, and weed epidemics and
thus will confer the most pollinator benefits over time (Tillman et al.
2006). Species found in association with each other in local natural
areas are likely to have the same light, moisture, and nutrient needs
such that when these species are put into plantings they are more likely
to thrive together (Biondini 2007).

The level of plant community diversity can be measured in several ways.
One system used in managed woody plant ecosystems is the *10-20-30
Rule*. This rule states that a stable managed plant community (i.e. one
able to resist insect and disease epidemics) should contain no more than
10% of a single plant species, no more than 20% of a single genera, and
no more than 30% of a single family (Santamour 1990).

**[3. plant density and bloom time:]{.smallcaps}** Plant diversity
should also be measured by the number of plants flowering at any given
time. Researchers in California have found that when eight or more
species of plants with different bloom times are grouped together at a
single site, they tend to attract a significantly greater abundance and
diversity of bee species (Frankie et al. 2002). Therefore, at least
three different pollinator plants within each of three blooming periods
are recommended (i.e. early, mid or late season - refer to the tables in
Section VI for more information). Under this plan at least nine blooming
plants should be established in pollinator enhancement sites, although
in some studies bee diversity continues to rise with increasing plant
diversity and only starts to level out when twenty or more different
flower species occur at a single site (Tscharntke et al. 1998, Carvell
2002, Frankie et al 2002).

It is especially important to include plants that flower early in the
season. Many native bees, such as bumble bees and some sweat bees,
produce multiple generations each year. More forage available early in
the season will lead to greater reproduction and more bees in the middle
and end of the year. Early forage may also encourage bumble bee queens
that are emerging from hibernation to start their nests nearby, or
simply increase the success rate of nearby nests (Carvell et al. 2007).
Conversely, it is also important to include plants that flower late in
the season to ensure that queen bumble bees are strong and numerous
going into winter hibernation (Hines and Hendrix 2005, Pywell et al.
2005).

Plant clusters of a single species when possible. Research suggests that
clump-plantings of at least three foot by three foot blocks of an
individual species (that form a solid block of color when in flower) are
more attractive to pollinators than when a species is widely and
randomly dispersed in smaller clumps. Even larger single-species clumps
(e.g. a single species cluster of perennials or shrubs more than 25
square feet in size) may be more even ideal for attracting pollinators
and providing efficient foraging (Frankie et al. 2002).

**[4. inclusion of grasses:]{.smallcaps}** Herbaceous plantings should
include at least one native bunch grass or sedge adapted to the site in
addition to the three or more forbs or shrubs from each of the three
bloom-periods (i.e. spring, summer, and fall - refer to the tables in
Section VI). This scenario results in a minimum of 10 plant species per
planting. Strive for an herbaceous plant community that mimics a local
native ecosystem assemblage of plant density and diversity (generally
with a greater diversity of forbs) to maximize pollinator habitat. Most
native plant communities generally contain at least one dominant grass
or sedge in their compositions. These grasses and sedges often provide
forage resources for beneficial insects (including larval growth stages
of native butterflies), potential nesting sites for colonies of bumble
bees, and possible overwintering sites for beneficial insects, such as
predaceous ground beetles (Kearns & Thompson 2001, Purtauf et al. 2005,
Collins et al. 2003). The combination of grasses and forbs also form a
tight living mass that will resist weed colonization (Vance et al.
2006). Grasses are also essential to produce conditions suitable for
burning, if that is part of the long-term management plan.

Care should be taken however that grasses do not take over pollinator
sites. Anecdotal evidence suggests that tall grasses crowd out forbs
more easily than short grasses, and that cool season grasses are more
competitive against many forbs than warm season grasses. Seeding rates
for grasses should also not exceed seeding rates for forbs. Planting in
the fall, rather than spring, will also favor forb development over
grasses.

### [C. Plant Selection and Seed Sources]{.underline}

Choose plants with soil and sunlight requirements that are compatible
with the site where they will be planted. The plant tables in Section VI
provide a starting point for selecting widely distributed and regionally
appropriate pollinator plants. If these plants are not available, other
closely related species might serve as suitable replacements.

**[1. native plants:]{.smallcaps}** Native plants are adapted to the
local climate and soil conditions where they naturally occur. Native
pollinators are generally adapted to the native plants found in their
habitats. Conversely, some common horticultural plants do not provide
sufficient pollen or nectar rewards to support large pollinator
populations. Similarly, non-native plants may become invasive and
colonize new regions at the expense of diverse native plant communities.

Native plants are advantageous because they generally: (1) do not
require fertilizers and require fewer pesticides for maintenance; (2)
require less water than other non-native plantings; (3**)** provide
permanent shelter and food for wildlife; (4) are less likely to become
invasive than non-native plants; and (5) promote local native biological
diversity (Summerville et al. 2007, Tinsley et. al 2006, Waltz &
Covington, 2004).

Using native plants will help provide connectivity for native plant
populations, particularly in regions with fragmented habitats. By
providing connectivity of plant species across the landscape, the
potential is increased for these species to move in the landscape in
relation to probable future climatic shifts.

**[2. seed sources:]{.smallcaps}** Where available and economical,
native plants and seed should be procured from "local eco-type"
providers (Aldrich 2002). Local eco-type refers to seed and plant stock
harvested from a local source (often within a few hundred miles). Plants
selected from local sources will generally establish and grow well
because they are adapted to the local climatic conditions (Lippit et al.
1994). Depending on the location, state or local regulations may also
govern the transfer of plant materials beyond a certain distance
(sometimes called *Seed Transfer Zones*). Similarly, where possible,
commercially procured seed should be certified by the state Crop
Improvement Agency. Seed certification guarantees a number of quality
standards, including proper species, germination rate, and a minimum of
weed seed or inert material.

**[3. transplants:]{.smallcaps}** In addition to seed, enhancement sites
can be planted with plugs, or in the case of woody plants, container
grown, containerized, bare-root, or balled and burlaped materials.

Herbaceous plants purchased as plugs have the advantage of rapid
establishment and earlier flowering, although the cost of using plugs
can be prohibitive in large plantings. Transplanted forbs also typically
undergo a period of shock during which they may need mulching and
supplemental water to insure survival (Packard 1997).

Woody plants may also undergo a period of transplant shock and need
similar care. In general, container grown and balled and burlaped woody
plants have a higher survival rate and are available in larger sizes.
They are also generally more expensive than bare-root or containerized
plants. Containerized trees and shrubs are plants that were either
hand-dug from the ground in a nursery setting, or were harvested as
bare-root seedlings, then placed in a container. Although the cost of
containerized plants is typically low, they should be examined for
sufficient root mass before purchase to ensure successful establishment
(Shigo 1991).

**[4. Avoid nuisance plants:]{.smallcaps}** When selecting plants, avoid
ones that act as alternate or intermediate hosts for crop pests and
diseases. For example, many rust fungi require two unrelated plant
species to complete their life cycle. Similarly economically important
agricultural plants (or closely related species) are generally a poor
choice for enhancement areas, because without intensive management, they
may serve as a host reservoir for insect pests and crop diseases.

**[5. Applications for non-native plant materials:]{.smallcaps}** While
in most cases native plants are preferred, non-native ones may be
suitable for some applications, such as annual cover crops, buffers
between crop fields and adjacent native plantings, or areas of low cost,
temporary bee pasture plantings that also attract beneficial insects
which predate or parasitize crop pests (Potin et. al. 2006). For more
information on suitable non-native plants for pollinators, see the table
in Section VI.

### [D. Creating Artificial Nest Sites]{.underline}

There are many successful ways to provide nesting sites for different
kinds of native bees, from drilled wooden blocks to bundles of reeds to
bare ground or adobe bricks. The Xerces Society's *Pollinator
Conservation Handbook* (Shepherd et al. 2003) provides detailed
information on how to build artificial nest sites. Generally, increasing
nesting opportunities will result in at least a short-term increase in
bee numbers (Steffan-Dewenter & Schiele 2008).

Most native bees nest in the ground. The requirements of one species,
the alkali bee (*Nomia melanderi*) are so well understood that
artificial nesting sites are created commercially to provide reliable
crop pollination for alfalfa in eastern Washington and Idaho. Unlike the
alkali bee, however, the precise conditions needed by most other
ground-nesting bees are not well known. Some species nest in the ground
at the base of plants, and others prefer smooth packed bare ground.
Landowners can create conditions suitable to a variety of species by
maximizing areas of undisturbed, untilled ground and/or constructing
designated areas of semi-bare ground, or piles of soil stabilized with
bunch grasses and wildflowers. Such soil piles might be constructed with
soil excavated from drainage ditches or silt traps. Different species of
bees prefer different soil conditions, although research shows that many
ground nesting bees prefer sandy, loamy sand or sandy loam soils.

In general these constructed ground nest sites should receive direct
sunlight, and dense vegetation should be removed regularly, making sure
that some patches of bare ground are accessible. Once constructed, these
nest locations should be protected from digging and compaction.

Colonization of these nest sites will depend upon which bees are already
present in the area, their successful reproduction and population
growth, and the suitability of other nearby sites. Ground-nesting bee
activity can be difficult to observe because there is often little above
ground evidence of the nests. Tunnel entrances usually resemble small
ant mounds, and can range in size from less than 1/8 inch in diameter to
almost ½ inch in diameter, depending on the species.

In contrast to ground-nesting bees, other species such as leafcutter and
mason bees naturally nest in beetle tunnels and similar holes in dead
trees. Artificial nests for these species can be created by drilling a
series of holes into wooden blocks. A range of hole diameters with
encourage a diversity of species, providing pollination services over a
longer period of time.

Such blocks should be constructed of preservative-free lumber, and the
hole depth should be at least 4 inches (up to 6 inches is even better).
Holes should not be drilled all the way through the block, and should
also be spaced at least ¾ inch apart so that bees returning to the block
from foraging can easily find their own nest tunnel.

Nest blocks should be hung in a protected location where they receive
strong indirect sunlight and are protected from rain. Large blocks tend
to be more appealing to bees than small ones, and colonization is often
more successful when blocks are attached to a large visible landmark
(such as a building), rather than hanging from fence posts or trees
(Vaughan et al 2007).

In addition to wooden blocks, artificial nests can be constructed with
bundles of paper straws, cardboard tubes, or sections of reed or bamboo
cut so that a natural node forms the inner wall of the tunnel.

Extensive information constructing these types of nests is widely
available. In order to be sustainable, artificial nests will need
routine management, and regular cleaning to prevent the build-up of bee
parasites and diseases (Bosch & Kemp 2001).

## IV. Management of New Pollinator Habitat

Habitat plantings for pollinators should remain undisturbed to the
greatest extent possible throughout the growing season so that insects
can utilize flower pollen and nectar resources (for adult stages) and
vegetative parts of plants for food and cover resources (for
immature/larval stages). If site maintenance must occur during the
growing season in order to maintain the open, species rich habitat
preferred by pollinators, establish a system for managing a small
percentage (30% or less) of the site each year on a three to five year
rotation. This will allow for re-colonization of disturbed habitat from
the surrounding area (Black et al. 2008).

Controlled, rotational grazing may also be a viable option for managing
the plant community. Grazing should generally occur during the
pollinator dormant season and at light intensity, or at least with a
long rest-rotation schedule of grazing (Carvell 2002).

Similarly, no single area should be burned more frequently than every
two years. To facilitate these limited burns, temporary firebreaks can
be created as needed, or they can be designed into the planting from the
beginning by planning permanent firebreaks using the NRCS Conservation
Practice Standard 394, Firebreak, that separate the habitat into
multiple sections.

# Pollinator Habitat and NRCS Practices {#pollinator-habitat-and-nrcs-practices .Style-Heading-1-+-Times-New-Roman-14-pt-Black}

The Natural Resources Conservation Service supports the use of native
species in many of their conservation practices that involve seeding or
transplanting. Selecting pollinator-friendly native species for these
practices can provide added conservation benefits. Many conservation
practices also can support the inclusion or management of nest sites for
native bees.

Many of these practices have a purpose, criteria or considerations for
enhancing wildlife (including pollinators). However, an enhancement for
wildlife should not compromise other intended functions of the practice.
For example, plants attractive to pollinators could be used in a grassed
waterway practice, but the planting should not interfere with the
hydraulic function of the practice and primary objective of stabilizing
the waterway against erosion.

Some practices that could include pollinator friendly supplements
include:

+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Conservation     | **Co | **Pollinator Notes**                    |
| Practice Name      | de** |                                         |
| (Units)**          |      |                                         |
+====================+======+=========================================+
| Alley Cropping     | 311  | Can include native trees or shrubs or   |
| (Ac.)              |      | row covers (e.g. various legumes) that  |
|                    |      | provide nectar or pollen (see           |
|                    |      | *Agroforestry Note* *33*).              |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Channel Bank       | 322  | Can include diverse flowering trees,    |
| Vegetation (Ac.)   |      | shrubs, and forbs. Channel banks        |
|                    |      | provide a unique opportunity to supply  |
|                    |      | early-flowering willow and, in dry      |
|                    |      | areas, late flowering native forbs      |
|                    |      | (e.g. goldenrod (*Solidago* spp.).      |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Conservation Cover | 327  | Can include diverse forbs (e.g. various |
| (Ac.)              |      | legumes) to increase plant diversity    |
|                    |      | and ensure flowers are in bloom for as  |
|                    |      | long as possible, providing nectar and  |
|                    |      | pollen throughout the season.           |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Conservation Crop  | 328  | Can include rotation plantings that     |
| Rotation (Ac.)     |      | provide abundant forage for pollinators |
|                    |      | forbs (e.g. various legumes, buckwheat  |
|                    |      | (*Fagopyrum* spp.), phacelia            |
|                    |      | (*Phacelia* spp.*)*, etc.). Moving      |
|                    |      | insect-pollinated crops no more than    |
|                    |      | 250 meters (750 feet) during the        |
|                    |      | rotation may help maintain local        |
|                    |      | populations of native bees that have    |
|                    |      | grown because of a specific crop or     |
|                    |      | conservation cover. Growers may want to |
|                    |      | consider crop rotations that include a  |
|                    |      | juxiposition of diverse crops with      |
|                    |      | bloom timing that overlaps through the  |
|                    |      | season to support pollinator            |
|                    |      | populations. Growers might also         |
|                    |      | consider eliminating, minimizing        |
|                    |      | insecticides and/or using bee-friendly  |
|                    |      | insecticides in cover crop rotations.   |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Constructed        | 656  | Constructed wetlands can include plants |
| Wetland (Ac.)      |      | that provide pollen and nectar for      |
|                    |      | native bees and other pollinators.      |
|                    |      | Possible plant genera with obligate or  |
|                    |      | facultative wetland species include:    |
|                    |      | *Rosa* spp., *Ribes* spp., *Salix*      |
|                    |      | spp., *Rubus* spp., *Crataegus* spp.,   |
|                    |      | *Spirea* spp., *Solidago* spp.,         |
|                    |      | *Cornus* spp. Look for appropriate      |
|                    |      | wetland plants from these genera for    |
|                    |      | your region.                            |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Contour Buffer     | 332  | Can include diverse legumes or other    |
| Strips (Ac.)       |      | forbs that provide pollen and nectar    |
|                    |      | for native bees. In addition, the       |
|                    |      | recommendation to mow only every two or |
|                    |      | three years to benefit wildlife also    |
|                    |      | will benefit nesting bumble bees. To    |
|                    |      | protect bumble bee nests, mowing should |
|                    |      | occur in the late fall when colonies    |
|                    |      | have died for the year and queens are   |
|                    |      | overwintering.                          |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Cover Crop (Ac.)   | 340  | Can include diverse legumes or other    |
|                    |      | forbs that provide pollen and nectar    |
|                    |      | for native bees. Look for a diverse mix |
|                    |      | of plant species that overlap in bloom  |
|                    |      | timing to support pollinators           |
|                    |      | throughout the year. Some examples of   |
|                    |      | cover crops that are utilized by bees   |
|                    |      | include clover (*Trifolium* spp.),      |
|                    |      | phacelia (*Phacelia* spp.), and         |
|                    |      | buckwheat (*Fagopyrum* spp*.*). Many    |
|                    |      | "beneficial insect" cover crop blends   |
|                    |      | include plant species that will also    |
|                    |      | provide forage for pollinators.         |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Critical Area      | 342  | Can include plant species that provide  |
| Planting (Ac.)     |      | abundant pollen and nectar for native   |
|                    |      | bees and other pollinators.             |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Early Successional | 647  | This management practice is important   |
| Habitat            |      | for maintaining prime open and sunny    |
| Deve               |      | habitat for pollinators.                |
| lopment/Management |      |                                         |
| (Ac.)              |      | Note: To minimize damage to pollinator  |
|                    |      | populations, disturbance practices      |
|                    |      | should be implemented only every 2 to 3 |
|                    |      | years and, ideally, on only 30 % or     |
|                    |      | less of the overall site. This allows   |
|                    |      | for recolonization from non-treated     |
|                    |      | habitat. For example, mowing or burning |
|                    |      | 1/3 of the site every 2 or 3 years, on  |
|                    |      | a 3-year cycle. When possible,          |
|                    |      | disturbance should be implemented       |
|                    |      | during late fall and winter when most   |
|                    |      | pollinators are inactive.               |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Field Border (Ft.) | 386  | Can include diverse legumes or other    |
|                    |      | forbs that provide pollen and nectar    |
|                    |      | for native bees. Strive for a mix of    |
|                    |      | forbs and shrubs that come into bloom   |
|                    |      | at different times throughout the year. |
|                    |      | Site management (for example, mowing)   |
|                    |      | should occur in the fall to minimize    |
|                    |      | impacts on pollen and nectar sources    |
|                    |      | used by pollinators.                    |
|                    |      |                                         |
|                    |      | If a goal is to create potential        |
|                    |      | nesting habitat for bees, mowing,       |
|                    |      | combined with no tillage, can maintain  |
|                    |      | access to the soil surface that may     |
|                    |      | provide nesting habitat for             |
|                    |      | ground-nesting solitary bees.           |
|                    |      | Alternatively, allowing field borders   |
|                    |      | to become overgrown (e.g. with native   |
|                    |      | bunch grasses) may provide nesting      |
|                    |      | habitat for bumble bees.                |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Filter Strip (Ac.) | 393  | Can include legumes or other forbs that |
|                    |      | provide pollen and nectar for native    |
|                    |      | bees. Look for a diverse mix of plant   |
|                    |      | species that come into bloom at         |
|                    |      | different times throughout the year.    |
|                    |      | Site management (for example, mowing or |
|                    |      | burning) should occur in the fall to    |
|                    |      | minimize impacts on pollinators.        |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Forest Stand       | 666  | Can help maintain open understory and   |
| Improvement (Ac.)  |      | forest gaps that support diverse forbs  |
|                    |      | and shrubs that provide pollen and      |
|                    |      | nectar for pollinators. Standing dead   |
|                    |      | trees may be kept or drilled with       |
|                    |      | smooth 3- to 6-inch deep holes to       |
|                    |      | provide nesting sites for bees.         |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Grassed Waterway   | 412  | Can include diverse legumes or other    |
| (Ac.)              |      | forbs that provide pollen and nectar    |
|                    |      | for native bees. In dry regions, these  |
|                    |      | sites may be able to support flowering  |
|                    |      | forbs with higher water requirements    |
|                    |      | and thus provide bloom later in the     |
|                    |      | summer.                                 |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Hedgerow Planting  | 422  | Can include forbs and shrubs that       |
| (Ft.)              |      | provide pollen and nectar for native    |
|                    |      | bees. Look for a diverse mix of plant   |
|                    |      | species that come into bloom at         |
|                    |      | different times throughout the year.    |
|                    |      | Bee nesting sites also may be           |
|                    |      | incorporated, including semi-bare       |
|                    |      | ground or wooden block nests. Including |
|                    |      | strips of unmowed grasses and forbs     |
|                    |      | along the edge of the hedgerow may      |
|                    |      | provide nesting opportunities for       |
|                    |      | bumble bees. This practice also can     |
|                    |      | help reduce drift of pesticides onto    |
|                    |      | areas of pollinator habitat.            |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Herbaceous Wind    | 603  | Can include diverse forbs and shrubs    |
| Barriers (Ft.)     |      | that provide pollen and nectar for      |
|                    |      | native bees. Look for a diverse mix of  |
|                    |      | plant species that come into bloom at   |
|                    |      | different times throughout the year.    |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Multi-Story        | 379  | Woody plants may be chosen that supply  |
| Cropping (Ac.)     |      | pollen and nectar for pollinators. Look |
|                    |      | for mixes of plants that flower at      |
|                    |      | different times throughout the growing  |
|                    |      | season and can support populations of   |
|                    |      | pollinators over time.                  |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Pasture and Hay    | 512  | Can include diverse legumes (e.g.       |
| Planting (Ac.)     |      | alfalfa, clovers) or other forbs that,  |
|                    |      | when in bloom, provide pollen and       |
|                    |      | nectar for native bees.                 |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Pest Management    | 595  | Biological pest management can include  |
| (Ac.)              |      | plantings that attract beneficial       |
|                    |      | insects that predate or parasitized     |
|                    |      | crop pests. These plantings can also    |
|                    |      | benefit pollinator species. Plants      |
|                    |      | commonly used for pest management that  |
|                    |      | also benefit bees include: yarrow       |
|                    |      | (*Achillea* spp.), phacelia (*Phacelia* |
|                    |      | spp.), and sunflowers (*Helianthus*     |
|                    |      | spp.). Can include legumes or other     |
|                    |      | forbs that provide pollen and nectar    |
|                    |      | for native bees. Look for a diverse mix |
|                    |      | of plant species that come into bloom   |
|                    |      | at different times throughout the year. |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Prescribed Burning | 338  | Can greatly benefit pollinators by      |
| (Ac.)              |      | maintaining open, early succes­sional    |
|                    |      | habitat.                                |
|                    |      |                                         |
|                    |      | Note: It is best if (a) only 30% or     |
|                    |      | less of a site is burned at any one     |
|                    |      | time to allow for recolonization by     |
|                    |      | pollinators from adjacent habitat and   |
|                    |      | (b) if burning occurs when pollinators  |
|                    |      | are least active, such as when most     |
|                    |      | plants have senesced or in the fall.    |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Prescribed Grazing | 528  | Can help maintain late successional     |
| (Ac.)              |      | habitat and its associated flowering    |
|                    |      | plants. Can help provide for a stable   |
|                    |      | base of pollinator plant species.       |
|                    |      |                                         |
|                    |      | Note: Properly managed grazing can      |
|                    |      | sustain and improve all pollinator      |
|                    |      | forage (pollen and nectar sources) and  |
|                    |      | potential nesting sites for             |
|                    |      | ground-nesting and cavity-nesting bees. |
|                    |      | Provide rest-rotation in                |
|                    |      | pastures/fields during spring and       |
|                    |      | summer when pollinators are most        |
|                    |      | active.                                 |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Range Planting     | 550  | Can include diverse legumes, other      |
| (Ac.)              |      | forbs, or shrubs that provide pollen    |
|                    |      | and nectar for native bees.             |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Residue and        | 329  | Leaving standing crop residue can       |
| Tillage            |      | protect bees that are nesting in the    |
| Management,        |      | ground at the base of the plants they   |
| No-Till/Strip      |      | pollinate. Tillage digs up these nests  |
| Till/Direct Seed   |      | (located 0.5 to 3 feet underground) or  |
| (Ac.)              |      | blocks emergence of new adult bees the  |
|                    |      | proceeding year.                        |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Restoration and    | 643  | Can be used to provide diverse locally  |
| Management of Rare |      | grown native forage (forbs, shrubs, and |
| and Declining      |      | trees) and nesting resources for        |
| Habitats (Ac.)     |      | pollinators. Many specialist            |
|                    |      | pollinators that are closely tied to    |
|                    |      | rare plants or habitats may             |
|                    |      | significantly benefit from efforts to   |
|                    |      | protect rare habitat. In addition,      |
|                    |      | certain rare plants require pollinators |
|                    |      | to reproduce.                           |
|                    |      |                                         |
|                    |      | Note: Pollinator plants should only be  |
|                    |      | planted if they were part of the rare   |
|                    |      | ecosystem you are trying to restore.    |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Riparian Forest    | 391  | Can include trees, shrubs, and forbs    |
| Buffer (Ac.)       |      | especially chosen to provide pollen and |
|                    |      | nectar for pollinators. This practice   |
|                    |      | also can help reduce drift of           |
|                    |      | pesticides onto areas of pollinator     |
|                    |      | habitat.                                |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Riparian           | 390  | Can include diverse forbs that provide  |
| Herbaceous Cover   |      | pollen and nectar for native bees. In   |
| (Ac.)              |      | drier parts of the U.S., many of these  |
|                    |      | forbs flower in the late summer and     |
|                    |      | fall, when forage is needed most.       |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Silvopasture       | 381  | If grazing intensity is low enough to   |
| Establishment      |      | allow for plants to flower, this        |
| (Ac.)              |      | practice can include legumes and other  |
|                    |      | forbs that provide pollen and nectar    |
|                    |      | for native bees. Trees and shrubs that  |
|                    |      | provide pollen and nectar also can be   |
|                    |      | planted.                                |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Stream Habitat     | 395  | Plants chosen for adjoining riparian    |
| Improvement and    |      | areas can include trees, shrubs, and    |
| Management (Ac.)   |      | forbs that provide pollen and nectar    |
|                    |      | for pollinators. Maximizing plant       |
|                    |      | diversity along riparian corridors will |
|                    |      | result in more pollinators and other    |
|                    |      | terrestrial insects to feed fish in the |
|                    |      | streams.                                |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Streambank and     | 580  | If vegetation is used for streambank    |
| Shoreline          |      | protection, plants can include trees,   |
| Protection (Ft.)   |      | shrubs, and forbs (for example, willow  |
|                    |      | (*Salix* spp.), dogwood, (*Cornus*      |
|                    |      | spp.) and goldenrod (*Solidago* spp.))  |
|                    |      | especially chosen to provide pollen and |
|                    |      | nectar for pollinators.                 |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Stripcropping      | 585  | Can include diverse legumes or other    |
| (Ac.)              |      | forbs that provide pollen and nectar    |
|                    |      | for native bees. Also, if insect        |
|                    |      | pollinated crops are grown, plants used |
|                    |      | in adjacent strips of vegetative cover  |
|                    |      | may be carefully chosen to provide a    |
|                    |      | complementary bloom period to the crop, |
|                    |      | such that the flowers available in the  |
|                    |      | field are extended over a longer period |
|                    |      | of time.                                |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Tree/Shrub         | 612  | Can include trees and shrubs especially |
| Establishment      |      | chosen to provide pollen and nectar for |
| (Ac.)              |      | pollinators, or host plants for         |
|                    |      | butterflies.                            |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Upland Wildlife    | 645  | Can include managing for pollinator     |
| Habitat Management |      | forage or pollinator nest sites, such   |
| (Ac.)              |      | as nest blocks or snags for cavity      |
|                    |      | nesting bees, or overgrown grass cover  |
|                    |      | for bumble bees.                        |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Vegetative         | 601  | Can include plants that provide pollen  |
| Barriers (Ft.)     |      | and nectar for pollinators as long as   |
|                    |      | they are of a stiff, upright stature    |
|                    |      | for impeding surface water flow.        |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Vegetated          | 635  | Can include plants that provide pollen  |
| Treatment Area     |      | and nectar for pollinators.             |
| (Ac.)              |      |                                         |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Wetland            | 659  | Wetland and adjacent upland can include |
| Enhancement (Ac.)  |      | trees, shrubs, and forbs especially     |
|                    |      | chosen to provide pollen and nectar for |
|                    |      | pollinators. Snags can be protected or  |
|                    |      | nest blocks for bees erected. Some      |
|                    |      | forbs used for enhancement will require |
|                    |      | pollinators to reproduce.               |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Wetland            | 657  | Wetland and adjacent upland can include |
| Restoration (Ac.)  |      | trees, shrubs, and forbs especially     |
|                    |      | chosen to provide pollen and nectar for |
|                    |      | pollinators. Snags can be protected or  |
|                    |      | nest blocks for bees erected. Some      |
|                    |      | forbs used for restoration will require |
|                    |      | pollinators to reproduce.               |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Wetland Wildlife   | 644  | Wetland and adjacent upland can include |
| Habitat Management |      | trees, shrubs, and forbs especially     |
| (Ac.)              |      | chosen to provide pollen and nectar for |
|                    |      | pollinators. Snags can be protected or  |
|                    |      | nest blocks for bees erected.           |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Win                | 380  | Can include trees, shrubs, and forbs    |
| dbreak/Shelterbelt |      | especially chosen to provide pollen and |
| Establishment      |      | nectar for pollinators. Can also be a   |
| (Ft.)              |      | site to place nesting structures for    |
|                    |      | native bees. Windbreaks and shelter     |
|                    |      | belts also will help reduce drift of    |
|                    |      | insecticides on to a site.              |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+
| Win                | 650  | Can include trees, shrubs, and forbs    |
| dbreak/Shelterbelt |      | especially chosen to provide pollen and |
| Renovation (Ft.)   |      | nectar for pollinators. If appropriate, |
|                    |      | dead trees and snags may be kept or     |
|                    |      | drilled with holes to provide nesting   |
|                    |      | sites for bees.                         |
+--------------------+------+-----------------------------------------+

Conversely, various pollinator requirements are supported by the
following conservation practices:

+----------------+---------------------------+------------------------+
| **Pollinator   | **Code and Conservation   |                        |
| Resource**     | Practice Name (Units)**   |                        |
+----------------+---------------------------+------------------------+
| Forage         | 311 Alley Cropping (Ac.)  | 643 Restoration and    |
| (diverse       |                           | Management of Rare and |
| sources of     | 322 Channel Bank          | Declining Habitats     |
| pollen and     | Vegetation (Ac.)          | (Ac.)                  |
| nectar that    |                           |                        |
| support        | 327 Conservation Cover    | 391 Riparian Forest    |
| pollinators    | (Ac.)                     | Buffer (Ac.)           |
| from early in  |                           |                        |
| the spring to  | 328 Conservation Crop     | 390 Riparian           |
| late in the    | Rotation (Ac.)            | Herbaceous Cover (Ac.) |
| fall)          |                           |                        |
|                | 656 Constructed Wetland   | 381 Silvopasture       |
|                | (Ac.)                     | Establishment (Ac.)    |
|                |                           |                        |
|                | 332 Contour Buffer Strips | 395 Stream Habitat     |
|                | (Ac.)                     | Improvement and        |
|                |                           | Management (Ac.)       |
|                | 340 Cover Crop (Ac.)      |                        |
|                |                           | 580 Streambank and     |
|                | 342 Critical Area         | Shoreline Protection   |
|                | Planting (Ac.)            | (Ft.)                  |
|                |                           |                        |
|                | 386 Field Border (Ft.)    | 585 Stripcropping      |
|                |                           | (Ac.)                  |
|                | 393 Filter Strip (Ac.)    |                        |
|                |                           | 612 Tree/Shrub         |
|                | 412 Grassed Waterway      | Establishment (Ac.)    |
|                | (Ac.)                     |                        |
|                |                           | 645 Upland Wildlife    |
|                | 422 Hedgerow Planting     | Habitat Management     |
|                | (Ft.)                     | (Ac.)                  |
|                |                           |                        |
|                | 603 Herbaceous Wind       | 601 Vegetative         |
|                | Barriers (Ft.)            | Barriers (Ft.)         |
|                |                           |                        |
|                | 379 Multi-Story Cropping  | 659 Wetland            |
|                | (Ac.)                     | Enhancement (Ac.)      |
|                |                           |                        |
|                | 512 Pasture and Hay       | 657 Wetland            |
|                | Planting (Ac.)            | Restoration (Ac.)      |
|                |                           |                        |
|                | 595 Pest Management (Ac.) | 644 Wetland Wildlife   |
|                |                           | Habitat Management     |
|                | 409 Prescribed Forestry   | (Ac.)                  |
|                | (Ac.)                     |                        |
|                |                           | 380                    |
|                | 528 Prescribed Grazing    | Windbreak/Shelterbelt  |
|                | (Ac.)                     | Establishment (Ft.)    |
|                |                           |                        |
|                | 550 Range Planting (Ac.)  | 650                    |
|                |                           | Windbreak/Shelterbelt  |
|                |                           | Renovation (Ft.)       |
+----------------+---------------------------+------------------------+
| Nest sites     | 322 Channel Bank          | 391 Riparian Forest    |
| (stable        | Vegetation (Acre)         | Buffer (Ac.)           |
| ground, holes  |                           |                        |
| in wood,       | 656 Constructed Wetland   | 612 Tree/Shrub         |
| cavities for   | (Ac.)                     | Establishment (Ac.)    |
| bumble bees,   |                           |                        |
| or             | 332 Contour Buffer Strips | 645 Upland Wildlife    |
| overwintering  | (Ac.)                     | Habitat Management     |
| sites for      |                           | (Ac.)                  |
| bumble bee     | 342 Critical Area         |                        |
| queens)        | Planting (Ac.)            | 659 Wetland            |
|                |                           | Enhancement (Ac.)      |
|                | 386 Field Border (Ft.)    |                        |
|                |                           | 657 Wetland            |
|                | 422 Hedgerow Planting     | Restoration (Ac.)      |
|                | (Ft.)                     |                        |
|                |                           | 644 Wetland Wildlife   |
|                | 409 Prescribed Forestry   | Habitat Management     |
|                | (Ac.)                     | (Ac.)                  |
|                |                           |                        |
|                | 329 Residue & Tillage     | 380                    |
|                | Management, No-Till/Strip | Windbreak/Shelterbelt  |
|                | Till/Direct Seed (Ac.)    | Establishment (Ft.)    |
|                |                           |                        |
|                | 643 Restoration and       | 650                    |
|                | Management of Rare and    | Windbreak/Shelterbelt  |
|                | Declining Habitats (Ac.)  | Renovation (Ft.)       |
+----------------+---------------------------+------------------------+
| Pesticide      | 322 Channel Bank          | 391 Riparian Forest    |
| protection     | Vegetation (Ac.)          | Buffer (Ac.)           |
| (refuge from   |                           |                        |
| spray, buffers | 656 Constructed Wetland   | 657 Wetland            |
| to drift,      | (Ac.)                     | Restoration (Ac.)      |
| etc.)          |                           |                        |
|                | 342 Critical Area         | 380                    |
|                | Planting (Ac.)            | Windbreak/Shelterbelt  |
|                |                           | Establishment (Ft.)    |
|                | 422 Hedgerow Planting     |                        |
|                | (Ft.)                     |                        |
+----------------+---------------------------+------------------------+
| Site           | 647 Early Successional    | 643 Restoration and    |
| management for | Habitat Development or    | Management of Rare and |
| pollinators    | Management (Ac.)          | Declining Habitats     |
|                |                           | (Ac.)                  |
|                | 595 Pest Management (Ac.) |                        |
|                |                           | 645 Upland Wildlife    |
|                | 338 Prescribed Burning    | Habitat Management     |
|                | (Ac.)                     | (Ac.)                  |
|                |                           |                        |
|                | 409 Prescribed Forestry   | 644 Wetland Wildlife   |
|                | (Ac.)                     | Habitat Management     |
|                |                           | (Ac.)                  |
|                | 528 Prescribed Grazing    |                        |
|                | (Ac.)                     |                        |
+----------------+---------------------------+------------------------+

#  {#section .Style-Heading-1-+-Times-New-Roman-14-pt-Black}

# Financial Resources {#financial-resources .Style-Heading-1-+-Times-New-Roman-14-pt-Black}

Defenders of Wildlife maintains a summary of state and regional
financial incentive programs for conservation projects through the
Biodiversity Partnership project. A number of these incentive programs
may be suitable for pollinator conservation and could be used in
conjunction with NRCS conservation efforts. Information can be found at
<http://www.biodiversitypartners.org/state/index.shtml>

#  {#section-1 .Style-Heading-1-+-Times-New-Roman-14-pt-Black}

# Plant Tables {#plant-tables .Style-Heading-1-+-Times-New-Roman-14-pt-Black}

Below are tables with information about native and non-native trees,
shrubs, wildflowers, and grasses to consider for plantings to enhance
pollinator habitat. These tables include brief information on bloom
timing and the basic cultural needs of the plants. The information
provided is a starting point for determining plants to use for a
particular project. To find species that are available and/or hardy for
a specific location, consult your state NRCS Major Land Resource Area
(MLRA) plant list or other plant zone criteria. Additional information
such as the geographic distribution and cultural requirements for
various plants is available from species fact sheets like those found at
the USDA PLANTS database (<http://plants.usda.gov/java/factSheet>).

These tables are not exhaustive; many other plants are good for bees.
These lists were limited to those plants thought to require insect
pollination and to be relatively widespread and commonly found in the
public marketplace as seed or nursery stock.

### 

[The following tables in the text are intended to be placeholders and
examples of content for linked excel spreadsheets. For an example see:
ftp://ftpfc.]{.mark}

[sc.egov.usda.gov/OR/Technical_Notes/Plant%20Materials/PMC_13_Table_5_Native_Forbs_f]{.mark}

[or_Pollinators.xls]{.mark}

## I. Native Plant Species

The cost of native plants may appear to be more expensive than
non-native alternatives when comparing costs at the nursery, but when
the costs of maintenance (e.g. weeding, watering, fertilizing) are
calculated over the long-term, native plantings can ultimately be more
cost-efficient for pollinator enhancement. Native plantings also give
the added benefit of enhancing native biological diversity (e.g. plant
and wildlife diversity) and are the logical choice to enhance native
pollinators (Frankie et al. 2002, Samways 2007).

### [A. Native Trees and Shrubs for Pollinator Enhancement]{.underline}

Tree and shrub plantings may be designed for a number of concurrent
purposes, such as wildlife enhancement, streambank stabilization,
windbreak, and/or pollinator enhancement (Henry et al. 1999). These are
just some of the tree and shrub species that you might want to consider,
paying close attention to overlapping bloom periods and the appropriate
plant for the site conditions.

  ---------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------- -------------- -----------
  **Common   **Scientific   **MLRA    **Bloom    **Flower   **Mature   **Shade       **Drought     **Minimum         **pH      **Salt         **Notes**
  Name**     Name**         Range**   Period**   Color**    Height**   Tolerance**   Tolerance**   Precipitation**   Range**   Tolerance.**   

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              
  ---------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------- -------------- -----------

### [B. Native Forbs (wildlflowers)]{.underline}

There is a vast array of native forbs to choose from in designing a
pollinator enhancement. These are species that you might consider using
in a hedgerow "bottom" (at the base of one or both sides of a hedgerow),
riparian buffer, windbreaks, alley cropping, field border, filter strip,
waterway or range planting to enhance conditions for pollinators. These
are just some of the plant options that you might want to consider,
paying close attention to overlapping bloom periods and the appropriate
plant for the site conditions.

  ---------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------- -------------- -----------
  **Common   **Scientific   **MLRA    **Bloom    **Flower   **Mature   **Shade       **Drought     **Minimum         **pH      **Salt         **Notes**
  Name**     Name**         Range**   Period**   Color**    Height**   Tolerance**   Tolerance**   Precipitation**   Range**   Tolerance.**   

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              
  ---------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------- -------------- -----------

### [C. Native Bunch Grasses and Sedges]{.underline} 

Herbaceous plantings should include at least one native bunch grass or
clump-forming sedge adapted to the site in addition to the forbs that
will be planted. Including a grass or sedge in the planting mixture will
help keep weeds out of the planting area, stabilize the soil, provide
overwintering habitat for beneficial insects, forage resources for
larval growth stages of some butterflies, and nest sites for bumble bees
(Svensson et al. 2000, Kells and Goulson 2003).

In general warm season bunch grasses (which produce most of their leaf
mass in the summer) are more favorable than cool season grasses that
grow quickly in the spring, and thus potentially shade out developing
forbs (Steinauer 2003). Anecdotal evidence also suggests that tall
grasses crowd out forbs more easily than short grasses. Seeding rates
for grasses should also not exceed seeding rates for forbs.

  ---------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------- -------------- -----------
  **Common   **Scientific   **MLRA    **Bloom    **Flower   **Mature   **Shade       **Drought     **Minimum         **pH      **Salt         **Notes**
  Name**     Name**         Range**   Period**   Color**    Height**   Tolerance**   Tolerance**   Precipitation**   Range**   Tolerance.**   

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              
  ---------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------- -------------- -----------

###  

## II. Non-Native Plant Species for Cover Crops, Green Manures, Livestock Forage and Insectary Plantings

A number of non-native plants used for cover crops, insectaries, green
manures, or short-term plantings are productive forage sources for
pollinators. Some of these species could become weedy (e.g. able to
reproduce and spread) so you will want to choose appropriate species for
your needs and monitor their development on your site.

Insectary plantings may be placed as a block inside of a crop, along the
borders or just outside of a crop to attract beneficial insects to the
crop for biological control (i.e. predators or parasitoids) of crop
pests (Colley & Luna 2000). Beneficial insects can be significantly more
abundant in insectary plantings than where such habitat is absent. Some
of these plants can also provide good pollen or nectar sources for bees.
These may be annual plantings or more permanent plantings along the
outer rows within the field or outside but adjacent to the crop field.
The principles of enhancement for pollinators also generally apply to
insectary plantings - such as including a diversity of flowers that
bloom through the entire growing season to provide a steady supply of
nectar.

  ---------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------- -------------- -----------
  **Common   **Scientific   **MLRA    **Bloom    **Flower   **Mature   **Shade       **Drought     **Minimum         **pH      **Salt         **Notes**
  Name**     Name**         Range**   Period**   Color**    Height**   Tolerance**   Tolerance**   Precipitation**   Range**   Tolerance.**   

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              
  ---------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------- -------------- -----------

### 

### 

### 

## III. Garden Plants

This type of planting will generally be a more permanent planting
outside but adjacent to cropland. The pollinator habitat enhancement
principles will also apply---such as including a diversity of flowers
that bloom through the entire growing season to provide a steady supply
of nectar and pollen. Also, when selecting plant varieties, keep in mind
that the simple-flowered cultivars generally provide greater nectar and
pollen rewards than multi-petaled (e.g. double petal) varieties.

The plants suggested below are all commonly available garden plants.
These species will generally do best in a full sun location and may
require supplemental irrigation and fertilization. Establishment of
perennial plants may take a few years, but they will often last for an
extended period of time. One strategy is to plant annual and perennial
garden plants together, with the annual plants providing immediate
benefits the first year, while the perennial plants become established
(Szalai 2001).

  ---------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------- -------------- -----------
  **Common   **Scientific   **MLRA    **Bloom    **Flower   **Mature   **Shade       **Drought     **Minimum         **pH      **Salt         **Notes**
  Name**     Name**         Range**   Period**   Color**    Height**   Tolerance**   Tolerance**   Precipitation**   Range**   Tolerance.**   

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              
  ---------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------- -------------- -----------

###  

## IV. Noxious Weed Species

A plant that is well suited to one region, may become a weed when
transported outside of its native range. When developing pollinator
enhancement sites, it is important that weedy species are not
intentionally planted, and that noxious species already present in the
local environment are controlled.

  ---------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------- -------------- -----------
  **Common   **Scientific   **MLRA    **Bloom    **Flower   **Mature   **Shade       **Drought     **Minimum         **pH      **Salt         **Notes**
  Name**     Name**         Range**   Period**   Color**    Height**   Tolerance**   Tolerance**   Precipitation**   Range**   Tolerance.**   

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                              
  ---------- -------------- --------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------- ------------- ----------------- --------- -------------- -----------

## 

# Appendix: Additional Information {#appendix-additional-information .Style-Heading-1-+-Times-New-Roman-14-pt-Black}

In addition to this document, information on pollinator habitat
conservation is available through a number of other publications,
websites, and organizations.

## I. Regional Technical Support

[Specific to each state's available resources.]{.mark}

## II. Publications

Black, S.H., N. Hodges, M. Vaughan and M. Shepherd. 2008. Pollinators in
Natural Areas: A Primer on Habitat Management

> <http://www.xerces.org/pubs_merch/Managing_Habitat_for_Pollinators.htm>

Shepherd, M., S. Buchmann, M. Vaughan, and S. Black. 2003. *Pollinator
Conservation Handbook*. Portland, OR: The Xerces Society for
Invertebrate Conservation. 145 pp.

ES EPA and USDA. 1991. *Applying Pesticides Correctly, A Guide for
Private and Commercial Applicators*. USDA Agriculture Extension Service.

USDA, NRCS and FS, M. Vaughan and S.H. Black. 2006. Agroforestry Note --
32: *Sustaining Native Bee Habitat for Crop Pollination*," USDA National
Agroforestry Center.
<http://www.unl.edu/nac/agroforestrynotes/an32g06.pdf>

USDA, NRCS and FS, M. Vaughan and S.H. Black. 2006. Agroforestry Note --
33*: Improving Forage for Native Bee Crop Pollinators*. USDA National
Agroforestry Center.
<http://www.unl.edu/nac/agroforestrynotes/an33g07.pdf>

USDA, NRCS and FS, M. Vaughan and S.H. Black. 2006. Agroforestry Note --
34: *Enhancing Nest Sites for Native Bee Crop Pollinators*. USDA
National Agroforestry Center.
<http://www.unl.edu/nac/agroforestrynotes/an34g08.pdf>

USDA, NRCS and FS, M. Vaughan and S.H. Black. 2006. Agroforestry Note --
35: *Pesticide Considerations for Native Bees in Agroforestry*. USDA
National Agroforestry Center.
<http://www.unl.edu/nac/agroforestrynotes/an35g09.pdf>

USDA-NRCS. Conservation Security Program Job Sheet: *Nectar Corridors*,
Plant Management EPL 41.
[*www.wv.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/csp/06csp/JobSheets/nectarCorridorsEL41.pdf*](http://www.wv.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/csp/06csp/JobSheets/nectarCorridorsEL41.pdf)

USDA, NRCS, Idaho Plant Material Technical Note #2: *Plants for
Pollinators in the*

*Intermountain West*.

<ftp://ftp-fc.sc.egov.usda.gov/ID/programs/technotes/pollinators07.pdf>

USDA, NRCS. 2001. *Creating Native Landscapes in the Northern Great
Plains and Rocky Mountains* 16pp.
<http://www.mt.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/ecs/plants/xeriscp/>

USDI, BLM. 2003. Technical Reference 1730-3. *Landscaping with Native
Plants of the Intermountain Region*. 47pp.
<http://www.id.blm.gov/publications/TR1730-3/index.htm>

Vaughan, M., M. Shepherd, C. Kremen, and S. Black. 2007. *Farming for
Bees: Guidelines for Providing Native Bee Habitat on Farms. 2^nd^ Ed.*
Portland, OR: Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. 44 pp.
*<http://www.xerces.org/Pollinator_Insect_Conservation/Farming_for_Bees_2nd_edition.pdf>*

See "Native Pollinators", "Butterflies", "Bats", and "Ruby-throated
Hummingbird" Fish and Wildlife Habitat Management Leaflet Numbers 34,
15, 5, and 14 respectively.
<http://www.whmi.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/leaflet.htm>

## III. Web-Sites

**[1. pollinator information]{.smallcaps}**

-   The Xerces Society Pollinator Conservation Program
    <http://www.xerces.org/Pollinator_Insect_Conservation>

-   USDA ARS Logan Bee Lab
    [www.loganbeelab.usu.edu](http://www.loganbeelab.usu.edu/)

-   Logan Bee Lab -- list of plants attractive to native bees
    <http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=12052>

-   The Pollinator partnership <http://www.pollinator.org/>

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   U.S. Forest Service Pollinator Information
    <http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/index.shtml>

-   U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Information
    <http://www.fws.gov/pollinators/Index.html>

-   Pollinator friendly practices
    <http://www.nappc.org/PollinatorFriendlyPractices.pdf>

-   Urban bee gardens
    [http://nature.berkeley.edu/urbanbeegardens/index.htm**l**](http://nature.berkeley.edu/urbanbeegardens/index.html)

**[2. habitat restoration with native plants]{.smallcaps}**

-   Considerations in choosing native plant materials
    <http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/nativeplantmaterials/index.shtml>

-   Selecting Native Plant Materials for Restoration
    <http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/em/em8885-e.pdf>

-   Native Seed Network <http://www.nativeseednetwork.org/> has good
    species lists by ecological region and plant communities

-   Prairie Plains Resource Institute has extensive guidelines for
    native plant establishment using agricultural field implements and
    methods <http://www.prairieplains.org/restoration_.htm>

#  {#section-9 .Style-Heading-1-+-Times-New-Roman-14-pt-Black}

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# Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .Style-Heading-1-+-Times-New-Roman-14-pt-Black}

This Pollinator habitat technical note was written in (date) by Mace
Vaughan and Eric Mader of the Xerces Society for Invertebrate
Conservation, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, USDA NRCS \_\_\_\_ state
office. Please contact \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to improve this
publication. Financial support to the Xerces Society for the development
of this technical note was provided by the NRCS Agricultural Wildlife
Conservation Center, NRCS California, the CS Fund, the Turner
Foundation, the Columbia Foundation, the Dudley Foundation, the Bullitt
Foundation, the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund, the Richard and Rhoda
Goldman Foundation, the Panta Rhea Foundation, the Bradshaw-Knight
Foundation, the Wildwood Foundation, and Xerces Society Members.