# VASCULAR PLANT SURVEY OF FORT FREDERICA 

# NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD

March-October 2003

# Report

January 2004

JP Schmidt

Institute of Ecology

University of Georgia

Athens, Georgia 30606

**Introduction**: This inventory was designed to (a) document the
presence of 90% of vascular plant species, and (b) identify, delineate,
and verify wetland types and vegetation communities at Fort Frederica
National Monument (FOFR). The cooperative agreement or contract covers
analysis of existing inventories and repositories of specimens, field
surveys for vascular plants, and limited mapping of voucher specimens
and species of management concern, such as federally listed threatened
and endangered species, locally rare species, and non-native species.

**Study Area**: Fort Frederica is an approximately 400 acre park most of
which is saltmarsh, but includes a variety of habitats: large mown areas
at the site of a colonial town, adjacent park-like areas of large
specimen trees, successional loblolly pine forest, saltmarsh and
saltmarsh edge, brackish marsh, small freshwater wetland habitats an old
moat, swampy forests near the park entrance, and maritime forest and
high marsh at the Bloody Marsh site. A grid interpreted from 1999 color
infrared photos delineates major vegetation sites. A map created from
this data shows additional fine-scale landscape features. Bratton (1985)
has done an admirable job of chronicalling the land use history of Fort
Frederica and a large portion of St. Simons Island. She traces
land-use/landcover change in the form of wetlands drainage, timber
removal for lumber and agriculture, and the effects of fire on plant
communities from settlement in the early 18th century.

**Sample Design:** Fort Frederica NM is small enough that a detailed
sampling scheme was not necessary.

**Sample Locations**: I sampled throughout the park, surveying
particularly along the shrubby thicket formed between mown areas and
saltmarsh (the diversity of sun-loving plants is highest at this edge),
in the marsh itself, along hedgerows adjacent to visitor parking, in wet
areas formed by the old moat, mown roadways through the forests, moist
ditches and forest at the park entrance and shrubby wetlands at the
northeast edge of the park where forest grades to saltmarsh.

**Methods**: I identified and surveyed all of the distinct habitats
within the park to collect flowering or fruiting vascular plant
specimens on four dates, March, May, July, and October 2003.

**Results**: See Appendix A for a ccmplete species list.

  --------- --------------- -------------- ----------- ----------- ---------
  Ferns     Gymnosperms     Angiosperms    Monocots    Dicots      Total

  4         2               166            37          130         173

  Exotics   Cultivated                                             

  19        7                                                      
  --------- --------------- -------------- ----------- ----------- ---------

No state or federally listed species were found.

[Plant Communities of Fort Frederica National Monument (including Bloody
Marsh**)**]{.underline}

**(**see also map in Appendix B**)**

[Lawn or Field]{.underline}: A park-like expanse is maintained
surrounding the old fort and on the site of the 18th century town. Large
live oaks, hackberries, *Magnolia grandiflora*, C*itrus* ssp, *Bumelia*
and other plantings spread over mown St. Augustine turf intermixed with
a diversity of native and exotic annual and perennial herbs. In several
spots near the marsh edge, seepages have created small freshwater or
brackish wetlands. Within and along the edges of the old moat, tall
wetland vegetation dominates in strips. Several areas of lawn are mowed
less often and exhibit greater species richness and are much more
attractive. Mown areas and plantings extend to the parking lots and park
buildings. This open expanse along with the marsh edge is perhaps the
most floristically diverse and visually interesting portion of the park
since at all seasons a variety of species, herb, shrub and/or tree, are
in flower or fruit. The marsh edge as an ecotonal area is particularly
rich and interesting botanically.

[Live Oak/Magnolia Forest]{.underline}: Live oak and laurel oak are
codominants occurring with *Magnolia grandiflora* and pignut hickory
(*Carya glabra*), in the understory are scattered saw palmetto,
wax-myrtle, blueberry (*Vaccinium* ssp), dogwood, redbud, persimmon and
yaupon holly. A variant on this community maintained at the marsh edges
includes cabbage palm and red cedar along with *Bacharis halmifolia* and
*Bacharis angustifolia*, grasses, vines such as *Ampelopsis* and a
variety of other woody and herbaceous perennials. On the Bloody Marsh
tract, Live Oak/Magnolia (or Maritime) forest is somewhat richer with
more hickory, cabbage palm, slash pine and persimmon.

[Pine Succession]{.underline}: Forest dominated by loblolly pine with an
advanced understory of live oak and water oak and an understory of
*Vaccinium*, wax myrtle, and an occassional saw palmetto. This community
covers a large area south of the fort and to the east of the park
headquarters which was formerly cleared for agriculture. A wetter
variant occurs on either side of the entrance drive dominated by
loblolly pine, water oak, sweet gum, yellow poplar and some water tupelo
in the wettest spots with an understory of saw palmetto, gallberry,
cinnamon and netted chain fern.

[Low Marsh]{.underline}: *Spartina alterniflora*.

[High Marsh]{.underline}: *Juncus roemerianus*, *Distichlis spicata,
Symphytrichum tenuifolium*

[Mud flats]{.underline}: *Salicornia virginica*, *Batis* *maritima* and
*Borrichia frutescens*

**Discussion:** The barrier islands of the Southeast generally have a
much lower floristic diversity than the mainland due to a relatively
small diversity of habitat types relative to the mainland and a history
of intensive land use. In addition, the area surveyed was small and
heavily managed. As a result, a large proportion of the species found at
Fort Frederica NM are weeds of cultivated fields or sun-loving species
of fields and field edges. Many other species are common components of
the maritime or coastal forests (live oak, red cedar, water oak, cabbage
palmetto), marshes and wetland ecotones. Although many exotic species
are present on the site, few appear to be a serious problem.

[Management recommendations]{.underline}**:** Less frequent mowing,
aside from major pedestrian walkways, over most of the open park-like
areas of the monument would serve to increase both their scenic and
habitat value. Chinese tallow (*Sapium sebiferum*) an invasive exotic
which appears to be expanding in Georgia is present on the monument in
small numbers along the marsh edge and within the freshwater wetland
areas of the moats and to the north of them. It may be well worthwhile
to remove the few plants present now before the plants become a problem
on the monument.

**References**

Bratton, SP. 1985. The vegetation history of Fort Frederica, Saint
Simons Island, Georgia. *Castanea* 50(3) 133-145.

Appendix A: Vascular Plants of Fort Frederica National Monument

+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
| Division | Family     | Scientific Name           | Common Name     |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          |            |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
| Ferns    | B          | *Woodwardia areolata*     | Netted          |
|          | lechnaceae |                           | chainfern       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | O          | *Osmunda cinnamomea*      | Cinnamon fern   |
|          | smundaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | P          | *Pteridium aquilinum*     | Bracken fern    |
|          | teridaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | P          | *Pteris etataE*           |                 |
|          | teridaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          |            |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
| Gym      | Cu         | *Juniperus virginiana     | Red cedar       |
| nosperms | pressaceae | var. silicicola*          |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Pinaceae   | *Pinus taeda*             | Loblolly pine   |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          |            |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
| Monocots | Agavaceae  | *Yucca aloifolia*         | Aloe yucca      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Amar       | *Narcissus X              | Daffodil        |
|          | yllidaceae | medioluteusC*             |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Araceae    | *Arisaema dracontium*     | Green dragon    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Arecaceae  | *Sabal minor*             | Palmetto        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Arecaceae  | *Serenoa repens*          | Saw palmetto    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Aspidaceae | *Dryopteris dentata*      | Woodfern        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Br         | *Tillandsia usneoides*    | Spanish moss    |
|          | omeliaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Cyperaceae | *Cyperus pseudovegetus*   | Marsh flatsedge |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Cyperaceae | *Cyperus retrorsus*       | Pine barren     |
|          |            |                           | flatsedge       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Cyperaceae | *Cyperus strigosus*       | Stawcolored     |
|          |            |                           | flatsedge       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Cyperaceae | *Eleocharis vivipara*     | Viviparous      |
|          |            |                           | spikerush       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Cyperaceae | *Scleria triglomerata*    | Whip nutrush    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Iridaceae  | *Iris hexagona*           | Iris            |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Iridaceae  | *Sisyrinchium rosulatum*  | Annual          |
|          |            |                           | blue-eyed grass |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Juncaceae  | *Juncus roemerianus*      | Black           |
|          |            |                           | needle-rush     |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Liliaceae  | *Allium bivalve*          | Field garlic    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Liliaceae  | *Ambrosia artemisiifolia* | Annual ragweed  |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Lilliaceae | *Leucojum aestivumC*      | Snowdrops       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Arundinaria gigantea*    | Giant cane      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Chasmanthium laxum*      | Slender         |
|          |            |                           | woodoats        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Chasmanthium nitidum*    | Shiny woodoats  |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Chasmanthium             | Longleaf        |
|          |            | sessiliflorum*            | woodoats        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Dichanthelium strigosum* | Roughhair       |
|          |            |                           | rosette grass   |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Distichlis spicata*      | Salt grass      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Glyceria striata*        | Manna grass     |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Oplismenus hirtellus*    | Basket grass    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Paspalum laeve*          | Field paspalum  |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Poa annuaE*              | Annual grass    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Sorghum halepenseE*      | Johnson grass   |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Spartina alterniflora*   | Saltmarsh       |
|          |            |                           | cordgrass       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Spartina bakeri*         | Cordgrass       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Spartina cynosuroides*   | Cordgrass       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Sphenopholis obtusata*   | Prairie         |
|          |            |                           | wedgegrass      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Stenotaphrum             | St. Augustine   |
|          |            | secundatumE*              | grass           |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Poaceae    | *Stipa avenacea*          | Oatgrass        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | S          | *Smilax auriculata*       | Earleaf         |
|          | milacaceae |                           | greenbrier      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | S          | *Smilax smallii*          | Lanceleaf       |
|          | milacaceae |                           | greenbrier      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          |            |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
| Dicots   | A          | *Ruellia caroliniensis*   | Carolina wild   |
|          | canthaceae |                           | petunia         |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Aceraceae  | *Acer rubrum*             | Red maple       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Ana        | *Rhus copallinum*         | Winged sumac    |
|          | cardiaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Ana        | *Toxicodendron radicans*  | Poison ivy      |
|          | cardiaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Annonaceae | *Asimina parviflora*      | Dwarf pawpaw    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Apiaceae   | *Hydrocotyle umbellata*   | Manyflower      |
|          |            |                           | marshpennywort  |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Apiaceae   | *Ptilimnium capillaceum*  | Herbwilliam     |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Apiaceae   | *Sanicula canadensis*     | Canadian        |
|          |            |                           | blacksnakeroot  |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Aqu        | *Ilex glabra*             | Inkberry        |
|          | ifoliaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Aqu        | *Ilex myrtifolia*         | Myrtle dahoon   |
|          | ifoliaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Aqu        | *Ilex vomitoria*          | Inkberry        |
|          | ifoliaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Baccharis angustifolia*  | Saltwater false |
|          |            |                           | willow          |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Borrichia frutescens*    | Bushy sea       |
|          |            |                           | ox-eye          |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Cirsium horridulum*      | Yellow thistle  |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Cirsium nuttallii*       | Nuttall\'s      |
|          |            |                           | thistle         |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Conyza bonariensis*      | Asthmaweed      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Conyza canadensis*       | Horseweed       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Elephantopus elatus*     | Elephant\'s     |
|          |            |                           | foot            |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Elephantopus nudatus*    | Elephant\'s     |
|          |            |                           | foot            |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Erigeron quercifolius*   | Daisy fleabane  |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Eupatorium               | Dogfennel       |
|          |            | capillifolium*            |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Facelis retusaE*         | Annual          |
|          |            |                           | trampweed       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Gamochaeta pensylvanica* | Cudweed         |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Iva frutescens*          | Marsh elder     |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Krigia virginica*        | Dwarf dandelion |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Melanthera nivea*        | Snow squarestem |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Mikania scandens*        | Climbing        |
|          |            |                           | hempweed        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Pluchea rosea*           | Rosy marsh      |
|          |            |                           | fleabane        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Psuedognaphalium         | Rabbit tobacco  |
|          |            | obtusifolium*             |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | ### P                     | Carolina false  |
|          |            | yrrhopappus carolinianus  | dandelion       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Solidago odora*          | Fragrant        |
|          |            |                           | goldenrod       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Sonchus asperE*          | Prickly         |
|          |            |                           | sowthistle      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Symphytrichum            | Marsh aster     |
|          |            | tenuifolium*              |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Taraxacum officinaleE*   | Dandelion       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Verbesina occidentalis*  | Yellow          |
|          |            |                           | crownbeard      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Verbesina virginica*     | White verbesina |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Asteraceae | *Youngia japonicaE*       | Asiatic false   |
|          |            |                           | hawksbeard      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Bataceae   | *Batis maritima*          | Saltwort,       |
|          |            |                           | Turtleweed      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Bi         | *Anisostichus capreolata* | Cross vine      |
|          | gnoniaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Br         | *Lepidium virginicum*     | Virginia        |
|          | assicaceae |                           | peppergrass     |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Cactaceae  | *Opuntia humifusa*        | Prickly pear    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Cam        | *Specularia perfoliataE*  | Venus           |
|          | panulaceae |                           | looking-glass   |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Capr       | *Lonicera sempervirens*   | Trumpet         |
|          | ifoliaceae |                           | honeysuckle     |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Capr       | *Lonicera japonica*       | Japanese        |
|          | ifoliaceae |                           | honeysuckle     |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Caryo      | *Cerastium glomeratumE*   | Mouse-ear       |
|          | phyllaceae |                           | chickweed       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Caryo      | ## Spergularia salina     | Salt sand       |
|          | phyllaceae |                           | spurrey         |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Caryo      | *Stellaria mediaE*        | Common          |
|          | phyllaceae |                           | chickweed       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Chen       | *Salicornia virginica*    | Virginia        |
|          | opodiaceae |                           | glasswort       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Cistaceae  | *Helianthemum             | Carolina        |
|          |            | carolinianum*             | rockrose        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Cistaceae  | *Helianthemum corymbosum* | Pinebarren      |
|          |            |                           | frostweed       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Com        | *Tradescantia ohiensis*   | Ohio spiderwort |
|          | melinaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Conv       | *Ipomoea cordatotriloba   | Morning glory   |
|          | olvulaceae | var. cordatotriloba*      |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Conv       | *Ipomoea sagittata*       | Saltmarsh       |
|          | olvulaceae |                           | morning-glory   |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Ericaceae  | *Rhododendron ssp. C*     | Cultivated      |
|          |            |                           | azalea hybrid   |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Ericaceae  | *Vaccinium arboreum*      | Sparkleberry    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Ericaceae  | *Vaccinium atrococcum*    | Black highbush  |
|          |            |                           | blueberry       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Ericaceae  | *Vaccinium corymbosum*    | Highbush        |
|          |            |                           | blueberry       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Ericaceae  | *Vaccinium elliottii*     | Elliott\'s      |
|          |            |                           | blueberry       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Eup        | *Cnidoscolus stimulosus*  | Tread softly    |
|          | horbiaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Eup        | *Cornus florida*          | Flowering       |
|          | horbiaceae |                           | dogwood         |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Eup        | *Croton willdenowii*      | Croton          |
|          | horbiaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Eup        | *Sapium sebiforumE*       | Chinese tallow  |
|          | horbiaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Albizia julibrissin*     | Silktree,       |
|          |            |                           | mimosa          |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Amorpha herbacea*        | Clusterspike    |
|          |            |                           | false indigo    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Cassia aspera*           | Sensitive plant |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Centrosema virginianum*  | Butterfly pea   |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Cercis canadensis*       | Eastern redbud  |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Chamaecrista fasciculata | Partridge pea   |
|          |            | var. fasciculata*         |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Clitoria mariana*        | Butterfly pea   |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Daubentonia puniceaE*    | Daubentonia     |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Desmodium incanum*       | Beggar ticks    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Desmodium nuttallii*     | Beggar ticks    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Desmodium paniculatum*   | Beggar ticks    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Desmodium tenuifolium*   | Beggar ticks    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Erythrina herbacea*      | Eastern         |
|          |            |                           | coralbean       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Lespedeza nuttallii*     | Lespedeza       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Medicago arabicaE*       | Spotted         |
|          |            |                           | burclover,      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          |            |                           | spotted medick  |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Medicago polymorpha*     | Bur clover      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Trifolium campestre*     | Field clover    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Trifolium repens*        | White clover    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fabaceae   | *Wisteria sinensis*       | Chinese         |
|          |            |                           | wisteria        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fagaceae   | *Quercus nigra*           | Water oak       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Fagaceae   | *Quercus virginiana*      | Live oak        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Guttiferae | *Hypericum hypericoides*  | St. Andrew\'s   |
|          |            |                           | cross           |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Hama       | *Liquidambar styraciflua* | Sweetgum        |
|          | melidaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Ju         | *Carya glabra*            | Pignut hickory  |
|          | glandaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Lamiaceae  | *Salvia lyrata*           | Lyreleaf sage   |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Lamiaceae  | *Stachys floridana*       | Florida         |
|          |            |                           | hedgenettle     |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Lamiaceae  | *Teucrium canadense*      | Canada          |
|          |            |                           | germander       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Lauraceae  | *Persea borbonia*         | Red bay         |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Lauraceae  | *Sassafras albidum*       | Sassafras       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Linaceae   | *Linaria canadensis*      | Canada toadflax |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | L          | *Polypremum procumbens*   | Junifer leaf    |
|          | ogoniaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Lythraceae | *Lagerstroemia indicaC*   | Crepe myrtle    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Ma         | *Magnolia virginiana*     | Sweetbay        |
|          | gnoliaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Meni       | *Cocculus carolinus*      | Carolina        |
|          | spermaceae |                           | coralberry      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Moraceae   | *Maclura pomiferaC*       | Osage orange    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Moraceae   | *Morus rubra*             | Red mulberry    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Myricaceae | *Myrica cerifera*         | Wax myrtle      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Nyssaceae  | *Nyssa sylvatica*         | Black gum       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Oleaceae   | *Ligustrum japonicumE*    | Japanese privet |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Oleaceae   | *Ligustrum sinenseE*      | Chinese privet  |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | O          | *Oxalis dillenii*         | Dillen\'s       |
|          | xalidaceae |                           | oxalis          |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | O          | *Oxalis violacea*         | Violet          |
|          | xalidaceae |                           | woodsorrel      |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Plan       | *Plantago major*          | Broadleaf       |
|          | taginaceae |                           | plantain        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Plan       | *Plantago virginica*      | Plantain        |
|          | taginaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | P          | *Platanus occidentalis*   | American        |
|          | latanaceae |                           | sycamore        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Po         | *Rumex acetosellaE*       | Common sheep    |
|          | lygonaceae |                           | sorrel          |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | P          | *Samolus valerandi ssp.   | Water pimpernel |
|          | rimulaceae | parviflorus*              |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Rosaceae   | *Prunus angustifolia*     | Chickasaw plum  |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Rosaceae   | *Prunus caroliniana*      | Carolina        |
|          |            |                           | laurelcherry    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Rosaceae   | *Prunus serotina*         | Black cherry    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Rosaceae   | *Prunus umbellata*        | Hog plum        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Rosaceae   | *Rubus trivialis*         | Southern        |
|          |            |                           | dewberry        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Rubiaceae  | *Galium hispidulum*       | Coastal         |
|          |            |                           | bedstraw        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Rubiaceae  | *Galium lanceolatum*      | Lanceleaf wild  |
|          |            |                           | licorice        |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Rubiaceae  | *Houstonia procumbens*    | Roundleaf bluet |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Rutaceae   | *Citrus sspC*             | Citrus          |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Sapotaceae | *Sideroxylon tenaxC*      | Bumelia         |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Solanaceae | *Solanum carolinense*     | Carolina        |
|          |            |                           | horsenettle     |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Sy         | *Symplocos tinctoria*     | Horse sugar     |
|          | mplocaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Urticaceae | *Boehmeria cylindrica*    | False nettle    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | V          | *Lantana camaraE*         | Largeleaf       |
|          | erbenaceae |                           | lantana         |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | V          | *Lippia nodiflora*        | Frog fruit      |
|          | erbenaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Violaceae  | *Viola affinis*           | Sand violet     |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Violaceae  | *Vitis aestivalis*        | Summer grape    |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Vitaceae   | *Parthenocissus           | Virginia        |
|          |            | quinquefolia*             | creeper         |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Ma         | *Magnolia grandiflora*    | Bullbay         |
|          | gnoliaceae |                           |                 |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+
|          | Vitaceae   | *Vitis rotundifolia*      | Muscadine       |
+----------+------------+---------------------------+-----------------+