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**Welcome**

Welcome to **Women Physicians, Women's Politics, and Women's Health:
Emerging Narratives.** This event forms part of the History of Medicine
Division's recognition of Women's History Month, and is being held in
conjunction with the exhibition, *Changing the Face of Medicine:
Celebrating America's Women Physicians.* The symposium brings together
distinguished scholars in the history of women and medicine, to present
their latest research and to consider new directions for the field. The
papers delivered here are works-in-progress, and we hope that this
gathering will give participants an opportunity to further develop their
work and share ideas with one another. Selected papers from this event
will also be included in an edited collection, planned for publication
in 2006--2007. We thank our panelists and session chairs for making this
exciting event possible and invite all of our attendees to join us for a
reception in the Rotunda of the National Library of Medicine from 5:30
pm--7:30 pm on Thursday, March 10, where visitors can view the
exhibition.

We are grateful to the Elizabeth and Chauncey Leake Memorial Fund,
Institute for the Medical Humanities, University of Texas Medical
Branch, for co-sponsoring this event.

**Elizabeth Fee**

*on behalf of the organizers and the History of Medicine Division*

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**Other events**

**Traveling Exhibition**

A traveling version of *Changing the Face of Medicine: Celebrating
America's Women Physicians,* developed in collaboration with the
American Library Association, will begin a tour of 60 public and medical
center libraries in August, 2005.

**Women's History Month Lecture**

On March 28, 2005, Dr. Bernadine Healy will give a lecture at the
National Library of Medicine, on the campus of the National Institutes
of Health. The lecture will be held in the Lister Hill Auditorium,
Building 38A, from 2:00 pm--3:15 pm. In 1991, Dr. Healy became the first
woman to be appointed director of the National Institutes of Health. She
is a former President and CEO of the American Red Cross, and currently
serves on the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
Policy. She also writes a column for *U.S. News & World Report*. Dr.
Healy is featured in *Changing the Face of Medicine: Celebrating
America's Women Physicians*, located in the Rotunda of the NLM and
online at:
[[www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine]{.underline}](http://www.nlm.nih.gov/changingthefaceofmedicine)

**Day 1**

**March 10**

**8:30--9:00 Registration, Coffee and Breakfast**

**9:00--9:30 Introduction and Welcome**

> Betsy Humphreys, Deputy Director
>
> National Library of Medicine
>
> Elizabeth Fee, Chief, History of Medicine Division
>
> National Library of Medicine
>
> Ellen More**,** Visiting Professor of Psychiatry, University of
> Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, and Professor of History of
> Medicine and Medical Humanities at the Institute for the Medical
> Humanities, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston

**9:30--11:00 Session 1**

***Ancient Narratives: Male Professionalism and Female Professionals***

Session Chair: Elizabeth Fee

1.  Rebecca Flemming, "New Perspectives on Ancient Physicians."

2.  Monica Green, "Rethinking the Mistress Narrative: Riding the Third
    Wave to a New History of Women in Medicine."

3.  Robert Nye, "Medicine as a Masculine Culture."

**11:00--11:15 Break**

**11:15--12:45 Session 2**

***Neither Separate nor Equal:***

***Early Women Medical Graduates Revisited***

Session Chair: Steve Peitzman

1.  Ann Taylor Kirschmann, "An Uncommon Practice: Julia Minerva Green,
    M.D. (1871--1963)."

2.  Eve Fine, "Separatism in Medicine Reconsidered: Women Physicians in
    Nineteenth-Century Chicago."

3.  Martha Gardner, "A 'Coveted Diploma': The Professional Identity of
    the New England Female Medical Graduates, 1854--1873."

**12:45--2:45 Lunch**

***Natcher Building Cafeteria or off-campus***

**2:45--3:45 Session 3**

***Women Doctors and Their Patients***

Session Chair: Nancy Theriot

1.  Regina Morantz-Sanchez, "From Bodies to Persons: Female Patient
    Agency and the History of Women Physicians."

2.  Judith Houck, "'Hold Oneself Well in Hand': Women Physicians
    Confront Menopause, 1897--1936."

**3:45--4:00 Break**

**4:00--5:30 Session 4**

***Mythologizing the Woman Physician:***

***Mothers, Wives, and Daughters***

Session Chair: Susan Smith

1.  Virginia Metaxas, "American Women Physicians Overseas: Esther Pohl
    Lovejoy, Ruth A. Parmelee and the Narrative of Motherhood in Asia
    Minor and Greece in the Early Twentieth Century."

2.  Georgina Feldberg, "Doctors as Debutants, Images of Canadian Medical
    Women."

3.  Frederick Wegener, "'Imaging' Women Doctors in the United States,
    1860--1920."

**5:30--7:30 Reception and Exhibition Visit**

***Rotunda, National Library of Medicine Building 38***

Welcoming Remarks

Dr. Donald A.B. Lindberg

Director, National Library of Medicine

**Day 2**

**March 11**

**9:00--9:30 Coffee and Breakfast**

**9:30--11:00 Session 1**

***Bodies of Knowledge: Women Physicians and the Feminine Body***

Session Chair: Judith Leavitt

1.  Carla Bittel, "Gender, Politics, and Female Physiology: Mary Putnam
    Jacobi and the Science of Women\'s Rights Activism."

2.  Arleen Tuchman, "Sexuality and the Female Body: The Case of Marie
    Zakrzewska (1829--1902)."

3.  Ellen More, "Dr. Mary Steichen Calderone: Professionalism,
    Sexuality, and the Politics of Shame."

**11:00--11:30 Break**

**11:30--1:00 Session 2**

***Women\'s Health and the Women's Movement***

Session Chair: Manon Parry

1.  Leslie Reagan, "Birth Defects and Reproductive Rights in the 1960s."

2.  Susan Wells, "Chiasmus and Narrative Competence: Our Bodies,
    Ourselves and the Narrative Medicine Movement."

3.  Sandra Morgen, "The Changer and the Changed: Women Physicians and
    the Women\'s Health Movement in the U.S., 1969--1990."

**1:00--2:00 Lunch**

***Natcher Building Cafeteria or off-campus***

**2:00--3:30 Session 3**

***Race, Gender, and Women in Medicine***

Session Chair: Judy Wu

1.  Charlotte Borst, "Women Physicians and the AAMC Longitudinal Study
    of Medical School Graduates of 1960."

2.  Vanessa Northington Gamble, \"When Racism Trumps Sisterhood: A
    History of Racial Discrimination and White Women Physicians.\"

3.  Naomi Rogers, "'Save Her For the Dean': Medical Schools, Women
    Doctors and the Feminist Health Movement of the 1970s."

**3:30--4:00 Break**

**4:00--5:30 Session 4**

***Women Physicians and Health***

Session Chair: Susan Rishworth

1.  Heather Prescott, "'Coming of Age': Gender and the
    Professionalization of College Health, 1920--1961."

2.  Erica Frank, "What Do We Know About U.S. Women Physicians?
    Information Gathered from the Women Physicians\' Health Study."

3.  Diane K. Shrier and Lydia Shrier, "Mother-Daughter Physicians: An
    Intergenerational Comparison of the Professional and Personal
    Experiences of Women Physicians."

**5:30--6:00 Concluding Remarks**

***Wrap-Up and Future Plans***

Ellen More, Elizabeth Fee, Manon Parry

**Panelists**

**Carla Bittel** is Assistant Professor of History at Loyola Marymount
University in Los Angeles. Her research focuses on the history of women
in medicine in nineteenth-century America, specifically the science and
politics of Mary Putnam Jacobi.

**Charlotte Borst** is Dean of Arts and Sciences and Professor of
History at Union College, where she has oversight responsibility for
curriculum offerings in Arts and Sciences, faculty matters including
faculty recruitment, development and evaluation, academic staffing, and
faculty research for all faculty in the three Arts and Sciences
Divisions (\~170 FTE). She oversees chair relations and departmental
issues for 17 departments and seven interdisciplinary programs, as well
as student issues relating to two formal programs related to premedical
studies (admissions, program requirements, and relations with Albany
Med). Dean Borst's current research investigates the history of medical
education in twentieth-century America, specifically analyzing the role
that race and gender played in medical school admissions.

**Georgina Feldberg** is Associate Professor of Social Science at York
University (Canada). As Director of the York University Centre for
Health Studies, she developed academic-community research partnerships
in women's health through its federally funded Centre of Excellence for
Women's Health. She is the co-editor of *Women, Health and Nation:
Canada and the U.S. since 1945* (McGill-Queen\'s 2003) and of several
articles in the area of "defining women\'s health: community and elite
initiatives in Canada."

**Eve Fine** is a Ph.D. candidate in History of Science and Medicine at
the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a Researcher for The Women in
Science and Engineering Leadership Institute (WISELI), part of the NSF
ADVANCE Institutional Transformation Grant Program. Her dissertation
examines the history of women physicians in nineteenth-century Chicago
and her broader research interests center around the history of women in
science and medicine; in women as practitioners of science and medicine,
as subjects of scientific research and/or theories, and as consumers and
producers of medical advice.

**Rebecca Flemming** is Lecturer in Ancient History in the Department of
Classics at King\'s College, London. She works on women, gender, and
medicine in the ancient world, both together and separately.

**Erica Frank** is Vice Chair, Division Chief, and Associate Professor
and Director of the Preventive Medicine Residency Program, in the
Department of Family and Preventive Medicine at Emory University School
of Medicine. She is also Principal Investigator, Women Physician\'s
Health Study, Principal Investigator, Healthy Doc = Healthy Patient
Study, and Education Coordinator, WHO Health InterNetwork.

**Vanessa Northington Gamble** is Director of the Tuskegee University
National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care. In 1996, she
founded and directed the Center for the Study of Race and Ethnicity in
Medicine at the University of Wisconsin. She has served on the faculties
of Harvard University, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, and The
Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. Gamble
also chaired the Presidential Committee on the legacy of the Tuskegee
Syphilis Study.

**Martha Gardner** will be Assistant Professor of History, Massachusetts
College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences as of Fall of 2005. She is
currently a Research Associate in the Department of Social Medicine, at
Harvard Medical School. Her dissertation (in U.S. history from Brandeis
University, finished in 2002) was entitled: "Midwife, Doctor or
Doctress? The New England Female Medical College and Women\'s Place in
Nineteenth-Century Medicine and Society." Her research interests include
the cultural history of the cigarette in the U.S. as well as the social
and cultural position of U.S. women in medicine and the allied health
professions in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

**Monica Green** is Professor of History at Arizona State University,
with adjunct appointments in Women's Studies, the Center for Biology and
Society, and the Bioethics Program. She has published widely on medieval
women's medicine and has just completed a monograph, *The Masculine
Birth of Gynecology*. Together with Heather Prescott, she is preparing a
general survey of the impact of feminist scholarship of the History of
Medicine.

**Judy Houck** is Assistant Professor of Medical History, History of
Science, and Women's Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Her
research interests center on the history of women\'s health in the
United States.

**Anne Taylor Kirschmann** is a full-time lecturer in American History
at the University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth Campus. Her work focuses
on alternative medicine in the nineteenth and twentieth century. She is
currently researching women homeopathic physicians in the twentieth
century.

**Virginia Metaxas** is Professor of History and Women's Studies at
Southern Connecticut State University. Her research interests include
childbirth and childcare institutions in America, the history of
occupational therapy in America, women physicians in Asia Minor and
Greece, and the colonization of Hawaiian medicine.

**Regina Morantz-Sanchez** is Professor of History at the University of
Michigan. She has published three books and many articles on the history
of women physicians and gender and medicine.

**Ellen S. More** is Visiting Professor of Psychiatry at University of
Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, and Professor of History of
Medicine and Medical Humanities at the Institute for the Medical
Humanities, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston. She is the
author of *Restoring the Balance: Women Physicians and the Profession of
Medicine, 1850--1995* (Harvard), which won the 2003 History of Science
Society's prize for the best book on women and science, now renamed the
Margaret Rossiter Prize. With Manon Parry, she was co-curator of
*Changing the Face of Medicine: Celebrating America's Women Physicians*.

**Sandra Morgen** is Director of the Center for the Study of Women in
Society and Professor of Anthropology at the University of Oregon. Her
book, *Into Our Own Hands: The Women's Health Movement in the U.S.,
1969--1990* won the Eileen Basker prize awarded by the Society for
Medical Anthropology in 2004. Her current research focuses on how

low income families, welfare workers and welfare administrators
experienced, enacted and contested welfare restructuring in Oregon.

**Robert A. Nye** is Thomas Hart and Mary Jones Horning Professor of the
Humanities and Professor of History at Oregon State University. He works
on modern European history, particularly gender history and the history
of sexuality. His most recent book is an Oxford Reader, *Sexuality*
(Oxford, 1999).

**Heather Munro Prescott** is Professor of History at Central
Connecticut State University in New Britain. She is the author of "*A
Doctor of Their Own*"*: The History of Adolescent Medicine*, as well as
numerous other publications on the history child and adolescent health.
She is currently working on a book entitled *Student Bodies: The History
of College and University Health*, which is under contract with
University of Michigan Press.

**Leslie Reagan** is Associate Professor at the University of Illinois,
Urbana-Champaign with a joint appointment in the department of History
and in Medicine; and an affiliation with Women\'s and Gender Studies.
She received her Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Dr.
Reagan's research interests are varied: sexuality, reproductive rights,
movies, crime, and medicine. The talk for the conference is part of a
forthcoming book on the history of miscarriage and birth defects in the
twentieth-century United States, for which she currently enjoys a
NIH-NLM grant. A related article, "From Hazard to Blessing to Tragedy:
Representations of Miscarriage in Twentieth-Century America," appeared
in Feminist Studies, Summer 2003. That article is about miscarriages,
emotions, and the practice of doing history. Her first book is *When
Abortion Was A Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law, 1867--1973* (University
of California Press, 1997).

**Naomi Rogers** has written on disease and public health, the history
of medical education, women and medicine, homeopathy, Sister Elizabeth
Kenny (a nurse who challenged the American Medical Association), and
radical medical students of the 1960s. This paper is part of her growing
interest in the culture and politics of American medicine in the 1960s
and 1970s, especially the dynamics between health radicalism and the
medical establishment. She is currently Associate Professor in the
Section of the History of Medicine and in the Women\'s, Gender and
Sexuality Studies Program of Yale University.

**Diane K. Shrier** is Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences and of Pediatrics, George Washington University Medical Center,
Washington DC.

**Lydia A. Shrier** is Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard
Medical School and Attending in Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston
Children's Hospital.

**Arleen Tuchman** is Associate Professor of History at Vanderbilt
University. She is the author of *Medicine, Science and the State in
Germany* and is just completing her biography of Marie Zakrzewska,
entitled "Science Has No Sex." Her next project will be a cultural
history of diabetes.

**Frederick Wegener** is Associate Professor of English, and formerly
the Director of the Program in American Studies, at California State
University, Long Beach. His publications include *Edith Wharton: The
Uncollected Critical Writings* and the forthcoming Penguin Classics
edition of Sarah Orne Jewett\'s novel *A Country Doctor*. He is
currently working on a study of representations of women doctors in the
United States from 1860 to 1920.

**Susan Wells** is the author of *Out of the Dead House:
Nineteenth-Century Women Physicians and the Writing of Medicine*
(Wisconsin, 2001). She is Chair of the English Department at Temple
University and slowly working on a book about the writing of *Our
Bodies, Ourselves*. 

**Session Chairs**

**Elizabeth Fee** is Chief of the History of Medicine Division of the
National Library of Medicine, and Adjunct Professor of History and
Health Policy, and the History of Medicine, at the Johns Hopkins
University. She is the author of *Disease and Discovery* and co-editor
of *Making Medical History*, among other works, and is contributing
editor for history of the *American Journal of Public Health*. She has
recently established a collaborative project with the World Health
Organization on "Global Health Histories" and is working on a history of
WHO as part of her study of global health. She is a coauthor of the
Joint Learning Initiative's report, *Human Resources for Heath:
Overcoming the Crisis* (Harvard University Press, 2004).

**Judith Leavitt** is the Rupple Bascom and Ruth Bleier WARF Professor
of the Medical History Department at the University of
Wisconsin-Madison. She was also a member of the Ad Hoc Advisory Group
for *Changing the Face of Medicine: Celebrating America's Women
Physicians.* Her current research is on the history of childbirth in the
twentieth century, concentrating on fathers.

**Manon Parry** is Associate Curator in the History of Medicine Division
at the National Library of Medicine, and, with Ellen S. More, co-curator
of the exhibition, *Changing the Face of Medicine: Celebrating America's
Women Physicians*. She is currently working on the history of disability
as a Ph.D. student in American Studies at the University of Maryland.

**Steve Peitzman** is Professor of Medicine at Drexel University College
of Medicine, and a senior medical advisor in assessment services at the
Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates. His historical
work and interests have centered on kidney disease and nephrology (his
clinical field); women in American medicine; medical education in the
United States; and medicine in Philadelphia. He was also a member of the
Ad Hoc Advisory Group for *Changing the Face of Medicine: Celebrating
America's Women Physicians.*

**Susan Rishworth** is Archivist at the American College of Surgeons,
Chicago. She is currently researching the life of Verina Morton Jones,
MD, a 1888 graduate of the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania and
the first woman physician to practice in the state of Mississippi.

**Susan L. Smith** is Associate Professor of History at the University
of Alberta in Canada. She is the author of *Sick and Tired of Being Sick
and Tired: Black Women\'s Health Activism in America, 1890--1950*
(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995), and *Japanese American
Midwives: Culture, Community, and Health Politics, 1880--1950*
(University of Illinois Press, 2005). She is also co-editor, with Nancy
Tomes, of the "Women, Gender, and Health" series at Ohio State
University Press.

**Nancy M. Theriot** is Professor and Chairperson in the Department of
Women's and Gender Studies at the University of Louisville. Her most
recent work focuses on physicians, patients, and illness narratives in
the nineteenth century.

**Judy Tzu-Chun Wu** is an Associate Professor of History and the
Coordinator for Asian American Studies at Ohio State University. She
recently published *Doctor Mom Chung of the Fair-Haired Bastards: The
Life of a Wartime Celebrity* (University of California Press, 2005), a
biography of Dr. Margaret Chung (1889--1959), the first known
American-born Chinese woman physician.

NOTES

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