APPENDIX A

BACKUP OPERATIONS

1.0 Backup Operations. Backup operations are implemented during periods
of outage at a facility or when significant operational conditions
warrant the need to maintain continuity in service during an ongoing
event.

1.1 Backup Services. Backup services are provided for products issued
by:

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) (National
Weather

> Service (NWS) and National Environmental Satellite, Data, and
> Information Service (NESDIS)):

-   Meteorological Watch Offices (MWO)

-   Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAAC)

-   World Area Forecast Center (WAFC)

> USGS: Volcano Observatories
>
> FAA: U.S. NOTAM Office

# 2.0 Backup Procedures for NOAA (NWS and NESDIS). The following describes the backup procedures for the MWO, VAAC, and WAFC.

2.1 MWO

> The NWS has three MWO: Anchorage, Honolulu and Kansas City. Each has a
> separate backup procedure as described in the following section.
>
> 2.1 1 Anchorage MWO
>
> The Anchorage MWO (Alaska Aviation Weather Unit) SIGMET backup is
> provided by several offices dependant upon flight level.
>
> High level SIGMETs (FL250 and above) and Volcanic Eruptions/SIGMETS
> will be issued by the Aviation Weather Center (AWC).
>
> Low level SIGMETs (below FL250) will be issued by the Alaska NWS
> forecast offices.
>
> If the Anchorage MWO cannot issue SIGMETs, the Juneau Forecast Office
> will take responsibility for issuing low level SIGMETs in the Juneau
> FA area.
>
> The Fairbanks Forecast Office will take responsibility for issuing low
> level SIGMETs in the Fairbanks FA and Anchorage FA areas.
>
> The Alaska FA will not be backed up in a short term (less than 24
> hours unplanned backup scenario). If possible, the AFSSs at Kenai,
> Juneau and Fairbanks will be notified of the temporary cancellation of
> the FA production. If notification is not possible, the Juneau
> Forecast Office will notify the Juneau AFSS and have the Fairbanks
> Forecast Office notify the Kenai and Fairbanks AFSS. In a longer than
> 24 hour backup scenario, AAWU forecasters will be sent TDY to the
> Juneau and Fairbanks FOs as soon as possible to assume AAWU SIGMET,
> AIRMET and FA production.
>
> 2.1.2 Honolulu MWO
>
> When the Honolulu MWO is down and cannot produce or distribute their
> products, the AWC will provide backup for MWO-related products
> (SIGMETs, AIRMETs, Area Forecasts) and WFO Monterey will provide
> backup for WFO related products (TAFs, public advisories).
>
> The Lead Forecaster or MIC at Honolulu will notify AWC and WFO
> Monterey in the event that backup services are required.
>
> 2.1.3 Kansas City MWO/AWC
>
> In the event that Kansas City MWO/AWC is down and unable to produce or
> distribute products, the following offices will provide backup
> services.
>
> SIGMETs issued for Oceanic Flight Information Regions

-   Atlantic (KZNY FIR) -- Tropical Prediction Center (TPC)

-   Pacific (KZOA FIR) -- WFO Honolulu

-   Other (KJZS, KZHU, KZMA FIRs) -- TPC

> CONUS SIGMETs

-   AFWA

> Area Forecasts

-   Atlantic, Carribean, Gulf of Mexico -- TPC

-   Pacific -- WFO Honolulu

2.2 VAAC

> 2.2.1 Anchorage VAAC
>
> If the Anchorage VAAC cannot issue a Volcanic Ash Advisory or the
> associate Volcanic Ash Graphic, responsibility will be transferred to
> the Washington VAAC.
>
> 2.2.2 Washington VAAC
>
> Backup for the Washington VAAC is provided by the Air Force Weather
> Agency (AFWA) at Offutt Air Force Base in Omaha, Nebraska. AFWA will
> be notified by the Washington VAAC of the need for backup and
> requested to initiate any required backup operations. The following
> actions are taken by AFWA:

-   Issues a message under an FVXX## header, stating that the Washington
    VAAC is out of operation, and that AFWA is assuming the role of the
    Washington VAAC until further notice.

-   Monitors volcanoes by satellite, and receives relevant PIREPs,
    SIGMETs, etc.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   If the Washington VAAC is down and cannot produce or distribute
    their products, AFWA will provide backup for products and
    dissemination. Required products and format are as follows:

    -   Volcanic Ash Advisory (VAA) -- (FVXX20-27 KNES)

    -   Graphical products VAFTAD -- 12, 24 hr page 1 (PHBE10 KWBC)

    -   Graphical product VAFTAD - 36, 48 hr page 2 (PHBI 10 KWBC)

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   Provides information by phone to AWC, ATCSCC, Anchorage VAAC and any
    other pertinent U.S. agency.

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
-   VAAs are issued on an as-needed basis. Graphical products are issued
    if ash plume is expected to last at least 24 hrs.

-   Timeliness: Products are available as soon as possible after
    creation.

-   Notify responsible MWOs in Washington-VAAC's Area of Responsibility
    to ensure initiation of SIGMETS advisories; notify government
    agencies (i.e. FAA, AWC, FEMA, etc) as required, of VAA issuance.

> Washington VAAC will notify AFWA as to termination of backup support.
> The Washington VAAC is responsible for issuing notice of its return to
> operations, which includes date and time operations are taken over by
> the Washington VAAC.
>
> The SAB lead analyst is the operational point of contact at the
> Washington VAAC. The AFWA Metsat Applications Branch duty analyst is
> the operational point of contact at AFWA.

2.3 WAFC

> 2.3.1 SIGWX charts provided by the Washington WAFC will be backed up
> by the London WAFC.

3.0 Backup Procedures for USGS. The backup for all USGS Volcano
Observatories is the Alaska Volcano Observatory in Anchorage Alaska. In
the event that the Alaska Volcano Observatory cannot serve as a backup,
the Cascades Volcano Observatory will provide that function.

4.0 Backup Procedures for FAA. U.S. NOTAM Office. The National Notice to
Airman Office is located at the ATCSCC in Herndon, Virginia. In an event
requiring backup operations, a contingent of NOTAM staff personnel will
relocate to the Washington Air Route Traffic Control Center, located in
Leesburg, Virginia and re-establish operations.

**APPENDIX B**

**ALASKA PLAN**

**Alaska**

**Interagency Operating Plan**

**for**

**Volcanic Ash Episodes**

![](media/image1.png){width="5.930555555555555in"
height="3.748611111111111in"}
![](media/image2.png){width="0.9840277777777777in"
height="0.9965277777777778in"}

![](media/image3.png){width="0.95in" height="0.95in"}

**April 1, 2004**

![](media/image4.png){width="0.9479166666666666in"
height="0.9479166666666666in"}

![](media/image5.wmf){width="0.9472222222222222in"
height="1.0097222222222222in"}

![](media/image6.png){width="1.5in"
height="0.625in"}![](media/image7.png){width="0.95in"
height="0.9604166666666667in"}

![](media/image8.png){width="1.05in"
height="0.9958333333333333in"}![](media/image9.png){width="0.9486111111111111in"
height="0.9486111111111111in"}

Table of Contents

1.6 Agency Procedures and Procedural Changes [Error! Bookmark not
defined.](#__RefHeading___Toc133379894)

1.0 I[ntroduction]{.smallcaps} [3](#__RefHeading___Toc133379895)

**1.1** **Integrated Response to Volcanic Ash**
[3](#__RefHeading___Toc133379896)

**1.2** **Data Collection and Processing**
[4](#__RefHeading___Toc133379897)

**1.3** **Information Management and Coordination**
[4](#__RefHeading___Toc133379898)

**1.4** **Distribution and Dissemination**
[5](#__RefHeading___Toc133379899)

2.0 [Responsibilities of the Parties]{.smallcaps}
[5](#__RefHeading___Toc133379900)

**2.1** **Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management
(DHS&EM)** [5](#__RefHeading___Toc133379901)

**2.2** **Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO)**
[6](#__RefHeading___Toc133379902)

**2.2.1** **[Organization]{.smallcaps}**
[7](#__RefHeading___Toc133379903)

**2.2.2** **[General Operational Procedures]{.smallcaps}**
[8](#__RefHeading___Toc133379904)

**2.2.2.1** **[Early Eruption Prediction, Warning & Call‑Down:
Seismically Instrumented Volcanoes]{.smallcaps}**
[8](#__RefHeading___Toc133379905)

**[2.2.2.1.1]{.smallcaps}** **[Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response
Team (KVERT)]{.smallcaps}** [10](#__RefHeading___Toc133379906)

**2.2.2.2** **[Seismically Unmonitored Volcanoes]{.smallcaps}**
[11](#__RefHeading___Toc133379907)

**2.2.2.3** **[Updates and Information Releases]{.smallcaps}**
[11](#__RefHeading___Toc133379908)

**2.2.2.4** **[Communication with Other Agencies]{.smallcaps}**
[12](#__RefHeading___Toc133379909)

**2.2.2.5** **[Level of Concern Color Code System]{.smallcaps}**
[12](#__RefHeading___Toc133379910)

**2.2.2.6** **[Designation of Authority]{.smallcaps}**
[15](#__RefHeading___Toc133379911)

**2.3** **Department of Defense** [15](#__RefHeading___Toc133379912)

**2.3.1** **[Procedures]{.smallcaps}**
[15](#__RefHeading___Toc133379913)

**2.4** **Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)**
[16](#__RefHeading___Toc133379914)

**2.4.1** **[Procedures]{.smallcaps}**
[16](#__RefHeading___Toc133379915)

**2.5** **National Weather Service (NWS)**
[17](#__RefHeading___Toc133379916)

**2.5.1** **[Definition of a Report of Volcanic Eruption with
Ash]{.smallcaps}** [18](#__RefHeading___Toc133379917)

**2.5.2** **[NWS Volcano Eruption Response Procedures, Coordination,
Products, and Services]{.smallcaps}** [19](#__RefHeading___Toc133379918)

**2.5.2.1** **[Alaska Aviation Weather Unit (AAWU)/Anchorage
VAAC]{.smallcaps}** [19](#__RefHeading___Toc133379919)

**2.5.2.1.1** **[Products]{.smallcaps}**
[19](#__RefHeading___Toc133379920)

**[2.5.2.1.2]{.smallcaps}** **[AAWU Coordination
Procedures]{.smallcaps}** [19](#__RefHeading___Toc133379921)

**[2.5.2.1.3]{.smallcaps}** **[Coordination Partners]{.smallcaps}**
[20](#__RefHeading___Toc133379922)

**2.5.2.2** **[Anchorage Center Weather Service Unit
(CWSU)]{.smallcaps}** [21](#__RefHeading___Toc133379923)

**2.5.2.3** **[Alaska Region WFOs and WSOs]{.smallcaps}**
[22](#__RefHeading___Toc133379924)

**2.5.3** **[Ash Trajectory Forecasts from Numerical
Models]{.smallcaps}** [23](#__RefHeading___Toc133379925)

**2.5.4** **[Dissemination of Products]{.smallcaps}**
[24](#__RefHeading___Toc133379926)

**2.6** **United States Coast Guard** [25](#__RefHeading___Toc133379927)

3.0 [Plan Management]{.smallcaps} [26](#__RefHeading___Toc133379928)

4.0 [List of Acronyms]{.smallcaps} [27](#__RefHeading___Toc133379929)

5.0 [Principal Contacts and Phone Numbers]{.smallcaps}
[29](#__RefHeading___Toc133379930)

[6.0]{.smallcaps} [Principal Contacts Web Pages]{.smallcaps}
[33](#__RefHeading___Toc133379931)

7.0 [Signature Page]{.smallcaps} [34](#__RefHeading___Toc133379932)

[Appendix A]{.smallcaps} [Active Volcanoes of Alaska]{.smallcaps}
[1](#__RefHeading___Toc133379933)

[Appendix B]{.smallcaps} [Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka]{.smallcaps}
[1](#__RefHeading___Toc133379934)

Appendix C Active Volcanoes of the Kurile Islands
[1](#__RefHeading___Toc133379935)

**1.0 I[ntroduction]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379895
.anchor}

Volcanic eruption plumes and subsequent drifting ash clouds from North
Pacific volcanoes have caused delays in flight operations nationwide and
substantial damage to aircraft and equipment. Volcanic ash also has
caused difficulties in Alaskan communities, ranging from property damage
to health hazards. This operating plan provides an overview of multiple
agency integrated operations in response to the threat of volcanic ash
affecting Alaska, and an agency-by-agency description of roles and
responsibilities in such events. A cohesive, well coordinated response
will result in the flow of timely and consistent information to those at
risk.

The agencies involved in this operating plan are: The Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA); the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) operated
jointly by the United States Geological Survey (USGS), Alaska Division
of Geological and Geophysical Surveys (ADGGS) and the University of
Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute (UAFGI); the National Weather
Service (NWS); the Department of Defense (DOD); the State of Division of
Homeland Security and Emergency Management (DHS&EM); and the United
States Coast Guard (USCG).

This operating plan is written to cover the State of Alaska and the
adjacent United States airspace Flight Information Regions (FIR). This
also includes responsibility for volcanic ash transported by upper winds
from erupting volcanoes outside the United States FIRs into the Alaska
airspace, such as those in Kamchatka and the Kurile Islands, Russia.

The Interagency Operating Plan for Volcanic Ash Episodes in Alaska is
considered an integral part of the current National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/FAA Volcano Hazards Implementation
Plan that supports the Agreement between NOAA and the FAA on volcanic
hazards. A Letter of Agreement has added volcano hazards support from
the USGS to the NOAA/FAA Agreement. As such, the interagency plan
describes the communication links and the operational actions necessary
for the Plan to support those NOAA, FAA and USGS components operating
under the NOAA/FAA/USGS Volcano Hazards Implementation Plan.

**1.1 [Integrated Response to Volcanic
Ash]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379896 .anchor}

The release of airborne volcanic ash should invoke quick, definitive,
and systematic action among participants of this Plan. Each agency is
responsible for some element of response to airborne volcanic ash, be it
in the realms of public safety, flight safety, military integrity,
continuity of government, commerce, transportation, or a combination of
these. In response to individual agency mission, priorities may differ
slightly, and call-down lists vary from agency to agency. However, the
most important element of this Plan is ensuring those at risk receive
timely, consistent information. Each agency, therefore, must respond in
a coordinated and systematic manner. Participants of this Plan must
ensure they are sending the same message. An integrated response to the
occurrence of airborne volcanic ash is critical. That response involves:
data collection and processing, information management and coordination,
and distribution and dissemination.

**1.2 [Data Collection and
Processing]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379897 .anchor}

Each of the participant agencies has potential to be the first to
receive a report of a volcanic eruption or volcanic ash. How that
information is treated, i.e., validation, processing, and relay, is
crucial to a successful multi-agency response. DHS&EM, AVO, NWS, DOD,
and the FAA may receive reports in very different manners; some from
sophisticated remote and *in situ* instrumentation, others from trained
observers and pilots, and still others from law enforcement, municipal
workers, or the general public. Considering the comparative rarity of
volcanic ash (at any given locale) but high potential for catastrophic
loss, all such reports should be taken very seriously and validated as
quickly as possible.

While each agency may tend to receive reports of volcanic ash in
different manners, and from different sources, once they get the
information and validate it (with corroborating evidence if possible),
that report should be relayed to the warning agency (National Weather
Service) and the FAA Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) within
minutes. It is crucial to ensure this relay of information is done
quickly since commercial aircraft travel 90 miles in 10 minutes, and ash
can get to flight level in less than half that time. Furthermore,
airborne ash can begin depositing on surfaces hundreds of miles from the
source within a couple of hours. Both accuracy and timeliness are
essential.

Validation of reports first should involve calling on the data gathering
capabilities of other agencies participating in this Plan. For example,
should DHS&EM receive a report from law enforcement in Homer that
Iliamna is erupting and ejecting ash, they should call AVO since Iliamna
is instrumented. If appropriate, they should remain on the line while
AVO evaluates the potential ash eruption (which could be a steam
emission, meteorological cloud formation, or wild fire). Once
confirmation is made, AVO should proceed calling NWS and ARTCC, freeing
DHS&EM to continue with their call-down to the State Emergency
Coordination Center, affected political subdivisions, and so forth (see
section 2.1). Alternatively, should AVO first receive an eruption
report, they should validate its occurrence (by ground or satellite
sensor, contact FAA ARTCC for any pilot reports in the vicinity), relay
that information to NWS, and proceed with their call-down. [So, the
general rule is: the agency gathering the initial volcanic ash report
validates it, ensures it gets to the warning agency, and proceeds with
its own call-down.]{.underline}

**1.3 [Information Management and
Coordination]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379898 .anchor}

It is essential that agencies relaying information about the occurrence
of volcanic ash, its trajectory, and potential effects, deliver a
consistent message. However, to ensure rapid dissemination, the Alaska
Aviation Weather Unit (AAWU) will take the lead role in determining the
details of the initial eruption Significant Meteorological Advisory
(SIGMET). As time allows, coordination (collaboration) should take place
on all subsequent SIGMETs to ensure a consistent message. Coordination
(collaboration) is necessary to better define the ash plume in both time
and space, integrating all of the data collected by the partner
agencies. At a minimum, at least one formal coordination (collaboration)
should take place each day to share information and discuss issues
pertaining to the event.

**1.4 [Distribution and
Dissemination]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379899 .anchor}

Each agency is obligated to redistribute critical information to its
constituencies in a way that optimizes their ability to mitigate the
loss of life and property, and those methodologies vary from agency to
agency. National Weather Service uses NOAA Weather Wire, marine High
Frequency (HF) and Very High Frequency (VHF) radio, NOAA Weather Radio
(NWR), and the statewide Alaska television weathercast, in addition to
distribution of text and graphics by its own telecommunications Gateway
and through telephone facsimile. FAA distributes critical aviation
weather forecasts, advisories and warnings from the NWS, as well as
flight information, pilot reports, and terminal information via its
Digital Aviation Weather Network (DAWN) and Aeronautical Fixed
Telecommunications Network (AFTN) data links. The DHS&EM staff can
redistribute critical information via the First Class e-mail system as
well as call upon commercial radio, television, cable and Internet
service in addition to the Emergency Alert System (EAS). Greater detail
of each agency's means to pass along information is provided in section
2.5.4. By utilizing as many diverse methods to disseminate information
as possible, chances of reaching as many people as possible are
optimized.

The following sections provide an agency-by-agency breakdown about
specific roles and responsibilities should volcanic ash threaten Alaska.

**2.0 [Responsibilities of the
Parties]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379900 .anchor}

The duties and responsibilities of each of the participating agencies in
providing volcanic ash hazards information are outlined.

**2.1 [Division of Homeland Security and Emergency Management
(DHS&EM)]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379901 .anchor}

DHS&EM will conduct the following actions upon notification from AVO
that any volcano has been upgraded to Code ORANGE or Code RED. The
purpose of these actions are to coordinate State and municipal actions
for a single imminent volcanic event:

> A. Determine the appropriate level of activation for the State
> Emergency Coordination Center (SECC).
>
> B. Notify the potentially affected political subdivisions of the
> situation.
>
> C. Determine if the potentially affected political subdivisions will
> begin operations of local emergency operations centers during the Code
> ORANGE or Code RED situation.
>
> D. Determine if any of the above communities would want to participate
> in a conference call coordinated by DHS&EM pertaining to the Code
> ORANGE or Code RED situation. This conference call will initially
> include representation from the Alaska Volcano Observatory, the
> National Weather Service, the Alaska Department of Environmental
> Conservation (for air quality information), and DHS&EM. The purpose of
> this conference call is to:
>
> \(1\) Allow the AVO and the NWS to provide any additional information
> on the situation.
>
> \(2\) Provide the opportunity for the local communities to ask
> questions pertaining to the situation.
>
> \(3\) Coordinate any local/state actions that may be needed in coping
> with the situation.
>
> \(4\) Determine if an additional coordinating conference call will be
> needed, at what time, and what agencies or individuals should
> participate. This call will be scheduled approximately one hour after
> the initial notification of the Code ORANGE or Code RED situation.
>
> DHS&EM will verify the name of the local person and the telephone
> number to be used for this conference call and provide it to the
> conference call operator.
>
> E. Post situation information on First Class e-mail and other
> information systems as available.

**2.2 [Alaska Volcano Observatory
(AVO)]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379902 .anchor}

The AVO is responsible for the volcano monitoring program, volcanic
hazards assessment, and eruption notification in Alaska. AVO is a joint
program of the USGS, the UAFGI, and the ADGGS and is funded by the USGS
Volcanic Hazards Program. In keeping with the statutory responsibilities
of its component agencies, AVO has three primary objectives:

> A. To provide timely and accurate information on volcanic hazards,
> warnings of impending dangerous activity, and eruption notifications
> to local, state, and federal officials and the public.
>
> B. To conduct monitoring and other interpretive scientific
> investigations in order to assess the style, timing, and duration of
> future volcanic activity.
>
> C. To assess volcanic hazards associated with anticipated or ongoing
> activity, including types of events, potential effects, and areas at
> risk.

**2.2.1 [Organization]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379903
.anchor}

Both the USGS facility in Anchorage and the UAFGI in Fairbanks employ
geologists, geophysicists, and remote sensing specialists. Much of the
routine processing and analysis of seismic and remote sensing data is
performed in Fairbanks, while the USGS facility in Anchorage serves as
the crisis center during times of increased volcanic activity. However,
both

facilities can also serve as limited backups to the other if required.
AVO also maintains close ties to ancillary laboratories and offices
shared by UAFGI and ADGGS in Fairbanks and at USGS facilities in Menlo
Park, California and Vancouver, Washington. Managerial responsibility
for AVO rests with a USGS Chief Scientist for Volcano Hazards, a
Scientist‑in‑Charge (SIC), and a Coordinating Scientist, as described
below.

**[Chief Scientist for Volcano Hazards, USGS - Western Region
Headquarters, Vancouver, Washington]{.smallcaps}**

The USGS Chief Scientist for Volcano Hazards is based in the Western
Region and has line authority for all USGS volcano observatories. In
this role, the Chief Scientist enables mission support for the
observatories during times of enhanced response and crisis.

**[Scientist‑in‑Charge (SIC), AVO/USGS ‑ Anchorage]{.smallcaps}**

The SIC is based at the office of the USGS in Anchorage, Alaska and is
the official spokesperson for AVO. During periods of routine, non‑crisis
operation, the SIC coordinates all AVO monitoring, hazards assessment,
and information dissemination. The SIC ensures that the monitoring and
hazards data are adequately analyzed and periodically reviewed; that
monitoring and hazards assessments are conducted efficiently,
effectively, and thoroughly; and that accurate and timely hazards
assessments and supporting scientific information are issued to all
concerned parties, including local, state, and federal officials, and to
the public.

**[Coordinating Scientist, AVO/UAFGI ‑ Fairbanks]{.smallcaps}**

During routine monitoring operation, the Coordinating Scientist based at
the UAFGI in Fairbanks, acts as principal liaison between the UAFGI and
ADGGS in Fairbanks and the SIC in Anchorage. The Coordinating Scientist
is responsible for ensuring the timely communication of monitoring and
scientific information gathered at the UAFGI and/or ADGGS to the SIC.
The SIC confers with the Coordinating Scientist prior to issuance of a
volcanic hazard or eruption notification.

**2.2.2 [General Operational
Procedures]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379904 .anchor}

During periods of routine, non-crisis activity, the role of AVO is to
coordinate a volcano monitoring program including interpretation of
monitoring data, gathering basic geologic data on Alaskan volcanoes to
predict probable eruption scenarios based on prior behavior, and
developing hazard assessments of Alaskan volcanoes. Under conditions of
heightened volcanic activity, the crisis center at AVO‑Anchorage becomes
directly responsible for all AVO activities concerning the emergency and
is the principal point of contact for government agencies, the media,
and the public regarding information on volcanic activity and hazards
assessment.

AVO coordinates eruption responses with other USGS Volcano Observatories
in the Cascades (CVO), Hawaii (HVO), Long Valley California (LVO), and
Yellowstone (YVO), as well as with international agencies involved in
volcanic ash cloud warnings including the Japan Meteorological Agency
(JMA), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and the Canadian
Meteorological Centre (CMC). AVO has a major role in responses to
eruptions from Russian volcanoes and has a formal operational agreement
in place with the Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT).

**2.2.2.1 [Early Eruption Prediction, Warning & Call‑Down: Seismically
Instrumented Volcanoes]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379905
.anchor}

AVO has a program of real‑time seismic monitoring at four Cook Inlet
volcanoes: Mt. Spurr (Crater Peak), Redoubt, Iliamna and Augustine; and
currently at an additional 21 potentially active volcanoes on the Alaska
Peninsula and Aleutian Islands (Appendix A). In addition, AVO conducts
routine satellite monitoring and may conduct periodic observational
overflights and/or landings as weather and volcanic conditions permit,
and may obtain intermittent airborne sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide
measurements. The continuous recording of seismic activity at volcanoes,
in combination with satellite monitoring techniques, allows AVO to issue
warning of the possibility of a volcanic eruption hours to weeks in
advance. Normal business hours for AVO are 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Monday
through Friday. Additionally, seismic data is inspected once a day and
satellite data twice a day on weekends. Once a volcano has been placed
in color code YELLOW, AVO goes to a 7 day/week watch during which AVO
staff check activity of the volcano at least three times a day. AVO goes
to a 24-hour watch once a volcano has been placed in color code ORANGE
or RED, or if an eruption notification has been received. Notification
of an ash-producing eruption will be issued, usually within minutes of
onset of eruption. Through the use of an answering service, pagers, and
cell phones, AVO staff can be contacted quickly at any time in an
emergency.

Once a monitored volcano has become restless (e.g., shows a rising level
of seismic activity), the following procedures are implemented:

> A. Upon notification of unusual volcanic activity based on any
> information, a duty person in Anchorage will call the SIC, who is
> responsible for the decision to activate the calldown procedure. AVO
> staff in Fairbanks will call either the SIC directly or the
> Coordinating Scientist who in turn will call the SIC.
>
> B. Initial communication of any change that might indicate an
> increased level of volcanic hazard will be initiated by the SIC and
> will be by telephone calldown followed by fax and e-mail information
> releases as needed and as new information becomes available. AVO's
> calldown list is as follows:

**[Calldown Responsibility of AVO Anchorage for Alaskan
Volcanoes]{.smallcaps}**

1\. FAA 907-269-1103.....Air Route Air Traffic Control Center

2\. NWS 907-266-5110............................Aviation Forecast

3\. CWSU 907-338-1010

4\. ELMENDORF AFB 907-552-2719... 11^th^ Operational Weather Squadron

907-552-3013 Wing Command Post

5\. FORT RICHARDSON 907-384-6666.. U.S. Army Alaska Command Center

6\. NOAA/SAB 301-763-8444

7\. CANADIAN MET. CENTRE 514-421-4635

8\. U.S. COAST GUARD 907-463-2001..........................Juneau

**[Calldown Responsibility of AVO Fairbanks for Alaskan
Volcanoes]{.smallcaps}**

1\. DHS&EM 800-478-2337

907-428-7000 Duty Officer

2\. GOVERNOR\'S OFFICE 907-465-3500

3\. EIELSON AFB 907-377-1500........................... Command Post

For each call, AVO will state the following message:

\"THIS IS AN ERUPTION NOTIFICATION FROM THE ALASKA VOLCANO OBSER­VATORY.
SEISMIC (or other) DATA INDI­CATE THAT A (SMALL, MODERATE, LARGE)
ERUPTION OF VOLCANO BEGAN AT AST ( Z) ON (DATE). THE LEVEL OF CONCERN
CODE IS (ORANGE, RED).\"

> AVO may add additional recipients to the basic calldown list as
> appropriate (e.g. Drift River Oil Terminal in the case of Redoubt
> Volcano, Beluga Power Plant in the case of Spurr Volcano, etc.).
> Following the calldown, a written information release is then
> implemented by fax and electronic mail distribution to these parties
> as well as to other constituents.

**[Calldown Responsibility of AVO Anchorage for Russian
Volcanoes]{.smallcaps}**

1\. FAA 907-269-1103....... Air Route Traffic Control Center

2\. NWS 907-266-5110............... Aviation Forecast

3\. CWSU 907-338-1010

4\. ELMENDORF AFB 907-552-2719.... 11^th^ Operational Weather Squadron

907-552-3013........... Wing Command Post

5\. NOAA/SAB

6\. CANADIAN MET. CENTRE

7\. U.S. COAST GUARD 907-463-2001...................... Juneau

8\. EIELSON AFB 907-377-1500...................... Command Post

> C. Phone surveys of relevant citizen contacts, pilots, and other
> agency personnel at remote sites along the Alaska Peninsula and the
> Aleutian Chain are conducted for additional information.
>
> D. If warranted, AVO personnel will attempt to overfly and/or land on
> the volcano to assess the situation. Airborne gas measurements,
> deployment of portable seismic and other recording instrumentation,
> and field observations are options available to AVO and can be used
> depending on the location of the eruption and severity of hazards.
>
> E. A written information release is made available to constituents by
> fax and/or e-mail as soon as data are available. At any time, should
> an eruption be verified and pose a significant hazard to aircraft or a
> population center, the formal telephone calldown procedure will be
> done. Calldowns will also be initiated during each significant change
> in the status of an eruption.

**[2.2.2.1.1 Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team
(KVERT)]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379906 .anchor}

KVERT is composed of scientists from the Institute of Volcanic Geology
and Geochemistry (IVGG), and the Kamchatkan Experimental Seismological
and Methodical Department (KEMSD) located in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.
As of 2003, ten volcanoes of Kamchatka and Paramushir Island in the
northern Kuriles are monitored by seismic instruments (see Appendices B
and C). KVERT also receives visual and satellite data for Kamchatka and
the northern Kuriles. AVO facilitates dissemination of eruption reports
from KVERT, however, KVERT is the authoritative source of information
regarding volcanic activity in Kamchatka and on Paramushir Island.

As of 2003, no formal volcano monitoring and reporting organization
exists for the Kurile Island chain south of Paramushir Island. However,
discussions are underway to establish such a group in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.

KVERT prepares a weekly Information Release describing the status of
Kamchatkan volcanoes that is sent by e-mail to AVO, with whom KVERT has
a formal working relationship for distribution. In the event of a major
eruption, KVERT immediately makes phone calls to the Hydrometeorological
Survey at Elizovo Airport in Petropavlovsk, the Department of Civil
Emergency, AVO, media, and local officials. A color code is assigned and
a written Information Release is sent to AVO. This information is
disseminated by AVO through phone, fax and e-mail to international air
traffic groups, weather services, and airlines. KVERT releases
additional updates and makes call downs as needed, depending on changes
in volcanic activity or hazard.

**2.2.2.2 [Seismically Unmonitored
Volcanoes]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379907 .anchor}

At this time, AVO has no seismic monitoring instruments on about 16
historically active volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula, along the
Aleutian Islands, and in the Wrangell Mountains (see Appendix A). For
these volcanoes, prompt detection and notification of eruptive activity
may be delayed, and future activity cannot be forecast.  However, AVO
routinely checks remote sensing data obtained by satellite for all
volcanoes in Alaska and Kamchatka for signs of activity at least twice a
day. In addition, AVO responds to and requests information from pilot
reports (via FAA and NWS) and observations from the U.S. Coast Guard,
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, local residents, the military, and
fishing vessels to detect and monitor activity on all volcanoes, whether
seismically monitored or not. If AVO receives a report of a possible
eruption or detects one in satellite data, the following steps are
taken:

> A. Satellite data is analyzed (if the report comes from another
> source) to determine whether volcanic activity or an ash plume can be
> detected.
>
> B. Based on information archives maintained at AVO, descriptions of
> past activity at a given volcano are reviewed as possible indicators
> of the type of activity to be expected.
>
> C. Phone contact is made with the FAA and NWS, depending upon the
> source of the original information, to alert both agencies to the
> situation and to the possible need for additional pilot reports.
>
> D. Procedures are followed as for seismically instrumented volcanoes.

**2.2.2.3 [Updates and Information
Releases]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379908 .anchor}

AVO's component agencies have a statutory obligation to disseminate to
the public information that reports and interprets potentially hazardous
volcanic activity in Alaska. A formal operational agreement with KVERT
calls for AVO also to disseminate information of volcanic activity in
Kamchatka. AVO's responsibility overlaps and integrates with that of NWS
once an ash cloud has been generated and is in the atmosphere. Upon
verification of a major eruption and following the calldown procedure, a
written statement (e.g., an AVO Update) that includes (as much as known)
the location, time, type, size of the eruption, and a listing of
possible hazard scenarios is distributed by AVO to federal, state, and
local government agencies, directly affected private parties, the media,
and commercial airlines by pre‑programmed facsimile machines and
electronic mail systems. Additional updates are released as needed,
depending on changes in volcanic activity or hazards. All requests for
inclusion on the distribution list must go through the SIC. This list is
updated at least bimonthly or as needed during crises.

AVO maintains a recorded phone message line for general information use
that is updated frequently with summations of the latest status of
volcanic activity. A very short message for air carriers reporting the
status of volcanoes in Color Code ORANGE and/or RED is at. Information
can be obtained at the AVO web site at http://www.avo.alaska.edu or the
USGS Volcano Hazards site at http://volcanoes.usgs.gov which also links
to all the USGS volcano observatory sites. Timely and accurate
dissemination to appropriate agencies and the public of information
regarding volcanic activity and associated hazards is the responsibility
of the SIC.

**2.2.2.4 [Communication with Other
Agencies]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379909 .anchor}

Throughout a volcanic crisis, frequent telephone contact with NWS, FAA,
DOD, DHS&EM, US Coast Guard, and other concerned agencies must be
maintained to ensure effective communication of observational data and
consistent interpretations of volcanic activity and potential hazards.

**2.2.2.5 [Level of Concern Color Code
System]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379910 .anchor}

The SIC, in consultation with the Coordinating Scientist, may decide to
implement a level of concern color code system that assigns a level of
concern to one of four categories that are keyed to the current state of
a specific seismically monitored volcano and the nature and impact of
its expected activity. Updates and/or Information Releases that indicate
a change in level of concern will include an explanation for the choice
of color code, a description of the volcano\'s current activity, and a
discussion of the identified hazards.

The SIC, in consultation with the Coordinating Scientist, may also
assign a level of concern color code to a volcano that is not
seismically monitored based on its past eruptive history, pilot or
ground-based observations, and/or remote sensing data. However,
non-seismically monitored volcanoes can never be in code Green because
AVO can never know with any certainty that no activity is occurring and
the volcano is quiet. Thus a volcano without a seismic network may have
a color code assigned to it while active and no color code when not.
Also AVO will not be able to track increases in seismic activity at
volcanoes without a seismic network and in most cases, will not be able
to issue warning or notification of an impending eruption.

**[NOTE: The definition of each color‑coded category, as outlined on the
following page, could vary slightly depending on the specific
volcano.]{.smallcaps}**

**2.2.2.6 [Designation of
Authority]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379911 .anchor}

The Federal Government, through the Stafford Disaster Relief and
Emergency Assistance Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-288), states that the
U.S. Geological Survey has been delegated the responsibility to issue
disaster warnings \"\... for an earthquake, volcanic eruption,
landslide, or other geologic catastrophe.\"

The Alaska State Legislature has similarly directed that the Alaska
Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys conduct scientific
investigations to assess geologic hazards to buildings and
transportation facilities (AS 41.08.020). The Geophysical Institute of
the University of Alaska Fairbanks is instructed to collect and archive
seismic data on volcanic eruptions, to assess eruption hazards, and to
inform the public, public officials, and industry of risks to lives and
property (AS 14.40.075).

The MOU establishing the Alaska Volcano Observatory coordinates
fulfillment of these state and federal obligations among the USGS,
ADGGS, and UAFGI.

**2.3 [Department of
Defense]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379912 .anchor}

The 11^th^ Operational Weather Squadron (OWS) at Elmendorf Air Force
Base (AFB) has the responsibility of informing key personnel at Alaskan
Command (ALCOM) and the Alaska North American Aerospace Defense Command
(ANR) of any volcano activity expected to affect flight or ground
operations within the Alaskan Theater. In the event of a significant
volcanic eruption, the 11 OWS will also ensure aircrews requesting
remote weather briefings are made aware of the estimated horizontal and
vertical extent of the ash cloud.

The 3^rd^ Wing Command Center (3 WG/CP) has the responsibility of
informing 3 WG key personnel of volcanic activities specifically
affecting Elmendorf AFB and pilots flying the North Pacific (NOPAC)
routes.

The 354^th^ Fighter Wing Command Center (354 FW/CP) has the
responsibility of informing 354 FW key personnel of volcanic activities
specifically affecting Eielson AFB.

The United States Army Alaska (USARAK) Command Operations Center has the
responsibility of informing USARAK key personnel of volcanic activities
specifically affecting U.S. Army locations in Alaska.

**2.3.1 [Procedures]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379913
.anchor}

The Theater Meteorological Satellite Coordinator at the 11 OWS has the
responsibility to provide satellite imagery from the Defense
Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) polar orbiting satellites. DMSP
imagery will be made available through normal communication circuits,
and will be provided as long as no scheduling conflicts occur with Air
Force mission requirements. In case of a conflict, Air Force
requirements will be met first, and any excess satellite time will be
devoted to volcanic activity imaging.

The 11 OWS and Combat Weather Teams (CWT) from Elmendorf AFB, Eielson
AFB, and Fort Wainwright will transmit, over normal communications
channels, both civilian and military aviation weather circuits, any
pilot weather reports (PIREPs) they receive containing volcanic activity
information and will encode them as Urgent PIREPs (UUA) in accordance
with Air Force Manual 15-124.

**2.4 [Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA)]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379914 .anchor}

The FAA Anchorage ARTCC collects and disseminates volcanic information
received from various sources, including AVO, pilot reports, other FAA
facilities, and the Russian air traffic control facility in
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia. The FAA does not generate information
pertaining to volcanic ash episodes, nor track or predict volcanic ash
cloud movement. The FAA relies on information provided by NWS, AVO, and
pilot reports, for current and forecast conditions.

**2.4.1 [Procedures]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379915
.anchor}

When volcanic information is received by an FAA facility, it is
forwarded to the Anchorage ARTCC Supervisory Traffic Management
Coordinator-in-Charge (STMCIC) who then notifies the ARTCC's Traffic
Management Unit (TMU). If the initial notification is from other than
AVO, the STMCIC attempts to obtain verification of the eruption from
AVO.

The Alaskan Region FAA contact is the Anchorage ARTCC STMCIC. The
Anchorage ARTCC STMCIC can be contacted at; the TMU Manager at.

The STMCIC will notify the Center Weather Service Unit (CWSU)
meteorologist who will issue an UUA. If an eruption occurs when a CWSU
meteorologist is not on duty, the STMCIC will issue the UUA, contact the
AAWU, and, if required, contact a CWSU meteorologist to report
immediately to the ARTCC.

The STMCIC will contact the FAA Regional Operations Center (ROC),
Anchorage ARTCC Manager, the Flight Service Station (FSS) nearest to the
volcanic activity, and Anchorage Air Traffic Control Tower to notify
them of the volcanic eruption.

The STMCIC then issues a Flight Data Center (FDC) Temporary Flight
Restriction (TFR) Notice to Airmen (NOTAM). When information is known
about the extent and drift of the ash cloud, an FDC/International
Volcano Advisory NOTAM is issued.

The STMCIC will coordinate with the CWSU meteorologist on duty to
provide NOTAM and PIREP information. The STMCIC will ensure that the
Volcano Meteorological Impact Statements (MIS) prepared by the CWSU are
sent via the flexcache rapid fax computer to a designated listing of
more than sixty-five aviation users to assist them in their operational
planning.

The Operations Supervisor-in-Charge (OSIC) will disseminate the NOTAM,
PIREP, current conditions, and any flight restriction information to the
air traffic controllers on duty.

The air traffic controllers will disseminate this information to all
aircraft in flight through air to ground radio frequencies. The most
current information available concerning ash cloud position and altitude
will be provided. The air traffic controllers will continue to solicit,
relay, and record PIREP data. With pilot\'s concurrence they will
suggest headings or reroutes around known ash or possible ash cloud
areas.

Simultaneously, the TMU will coordinate with the Air Traffic Control
System Command Center (ATCSCC) advising them of possible reroutes and
traffic delays. The TMU will determine what, if any, reroutes or air
traffic flow control measures to issue.

The TMU will coordinate these reroutes with the affected facilities and
monitor the new routings and affected areas.

**2.5 [National Weather Service
(NWS)]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379916 .anchor}

The NWS provides the Alaska aviation community, other government
agencies, and the public with forecasts and warnings for volcanic ash in
the atmosphere. The NWS also provides the AVO, FAA, DOD, and DHS&EM with
meteorological details during eruptions containing volcanic ash:
satellite imagery interpretations of ash plume boundaries, ash plume top
measurements, ash plume movement from radar, forecasts and warnings for
the location of volcanic ash in the atmosphere, and summaries of pilot
reports containing volcanic ash information.

The AAWU is a Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) for the Northern
Pacific within the boundaries of the Alaska FIR and for northeast
Russia, north of 60° North latitude and east of 150° East longitude. In
Alaska the NWS-VAAC and AVO work as a team. The NWS provides the
meteorological and communication pathways for the Volcanic Ash
Advisories (VAA) prepared using International Civil Aeronautics
Organization (ICAO) format. The AVO provides the volcanological input to
the AAWU for use in the VAAs.

A total of nine VAACs are located around the globe and are a designation
of the ICAO. VAACs issue VAAs which are informational messages about
volcanic eruptions disseminated through the AFTN. The AAWU also is a
Meteorological Watch Office (MWO), another designation of the ICAO. MWOs
issue Volcanic Ash International SIGMETs to aviation customers and the
FAA. Volcanic Ash International SIGMETs are disseminated worldwide
through the FAA's DAWN and also through the NWS' Telecommunications
Gateway.

The Anchorage CWSU provides UUAs to those already airborne. The CWSU
issues graphical MISs that are disseminated globally via facsimile. The
CWSU also disseminates an alphanumeric MIS as well as a Center Weather
Advisory (CWA) as conditions warrant.

Weather Forecast Offices (WFO) and Weather Service Offices (WSO) in
Alaska participate in the volcanic eruption response by issuing volcanic
ash statements and warnings to the public. These offices also provide
observations of eruptions and the resulting volcanic ash.

**2.5.1 [Definition of a Report of Volcanic Eruption with
Ash]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379917 .anchor}

The definition of a reliable report of an eruption accompanied by
volcanic ash used by the NWS Alaska Region is any of the following
conditions:

A. An eruption with ash is assumed to have occurred within the Alaska
FIR when reported by at least one of the following, subject to
confirmation:

> \(1\) Pilot report.
>
> \(2\) Ground observer.
>
> \(3\) Information from the AVO.
>
> \(4\) Satellite or weather radar imagery.
>
> \(5\) NWS operations staff.
>
> \(6\) National Centers (Washington VAAC or the National Centers for
> Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Aviation Weather Center (AWC)).

B. An eruption with ash is assumed to have occurred for volcanoes
outside of the Alaska FIR when reported by at least one of the
following:

> \(1\) JMA.
>
> \(2\) Environment Canada.
>
> \(3\) CMC.
>
> \(4\) KVERT.
>
> \(5\) VAACs.
>
> \(6\) MWOs.

Reliable reports of volcanic eruptions are extremely important for the
timely notification and warning of any volcanic ash potentially
affecting the Alaska FIR. Information from reliable sources outside of
the Alaska FIR also is valuable for inclusion in the VAAs, the Volcanic
Ash SIGMETs, Volcanic Ash UUAs, and graphical MISs.

**2.5.2 [NWS Volcano Eruption Response Procedures, Coordination,
Products, and Services]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379918
.anchor}

**2.5.2.1 [Alaska Aviation Weather Unit (AAWU)/Anchorage
VAAC]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379919 .anchor}

**2.5.2.1.1 [Products]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379920
.anchor}

**SIGMET:** The AAWU, as an international MWO, issues volcanic eruption
and volcanic ash SIGMETs. The SIGMET serves as the primary warning
product to the aviation community of the hazard of volcanic ash. The
initial eruption or ash SIGMET is issued as soon as possible within ten
minutes from the time of notification of volcanic ash impacting the
Anchorage FIR and may contain limited information. If it is determined
volcanic ash is present, a follow-up SIGMET identifies the spatial and
vertical extent of a volcanic ash hazard for a six-hour period and an
outlook for the extent of the ash at 18 hours from the SIGMET issuance
time. A SIGMET is canceled as soon as it is reliably confirmed an ash
hazard no longer exists in an area.

**Volcanic Ash Advisory - Alert:** In an ash event the AAWU, as the
Anchorage VAAC, issues an Alert VAA which serves as a guidance product
to the aviation, meteorological, and volcanological community. An Alert
VAA product contains information on the volcano, volcanic eruption,
current areal and vertical extent of ash, a forecast of the ash hazard
18 hours from issuance time, and any other pertinent information. The
VAA is issued every six hours with updates any time as necessary.

**Volcanic Ash Advisory - Watch:** A Watch VAA is issued when, as
determined by the AVO, a monitored Alaska Volcano is in code level
ORANGE or RED (or an unmonitored volcano has a high probability of an
imminent eruption). The Watch VAA, which is only issued when there is no
ash currently present, indicates the speed and direction ash would
spread if there was an eruption. The Watch VAA is issued every six hours
and would be replaced by an Alert VAA if an eruption was to occur. A one
time Watch VAA is issued as a first notification of increased activity
when AVO upgrades a monitored volcano from color code GREEN to YELLOW.

**[2.5.2.1.2 AAWU Coordination
Procedures]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379921 .anchor}

*Information observations indicating a volcanic eruption or the presence
of volcanic ash can be incomplete and/or highly uncertain. The exchange
of information between the AVO, CWSU, ARTCC, DOD, the NWS AWC in Kansas
City, and other VAACs is vital in determining the extent and severity of
a volcanic ash hazard.*

Upon notification of a potential volcanic ash hazard, the AAWU
immediately coordinates this information with the CWSU (or the FAA
supervisor during CWSU non-duty times) at the ARTCC so that an immediate
alert can be given to aircraft in flight near the ash hazard. The AAWU
then coordinates with the AVO on the geologic aspects of the eruption
producing the ash.

Before the issuance of the VAA and/or the follow-up SIGMET, the AAWU
will initiate a conference call to the CWSU and AVO to coordinate on the
latest information on the event. Close coordination with the AVO and
CWSU continues throughout the duration of the event.

Subsequent coordination is made with the Washington VAAC, the Tokyo VAAC
(for Kamchatka eruptions), the Montreal VAAC (for potential hazards in
Canadian air space), the AWC, and affected Alaska NWS offices.

Before an event is ended or handed off to another VAAC a conference call
will be made to the CWSU, AVO, and any other principle units involved in
the event to achieve a consensus on further actions.

**[2.5.2.1.3 Coordination
Partners]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379922 .anchor}

**CWSU/ARTCC:** AAWU coordinates with the Anchorage CWSU meteorologist
(or ARTCC Supervisor) to solicit additional PIREPs and related
information, and to consider issuing a CWA/MIS. If the event occurs
during CWSU non-duty hours, coordination is made with the ARTCC STMCIC
on the decision to recall the CWSU meteorologist to issue a CWA or MIS.
*The CWSU/FAA ARTCC also should be contacted for possible contact with
their counterparts in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia for verification
and provision of any details regarding an ash plume in that region.*

**AVO (KVERT):** AAWU coordinates with AVO (or KVERT) for geologic
information such as seismic data, ground-based observations, and
background knowledge of eruptive history and type of eruption to be
expected. Collaboration on satellite imagery interpretation also may
occur. The AVO also can provide information on suspected volcanic
eruptions occurring on the Kamchatka Peninsula/Kurile Islands of Russia.

**NWS WFOs/WSOs:** AAWU coordinates with Alaska Region WFOs and WSOs
potentially affected by volcanic ash to gain information they may have
on the volcano's activity and to collaborate on volcanic ash forecasts
and warnings.

**FAA Automated Flight Service Stations/Flight Service Stations, FAA Air
Traffic Control Towers, and Air Force Alaska Regional Forecaster Center
(11^th^ OWS) - Elmendorf Air Force Base:** AAWU contacts Automated
Flight Service Stations, Flight Service Stations, FAA Air Traffic
Control Towers, and the Elmendorf Air Force Base Alaska Regional
Forecast Center to solicit additional PIREPs or other volcanic
information.

**Washington VAAC (composed of the NCEPs Senior Duty Meteorologist and
the National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service's
Satellite Applications Branch):** AAWU collaborates with the Washington
VAAC on running the Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport and Dispersion
(VAFTAD) model, satellite imagery interpretation, and the possible
transfer of VAAC responsibility and/or the ending of an event.

**AWC - Kansas City, Missouri:** AAWU coordinates with AWC on Volcanic
Ash SIGMETs near and over the Oakland FIR.

**Tokyo VAAC:** AAWU conducts a two-way collaboration with the JMA Tokyo
VAAC through multi-lingual telephone fax forms and resulting text and
graphics products. Using this method, AAWU and the Tokyo VAAC share
information on possible eruptions on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kurile
Islands.

**Montreal VAAC (Canadian Meteorological Centre, Meteorological Services
of Canada (MSC)):** AAWU coordinates with the Montreal VAAC to run the
Canadian Emergency Response Model (CANERM), collaborate on event details
and products involving ash in the vicinity of Canadian airspace, and
regarding the possible transfer of VAAC responsibility.

**MSC Western Aviation Forecast Center, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada:**
AAWU coordinates with Edmonton regarding volcanic ash SIGMETs near
Canadian airspace.

**2.5.2.2 [Anchorage Center Weather Service Unit
(CWSU)]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379923 .anchor}

The Anchorage CWSU, located at the FAA's Anchorage ARTCC, is staffed by
NWS meteorologists and operates 15 hours a day (6:00 a.m. until 9:00
p.m. local time), 7 days a week. The Anchorage CWSU staff prepare and
disseminate UUAs (as a quick response report of volcanic eruptions),
volcanic ash CWAs, MISs, and graphical MISs.

An UUA for an eruption is issued by the CWSU immediately upon
notification of volcanic eruption. The CWSU staff train FAA ARTCC staff
to disseminate the volcanic ash UUA during those times when the CWSU
staff are not on duty.

The CWA, similar to the SIGMET, contains information about eruptions and
location of volcanic ash for a 0-6 hour period. The CWA is an in-flight
aviation weather advisory to pilots, air traffic controllers, and ARTCC
operational staff. The CWA should be issued for volcanic activity which
is below SIGMET criteria but still merits attention by aviation
operations.

Dissemination of the graphical volcanic ash trajectory MIS includes
commercial aviation services, domestic and international (Korea, Japan,
China, France, Canada); airport managers; U.S. Air Force; National
Transportation Safety Board; Environment Canada; the Smithsonian
Institution; and the NCEP Satellite Analysis Branch. The dissemination
is by an automatic telephone facsimile system to more than 70 locations.
The CWSU manages and maintains the list of facsimile locations, and may
be contacted for changes or additions. The MIS covers a 2‑12 hour
period.

The CWSU meteorologist also prepares a graphic on the Weather and Radar
Processor (WARP) depicting the volcanic ash plume, forecast plume
movement, and any additional information pertaining to the volcano. The
graphic is sent to seven briefing terminals which are located throughout
the Anchorage ARTCC. These products are part of an automated aviation
weather briefing sequence.

**[CWSU Procedures]{.smallcaps}**

1\. Once a report of a volcanic eruption or volcanic ash is forwarded to
the CWSU, the CWSU meteorologist enters the report as an UUA.

2\. The UUA is disseminated to the STMCIC, TMU, sector supervisors, and
controllers.

3\. A phone call is made to the AAWU.

4\. A phone call is made to the AVO.

5\. Any SIGMETs pertaining to the eruption are copied and disseminated
to the STMCIC, TMU, sector supervisors, and the controllers.

6\. A volcano MIS is prepared (if required) and faxed to the customers.

7\. A graphic is prepared and transmitted to the five briefing terminals
within the Anchorage ARTCC.

8\. Follow-up briefings and coordination calls take place as needed.

**2.5.2.3 [Alaska Region WFOs and
WSOs]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379924 .anchor}

**Public and Marine Volcanic Ash Warnings and Statements**: The NWS
responsibility for providing meteorological information to other
government agencies and the general public about volcanic ash clouds
includes:

> A. WFOs coordination with the Anchorage VAAC (AAWU) on the location
> and forecast movement of volcanic ash clouds.
>
> B. WFOs issue and WSOs may issue warnings and statements in public and
> marine products when volcanic ash is present or is expected to be
> present within the next **four** hours in their area of
> responsibility. Warnings and statements contain the spatial extent and
> progress of the ash. Warnings and statements should be consistent with
> the location of the ash as given in SIGMETs issued by AAWU and given
> in graphical MISs issued by the CWSU.
>
> C. WFO volcanic eruption response and ash-tracking activities should
> be coordinated with DHS&EM and the AVO in Anchorage.
>
> D. The public should be referred to DHS&EM for information on the
> effect of ash fallout relating to health and safety. The public should
> be referred to the AVO in Anchorage for information on the geological
> aspects of the eruption.

**2.5.3 [Ash Trajectory Forecasts from Numerical
Models]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379925 .anchor}

The AAWU should initiate the PUFF trajectory model available on the
local area network at the VAAC when a volcanic eruption is suspected or
has occurred. The PUFF is intended to provide guidance to forecasters
for preparing the initial ash SIGMET and VAA. It is also useful for
minor ash producing eruptions with the potential to affect airports
within 40 nautical miles of the volcano. Output from PUFF is not
disseminated.

The primary eruption response ash tracking model is the NWS VAFTAD
model. The VAFTAD is initiated by a request from the Anchorage VAAC. The
VAAC should initiate the VAFTAD for all significant or major eruptions
affecting Alaska FIRs. Issuing the VAFTAD for minor eruptions will be at
the discretion of the AAWU senior forecaster based on coordination with
the AVO and the Washington VAAC Senior Duty Meteorologist (SDM).
Definitions of minor, significant, and major are:

***Minor Eruption = Estimated vertical extent ash is below 20,000
feet.***

> ***Significant Eruption = Estimated vertical extent ash extends to or
> above 20,000 feet up to 40,000 feet.***

***Major Eruption = Estimated vertical extent ash extends to or above
40,000 feet.***

These definitions are for meteorological aspects of volcanic ash clouds.

The VAFTAD products from the request are automatically sent to the AAWU
via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and the AVO via telephone facsimile.
The AAWU should initiate the VAFTAD as quickly as possible to support
AVO eruption response operations. This is critical for support of the
AVO volcano hazards warning system and safety of personnel and
instruments during monitoring logistics once an eruption has begun.

A request from the AAWU forecaster to the SDM at NCEP is required for
dissemination of the VAFTAD products to external customers. VAFTAD
products should be disseminated for significant and major eruptions. The
dissemination includes (1) the service to Alaskan airlines, DOD, U.S.
Coast Guard, and the FAA Flight Service Stations, and (2) the World Area
Forecast Service (WAFS) to government, national commercial, and
international commercial customers. There are two modes of VAFTAD
products -- the **Alert** mode and the **Watch** mode:

> A. **Alert** - all **Significant** and **Major** eruptions. The
> **Alert** status should remain in effect until advised by the AVO that
> the volcano in question is no longer erupting.
>
> B. **Alert -** Seismically **unmonitored** volcanoes when any eruption
> occurs that contains **volcanic ash**. The continuation of an
> **Alert** will be based on coordination with volcanological
> authorities and the SDM at NCEP.
>
> C. **Watch** - Seismically monitored volcanoes the volcanological
> authorities have listed as color code **RED** that are **not
> erupting** should be issued at least **twice daily**.
>
> D. **Watch** - All **seismically monitored** volcanoes listed with
> color code **ORANGE** the local volcanological authorities indicate
> could produce a significant or major eruption in the next 24-48 hours.

In the event VAFTAD is not available, a request should be made by the
AAWU lead forecaster for the CANERM through the Canadian Meteorological
Centre. The request is made by calling CMC in Montreal, Canada. Output
from the CANERM is available via telephone facsimile or the Internet.

**2.5.4 [Dissemination of
Products]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379926 .anchor}

Meteorological information from the NWS about volcanic ash is
disseminated through operational communications systems, such as:

> A. FAA's DAWN and the NWS' Telecommunications Gateway for Volcanic Ash
> International SIGMETs, public, and marine text products.
>
> B. NOAA Weather Wire for public and marine text products.
>
> C. NOAA Weather Radio, which is the link to the Emergency Alert
> System, for public and marine text products.
>
> D. NWS marine HF and VHF radios for marine text products.
>
> E. The WAFS for VAFTAD graphic products.
>
> F. AFTN and Advanced Weather Information Processing System (AWIPS) (to
> NWS facilities) for the VAA.
>
> G. Telephone facsimile machine for graphical MIS.

These operational dissemination systems are reliable and maintenance is
on call 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

Volcanic ash advisories, public and marine text/graphic products,
VAFTAD, CANERM, satellite and radar imagery applicable to the eruption
and volcanic ash also are available through the Internet and CoastWatch.
The Internet and CoastWatch are not as reliable as the preceding
operational systems because posting of the products could be disrupted
without repair service outside of the regular hours of business at
night, on weekends, and on holidays. Information on the CoastWatch
service can be provided by the CoastWatch Manager.

The warnings and statements for the public also are disseminated by
DHS&EM through the DHS&EM First Class e-mail system, the DHS&EM Daily
Situation Update and the DHS&EM Website (ak‑prepared.com). This network
reaches the majority of the emergency services organizations in the
state.

**2.6 [United States Coast
Guard]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379927 .anchor}

Coast Guard aviation assets fly missions on a routine basis throughout
the State of Alaska. If during these missions, Coast Guard aircrews
notice any suspected volcanic activity, they shall attempt to report
that activity to the nearest FAA Flight Service Station.

**3.0 [Plan Management]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379928
.anchor}

This Operating Plan should be reviewed and updated every two years by
each participating agency by December 15th. The plan should be
maintained by the National Weather Service Alaska Region (Environmental
and Scientific Services Division).

**4.0 [List of Acronyms]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379929
.anchor}

[ACRONYM]{.underline} [DESCRIPTION]{.underline}

> AAWU Alaska Aviation Weather Unit
>
> ADGGS Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys
>
> AFB Air Force Base
>
> AFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network
>
> ALCOM Alaskan Command
>
> ANR Alaska North American Aerospace Defense Command
>
> ARTCC Air Route Traffic Control Center
>
> ATCSCC Air Traffic Control System Command Center
>
> AVO Alaska Volcano Observatory
>
> AWC Aviation Weather Center
>
> AWIPS Advanced Weather Information Processing System

CANERM Canadian Emergency Response Model

> CMC Canadian Meteorological Centre
>
> CVO Cascades Volcano Observatory
>
> CWA Center Weather Advisory
>
> CWSU Center Weather Service Unit
>
> CWT Combat Weather Team
>
> DAWN Digital Aviation Weather Network
>
> DHS&EM Department of Homeland Security and Emergency Management
>
> DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
>
> DOD Department of Defense
>
> EAS Emergency Alert System
>
> FAA Federal Aviation Administration
>
> FDC Forecaster\'s Development Course
>
> FIR Flight Information Region
>
> FSS Flight Service Station
>
> FTP File Transfer Protocol
>
> GSC Geological Survey of Canada
>
> HF High Frequency
>
> HVO Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
>
> ICAO International Civil Aeronautics Organization
>
> IVGG Institute of Volcanic Geology and Geochemistry
>
> JMA Japan Meteorological Agency
>
> KEMSD Kamchatkan Experimental Seismological and Methodical Department
>
> KVERT Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team
>
> LVO Long Valley California Volcano Observatory
>
> MIS Meteorological Impact Statement
>
> MSC Meteorological Services of Canada
>
> MWO Meteorological Watch Office
>
> NCEP National Centers for Environmental Prediction
>
> NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
>
> NOPAC NOrth PACific
>
> NOTAM NOTice to AirMen
>
> NWR NOAA Weather Radio
>
> NWS National Weather Service
>
> OSIC Operations Supervisor-in-Charge
>
> OSS Operational Support Squadron
>
> OSW Operational Support Weather
>
> OWS Operational Weather Squadron
>
> PIREP PIlot Weather REPORT
>
> ROC Regional Operations Center
>
> SAB Synoptic Analysis Branch
>
> SDM Senior Duty Meteorologist
>
> SECC State Emergency Coordination Center
>
> SIC Scientist-In-Charge
>
> SIGMET SIGnificant METeorological Advisory
>
> STMCIC Supervisory Traffic Management Coordinator-in-Charge
>
> TFR Temporary Flight Restriction
>
> 3 WG/CP 3^rd^ Wing Command Center
>
> 354 FW/CP 354^th^ Fighter Wing Command Center
>
> TMU Traffic Management Unit
>
> UAFGI University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute
>
> USARAK United States Army Alaska
>
> USCG United States Coast Guard
>
> USGS United States Geological Survey
>
> UUA Urgent Pilot Report
>
> VAAC Volcanic Ash Advisory Center
>
> VAA Volcanic Ash Advisory
>
> VAFTAD Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport and Dispersion
>
> VHF Very High Frequency
>
> WAFS World Area Forecast Service
>
> WARP Weather and Radar Processor
>
> WFO Weather Forecast Office
>
> WSO Weather Service Office
>
> YVO Yellowstone Volcano Observatory

**5.0 [Principal Contacts and Phone
Numbers]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379930 .anchor}

> **24 Hour Pager
> Access..........................................................907-786-7497**
> This is the main crisis room number -- if someone is there and
> available they will answer it. Otherwise a recorded message will
> instruct you how to proceed. If it is an emergency, you will be
> instructed to press "0" and you will be connected to an answering
> service that will take a message and then start down the list of
> numbers until they reach an AVO staff member. Rarely, the answering
> service may put you on hold for a short time.

Scientist-in-Charge .............................cell
phone..........................907-632-2276

Duty Scientist ...................................cell
phone..........................907-632-2275

Duty Seismologist...........................\...cell
phone..........................907-632-2279

Crisis
Room........................................................................\...907-786-7497

Recorded Message
(General).......................................................907-786-7478

Recorded Message
(Aviation)......................................................907-786-7477

Fax.............................................................................
907-786-7425/7450

Coordinating Scientist ........................cell
phone..........................907-590-8247

Acting Coordinating Scientist................. cell
phone..........................907-322-4085

Duty Seismologist.............................. cell
phone........................\...907-590-8248

Seismology
Lab......................................................................
907-474-5682

Fax.....................................................................................
907-474-5618

DHS&EM Duty Officer (24
Hour)...................................907-428-7000 or 1-800-478-2337

SECC (when activated)..................SECC
Manager..........................907-428-7293

Planning/Coordination...................State/Federal
Planner...................907-428-7000

Anchorage ARTCC
STMCIC......................................................907-269-1103

Fax.................................................................................907-269-1343

TMU
Manager........................................................................907-269-1108

FAA Regional Operations
Center................................................\...907-271-5936

Fax.................................................................................907-276-7261

Kenai AFSS Operations
Floor......................................................907-283-8469

Fax.................................................................................907-283-4228

Fairbanks AFSS Operations
Floor..................................................907-474-4952

Fax.................................................................................907-474-0766

Juneau AFSS Operations
Floor...................................................\...907-586-7351

Fax..................................................................................907-586-2374

National Volcanic Ash Program
Manager.......................................907-271-5132

Fax................................................................................907-271-3711

Regional Aviation
Meteorologist..................................................907-271-5127

Fax..............................................................................\...907-271-3711

CoastWatch Manager/Regional
Scientist.........................................907-271-3886

Fax..............................................................................\...907-271-3711

AAWU..............................................................................\...907-266-5110

Fax.................................................................................907-266-5169

CWSU.................................................................................907-338-1010

Fax.................................................................................907-338-1510

WFO
Anchorage......................................................................907-266-5105

Fax.................................................................................907-266-5188

WFO
Fairbanks.....................................................................\...907-456-0247

Fax..................................................................................907-456-0381

WFO
Juneau...........................................................................907-586-7493

Fax..................................................................................907-586-7122

Theater Satellite
Coordinator........................................................907-552-5045

Operations Flight, 11^th^ Operation Weather
Squadron............................907-552-2719

Fax..................................................................................907-552-8351

Duty Forecaster, 3
OSS/OSW.......................................................907-552-4903

Duty Forecaster, 354
OSS/OSW....................................................907-377-3140

Seventeenth District Command
Center...........................................907-463-2001

**[6.0 Principal Contacts Web
Pages]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379931 .anchor}

http://www.avo.alaska.edu/

http://www.ak-prepared.com

http://www.faa.gov

Alaskan Region: http://www.alaska.faa.gov

Alaska Region: http://www.arh.noaa.gov

AAWU: http://www.aawu.arh.noaa.gov

CWSU: http://cwsu.arh.noaa.gov

11^th^ Operational Weather Squadron: https://131.37.248.63

(.mil or .gov domain sites only)

http://www.uscg.mil/d17/

**7.0 [Signature Page]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379932
.anchor}

> May 7, 2004 //signed//

Date Dave Liebersbach

Director

Division of Homeland Security & Emergency Management

April 21, 2004 //signed//

Date Thomas L. Murray

Scientist-in-Charge

Alaska Volcano Observatory

U.S. Geological Survey

> April 15, 2004 //signed//

Date Jay S. Fitzgerald, Lt Col, USAF

Senior METOC Officer

Alaskan Command

> April 12, 2004 //signed//

Date Patrick N. Poe

Administrator

Federal Aviation Administration

Alaskan Region

> June 17, 2004 //signed//

Date Laura K. Furgione

Acting Director

National Weather Service

Alaska Region

> June 15, 2004 //signed//

Date Commander Michael E. Kendall

Chief, Search and Rescue Branch

Seventeenth Coast Guard District

**[Appendix A Active Volcanoes of
Alaska]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379933 .anchor}

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 29%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 19%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">Map#</span></strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong><span
class="smallcaps">Name</span></strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong><span
class="smallcaps">Iavcei</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Catalog#</span></strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong><span
class="smallcaps">Location</span></strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong><span class="smallcaps">Last Historical
Eruption</span></strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong><span
class="smallcaps">Elevation</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><em>1</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>Bona-Churchill</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>1105-03</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>61_23'N, 141_45'W</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>**</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>16,420'; 5,005 m</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>2</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Wrangell</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1105-02</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>62_00'N, 144_01'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1902</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>14,163'; 4,317 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><em>3</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>Hayes</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>1103-05</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>61___'N, 152___'W</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>**</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>9,147'; 2,788 m</em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>4</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Spurr</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1103-04</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>61_18'N, 152_15'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1992</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>11,070'; 3,374 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><strong>5</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Redoubt</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1103-03</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>61___'N, 152___'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1989-90</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>10,197'; 3,108 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>6</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>Iliamna</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>1103-02</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>60___'N, 153_04'W</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>**</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>10,016'; 3,053 m</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><strong>7</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Augustine</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1103-01</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>59_23'N, 153_26'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1986</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>4,134'; 1,260 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>8</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>Snowy</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>1102-20</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>58_20'N, 154_41'W</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>**</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>7,090'; 2,161 m</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>9</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>Griggs</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>1102-19</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>58_21'N, 155___'W</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>**</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>7,602'; 2,317 m</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>10</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Katmai</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1102-17</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>58_16'N, 154_59'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1912</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>6,716'; 2,047 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><strong>11</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Novarupta</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1102-18</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>58_16'N, 155_09'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1912</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>2,759'; 841 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>12</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Trident</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1102-16</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>58_14'N, 155_07'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1953-74</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>3,599'; 1,097 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><strong>13</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Mageik</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1102-15</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>58_11'N, 155_14'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1946?</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>7,103'; 2,165 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>14</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Martin</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1102-14</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>58_10'N, 155_21'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1953-54?</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>6,102'; 1,860 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">15</td>
<td colspan="2">Peulik</td>
<td colspan="2">1102-13A</td>
<td colspan="2">57_45'N, 156_21'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1852</td>
<td colspan="2">4,836'; 1,474 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">16</td>
<td colspan="2">Ukinrek</td>
<td colspan="2">1102-13B</td>
<td colspan="2">57_50'N, 156_30'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1977</td>
<td colspan="2">299'; 91 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">17</td>
<td colspan="2">Chiginagak</td>
<td colspan="2">1102-11</td>
<td colspan="2">57_08'N, 157_00'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1971?</td>
<td colspan="2">7,005'; 2,135 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>18</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Aniakchak</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1102-09</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>56_53'N, 158_10'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1931</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>4,400'; 1,341 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><strong>19</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Veniaminof</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1102-07</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>56_10'N, 159_23'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1993-95</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>8,225'; 2,507 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>20</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Pavlof</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1102-03</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>55_25'N, 161_54'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1996-97</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>8,261'; 2,518 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>21</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>Dutton</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>1102-011</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>55_11'N, 162_16'W</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>**</strong></em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em><strong>4,833'; 1,473 m</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>22</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Isanotski</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1101-37</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>54_45'N, 163_44'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1845</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>8,025'; 2,446 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><strong>23</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Shishaldin</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1101-36</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>54_45'N, 163_58'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1999</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>9,373'; 2,857 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>24</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Fisher</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1101-35</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>54_39'N, 164_26'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1830?</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>3,648'; 1,112 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><strong>25</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Westdahl</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1101-34</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>54_31'N, 164_39'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1991-92</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>5,118'; 1,560 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>26</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Akutan</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1101-32</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>54_08'N, 165_58'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1992</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>4,275'; 1,303 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><strong>27</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Makushin</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1101-31</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>53_53'N, 166_56'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1995</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>6,680'; 2,036 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">28</td>
<td colspan="2">Bogoslof</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-30</td>
<td colspan="2">53_56'N, 168_02'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1992</td>
<td colspan="2">492'; 150 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><strong>29</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Okmok</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1101-29</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>53_24'N, 168_10'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1997</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>3,520'; 1,073 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">30</td>
<td colspan="2">Vsevidof</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-27</td>
<td colspan="2">53_08'N, 168_41'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1957?</td>
<td colspan="2">7,050'; 2,149 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">31</td>
<td colspan="2">Kagamil</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-26</td>
<td colspan="2">52_58'N, 169_43'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1953-54</td>
<td colspan="2">2,930'; 893 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">32</td>
<td colspan="2">Carlisle</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-23</td>
<td colspan="2">52_54'N, 170_03'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1987</td>
<td colspan="2">5,315'; 1,620 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">33</td>
<td colspan="2">Cleveland</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-24</td>
<td colspan="2">52_49'N, 169_57'W</td>
<td colspan="2">2001</td>
<td colspan="2">5,676'; 1,730 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">34</td>
<td colspan="2">Yunaska</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-21</td>
<td colspan="2">52_38'N, 170_38'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1937</td>
<td colspan="2">1,804'; 550 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">35</td>
<td colspan="2">Amukta</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-19</td>
<td colspan="2">52_30'N, 171_15'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1996</td>
<td colspan="2">3,497'; 1,066 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">36</td>
<td colspan="2">Seguam (Pyre Peak)</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-18</td>
<td colspan="2">52_19'N, 172_31'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1993</td>
<td colspan="2">3,458'; 1,054 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">37</td>
<td colspan="2">Korovin (Atka Is.)</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-16</td>
<td colspan="2">52_23'N, 174_09'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1998</td>
<td colspan="2">5,029'; 1,533 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">38</td>
<td colspan="2">Kasatochi</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-13</td>
<td colspan="2">52_11'N, 175_30'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1828</td>
<td colspan="2">1,030'; 314 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><strong>39</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Great Sitkin</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1101-12</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>52_05'N, 176_08'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1974</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>5,709'; 1,740 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>40</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>Kanaga</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1101-11</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>51_55'N, 177_10'W</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>1993-95</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>4,288'; 1,307 m</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">41</td>
<td colspan="2">Tanaga</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-08</td>
<td colspan="2">51_53'N, 178_08'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1914</td>
<td colspan="2">5,925'; 1,806 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">42</td>
<td colspan="2">Gareloi</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-07</td>
<td colspan="2">51_47'N, 178_48'W</td>
<td colspan="2">1989</td>
<td colspan="2">3,458'; 1,573 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">43</td>
<td colspan="2">Cerberus (Semisopochnoi)</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-06</td>
<td colspan="2">51_56'N, 179_35'E</td>
<td colspan="2">1987</td>
<td colspan="2">2,625'; 800 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">44</td>
<td colspan="2">Little Sitkin</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-05</td>
<td colspan="2">51_57'N, 178_32'E</td>
<td colspan="2">1900?</td>
<td colspan="2">3,898'; 1,188 m</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">45</td>
<td colspan="2">Kiska</td>
<td colspan="2">1101-02</td>
<td colspan="2">52_06'N, 177_36'E</td>
<td colspan="2">1990</td>
<td colspan="2">4,003'; 1,220 m</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**Bold: Seismically monitored volcanoes** as of February 2004.

*Italics: No historical (AD 1760--present) eruptions; these volcanoes
have at present or have had vigorous fumarolic activity and/or intense
earthquake swarms or are considered to be hazardous based on studies of
their pre-historic eruption record.*

Data sources: This list changes as we increase our geologic
understanding of volcanoes in Alaska. Here we combine information from
(1) Miller, T.P., McGimsey, R.G., Richter, D.H., Riehle, J.R., Nye,
C.J., Yount, M.E., and Dumoulin, J.A., 1998, Catalog of the historically
active volcanoes of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
98-582, 104 p; (2) Simkin, T., and Siebert, L., 1994, Volcanoes of the
world, Tucson, Arizona, Geoscience Press, Inc., 349 p; (3) the on-line
database of the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution
([http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/world/index.cfm]{.underline}); (4) and
other published and unpublished AVO reports and internal files. Some
inconsistencies among data sources remain unresolved.

![](media/image10.png){width="4.996527777777778in"
height="7.535416666666666in"}

**[Appendix B Active Volcanoes of
Kamchatka]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379934 .anchor}

+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ** | **[N               | **[Iav | **[L        | *      | **[      |
| [M | ame]{.smallcaps}** | cei]{. | ocation]{.s | *[Last | Elevatio |
| ap |                    | smallc | mallcaps}** | H      | n]{.smal |
| #] |                    | aps}** |             | istori | lcaps}** |
| {. |                    |        |             | cal]{. |          |
| sm |                    | **     |             | smallc |          |
| al |                    | [Catal |             | aps}** |          |
| lc |                    | og#]{. |             |        |          |
| ap |                    | smallc |             | **     |          |
| s} |                    | aps}** |             | [Erupt |          |
| ** |                    |        |             | ion]{. |          |
|    |                    |        |             | smallc |          |
|    |                    |        |             | aps}** |          |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ** |                    |        |             |        |          |
| [S |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ec |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ti |                    |        |             |        |          |
| on |                    |        |             |        |          |
| No |                    |        |             |        |          |
| rt |                    |        |             |        |          |
| h] |                    |        |             |        |          |
| {. |                    |        |             |        |          |
| sm |                    |        |             |        |          |
| al |                    |        |             |        |          |
| lc |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ap |                    |        |             |        |          |
| s} |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ** |                    |        |             |        |          |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *  | **Sheveluch**      | **100  | **56_39\'N, | *      | **1      |
| *1 |                    | 0-27** | 161_21\'E** | *1980- | 0,768\'; |
| ** |                    |        |             | 2004** | 3,283    |
|    |                    |        |             |        | m**      |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ac |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ti |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ve |                    |        |             |        |          |
| la |                    |        |             |        |          |
| va |                    |        |             |        |          |
| do |                    |        |             |        |          |
| me |                    |        |             |        |          |
| \~ |                    |        |             |        |          |
| 8, |                    |        |             |        |          |
| 20 |                    |        |             |        |          |
| 0\ |                    |        |             |        |          |
| '; |                    |        |             |        |          |
| \  |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ~2 |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ,5 |                    |        |             |        |          |
| 00 |                    |        |             |        |          |
| m  |                    |        |             |        |          |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *  | **Klyuchevskoy**   | **100  | **56_03\'N, | **     | **1      |
| *2 |                    | 0-26** | 160_39\'E** | 2004** | 5,584\'; |
| ** |                    |        |             |        | 4,750    |
|    |                    |        |             |        | m**      |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 3  | Ushkovsky          | 10     | 56_04\'N,   | 1890   | 1        |
|    |                    | 00-261 | 160_29\'E   |        | 2,933\'; |
|    |                    |        |             |        | 3,943 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *  | **Bezymianny**     | **100  | **55_58\'N, | **     | **       |
| *4 |                    | 0-25** | 160_36\'E** | 2004** | 9,498\'; |
| ** |                    |        |             |        | 2,895    |
|    |                    |        |             |        | m**      |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *  | **Plosky           | **1000 | **55_49\'N, | **197  | **1      |
| *5 | Tolbachik**        | -24#** | 160_24\'E** | 5-76** | 0,121\'; |
| ** |                    |        |             |        | 3,085    |
|    |                    |        |             |        | m**      |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 6  | New Tolbachik      | 100    | 55_30\'N,   | 1      | 2,886\'; |
|    |                    | 0-24\* | 160_12\'E   | 975-76 | 880 m    |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *  | *Ichinsky*         | *10    | *55_40\'N,  | *\*\** | *1       |
| 7* |                    | 00-28* | 157_43\'E*  |        | 1,877\'; |
|    |                    |        |             |        | 3,621 m* |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ** |                    |        |             |        |          |
| [S |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ec |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ti |                    |        |             |        |          |
| on |                    |        |             |        |          |
| C  |                    |        |             |        |          |
| en |                    |        |             |        |          |
| te |                    |        |             |        |          |
| r] |                    |        |             |        |          |
| {. |                    |        |             |        |          |
| sm |                    |        |             |        |          |
| al |                    |        |             |        |          |
| lc |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ap |                    |        |             |        |          |
| s} |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ** |                    |        |             |        |          |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 8  | Kizimen            | 1      | 55_12\'N,   | 1      | 8,151\'; |
|    |                    | 000-23 | 160_19\'E   | 927-28 | 2,485 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *  | *Gamchen*          | *10    | *54_58\'N,  | *\*\** | *        |
| 9* |                    | 00-21* | 160_42\'E*  |        | 8,449\'; |
|    |                    |        |             |        | 2,576 m* |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *1 | *Komarov*          | *10    | *55_04\'N,  | *\*\** | *        |
| 0* |                    | 00-22* | 160_43\'E*  |        | 6,790\'; |
|    |                    |        |             |        | 2,070 m* |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 11 | Kronotsky          | 1      | 54_45\'N,   | 1      | 1        |
|    |                    | 000-20 | 160_30\'E   | 922-23 | 1,572\'; |
|    |                    |        |             |        | 3,528 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *1 | *Krasheninnikov*   | *10    | *54_35\'N,  | *\*\** | *        |
| 2* |                    | 00-19* | 160_16\'E*  |        | 6,088\'; |
|    |                    |        |             |        | 1,856 m* |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *1 | *Kikhpinych*       | *10    | *54_29\'N,  | *\*\** | *        |
| 3* |                    | 00-18* | 160_14\'E*  |        | 5,091\'; |
|    |                    |        |             |        | 1,552 m* |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 14 | Uzon               | 1      | 54_30\'N,   | 1986   | 5,303\'; |
|    |                    | 000-17 | 159_55\'E   |        | 1,617 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 15 | Bolshoi Semiachik  | 1      | 54_19\'N,   | 1953?  | 5,642\'; |
|    |                    | 000-15 | 160_01\'E   |        | 1,720 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 16 | Maly Semiachik     | 1      | 54_08\'N,   | 1952   | 5,117\'; |
|    |                    | 000-14 | 159_40\'E   |        | 1,560 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ** | **Karymsky**       | **100  | **54_03\'N, | *      | **       |
| 17 |                    | 0-13** | 159_27\'E** | *1996- | 4,874\'; |
| ** |                    |        |             | 2004** | 1,486    |
|    |                    |        |             |        | m**      |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *1 | *Dzenzursky*       | *10    | *53_37\'N,  | *\*\** | *        |
| 8* |                    | 00-11* | 159_00\'E*  |        | 7,497\'; |
|    |                    |        |             |        | 2,285 m* |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 19 | Zhupanovsky        | 1      | 53_35\'N,   | 1959   | 9,702\'; |
|    |                    | 000-12 | 159_08\'E   |        | 2,958 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ** | **Koryaksky**      | **100  | **53_19\'N, | **195  | **1      |
| 20 |                    | 0-09** | 158_41\'E** | 6-57** | 1,336\'; |
| ** |                    |        |             |        | 3,456    |
|    |                    |        |             |        | m**      |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ** | **Avachinsky**     | **100  | **53_15\'N, | **     | **       |
| 21 |                    | 0-10** | 158_51\'E** | 1991** | 8,890\'; |
| ** |                    |        |             |        | 2,751    |
|    |                    |        |             |        | m**      |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ** |                    |        |             |        |          |
| [S |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ec |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ti |                    |        |             |        |          |
| on |                    |        |             |        |          |
| So |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ut |                    |        |             |        |          |
| h] |                    |        |             |        |          |
| {. |                    |        |             |        |          |
| sm |                    |        |             |        |          |
| al |                    |        |             |        |          |
| lc |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ap |                    |        |             |        |          |
| s} |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ** |                    |        |             |        |          |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 22 | Opala              | 1      | 52_32\'N,   | 1894   | 8,118\'; |
|    |                    | 000-08 | 157_20\'E   |        | 2,475 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ** | **Gorely**         | **100  | **52_33\'N, | *      | **       |
| 23 |                    | 0-07** | 158_02\'E** | *1984- | 6,000\'; |
| ** |                    |        |             | 1986** | 1,829    |
|    |                    |        |             |        | m**      |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ** | **Mutnovsky**      | **100  | **52_27\'N, | **196  | **       |
| 24 |                    | 0-06** | 158_12\'E** | 0-61** | 7,621\'; |
| ** |                    |        |             |        | 2,323    |
|    |                    |        |             |        | m**      |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 25 | Ksudach            | 1      | 51_49\'N,   | 1907   | 3,539\'; |
|    |                    | 000-05 | 157_32\'E   |        | 1,079 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 26 | Zheltovsky         | 1      | 51_35\'N,   | 1923   | 6,406\'; |
|    |                    | 000-04 | 157_20\'E   |        | 1,953 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 27 | Iliyinsky          | 1      | 51_30\'N,   | 1901   | 5,176\'; |
|    |                    | 000-03 | 157_12\'E   |        | 1,578 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 28 | Koshelev           | 1      | 51_21\'N,   | 1690?  | 5,943\'; |
|    |                    | 000-02 | 156_45\'E   |        | 1,812 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *2 | *Kambalny*         | *10    | *51_18\'N,  | *\*\** | *        |
| 9* |                    | 00-01* | 156_54\'E*  |        | 7,072\'; |
|    |                    |        |             |        | 2,156 m* |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| [O |                    |        |             |        |          |
| th |                    |        |             |        |          |
| er |                    |        |             |        |          |
| p  |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ot |                    |        |             |        |          |
| en |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ti |                    |        |             |        |          |
| al |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ly |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ac |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ti |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ve |                    |        |             |        |          |
| v  |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ol |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ca |                    |        |             |        |          |
| no |                    |        |             |        |          |
| es |                    |        |             |        |          |
| of |                    |        |             |        |          |
| Ka |                    |        |             |        |          |
| mc |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ha |                    |        |             |        |          |
| tk |                    |        |             |        |          |
| a] |                    |        |             |        |          |
| {. |                    |        |             |        |          |
| sm |                    |        |             |        |          |
| al |                    |        |             |        |          |
| lc |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ap |                    |        |             |        |          |
| s} |                    |        |             |        |          |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *3 | *Khodutka*         | *100   | *52_04\'N,  | *\*\** | *        |
| 0* |                    | 0-053* | 157_42\'E*  |        | 6,855\'; |
|    |                    |        |             |        | 2,090 m* |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *3 | *Kurile Lake*      | *100   | *51_28\'N,  | *\*\** | *400\';  |
| 1* |                    | 0-022* | 157_06\'E*  |        | 122 m*   |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| *3 | *Khangar*          | *100   | *54_45\'N,  | *\*\** | *        |
| 2* |                    | 0-272* | 157_22\'E*  |        | 6,560\'; |
|    |                    |        |             |        | 2,000 m* |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ** |                    |        |             |        |          |
| [S |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ec |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ti |                    |        |             |        |          |
| on |                    |        |             |        |          |
| At |                    |        |             |        |          |
| la |                    |        |             |        |          |
| so |                    |        |             |        |          |
| va |                    |        |             |        |          |
| a  |                    |        |             |        |          |
| nd |                    |        |             |        |          |
| Pa |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ra |                    |        |             |        |          |
| mu |                    |        |             |        |          |
| sh |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ir |                    |        |             |        |          |
| I  |                    |        |             |        |          |
| sl |                    |        |             |        |          |
| an |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ds |                    |        |             |        |          |
| (  |                    |        |             |        |          |
| No |                    |        |             |        |          |
| rt |                    |        |             |        |          |
| he |                    |        |             |        |          |
| rn |                    |        |             |        |          |
| K  |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ur |                    |        |             |        |          |
| il |                    |        |             |        |          |
| es |                    |        |             |        |          |
| )] |                    |        |             |        |          |
| {. |                    |        |             |        |          |
| sm |                    |        |             |        |          |
| al |                    |        |             |        |          |
| lc |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ap |                    |        |             |        |          |
| s} |                    |        |             |        |          |
| ** |                    |        |             |        |          |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| ** | **Alaid**          | **090  | **50_52\'N, | **     | **       |
| 33 |                    | 0-39** | 155_34\'E** | 1981** | 7,674\'; |
| ** |                    |        |             |        | 2,339    |
|    |                    |        |             |        | m**      |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 34 | Ebeko              | 0      | 50_41\'N,   | 1      | 3,793\'; |
|    |                    | 900-38 | 156_01\'E   | 987-90 | 1,156 m  |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 35 | Chikurachki        | 0      | 50_19\'N,   | 2003   | 5,958\'; |
|    |                    | 900-36 | 1           |        | 1,816 m  |
|    |                    |        | 55\_\_\_\'E |        |          |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 36 | Fuss Peak          | 0      | 5           | 1854   | 5,814\'; |
|    |                    | 900-34 | 0\_\_\_\'N, |        | 1,772 m  |
|    |                    |        | 1           |        |          |
|    |                    |        | 55\_\_\_\'E |        |          |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+
| 37 | Karpinsky Group    | 0      | 5           | 1952   | 4,413\'; |
|    |                    | 900-35 | 0\_\_\_\'N, |        | 1,345 m  |
|    |                    |        | 1           |        |          |
|    |                    |        | 55\_\_\_\'E |        |          |
+----+--------------------+--------+-------------+--------+----------+

**Bold: Seismically monitored volcanoes.**

*Italics: Last eruption date unknown or highly uncertain.*

Data sources: (1) Simkin, T., and Siebert, L., 1994, Volcanoes of the
world, Tucson, Arizona, Geoscience Press, Inc., 349 p; (2) the on-line
database of the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution
([http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/world/index.cfm]{.underline}); (3)
Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka, S.A. Fedotov and Yu. P. Masurenkov,
(eds.), Moscow Nauka Publishers (Moscow), vols. 1, 2; (4) KVERT
information and other published and unpublished AVO reports and internal
files. Some inconsistencies among data sources remain unresolved.

\# The Volcanoes of the World Catalog lists Tolbachik as one entry with
a single number; New Tolbachik refers to vents as far as 28 km from the
summit of Plosky Tolbachik.

![](media/image11.png){width="4.997916666666667in"
height="7.160416666666666in"}

**[Appendix C Active Volcanoes of the Kurile
Islands]{.smallcaps}**[]{#__RefHeading___Toc133379935 .anchor}

+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| * | **[                 | **[Iav | **[L        | *      | **[Ele  |
| * | Name]{.smallcaps}** | cei]{. | ocation]{.s | *[Last | vation] |
| [ |                     | smallc | mallcaps}** | Hist   | {.small |
| M |                     | aps}** |             | orical | caps}** |
| a |                     |        |             | Erupt  |         |
| p |                     | **     |             | ion]{. |         |
| # |                     | [Catal |             | smallc |         |
| ] |                     | og#]{. |             | aps}** |         |
| { |                     | smallc |             |        |         |
| . |                     | aps}** |             |        |         |
| s |                     |        |             |        |         |
| m |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| c |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| p |                     |        |             |        |         |
| s |                     |        |             |        |         |
| } |                     |        |             |        |         |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
| [ |                     |        |             |        |         |
| N |                     |        |             |        |         |
| o |                     |        |             |        |         |
| r |                     |        |             |        |         |
| t |                     |        |             |        |         |
| h |                     |        |             |        |         |
| e |                     |        |             |        |         |
| r |                     |        |             |        |         |
| n |                     |        |             |        |         |
| K |                     |        |             |        |         |
| u |                     |        |             |        |         |
| r |                     |        |             |        |         |
| i |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| e |                     |        |             |        |         |
| s |                     |        |             |        |         |
| ( |                     |        |             |        |         |
| A |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| s |                     |        |             |        |         |
| o |                     |        |             |        |         |
| S |                     |        |             |        |         |
| h |                     |        |             |        |         |
| o |                     |        |             |        |         |
| w |                     |        |             |        |         |
| n |                     |        |             |        |         |
| o |                     |        |             |        |         |
| n |                     |        |             |        |         |
| K |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| m |                     |        |             |        |         |
| c |                     |        |             |        |         |
| h |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| t |                     |        |             |        |         |
| k |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| M |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| p |                     |        |             |        |         |
| , |                     |        |             |        |         |
| A |                     |        |             |        |         |
| p |                     |        |             |        |         |
| p |                     |        |             |        |         |
| e |                     |        |             |        |         |
| n |                     |        |             |        |         |
| d |                     |        |             |        |         |
| i |                     |        |             |        |         |
| x |                     |        |             |        |         |
| b |                     |        |             |        |         |
| ) |                     |        |             |        |         |
| ] |                     |        |             |        |         |
| { |                     |        |             |        |         |
| . |                     |        |             |        |         |
| s |                     |        |             |        |         |
| m |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| c |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| p |                     |        |             |        |         |
| s |                     |        |             |        |         |
| } |                     |        |             |        |         |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| * | **Alaid (Atlasova   | **090  | **50_52\'N, | **     | **7     |
| * | Is.)**              | 0-39** | 155         | 1981** | ,674\'; |
| 1 |                     |        | \_\_\_\'E** |        | 2,339   |
| * |                     |        |             |        | m**     |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 2 | Ebeko (Paramushir   | 0      | 50_41\'N,   | 1      | 3       |
|   | Is.)                | 900-38 | 156_01\'E   | 987-90 | ,793\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,156 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 3 | Chikurachki         | 0      | 50_19\'N,   | 2003   | 5       |
|   | (Paramushir Is.)    | 900-36 | 155_28\'E   |        | ,958\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,816 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| * | *Tatarinova         | *\--*  | *50_18\'N,  | *\*\** | *5      |
| 4 | (Paramushir Is.)*   |        | 155_27\'E*  |        | ,020\'; |
| * |                     |        |             |        | 1,530   |
|   |                     |        |             |        | m*      |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 5 | Fuss Peak           | 0      | 50_16\'N,   | 1854   | 5       |
|   | (Paramushir Is.)    | 900-34 | 155_15\'E   |        | ,814\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,772 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 6 | Karpinsky Group     | 0      | 50_08\'N,   | 1952   | 4       |
|   | (Paramushir Is.)    | 900-35 | 155_22\'E   |        | ,413\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,345 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
| [ |                     |        |             |        |         |
| C |                     |        |             |        |         |
| e |                     |        |             |        |         |
| n |                     |        |             |        |         |
| t |                     |        |             |        |         |
| r |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| K |                     |        |             |        |         |
| u |                     |        |             |        |         |
| r |                     |        |             |        |         |
| i |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| e |                     |        |             |        |         |
| s |                     |        |             |        |         |
| ] |                     |        |             |        |         |
| { |                     |        |             |        |         |
| . |                     |        |             |        |         |
| s |                     |        |             |        |         |
| m |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| c |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| p |                     |        |             |        |         |
| s |                     |        |             |        |         |
| } |                     |        |             |        |         |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 7 | Nemo Peak (Onekotan | 0      | 49_34\'N,   | 1938   | 3       |
|   | Is.)                | 900-32 | 154_48\'E   |        | ,343\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,019 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 8 | Krenitzyn Peak      | 0      | 49_21\'N,   | 1952   | 4       |
|   | (Tau-Rusyr Caldera; | 900-31 | 154_42\'E   |        | ,344\'; |
|   | Onekotan Is.)       |        |             |        | 1,324 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 9 | Severgin            | 0      | 49_07\'N,   | 1933   | 3       |
|   | (Harimkotan Is.)    | 900-30 | 154_30\'E   |        | ,796\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,157 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 1 | Sinarka             | 0      | 48_52\'N,   | 1878   | 3       |
| 0 | (Shiashkotan Is.)   | 900-29 | 154_11\'E   |        | ,064\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 934 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 1 | Kuntomintar         | 0      | 48_45\'N,   | 1872   | 2       |
| 1 | (Shiashkotan Is.)   | 900-28 | 154_01\'E   |        | ,717\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 828 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 1 | Ekarma (Ekarma Is.) | 0      | 48_57\'N,   | 1980   | 3       |
| 2 |                     | 900-27 | 153_56\'E   |        | ,842\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,171 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 1 | Chirinkotan         | 0      | 48_59\'N,   | 1980   | 2       |
| 3 | (Chirinkotan Is.)   | 900-26 | 153_28\'E   |        | ,375\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 724 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 1 | Raikoke (Raikoke    | 0      | 48_17\'N,   | 1924   | 1       |
| 4 | Is.)                | 900-25 | 153_15\'E   |        | ,808\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 551 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 1 | Sarychev Peak       | 0      | 48_06\'N,   | 1976   | 4       |
| 5 | (Matua Is.)         | 900-24 | 153_12\'E   |        | ,744\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,446 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 1 | [Sub                | 0      | 48_05\'N,   | 1924   | -492\'; |
| 6 | marine]{.underline} | 900-23 | 153_20\'E   |        | -150 m  |
|   | volcano (E of       |        |             |        |         |
|   | Matua)              |        |             |        |         |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 1 | Rasshua (Rasshua    | 0      | 47_45\'N,   | 1957   | 3       |
| 7 | Is.)                | 900-22 | 153_01\'E   |        | ,113\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 949 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 1 | Ushishir (Yankiche  | 0      | 47_31\'N,   | 1884   | 1       |
| 8 | Is.)                | 900-21 | 152_48\'E   |        | ,276\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 389 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 1 | Ketoi (Pallas Peak; | 0      | 47_20\'N,   | 1962   | 3       |
| 9 | Ketoi Is.)          | 900-20 | 152_29\'E   |        | ,248\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 990 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 2 | Prevo Peak          | 0      | 47_01\'N,   | 1914   | 4       |
| 0 | (Simushur Is.)      | 900-19 | 1           | (?)    | ,462\'; |
|   |                     |        | 52\_\_\_\'E |        | 1,360 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 2 | Zavaritzky          | 0      | 46_55\'N,   | 1957   | 2       |
| 1 | (Simushur Is.)      | 900-18 | 151_57\'E   |        | ,051\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 625 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 2 | Goryachaya sopka    | 09     | 46_50\'N,   | 1944   | 2       |
| 2 | (Simushur Is.)      | 00-17B | 151_45\'E   |        | ,923\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 891 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 2 | Cherny (Chirpoi     | 0      | 46_31\'N,   | 1857   | 2       |
| 3 | Is.)                | 900-15 | 1           |        | ,047\'; |
|   |                     |        | 50\_\_\_\'E |        | 624 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 2 | Snow (Chirpoi Is.)  | 0      | 46_31\'N,   | 1982   | 1       |
| 4 |                     | 900-15 | 1           |        | ,296\'; |
|   |                     |        | 50\_\_\_\'E |        | 395 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 2 | Brat Chirpoi (Brat  | 0      | 46_28\'N,   | \*\*   | 2       |
| 5 | Chirpoi Is.)        | 900-14 | 1           |        | ,457\'; |
|   |                     |        | 50\_\_\_\'E |        | 749 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 2 | [Sub                | 0      | \~4         | 1972   | -1      |
| 6 | marine]{.underline} | 900-16 | 6\_\_\_\'N, |        | ,647\'; |
|   | (E. of Brat         |        | 1           |        | -502 m  |
|   | Chirpoi)            |        | 51\_\_\_\'E |        |         |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| * | *Trezubetz (Kolokol | *\--*  | *           | *\*\** | *3      |
| 2 | Grp, Urup Is.)*     |        | \~46_03\'N, |        | ,337\'; |
| 7 |                     |        | 15          |        | 1,017   |
| * |                     |        | 0\_\_\_\'E* |        | m*      |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 2 | Berg (Kolokol Grp,  | 0      | 46_03\'N,   | 1973   | 3       |
| 8 | Urup Is.)           | 900-12 | 1           |        | ,779\'; |
|   |                     |        | 50\_\_\_\'E |        | 1,152 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| * | *Kolokol Group      | *09    | *46_03\'N,  | *\*\** | *4      |
| 2 | (Urup Is.)*         | 00-12* | 15          |        | ,350\'; |
| 9 |                     |        | 0\_\_\_\'E* |        | 1,326   |
| * |                     |        |             |        | m*      |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
| [ |                     |        |             |        |         |
| S |                     |        |             |        |         |
| o |                     |        |             |        |         |
| u |                     |        |             |        |         |
| t |                     |        |             |        |         |
| h |                     |        |             |        |         |
| e |                     |        |             |        |         |
| r |                     |        |             |        |         |
| n |                     |        |             |        |         |
| K |                     |        |             |        |         |
| u |                     |        |             |        |         |
| r |                     |        |             |        |         |
| i |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| e |                     |        |             |        |         |
| s |                     |        |             |        |         |
| ] |                     |        |             |        |         |
| { |                     |        |             |        |         |
| . |                     |        |             |        |         |
| s |                     |        |             |        |         |
| m |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| l |                     |        |             |        |         |
| c |                     |        |             |        |         |
| a |                     |        |             |        |         |
| p |                     |        |             |        |         |
| s |                     |        |             |        |         |
| } |                     |        |             |        |         |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 3 | Kudryavy            | 0      | 45_23\'N,   | 1999   | 3       |
| 0 | (Medvezhia; Iturup  | 900-10 | 1           |        | ,136\'; |
|   | Is.)                |        | 48\_\_\_\'E |        | 986 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 3 | Menshy Brat (Iturup | 0      | 45_23\'N,   | \~400  | 1       |
| 0 | Is.)                | 900-10 | 1           | yrs BP | ,847\'; |
| A |                     |        | 48\_\_\_\'E |        | 563 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 3 | Chirip (Bogdan      | 0      | 45_23\'N,   | 1860?  | 5       |
| 1 | Khmelnitzky; Iturup | 900-09 | 1           |        | ,130\'; |
|   | Is.)                |        | 47\_\_\_\'E |        | 1,564 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 3 | Baransky (Iturup    | 0      | 45_06\'N,   | 1951   | 3       |
| 2 | Is.)                | 900-08 | 148_01\'E   |        | ,717\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,133 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 3 | Tebenkov (Iturup    | \--    | \~45_01\'N, | \*\*   | 3       |
| 3 | Is.)                |        | 147_52\'E   |        | ,976\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,212 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 3 | Ivan Grozny (Iturup | 0      | 45_01\'N,   | 1989   | 3       |
| 4 | Is.)                | 900-07 | 147_52\'E   |        | ,802\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,159 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| * | *Stokap (Iturup     | *\--*  | *           | *\*\** | *4      |
| 3 | Is.)*               |        | \~44_50\'N, |        | ,928\'; |
| 5 |                     |        | 14          |        | 1,502   |
| * |                     |        | 7\_\_\_\'E* |        | m*      |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 3 | Atsonupuri (Iturup  | 0      | 44_48\'N,   | 1932   | 3       |
| 6 | Is.)                | 900-05 | 147_08\'E   |        | ,953\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,205 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 3 | Berutarube (Iturup  | 0      | 44_27\'N,   | 1812   | 4       |
| 7 | Is.)                | 900-04 | 146_56\'E   |        | ,003\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,220 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 3 | Tyatya (Kunashir    | 0      | 44_27\'N,   | 1973   | 5       |
| 8 | Is.)                | 900-03 | 146_15\'E   |        | ,968\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 1,819 m |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| * | *Ruruy (Kunashir    | *090   | *44_27\'N,  | *\*\** | *4      |
| 3 | Is.)*               | 0-032* | 146_08\'E*  |        | ,872\'; |
| 8 |                     |        |             |        | 1,485   |
| A |                     |        |             |        | m*      |
| * |                     |        |             |        |         |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 3 | Mendeleev (Kunashir | 0      | 43_59\'N,   | 1880   | 2       |
| 9 | Is.)                | 900-02 | 145_44\'E   |        | .910\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 887 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+
| 4 | Golovnin (Kunashir  | 0      | 43_51\'N,   | \~1900 | 1       |
| 0 | Is.)                | 900-01 | 145_30\'E   | yrs BP | ,775\'; |
|   |                     |        |             |        | 541 m   |
+---+---------------------+--------+-------------+--------+---------+

**Bold: Seismically monitored volcanoes.**

*Italics: Last eruption date unknown or highly uncertain.*

Data sources: (1) unpublished lists from Alexander Rybin, IMGG (working
from Russian maps at scales of 1:50,000 and 1:200,000), (2) Simkin, T.,
and Siebert, L., 1994, Volcanoes of the world, Tucson, Arizona,
Geoscience Press, Inc., 349 p; (3) the on-line database of the Global
Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution
([http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/world/index.cfm]{.underline}); (4) map
analysis by Tina Neal. It is considered preliminary. Some
inconsistencies between sources remain unresolved.

![](media/image12.png){width="6.0in" height="7.054861111111111in"}

**INTERAGENCY OPERATING PLAN FOR VOLCANIC-ASH HAZARDS TO AVIATION IN THE
PACIFIC REGION OF THE**

**NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS**

![](media/image13.jpeg){width="3.5770833333333334in"
height="4.769444444444445in"}

-   **Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands/Emergency Management
    Office**

-   **Department of Interior/U.S. Geological Survey**

-   **Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric
    Administration**

-   **Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration**

-   **Department of Defense/U.S. Air Force**

> **6 June 2006**

**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

1\.
INTRODUCTION..................................................................\...............
3

2\. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PARTIES

> 2.1 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands /Emergency

Management Office
(EMO)................................................................. 3

2.2 Department of Interior/U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS)............................... 4

2.3 Number range CHAPTERDepartment of Commerce/National Oceanic and
Atmospheric

> Administration
> (NOAA).....................................................................
> 4

2.4 Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA).............. 5

2.5 Department of Defense /U.S. Air Force
(USAF)......................................... 5

3\. PROCEDURES FOR ASH-CLOUD EPISODES IN THE MARIANAS REGION

> 3.1
> EMO............................................................................................
> 6
>
> 3.2
> USGS...........................................................................................
> 6
>
> 3.3
> NOAA.........................................................................................
> 7
>
> 3.4
> FAA............................................................................................
> 9
>
> 3.5
> USAF..........................................................................................
> 9

4\. SHARING OF OBSERVATIONAL
DATA...........................\........................ 10

[]{.mark}

5\. COMMUNICATION LINKS

> 5.1
> EMO...........................................................................................
> 10
>
> 5.2
> USGS..............................................................................\.............
> 10
>
> 5.3
> NOAA......................................................................................\.....
> 10
>
> 5.4
> FAA............................................................................................
> 11
>
> 5.5
> USAF.......................................................................................\....
> 11

6\. INFORMATIONAL WEB PAGES AND OTHER SOURCES OF

> SUPPORTING DATA
>
> 6.1
> EMO............................................................................................
> 11
>
> 6.2
> USGS..........................................................................................
> 11
>
> 6.3
> NOAA..........................................................................................
> 12
>
> 6.4
> FAA............................................................................................
> 12
>
> 6.5
> USAF..........................................................................................
> 12

7\. UPDATING THE
PLAN...................................................................\.......
12

References
Cited....................................................................................\....
13

Appendix 1:
Acronyms...............................................................................
14

Appendix 2: Glossary of Volcanological
Terms.................................................. 15

Appendix 3: Volcanic Data for the Northern Mariana
Islands.................................. 16

Appendix 4: Map of FIR for North Pacific, Map of VAAC
Boundaries..............\...\...\..... 18

Appendix 5: Sample Message
Formats..........................................................\... 20

Appendix 6: Contingency Backup Operations for AFWA and WASHINGTON
VAAC...............\...... 27

**INTERAGENCY OPERATING PLAN FOR VOLCANIC-ASH HAZARDS TO AVIATION IN THE
PACIFIC REGION OF THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS**

**1. INTRODUCTION**

The purpose of this document is to provide operational guidelines in
support of the detection, observation, tracking, and reporting of
airborne volcanic ash as it affects the safety of flight operations in
the region of the Northern Mariana Islands airspace. The document
outlines a framework for interaction among the pertinent Federal and
local agencies within the context of the International Airways Volcano
Watch (IAVW) developed by the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO). This plan addresses the responsibilities, operational
procedures/actions, and information products of each agency that
supports the IAVW.

The overall exposure of aviation to potential volcanic-ash hazards from
volcanoes in the Northern Mariana Islands is significant. The nine
active subaerial volcanoes in the region are upwind of heavily used
commercial and military air routes that link Saipan and Guam to Asia and
the rest of the Pacific Rim. Heavily traveled air routes connecting
northeast Asia to Australia, Indonesia, Philippines and New Zealand also
are vulnerable to ash hazards from eruptions of Northern Mariana
volcanoes.

Since 1900, Northern Marianas volcanoes have erupted every 3-5 years on
average (Simkin and Siebert, 1994; Appendix 3), and eruptions can be
large. On 15 May 1981, Mount Pagan produced a large eruption with an ash
column to more than 52,000 ft (\~16 km). Ash fall was reported on Saipan
and Guam up to 310 miles (\~500 km) south of the volcano on the
following day, and the ash cloud was trackable for 600 miles (\~1000 km)
using infrared satellite images (Banks and others, 1984). Anatahan
volcano unexpectedly erupted on 10 May 2003, its first eruption in
historical times. Occurring at a little known, uninhabited volcanic
island with no *in-situ* real-time seismic monitoring and no forecast of
imminent activity, the eruptive activity forced an operational response
by various meteorological and aviation-related groups that largely had
been unaware Anatahan was a potentially active volcano. During 2005,
Anatahan erupted well over one million cubic meters of ash during a
nearly continuous eruption lasting five months and on several occasions
expelled ash to heights of 7.5 miles (12 km). This plan is intended to
refine and codify the necessary procedures to provide reliable,
consistent ash-hazard information to the aviation sector in the Marianas
region.

**2. RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PARTIES**

**2.1 Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI)/Emergency
Management Office (EMO):** The EMO is the local agency responsible for
informing other CNMI agencies and the public of potential hazards from
volcanic activity, tsunami, typhoons, and other natural phenomena.

> **2.1.1** The EMO is responsible for providing a facility on Saipan
> with an internet connection and the capability to receive data via
> radio transmission from geophysical instruments on other islands. The
> EMO also is responsible for providing staff for technical and
> logistical support for volcano-monitoring activities in the Marianas
> region.

**2.2 Department of Interior/U.S. Geological Survey (USGS):** The USGS
has the Federal responsibility to issue disaster warnings for
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, or other geologic
catastrophes. The capability of the USGS to provide eruption warnings
and related notifications is based on data and observations collected
from monitoring networks operated by five U.S. volcano observatories
supported by the USGS Volcano Hazards Program. The observatories provide
information on the status of volcanoes on a regular basis to local,
state, and Federal officials and the public.

> **2.2.1** In the Northern Mariana Islands, the USGS operates and
> maintains a small seismic and microphone array on Anatahan (plus one
> seismic station on Sarigan and one on Saipan). A computerized data
> acquisition and analysis system collects the continuously telemetered
> seismic data from Anatahan and Sarigan, places graphical display
> products on a webpage, and exports the seismic data in real time to
> sister computer systems at Hawaii Volcano Observatory (HVO) on the
> island of Hawaii and Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) in Vancouver,
> Washington. USGS rotational duty scientists are located at CVO, HVO,
> and the USGS facility in Menlo Park, California. During each duty
> rotation, the duty scientist carries a Pocket PC-cell phone
> combination that receives text messages from the CVO system when
> anomalous seismic signals are detected. Upon receiving a text message
> notification from the CVO system, the duty scientist can use the
> Pocket PC-cell phone to view a graphic of the seismic traces on the
> webpage, determine if the seismic signal is eruption related, and
> initiate appropriate calldown procedures.
>
> **2.2.2** The USGS works with the EMO to maintain the
> volcanic-monitoring system. EMO provides on-site technical and
> logistical support. USGS provides scientific guidance, technical
> expertise, and funding for equipment, telemetry, and transportation.

**2.3** Number range CHAPTER**Department of Commerce/National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA):** NOAA is responsible for the
operational monitoring of the state of the atmosphere, including the
presence of volcanic ash clouds injected into the atmosphere by
eruptions. NOAA, through several of its line organizations, maintains
the observational, analytical, and forecasting capabilities required to
estimate the location and movement of volcanic ash clouds throughout its
areas of responsibility.

> **2.3.1** The Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (W-VAAC) is a
> collaborative effort between the Office of Satellite Data Processing
> and Distribution of the National Environmental Satellite Data and
> Information Service (NESDIS) and the National Centers for
> Environmental Prediction (NCEP) of the National Weather Service (NWS).
> The Satellite Analysis Branch (SAB), within NESDIS, is the operational
> portion of the Washington VAAC. The VAAC uses a variety of satellite
> imagery and techniques to confirm the presence of volcanic ash clouds
> and track their movement during and following eruptions. The VAAC
> issues Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAA) that provide current locations
> and forecasted movements of an ash cloud. A VAA is accompanied by a
> graphical depiction (Volcanic Ash Graphic - VAG) of an ash cloud if
> such is detectable in satellite imagery. The NCEP portion of the
> W-VAAC is co-located with the W-VAAC in Camp Springs, Maryland, and
> runs and issues the HYSPLIT-Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport and
> Dispersion (VAFTAD) model to provide forecast guidance of the
> dispersion of volcanic-ash clouds.
>
> **2.3.2** The Honolulu Meteorological Watch Office (MWO) is a Weather
> Forecast Office within the National Weather Service (NWS). Honolulu
> MWO serves that portion of the Oakland Oceanic Flight Information
> Region (FIR) south of 30 degrees North latitude (see graphic in
> Appendix 4) and issues volcanic eruption and volcanic ash SIGnificant
> METeorological Advisories (SIGMET). The SIGMET is the official warning
> product to the aviation community regarding the volcanic-ash hazard.
>
> **2.3.3**. Weather Forecast Office (WFO) Guam is the National Weather
> Service office responsible for issuing local weather advisories and
> short-term forecasts and also serves as a point of contact for EMO
> officials to coordinate statements about public hazards. For volcanic
> ash, WFO Guam issues public ash fall and vog advisories, aviation
> forecasts, and forecasts of conditions that may affect local airports
> and airfields. WFO Guam operates a ground-based radar WSR-88D (NEXRAD)
> that can detect ash erupted from Anatahan volcano at altitudes greater
> than 30,000 ft (9 km). The area of responsibility of WFO Guam is from
> the equator to 25 Degrees North latitude and between 130 to 180
> Degrees East longitude.

**2.4 Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA):** The FAA is responsible for issuing and disseminating Notices to
Airmen (NOTAM) when notified of precursory volcanic unrest, eruptive
activity, and volcanic ash in the National Airspace. In addition, FAA
serves as the principal agency to coordinate information to Airline
Operations Centers and all other users of the NAS though FAA's Air
Traffic Services (ATS).

> **2.4.1** The Guam Combined Control Facility (CCF) is the sole
> provider of Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) air traffic control services
> within a 250 nautical mile radius of the island of Guam, including the
> Northern Mariana Islands. The CCF is responsible for the safe,
> orderly, and expeditious flow of air traffic within the Guam Control
> Area, primarily through the use of radar monitoring and flight
> following. The majority of the Marianas volcanoes exist within the
> Guam Control Area airspace which includes nearly 200,000 square miles
> of airspace.

**2.5 Department of Defense (DOD)/U.S. Air Force (USAF):** The USAF
through its Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA), Offutt Air Force Base,
Nebraska, is the DOD center for volcanic-ash advisories and forecasts
for U.S. Forces worldwide.

> **2.5.1** AFWA monitors volcanic-ash activity globally using NOAA,
> NASA, Foreign, and DMSP satellite sensors and issues a standardized
> set of advisory products tailored for support of activities within DOD
> units, including those operating in the Marianas region. In U.S. FIR,
> these products include text advisories incorporating information from
> NOAA VAA and SIGMET, satellite imagery analysis, and forecast ash
> trajectory outputs in both animation and static panel format utilizing
> tailored graphic visualizations of the PUFF model.
>
> **2.5.2** AFWA also functions as the backup for the W-VAAC to assure
> continuity of operations by providing text and graphical forecast
> products to civilian users during W-VAAC outage periods.
>
> **2.5.3** The Combat Weather Team (CWT) of the 36^th^ Operations
> Support Squadron (OSS) at Andersen Air Force Base (AFB), Guam,
> provides support to the 36^th^ Wing (WG) including local airfield
> weather observations and reporting, produces tailored sortie/mission
> execution forecasts, and conducts aircrew briefings and mission watch.
> The 36^th^ OSS CWT is responsible for informing key 36^th^ WG
> personnel in event of volcanic activities especially affecting
> Andersen AFB and military pilots flying routes near the Marianas.

**3. PROCEDURES FOR ASH-CLOUD EPISODES IN THE MARIANAS REGION**

**3.1 EMO**

> **3.1.1** EMO will confirm eruption reports received locally by
> contacting the USGS duty scientist and Washington VAAC. Upon receiving
> a confirmed eruption report from the USGS, the EMO will call
> Commonwealth Ports Authority (Airport Manager) and other appropriate
> CNMI agencies.
>
> **3.1.2** If EMO needs other information about ongoing or suspected
> volcanic activity (e.g., ash-fall estimates, status of instruments),
> such requests will be directed to the USGS duty scientist.

**3.2 USGS**

> **3.2.1** USGS gathers and interprets operational data from its
> geophysical monitoring networks and any other relevant sources and
> provides notifications of significant precursory unrest and the onset
> and cessation of eruptive activity. The call-down (via commercial
> phone line) by the USGS for such notifications is as follows:
>
> 1\. Guam CCF
>
> 2\. Honolulu MWO
>
> 3\. AFWA
>
> 4\. W-VAAC
>
> 5\. EMO
>
> 6\. Guam WFO
>
> 7\. 36th OSS CWT
>
> **3.2.2** For the aviation sector, the USGS issues a color-coded alert
> level (Green, Yellow, Orange, or Red) pertinent to ash hazards (Table
> 1). Color codes reflect the activity at the volcano and expected or
> ongoing hazardous volcanic phenomena. Color-code assignment is based
> upon monitoring data and interpretation of changing phenomena. The
> color code is incorporated into the text of standard-format volcanic
> activity notice for aviation (VANA, suggested format given in Appendix
> 5). A VANA is issued when an alert level changes (up or down) or
> within an alert level when significant change in volcanic behavior
> occurs.
>
> **3.2.3** The USGS regularly shall post a text report of the status of
> activity at CNMI volcanoes on the websites of the Hawaiian Volcano
> Observatory and the Volcano Hazards Program (see section 6.2 for URL).
> An activity report will be posted at least monthly during periods of
> volcanic quiescence and more frequently as warranted during periods of
> increased volcanic activity. The USGS will email the text of the
> activity report to staff at AFWA, W-VAAC, EMO, Honolulu MWO, and Guam
> WFO.

+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| Tab   |                                                              |
| le 1. |                                                              |
| Avi   |                                                              |
| ation |                                                              |
| Color |                                                              |
| Codes |                                                              |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| COLOR | DEFINITION                                                   |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| **GR  | Volcano is in normal, non-eruptive state.                    |
| EEN** |                                                              |
|       | *or, after a change from a higher alert level*:              |
|       |                                                              |
|       | Volcanic activity considered to have ceased, and volcano     |
|       | reverted to its normal, non-eruptive state.                  |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| **YEL | Volcano is exhibiting signs of elevated unrest above known   |
| LOW** | background levels.                                           |
|       |                                                              |
|       | *or, after a change from higher alert level*:                |
|       |                                                              |
|       | Volcanic activity has decreased significantly but continues  |
|       | to be closely monitored for possible renewed increase.       |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| **ORA | Volcano is exhibiting heightened unrest with increased       |
| NGE** | likelihood of eruption,                                      |
|       |                                                              |
|       | *or,*                                                        |
|       |                                                              |
|       | Volcanic eruption is underway with no or minor ash emission  |
|       | \[specify ash-plume height if possible\].                    |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+
| **    | Eruption is forecast to be imminent with significant         |
| RED** | emission of ash into the atmosphere likely.                  |
|       |                                                              |
|       | *or,*                                                        |
|       |                                                              |
|       | Eruption is underway with significant emission of ash into   |
|       | the atmosphere *\[specify ash-plume height if possible\]*.   |
+-------+--------------------------------------------------------------+

**3.3** **NOAA:** NOAA procedures are in accordance with ICAO standards
and recommended practices set forth in Annex 3 to the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, Meteorological Services for International
Air Navigation. Number range CHAPTER

> **3.3.1** Upon detection of volcanic ash in satellite imagery or upon
> receipt of report of volcanic ash from a bonafide source, W-VAAC will
> call via commercial phone lines:
>
> 1\. Honolulu MWO
>
> 2\. AFWA
>
> 3\. Guam CCF
>
> 4\. Aviation Weather Center in Kansas City
>
> 5\. USGS
>
> **3.3.2** W-VAAC shall take these additional actions:
>
> 1\. Issue a "Quick VAA" if appropriate (example in Appendix 5).
>
> 2\. Run the HYSPLIT-VAFTAD model if appropriate.
>
> 3\. Gather/determine additional information about an ash cloud and
> issue a complete VAA and VAG.
>
> 4\. Continue to monitor and issue updates at least every 6 hours or
> for any major changes in height or movement.
>
> 5\. Coordinate with USGS and Honolulu MWO to determine the end of the
> event and issue final messages.
>
> 6\. Coordinate with the Darwin VAAC and Tokyo VAAC if ash is likely to
> enter into their regions.
>
> 7\. Post and archive VAA and accompanying VAG, if any, on the website
> of the Satellite Services Division of NESDIS (see section 6.3.1 for
> URL).
>
> **3.3.3** Honolulu MWO, upon detection or receipt of a reliable
> notification of an eruption or presence of volcanic ash in the
> atmosphere that affects the Oakland Oceanic FIR, will issue a SIGMET
> as soon as possible within ten minutes from the time of notification.
> A SIGMET should be quickly issued that an eruption has occurred, even
> with only limited information and before the presence of an
> accompanying ash cloud has been confirmed. If it is determined that
> volcanic ash is present and as additional information becomes
> available through satellite, PIREPS, radar, Volcanic Ash Advisories
> (VAA), volcano observatory reports, etc., the SIGMET will be updated
> to further describe the vertical and spatial extent of the volcanic
> ash cloud for a six-hour period. Outlooks for the extent of the ash
> cloud at 12 and 18 hours from the SIGMET issuance time should be
> issued when supporting data exists. Examples of VA SIGMET are given in
> Appendix 5.
>
> **3.3.4** Honolulu MWO as soon as possible also will call:
>
> 1\. FAA Guam CCF
>
> 2\. CWSU or FAA Supervisor (during times of CWSU non-duty hours) at
> the Oakland Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)
>
> 3\. W-VAAC
>
> 4\. WFO Guam
>
> **3.3.5** WFO Guam, upon detection or receipt of a reliable report of
> volcanic ash in the vicinity shall, as needed, call:
>
> 1\. Guam CCF
>
> 2\. W-VAAC
>
> 3\. Call 36 OSS CWT
>
> 4\. Honolulu MWO
>
> 5\. Saipan EMO
>
> 6\. Guam Civil Defense
>
> 3.3.6 WFO Guam shall take these additional actions, as needed:
>
> 1\. Coordinate with the CNMI Ports Authority to issue Terminal
> Airfield Forecast (TAF) and Aviation Weather Warnings (AWW) for CNMI
> airports
>
> 2\. Issue a Marine Weather Statement
>
> 3\. Issue Volcanic Ash Fall Advisories to the general public.

**3.4 FAA**

> **3.4.1** Upon receipt of a PIREP or other bona fide information
> indicating possible volcanic activity from volcanoes in the Northern
> Mariana Islands, Guam CCF shall:
>
> 1\. Relay all information to concerned aircraft in a timely manner.
>
> 2\. Suggest appropriate reroutes to avoid the area of known or
> forecast ash clouds.
>
> 3\. Forward relevant PIREP information on a 24/7 basis to the Honolulu
> Flight Service Station for long-line dissemination.
>
> 4\. Initiate an International Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) on the status
> of the volcanic activity.
>
> 5\. To the extent possible, continually solicit PIREP from other
> operators in the affected area to determine the status of the volcanic
> activity.

**3.5 USAF**

> **3.5.1** Upon detection or report of a volcanic-ash eruption in the
> Northern Mariana Islands, the AFWA Satellite Applications Branch
> shall:
>
> 1\. Notify Andersen AFB 36^th^ OSS, the Pacific Air Force Operational
> Weather Squadron at Hickam AFB, and the U.S. Navy 7^th^ Fleet
> Meteorological and Oceanographic units that support aviation
> operations in Marianas vicinity.
>
> 2\. Call the W-VAAC and USGS duty scientist if AFWA detects an ash
> plume in imagery surveillance, or other observational data, and has
> not received a VAA message. AFWA will also notify the W-VAAC if
> imagery analysis or other data suggests different conclusions than
> indicated in the VAA.
>
> **3.5.2** AFWA will provide continuity of operations for the W-VAAC in
> case of disruptions, including distribution of products via
> communication channels of the National Weather Service. Appendix 6
> specifies the volcanic-ash products that AFWA will produce when
> required to backup the Washington VAAC.
>
> **3.5.3** The 36th OSS CWT, upon detection or notification of an
> ash-producing eruption in the Northern Mariana Islands, shall:
>
> 1\. Notify key personnel at the 36^th^ WG Command Center of expected
> impact to Andersen AFB and flight routes near the Marianas
>
> 2\. Ensure aircrews are made aware of the horizontal and vertical
> extent of the ash cloud during weather briefings.
>
> 3\. Transmit to AFWA any PIREP received containing volcanic ash
> activity information and encode them as Urgent PIREPs (UUA).
>
> 4\. Notify AFWA, USGS, and WFO Guam

**4. SHARING OF OBSERVATIONAL DATA**

**4.1**: Observational data includes PIREPS, satellite images, seismic
and other geophysical data, and ground-based radar images. As soon as
anomalous volcanic unrest or activity is detected and throughout the
episode of volcanic activity, frequent contact by telephone or email
will be maintained among the USGS, W-VAAC, AFWA, FAA, Honolulu MWO, WFO
Guam, 36^th^ OSS CWT, and EMO to ensure effective sharing of
observational data and consistent interpretations of volcanic activity
and potential hazards, with the goal of disseminating uniform guidance
via the agencies' various hazard messages.

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

**5. COMMUNICATION LINKS**

**5.1** EMO uses commercial telephone lines (land and cell) and the
public internet.

> **5.1.1** [EMO point of contact in Saipan]{.underline}:

Office: 670-322-8001 (Alternate: 670-322-9528)

> Cell: 670-483-6215
>
> Fax: 670-322-7743 (Alternate: 670-322-3598)

**5.2** USGS uses commercial telephone lines (land and cell) and the
public internet.

**5.2.1** [USGS point of contact for monitoring status]{.underline}:

> Duty Scientist (on call 24/7): 808-967-8815
>
> [For other information]{.underline}:
>
> Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, Scientist-in-Charge
>
> Office: 808-968-8824
>
> Cell: 808-937-7701
>
> Fax: 808-968-8890
>
> Email: <jimk@usgs.gov>

**5.3** NOAA maintains a connection to Global Telecommunications System
which connects to the FAA's Aeronautical Fixed Telecomunication Network.
Satellite broadcast is via the World Area Forecast System.

> **5.3.1** [Washington VAAC point of contact (24/7)]{.underline}:
>
> Voice: 301-763-8444
>
> Fax: 301-763-8333
>
> Email (alarms upon receipt): <w-vaac@noaa.gov>
>
> VAA Headers are FVXX20 KNES to FVXX27 KNES
>
> HYSPLIT-VAFTAD Headers (only available on WAFS or Internet) are
> PHBE10KWBC (12/24 hr) and PHBI10KWBC (36/48 hr)

[]{.mark}

**5.3.2** [Honolulu MWO point of contact (24/7)]{.underline}:

> Office: 808-973-5282

Fax: 808-973-5281

**5.3.3** [WFO Guam contact (24/7)]{.underline}:

Office: 671-472-0950/0951/0952

> Fax: 671-472-7405 (Alternate: 671-472-0980)

**5.4 FAA**

**5.4.1** [Guam CCF point of contact (24/7)]{.underline}:

Operations Supervisor/Controller-in-Charge: 671-366-5151

**5.5 USAF**

> **5.5.1** [AFWA point of contact (24/7)]{.underline}:
>
> AFWA Satellite Applications Branch (XOGM)
>
> Operations Floor: Commerical 402-294-7264/1386
>
> Fax: 402-294-5872
>
> DSN 271-7264/1386/5321

Email: volcano@afwa.af.mil

> **5.5.2** [36^th^ OSS point of contact(24/7)]{.underline}:
>
> CWT - Andersen AFB, Guam
>
> Commercial 671-366-5230/1407/3176
>
> DSN 315-366-5230/1407/3176

Fax (commercial): 671-366-3151

**6. INFORMATIONAL WEB PAGES AND OTHER SOURCES OF SUPPORTING DATA**

**6.1 EMO**

> **6.1.1** EMO coordinates with USGS to post information on a joint
> website (see 6.2.1)

**6.2 USGS**

> **6.2.1** For the Northern Mariana Islands, USGS volcanic activity
> reports, with input from the EMO, are posted daily to monthly,
> depending on the level of activity, at
> <http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/cnmi/index.html> and also are avialable at
> [http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/update.html#cnmi]{.underline}

**6.3 NOAA**

> **6.3.1** W-VAAC web site for VAA and VAG is
> [www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/](http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/)
>
> Web site for satellite imagery over particular areas is
> <http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/anat-img.html>
>
> HYSPLIT-VAFTAD model outputs issued for actual ash clouds posted at
> <http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready-bin/ashcurrent.pl>y
>
> Website for hypothetical HYSPLIT-VAFTAD model outputs (4 times daily)
> for possible eruptions is
> <http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready-bin/ashhypo.pl>
>
> **6.3.2** The National Weather Service website for SIGMET is the
> Aviation Weather Center link <http://adds.aviationweather.gov/aimets/>
> or the WFO Honolulu link <http://www.prh.noaa.gov/hnl>

**6.3.3** WFO Guam website is
[http://www.prh.noaa.gov/guam/]{.underline}

**6.4 FAA**

**6.4.1** NOTAM information is available to the public at
[https://pilotweb.nas.faa.gov]{.underline}

**6.5 USAF**

> **6.5.1** AFWA's Joint Air Force and Army Weather Information Network
> (JAAWIN) provides access to volcanic-ash advisory products (text
> advisory, annotated satellite imagery and/or web cam imagery, animated
> and static panel dispersion PUFF graphics) via the Internet for any
> user at a military computer (.mil extension). Non-military computer
> users must first request an account and be issued a password. The
> Universal Resource Locator is:
> [https://weather.afwa.af.mil](https://weather.afwa.af.mil/)

**7. UPDATING THE PLAN**

7.1 This plan shall be updated every two years, or more frequently if
conditions warrant.

**[References Cited]{.underline}**

Banks, N.G., Koyanagi, R.Y., Sinton, J.M., and Honma, K.T., 1984. The
eruption of Mount Pagan Volcano, Mariana Islands, 15 May 1981. Journal
of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 22, p. 225-269.

Simkin, T. and Siebert, Lee, 1994. Volcanoes of the World. Geoscience
Press, Tucson, Arizona, 349 pages.

**Appendix 1**

**ACRONYMS**

AFB Air Force Base

AFWA Air Force Weather Agency

ARTCC Air Route Traffic Control Center

AWC Aviation Weather Center

AWW Aviation Weather Warning

CCF Combined Control Facility

CNMI Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

CVO Cascades Volcano Observatory

CWSU Center Weather Service Unit

CWT Combat Weather Team

DOD Department of Defense

DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

DSN Defense Switching Network

EMO Emergency Management Office

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FIR Flight Information Region

HVO Hawaiian Volcano Observatory

IAVW International Airways Volcano Watch

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization

JAAWIN Joint Air Force and Army Weather Information Network

MWO Meteorological Watch Office

NASA National Atmospheric and Space Administration

NCEP National Centers of Environmental Prediction

NESDIS National Environmental Satellite Data, and Information Service

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOTAM NOTice to AirMen

NPW Non-Precipitation Warning

NWS National Weather Service

OSS Operation Support Squadron

PIREP PIlot REPort

SAB Satellite Analysis Branch

SIGMET SIGnificant METeorological Information

TAF Terminal Aerodrome Forecast

UUA Urgent Pilot Report (PIREP)

USGS United States Geological Survey

VA Volcanic Ash

VAA Volcanic Ash Advisory

VAAC Volcanic Ash Advisory Center

VAFTAD Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport and Dispersion

VAG Volcanic Ash Graphic

VANA Volcanic Activity Notice for Aviation

VHP Volcano Hazards Program

WFO Weather Forecast Office

WG Wing

WV Volcanic Ash SIGMET

W-VAAC Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center

USAF United States Air Force

**Appendix 2**

**GLOSSARY OF VOLCANOLOGICAL TERMS**

**Ash:** Finely fragmented particles of rocks and minerals less than 2
millimeters in diameter produced by explosive volcanic eruption. Ash is
a type of **tephra**.

**Ash cloud:** A cloud of volcanic particles, often with gases and
aerosols of volcanic origin, formed by volcanic explosion that is
carried by winds away from an eruption column. Ash clouds may drift for
hundreds to thousands of kilometers from their volcanic source.

**Ash fall:** Fragmental material **(tephra)** that falls from an
**eruptive plume, eruption cloud,** or **ash cloud** and is deposited on
the ground surface.

**Eruption:** The arrival of volcanic material at the Earth's surface,
including explosive ejection of fragmental material and/or the effusion
of liquid lava. Includes **phreatic eruptions**.

**Eruptive plume:** The elongated, downwind dispersed portion of an
**eruption cloud** or **ash cloud**.

**Eruption column:** The vertical pillar of ash and gas that forms above
an explosively erupting volcano. Columns from energetic eruptions may
rise to more than100,000 ft (30 km).

**Magma:** Naturally occurring molten rock generated within the Earth
that can be erupted at the surface at volcanic vents.

**Phreatic eruption:** Steam-driven explosion that occurs when water
beneath the ground or on the surface is heated by a magmatic source and
produces **ash** by pulverizing existing volcanic rocks.

**PUFF:** A volcanic-ash trajectory and dispersion model developed by
the University of Alaska. The model tracks particles through a
Lagrangian formulation of advection, fallout and turbulent diffusion
using a random-walk technique.

**Tephra:** The collective term for fragmental materials ejected from
craters or vents during volcanic eruptions.

**Vog:** A natural smog-like phenomenon caused by the reaction of
**volcanic gases** (especially sulfur dioxide) with sunlight, oxygen,
dust particles, and water.

**Volcano:** A vent or opening at the surface of the Earth through which
magma erupts; also the landform that is produced by the erupted material
accumulated around the vent.

**Volcanic gas:** Volatile material released during a volcanic eruption
that previously was dissolved in the magma. The principal volcanic gases
include water vapor, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.

**Appendix 3**

**VOLCANIC DATA FOR THE NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS**

> Map showing locatinos of active volcanoes of the Northern Mariana
> Islands; inset map depicts regional setting.

![](media/image14.png){width="5.840277777777778in"
height="7.520138888888889in"}

![](media/image15.jpeg){width="5.6097222222222225in"
height="3.734027777777778in"}

**Table of recent eruptive acitivity at Marianas volcanoes.** Data from
Smithsonian database of global volcanism. The central portion of the
volcanic chain historically is the most active segment. The large 1981
Pagan eruption (VEI 4) was followed by 12 years of smaller intermittent
eruptions. Overall since 1900, eruption frequency of the entire volcanic
chain has been about 1 eruption every 3-5 years.

+----------------+--------+------------+------------+--------+--------+
| Volcano        | Ele    | Latitude,  | Longitude, | Eru    | All    |
|                | vation | north      | east DDDMM | ptions | Known  |
|                |        |            |            | Since  | Eru    |
|                | in     | DDMM       |            | 1900   | ptions |
|                | feet   |            |            |        |        |
+----------------+--------+------------+------------+--------+--------+
| Farallon de    | 1182   | N2032      | E14454     | 14     | 16     |
| Pajaros\*      |        |            |            |        |        |
+----------------+--------+------------+------------+--------+--------+
| Maug Islands\* | ?      | N2001      | E14513     | 0      | 0      |
+----------------+--------+------------+------------+--------+--------+
| Asuncion       | 2812   | N1940      | E14524     | 2      | 3      |
+----------------+--------+------------+------------+--------+--------+
| Agrigan\*      | 3167   | N1846      | E14540     | 1      | 1      |
+----------------+--------+------------+------------+--------+--------+
| Pagan\*        | 1870   | N1808      | E14548     | 10     | 17     |
+----------------+--------+------------+------------+--------+--------+
| Alamagan       | 2441   | N1736      | E14550     | 0      | 2      |
+----------------+--------+------------+------------+--------+--------+
| Guguan\*       | 942    | N1719      | E14551     | 0      | 1      |
+----------------+--------+------------+------------+--------+--------+
| Sarigan        | 1765   | N1643      | E14547     | 0      | 0      |
+----------------+--------+------------+------------+--------+--------+
| Anatahan\*     | 2585   | N1621      | E14540     | 1      | 1      |
+----------------+--------+------------+------------+--------+--------+
| *\* Indicates  |        |            |            |        |        |
| caldera        |        |            |            |        |        |
| structure*     |        |            |            |        |        |
+----------------+--------+------------+------------+--------+--------+

**Appendix 4**

**A. U.S. FLIGHT INFORMATION REGIONS FOR THE NORTH PACIFIC**

![](media/image16.png){width="6.070833333333334in" height="6.36875in"}

**B. VAAC BOUNDARIES**

![](media/image17.png){width="6.499305555555556in" height="4.8in"}

**Appendix 5**

**SAMPLE MESSAGE FORMATS**

**I. USGS**

Suggested format of a Volcanic Activity Notice for Aviation (VANA)
issued by a USGS volcano observatory. A VANA is issued when a color code
changes (up or down) or within a color-code level when significant
change in volcanic behavior occurs.

**(1)** **USGS VOLCANIC ACTIVITY NOTICE FOR AVIATION**

**(2)** **Issued:** Universal (Z) date and time (YYYYMMDD/HHMMZ).

**(3)** **Volcano:** Name and number (per Smithsonian database at

<http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/>

**(4)** **Current Aviation Color Code:**

**(5)** **Previous Aviation Color Code:**

**(6) Source:** Name of Volcano Observatory

**(7**) **Notice Number:** Year/number (YYYY/xxx)

**(8) Volcano Location:** Latitude and longitude in degrees and minutes
(e.g., N1621E14540)

**(9) Area:** Regional descriptor (e.g., Cook Inlet, Alaska, USA)

**(10) Summit Elevation:** nnnn FT (nnnn M)

**(11) Volcanic Activity Summary:** Free text, limited to 10 lines. If
known, specify time

and duration of eruptive activity.

**(12)** **Observed Volcanic Cloud Height:** nnnn M (nnnnn FT) above
summit or AMSL

(specify which). Give source of height data (ground observer, pilot
report, radar, etc.).

"NIL" if no ash cloud produced.

**(13) Other Volcanic Cloud information:** Free text, limited to 10
lines, with comments on

cloud characteristics (ash content, direction of movement, etc.).
Specify if cloud

height is obscured or suspected to be higher than what can be observed
clearly.

"NIL" if no ash cloud produced.

**(14) Remarks:** Free text, limited to 10 lines. Include comments on
seismic and other

monitoring data, observatory actions, volcano's previous activity, etc.

**(15) Contacts:** Names, phone numbers (voice and fax), email addresses

**(16) Next Notice:** Will be issued when conditions at the volcano
warrant changing the aviation

color code or when a significant volcanic event occurs at this alert
level. Or, indicate if

final notice for an event.

**II. FAA**

**[SAMPLE NOTICES TO AIRMEN FOR VOLCANIC ACTIVITY]{.underline}**

!PGZU\_\_\_\_\_SEISMIC ACTIVITY ADVISORY FOR (name) VOLCANO
(latitude/longitude of volcano) THE WASHINGTON VOLCANO OBSERVATORY HAS
REPORTED INCREASED SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN THE VICINITY OF (name) VOLCANO
WHICH INDICATES THE POSSIBILITY OF A VOLCANIC ERUPTION. AIRCRAFT SHOULD
REMAIN ALERT FOR POSSIBLE ERUPTIONS, STEAM OR ASH CLOUDS AND REPORT ANY
SIGHTINGS TO ATC IMMEDIATELY. CONTACT GUAM CENTER AT US 671-366-5151 FOR
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.

!PGZU\_\_\_\_\_ACTIVE VOLCANO ADVISORY FOR (name) VOLCANO
(latitude/longitude of volcano). (name) VOLCANO IS IN AN ACTIVE STATE.
HAZARDOUS EMISSIONS OF VOLCANIC ASH HAVE INTERMITTENTLY COMPLICATED AIR
TRAVEL IN THE AREA. ANY IMPACT ON AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS IS DESCRIBED IN
CURRENT SIGMET AND PIREP INFORMATION. AIRCRAFT SHOULD REMAIN ALERT FOR
POSSIBLE ASH CLOUDS AND REPORT ANY SIGHTINGS TO ATC IMMEDIATELY.
AIRCRAFT OPERATORS SHOULD CONTINUALLY EVALUATE OPERATIONS TO AND FROM
LOCATIONS IN THE MARIANAS ISLANDS. FLIGHT INTO VOLCANIC ASH MAY CAUSE
ENGINE DAMAGE OR FAILURE AND ABRASION DAMAGE TO

AIRFRAME AND WINDSHIELD SURFACES. ANY AIRCRAFT THAT OBSERVE OR
EXPERIENCE ANY DIFFICULTIES RESULTING FROM AN ENCOUNTER WITH VOLCANIC
ASH, PLEASE NOTIFY ATC IMMEDIATELY. CONTACT GUAM CENTER AT US
671-366-5151 FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.

**[SAMPLE PIREP with VA]{.underline}**

UBUS35 KWBC 282321

PIRUS

PGSN UUA /OV SN355070/TM 2315/FLDURC/TP B757/RM TOP OF ASH CLOUD

OVER ANATAHAN VOLCANO APPROXIMATELY 15 000 FEET DRIFTING

EAST=

**III. NOAA**

**[SAMPLE VA SIGMET]{.underline}**

*Initial report of eruption or ash cloud:*

KZOA SIGMET NOVEMBER 1 VALID 120145/120745 PHFO-

OAKLAND OCEANIC FIR. THE SAIPAN EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OFFICE REPORTS THAT
ANATAHAN VOLCANO HAS ERUPTED AND A VOLCANIC ASH COLUMN IS VISIBLE. THE
ASH CLOUD EXTENDS TO FL450 AS ESTIMATED WITH GUAM RADAR. ANY ASH WOULD
MOVE TO THE W AT ABOUT 20 KT. THIS SIGMET WILL BE UPDATED AS MORE
INFORMATION BECOMES AVAILABLE. ANATAHAN VOLCANO LOCATED AT N1621 E14540.

*Ongoing Eruption:*

WVPA06 PHFO 282046

WSVPAS

KZOA SIGMET SIERRA 452 VALID 282050/290250 PHFO-

OAKLAND OCEANIC FIR. VOLCANIC ASH FROM ANATAHAN VOLCANO OBS BY

SATELLITE AT 282002Z SFC/150 WITHIN AREA BOUNDED BY N1644 E14641 -

N1615 E14644 - N1618 E14544 - N1621 E14543 - N1644 E14641 MOVING E 15

KNOTS. FCST 290200Z VA CLD APRX SFC/150 WITHIN AREA BOUNDED BY N1621

E14543 - N1549 E14645 - N1525 E14637 - N1621 E1454. OTLK 290800Z VA

CLD APRX SFC/FL N1620 E14541 - N1518 E14647 - N1457 E14634 - N1620

E1454. ANATAHAN VOLCANO LOCATED AT N1621 E14540

**[SAMPLE VAA]{.underline}**

FVXX20 KNES 030742

VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY

ISSUED: 2005SEP03/0741Z VAAC: WASHINGTON

VOLCANO: ANATAHAN 0804-20

LOCATION: N1621E14540 AREA: MARIANA.ISLANDS

SUMMIT ELEVATION: 2585 FT (788 M)

ADVISORY NUMBER: 2005/755

INFORMATION SOURCE: GFS MODEL WINDS. GOES-9.

ERUPTION DETAILS: CONTINUOUS EMISSION OF ASH AND

GASES

OBS ASH DATE/TIME: 03/0625Z

OBS ASH CLOUD: SFC/FL100 5NM WIDE LINE BETWEEN

N1623E14420 - N1618E14541. ASH IS MOVING W 10

KNOTS.

FCST ASH CLOUD +6H: 03/1230Z SFC/FL100 5NM WIDE

LINE BETWEEN N1618E14542 - N1559E14417.

FCST ASH CLOUD +12H: 03/1830Z SFC/FL100 5NM WIDE

LINE BETWEEN N1618E14543 - N1527E14358.

FCST ASH CLOUD +18H: 04/0030Z SFC/FL100 5NM WIDE

LINE BETWEEN N1618E14543 - N1505E14346.

REMARKS: A NARROW FAINT PLUME EXTENDS WEST OFF THE

ISLAND AROUND 65 NM BEFORE BEING OBSCURED BY HIGH

LEVEL CLOUDS FROM TYPHOON NABI. THE WINDS

FORECAST WILL MOVE ASH SLIGHTLY MORE SOUTHWESTERLY

OVER THE PERIOD. HEIGHT IS ESTIMATED BASED ON

DIRECTION. \...SWANSON

NEXT ADVISORY: WILL BE ISSUED BY 2005SEP03/1345Z

**[SAMPLE QUICK VAA]{.underline}**

FVXX23 KNES 190412

VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY

ISSUED: 2006MAR19/0412Z VAAC: WASHINGTON

VOLCANO: ANATAHAN

LOCATION: N1621 E14539 AREA: MARIANA.ISLANDS

SUMMIT ELEVATION: 2585 FT (788 M)

ADVISORY NUMBER: 2006/001

INFORMATION SOURCE: NOT AVBL

ERUPTION DETAILS: NOT AVBL

REMARKS: WE HAVE RECEIVED INFORMATION SUGGESTING A

POSSIBLE VA EMISSION. WE WILL GATHER FURTHER

INFORMATION AND ISSUE A FULL ADVISORY AS SOON AS

POSSIBLE.

NEXT ADVISORY: AS SOON AS POSSIBLE

**[SAMPLE VAA VOLCANIC ASH GRAPHIC (VAG)]{.underline}**

![](media/image18.png){width="6.002777777777778in"
height="4.500694444444444in"}

[SAMPLE HYSPLIT -- VAFTAD]{.underline}

![](media/image19.png){width="4.4375in" height="8.349305555555556in"}

![](media/image20.png){width="4.442361111111111in"
height="8.348611111111111in"}

**Appendix 6**

**CONTINGENCY BACKUP OPERATIONS FOR AFWA AND WASHINGTON VAAC**

1\. If the Washington VAAC is down and cannot produce or distribute
their products, Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) at Offutt AFB in Omaha,
Nebraska, will provide backup for products and dissemination.

2\. Required products and format:

Volcanic Ash Advisory (VAA) -- (FVXX20-27 KNES)

Graphical products VAFTAD -- 12, 24 hr page 1 (PHBE10 KWBC)

Graphical product VAFTAD - 36, 48 hr page 2 (PHBI 10 KWBC)

3\. VAA are issued on an as needed basis. Graphical products are issued
if ash plume is expected to last at least 24 hrs.

4\. Timeliness: Products should be available as soon as possible after
creation.

5\. AFWA will be notified by the Washington VAAC of the need for backup
and requested to initiate any required backup operations. AFWA is
responsible for issuing a statement that it is performing backup
operations on behalf of the Washington VAAC.

6\. AFWA will notify responsible MWO in the Washington-VAAC's area of
responsibility to ensure initiation of SIGMET advisories. AFWA will also
notify government agencies as required (including FAA, AWC, FEMA, USGS)
of VAA issuance.

7\. Washington VAAC will notify AFWA regarding termination of backup
support. The Washington VAAC is responsible for issuing a notice of its
return to operations.

8\. At the Washington VAAC, the lead analyst in the Satellite Analyis
Branch is the operational point of contact. At AFWA, the duty analyst in
the Satellite Applications Branch is the operational point of contact.

9\. Backup capabilities and procedures will be exercised quarterly.

**APPENDIX D**

**TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION MODELS**

**D.1 HYSPLIT**

The HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)
model is configured to run volcanic ash simulations operationally at
NOAA NCEP in support of the Washington and the Anchorage VAAC. Input
forecast meteorology can be from either the Global Forecast System (GFS)
or the North American Mesoscale (NAM) model. Ash particle sizes range
from 0.3 to 30 microns. Particles are assumed to be evenly distributed
within the eruption column from the volcano summit to the column top.
Since the amount of ash emitted is not known at the time the forecast is
run, a unit source is assumed. Graphical model output in "VAFTAD format"
(shown below, Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport and Dispersion model) is
distributed over the World Area Forecast System and is available on the
Internet (<http://weather.noaa.gov/fax/wafsash.shtml>). The graphical
output depicts forecast areas of "visual ash". The model visual ash
boundary is based on a correlation between historical model output and
satellite analysis, and further refined when the VAAC chooses, as the
visual ash boundary, a model concentration contour that best depicts the
forecast based on the observed ash area. The Volcanic Ash Graphic (VAG,
see Sec. 4.1.2.1) issued by the VAAC may be based on HYSPLIT model
output.

A description of the complete HYSPLIT modeling system is given at
http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html. The system is used to
compute atmospheric transport from simple air parcel trajectories to
complex dispersion and deposition simulations. Input meteorological data
is in a format unique to HYSPLIT and programs to convert various
meteorological models' output to the HYSPLIT-format are included in the
system. The dispersion of a substance is calculated by assuming puff
and/or particle dispersion. The transport can occur forward or backward
in time. Backward simulations can be used to estimate the source region
of observed volcanic ash or other substance. Dispersion ensembles can
calculate concentration probability output. Users may specify source
starting height(s), source particle size and density, deposition removal
constants, output levels, etc. Plotting programs generate postscript
files. Dispersion/deposition output can be converted to WMO gridded
binary format.

For planning or training, HYSPLIT can be run interactively on the Web or
the code executable and meteorological data can be downloaded to a
Windows PC. The HYSPLIT volcanic ash web page is
http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/ash.html.

![](media/image21.png){width="3.7354166666666666in"
height="6.4944444444444445in"}

*Figure 1. HYSPLIT model output (VAFTAD format) for an eruption of Mt.
Augustine on January 14, 2006. Plots on the left have a valid time of
1300 UTC January 14; plots on the right 0100 UTC January 15. Plots are
for the layers surface-FL550 (bottom), surface-FL200, FL200-FL350, and
FL350-FL550 (top).*

**D.2 Puff**

Puff \* is a volcanic ash dispersion model that tracks particles through
a Lagrangian formulation of advection combined with fallout and
turbulent diffusion using a random-walk technique. During the
simulation, the model treats the emitted particles as a sequence of
packets or puffs over a length of time represented by the eruption
duration. The range of particle size, initial plume shape, and fall
dynamics can be selected by the user, with both variable and default
input parameters available. The default ash particle size range is 1 to
100 microns. Particles are distributed within the eruption column from
the volcano summit to the column top, and the number of particles
associated with a model run is configured to be directly proportional to
the eruption duration set by the analyst. The graphics output depicts
ash plumes as tracer particles color-coded by height, or as relative
concentration. Output can be displayed in both static and animated
graphics. A description of the Puff model is given at
http://puff.images.alaska.edu/index.shtml. This site also hosts a web
version of the model.

Puff is run operationally at the AFWA in support of DOD operations world
wide. It is also used at the Anchorage and Washington VAAC as well as
the Alaska Volcano Observatory for single eruptions. The AFWA version of
Puff has the ability to ingest meteorological wind field data from the
Global Forecast System and Mesoscale Model Version 5. The AFWA Graphical
User Interface allows for variations of model capabilities including
depicting dispersion of an existing ash cloud, and both continuous and
multiple eruptions. In the AFWA version users also have the ability to
input an existing ash cloud by outlining a satellite image. A Digital
Elevation Model is also used to improve forecasting of low level
transport and surface deposition. The Puff graphic visual boundary is
verified using satellite analysis, and further refined when necessary.
Both static and animated graphical output for global volcanic eruptions
as well as hypothetical simulations are available at
https://weather.afwa.af.mil/environmental_events.html. During backup of
the Washington VAAC, the Puff model graphic output is converted into a
VAFTAD format for distribution over the World Area Forecast System.

\* Puff (not an acronym) is developed by the University of Alaska,
Fairbanks

#  APPENDIX E

# ACRONYMS and TERMS

**AAWU:** The Alaska Aviation Weather Unit (also known as the Anchorage
MWO).

**ACC:** Area Control Center. A unit established to provide air traffic
control service to controlled flights in control areas under its
jurisdiction, also referred to as the Air Route Traffic Control Center
(ARTCC).

**AFSS:** Automated Flight Service Station.

**AFWA:** Air Force Weather Agency.

**AIREP:** Aircraft Report. A report from an aircraft in flight prepared
in conformity with requirements for position, and operational and/or
meteorological reporting.

**AIRMET**: AIRman\'s METeorological Information. Information issued by
a meteorological watch office (MWO) concerning the occurrence or
expected occurrence of specified en-route weather phenomena which may
affect the safety of aircraft operations.

**AOC:** Airline Operations Center**.** A facility under control by an
air carrier that dispatches aircraft in accordance with existing
standards and regulations and monitors and controls aircraft en route.

**ARL:** Air Resources Laboratory.

**ARTCC:** Area Route Traffic Control Center. A unit established to
provide air traffic control service to controlled flights in control
areas under its jurisdiction, also referred to as the Area Control
Center (ACC).

**ASHTAM:** A special series NOTAM advising of volcanic activity, a
volcanic eruption and/or a volcanic ash cloud that is of significance to
aircraft operations.

**ATCSCC:** Air Traffic Command Systems Command Center.

**ATCT:** Air Traffic Control Tower.

**ATO:** Air Traffic Organization.

**ATS:** Air Traffic System.

**AWC:** Aviation Weather Center.

**CIC:** Controller in charge

**Color Code:** An alert level for aviation use to signify the status of
a volcano during periods of quiescence, unrest, or eruption.

**CONUS:** Continental United States

**CWA:** Center Weather Advisory. The CWA is 0-2 hour (valid up to 2
hours after issuance) aviation weather warning for conditions meeting or
approaching national in-flight advisory (AIRMET, SIGMET, or SIGMET for
convection) criteria.

**CWSU:** Center Weather Service Unit. Joint FAA/NWS meteorological
support units composed of NWS meteorologists and FAA Traffic Management
Unit (TMU) specialists directly supporting FAA's 21 Air Route Traffic
Control Centers (ARTCC).

**DOD:** Department of Defense.

**EMO:** Emergency Management Office (Saipan).

**FA:** Area Forecast. A text forecast issued by the 3 U.S.
Meteorological Watch Offices (MWOs) which describe weather conditions
specific to aviation interests.

**FAA:** Federal Aviation Administration.

**FDC:** Flight Data Center

**FIR:** Flight Information Region. Airspace defined dimensions within
which flight information service and alerting service are provided.

**FL:** Flight level.

**FSS:** Flight Service Station

**GAMET:** An area forecast in abbreviated plain language for low-level
flights in a flight information region or sub-area thereof, prepared by
a designated meteorological office.

**GMT:** Greenwich Mean Time.

**HYSPLIT:** The HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory
model. The principal model used to forecast the transport and dispersion
of the ash cloud.

**IAVW:** International Airways Volcano Watch. International
arrangements for monitoring and providing atmospheric volcanic ash
warnings to aircraft.

**ICAO:** International Civil Aviation Organization.

**International NOTAM Office:** An office designated by a State for the
exchange of NOTAMs internationally.

**METAR:** METeorological Aerodrome Report. An international code
(Aviation Routine Weather Report) used for reporting, recording and
transmitting weather observations.

**Meteorological Authority**: The authority providing or arranging for
the provision of meteorological service for international air navigation
on behalf of Contracting States and for the provision of meteorological
services for national practices.

**MIS:** Meteorological Impact Statement. An unscheduled flow control
and flight operations planning forecast. It is a 2 to 12 hour (valid up
to 12 hours after issuance) briefing and forecast product at ARTCC,
ATCSCC, TRACON, and ATCTs responsible for making flow-control type
decisions.

**MWO:** Meteorological Watch Office. A meteorological office designated
to provide in-flight hazardous weather advisories to AOCs, ATS, and
pilots.

**NAS:** United States National Airspace System.

**NASA:** National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

**NAVAID:** Navigational Aid

**NCEP:** National Centers for Environmental Prediction.

**NESDIS:** National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information
Service

**NOAA:** National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

**NOTAM:** Notice to Airmen. A notice containing information concerning
the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility,
service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential
to personnel concerned with flight operations.

**NVOPA:** National Volcanic Ash Operations Plan for Aviation

**NWS:** National Weather Service.

**PIREP:** Pilot Report. A report of in-flight weather by an aircraft
pilot or crew member. A complete coded report includes the following
mandatory information in this order: location and/or extent of reported
weather phenomenon, time, flight level, and type of aircraft.

**SI:** Smithsonian Institution

**SIGMET:** SIGnigicant METetorological Advisory. SIGMETs are a brief
description of the occurrence and/or expected occurrence of specified
en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of all aircraft
operations.

**SIGWX Chart:** Mid- and High-Level Significant Weather Chart. A
graphical depiction of significant weather for FL100-FL450 (Mid-Level)
and FL250-FL630 (High-Level).

**SPECI:** In the
[METAR](http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=metar1)
observation program, a [surface
observation](http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=surface-observation1)
issued on a non-routine basis as dictated by changing meteorological
conditions.

**TAF:** Terminal Aerodrome Forecast. A forecast of meteorological
conditions significant to aviation at an airport location (location
within 5 nm of center of the airports runway complex).

**TMU:** Traffic Management Unit.

**TRACON:** Terminal Radar Approach Control.

**TWEB:** Transcribed Weather Enroute Broadcast. A NWS prepared text
forecast for aviation for over 200 routes and local vicinities. The TWEB
route is defined as a 50 nm wide corridor between anchor points. The
TWEB local vicinity forecast is a 50 nm wide radius around a particular
location.

**USGS:** United States Geological Survey.

**USNOF:** U.S. NOTAM Office.

**UTC:** Coordinated Universal Time. An international time standard most
commonly used in weather products and observations. Also known as
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

**VAA:** Volcanic Ash Advisory. Information issued by a Volcanic Ash
Advisory Center concerning the occurrence or expected occurrence of
volcanic ash which may affect the safety of aircraft operations.

**VAAC:** Volcanic Ash Advisory Center. A meteorological office
designated to provide Volcanic Ash Advisories and Volcanic Ash Graphics.

**VAFTAD:** Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport and Dispersion model was
used by NCEP from 1992 to 2004. When HYSPLIT became operational in 2005,
VAFTAD look-alike output was created for product continuity.

**VAG:** Volcanic Ash Graphic. A graphical depiction of the Volcanic Ash
Advisory (VAA).

## VANA: Volcano Activity Notice for Aviation. A short message in structured format issued by the USGS Volcanic Observatory to describe volcanic activity to the aviation sector, highlighting ash-plume information and including the aviation color-code level. 

## VAR: Volcanic Ash Report. A report of volcanic ash similar in format to a PIREP. However, the VAR may include additional information on the physical characteristics of the ash. 

**VO:** Volcano Observatory.

**Volcanic Ash**: Small fragments (generally less than 2 mm in diameter)
of rock, mineral, and volcanic glass that are created during explosive
eruptions by the shattering of solid rocks and violent separation of
magma (molten rock) into tiny pieces. The erupted material -- along with
gases released from the decompressing magma -- is entrained upward in a
convecting, columnar mass above the volcano. The larger erupted pieces
fall out of the column within minutes to hours and are deposited around
the volcano, while the smaller particles (ash) are spread by winds aloft
as a diffuse cloud.

## Volcanic Eruption: Ejection of magma, gases, and/or old volcanic rock products at the Earth's surface, either explosively as fragmental material or effusively as liquid lava. Not included are energetic but non-ash-bearing steam explosions.

**WA:** (see AIRMET)

**WFO:** Weather Forecast Office. One of 122 National Weather Service
offices which provide a wide variety of weather forecasts and
observations for specific states or portions of states. These forecasts
include, but are not limited to, public, aviation, marine, fire weather,
and hydrology.

**WMO:** World Meteorological Organization.

**World Area Forecast Center:** A meteorological centre designated to
prepare and issue significant weather forecasts and upper air forecasts
in digital form on a global basis direct to States by appropriate means
as part of the aeronautical fixed service.

**WV:** (see SIGMET)

# APPENDIX F

# List of U.S. Volcanoes

U.S. volcanoes showing the responsible USGS Volcano Observatory and
primary Air Route Traffic Control Center, Meteorological Watch Office,
and Weather Forecast Office to be notified by the Observatory when the
aviation color code is raised or lowered at a volcano or when
significant change in activity occurs within a color-code level. Not all
U.S. volcanoes are monitored by the USGS. List of volcanoes taken from
the Smithsonian Institution\'s global volcanism database instrumentally
(see http://www.volcano.si.edu/). Volcanoes are listed alphabetically
within states; Number refers to unique ID number used in the Smithsonian
database.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Volcano Name     Location     Number     Latitude          Longitude            Elevation   VO     ARTCC         MWO         WFO
                                           DDMM              DDDMM                feet                                         
  ---------------- ------------ ---------- ---------- ------ ----------- -------- ----------- ------ ------------- ----------- -------------
  Adagdak          AK, Aleutian 1101-112   N          5159   W           17636    2001        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Akutan           AK, Aleutian 1101-32-   N          5408   W           16559    4275        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Amak             AK, Aleutian 1101-39-   N          5525   W           16309    1601        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Amukta           AK, Aleutian 1101-19-   N          5230   W           17115    3498        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Aniakchak        AK Peninsula 1102-09-   N          5653   W           15810    4400        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Atka (Korovin)   AK, Aleutian 1101-16-   N          5223   W           17409    5030        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Augustine        Alaska-SW    1103-01-   N          5922   W           15326    4108        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Behm             Alaska-E     1105-07-   N          5519   W           13103    1641        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
  Canal-Rudyerd                                                                                                                
  Bay                                                                                                                          

  Black Peak       AK Peninsula 1102-08-   N          5633   W           15847    3386        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Bobrof           AK, Aleutian 1101-10-   N          5155   W           17726    2421        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Bogoslof         AK, Aleutian 1101-30-   N          5356   W           16802    492         AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Buldir           AK, Aleutian 1101-01-   N          5221   E           17555    2152        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Buzzard Creek    Alaska-E     1105-001   N          6404   W           14825    2723        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Carlisle         AK, Aleutian 1101-23-   N          5254   W           17003    5315        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Chagulak         AK, Aleutian 1101-20-   N          5235   W           17108    3747        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Chiginagak       AK Peninsula 1102-11-   N          5708   W           15659    7287        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Churchill        Alaska-E     1105-03-   N          6123   W           14425    16421       AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Cleveland        AK, Aleutian 1101-24-   N          5250   W           16957    5676        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Dana             AK Peninsula 1102-05-   N          5538   W           16113    4442        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Davidof          AK, Aleutian 1101-04-   N          5158   E           17820    1076        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Denison          AK Peninsula 1102-21-   N          5825   W           15427    7504        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Douglas          AK Peninsula 1102-27-   N          5851   W           15333    7021        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Duncan Canal     Alaska-E     1105-05-   N          5630   W           13306    49          AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Dutton           AK Peninsula 1102-011   N          5510   W           16216    4941        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Edgecumbe        Alaska-E     1105-04-   N          5703   W           13545    3183        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Juneau?

  Emmons Lake      AK Peninsula 1102-02-   N          5520   W           16205    4712        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Fisher           AK, Aleutian 1101-35-   N          5439   W           16426    3648        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Fourpeaked       AK Peninsula 1102-26-   N          5846   W           15340    6907        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Frosty           AK Peninsula 1102-01-   N          5505   W           16249    6601        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Gareloi          AK, Aleutian 1101-07-   N          5147   W           17848    5161        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Gordon           Alaska-E     1105-021   N          6208   W           14305    9039        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Great Sitkin     AK, Aleutian 1101-12-   N          5205   W           17608    5709        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Griggs           AK Peninsula 1102-19-   N          5821   W           15506    7602        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Hayes            Alaska-SW    1103-05-   N          6138   W           15225    9955        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Herbert          AK, Aleutian 1101-22-   N          5245   W           17007    4200        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Iliamna          Alaska-SW    1103-02-   N          6002   W           15305    10017       AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Imuruk Lake      Alaska-W     1104-06-   N          6536   W           16355    2001        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Ingakslugwat     Alaska-W     1104-03-   N          6126   W           16428    623         AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
  Hills                                                                                                                        

  Isanotski        AK, Aleutian 1101-37-   N          5446   W           16343    8025        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Kagamil          AK, Aleutian 1101-26-   N          5258   W           16943    2930        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Kaguyak          AK Peninsula 1102-25-   N          5836   W           15402    2956        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Kanaga           AK, Aleutian 1101-11-   N          5155   W           17710    4288        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Kasatochi        AK, Aleutian 1101-13-   N          5211   W           17530    1030        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Katmai           AK Peninsula 1102-17-   N          5817   W           15458    6716        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Kialagvik        AK Peninsula 1102-12-   N          5712   W           15645    5502        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Kiska            AK, Aleutian 1101-02-   N          5206   E           17736    4003        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Koniuji          AK, Aleutian 1101-14-   N          5213   W           17508    896         AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Kookooligit      Alaska-W     1104-05-   N          6336   W           17026    2208        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
  Mountains                                                                                                                    

  Kukak            AK Peninsula 1102-23-   N          5827   W           15421    6703        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Kupreanof        AK Peninsula 1102-06-   N          5601   W           15948    6217        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Little Sitkin    AK, Aleutian 1101-05-   N          5157   E           17833    3852        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Mageik           AK Peninsula 1102-15-   N          5812   W           15515    7103        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Makushin         AK, Aleutian 1101-31-   N          5353   W           16655    5906        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Martin           AK Peninsula 1102-14-   N          5810   W           15522    6113        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Moffett          AK, Aleutian 1101-111   N          5157   W           17645    3924        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Novarupta        AK Peninsula 1102-18-   N          5816   W           15509    2759        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Nunivak Island   Alaska-W     1104-02-   N          6001   W           16620    1677        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Okmok            AK, Aleutian 1101-29-   N          5326   W           16808    3521        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Pavlof           AK Peninsula 1102-03-   N          5525   W           6602     8265        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Pavlof Sister    AK Peninsula 1102-04-   N          5527   W           16151    7028        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Recheschnoi      AK, Aleutian 1101-28-   N          5309   W           16832    6510        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Redoubt          Alaska-SW    1103-03-   N          6029   W           15245    10197       AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Roundtop         AK, Aleutian 1101-38-   N          5448   W           16335    6139        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Sanford          Alaska-E     1105-01-   N          6213   W           14408    16238       AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Seguam           AK, Aleutian 1101-18-   N          5219   W           17231    3458        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Segula           AK, Aleutian 1101-03-   N          5201   E           17808    3806        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Semisopochnoi    AK, Aleutian 1101-06-   N          5156   E           17935    4006        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Sergief          AK, Aleutian 1101-15-   N          5202   W           17456    1837        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Shishaldin       AK, Aleutian 1101-36-   N          5445   W           16358    9374        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Snowy Mountain   AK Peninsula 1102-20-   N          5820   W           15441    7094        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Spurr            Alaska-SW    1103-04-   N          6118   W           15215    11070       AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  St. Michael      Alaska-W     1104-04-   N          6327   W           16207    2346        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  St. Paul Island  Alaska-W     1104-01-   N          5711   W           17018    666         AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Steller          AK Peninsula 1102-22-   N          5826   W           15424    7454        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Stepovak         AK Peninsula 1102-051   N          5556   W           16000    5102        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Table Top-Wide   AK, Aleutian 1101-311   N          5358   W           16641    2599        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
  Bay              Is                                                                                                          

  Takawangha       AK, Aleutian 1101-09-   N          5152   W           17800    4754        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Tanaga           AK, Aleutian 1101-08-   N          5153   W           17809    5925        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Tlevak           Alaska-E     1105-06-   N          5515   W           1348     164         AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
  Strait-Suemez                                                                                                                
  Is.                                                                                                                          

  Trident          AK Peninsula 1102-16-   N          5814   W           15506    6116        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Ugashik-Peulik   AK Peninsula 1102-13-   N          5745   W           15622    4836        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Ukinrek Maars    AK Peninsula 1102-131   N          5750   W           15631    299         AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Uliaga           AK, Aleutian 1101-25-   N          5304   W           16946    2914        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Unnamed          AK Peninsula 1102-132   N          5752   W           15525    984         AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Veniaminof       AK Peninsula 1102-07-   N          5610   W           15923    8225        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Vsevidof         AK, Aleutian 1101-27-   N          5308   W           16842    7051        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Westdahl         AK, Aleutian 1101-34-   N          5431   W           16439    5427        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Wrangell         Alaska-E     1105-02-   N          6200   W           14401    14164       AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Yantarni         AK Peninsula 1102-10-   N          5701   W           15711    4413        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage

  Yunaska          AK, Aleutian 1101-21-   N          5239   W           17038    1805        AVO    Anchorage     Anchorage   Anchorage
                   Is                                                                                                          

  Adams            Washington   1201-04-   N          4612   W           12129    12278       CVO    Seattle       Kansas City GIS CHECK

  Baker            Washington   1201-01=   N          4847   W           12149    10778       CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Seattle

  Glacier Peak     Washington   1201-02-   N          4807   W           12107    10542       CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Seattle

  Indian Heaven    Washington   1201-07-   N          4556   W           12149    5925        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City GIS CHECK

  Rainier          Washington   1201-03-   N          4652   W           12145    14410       CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Seattle

  St. Helens       Washington   1201-05-   N          4612   W           12211    8363        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Portland

  West Crater      Washington   1201-06-   N          4553   W           \#####   4360        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Portland

  Bachelor         Oregon       1202-09-   N          4359   W           12141    9065        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Pendleton

  Belknap          Oregon       1202-06-   N          4417   W           12150    6874        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Pendleton

  Blue Lake Crater Oregon       1202-03-   N          4425   W           12146    4036        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Pendleton

  Cinnamon Butte   Oregon       1202-15-   N          4314   W           12206    6418        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City GIS CHECK

  Crater Lake      Oregon       1202-16-   N          4256   W           12207    8160        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Medford

  Davis Lake       Oregon       1202-10-   N          4334   W           12149    7097        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Pendleton

  Devils Garden    Oregon       1202-12-   N          4331   W           12052    5571        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City GIS CHECK

  Diamond Craters  Oregon       1202-17-   N          4306   W           11845    4708        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Medford

  Four Craters     Oregon       1202-14-   N          4322   W           12040    4925        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City GIS CHECK
  Lava Field                                                                                                                   

  Hood             Oregon       1202-01-   N          4522   W           12142    11241       CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Portland

  Jackies Butte    Oregon       1202-20-   N          4236   W           11735    4652        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Medford

  Jefferson        Oregon       1202-02-   N          4442   W           12148    10496       CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Pendleton

  Jordan Craters   Oregon       1202-19-   N          4309   W           11728    4833        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Medford

  Lava Mountain    Oregon       1202-13-   N          4328   W           12045    5614        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City GIS CHECK

  Newberry Volcano Oregon       1202-11-   N          4343   W           12114    7986        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Pendleton

  North Sister     Oregon       1202-07-   N          4410   W           12146    10086       CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Pendleton
  Field                                                                                                                        

  Sand Mountain    Oregon       1202-04-   N          4423   W           12156    5460        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Pendleton
  Field                                                                                                                        

  South Sister     Oregon       1202-08-   N          4406   W           12146    10358       CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Pendleton

  Washington       Oregon       1202-05-   N          4420   W           12150    7796        CVO    Seattle       Kansas City Pendleton

  Amboy            California   1203-20-   N          3433   W           11547    945         LVO    Los Angeles   Kansas City Las Vegas

  Big Cave         California   1203-04-   N          4057   W           12122    4131        CVO    Oakland       Kansas City Medford

  Brushy Butte     California   1203-03-   N          4111   W           12127    3852        CVO    Oakland       Kansas City Medford

  Clear Lake       California   1203-10-   N          3858   W           12246    4721        LVO    Oakland       Kansas City GIS CHECK

  Coso Volc Field  California   1203-18-   N          3602   W           11749    7874        LVO?   Los Angeles   Kansas City Las Vegas

  Eagle Lake Field California   1203-09-   N          4038   W           12050    5420        CVO    Oakland       Kansas City GIS CHECK

  Golden Trout     California   1203-17-   N          3621   W           11819    9469        LVO    Los Angeles   Kansas City Las Vegas
  Creek                                                                                                                        

  Inyo Craters     California   1203-13-   N          3742   W           11901    8626        LVO    Oakland       Kansas City Reno

  Lassen Volc      California   1203-08-   N          4030   W           12130    10457       CVO    Oakland       Kansas City Sacramento
  Center                                                                                                                       

  Lavic Lake       California   1203-19-   N          3445   W           11638    4905        LVO    Los Angeles   Kansas City Las Vegas

  Long Valley      California   1203-14-   N          3742   W           11852    11123       LVO    Oakland       Kansas City Reno

  Medicine Lake    California   1203-02-   N          4135   W           12134    7914        CVO    Oakland       Kansas City Medford

  Mono Craters     California   1203-12-   N          3753   W           11900    9174        LVO    Oakland       Kansas City Reno

  Mono Lake Volc   California   1203-11-   N          3800   W           11902    6959        LVO    Oakland       Kansas City Reno
  Field                                                                                                                        

  Red Cones        California   1203-15-   N          3735   W           11903    9016        LVO    Oakland       Kansas City Reno

  Shasta           California   1203-01-   N          4125   W           12212    14164       CVO    Oakland       Kansas City Medford

  Tumble Buttes    California   1203-06-   N          4041   W           12133    7189        CVO    Oakland       Kansas City GIS CHECK

  Twin Buttes      California   1203-05-   N          4047   W           12136    5351        CVO    Oakland       Kansas City GIS CHECK

  Ubehebe Craters  California   1203-16-   N          3701   W           11727    2467        LVO    Los Angeles   Kansas City Las Vegas

  Craters of the   Idaho        1204-02-   N          4325   W           11330    6578        YVO    Salt Lake     Kansas City GIS CHECK
  Moon                                                                                               City                      

  Hell\'s Half     Idaho        1204-04-   N          4330   W           11227    5351        YVO    Salt Lake     Kansas City GIS CHECK
  Acre                                                                                               City                      

  Shoshone Lava    Idaho        1204-01-   N          4311   W           11421    4849        YVO    Salt Lake     Kansas City GIS CHECK
  Field                                                                                              City                      

  Wapi Lava Field  Idaho        1204-03-   N          4253   W           11313    5263        YVO    Salt Lake     Kansas City GIS CHECK
                                                                                                     City                      

  Yellowstone      Wyoming      1205-01-   N          4426   W           11040    9203        YVO    Salt Lake     Kansas City Riverton
                                                                                                     City                      

  Steamboat        Nevada       1206-01-   N          3923   W           11943    4643        LVO    Oakland       Kansas City Reno
  Springs                                                                                                                      

  Bald Knoll       Utah         1207-03-   N          3720   W           11224    7005        YVO    Salt Lake     Kansas City Salt Lake
                                                                                                     City                      City

  Black Rock       Utah         1207-05-   N          3858   W           11230    5906        YVO    Salt Lake     Kansas City Salt Lake
  Desert                                                                                             City                      City

  Markagunt        Utah         1207-04-   N          3735   W           11240    9318        YVO    Salt Lake     Kansas City Salt Lake
  Plateau                                                                                            City                      City

  Santa Clara      Utah         1207-01-   N          3715   W           11338    4807        YVO    Salt Lake     Kansas City Salt Lake
                                                                                                     City                      City

  Dotsero          Colorado     1208-01-   N          3901   W           10702    7317        YVO    Denver        Kansas City GIS CHECK

  Uinkaret Field   Arizona      1209-01-   N          3623   W           11308    5102        YVO    Los Angeles   Kansas City Las Vegas

  Sunset Crater    Arizona      1209-02-   N          3522   W           11130    8029        YVO    Albuquerque   Kansas City Flagstaff

  Carrizozo        New Mexico   1210-01-   N          3347   W           10556    5679        ????   Albuquerque   Kansas City Albuquerque

  Valles Caldera   New Mexico   1210-03-   N          3552   W           10634    11254       ????   Albuquerque   Kansas City Albuquerque

  Zuni-Bandera     New Mexico   1210-02-   N          3448   W           10800    8367        ????   Albuquerque   Kansas City Albuquerque

  Kilauea          Hawaiian Is  1302-01-   N          1926   W           15518    4009        HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Haleakala        Hawaiian Is  1302-06-   N          2042   W           15615    10023       HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Hualalai         Hawaiian Is  1302-04-   N          1942   W           15552    8278        HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Mauna Kea        Hawaiian Is  1302-03-   N          1949   W           15528    13797       HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Mauna Loa        Hawaiian Is  1302-02=   N          1929   W           15536    13682       HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Agrigan          Mariana Is   0804-16=   N          1846   E           14540    3166        HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Ahyi             Mariana Is   0804-141   N          2025   E           14502    -449        HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Alamagan         Mariana Is   0804-18=   N          1736   E           14550    2441        HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Anatahan         Mariana Is   0804-20=   N          1621   E           14540    2585        HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Asuncion         Mariana Is   0804-15=   N          1940   E           14524    2812        HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Esmeralda Bank   Mariana Is   0804-21=   N          1500   E           14515    -141        HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Farallon de      Mariana Is   0804-14=   N          2032   E           14454    1181        HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu
  Pajaros                                                                                                                      

  Guguan           Mariana Is   0804-19=   N          1719   E           14551    942         HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Maug Islands     Mariana Is   0804-143   N          2001   E           14513    745         HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Pagan            Mariana Is   0804-17=   N          1808   E           14548    1870        HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Ruby             Mariana Is   0804-201   N          1537   E           14534    -755        HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Sarigan          Mariana Is   0804-191   N          1642   E           14547    1765        HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu

  Supply Reef      Mariana Is   0804-142   N          2008   E           14506    -26         HVO    Honolulu      Honolulu    Honolulu
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------