![](media/image1.wmf)

**DOING BUSINESS IN IRELAND:**

**A COUNTRY COMMERCIAL GUIDE**

**FOR U.S. COMPANIES**

**2006**

# ![](media/image2.wmf)   Doing Business in Ireland: 

# A Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies

# 

# INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT, U.S. & FOREIGN COMMERCIAL SERVICE AND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES.

-   [Chapter 1: Doing Business In
    Ireland](#chapter-1-doing-business-in-ireland)

-   [Chapter 2: Political and Economic
    Environment](#chapter-2-political-and-economic-environment)

-   [Chapter 3: Selling U.S. Products and Services](#ch3)

-   [Chapter 4: Leading Sectors for U.S. Export and Investment](#ch4)

-   [Chapter 5: Trade Regulations and Standards](#ch5)

-   [Chapter 6: Investment Climate](#ch6)

-   [Chapter 7: Trade and Project Financing](#ch7)

-   [Chapter 8: Business Travel](#ch8)

-   [Chapter 9: Contacts, Market Research and Trade
    Events](#chapter-9-contacts-market-research-and-trade-events)

-   [Chapter 10: Guide to Our Services](#ch10)

#   {#section-1 .unnumbered}

# Chapter 1: Doing Business In Ireland

-   [Market Overview](#market-overview-return-to-top)

-   [Market Opportunities](#market-opportunities-return-to-top)

-   [Market Entry Strategy](#market-entry-strategy-return-to-top)

## Market Overview [**Return to top**](#chapter-1-doing-business-in-ireland)

Renowned as a world model for economic efficiency and strategic growth,
Ireland has an open economy that is nearly wholly dependent upon
international investment and trade, and the introduction of products and
services into the Irish marketplace is, in fact, uncomplicated.
According to the Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal,
Ireland is the third "most free" country in the world (after Singapore
and Hong Kong), of 157 countries surveyed in 2005. The World Bank ranks
Ireland 15^th^ out of 145 countries for ease of doing business. U.S.
business practices are well known and understood in Ireland, and
standard international marketing and distribution practices are widely
utilized.

The United States and Ireland enjoy longstanding political, economic and
commercial relations and a close cultural affinity. A coexisting,
profitable and mutually dependent commercial and economic relationship
has existed as well between our countries, one that has grown to become
neatly interwoven over the past 25 years. U.S. companies in Ireland take
advantage of doing business in a common language, with educated and
savvy partners that have connections across Europe in most sectors, in a
country with a government that is pro-business, economically focused and
highly stable.

-   Ireland today is a wealthy country. A net exporting nation, with
    merchandise exports surpassing \$102 billion in 2004, per capita GDP
    in Ireland is expected to grow 5% and is forecast at \$43,000 in
    2006.

-   Although direct and indirect costs of doing business in Ireland
    continue to significantly outpace the U.S., Europe, and the OECD,
    and Ireland has become an expensive place to operate a company,
    inflation is forecast at less than 2.7% for 2006, with unemployment
    forecast around 4.5%. Retail sales are expected to continue to grow
    at around 4%.

-   Exports from Ireland by U.S. subsidiaries (at \$55 billion in 2004)
    account for more than 54% of all Irish exports, and 27% of all Irish
    exports are to the United States. Imports into Ireland have averaged
    more than \$50 billion annually over the past few years, with the
    U.S. share of the import market averaging around 16% (or about \$8
    billion annually).

-   U.S. exports to Ireland totaled \$8.2 billion in 2004, with Irish
    exports to the U.S. reaching \$27.4 billion, according to U.S. trade
    data. U.S. exports to Ireland should surpass \$9 billion in 2005,
    with Irish exports to the U.S. surpassing \$28 billion.

With only 4 million people, Ireland is home to 7% of all U.S. investment
in Europe. In terms of investments in manufacturing, Ireland, with \$3.4
billion of U.S. manufacturing investments in 2004, was the third most
attractive market in the world for U.S. companies after the United
Kingdom (\$13.2 billion) and Canada (\$5.5 billion).

-   More than 600 U.S. companies have operations in Ireland. Total U.S.
    investments in Ireland have surpassed \$73 billion, nearly 5 times
    what they are in China (\$15.4 billion). There was \$10.4 billion in
    new U.S. investment in Ireland in 2004, compared with \$4.2 billion
    in China.

-   Total U.S. investments in manufacturing in Ireland are \$21.3
    billion, more than 2 ½ times what they are in China (\$8.2 billion).
    U.S. companies invested an additional \$3.4 billion in Ireland's
    manufacturing sector in 2004, compared to \$3.0 in China. In fact,
    Ireland represents 6.3% of global U.S. manufacturing investment, and
    10% of all U.S. investment flow in Europe.

-   U.S. companies directly employ more than 90,000 people (a full 5% of
    the Irish workforce) and account for 70% of those employed by
    multinationals in Ireland. ICT, pharmaceuticals, healthcare, and
    financial services are the key sectors for U.S. investment, and the
    U.S. represents about 45% of all foreign direct investment in
    Ireland.

-   A highly skilled and educated workforce stemming from a
    business-adaptive higher education system, a common language, common
    business principles, a competitive government vision, and a very low
    corporate tax on profits (12.5%) have been keys to the
    attractiveness of the Irish market for U.S. companies over the past
    25 years.

Ireland's tax regime and incentives to business are considered by some
to be the most cost-effective in the world. Additionally, Ireland has
the competitive advantage of being a member of the EU. Over the last few
years, U.S. companies have come to recognize that their business
interests in Europe are well served by Irish partners who possess
knowledge of EU directives, regulations, and distribution channels that
will allow them to quickly expand their business throughout the broader
EU marketplace. Whatever their business goals, U.S. companies interested
in doing business in Europe should consider Ireland.

## Market Opportunities [**Return to top**](#chapter-1-doing-business-in-ireland)

Although the market for the export of U.S. products and services to
Ireland appears small on the surface, the potential in fact is very high
\-- and the scope is broad. Manufacturers and distributors across
Ireland are seeking new sources of supply, and Irish buyers show keen
interest in the latest consumer trend or technological gadget.

There are significant opportunities within the marketplace for
small-to-medium sized U.S. exporters. Successful exports include
state-of-the-art products (and parts and components for products) in the
ICT sector, pharmaceuticals, and medical and health care devices, as
well as travel/tourism, engineering/design, and financial services. In
addition, growth sectors for exports include consumer and sporting
goods, building and construction products, hotel and restaurant
equipment, food processing equipment, industrial machinery, power
generation and air conditioning and refrigeration equipment.

## Market Entry Strategy [**Return to top**](#chapter-1-doing-business-in-ireland)

Ireland is a small open economy with a heavy dependence on international
trade. As a result, the introduction of products and services into the
Irish market is relatively uncomplicated. Standard international
marketing and distribution practices are widely utilized in the Irish
market. Moreover, e-commerce practices are being adopted by the Irish
government and in the business community. American companies with
quality products and services will receive enthusiastic support from
local business partners toward achieving their goals and objectives in
Ireland.

Many successful U.S. companies in the Irish market see Ireland as a
gateway to opportunities in the UK, as a natural location for
distribution throughout the EU (Ireland is a member of the Euro zone),
or as a logical springboard for sales across Europe. In addition, more
and more companies are looking for strategic Irish partners for contract
manufacturing, joint ventures, transfers of technology, licensing, and
logistics and value-added service agreements.

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

#   {#section-2 .unnumbered}

# Chapter 2: Political and Economic Environment

For background information on the political and economic environment of
the country, please click on the link below to the U.S. Department of
State Background Notes.

<http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn>

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

[[]{#ch3 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

# Chapter 3: Selling U.S. Products and Services 

-   [Using an Agent or
    Distributor](#using-an-agent-or-distributor-return-to-top)

-   [Establishing an Office](#establishing-an-office-return-to-top)

-   [Franchising](#franchising)

-   [Direct Marketing](#direct-marketing-return-to-top)

-   [Joint Ventures/Licensing](#joint-ventureslicensing-return-to-top)

-   [Selling to the
    Government](#selling-to-the-government-return-to-top)

-   [Distribution and Sales
    Channels](#distribution-and-sales-channels-return-to-top)

-   [Selling
    Factors/Techniques](#selling-factorstechniques-return-to-top)

-   [Electronic Commerce](#electronic-commerce-return-to-top)

-   [Trade Promotion and
    Advertising](#trade-promotion-and-advertising-return-to-top)

-   [Pricing](#pricing-return-to-top)

-   [Due Diligence](#due-diligence-return-to-top)

-   [Local Professional
    Services](#local-professional-services-return-to-top)

The opportunities for the establishment of business relationships in
Ireland are unique in that Irish firms are interested in representing
U.S. companies both within the Irish market and, in many cases, in the
larger European market. While numerous U.S. firms are already
represented by agents and distributors or have direct sales in Ireland,
local manufacturers are now seeking relationships such as technology
transfer, licensing, and strategic alliance agreements with U.S.
companies.

Given Ireland's high level of international trade, Irish firms have
significant expertise in international business. Irish buyers appreciate
quality and service and are willing to pay extra if they are convinced
of a product's overall superiority. Care must be taken to ensure that
delivery dates will be closely maintained and that after-sales service
will be promptly honored. Since Irish wholesalers and retailers
generally do a lower volume of business than their American
counterparts, the U.S. exporter should be prepared to sell smaller lots
than is the custom in the United States.

## Using an Agent or Distributor [**Return to top**](#ch3)

Selling a product in Ireland is facilitated by the compact size of the
market and, depending on the expected sales volume and use of marketing
techniques, may be achieved through any of the following distribution
methods:

-   through the establishment of a local sales office to serve Ireland
    and provide a distribution point for Western Europe;

-   through an agent or distributor whose activity may cover specified
    areas, the entire country, or include Western, Eastern or Central
    European markets;

-   through established wholesalers or dealers in Ireland; and

-   directly to department stores, chain stores, retailer cooperatives,
    consumer cooperatives, or other organizations.

International firms customarily have one exclusive representative for
the entire country, although it is common for the representative to
appoint sub-agents to cover certain sectors of the market, if sales and
profit margins warrant. In addition, a sales representative located in
Ireland may be in an ideal position to market a product throughout the
European marketplace.

-   Consumer goods are best sold through a distributor carrying stock
    for immediate delivery and sale, whereas capital goods and
    industrial equipment are more effectively marketed through a
    commissioned agent. In the case of certain raw materials with low
    mark-ups, or for capital goods and supplies for which there are
    limited numbers of potential users or buyers, direct sales
    techniques are effective.

-   Regular communications and visits to a newly appointed
    representative in Ireland are useful to establish successful
    relationships, get a better understanding of market specifics,
    trends, and developments, and to assist in the resolution of any
    early problems.

-   An effective and responsive after-sales-servicing system should be
    incorporated into distribution plans.

-   Frequently, U.S. firms will rely on the Irish distributor to handle
    the details of labeling and packaging for European preferences
    regarding the product and, if necessary, registering the product.

-   The familiarity and fluency of many Irish business firms with the
    varied languages of Europe also underline Ireland's capacity as a
    springboard for sales to continental Europe, as well as to Central
    and Eastern Europe.

Three kinds of distribution agreements are covered by Irish legislation:
exclusive, quasi-exclusive, and informal. In an exclusive
distributorship, the distributor has the sole right to sell specified
goods within a defined area. Quasi-exclusive distributorships allow the
distributor to sell almost all the specified products within a defined
area. Informal distributor arrangements impose heavier obligations on
the distributor.

If contractual obligations are not met in a distribution agreement of
indefinite term, it cannot be terminated until reasonable notice and/or
fair compensation is provided. In general, grantors should consider
protecting themselves by entering into agreements for definite periods
rather than an indefinite period. In addition, specific performance
targets clauses should be incorporated into the distribution agreement.

-   Under EU legislation (Commercial Agents Regulations 1994), a
    commercial agent is a self-employed intermediary who has continuing
    authority to negotiate the sale or the purchase of goods on behalf
    of another person, or to negotiate and conclude such transactions on
    behalf of the principal. Each party is entitled to a written
    document setting out the terms of their contract.

-   EU legislation regarding unilateral termination of distribution
    agreements (EEC 86/653) applies and is designed to provide the local
    distributor with some degree of protection and monetary compensation
    when an agreement is terminated for reasons other than cause. The
    legislation will apply regardless of any clause in the agreement
    itself, and the parties may not deviate from the legislation as long
    as the distribution agreement is in force.

## Establishing an Office [**Return to top**](#ch3)

There is a distinction between incorporated and unincorporated business
entities in Ireland. An incorporated entity has a legal status separate
from its owners and is capable of suing and being sued in its own name.
Incorporated entities include private limited companies, public limited
companies and unlimited companies. Unincorporated entities may be a sole
proprietorship set up by an individual, or a partnership.

-   The most basic form of company is the sole proprietorship, and there
    are few legal formalities or costs associated with this form of
    business, which appeals to small enterprises. The owner is
    personally liable for the business and has managerial control as
    well as direct access to profits.

-   U.S. companies may conduct business in Ireland through a branch or a
    place of business. A branch is a considered a division of a foreign
    company trading in Ireland that has the appearance of permanency, a
    separate management structure, an the ability to negotiate contracts
    with third parties, as well as reasonable financial independence.
    Branches must file company financial statements with the Registrar
    of Companies.

U.S. firms interested in establishing an office in Ireland should review
Enterprise Ireland's website
([http://enterprise-ireland.com](http://enterprise-ireland.com/)) for a
comprehensive practical overview and advice on evaluating and/or
establishing business operations in Ireland.

## Franchising [**Return to top**](#ch3)

Substantial opportunities exist for U.S. companies to establish
franchise systems in Ireland across a wide range of industries.

The sector has experienced steady growth in recent years as the number
of international franchise systems operating in Ireland continues to
grow and indigenous franchise operations continue to expand both in
Ireland and overseas.

The growth of the economy over the last ten years and the resulting
increased disposable incomes, together with the many changes in consumer
buying patterns and the spread of suburban living, have all contributed
to the growth of the franchise sector.

-   U.S. franchises lead in terms of market share, representing nearly
    40% of the franchise operations in Ireland.

There are few regulations concerning franchising and none that limit
market access to U.S. firms. The EU Regulation 4087/88 EEC regarding
franchising provides a unified code for the 25 member states. Its
primary focus concerns price fixing, transfer pricing, non-competition
clauses and exclusive dealing. It also exempts certain franchise
agreements from the EU anti-trust regulations.

## Direct Marketing [**Return to top**](#ch3)

Irish companies spend in excess of \$250 million on direct marketing
services annually. The Irish Direct Marketing Association
([http://www.idma.ie](http://www.idma.ie/)), the representative body for
direct marketing in Ireland, has 350 members ranging from financial
services firms to telecommunications companies and law firms.

Telemarketing, in particular, has spearheaded the growth of the direct
marketing sector in Ireland as a large number of companies, including
Dell, United Parcel Service and American Airlines are now providing
telemarketing services from Ireland. These international firms are
serving both the Irish and European marketplaces from their Irish
telemarketing operations.

Mail-order sales are small. Certain firms have used this technique
successfully in combination with their usual retail outlet operations.
Promotion is carried out by catalog, or by newspaper advertisements with
no personal contact. Hobby centers, Do-It-Yourself (DIY) or home
improvement stores, auto supply centers, and discount stores are also
enjoying success.

## Joint Ventures/Licensing [**Return to top**](#ch3)

No formal regulations relating to joint ventures in Ireland currently
exist. In each case, the terms of the joint venture are the subject of a
co-operation agreement between the parties concerned. Generally, the
agreement sets out the basis on which the parties are to co-operate on a
particular joint venture. Numerous international firms have joint
venture and licensing arrangements with manufacturers based in Ireland.

Government approval is not necessary for licensing agreements and no
statutory restrictions are imposed on the amounts of royalties or other
details of licensing arrangements. However, an international firm
intending to license the use of its trademark to a company based in
Ireland must designate the licensee as a registered user, and an
appropriate application must be lodged in order to prevent any future
legal problems.

-   Enterprise Ireland, the state agency responsible for the development
    of indigenous Irish industry, continually seeks to develop joint
    ventures, licensing, technology transfer, and other types of
    strategic alliance arrangements between Irish and international
    firms
    ([http://www.enterprise-ireland.com](http://www.enterprise-ireland.com/)).
    The objective is to bring successful Irish companies with available
    resources of capital, management, technical knowledge, and skilled
    workers together with international firms that have comparable
    strengths, particularly in areas of product development and
    marketing. U.S. firms can gain access to the European marketplace by
    adopting a joint venture/licensing strategy incorporating Ireland.

As with all business investment decisions, U.S. firms considering joint
venture, licensing, or other strategic alliance arrangements in Ireland
should seek professional advice regarding the legal, financial, and
taxation implications of the agreements being negotiated. The U.S.
Commercial Service at the U.S. Embassy in Dublin
(<http://www.buyusa.gov/ireland>) can assist U.S. companies in
addressing these issues.

## Selling to the Government [**Return to top**](#ch3)

As a member of the EU, Ireland has adopted EU public procurement
directives.

All Irish works, supply, services, and utility procurement project
notices which fall within the guidelines of EU public procurement
directives are published electronically in the Official Journal of the
European Community (OJEC) \"S\" series
([http://ted.eur-op.eu.int](http://ted.eur-op.eu.int/)).

The Irish government also has its own Public Sector Procurement portal
([http://www.e-tenders.gov.ie](http://www.e-tenders.gov.ie/)) that
provides electronic access to all Irish public sector procurement
opportunities published in the OJEC and in the national and local print
media.

The U.S. Commercial Service in Dublin actively monitors and reports on
major procurement projects offering opportunities for U.S. firm
(<http://www.buyusa.gov/ireland>).

## Distribution and Sales Channels [**Return to top**](#ch3)

According to the most recent data, approximately 53,000 retail outlets
and 2,500 wholesale outlets sell and distribute goods in Ireland. While
the distribution system, especially at the retail level, still consists
of small outlets by American standards, it is moving toward larger, more
economically viable units to satisfy changing market needs.

Retail outlets in Ireland range from the large department stores to the
small shop owned and operated by an individual. Although most retail
outlets are small, such enterprises are decreasing in number, as
efficiencies of scale and purchasing power become the major competitive
factors bearing on profit margins. A trend toward larger outlets has
been underway, with the formation of chains, expansion of existing
department stores, and the establishment of medium-sized department
stores.

-   On January 1, 2005, the Irish government removed a legislated
    maximum 6,000 square meter cap on retail warehouse floor space in
    Dublin and most other major cities in Ireland, as designated under
    its National Spatial Strategic. IKEA is expected to enter the market
    as a result of this change in legislation, along with the
    development of other large-scale retail stores.

The increasing tempo of commercial and industrial development, as well
as suburban development, is bringing about significant changes in the
distribution system. Wholesalers supply a variety of services to
associated small retailers, including sales promotion, advertising, and
retail training. In some cases, they combine small retailers into a
buying group in order to achieve purchasing economies and increased
purchasing power with manufacturers.

The number of discount firms, especially those stocking consumer
electronics and domestic appliances, continues to increase, and the
number of self-service stores is rising steadily. Self-service is not
confined to small merchandising units as department stores and gas
stations also have incorporated this sales technique in their
operations.

The Irish food retail trade is very receptive to new food product ideas
and is constantly monitoring developments in new products in the
international marketplace. As few chains import directly, the major food
retail chains often use specialized importers to administer the
logistics of importation and distribution. As a result, there are a
large number of food importers, many of whom are quite small, serving
the retail trade. Some of these importers are also distributors of Irish
produce and, indeed, some also are local manufacturers. Most
importers/distributors have adequate distribution facilities to most
parts of Ireland.

There are over 9,500 food retail outlets (i.e. grocery stores) of
varying sizes in Ireland. Two distinct segments exist within the sector
\-- the supermarket multiples, and independent retailers. The food
retail sector is dominated by three multiple chains, while a number of
smaller chains also operate. The multiples dominate the grocery trade in
the greater Dublin area accounting for about 75 percent of retail sales.
A number of smaller EU-based retail chains (e.g., Lidl and Aldi) have
also entered the market, establishing medium-sized stores in the smaller
towns around the country. Outside of the main urban areas, many of the
independent retailers are affiliated to \"symbol groups\" which
facilitate the attainment of purchasing economies of scale through
procurement from a central purchaser.

## Selling Factors/Techniques [**Return to top**](#ch3)

U.S. firms should maintain close liaison with distributors and customers
in order to exchange information and ideas. In most instances,
communication through telephone or e-mail is sufficient but the
understanding developed through periodic personal visits is the best way
to keep distributors apprised of new developments and to resolve any
problems quickly. Prompt acknowledgement of correspondence is
recommended.

Vigorous and sustained promotion is often needed to launch products.
Products must be adapted to both technical requirements and to consumer
preferences. It is not sufficient to merely label a product in
conformity to national requirements. For the development of a product's
full market potential, quality, price, packaging and after-sales service
are key. U.S. exporters may also wish to consider warehousing in Ireland
for expeditious supply and service for customers in Ireland and Europe.

Distribution methods vary by product, as well as with individual
commercial relationships. Methods must be tailored to fit market
conditions in each instance. U.S. companies can utilize successful
distribution techniques practiced in the United States as a threshold
for approaching the Irish market.

[Warehousing and Free Trade Zones]{.underline}\
\
The Shannon Free Trade Zone, established in 1947, and located at the
Shannon International Airport, is the world\'s oldest operating free
zone. This facility provides an attractive international distribution
and warehouse center serving Western Europe because it provides the
unique combination of a custom-free industrial zone and direct access to
air and surface transport to the United Kingdom and other European
markets.

-   Raw materials and partly or completely manufactured products may be
    imported into the free zone in any quantity and held there without
    payment of duties or taxes.

-   Processing, sorting, grading, or repackaging of the goods may take
    place within the zone, and buildings may be leased or built.

-   As sales require, the goods held in the free zone may then be
    withdrawn from inventory and re-exported to other countries or
    imported into Ireland for consumption after payment of appropriate
    duties, value-added taxes, and excise duties.

-   If the goods are re-exported to another country, duties and taxes,
    as appropriate, will be payable in that country.

Principal advantages of the free zone to American firms are:

-   the existence of a European base of supply to assure customers
    prompt delivery and service,

-   the ability to maintain inventory at low cost, and

-   eligibility for the reduced 12.5 percent corporate tax rate in
    Ireland.

Adequate warehousing facilities are available in major Irish cities.
Bonded warehouses are operated in Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford, and
Galway. The Dublin Port Company maintains the largest warehousing
organization in the country. In addition to storage facilities, the
Board provides services needed by distributors such as packing, sorting,
bottling, and transport service. Imported goods liable to a duty may be
stored in a bonded warehouse in the port area or other locations without
payment of duties or taxes. The goods may remain there until needed, at
which time they are cleared for Irish consumption by payment of duties
and taxes, or sent to the country of destination.

Certain types of processing (inwards and outwards) are allowed in the
bonded warehouses under official supervision. Inwards processing is the
temporary importation of raw materials or products for additional
manufacture or processing. Merchandise imported for additional
processing and eventually re-exported out of the EU is eligible for
customs-free treatment.

-   The re-exported goods may be partly or totally processed.

-   Irish import duties and taxes are levied only on those goods that
    are not re-exported for final sale in the EU.

-   To qualify for inwards processing, the Irish or EU firm must prove
    to customs that it is necessary for them to use imported goods
    instead of EU goods. In addition, the firm must state its intention
    to export products manufactured from the imported goods (or
    equivalent goods available in the EU). It must also assure that,
    upon re-exportation, the conditions set forth in the authorization
    are satisfied, the exported goods are accounted for, and the entered
    goods are identifiable and relate to specific imported products

In outwards processing, an Irish firm may export goods for further
manufacture or processing from the EU customs area and then re-import
the final product.

-   Duties and taxes are levied on the increased value added by the
    expatriate manufacturing or processing when the goods are returned
    to Ireland, not upon the total value of the product.

-   Only firms located in Ireland or another EU country are eligible to
    take advantage of this option and should first gain approval by the
    Irish customs authorities.

## Electronic Commerce [**Return to top**](#ch3)

The Irish Government remains strongly committed to its policy of
ensuring that Ireland becomes a major hub for e-commerce in Europe. To
achieve this goal, the government developed a comprehensive e-commerce
strategy that includes: (a) world-class international telecommunications
connectivity, (b) pro-active e-commerce legislation (Electronic Commerce
Bill 2000), (c) an e-commerce campus in a 100-acre National Digital
Park, (d) support for SMEs to develop e-commerce strategies, and (e) an
'Information Age' program for the educational sector.

-   Ireland's two major airlines, Aer Lingus and Ryanair, both operate
    highly active on-line reservation systems.

-   New arrivals in the market include Google, eBay, PayPal, Yahoo,
    Amazon, and Overture, which have all have recently established
    operations in Ireland.

## Trade Promotion and Advertising [**Return to top**](#ch3)

Ireland does not host any major international trade fairs, except in the
tourism sector. In international terms, Irish trade fairs are
small-scale events that attract local trade and consumer audiences.
Thus, they principally offer sales and promotional opportunities for
Irish agents and distributors. In general, the international element of
these events is limited to local representatives promoting international
brands.

Due to the proximity of Ireland to major trade fairs in European cities,
most Irish manufacturers, agents, distributors, and end users attend the
major European exhibitions in their industry sectors. The U.S.
Commercial Service in Dublin promotes U.S. pavilions at European
tradeshows to the Irish business community to ensure that U.S.
exhibitors receive potential Irish business opportunities that might
result.

-   Ireland has approximately 60 newspapers and 150 periodicals or trade
    magazines. The Dublin dailies (Irish Times and Irish Independent)
    and the Irish Examiner (Cork) enjoy national distribution. The Irish
    Independent (morning) has the largest circulation, followed by the
    Evening Herald. The Irish Times (morning) has the smallest
    circulation in Dublin, but reaches the important business and
    financial markets. There are four national Sunday newspapers, of
    which the Sunday Business Post is directed at corporate executives.
    British newspapers and tabloids are widely available in Ireland. The
    Irish Times, Irish Independent, Irish Examiner, Sunday Business
    Post, and many regional newspapers also have electronic editions on
    the worldwide web.

-   There is increasing competition in the broadcasting sector with
    independent national broadcasting organizations, Today FM (radio)
    and TV3 (television) now challenging the state-controlled
    Radio-Telefis Eireann (RTE) organization. There are also a large
    number of independent radio stations operating in local areas. The
    Irish cable television system is available in urban areas with about
    one-third of the population having cable service, another third
    having multi-channel service, which includes British TV
    transmissions, and the remaining one-third receiving only RTE
    television programming.

-   The Advertising Standards Authority of Ireland
    ([http://www.asai.ie](http://www.asai.ie/)) has established a code
    of standards that must be complied with by all advertisers.
    Advertising films must be approved before showing. Detailed
    advertising rates can be obtained from most local advertising
    agencies.

-   There are numerous advertising agencies with a wide range of
    services in Ireland. Advertising agencies utilize every medium
    available to advertisers: direct mailings, press, radio, television,
    point-of-sale advertising, posters, and public transportation
    vehicles. Other promotional techniques, such as coupons, samples,
    premiums, and prizes, are also used. The government strictly
    enforces laws covering gaming and lotteries, as well as restrictive
    trade practices. Companies that advertise and sell goods and
    services should obtain local advice regarding provisions of the laws
    and consumer acceptance of promotional or marketing techniques.

Major organizations engaged in market research in Ireland are mainly
headquartered in Dublin. These firms provide the usual range of
services, including store audits, consumer surveys, product
field-testing, and attitude and motivation research. In general, if the
advertising technique works well for a product line in the United States
and elsewhere in Europe, the Irish market also should be receptive to
the theme. There are differences, however, in spending habits and
preferences for types of goods and services, and local opinion should be
obtained first for a specific strategy that calls for a major commitment
of resources.

## Pricing [**Return to top**](#ch3)

Sales quotations are usually given on a c.i.f. (cost, insurance,
freight) basis, to the point of importation. The c.i.f. quote is
generally preferred by Irish importers as they are familiar with the
customs charges and taxes on the product that are levied at the time of
importation, but may not be acquainted with U.S. trucking and ocean or
air charges.

-   Large firms and department stores, however, may purchase on f.o.b.
    (free on board) terms when they prefer to arrange for shipping and
    insure the goods themselves.

-   Quotations and invoices can be made in U.S. dollars.

-   Ireland incorporates EC customs duties, and applies a value-added
    tax (VAT) of 21% to virtually all goods, including imported goods,
    sold in Ireland.

## Due Diligence [**Return to top**](#ch3)

Manufacturers seeking an Irish agent or distributor to service the
domestic and European markets should consider visiting Ireland to
appraise the relative merits of prospective agents. In addition to
acquainting the U.S. exporter directly with local market conditions and
special sales characteristics, a visit also provides an opportunity to
discuss policy and sales campaigns with the agent or distributor, review
responsibility for customs fees, taxes, labeling, transportation
modalities, business procedures, payments and, if necessary,
registration. These responsibilities should always be clearly defined
before undertaking a long-term relationship.

-   The U.S. Commercial Service at the U.S. Embassy in Dublin offers a
    range of business solutions to U.S. firms seeking agents,
    distributors, sales, or business partners in Ireland. U.S. firms
    interested in achieving representation in Ireland are welcome to
    contact the U.S. Commercial Service in Dublin
    (<http://www.buyusa.gov/ireland>) for information on matchmaking
    services such as the Gold Key Service (GKS) and International
    Partner Search (IPS).

-   U.S. firms are strongly encouraged to maintain close contact with
    newly appointed agents or distributors throughout their working
    relationship. Since certain products and equipment require servicing
    to maintain their useful life, the U.S. exporter should determine
    when this is needed and develop a distribution network to include
    such servicing by qualified personnel. To develop trust, loyalty,
    and marketing skills, U.S. producers frequently bring their agents
    or distributors to the United States for training and marketing
    assistance.

-   Large Irish companies have listings on the Dublin and London stock
    exchanges and in recent years, emerging high technology and Internet
    companies have secured listings on the Nasdaq and German Neuer
    markets. Publicly traded companies must publish substantive annual
    reports which meet the reporting requirements laid down by the
    accounting bodies and which comply with stock exchange regulations.
    In addition, company legislation requires that every registered
    company both privately held and publicly traded must file a set of
    audited accounts annually with the Companies Registration Office.

Copies of such audited accounts can be obtained directly from the
Companies Registration Office for a specified fee at
[http://www.cro.ie](http://www.cro.ie/). In addition, mercantile
agencies such as Dun & Bradstreet Ireland will undertake commercial
credit reporting on any company in Ireland. These reports are available
on-line at [http://www.dbireland.com](http://www.dbireland.com/).

## Local Professional Services [**Return to top**](#ch3)

An updated list of local professional service providers, to assist U.S.
companies in doing business in Ireland, can be found on the CS Dublin
website at <http://www.buyusa.gov/ireland>.

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

[[]{#ch4 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

# Chapter 4: Leading Sectors for U.S. Export and Investment 

-   [Agricultural Sector](#agricultural-sectors-return-to-top)

**Commercial Sectors**

-   [1. Household and Consumer Goods](#household-and-consumer-goods)

-   [2. Drugs and Pharmaceuticals](#drugs-and-pharmaceuticals)

-   [3. Electrical Power Systems](#electrical-power-systems)

-   [4. Building Products](#building-products)

-   [5. Franchising](#franchising)

-   [6. Medical Equipment](#medical-equipment)

-   [7. Computer Software](#computer-software)

## 1. Household and Consumer Goods

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- ------------ -------------------
                           2003           2004         2005 (estimated)

  Total Market Size        16,750         17,244       17,744

  Total Local Production   14,100         14,523       14,959

  Total Exports            7,400          7,607        7,812

  Total Imports            10,000         10,260       10,506

  Imports from the U.S.    850            930          981
  ------------------------ -------------- ------------ -------------------

Note: The above statistics are unofficial estimates.

Growth in the household and consumer products market closely corresponds
with trends in consumer spending. There is strong demand for a wide
range of household and consumer goods in Ireland. The country has a long
tradition of furniture making and a wide variety of giftware
manufacturers and exporters, including Waterford Crystal and Newbridge
Silverware. In addition, there are some 100 overseas companies producing
household and consumer goods in Ireland including Hasbro, Braun and
Bose.

### Best Products/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

It is estimated that an Irish person spends more than \$2,000 a year
improving their home. Perhaps the biggest trend in the household and
consumer goods industry in recent years has been the constant demand for
outdoor and gardening products such as barbeques, patio heaters and
garden furniture. The market for garden furniture alone is estimated at
\$80 million. Demand for home security items like safes, key cabinets
and locked letterboxes has also risen. Other sectors of the market that
are doing well are sporting goods and apparel, hand tools, and toys and
games. Sales of electrical appliances are steady. With a relatively
young and growing population and some eighty percent homes privately
owned, this market represents long term growth potential.

### Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch4)

In addition to export sales of household and consumer goods in Ireland,
market opportunities include potential joint ventures with Irish
partners in products such as furniture, soft furnishings, housewares,
DIY/hardware, giftware, jewelry, toiletries and cosmetics, non-food
groceries, clothing, footwear, toys, stationery, music/books, sports
goods and leisure products.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

<http://www.forfas.ie/publications/retail_dynam/index.html>

## 2. Drugs and Pharmaceuticals

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  -------------------------- --------------- ----------- ------------------
                             2003            2004        2005 (estimated)

  Total Market Size          3,355           3,690       4,058

  Total Local Production     24,358          26,794      29,473

  Total Exports              23,650          26,016      28,618

  Total Imports              2,647           2,912       3,203

  Imports from the U.S.      532             585         645
  -------------------------- --------------- ----------- ------------------

Note: The above statistics are unofficial estimates based on SITC codes
54 and 51580.

Ireland is ranked among the top 10 pharmaceutical exporting countries in
the world. The industry comprises 120 foreign and national companies,
employing over 21,000 people. Total investment by overseas firms is
estimated at \$12 billion and employment growth in the sector averages
at around 8 percent every year. Statistics for 2005 indicate an increase
in exports of pharmaceuticals to over \$28 billion.

Pharmaceutical companies are generally small, employing between 250 and
500 people, 55 percent of whom are university graduates. Companies
engage in manufacturing, marketing, contract R&D and clinic trials and
produce both bulk and finished pharmaceuticals in the form of generic
and branded products. Sixteen out of the top twenty pharmaceutical
companies in the world have manufacturing facilities in Ireland. R&D
investment remains low at about 12 percent of annual sales revenue, but
this figure is expected to rise. Ireland's focus for the industry has
shifted from one of production to the movement of activities up the
value chain to include the development of R&D activities and the
establishment of customer support, telemarketing, shared services and
e-commerce activities.

### Best Prospects/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

A strong sub-supply sector has grown up around the pharmaceutical
industry to provide engineering, environmental consultancy, laboratory,
health and safety, packaging and other support services. Pharmaceutical
companies source 44 percent of all goods and services locally. The
sub-supply sector matches the industry in terms of employment on a
one-to-one ratio.

Ireland has the third lowest consumption per capita of medicines in the
EU yet the market is growing annually by over 10 percent. Inflation in
pharmaceutical products amounted to 5 percent compared to a EU average
of 1 percent in 2002. Due to the increased focus on costs, doctors are
being urged to prescribe more generic drugs. State expenditure on
medicines has increased in tandem with the increase in public
expenditure on health, driven by the introduction of Government
initiatives to improve public health, an increasing population and the
increasing availability of medical cards. Medicines account for just
10.6 percent of non-capital health expenditures. Despite heavy lobbying
from existing pharmacies, the Irish pharmacy market was deregulated at
the beginning of 2002, placing no limit on the number of licenses the
Government can issue for pharmacies subject to proper standards being
met.

### Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Self-medication remains an important part of the total Irish market for
pharmaceutical products with analgesics holding 26 percent market share,
cough and cold treatments, 23 percent, vitamins, 18 percent, digestive &
intestinal remedies, 17 percent and skin treatment, 16 percent. The four
leading therapy areas are cardiovascular system at 21 percent, central
nervous system, 18 percent, alimentary/metabolism, 17 percent and
respiratory, 11 percent. Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines account for 16
percent of the total pharmaceutical market. Pharmacies account for 81
percent of the distribution network, hospitals and doctors account for
15 percent, while the remaining 4 percent comprises of supermarkets and
other retail outlets.

Opportunities exist for U.S. suppliers to capitalize on the strong level
of receptivity for U.S. drugs and pharmaceuticals. Future market
potential remains strong due to an anticipated increase in population, a
general increase in health spending and the gradual aging of the
population. Most promising sub-sectors are generic medicines and
non-prescribed OTC products including complementary medicines.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

<http://www.idaireland.com/home/index.aspx?id=64>

## 3. Electrical Power Systems 

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- ------------ -------------------
                           2003           2004         2005 (estimated)

  Total Market Size        2,025          2,177        2,286

  Total Local Production   1,345          1,445        1,517

  Total Exports            495            532          558

  Total Imports            1,175          1,264        1,327

  Imports from the U.S.    190            205          215
  ------------------------ -------------- ------------ -------------------

Note: The above statistics are unofficial estimates

The Irish electricity market is fully liberalized and open to
competition since February 2005. The sector has experienced major
re-organization in recent years as the Irish government implemented EU
deregulation and liberalization proposals for the power generation and
transmission sector. Current installed generation capacity stands at
almost 5,900 MW. Total system demand is over 24,000 GWh annually and
growing at approximately 3.5% annually. It is forecast that Ireland
requires at least 400 MW of new generation capacity by 2009 to meet
demand requirements. The timelines for this capacity requirement are (A)
250 MW by 2007 and (B) 150 MW by 2009.

The Commission for Energy Regulation (CER) is the independent body
responsible for overseeing the liberalization of Ireland\'s energy
sector. The dominant local player is the utility - Electricity Supply
Board (ESB). ESB PG (Power Generation) is the largest (85%) owner of
Irish generation capacity. ESB PES (Public Electricity Supplier) is the
monopoly electricity supplier to customers in Ireland. DSO/MRSO are the
operators of the Distribution System and Meter Registration Systems
respectively. While these activities are licensed individually, the
current holder of both licenses is the ESB. The ownership of the
transmission system rests with the ESB as transmission asset owner (TAO)
while ESB National Grid, soon to be renamed EirGrid, acts as the
Transmission System Operator (TSO).

### Best Prospects/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Given the continued strong growth in electricity demand, there are
concerns about Ireland's ability to cope with possible electricity
supply/demand shortfalls especially given the country's relative
isolation from the European electricity network. An inter-connector,
with a net transfer capacity of 330MW, with Northern Ireland represents
Ireland's sole connectivity to the European network. The establishment
of a Single Electricity Market for the island of Ireland will occur by
July 2007 following completion of the joint Ireland/Northern Ireland
All-Island Project (AIP). The Irish government is also evaluating the
feasibility of constructing a 500 MW East-West inter-connector with
Wales. Finally, the Irish government's ongoing commitment to develop the
renewable sector represents another growth segment.

### Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch4)

U.S. companies have achieved success in supplying technology, equipment,
and systems to Irish powergen operators. The ESB's ongoing investment
plans for upgrading its powergen assets, transmission and distribution
networks allied with IPP investment in new generation capacity offer
excellent opportunities going forward.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

[http://www.cer.ie](http://www.cer.ie/)

<http://www.e-tenders.gov.ie/>

[http://www.esb.ie](http://www.esb.ie/)

[http://www.eirgrid.ie](http://www.eirgrid.ie/)

## 4. Building Products

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- ------------ -------------------
                           2003           2004         2005 (estimated)

  Total Market Size        1,853          1,883        1,917

  Total Local Production   1,513          1,537        1,565

  Total Exports            573            584          599

  Total Imports            917            935          958

  Imports from the U.S.    47.4           48.1         49.2
  ------------------------ -------------- ------------ -------------------

Note: The above statistics are unofficial estimates.

The housing market remains strong in Ireland, buoyed by consistent
economic growth at 4-5%, the highest in Europe. Prospects for the
construction industry remain stable in the short to medium term. Some
estimates show the market for building products in Ireland to have
doubled over the last five years.

### Best Prospects/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Ireland has a well-developed indigenous building products industry.
Concrete products, roof tiles, clay bricks, cement, insulated wall and
roofing systems, timber products including roof timbers and windows,
bathroom products, and decorative coatings are all produced locally. At
the same time, the market is very open to innovative imports, as well as
time saving and low maintenance products.

### Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch4)

2005 is set to be a reasonably good year for the timber market. Demand
has come from both new-home buyers looking to get their new houses set
up and from existing householders who have decided to renovate. In the
flooring end of the market, consumers are moving over to timber as a
flooring solution more so than ever before and demand for timber decking
in 2004 has been strong. Roofing and cladding sales continue to be
fairly buoyant especially in the domestic housing market with concrete
and cement fiber tiles being the most popular. PVC fascia and rain water
systems are also in demand.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

<http://www.irishbuildingindustry.ie/>

## 5. Franchising

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ----------------------------- ----------- ----------- -------------------
                                2003        2004        2005 (estimated)

  Total Sales                   1,484       1,573       2,300

  Total Sales by Local Firms    267         284         253

  Sales by Foreign-owned Firms  1,217       1,289       1,150

  Sales by U.S.-owned Firms     697         739         897

                                                        
  ----------------------------- ----------- ----------- -------------------

Note: The above statistics are unofficial estimates and exclude food
retailer/symbol franchises.

The franchise sector has experienced substantial growth in the past few
years with 250 systems now operating over 2,000 individual units in
Ireland. The industry supports approximately 18,000 full-time equivalent
jobs and during 2005 generated annual sales of almost \$2.3 billion. The
number of franchise outlets is expected to double over the next three
years. Today, the market is attracting the attention of U.S. franchise
companies that may have overlooked Ireland in the past opting first to
exploit larger EU markets. This surge in interest is being met by a
healthy supply base of potential master licensees and franchisees.

### Best Prospects/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

The principal sectors served by franchise operations in Ireland are
food, home improvement, maintenance, business and professional services.
The U.S. is now the dominant source of franchises accounting for 39
percent of the market, overtaking the U.K. by 8 percent, while
indigenous franchises account for a further 11 percent. U.S. franchises
include household names such as Mail Boxes, Etc., McDonald's, TGI
Fridays, Quiznos and Remax together with fast growing franchises such as
Candleman, Curves and Cuts for Fitness. In line with high growth in the
sector, established fast food companies including KFC, Burger King and
Domino's Pizza have announced aggressive expansion plans to develop a
combined total of 140 units over the next four years.

### Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Indigenous franchises are also contributing to the strong growth of the
sector with the rapid expansion of franchises such as Supermacs,
Abrakebabra, Nectar Juice Bars and Ireland's most successful domestic
and international franchise, O'Briens Irish Sandwich Bars. Future growth
areas include automotive, childcare, cleaning, home maintenance, retail,
senior homecare, restaurant and food-related franchises.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

<http://www.irishfranchiseassociation.com/>

## 6. Medical Equipment

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------- -------------- -------------- -----------------
                            2003           2004           2005(estimated)

  Total Market Size         320            352            385

  Total Local Production    1,782          1,960          2,156

  Total Exports             2,061          2,267          2,494

  Total Imports             599            659            723

  Imports from the U.S.     357            393            432
  ------------------------- -------------- -------------- -----------------

Note: The above statistics are unofficial estimates based on SITC codes
87211 to 87240.

The medical devices industry currently consists of almost 100
manufacturing companies that employ approximately 22,000 people in
Ireland. The sector is characterized by significant and continuing U.S.
investment with 15 of the world's top 25 medical technologies companies
having significant operations in Ireland. In 2005, exports are expected
to reach almost \$2.2 billion.

### Best Products/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

International manufacturers use Ireland as a manufacturing and sales
base and export their output to European and worldwide markets. Many
companies operate in niche sectors with predominant activity centered on
non-powered passive devices. Sub-sectors include interventional
products, orthopedic implants, contact lenses, micro-electronic devices,
dental, hearing and disposable products. Indigenous manufacturers are
primarily small-scale companies producing disposable products. However,
an increased interest in hi-tech products and R&D is rapidly emerging.
The government of Ireland has pledged over \$363 million to support a
range of projects to develop research and development infrastructures,
provide training and to facilitate technology licensing and industry
development.

### Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Following from the publication of the National Health Strategy Plan 2002
-- 2011 in November 2001, the Irish government's attention has turned to
the radical reform of the healthcare service industry. A series of
reports have been published which outline proposed steps to create a
system that is more accountable, efficient and capable of responding to
emerging public needs through focusing on reorganization, financial
management, manpower issues and information management. The reform of
the sector will bring new and extensive opportunities for U.S. medical
device and telemedicine companies in the medium to long term.

The U.S. dominates the import market as U.S. medical devices and
equipment enjoy a strong reputation among Irish medical personnel. Most
promising sub-sectors include medical instruments, disposable medical
products and electro-medical apparatus. Major opportunities also exist
for sub-supply companies as manufacturers increasingly source from the
local market.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

<http://www.ibec.ie/ibecweb.nsf/wvBusinessAssociations/Irish_Medical_Devices_Association?OpenDocument>

## 7. Computer Software

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- ------------ -------------------
                           2003           2004         2005 (estimated)

  Total Market Size        718            740          777

  Total Local Production   15,710         16,180       16,990

  Total Exports            15,395         15,855       16,648

  Total Imports            403            415          435

  Imports from the U.S.    175            180          189
  ------------------------ -------------- ------------ -------------------

Note: The above statistics are unofficial estimates.

The Irish software market is one of Ireland's strongest business sectors
with annual growth rates of 5-10 percent in recent years. Overall, the
market is more fragmented than the computer hardware sector, and the
applications software segment is very fragmented. The Irish software
industry is comprised of 900 firms employing over 30,000 people. It is
an exported-oriented industry with over 90% of domestic production sold
abroad. While Ireland is ranked as one of the largest exporters of
software worldwide, some 60% of Irish software exports actually
originate from U.S. subsidiaries. The 140 multinational software
companies located in Ireland employ 15,000 people and use their
operations to carry out a broad range of activities including core
software development, eLearning, product customization, software
testing, and fulfillment.

### Best Products/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

IT spending is expected to grow by 3% in 2006. The two key drivers
behind future growth are an increased focus on business-value
propositions as opposed to operational cost reduction among IT decision
makers and stronger Government IT spending. Expenditure on ERP and
financial enterprise system software is estimated at \$66 million while
expenditure on IT services such as application development and system
integration is estimated at \$240 million. Expenditure on network
storage software is over \$70 million while the security software market
is estimated at \$114 million. Spending on software in the healthcare
sector is expected to reach \$31 million in 2006. The business
intelligence software and services market is developing (no estimates
available) with almost all the major international competitors having a
local market presence.

### Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch4)

The Irish software sector offers excellent opportunities, at both market
and sectoral levels, for U.S. firms with innovative and leading-edge
software products. Market-specific opportunities exist within the ERP,
financial, healthcare, telecom segments outlined above while sectoral
potential is encompassed by looking upon Ireland as a proven 'gateway to
Europe'. In this regard, U.S. software SME's seeking to penetrate the
lucrative European software market should consider entering into joint
venture/licensing agreements with Irish firms who have the experience of
exporting to EU markets. Local software firms engaging in exporting are
interested in matching up with U.S. software firms.

The indigenous software sector (800+ firms) is concentrated around three
niche segments: (1) telecoms/internet software, (2)
financial/training/healthcare software, and (3) digital media/eLearning.
The success of these companies is based on the following common
characteristics. First, the companies build their business around a
product offering rather than services. Second, export markets are a
priority as Ireland is a small market. Third, the market targeted is
typically a niche (or vertical) market free from the major multinational
players. Fourth, there is an emphasis on quality processes and products,
and a significant percentage of Irish companies have quality
certification. Finally, attention is paid to the management of the
business. The combination of these characteristics has played a major
part in the emergence of an indigenous software industry and a number of
companies are leading their markets with innovative middleware and
internet solutions.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

<http://www.ictireland.ie/>

[http://www.software.ie](http://www.software.ie/)

<http://www.e-tenders.gov.ie/>

[http://www.ireach.ie](http://www.ireach.ie/)

## Agricultural Sectors [**Return to top**](#ch4)

## 1. Brewers or Distiller's Dregs and Waste

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+
|                        | [2003]{     | [2004]{.u | [2               |
|                        | .underline} | nderline} | 005]{.underline} |
|                        |             |           |                  |
|                        | [Metric     | [Metric   | [Metric tons     |
|                        | tons]{      | tons]{.u  | (e               |
|                        | .underline} | nderline} | st)]{.underline} |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+
| Total Consumption      | 186,856     | 159,534   | 170,000          |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+
| Total Local Production | Nil         | Nil       | Nil              |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+
| Total Exports          | 28,546      | 16,080    | 10,000           |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+
| Total Imports          | 212,817     | 175,614   | 180,000          |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+
| Imports from U.S.      | 202,315     | 161,452   | 170,000          |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+

Note: The above statistics for 2005 are unofficial estimates

Ireland imports significant amounts of feed ingredients to supplement
native grown grain and grass-based animal feeds. While the quantities
imported over the past few years have been declining steadily as a
result of lower consumption in the beef cattle sector, the market
remains relatively sizable. Consumption, reduced due to lower prices for
cattle (as producers reduce the use of non-grass based feed ingredients
in the winter months), was further hindered by farmer reaction to
disease outbreaks, especially BSE and in 2001 - hoof and mouth disease
(FMD). Large quantities of corn gluten feed (CGF) and other byproducts
of the brewing industry such as corn sprout pellets continue to be
imported. While U.S. suppliers dominate imports, competition for the
market is intense with Canadian and South American supplies available.
Importers are also prepared to substitute with Asian-sourced feed
ingredients if there is a price advantage.

In addition to brewer's dregs and wastes, Irish importers import
significant quantities of soybean and other feed grains. Proposed EU
legislation on labeling and trace ability of genetically modified
organisms will hinder trade in soybeans and other GM products from all
sources, and it remains to be seen how importers juggle demand with
almost certain higher prices if genetic testing becomes the norm.
Exporters should note that Irish authorities have a "zero-tolerance"
policy in relation to meat and bone mean. Any animal feed grain or
ingredient found with any (even a trace of) MBM will be detained and
destroyed.

For further details, importer contacts etc. exporters should contact the
Office of Agricultural Affairs, American Embassy, Dublin; tel:
+353-1-630 6253, fax: +353-1-668 7423 or email: agdublin@usda.gov.

[**Return to top**](#ch4)

## Agricultural Sectors [**Return to top**](#ch4)

## 2. Fruit (Pears)

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+
|                        | [2003]{     | [2004]{.u | [2               |
|                        | .underline} | nderline} | 005]{.underline} |
|                        |             |           |                  |
|                        | [Metric     | [Metric   | [Metric tons     |
|                        | tons]{      | tons]{.u  | (e               |
|                        | .underline} | nderline} | st)]{.underline} |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+
| Total Consumption      | 8,538       | 8,814     | 8,900            |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+
| Total Local Production | Nil         | Nil       | Nil              |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+
| Total Exports          | 384         | 265       | 300              |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+
| Total Imports          | 8,922       | 9,079     | 9,200            |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+
| Imports from U.S.      | 236         | 186       | 250              |
+------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------------+

Note: The above statistics for 2005 are unofficial estimates

Given its temperate climate, Ireland must import all of its tropical,
citrus, and other out-of-season fruit. Opportunities exist for
year-round imports of all fruit, particularly oranges, grapefruit, pears
and grapes. Strong marketing of U.S. pears has made Irish consumers
aware of the availability and quality of U.S. produce. A similar effort
for U.S. apples is now underway and is producing encouraging results.

Further marketing efforts could increase opportunities for exports of
other fruits to Ireland. However, many exporters such as those in
southern EU member states, North African countries, and South Africa are
extremely active and price competitive in the marketplace.

For further details, importer contacts etc. exporters should contact the
Office of Agricultural Affairs, American Embassy, Dublin; tel:
+353-1-630 6253, fax: +353-1-668 7423 or email: agdublin@usda.gov.

[**Return to top**](#ch4)

## Agricultural Sectors [**Return to top**](#ch4)

## 3. Wine

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------
                           2003           2004           2005 Kiloliters
                           Kiloliters     Kiloliters     

  Total Consumption        53,769         66,393         65,000

  Total Local Production   Nil            Nil            Nil

  Total Exports            618            147            200

  Total Imports            54,387         66,540         65,200

  Imports from U.S.        5,499          5,618          5,800
  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------

Note: The above statistics for 2005 are unofficial estimates. (The
increase in consumption in 2004 shown above masks an increase in
carry-over stock and should be treated carefully.)

There has been continued and sustained growth in the Irish wine market
since 1990. Much of this growth has been in an abundance of so-called
"New World" wines. It is now estimated that over 49% of the population
of Ireland regularly drink wine, compare to 28% in 1990, and that red
wine holds a 51% share of total sales. Part of the growth can be
attributed to the increase in spending power that economic growth has
created; and part can be attributed to Irish consumers openness to new
tastes.

U.S. wine exports to Ireland have stabilized in the past two years,
after ten years of continuous growth. From being a relatively unknown
source of wine in the early 1990's, U.S. labels have gained a 10% share
of the Irish market. The success of U.S. wine can be attributed to
strong marketing by a small number of labels aimed at the popular price
bracket. Wine exports should try to build on the favorable market
reaction, which U.S. wines currently enjoy. Irish importers continue to
seek out new labels, and as many of the wines currently on sale in
Ireland originate from California, opportunities exist for wines from
other states. Wine from smaller vineyards or \"boutique wines\" have
also become popular with importers.

Exporters should note that there is active competition among exporting
countries. Main competition continues to be from labels from EU
countries, Australia and New Zealand. Strong marketing by Chilean and
especially South African labels during the past few years resulted in
increased market shares for these wines. Marketing efforts of exporters
should also include point of sale material, which helps consumers focus
attention on labels. Many wineries also include marketing promotions
such as competitions to gain a customer base especially for wines at the
inexpensive sector of the market. Exporters should also note that as
excise duties are quite high in Ireland, an inexpensive wine at winery
level might in fact become relatively expensive when it reaches retail
level.

For further details, importer contacts etc. exporters should contact the
Office of Agricultural Affairs, American Embassy, Dublin; tel:
+353-1-630 6253, fax: +353-1-668 7423 or email: agdublin@usda.gov.

[**Return to top**](#ch4)

## Agricultural Sectors [**Return to top**](#ch4)

## 4. Sauces 

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------
                           2003 \$        2004 \$        2005 \$ Million
                           Million        Million        

  Total Consumption        NA             NA             NA

  Total Local Production   NA             NA             NA

  Total Exports            NA             NA             NA

  Total Imports            37.5           49.9           52.0

  Imports from U.S.        0.349          0.406          0.5
  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------

The above data includes items such as mixed condiments and seasonings
but the overall level of annual increase is an important indicator of
the popularity of the sector. Data on local consumption and exports are
not available. The 2005 data are unofficial estimates.

The market for ready-made sauces has expanded considerably in Ireland
over the past few years and has become a potential niche market for U.S.
suppliers especially those involved in ethnic food sauces. While Ethnic
food (Chinese, Indian, Mexican) is still a growth sector within his
sectors, such as Chinese are reaching maturity. While Indian food
continues to increase in popularity there is some market belief that
Tex-Mex may be the next successful segment.

For further details, importer contacts etc. exporters should contact the
Office of Agricultural Affairs, American Embassy, Dublin; tel:
+353-1-630 6253, fax: +353-1-668 7423 or email: agdublin@usda.gov.

[**Return to top**](#ch4)

## Agricultural Sectors [**Return to top**](#ch4)

## 5. Hardwood Lumber 

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------
                           2003 \$        2004 \$        2005 \$ Million
                           Million        Million        

  Total Consumption        NA             NA             NA

  Total Local Production   NA             NA             NA

  Total Exports            NA             NA             NA

  Total Imports            52.0           54.0           55.0

  Imports from U.S.        10.0           12.0           12.0
  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------

Note: The above statistics for 2005 are unofficial estimates.

Good economic conditions have increased the usage of hardwood lumber in
Irish construction and interior usage since the mid 1990\'s. American
lumber has built up a sizable market share in the past ten years.
Importers have become familiar with the quality of the product from
marketing activities carried out by U.S. lumber companies and
associations.

For further details, importer contacts etc. exporters should contact the
Office of Agricultural Affairs, American Embassy, Dublin; tel:
+353-1-630 6253, fax: +353-1-668 7423 or email: <agdublin@usda.gov>.

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

[[]{#ch5 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

# Chapter 5: Trade Regulations and Standards

-   [Import Tariffs](#import-tariffs-return-to-top)

-   [Import Requirements and
    Documentation](#import-requirements-and-documentation-return-to-top)

-   [Temporary Entry](#temporary-entry-return-to-top)

-   [Labeling and Marking Requirements](#twentyone)

-   [Customs Contact
    Information](#customs-contact-information-return-to-top)

-   [Standards](#standards-return-to-top)

-   [Web Resources](#web-resources-return-to-top)

Ireland has been a member of the European Union (EU) since January 1,
1973. The EU is a customs union with free trade among the 25 Member
States. The EU levies a common tariff on imports coming from non-EU
countries such as the United States. The EU also has a common
agricultural policy, joint transportation policy, and free movement of
goods and capital within Member States. Under agreements reached between
the 25 EU member states and the remaining four members of the European
Free Trade Association (EFTA), duty-free trade for industrial products
has been achieved between the 15 EU and 3 EFTA countries. Taxes, such as
the value-added tax (VAT) and excise taxes, are levied in the country of
final destination.

## Import Tariffs [**Return to top**](#ch5)

Ireland applies EU tariffs (customs duties) which are based on the
international Harmonized System (HS) of product classification. Duty
rates on manufactured goods from the United States generally range from
five to eight percent and are usually based on the c.i.f. value of the
goods at the port of entry. The c.i.f. value is the price of the goods
(usually the sales price) plus packing costs, insurance, and freight
charges to the port of entry. See:
<http://www.revenue.ie/services/customs.htm>

-   Most raw materials enter duty free or at low rates. In accordance
    with EU regulations, agricultural and food items are often subject
    to import levies that vary depending on world market prices. The
    rates are based on the composition of foods and in particular some
    packaged foodstuffs can be affected.

Valued-added tax (VAT) is charged on the sale of goods and services
within Ireland. Unlike customs duty, which is the same for all EU member
countries, VAT is established by the tax authorities of each country and
differs from country to country.

-   In Ireland, the standard VAT rate is 21 percent.

-   At each stage of the manufacturing and distribution chain, the
    seller adds the appropriate amount of VAT (tax on the amount of
    value that the seller added to the product, plus the amount of VAT
    passed on to the seller by the supplier) to the sales price.

-   The tax is always quoted separately on the invoice. This process
    repeats itself at each stage until the product is sold to the final
    consumer, who bears the full burden of the tax.

-   Every second month, all firms based in Ireland who are registered
    for VAT purposes subtract the VAT paid on the purchases of goods and
    services from the VAT collected on sales and remit the balance to
    the Irish government.

-   For imports into Ireland, the VAT is levied at the same rate as for
    domestic products or transactions. The basis on which the VAT is
    charged on imports is the c.i.f. value at the port of entry, plus
    any duty, excise taxes, levies, or other charges (excluding the VAT)
    collected by customs at the time of importation. This total
    represents the value of the import when it clears customs.

-   The importer is liable for payment of customs duties, VAT, and any
    other charges at the time of clearing the goods through customs.

-   Temporary imports that will be re-exported are not subject to the
    VAT. The importer may have to post a temporary bond for the amount
    of the customs duty and taxes as security, which will be canceled
    when the goods are taken out of the country.

-   Digitally-delivered goods and services such as software, music,
    film, games, and distant learning programs that are consumed within
    the EU are subject to VAT irrespective of whether they came from EU
    or non-EU based suppliers.

Excise taxes are levied on a limited number of products such as gasoline
and diesel fuel, spirits, beer, wine, bottled water, cider, tobacco,
motor vehicles, and liquid petroleum gas. The excise rates vary,
depending on the products. The tax is imposed whether the goods are
manufactured in Ireland or imported from EU or non-EU countries.

-   Duties on excise goods imported from non-EU countries may be
    collected at the point of importation or when the goods are
    subsequently removed from a bonded warehouse.

-   Excise tax is in addition to any customs duty or VAT. For trade
    within the EU, the duties are collected in the Member State of
    consumption. Special arrangements operate to allow excise goods to
    move duty free between the Member States and to collect the duty in
    the country of consumption.

-   Firms wishing to manufacture goods subject to excise tax in Ireland
    must first obtain a license from the Office of the Revenue
    Commissioners. Premises may be approved to receive and store certain
    excise goods without payment of duty. This approval allows the
    deferral of duty on goods while they are being worked on or stored.
    Authorization may be obtained to import goods without the payment of
    tax to undergo processing and re-exportation.

## Import Requirements and Documentation [**Return to top**](#ch5)

Prior to signing a long-term contract or sending a shipment of
considerable value, a U.S. exporter may wish to first obtain an official
ruling on Irish customs classification, duty, and taxes.

-   Requests can be sent to The Office of the Revenue Commissioners,
    Division IV, Dublin Castle, Dublin 2,
    (<http://www.revenue.ie/services/bus_cust1.htm>). The request should
    describe the product, the material from which it is made, and other
    details needed by customs authorities to classify the product
    correctly.

While customs will not provide a binding decision, the advance ruling
usually will be accepted if the goods are found to correspond exactly to
the sample or description provided.

-   Shipments to Ireland require one copy each of the bill of lading (or
    air waybill) and the commercial invoice for customs clearance.

-   Although no special format is necessary for the commercial invoice,
    it is advisable to include the following: date and place of
    shipment; name (firm's name) and address of the seller and the
    buyer; method of shipping; number, kind, and markings of the
    packages and their numerical order; description of the goods using
    the usual commercial description according to kind, quality, grade,
    and the weight (gross and net, in metric units) along with any
    factors increasing or decreasing the value; agreed price of goods;
    unit cost; total cost f.o.b. factory plus shipping; insurance
    charges; delivery and payment terms; and the signature of a
    responsible official of the shipper's firm.

-   Bills of lading should bear the name of the party to be notified.
    The consignee needs the original bill of lading in order to take
    possession of the goods.

-   Certificates of Origin are not required for goods of U.S. origin.
    Products which U.S. companies import and then re-export to Ireland
    require a Certificate of Origin, or other documentation that clearly
    proves their origin. Should Ireland maintain a quota on a product
    made in a foreign country, the U.S. exporter cannot re-export this
    product to Ireland.

-   Ireland participates in the International Convention to Facilitate
    the Importation of Commercial Samples and Advertising Materials.
    Samples of negligible value imported to promote sales are accorded
    duty-free and tax-free treatment. Prior authorization is not
    required. To determine whether the samples are of negligible value,
    their value is compared with that of a commercial shipment of the
    same product.

-   In obtaining duty-free status, it may be necessary for samples be
    rendered useless for future sale by marking, perforating, cutting,
    or other means.

-   Imported samples of commercial value may be granted a temporary
    entry and exemption from customs charges. A security is required in
    the amount of duty and tax chargeable, plus 10 percent.

-   Samples may remain in the country for up to one year. Samples cannot
    be sold, put to their normal use (except for demonstration
    purposes), or utilized in any manner of remuneration.

-   Goods imported as samples may be imported only in quantities
    constituting a sample according to normal commercial usage.

Simplified procedures are available to traveling U.S. business and
professional people for the temporary importation of commercial samples
and professional equipment for display or demonstration though the use
of a "carnet." A carnet is a customs document, obtained prior to
departure, which facilitates customs clearance for temporary imports.

-   With the carnet, goods may be imported without the payment of duty,
    tax, or additional security.

-   A carnet is usually valid for one year from the date of issuance. A
    bond or cash deposit of 40 percent of the value of the goods covered
    by the carnet is also required. This will be forfeited in the event
    the products are not re-exported and duties and taxes are not paid.
    Carnets can be obtained from the U.S. Council for International
    Business ([www.atacarnet@uscib.org]()).

## Temporary Entry [**Return to top**](#ch5)

Adequate warehousing facilities are available in major Irish cities.
Bonded warehouses are operated in Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford, and
Galway. The Dublin Port Company maintains the largest warehousing
organization in the country. In addition to storage facilities, the
Board provides services needed by distributors such as packing, sorting,
bottling, and transport service. Imported goods liable to a duty may be
stored in a bonded warehouse in the port area or other locations without
payment of duties or taxes. The goods may remain there until needed, at
which time they are cleared for Irish consumption by payment of duties
and taxes, or sent to the country of destination.

Simplified procedures are available to traveling U.S. business and
professional people for the temporary importation of commercial samples
and professional equipment for display or demonstration though the use
of a "carnet." A carnet is a customs document, obtained prior to
departure, which facilitates customs clearance for temporary imports.
With the carnet, goods may be imported without the payment of duty, tax,
or additional security. A carnet is usually valid for one year from the
date of issuance. A bond or cash deposit of 40 percent of the value of
the goods covered by the carnet is also required. This will be forfeited
in the event the products are not re-exported and duties and taxes are
not paid. Carnets can be obtained from the U.S. Council for
International Business ([www.atacarnet@uscib.org]()).\

## Labeling and Marking Requirements [**Return to top**](#ch5)

In Ireland, with only minor exceptions, there are no general
requirements for marking imported goods with the country of origin.
Certain food products must show particulars of place of origin, where
its absence might mislead the consumer.

-   Requirements for specific products should be obtained from the Irish
    importer.

-   The import, export, or transit of non-Irish goods with markings that
    would lead one to believe that the goods are of Irish manufacture or
    origin is prohibited.

-   False or misleading trademarks, product descriptions, and other
    deceptive indications are also prohibited. Goods may not be imported
    with marks suggestive of Irish origin unless they bear an indication
    of their true origin.

-   There are no regulations for the marking of shipping packages.
    Proper shipping practice dictates that packages should bear the
    consignee\'s mark and be numbered unless the shipment is such that
    the content of the packages can be readily identified without
    numbers.

-   Packaged foods must carry labels that conform to Irish labeling
    requirements. The information shown on the label is designed to
    provide the consumer with adequate details about the products
    including details on ingredients, net weight, \"best before\" date,
    \"use by\" date, and general usage instructions.

-   In relation to "best before" and "use by" dates, U.S. exporters
    should note that in Ireland dates are written in the following
    sequence: date, then month, then year. For example: 30 Nov 05,
    30-11-05, or 30/11/05.

Irish labeling requirements are similar to those used elsewhere in the
EU, except that the Irish authorities require that the name and the EU
address of the manufacturer, distributor, or packer also appear on the
label. Manufacturers should be mindful that, in addition to the EU's
mandatory and voluntary schemes, national voluntary labeling schemes
might still apply. These schemes may be highly appreciated by consumers,
and thus, become unavoidable for marketing purposes.

Manufacturers are advised to take note that all labels require metric
units although dual labeling is also acceptable until end of December
2009. The use of language on labels has been the subject of a Commission
Communication, which encourages multilingual information, while
preserving the freedom of Member States to require the use of language
of the country of consumption.

## Customs Contact Information [**Return to top**](#ch5)

<http://www.revenue.ie/services/customs.htm>

## Standards [**Return to top**](#ch5)

-   [Overview](#overview-return-to-top-12)

-   [Standards Organizations](#standards-organizations-return-to-top)

-   [Conformity Assessment](#conformity-assessment-return-to-top)

-   [Product Certification](#product-certification-return-to-top)

-   [Accreditation](#accreditation-return-to-top)

-   [Publication of Technical
    Regulations](#publication-of-technical-regulations-return-to-top)

-   [Labeling and Marking](#labeling-and-marking-return-to-top)

###  Overview [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

The National Standards Authority of Ireland (NSAI) is Ireland\'s
Standards body ([http://nsai.ie](http://nsai.ie/)). NSAI facilitates the
development of voluntary standard documents that manufacturers or
service providers may use as an aid to meeting safety or customer
requirements. It is also a leading supplier of product and systems
Certifications Services, both domestically and internationally, and is
the provider of Legal Metrology services in Ireland. The NSAI has
offices throughout Ireland and in the United States where its standards
and certification services are provided on a commercial basis. The NSAI
represents the Irish interests in European and international Standards
bodies - groups that work towards the harmonization of standards and the
removal of technical barriers to trade.

As a member of the EU, Ireland applies the product standards and
certification approval process developed by the Community. Since the
development of a single product standard, U.S. exporters have found it
easier to comply with one EU-wide standard rather than having to meet
several individual national standards when exporting to Europe.

-   Products tested and certified in the U.S. to American standards are
    likely to have to be retested and re-certified to European Union
    (EU) requirements as a result of the EU's different approach to the
    protection of the health and safety of consumers and the
    environment.

-   Where products are not regulated by specific EU technical
    legislation, they are always subject to the EU's General Product
    Safety Directive as well as to possible additional national
    requirements.
    ([http://europa.eu.int/comm/consumers/cons_safe/prod_safe/index_en.htm]{.underline})

European Union standards created in recent years under the New Approach
are harmonized across the 25 EU member states and European Economic Area
countries in order to allow for the free flow of goods. A feature of the
New Approach is CE marking. While harmonization of EU legislation can
facilitate access to the EU Single Market, manufacturers should be aware
that regulations and technical standards might also become barriers to
trade if U.S. standards are different from those of the European Union.

###  Standards Organizations [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

EU Standards setting is a process based on consensus initiated by
industry or mandated by the European Commission and carried out by
independent standards bodies, acting at the national, European or
international level. There is strong encouragement for non-governmental
organizations, such as environmental and consumer groups, to actively
participate in European standardization.

-   Many standards in the EU are adopted from international standards
    bodies such as the International Standards Organization (ISO). The
    drafting of specific EU standards is handled by three European
    standards organizations:

-   CENELEC, European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
    ([http://www.cenelec.org/]{.underline})

-   ETSI, European Telecommunications Standards Institute
    ([www.etsi.org]{.underline})

-   CEN, European Committee for Standardization, handling all other
    standards ([http://www.cenorm.be/]{.underline})

-   Standards are created or modified by experts in Technical Committees
    or Working Groups. The members of CEN and CENELEC are the national
    standards bodies of the member states, which have "mirror
    committees" which monitor and participate in ongoing European
    standardization. CEN and CENELEC standards are sold by the
    individual member states standards bodies as well as through the
    American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
    [http://www.ansi.org/]{.underline}.

-   ETSI is different in that it allows direct participation in its
    technical committees from non-EU companies that have interests in
    Europe and gives away its individual standards at no charge on its
    website. In addition to the three standards developing
    organizations, the Commission of the European Union plays an
    important role in standardization through its funding of the
    participation in the standardization process of small and medium
    sized companies and non-governmental organizations, such as
    environmental and consumer groups. It also provides money to the
    standards bodies when it mandates standards development to the
    European Standards Organization for harmonized standards that will
    be linked to EU technical regulations. All EU harmonized standards,
    which provide the basis for CE marking, can be found on
    [www.newapproach.org/]{.underline}

Due to the EU's vigorous promotion of its regulatory and standards
system as well as its generous funding for its business development, the
EU's standards regime is wide and deep - extending well beyond the EU's
political borders to include affiliate members (countries which
anticipate to become full members in the future) such as Albania,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania, FYR of Macedonia, and Turkey. Another
category, called "partner standardization bodies" includes the standards
organizations of South Africa, Egypt, Serbia/Montenegro and Ukraine,
which are not likely to join the EU or CEN any time soon, but have an
interest in participating in specific CEN technical committees. They
agree to pay a fee for full participation in certain technical
committees and agree to implement the committee's adopted standards as
national standards. Many other countries are targets of the EU's
technical assistance program, which is aimed at exporting EU standards
and technical regulations to developing countries such as the
Mediterranean and Balkan countries, some Latin American countries,
China, and Russia.

-   To know what CEN and CENELEC have in the pipeline for future
    standardization, it is best to visit their websites. CEN's "business
    domain" page provides an overview by sector and/or technical
    committee whereas CENELEC offers the possibility to search its
    database. ETSI's portal
    ([http://portal.etsi.org/Portal_Common/home.asp]{.underline}) leads
    to ongoing activities.

-   With the need to more quickly adapt to market needs, European
    standards organizations have been looking for "new deliverables"
    which are standard-like products delivered in a shorter timeframe.
    While few of these "new deliverables" have been linked to EU
    regulation, expectations are that they will eventually serve as the
    basis for a EU wide standard.
    [www.cenorm.be/cenorm/workarea/sectorfora/isss(ict)/index.asp]{.underline}

###  Conformity Assessment [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

Conformity Assessment is a mandatory step for the manufacturer in the
process of complying with specific EU legislation. The purpose of
conformity assessment is to ensure consistency of compliance during all
stages of the production process to facilitate acceptance of the final
product. EU product legislation gives manufacturers some choice with
regard to conformity assessment, depending on the level of risk involved
in the use of their product. These range from self-certification, type
examination and production quality control system, to full quality
assurance system.

-   You can find conformity assessment bodies in individual member state
    country in this list by the European Commission
    [http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/nando-is/home/index.cfm.]{.underline}

-   To promote market acceptance of the final product, there are a
    number of voluntary conformity assessment programs. CEN's
    certification systems are the Keymark, the CENCER mark, and the
    European Standard Agreement Group. CENELEC has its own initiative
    [www.cenelec.org/Cenelec/Homepage.htm]{.underline} ETSI does not
    offer conformity assessment services.

###  Product Certification [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

To sell their product on the EU market of 25 member states as well as
Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland, U.S. exporters are required to apply
CE marking whenever their product is covered by specific product
legislation. CE marking product legislation offers manufacturers a
number of choices and requires decisions to determine which
safety/health concerns need to be addressed, which conformity assessment
module is best suited to the manufacturing process, and whether or not
to use EU-wide harmonized standards. There is no easy way for U.S.
exporters to understand and go through the process of CE marking, but
hopefully this chapter provides some background and clarification.

In the eighties, the New Approach was launched to overcome the lengthy
adoption process of "old approach" type legislation. The goal of the
European Union\'s harmonization program under the New Approach is to
streamline technical harmonization and the development of standards for
certain product groups, including, among others, machinery, toys,
construction products, electromagnetic compatibility, personal
protective equipment, non-automatic weighing instruments, medical
devices, gas appliances, hot water boilers, and radio and
telecommunications terminal equipment (RTTE). Under the New Approach,
Directives cover essential safety, health and environmental
requirements. The three regional European standards organizations, CEN,
CENELEC and ETSI, are mandated by the Commission to develop technical
standards that are consistent with the essential requirements of EU
Directives.

-   Products manufactured to standards adopted by CEN, CENELEC and ETSI,
    and published in the Official Journal as harmonized standards, are
    presumed to conform to the requirements of EU Directives. The
    manufacturer then applies the CE Mark and issues a declaration of
    conformity.

-   With these, the product will be allowed to circulate freely within
    the European Union. A manufacturer can choose not to use the
    harmonized EU standards, but must then demonstrate that the product
    meets the essential safety and performance requirements. Trade
    barriers occur when design, rather than performance, standards are
    developed by the relevant European standardization organization, and
    when U.S. companies do not have access to the standardization
    process through a European presence.

The CE mark addresses itself primarily to the national control
authorities of the Member States, and its use simplifies the task of
essential market surveillance of regulated products. Although CE marking
is intended primarily for inspection purposes by EU Member State
inspectors, the consumer may well perceive it as a quality mark.

-   The CE mark is not intended to include detailed technical
    information on the product, but there must be enough information to
    enable the inspector to trace the product back to the manufacturer
    or the authorized representative established in the EU.

This detailed information should not appear next to the CE mark, but
rather on the declaration of conformity, the certificate of conformity
(which the manufacturer or authorized agent must be able to provide at
any time, together with the product\'s technical file), or the documents
accompanying the product.

###  Accreditation [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

The independent certification bodies, known as notified bodies, have
been officially accredited by competent authorities to test and certify
to EU requirements. However, under the U.S./EU Mutual Recognition
Agreements (MRAs), notified bodies based in the United States and
referred to as conformity assessment bodies, will be allowed to test in
the United States to EU specifications, and vice versa. The costs will
be significantly lower and U.S. products will, as a result, become more
competitive. At this time, the U.S./EU MRAs cover the following sectors:
EMC (in force), RTTE (in force), medical devices (in transition),
pharmaceutical (in transition), and recreational craft (in force).

-   This link lists to American and European Conformity Assessment
    bodies operating under a mutual recognition
    agreement[http://ts.nist.gov/ts/htdocs/210/gsig/mra.htm]{.underline}

-   Accreditation is handled at member state level. "European
    Accreditation" ([www.european-accreditation.org]{.underline}) is an
    organization representing nationally recognized accreditation
    bodies. Membership is open to nationally recognized accreditation
    bodies in countries in the European geographical area that can
    demonstrate that they operate an accreditation system compatible
    with EN45003 or ISO/IEC Guide 58.

###  Publication of Technical Regulations [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

The Official Journal is the official gazette of the European Union. It
is published daily and consists of two series covering draft and adopted
legislation as well as case law, questions from the European Parliament,
studies by committees, and more
([http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/index.html]{.underline}). It lists the
standards reference numbers linked to legislation
([www.newapproach.org/Directives/DirectiveList.asp).]{.underline}

National technical regulations are published on the Commission's website
[http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/tris/]{.underline} to allow other
countries/interested parties to comment.

Member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are required
under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) to
report to the WTO all proposed technical regulations that could affect
trade with other Member countries.

"Notify U.S." is a free, web-based e-mail subscription service that
offers an opportunity to review and comment on proposed foreign
technical regulations that can affect your access to international
markets. Register online at Internet URL:
[http://www.nist.gov/notifyus/]{.underline}

###  Labeling and Marking [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

In Ireland, with only minor exceptions, there are no general
requirements for marking imported goods with the country of origin.
Certain food products must show particulars of place of origin, where
its absence might mislead the consumer.

-   Requirements for specific products should be obtained from the Irish
    importer.

-   The import, export, or transit of non-Irish goods with markings that
    would lead one to believe that the goods are of Irish manufacture or
    origin is prohibited.

-   False or misleading trademarks, product descriptions, and other
    deceptive indications are also prohibited. Goods may not be imported
    with marks suggestive of Irish origin unless they bear an indication
    of their true origin.

-   There are no regulations for the marking of shipping packages.
    Proper shipping practice dictates that packages should bear the
    consignee\'s mark and be numbered unless the shipment is such that
    the content of the packages can be readily identified without
    numbers.

-   Packaged foods must carry labels that conform to Irish labeling
    requirements. The information shown on the label is designed to
    provide the consumer with adequate details about the products
    including details on ingredients, net weight, \"best before\" date,
    \"use by\" date, and general usage instructions.

-   In relation to "best before" and "use by" dates, U.S. exporters
    should note that in Ireland dates are written in the following
    sequence: date, then month, then year. For example: 30 Nov 05,
    30-11-05, or 30/11/05.

Irish labeling requirements are similar to those used elsewhere in the
EU, except that the Irish authorities require that the name and the EU
address of the manufacturer, distributor, or packer also appear on the
label. Manufacturers should be mindful that, in addition to the EU's
mandatory and voluntary schemes, national voluntary labeling schemes
might still apply. These schemes may be highly appreciated by consumers,
and thus, become unavoidable for marketing purposes.

Manufacturers are advised to take note that all labels require metric
units although dual labeling is also acceptable until end of December
2009. The use of language on labels has been the subject of a Commission
Communication, which encourages multilingual information, while
preserving the freedom of Member States to require the use of language
of the country of consumption.

-   The EU has mandated that certain products be sold in standardized
    quantities. Council Directive 80/232/EC provides permissible ranges
    of nominal quantities, container capacities and volumes of a variety
    of products.
    [http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/consleg/main/1980/en_1980L0232_index.html]{.underline}

-   The Eco-label The EU adopted legislation in 1992, revised in 2000,
    to distinguish environmentally friendly production through a
    voluntary labeling scheme called the Eco-label. The symbol, a green
    flower, is a voluntary mark. The Eco-label is awarded to producers
    who can show that their product is less harmful to the environment
    than similar such products. This "green label" also aims to
    encourage consumers to buy green products. However, the scheme does
    not establish ecological standards that all manufacturers are
    required to meet to place product on the market. Products without
    the EU Eco-label can still enter the EU as long as they meet the
    existing health, safety, and environmental standards and
    regulations.

-   There are concerns in the United States that the EU Eco-labeling
    program may become a de facto trade barrier; may not enhance
    environmental protection in a transparent, scientifically sound
    manner; may not be open to meaningful participation by U.S. firms;
    and may discriminate unfairly against U.S. business. The EU
    Eco-label is a costly scheme (up to EUR 1,300 for registration and
    up to EUR 25,000/ year for the use of the label, with a reduction of
    25 percent for SMEs) and has therefore not been widely used so far.
    However, the Eco-label can be a good marketing tool and, given the
    growing demand for green products in Europe, it is likely that the
    Eco-label will become more and more a reference for green consumers.

## Web Resources [**Return to top**](#ch5)

National Standards Authority of Ireland

Glasnevin

Dublin 9, Ireland

[http://www.nsai.ie](http://www.nsai.ie/)

Office of the Revenue Commissioners

Dublin Castle

Dublin 2, Ireland

http://[www.revenue.ie](http://www.revenue.ie/)

U.S. Mission to the E.U.

Foreign Commercial Service

Rue Zinner 13

B - 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Fax: 32 2 513 1228

Gwen B. Lyle -- Standards Attaché

Tel: 32 2 508 2674

gwen.lyle@mail.doc.gov

Sylvia Mohr -- Standards Specialist

sylvia.mohr@mail.doc.gov

Tel: 32 2 508 2675

Fax: 32 2 513 1228

CEN -- European Committee for Standardization

Rue de Stassart 36

B -- 1050 Brussels, Belgium

Fax: 32 2 550 08 19

Tel: 32 2 550 08 25 / 550 08 11

[www.cenorm.be]{.underline}

CENELEC -- European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization

Rue de Stassart 35

B -- 1050 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: 32 2 519 68 71

Fax: 32 2 519 69 19

[www.cenelec.org]{.underline}

ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute

Route des Lucioles 650

F -- 06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France

Tel: 33 4 92 94 42 12

Fax: 33 4 93 65 22 99

[www.etsi.org]{.underline}

European Commission

Enterprise Directorate - General

Rue de la Science 15

B -- 1040 Brussels, Belgium

Mail: Office: SC15 02/09 B -- 1049 Brussels

Tel: 32 2 299 56 72

Fax: 32 2 299 16 75

[http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/standards_policy/]{.underline}

EFTA -- European Free Trade Association

Rue de Trèves 74

B -- 1040 Brussels

Tel: 32 2 286 17 41

Fax: 32 2 286 17 42

[http://www.efta.int/]{.underline}

NORMAPME -- European Office of Crafts Trades and Small and Medium-Sized

Enterprises for Standardization

Rue Jacques de Lalaing 4

B -- 1040 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: 32 2 282 05 31

Fax: 32 2 282 05 35

[www.normapme.com]{.underline}

ANEC - European Association for the Co-ordination of Consumer
Representation in Standardization

Avenue de Tervueren 36, Box 4

B -- 1040 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: 32 2 743 24 70

Fax: 32 2 706 54 30

[www.anec.org]{.underline}

ECOS -- European Environmental Citizens Organization for Standardization

Boulevard de Waterloo 34

B -- 1000 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: 32 2 289 10 93

Fax: 32 2 289 10 99

EOTA -- European Organization for Technical Approvals (for construction
products)

Avenue des Arts 40

B -- 1040 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: 32 2 502 69 00

Fax: 32 2 502 38 14

[info@eota.be]{.underline}

EOTC -- European Organization for Conformity Assessment

Rue de Stassart 36

B -- 1050 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: 32 2 502 40 40

Fax: 32 2 502 42 39

[www.eotc.be]{.underline}

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

[[]{#ch6 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

# Chapter 6: Investment Climate

-   [Openness to Foreign
    Investment](#openness-to-foreign-investment-return-to-top)

-   [Conversion and Transfer
    Policies](#conversion-and-transfer-policies-return-to-top)

-   [Expropriation and Compensation](#thirtythree)

-   [Dispute Settlement](#dispute-settlement-return-to-top)

-   [Performance Requirements and
    Incentives](#performance-requirements-and-incentives-return-to-top)

-   [Right to Private Ownership and
    Establishment](#right-to-private-ownership-and-establishment-return-to-top)

-   [Protection of Property
    Rights](#protection-of-property-rights-return-to-top)

-   [Transparency of Regulatory
    System](#transparency-of-regulatory-system-return-to-top)

-   [Efficient Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment](#fortytwo)

-   [Political Violence](#political-violence-return-to-top)

-   [Corruption](#corruption-return-to-top)

-   [Bilateral Investment
    Agreements](#bilateral-investment-agreements-return-to-top)

-   [OPIC and Other Investment Insurance
    Programs](#opic-and-other-investment-insurance-programs-return-to-top)

-   [Labor](#labor-return-to-top)

-   [Foreign-Trade Zones/Free
    Ports](#foreign-trade-zonesfree-ports-return-to-top)

-   [Foreign Direct Investment
    Statistics](#foreign-direct-investment-statistics-return-to-top)

-   [Web Resources](#web-resources-return-to-top-1)

## Openness to Foreign Investment [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Over the past twenty years, the Irish government has actively promoted
foreign direct investment (FDI), a strategy that has underpinned
unprecedented economic growth during this \"Celtic Tiger\" period. FDI
flows into Ireland increased from an annual average of USD 140 million
in the mid-1980s to USD 2.7 billion per year in the second half of the
1990s, yielding a total FDI stock of USD 213 billion by 2004.
Traditionally, the principal goal of investment promotion has been
employment creation, especially in technology-intensive and high-skill
industries. In recent years, the Irish government has also supported
efforts by foreign-invested companies to sustain their international
competitiveness through R&D enhancements and the marketing/sales of
higher-value goods and services.

. The Irish Government\'s actions have had particular success in
attracting U.S. foreign investment. According to the U.S. Department of
Commerce, U.S. investment flow into Ireland in 2004 was USD 10.4
billion, two-and-a-half times the amount of U.S. investment flow into
China and roughly one-tenth the U.S. total for the EU. The stock of U.S.
investment in Ireland in 2004 was valued at USD 73 billion. There are
roughly 620 U.S. firms in Ireland, directly employing over 90,000
workers and supporting work for approximately 250,000, an eighth of the
total labor force. U.S. firms operate primarily in the following
sectors: chemicals; bio-pharmaceuticals and healthcare; computer
hardware and software; electronics; and, financial services. In 2005,
Ireland also emerged as a magnet for U.S. internet/digital media
investment, with industry leaders Yahoo, Google, and Amazon making
Dublin the hub of their respective European operations.

The American Chamber of Commerce reports that U.S. companies are
attracted to Ireland as an export platform to the EU. In 2004,
Irish-based U.S. firms exported roughly USD 55 billion worth of goods
and services, mostly destined for the EU market. Other reasons for
Ireland's attractiveness as an FDI destination include: a 12.5 percent
rate of corporate tax; the quality and flexibility of the
English-speaking work force; cooperative labor relations; political
stability; pro-business government policies; a transparent judicial
system; and, the pulling power of existing companies operating
successfully in Ireland (a \"bandwagon\" effect). Factors that
negatively affect Ireland's ability to attract investment include:
increasing costs of skilled and unskilled labor (especially when
compared to low-cost countries such as China and India), inadequate
infrastructure (particularly in the transportation, internet/broadband,
energy and social services sectors), and absolute price levels that are
ranked the highest in Europe.

Four state organizations promote inward investment into Ireland by
foreign companies:

-   The Industrial Development Agency of Ireland (IDA Ireland) has
    overall responsibility for promoting and facilitating foreign direct
    investment in all areas of the country, except the Shannon Free
    Zone. IDA Ireland also has responsibility for attracting foreign
    companies to Dublin\'s International Financial Services Center
    (IFSC). IDA Ireland maintains offices in New York, Boston, Chicago,
    Los Angeles, San Jose, and Atlanta, as well as at locations in
    Europe and Asia;

-   Enterprise Ireland promotes joint ventures and strategic alliances
    between indigenous and foreign companies;

-   Shannon Free Airport Development Co. (SFADCO) handles investment in
    the Shannon Free Zone and is generally responsible for economic
    development in the Shannon region. The Irish Government is
    considering a proposal from the Enterprise Strategy Group, a
    quasi-official body focusing on national competitiveness, to fold
    SFADCO into IDA;

-   Udaras na Gaeltachta has responsibility for economic development in
    those areas of Ireland where Irish (Gaelic) is the predominant
    language, and works with IDA Ireland to promote overseas investment
    in these regions.

Ireland\'s judicial system is transparent and upholds the sanctity of
contracts as well as laws affecting foreign investment. These laws
include:

-   The Industrial Development Act of 1993 outlines the functions of IDA
    Ireland, the state agency responsible for attracting overseas
    investment to Ireland;

-   The Mergers, Takeovers and Monopolies Control Act of 1978 sets out
    rules governing mergers and takeovers by foreign and domestic
    companies; the Competition (Amendment) Act of 1996 amends and
    extends the Competition Act of 1991 and the Mergers and Takeovers
    (Control) Acts of 1978 and 1987, and sets out the rules governing
    competitive behavior;

-   The Companies Act of 1963 contains the basic requirements for
    incorporation in Ireland (amended in 1990); and,

-   The 2004 Finance Act, which introduced tax incentives to encourage
    firms to set up headquarters in Ireland and to conduct research and
    development.

In addition, there are numerous laws and regulations pertaining to
employment, social security, environmental protection and taxation, with
many of these determined at the EU level.

One of Ireland\'s most attractive features as an FDI destination is the
low corporate tax rate. Since January 1, 2003, the corporate tax rate
for both foreign and domestic firms has been 12.5 percent. Existing
foreign firms will retain their entitlement to the \"old\" 10 percent
rate until 2010 in the case of manufacturing and certain internationally
traded services. Ireland\'s corporate tax rate is among the lowest in
the EU, and the Irish Government continues to oppose proposals to
harmonize taxes at a single EU rate. In 2004, U.S. firms in Ireland paid
euro 2.7 billion in tax to the Irish Government.

All firms incorporated in Ireland are treated on an equal basis. With
only a few exceptions, there are no constraints preventing foreign
individuals or entities from ownership or participation in private
firms/corporations. The most significant of these exceptions is that, as
with other EU countries, Irish airlines must be at least 50
percent-owned by EU residents in order to have full access to the single
European aviation market. There are also requirements related to the
purchase of agricultural lands (see below).

While Ireland does not have a formal privatization program, there is
likely to be at least partial privatization of some state-owned
companies over the coming years. In 2005, for example, the Government
announced its intention to privatize Aer Lingus, the state-owned
national airline. There are no barriers to participation by foreign
institutions in the sale of Irish state-owned companies. Residents of
Ireland, however, may be given priority in share allocations to retail
investors, as was the case with the state-owned telecommunications
company, Eircom, privatized in 1998.

Citizens of countries other than Ireland and other EU member states can
acquire land for private residential purposes and for industrial
purposes. Under Section 45 of the Land Act, 1965, all non-EU nationals
must obtain the written consent of the Land Commission before acquiring
an interest in agricultural land, though there are many stud farms and
racing facilities in Ireland that are owned by foreign nationals. There
are no restrictions on the acquisition of urban land.

There is no formal screening process for foreign investment in Ireland,
though investors looking to receive Government grants or assistance
through one of the four state agencies responsible for promoting foreign
investment in Ireland are often required to meet certain employment and
investment criteria (see section \"D\" below). These screening
mechanisms are transparent and do not impede investment, limit
competition, or protect domestic interests. Potential investors are also
required to examine the environmental impact of the proposed project and
to meet with Irish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) officials.

## Conversion and Transfer Policies [**Return to top**](#ch6)

[]{#thirtythree .anchor}Ireland enjoys full current and capital account
liberalization. There are no restrictions or reported significant delays
in the conversion or repatriation of investment capital, earnings,
interest, or royalties, nor are there any plans to change remittance
policies. Likewise, there are no limitations on the import of capital
into Ireland. Foreign exchange is easily obtainable at market rates. In
2004, the Irish Financial Services Regulatory Authority (IFSRA) reported
that the Allied Irish Bank (AIB) had knowingly overcharged on foreign
exchange transactions for several years. AIB repaid the overcharged
amount and conducted an internal disciplinary process. The euro is
Ireland\'s national currency.

## Expropriation and Compensation [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Private property is normally expropriated only for public purposes in a
non-discriminatory manner and in accordance with established principles
of international law. State condemnations of private property are
carried out in accordance with recognized principles of due process.
Where there are disputes between owners of private property subject to a
government taking, the Irish courts provide a system of judicial review
and appeal.

## Dispute Settlement [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Ireland has no specific domestic laws governing investment disputes with
foreign firms. There is, however, a legal arbitration framework
available to parties that opt to arbitrate a dispute, including
investment disputes, rather than litigate the case. Currently, there are
no disputes involving investments by U.S. firms either in arbitration or
litigation. In recent years, however, U.S. business representatives have
occasionally called into question the transparency of government
tenders, some of which have been won by U.S. companies. In the area of
major projects, some U.S. firms claim that lengthy budgetary decisions
delay procurements and that unsuccessful bidders often have difficulty
receiving information on the rationale behind the tender outcome.
Successful bidders have experienced delays in finalizing contracts,
commencing work on major projects, receiving accurate project data, and
receiving due compensation for work completed, including through
conciliation or arbitration processes. Successful bidders have also
subsequently found that the original tenders do not accurately describe
conditions on the ground.

The Irish legal system is based on common law, legislation and the
constitution. The Companies Act 1963 (amended 1990) is the most
important body of law dealing with commercial and bankruptcy law and is
applied consistently by the courts. Irish bankruptcy laws give creditors
a strong degree of protection. The Department of Enterprise, Trade and
Employment is the state agency with primary responsibility for drafting
and enforcing company law. The judiciary is independent, and litigants
are entitled to trial by jury in commercial disputes. Ireland is a
member of the International Center for the Settlement of Investment
Disputes, and the Irish Government has been willing to agree to binding
international arbitration of investment disputes between foreign
investors and the state. Ireland is also a party to the New York
Convention of 1958 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards. There is no specific domestic body for handling
investment disputes.

## Performance Requirements and Incentives [**Return to top**](#ch6)

The Irish Government does not maintain any measures that it has notified
the WTO to be inconsistent with Trade-Related Investment Measures
(TRIMs) requirements. Moreover, there have been no allegations that the
Government maintains measures that violate the WTO\'s TRIMs text.

Three Irish organizations, SFADCO, IDA Ireland, and Udaras, have
regulatory authority for administering grant aid to investors for
capital equipment, land, buildings, training, R&D, etc. Business
enterprises in Ireland, including overseas companies, which seek grant
aid from these organizations must submit investment proposals.
Typically, these proposals include information on fixed assets
(capital), labor, and technology/R&D components and establish targets
using criteria such as sales, profitability, exports, and employment.
This information is treated in confidence by the organizations, and each
investment proposal is subject to an economic appraisal prior to
approval for support. In 2004, IDA Ireland paid out euro 66 million in
grants to foreign firms.

Performance requirements are generally based on employment creation
targets established between the state investment agencies and foreign
investors. Grant aid is paid out only after externally audited
performance targets have been attained. Generally, parent companies must
guarantee repayment of the government grant if the company closes before
an agreed period of time elapses, normally ten years after the grant has
been paid. Grant agreements generally have a term of five years after
the date on which the last grant is paid. There are no requirements that
foreign investors purchase from local sources or allow nationals to own
shares.

As a result of \"Agenda 2000\" EU budgetary reforms, since 2000 Ireland
has been treated as two regions for the purpose of EU structural funding
and maximum \"regional aid.\" Under the new rules, maximum grant aid
assistance (40 percent of capital investment) is only available to
companies locating in the 13 \"Objective 1\" border, midland and western
(BMW) counties of Ireland, where infrastructure is less developed.
Companies locating in the remaining 15 counties in the more prosperous
south and east are entitled to restricted grant aid up to a maximum of
17.5 percent to 20 percent of their capital investment, depending on
location. For the period 2004-2006, the following ceilings apply:

Transition Regions Percent of Capital Investment

> Southeast 20
>
> Mid-West 20
>
> Southwest 20
>
> Mid-East 18
>
> Dublin 17.5

Objective 1 Region

> Border, Midlands, West 40

The current Regional Aid Guidelines (RAGs) will cease to operate at the
end of 2006, and the EU Commission is now developing new RAGs for the
period 2007-2013. It is expected that these new rates will be lower than
the current rates.

While investors are free, subject to planning considerations, to choose
the location of their investment, IDA Ireland has since the late 1990s
differentiated grant aid levels in favor of regions outside Dublin. This
linkage is consistent with the National Spatial Strategy, which was
adopted in 2001 with the aim of spreading investment more evenly around
the country. One of the strategy\'s stated goals was to direct 50
percent of all new jobs related to greenfield investment to the border,
midlands, and western (BMW) counties of Ireland, where the economy is
less developed. In 1999, roughly 25 percent of jobs related to
greenfield investment were located in the BMW region; by 2004, this
figure had grown to 41 percent. In 2005, 46 of 71 new investment
projects negotiated by the IDA were slated for areas outside Dublin. To
encourage client firms to locate outside Dublin, IDA Ireland has
developed \"magnets of attraction,\" including: a Cross Border Business
Park linking Letterkenny and Derry, a regional Data Center in Limerick,
and the National Microelectronics Research Center in Cork.

There are no restrictions, de jure or de facto, on participation by
foreign firms in government-financed and/or subsidized R&D programs on a
national basis. In fact, the government encourages multinational
companies to undertake more R&D in Ireland. Science Foundation Ireland
(SFI), the state science agency, is responsible for administering a euro
365 million R&D fund under the 2000-2006 National Development Plan. The
fund targets leading researchers in Ireland and overseas to promote
within Ireland the development of biotechnology and
information/communications technology, as well as complementary worker
skills. Under the 2004 Finance Act, moreover, a credit of 20 percent of
the incremental expenditure on revenue items, royalties, plant, and
machinery related to R&D can be offset against a company\'s corporation
tax liability in the year in which it is incurred. The 2006 Irish
Government budget also allocates euro 300 million to a new Strategic
Innovation Fund, that will encompass R&D links between industry and
academia. In 2005, Microsoft, Lucent, Xilinx, Brisol-Meyers Squibb,
Pfizer, and Genzyme, among other firms, launched investments in R&D
projects and facilities.

Visa, residence, and work permit procedures for foreign investors are
non-discriminatory and, for U.S. investors, generally liberal. There are
no restrictions on the numbers and duration of employment of foreign
managers brought in to supervise foreign investment projects, though
their work permits must be renewed yearly. There are no discriminatory
export policies or import policies affecting foreign investors.

## Right to Private Ownership and Establishment [**Return to top**](#ch6)

The most common form of business organization in Ireland is the
incorporated company, limited by shares, registered under the Companies
Act, 1963, or previous legislation. Irish law does not prevent foreign
corporations from carrying on business in Ireland. Any company
incorporated abroad that establishes a branch must, however, file
certain papers with the Registrar of Companies. A foreign corporation
with a branch in Ireland will have the same standing in Irish law for
purposes of contracts, etc., as a company incorporated in Ireland.
Private businesses are not at a competitive disadvantage to public
enterprises with respect to access to markets, credit, and other
business operations.

Before 1999, Irish company law differed from international norms by
allowing, for tax purposes, the registration of companies in Ireland
that were not actually resident in Ireland (so-called Irish Registered
Non-Resident companies (IRNRs)). In response to concern that a large
number of the estimated 40,000 IRNRs were engaged in fraud, tax evasion,
money laundering, and other illegal activities, the 1999 Finance Act
equated registration in Ireland with tax residence and liability for all
companies except in limited circumstances. Exceptions include cases
where the Irish company, or a related parent company, is carrying on
trade in Ireland, and the company is ultimately controlled either by
residents of an EU member state or by residents of a country with which
Ireland has a tax treaty (including the United States). Nonetheless, all
Irish-based companies, including U.S. firms, claiming non-residence in
Ireland because of tax treaty provisions must identify the beneficial
owners of the company.

Similarly, the \"Companies (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1999\" requires that
every application for company registration in Ireland show the manner in
which the proposed company will carry out activities in Ireland. Section
43 of the legislation stipulates that a company must either have a
director resident in the State or provide a bond of euro 25,400 in the
event that the company commits an offense under the Companies Act or tax
legislation. Section 44 states that these requirements may be waived
when the Company obtains a certificate from the Companies Office stating
that the company has a real and continuous link with one or more
economic activities in Ireland. Like the 1999 Finance Act, the Companies
Act is designed to prevent the use of IRNRs for exclusively foreign
activities without any connection to Ireland.

## Protection of Property Rights [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Secured interests in property, both chattel and real estate, are
recognized and enforced. The Department of Justice administers a
reliable system of recording such security interests through the Land
Registry and Registry of Deeds. An efficient, non-discriminatory legal
system is accessible to foreign investors to protect and facilitate
acquisition and disposition of all property rights.

Ireland is a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization and
a party to the International Convention for the Protection of
Intellectual Property. In July 2000, Irish President McAleese signed
legislation bringing Irish intellectual property rights (IPR) law into
compliance with Ireland\'s obligations under the WTO Trade-Related
Intellectual Property Treaty (TRIPs). The legislation came into force on
January 1, 2001, and gives Ireland one of the most comprehensive legal
frameworks for IPR protection in Europe.

This legislation addressed several TRIPs inconsistencies in previous
Irish IPR law that had concerned foreign investors, including the
absence of a rental right for sound recordings, the lack of an
\"anti-bootlegging\" provision, and low criminal penalties that failed
to deter piracy. The new legislation includes provisions for stronger
penalties on both the civil and criminal sides.

As part of this comprehensive copyright legislation, changes were also
made to revise the non-TRIPs conforming sections of Irish patent law.
Specifically, the new IPR legislation addresses two concerns of many
foreign investors in the previous legislation:

-   the compulsory licensing provisions of the previous 1992 Patent Law
    were inconsistent with the \"working\" requirement prohibition of
    TRIPs Articles 27.1 and the general compulsory licensing provisions
    of Article 31; and,

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   applications processed after December 20, 1991, did not conform to
    the non-discrimination requirement of TRIPs Article 27.1.

DVD and CD piracy, however, continues to be a problem. In 2004, the
Irish police seized 130,000 pirated DVDs, valued at approximately euro 3
million, and 42,150 pirated CDs, valued at roughly euro 756,000. In a
June 2005 raid, police in County Meath confiscated 8,000 pirated DVDs
and machinery that could produce 600 DVDs an hour. Industry
representatives note that pirated DVDs make up at least 60 percent of
the DVD rental market and that light penalties given to counterfeiters
in DVD piracy court cases hamper police enforcement efforts. Moreover,
industry sources estimate that up to 38 percent of PC software used in
Ireland is pirated. The Business Software Alliance in Ireland estimates
that reducing this rate by ten percentage points would help the USD 2.6
billion domestic IT industry to grow to USD 4 billion by 2009.

## Transparency of Regulatory System [**Return to top**](#ch6)

[]{#fortytwo .anchor}The Irish Government generally employs a
transparent and effective policy framework that fosters competition
between private businesses in a non-discriminatory fashion. While
ongoing Irish judicial \"Tribunals\" are investigating possible links
between indigenous Irish companies\' political donations in the late
1980s and favorable government decisions, U.S. businesses can, in
general, expect to receive national treatment in their dealings with the
Government. There is no report of any U.S. firm or investor having being
required or forced to make payments during that period.

In recent years, independent bodies have taken over regulatory powers
from Cabinet Departments in key economic sectors. The Commission for
Communications Regulation and the Commission for Energy Regulation are
responsible for regulating the communications and energy sectors,
respectively. Both are independent bodies with institutional links to
the Department of Communications, the Marine and Natural Resources. The
Commission for Aviation Regulation is an independent body that regulates
the aviation sector. It is institutionally linked to the Department of
Transport, which has direct regulatory powers over other segments of the
transportation sector.

The Competition (Amendment) Act 1996 amends and extends the Competition
Act 1991, strengthens the enforcement power of the Competition
Authority, introduces criminal liability, increases corporate liability,
and outlines available defenses. Most tax, labor, environment, health
and safety, and other laws are compatible with European Union
regulations, and they do not adversely affect investment. Proposed laws
and regulations are published in draft form for public comment,
including by foreign firms and their representative associations.
Bureaucratic procedures are transparent and reasonably efficient, in
line with a general pro-business climate espoused by the Government.

## Efficient Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Capital markets and portfolio investments operate freely, and there is
no discrimination between Irish and foreign firms. In some instances,
development authorities and banks are able to facilitate loan packages
to foreign firms with favorable credit terms. Credit is allocated on
market terms, although the Irish Competition Authority found in 2004
that the banking sector\'s lack of competition limited the amount of
credit available to small and medium-sized firms. Irish legal,
regulatory, and accounting systems are transparent and consistent with
international norms and provide a secure environment for portfolio
investment. The Capital Gains Tax rate is 20 percent. The Irish banking
system is sound. The estimated total assets of all licensed credit
institutions as of December 2005 stood at euro 911.4 billion, with the
Bank of Ireland and Allied Irish Banks holding a combined 25 percent of
total assets. According to the Central Bank, non-performing loans
comprised 0.76 percent of total assets. U.S. banks operating in Ireland
include Citibank and Chase Manhattan.

As of January 2006, total market capitalization in the Irish Stock
Exchange (ISEQ) was euro 95.1 billion, roughly 59 percent of projected
2005 nominal GDP (euro 159.9 billion). In terms of market weight, the
stocks of four companies are predominant: Allied Irish Bank, Bank of
Ireland, CRH (a construction industry supplier), and Elan (a
pharmaceuticals firm). The Irish stock market has recovered steadily
since plummeting in 2002 following the global economic slowdown and
well-publicized management problems at several major Irish companies. In
2005, the ISEQ Overall Index saw 20 percent growth and reached an
all-time high by year's end, one of the strongest performances in the
developed world. Economists attribute ISEQ\'s robust showing to
Ireland\'s broad-based economic growth, the likely under-valuing of
Irish stocks earlier in the decade, and improved prospects for the
European economy. In 2005, ISEQ opened up a secondary market, the Irish
Enterprise Exchange (IEX), which caters to smaller firms with a minimum
market cap of euro 5 million.

In May 2003, the Central Bank of Ireland was reorganized into the
Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland (CBFSAI), in
accord with the Central Bank and Financial Services Authority of Ireland
Act 2003. Under the legislation, the Governor of the CBFSAI has
responsibility for the overall stability of the Irish financial system.
The legislation also established the Irish Financial Services Regulatory
Authority (IFSRA), which is an autonomous but constituent part of CBFSAI
that regulates financial services institutions in Ireland. IFSRA took
over this responsibility from a mix of government bodies, including: the
Central Bank, the Department of Trade, Enterprise, and Employment
(DETE), the Office of Director of Consumer Affairs, and Registrar of
Friendly Societies. The legislation also enhanced the regulatory powers
given to IFSRA, particularly in consumer protection.

With the advent of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), the Central Bank
is now a member of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) whose
primary objective is to maintain price stability in the euro area.
Ireland no longer operates an independent monetary policy. Rather, ESCB
formulates and implements monetary policy for the euro area, and the
Central Bank implements that policy at the national level. The Governor
of the Central Bank is one of 18 members of the Governing Council for
the ECB and has an equal say in the formulation of monetary and interest
rate policy. The other main tasks of the Central Bank include: issuing
euro currency in Ireland; acting as manager of the official external
reserves of gold and foreign currency; conducting research and analysis
on economic and financial matters; overseeing the domestic payment and
settlement systems; and, managing investment assets on behalf of the
State.

The Irish Takeover Panel Act 1997 governs company takeovers. Under the
Act, the "Takeover Panel" issues guidelines, or \"Takeover Rules,\"
which aim to regulate commercial behaviour in the context of mergers and
takeovers. According to minority squeeze-out provisions in the
legislation, a bidder who holds 80 percent of the shares of the target
company can compel the remaining minority shareholders to sell their
shares. There are no reports that the legislation has been used to
prevent foreign takeovers specifically, and, in fact, there have been
several high-profile foreign takeovers of Irish companies in the banking
and telecommunications sectors in recent years. The EU Directive on
Takeovers provides a framework of common principles for cross-border
takeover bids, creates a level playing field for shareholders, and
establishes disclosure obligations throughout the EU. The Directive is
to be implemented in Ireland in 2006, though many of its principles have
already been enacted in the Irish Takeover Panel Act 1997.

## Political Violence [**Return to top**](#ch6)

In the past, political instability and violence in Northern Ireland were
thought to affect the Republic of Ireland. In reality, however, there
has been little spillover of violence or instability, especially since
the late 1970s and particularly after the cease-fires of 1994. The
growth of business investment and confidence in Northern Ireland since
the cessation of widespread violence has benefited the Republic of
Ireland, with cross-border trade reaching nearly euro 2.5 billion in
2004. No violence related to the situation in Northern Ireland has been
specifically directed at U.S. citizens or firms located in the South.

The 1998 ratification of the Good Friday Agreement by large majorities
in both Ireland and Northern Ireland has further diminished the
potential for violence. Since then, however, groups opposed to the peace
process have continued to commit acts of criminality and terror in
Northern Ireland and on mainland Britain. There have been no serious
incidents in the Republic of Ireland. In mid-2005, the Irish Republican
Army announced that it would no longer pursue its objectives through
violent means. Independent observers subsequently confirmed the
decommissioning of IRA weapons. Efforts in pursuit of a final peace
agreement, including restoration of cross-community participation in
local government, were set to continue into 2006.

In 1997 and 1998, an Irish environmental group vandalized two separate
Irish crop trial sites, involving agricultural biotechnology crops. The
trials were conducted by the U.S. firm, Monsanto. Irish police
investigated both incidents and criminal charges were filed in both
cases. There have been no further incidents involving subsequent GMO
plant trials in Ireland.

There have been no other recent incidents involving politically
motivated damage to foreign investment projects and/or installations in
the Republic of Ireland. In 2003, several Irish citizens opposed to the
Iraq War damaged U.S. military assets at Shannon Airport. In 2004, one
of these citizens was convicted in an Irish court and given a suspended
sentence. The trial of the other citizens involved in these acts is
pending for 2006. In late 2005, a group of opposition and independent
Irish parliamentarians said publicly that they would not oppose further
attacks on U.S. military aircraft transiting Ireland.

## Corruption [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Corruption is not a serious problem for foreign investors in Ireland.
The principal Irish legislation relating to anti-bribery and corruption
includes the Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act 1889, the Prevention of
Corruption Act 1906, the Prevention of Corruption Act 1916, and the
Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Act 2001. This body of law makes it
illegal for Irish public servants to accept bribes. The Ethics in Public
Office Act 1995 provides for the written annual disclosure of interests
of people holding public office or employment.

Ireland signed the UN Convention on Corruption in December 2003, and
ratification is pending a review of the legal measures required for
implementation. In January 2000, the GOI introduced to Parliament the
\"Prevention of Corruption (Amendment) Act, 2001,\" to ratify and
implement the OECD Convention on Bribery. The legislation, which enabled
Ireland to ratify a number of conventions dealing with corruption drawn
up by the European Union, the Council of Europe, and the OECD, came
fully into force as law in November 2002. Ireland formally ratified the
OECD Convention in September 2003. Ireland is also a member of the OECD
Working Group on Bribery and the Group of States Against Corruption
(GRECO). Under the Prevention of Corruption Act, the bribery of foreign
officials is a criminal offense. Bribery of foreign officials may also
invalidate a contract that a party is seeking to enforce in Ireland.

A number of ongoing judicial \"Tribunals\" are seeking to establish
whether political donations by certain Irish companies in the late 1980s
and early 1990s can be linked to favorable government decisions, mostly
at the local level, in zoning and tax matters. There is also media and
public concern that business interests may have compromised Irish
politics in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Despite these reports of
payments to political parties and figures in the 1980s and early 1990s,
there remains no indication that foreign businesses or investors have
had to make such payments or been approached to make such payments to
conduct business during the period in question or in years since.

The Irish police (Garda Siochana) investigate allegations of corruption.
If sufficient evidence of criminal activity is found, the Director of
Public Prosecutions prepares a file for prosecution. A small number of
public officials have been convicted of corruption and/or bribery in the
past, although it is not a common occurrence.

## Bilateral Investment Agreements [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Ireland\'s only bilateral investment protection agreement is with the
Czech Republic. In addition, Ireland has bilateral tax treaties with the
following countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada,
China, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Israel, Japan, Korea (Rep. of),
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New
Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovak
Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, the
United States, and Zambia. Treaties with Greece and Iceland were signed
in November and December 2003, respectively, and became effective for
the 2005 tax period. A treaty replacing the existing treaty with Canada
was signed in October 2003. Parliamentary procedures to bring the treaty
into force were completed by Ireland in December 2004 and by Canada in
April 2005, and the treaty will become effective for the 2006 tax
period. A new agreement with Chile was signed in June 2005. The
agreement will likely enter into force in 2006, subject to completion of
the necessary parliamentary procedures by Ireland and Chile. A protocol
amending Ireland's agreement with Portugal was signed in November 2005
and will also likely enter into force in 2006, pending parliamentary
procedures in both countries. New treaties with Argentina, Egypt,
Kuwait, Malta, Morocco, Singapore, Tunisia, Turkey and Ukraine are being
negotiated. Existing treaties with Cyprus, France and Italy are in the
process of re-negotiation. These agreements serve to promote trade and
investment between Ireland and the partner countries that would
otherwise be discouraged by the possibility of double taxation.

## OPIC and Other Investment Insurance Programs [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Since 1986 the U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) has
been authorized to operate in Ireland as part of the U.S. effort to
support the process of peace and reconciliation in Northern Ireland.
There is some potential in Ireland for OPIC\'s credit guarantee
programs. No other countries have an investment insurance program in
Ireland. Ireland is a member of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency (MIGA).

The estimated annual U.S. dollar value of local currency likely to be
used by the U.S. Embassy in Ireland during 2006 is approximately USD
12.4 million. The Embassy purchases local currency through centralized
bulk purchasing arrangements at a competitive market rate. Prospects for
eurozone economic growth and for the U.S. trade and budget deficit
positions will likely determine USD and euro currency movements through
2006.

## Labor [**Return to top**](#ch6)

In 2005, employment levels in Ireland reached historical highs, the
result of continued strong economic growth. As of the third quarter of
2005, the number of people employed was 1.9 million, an increase of
roughly 96,000, or 5.0 percent, compared to the third quarter of 2004.
Since 1994, employment growth has averaged roughly 4.0 percent, with
lower rates recorded in 2002 and 2003 following the post 9-11 global
economic slowdown. Comparing the third quarters of 2004 and 2005, the
largest increase in employment was in the vibrant (housing) construction
sector, which added 30,400 jobs. There was also a gain of 20,200 jobs in
business and financial services during the year. Employment in
production industries, including manufacturing, fell by 11,000, however,
continuing a trend from 2004.

In contrast to 15.6 percent unemployment in 1993, Ireland registered 4.6
percent unemployment in the third quarter of 2005. This figure was one
of the lowest unemployment rates among EU Member States and roughly half
the eurozone average. The number of unemployed people in the third
quarter was 96,700, representing an increase of 2,800 compared to the
third quarter of 2004. Local economists believe that the Irish economy
is as close to full employment as possible, with employers reporting
difficulties in recruiting workers. Whereas Ireland\'s primary policy
goal was once job creation, the focus of government strategy has shifted
to upgrading skills and increasing the number of workers in
technology-intensive, high-value sectors.

Irish labor force regulation is less restrictive compared with most
continental EU countries. The Irish workforce is characterized by a high
degree of flexibility, mobility, and education. There is a relative
gender balance in the workforce, with 1.2 million males and 882,000
females currently employed. This gender balance reflects a change in
social mores that has facilitated a surge in female employment since the
mid-1980s

With the tightening of the labor market, wages remain on an upward
growth curve. As of the third quarter of 2005, average annual earnings
per worker were euro 35,506, a 3.5 percent increase over the third
quarter of 2004. Between 1998 and 2003, compensation per employee
increased by 37.1 percent, compared with 8.7 percent in Germany over the
same period. The minimum wage was euro 5.20 when it was first introduced
in 2000 and rose to euro 7.65 in 2005. Employees earning the minimum
wage will not have to pay personal income tax in 2006.

Unprecedented immigration levels, particularly from Eastern Europe, have
added a new dynamic to the Irish labor market. Of the 96,000 new workers
added to the labor force between the third quarters of 2004 and 2005,
roughly 40,000 were immigrants, working mostly in the construction and
lower-end services sectors. According to some sources, the number of
people taking up residence in Ireland since the accession of new EU
Member States in 2004 may be as high as 100,000. Irish labor unions have
expressed concern over immigration trends and the possibility of
displacement of Irish workers. In late 2005, a labor dispute over plans
by a ferry company to replace Irish workers with Eastern European
migrants at lower wages prompted large-scale, peaceful demonstrations
nationwide in support of protective mechanisms for both Irish and
migrant laborers. Economists point out, however, that yearly job
creation in Ireland is currently sufficient to accommodate both Irish
workers and immigrants. Economists also hold that that Ireland will
require 50,000 immigrants a year over the short term to sustain high
rates of economic growth.

The Irish system of industrial relations is a voluntary one. Pay levels
and conditions of employment are generally agreed through collective
bargaining between employers and employees. Since 1987, collective
bargaining has taken place under the framework of a series of national
economic programs, negotiated by representatives of employers, trade
unions, farmers, and the government. This consensual \"Social
Partnership\" approach has been accompanied by a marked improvement in
the industrial relations climate since the mid-1980s. Working days lost
as a result of industrial disputes amounted to 37,482 in 2003 and 20,784
in 2004 (a fraction of the total days lost through industrial action in
the 1980s and early 1990s).

The latest national economic program, \"Sustaining Progress\", was
agreed under the Social Partnership framework in February 2003 and
approved by Ireland\'s major unions in August 2004. The 18-month
agreement exchanges a 7 percent wage increase for industrial relations
stability. While the package will cost the GOI - Ireland\'s largest
employer - an estimated euro 2.5 billion, private industries unable to
pay the full 7 percent due to competitive pressures will be permitted to
pay lesser increases or none at all. As part of the package, the GOI
committed to provide an increased supply of \"affordable housing\" and
to amend legislation and statutory codes to strengthen the procedures by
which unions can represent their members\' interests. In addition, the
GOI enhanced statutory redundancy terms to provide released employees
with two weeks\' compensation for each year of service. Negotiations on
a successor program to "Sustaining Progress" were set to begin in early
2006.

Trade union demands for mandatory trade union recognition in the
workplace are strongly resisted by employers. While the Irish
constitution guarantees the right of citizens to form associations and
unions, Irish law also affirms the right of employers not to recognize
unions and to deal with employees on an individual basis. Currently,
roughly 33 percent of workers in the private sector are unionized,
compared to 95 percent in the public sector. Among foreign-owned firms,
roughly 80 percent of workers do not belong to unions. Employers also
strongly oppose trade union demands for greater \"partnership\" between
employees and employers at the enterprise level, including worker
participation in managerial decisions through German-style \"work
councils.\" Some progress has been made, however, with regard to
increased profit-sharing.

## Foreign-Trade Zones/Free Ports [**Return to top**](#ch6)

The Shannon duty-free Processing Zone (SDFPZ) was established by
legislation in 1957. Under the legislation, eligible companies operating
in the Shannon Free Zone are entitled to the following benefits: goods
imported from non-EU countries for storage, handling or processing are
duty free; no duty on goods exported from Shannon to non-EU countries;
no time limit on disposal of goods held duty-free; minimum customs
documentation and formalities; no Value Added Tax (VAT) on imported
goods, including capital equipment; choice of having import duty on
non-EU product calculated on its landing value or selling-out price.
Qualifying criteria for eligible companies include employment creation
and export-orientation. Foreign-owned firms in the Shannon Free Zone
have the same investment opportunities as indigenous Irish companies. As
of 2005, there were 110 internationally traded manufacturing and service
companies established in the Shannon Free Zone, employing roughly 7,500
workers and generating about euro 2.5 billion in exports annually. U.S.
companies, which make up 57 percent of the firms operating out of
Shannon, include GE Capital, Bristol Myers Squibb, DHL, UPS, Pfizer,
Intel, Symantec, and Cabletron. The Shannon Free Zone is technically an
asset of SFADCO, although the Government is currently reviewing a
proposal to place the zone under the authority of Shannon Airport as a
means of airport funding.

Duty free exemptions are available also to companies operating in
Ireland\'s major deep-water port at Ringaskiddy in County Cork, although
these have been used infrequently in recent years.

## Foreign Direct Investment Statistics [**Return to top**](#ch6)

According to Ireland\'s Central Statistical Office (CSO), the stock of
FDI in Ireland for end-year 2004 stood at euro 171.8 billion, or 117
percent of nominal 2004 GDP and a 2.7 percent drop from 2003. Ireland
received FDI flows worth euro 8.98 billion in 2004, or 6 percent of
nominal 2004 GDP and a 55 percent decline from 2003. (Note: Different
FDI calculation methods likely explain discrepancies with U.S.
Department of Commerce statistics, which show U.S. FDI flows alone to
Ireland as USD 10.4 billion in 2004, roughly the same amount as total
FDI flows according to Irish statistics. Further discrepancies are noted
in the tables below.)

In 2004, the 1,022 companies supported by IDA Ireland, including 478
U.S. firms, spent euro 15.5 billion in the Irish economy from their
annual sales of euro 75 billion (exports of euro 71 billion) and paid
over euro 2.5 billion in corporate tax. During 2005, IDA negotiated 71
new business projects with new and existing clients, which involved a
total investment commitment of over euro 745 million over the coming
years. IDA also supported 50 R&D investment projects involving a total
investment by business in excess of euro 260 million, an 85 percent
increase in value over 2004.

According to the American Chamber of Commerce, U.S. firms announced 34
investment projects in 2005, creating 3,400 new jobs. Of these projects,
roughly a third were new investments, such as by Yahoo and Amazon, and
two-thirds were expansion programs, such as by established companies
Intel, Dell, Bisys, PFPC, and International Fund Service. Roughly 90
percent of FDI projects that came to Ireland in 2005 were of U.S.
origin. New investments were evenly split between the east coast,
inclusive of Dublin, and the remainder of the country, with the largest
regional clusters in Cork, Galway, and the Southeast. The U.S.
Department of Commerce estimates that U.S. companies\' average return on
investment (ROI) in Ireland is 24 percent.

#### Stock of U.S. Investment in Ireland

(Millions of dollars; historical cost basis)

2002 2003 2004

All Industries 46,617 55,463 73,153

Manufacturing 13,427 15,002 21,290

Food 157 193 241

Chemicals 6,207 6,089 10,019

Metal 22 33 51

Industrial machinery 23 24 26

Compute/Electronic 3,241 3,992 5,571

Transport Equip. N/A N/A 285

Wholesale trade 2,680 2,998 4,598

Information 10,362 14,048 17,029

Finance/Insurance 7,520 8,681 11,101

Depositary Institutions 145 445 N/A

Prof. Services 1,459 1,655 1,968

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business

#### Investment Flows into Ireland by Country Origin, 2004

(in euro millions)

Total 8,987

UK -2,373

Belgium/Luxembourg 5,581

France 846

Germany 921

Italy 271

Netherlands 5,710

Canada -271

United States 3,996

Japan 1,392

Source: Ireland Central Statistical Office (CSO) website

(Note: According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. investment
flow into Ireland in 2004 was USD 10.4 billion. Also, investment by U.S.
companies in Ireland is often effected through intermediary subsidiaries
located outside the United States. According to the CSO, a sizeable
proportion of the Dutch investment cited above originated in the United
States.)

#### Investment Stock in Ireland by Country Origin, 2004

(in euro millions)

Total 171,766

UK 24,706

Belgium/Luxembourg 27,071

France 3,224

Germany 2,484

Italy 4,854

Netherlands 56,069

Canada 5,987

United States 25,825

Source: Ireland Central Statistical Office (CSO) website

(Note: According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, the stock of U.S.
investment in Ireland in 2004 was USD 73.2 billion.)

##### Origins of IDA-Supported Companies, End-2004

Country Number of Firms Employment

United States 478 90,236

United Kingdom 116 6,824

Germany 140 11,158

Rest of Europe 209 16,163

Asia/Pacific 46 3,002

Rest of World 33 1,563

Total 1,022 128,946

Source: IDA Ireland Annual Report, 2004

## Web Resources [**Return to top**](#ch6)

[http://www.ida.ie](http://www.ida.ie/)

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

[[]{#ch7 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

# Chapter 7: Trade and Project Financing

-   [How Do I Get Paid (Methods of
    Payment)](#how-do-i-get-paid-methods-of-payment-return-to-top)

-   [How Does the Banking System
    Operate](#how-does-the-banking-system-operate-return-to-top)

-   [Foreign-Exchange
    Controls](#foreign-exchange-controls-return-to-top)

-   [U.S. Banks and Local Correspondent
    Banks](#u.s.-banks-and-local-correspondent-banks-return-to-top)

-   [Project Financing](#project-financing-return-to-top)

-   [Web Resources](#web-resources-return-to-top-2)

## How Do I Get Paid (Methods of Payment) [**Return to top**](#ch7)

Standard methods of payment are available for export sales to Ireland
through a well-developed banking sector. Competition, to a large degree,
has required the use of liberal financing, as opposed to requiring
payment on a letter of credit or cash basis. Letters of credit can be
used initially for new accounts with more liberal terms granted if
justified by volume and customer reliability. Knowledge of industry
practice and the customer is generally the prime consideration in
deciding whether to use sight drafts, time drafts, or open accounts.
Usual terms of sale are payment within 30 to 90 days after delivery,
varying with the commodity and the credit standing of the purchaser.
Major Irish banks can facilitate EximBank programs in Ireland.

## How Does the Banking System Operate [**Return to top**](#ch7)

The Irish financial system has experienced a series of changes over the
past decade. New legislation has been introduced to allow more
competition between different types of financial services organizations.
Consequently, a very sophisticated banking environment exists which
offers many sources of financing to organizations doing business in
Ireland. The banking system operates on a basis similar to that in the
U.K., mainly due to the physical proximity of the two countries and the
high volume of mutual trade. In broad terms, the sources of financing
can be classified into two groups: a) financing and financial services
available directly from banks, building societies, and other financial
institutions, and b) financing available through financial markets, such
as the stock exchange.

The role of the Central Bank of Ireland traditionally has been similar
to that of central banks in other developed countries. Established under
the Central Bank Act of 1942, the Central Bank manages the country's
banking/monetary system and controlling credit. In addition, it acts as
adviser and banker to the Irish government. Its primary objective since
1998, in discharging its function as part of the European System of
Central Banks, has been to maintain price stability across the Euro
zone. In April 2002, the Central Bank became a financial regulator,
through two autonomous subsidiaries. The Irish Monetary Authority was
set up to handle monetary policy and serve as the Irish arm of the
European Central Bank (ECB). The Irish Financial Services Regulatory
Authority was established to supervise Irish financial institutions and
handle regulation of the insurance industry, as well as consumer
protection issues within the financial sector.

In Ireland, commercial banks are classified as "licensed banks" and
"state sponsored banks." These banks provide all general banking
services, including comprehensive current account services. Other
licensed banks, a number of which are subsidiaries and affiliates of the
main clearing banks, tend to concentrate on specific types of banking
business. Examples include wholesale and corporate banking, installment
credit and leasing, capital market activities and, particularly for
banks in the International Financial Services Center (IFSC),
international and investment banking. ACC Bank is the sole state-owned
financial institution providing a broad range of retail and business
banking services, with a particular emphasis on the agricultural sector.
Building societies are mutual organizations with ownership vested in
shareholders that have deposits in investment and savings share
accounts. Along with the clearing banks, they are the principal
institutions providing finance for house purchase.

## Foreign-Exchange Controls [**Return to top**](#ch7)

Ireland is a member of the European Union (EU) and the European Monetary
System (EMS). Therefore, commercial transactions and payment terms
reflect common Western practices. Primary import payment considerations
are determined by the financial reputation of an individual customer
combined with competitive considerations. There are no commercial
foreign-exchange limitations or unusual regulations. Additionally, there
are no restrictions on inward investment, foreign trading, or the
repatriation of capital and profits of American firms based in Ireland.

The Irish importer can easily arrange import financing through his/her
local branch bank manager. Experienced importers respect overseas
vendor's payment terms. The domestic market operates quite differently,
with trade customers taking cash discounts and paying up to 90 or even
180 days after delivery. Occasionally, new importers attempt to apply
domestic practices to the international market place.

## U.S. Banks and Local Correspondent Banks [**Return to top**](#ch7)

For a list of banks and other business service providers see
[www.buyusa.gov/ireland](http://www.buyusa.gov/ireland).

## Project Financing [**Return to top**](#ch7)

There are no restrictions on investments by foreign companies in new
projects and existing entities in Ireland, nor are restrictions imposed
on the repatriation of capital and profits by foreign firms.
International firms investing in Ireland can take advantage of
investment incentives provided by the Irish government through IDA
Ireland, the state organization responsible for attracting international
investment into Ireland. These incentives include a 12.5 percent
corporate tax rate for qualifying industries, capital investment, R & D
and training grants, rent subsidy for industries in certain regions, and
assistance with site location. The range of incentives is available to
manufacturing companies and providers of international tradable services
such as computer software, telemarketing, and financial services.

The Government of Ireland recently established the National Development
Finance Agency (NFDA) to help provide cost effective financing for
public sector investment projects, including public and private
partnerships with multinational firms. State authorities are obliged to
seek advice on financing public projects from the NFDA, which will
assess financial and structuring, and will in certain circumstances be
able to raise funding for public projects. The NFDA has the power to set
up special purpose companies for the purpose of financing projects.

## Web Resources [**Return to top**](#ch7)

Export-Import Bank of the United States:
[http://www.exim.gov](http://www.exim.gov/)

Country Limitation Schedule:
<http://www.exim.gov/tools/country/country_limits.html>

OPIC: [http://www.opic.gov](http://www.opic.gov/)

Trade and Development Agency: <http://www.tda.gov/>

SBA\'s Office of International Trade: <http://www.sba.gov/oit/>

USDA Commodity Credit Corporation:
<http://www.fsa.usda.gov/ccc/default.htm>

U.S. Agency for International Development:
[http://www.usaid.gov](http://www.usaid.gov/)

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

[[]{#ch8 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

# Chapter 8: Business Travel

-   [Business Customs](#business-customs-return-to-top)

-   [Visa Requirements](#visa-requirements-return-to-top)

-   [Travel Advisory](#travel-advisory-return-to-top)

-   [Telecommunications](#telecommunications-return-to-top)

-   [Transportation](#transportation-return-to-top)

-   [Language](#language-return-to-top)

-   [Health](#health-return-to-top)

-   [Local Time, Business Hours and
    Holidays](#local-time-business-hours-and-holidays-return-to-top)

-   [Temporary Entry of Materials and Personal Belongings](#sixtyone)

-   [Other Useful Information](#other-useful-information-return-to-top)

## Business Customs [**Return to top**](#ch8)

Given the close economic, political, and cultural relations that exist
between Ireland and the United States, business opportunities for U.S.
companies are broad based and easily accomplished. In general, Irish
business executives are less formal than their European counterparts and
the use of first names at an early stage of a business relationship is
acceptable. Friendship and mutual trust are highly valued and once an
American has earned this trust, a productive working relationship can
usually be expected. However, principles of customary business courtesy,
especially replying promptly to sales orders and requests for price
quotations, are a prerequisite for success and should be practiced.

Conservative business attire is recommended for business meetings and
functions. Suits, rather than blazers and slacks, are the norm. Business
appointments are also required and visitors are expected to be punctual,
although the Irish party may not always be. Because of the moderating
influence of the Gulf Stream, medium-weight clothing may be worn most of
the year. A travel umbrella, rainwear, hat, and sturdy walking shoes
should also be included in the wardrobe since there is occasional light
rain (\"liquid sunshine\") and many \"soft\" days.

##### 

## Travel Advisory [**Return to top**](#ch8)

For the latest travel advisories regarding Ireland, Europe or the world
see:

<http://travel.state.gov/travel/warning_consular.html>

## Visa Requirements [**Return to top**](#ch8)

-   Every U.S. traveler must have a valid passport.

-   No visa is required of U.S. citizens visiting Ireland for less than
    three months, but one is required for longer periods.

-   An American citizen entering Ireland for permanent residence must
    register with the Aliens Office of the Department of Justice,
    Equality, and Law Reform as soon as possible after entering the
    country.

-   U.S. citizens planning to work in the country must first obtain a
    work permit from the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Employment.
    The permit is presented to immigration upon arrival. Such permits
    must be obtained by the employer and are usually granted only for
    specialized work. Management and skilled workers have no difficulty
    in obtaining the required work permits, which are renewable every 12
    months.

-   U.S. companies that require travel of Irish businesspersons to the
    U.S. should allow sufficient time for visa issuance if required.
    Irish Visa applicants should go to the following link:
    [http://dublin.usembassy.gov](http://dublin.usembassy.gov/).

See also:

State Department Visa Website: <http://travel.state.gov/visa/index.html>

United States Visas.gov: <http://www.unitedstatesvisas.gov/>

## Telecommunications [**Return to top**](#ch8)

Through the ease of telecommunications, e-mails and international calls
are frequently the best method of arranging appointments and maintaining
solid commercial relations. The time zone for Ireland is Greenwich Mean
Time (GMT) or 5 hours ahead of the U.S. Eastern Standard Time (EST + 5
hours).

-   Cell phones are widely used in Ireland. As many as 3.3 million
    people (of 4 million total) use a "mobile" (cell) phone for personal
    and business needs. Tri-band cell phones can be used to place calls
    to the United States and other countries from Ireland.

-   Ireland has a relatively sophisticated digital telecommunications
    system, which includes a direct dialing telephone service connecting
    every part of Ireland with over 90 percent of the rest of the world.

-   A wide range of business services including point-to-multipoint data
    transmission, computer-to-computer file transfer networking, text
    messaging, fax, telex, and video communications are available.

-   U.S. calling cards such as AT&T and Sprint may be used locally for
    making international calls. AT&T has a local office, which can
    assist the U.S. visitor. Phone cards for local and international
    calling are also available in local shops.

## Transportation [**Return to top**](#ch8)

Ireland has four international airports (Dublin, Shannon, Cork, and
Knock). Delta Air Lines, US Airways, and Continental Airlines operate
scheduled air services between Ireland and the United States. However,
Ireland-bound U.S. visitors often utilize United Airlines, American
Airlines, and TWA code shares and gateways in the U.K., as Ireland and
the U.K. have numerous daily air connections.

Rental automobiles are available at numerous locations across Ireland,
but rates are usually more expensive than in the U.S. and other parts of
Europe. Better rental rates may be secured by booking reservations in
the U.S. through one of the U.S. car rental agencies with fleets in
Ireland. An international or state driving license is acceptable.

A few notes of caution. It should be noted that rental cars offer a
target for petty thieves in Ireland, and are often broken into, and
visitors should take care not to leave belongings visible in cars parked
at common tourist destinations. Cars in Ireland are "right-hand drive,"
traffic moves on and from the left-hand side of the road (like in the
United Kingdom), and there are traffic circles ("roundabouts") in most
towns and cities. Also, in relative terms, J-walking is a very common
practice for pedestrians in Ireland. Pedestrians, including children,
often cross against lights or in the middle of roads, and drivers should
use caution. Pubs in Ireland, particularly in Dublin, stay open late and
pedestrian traffic can be heavy throughout the night. It may take the
visitor some time to adjust to these differences. Most auto accidents
for visitors to Ireland happen shortly after departure from the rental
car station.

While Ireland has more paved road on a per capita basis than any other
country in the EU, it lacks an efficient network of highways. Travel
times take longer than expected at first glance. Ninety six percent of
all inland passenger transport and over 90 percent of inland freight
transport are conveyed by road. The balance is carried by rail. A
3,000-kilometer rail system provides passenger and freight services to
most cities and main towns, including those in Northern Ireland.

Ireland has a diverse range of accommodations from world-class hotels to
the more individualized and economical bed and breakfast (B&B)
guesthouses. In view of the large number of visitors to Ireland,
business travelers are advised to make their hotel reservations well in
advance, especially during the summer months, in order to assure the
needed accommodations.

Ireland has a wide and excellent range of restaurants. All the major
international forms of cuisine are available in addition to local Irish
recipes and there is a wide price range to cater for all wallets. The
food service sector is well regulated and standards of hygiene in food
preparation are high.

## Language [**Return to top**](#ch8)

There are two official languages in Ireland \-- Irish and English. While
English is used predominantly, the Irish language (Gaelic) can be heard
in the western part of the country, and can be found on signage around
the country. English is used for business contracts and correspondence,
but some expressions and terms may have different meanings from those in
the United States. To assure complete understanding, it is important to
define unfamiliar terms. Reference to INCOTERMS, the international set
of rules for commercial terms, helps to reduce possible
misunderstandings.

## Health [**Return to top**](#ch8)

Medical services are very good at major hospitals and compare generally
with those in the United States. However, there are sometimes not enough
available beds to service needs. Private clinics can be found in major
cities. Common medical needs are readily obtained, and special supplies
are normally available on short notice. An international certificate of
vaccination is not required for travelers from the United States.
Drinking water is excellent, most pharmaceuticals are available, and
sanitation is up to American standards.

## Local Time, Business Hours, and Holidays [**Return to top**](#ch8)

[]{#sixtyone .anchor}

A 39-hour, 5-day workweek is the norm for offices and factories in
Ireland. Customary office working hours are from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.,
with lunch from 1:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. Banking hours are from 10:00 to
4:00 p.m. Most retail stores are open from 9:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.,
Monday through Saturday, and 12:00 (Noon) to 6:00 p.m., Sundays and
Public Holidays. Many outlets also have later hours on certain days
(Thursday in Dublin) to permit evening shopping.

Due to the vacation season in Ireland in July and August, many Irish
business executives may not be available except by appointment. Also,
appointments may be difficult to schedule on Friday afternoons during
the summer months, when extended weekends are often taken. Most
businesses are closed from December 24 through January 2, during the
Christmas season.

The following is a listing of the official statutory public holidays in
Ireland when most commercial offices are closed. Certain other days are
celebrated as holidays within local jurisdictions. If New Year\'s Day,
Saint Patrick's Day, Christmas Day, or Saint Stephen's Day fall on a
weekend, the following Monday is a public holiday.

[National Holidays]{.underline}

New Year\'s Day (Bank Holiday): January 2, 2006

Saint Patrick's Day: March 17, 2006

Easter Monday (Bank Holiday): April 17, 2006

May Day (Bank Holiday): May 1, 2006

June Holiday: June 5, 2006

August Holiday: August 7, 2006

October Holiday: October 30, 2006

Christmas Day: December 25, 2006

Saint Stephen's Day: December 26, 2006

## Temporary Entry of Materials and Personal Belongings [**Return to top**](#ch8)

Simplified procedures are available to traveling U.S. business and
professional people for the temporary importation of commercial samples
and professional equipment for display or demonstration though the use
of a "carnet." A carnet is a customs document, obtained prior to
departure, which facilitates customs clearance for temporary imports.
With the carnet, goods may be imported without the payment of duty, tax,
or additional security. A carnet is usually valid for one year from the
date of issuance. A bond or cash deposit of 40 percent of the value of
the goods covered by the carnet is also required. This will be forfeited
in the event the products are not re-exported and duties and taxes are
not paid. Carnets can be obtained from the U.S. Council for
International Business ([www.atacarnet@uscib.org]()).

## Other Useful Information [**Return to top**](#ch8)

-   Tipping is as appropriate in Ireland as it is in the United States.
    Generally, for cabdrivers and waiters, 10 percent is the norm.

-   Many restaurants add an automatic 10% service charge to the bill,
    which may be supplemented at the diner's discretion.

-   Porters and bellhops can receive up to one euro per piece of
    luggage.

-   On January 1, 2002, the euro was officially introduced into
    circulation in the European Union countries, including Ireland,
    which are part of the European Monetary Union (EMU). Denmark, Sweden
    and the United Kingdom are members of the EU, but not the EMU, and
    therefore do not have the euro as their official currency.

```{=html}
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```
-   U.S. credit cards are widely accepted, though vendors may require
    additional identification, such as a passport. Travelers' checks are
    usually accepted, but visitors should inquire about the policy of
    the bank, hotel, or store before seeking to cash a personal check.

-   Irish banks may not accept \$100 bills for currency exchange.
    Business travelers should consider bringing travelers checks and/or
    cash in denominations of \$20 or less for currency exchange.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Most Irish banks are affiliated to payment facilities networks such
    as 'Plus,' 'Cirrus,' and 'Maestro' and readily dispense cash in
    euros through their ATMs. This provides one of the most convenient
    ways to obtain cash, although bank transaction fees apply.

-   For currency or other numerical quantities, a comma is commonly used
    to mark off the thousands position and a decimal point (period) to
    denote decimal amounts \-- the same practice as followed in the
    United States; for example euro 1,234,456.78. Dates are written in
    the sequence of day, month, and year. For example, the date March
    17, 2006, is found in written correspondence as 17 March 2006 or
    17.3.2006.

-   The electric current in Ireland is alternating current, 50 cycle,
    220 volts. American appliances, such as electric shavers or hair
    dryers, do not work and will be damaged if used without a converter
    and adaptor plug (readily available for purchase in airport transit
    lounges).

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

# Chapter 9: Contacts, Market Research, and Trade Events

-   [Contacts](#contacts-return-to-top)

-   [Market Research](#market-research-return-to-top)

-   [Trade Events](#trade-events-return-to-top)

## Contacts [**Return to top**](#chapter-9-contacts-market-research-and-trade-events)

Organization: U.S. Embassy, Commercial Section

Contact Name: Dale Tasharski, Senior Commercial Officer

Address: U.S. Embassy, 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4.

Phone: +353-1-667-4752

Fax: +353-1-667-4754

E-mail: <dale.tasharski@mail.doc.gov>

Website: [www.buyusa.gov](http://www.buyusa.gov/)

[http://dublin.usembassy.gov]{.underline}

Organization: U.S. Embassy, Economic Section

Contact Name: Joe Young, Economic Officer

Address: U.S. Embassy, 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4.

Phone: +353-1-668-7122

Fax: +353-1-667-0056

Website:
[http://dublin.usembassy.gov](../%20http://dublin.usembassy.gov%0D%20)

Organization: U.S. Embassy, Agricultural Section

Contact Name: Michael Hanley, Agricultural Specialist

Address: U.S. Embassy, 42 Elgin Road, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4.

Phone: +353-1-668-6235

Fax: +353-1-668-7423

E-mail: [agdublin@usda.gov](mailto:agdublin@fas.usda.gov)

Organization: U.S. Department of Commerce

Contact Name: Robert McLaughlin, Desk Officer for Ireland

Address: U.S. Department of Commerce, Room H-3039, 14th Street &
Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20230

Phone: (202) 482-3748

Fax: (202) 482-2897

Organization: American Chamber of Commerce in Ireland

Contact Name: Joanne Richardson, CEO

Address: 6 Wilton Place, Dublin 2, Ireland

Phone: +353-1-661-6201

Fax: +353-1-661-6217

E-Mail: <info@amcham.ie>

Organization: IDA Ireland (Industrial Development Agency)

Contact Name: Sean Dorgan, Chief Executive

Address: Wilton Park House, Wilton Place, Dublin 2.

Phone: +353-1-603-4000

Fax: +353-1-603-4040

Website: [www.idaireland.com](http://www.idaireland.com/)

Organization: Enterprise Ireland

Contact Name: Frank Ryan, Chief Executive

Address: Wilton Park House, Wilton Place, Dublin 2.

Phone: +353-1-857-0000

Fax: +353-1-808-2020

Website:
[www.enterprise-ireland.com](http://www.enterprise-ireland.com/)

Organization: The Chambers of Commerce of Ireland

Contact Name: Mr. John Dunne, Chief Executive

Address: 17 Merrion Square, Dublin 2.

Phone: +353-1-661-2888

Fax: +353-1-661-2811

Website: [www.chambersireland.ie](http://www.chambersireland.ie/)

## Market Research [**Return to top**](#chapter-9-contacts-market-research-and-trade-events)

To view market research reports produced by the U.S. Commercial Service
please go to the following website:
[http://www.export.gov/marketresearch.html](http://www.export.gov/marketresearch.html )
and click on Country and Industry Market Reports.

Please note that these reports are only available to U.S. citizens and
U.S. companies. Registration to the site is required, but free of
charge.

## Trade Events [**Return to top**](#chapter-9-contacts-market-research-and-trade-events)

Please click on the link below for information on upcoming trade events.

<http://www.export.gov/tradeevents.html>

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

[[]{#ch10 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

# Chapter 10: Guide to Our Services

The U.S. Commercial Service offers customized solutions to help your
business enter and succeed in markets worldwide. Our global network of
trade specialists will work one-on-one with you through every step of
the exporting process, helping you to:

-   Target the best markets with our world-class research

-   Promote your products and services to qualified buyers

-   Meet the best distributors and agents for your products and services

-   Overcome potential challenges or trade barriers

For more information on the services the U.S. Commercial Service offers
U.S. businesses, please click on the link below.

<http://www.buyusa.gov/ireland>

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-ireland)

# 

U.S. exporters seeking general export information/assistance or
country-specific commercial information should consult with their
nearest **Export Assistance Center** or the **U.S. Department of
Commerce\'s Trade Information Center** at **(800) USA-TRADE**, or go to
the following website: [http://www.export.gov]()\
\
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained in this report
is accurate as of the date published. However, **The Department of
Commerce** does not take responsibility for actions readers may take
based on the information contained herein. Readers should always conduct
their own due diligence before entering into business ventures or other
commercial arrangements. **The Department of Commerce** can assist
companies in these endeavors.