**Model Information of Potential Use to the IPCC Lead Authors and the
AR4.**

**CSIRO-Mk3.0**

31 January 2005

# Model identity:

A.  Institution, sponsoring agency, country

> CSIRO, Australia

B.  Model name (and names of component atmospheric, ocean, sea ice, etc.
    models)

> CSIRO Mark 3.0 (abbrev. CSIRO-Mk3.0)

C.  Vintage (i.e., year that model version was first used in a published
    application)

> 2001

D.  General published references and web pages

> Gordon, H. B., Rotstayn, L. D., McGregor, J. L., Dix, M. R.,
> Kowalczyk, E. A., O\'Farrell, S. P., Waterman, L. J., Hirst, A. C.,
> Wilson, S. G., Collier, M. A., Watterson, I. G., and Elliott, T. I.
> (2002): The CSIRO Mk3 Climate System Model \[Electronic publication\].
> Aspendale: CSIRO Atmospheric Research. (CSIRO Atmospheric Research
> technical paper; no. 60). 130 pp.
>
> ( <http://www.dar.csiro.au/publications/gordon_2002a.pdf> )
>
> Cai, W., Collier, M.A., Durack P.D., Gordon H.B., Hirst A.C.,
> O\'Farrell S.P. and Whetton P.H., 2003: The response of climate
> variability and mean state to climate change: preliminary results from
> the CSIRO Mark 3 coupled model. *CLIVAR Exchanges*, **28**, 8-11.
>
> Cai, W., M. A. Collier, H. B. Gordon, and L. J. Waterman, 2003: Strong
> ENSO variability and a super-ENSO pair in the CSIRO coupled climate
> model. *Monthly Weather Review*, **131**, 1189-1210.
>
> Cai, W., M. J. McPhaden, M. A. Collier, 2004: Multidecadal
> fluctuations in the relationship between equatorial Pacific heat
> content anomalies and ENSO amplitude. *Geophys. Res. Let.*, **31**,
> L01201, doi:10.1029/2003GL018714
>
> Cai, W., H. Hendon, and G. Meyers, 2005: An Indian Ocean Diploe-like
> variability in the CSIRO Mark 3 climate model. *J. Climate*, in press.
>
> Cai, W., G. Meyers, and G. Shi, 2005: Transmission of ENSO signals to
> the Indian Ocean, *Geophys. Res. Let.*, in press.
>
> Cai, W., G. Shi, Y. Li, 2005: Multidecadal fluctuations of winter
> rainfall over southwest Western Australia simulated in the CSIRO Mark
> 3 coupled model, *Geophys. Res. Let.*, submitted.
>
> Watterson, I.G., and M. R. Dix, 2005: Effective sensitivity and heat
> capacity in the response of climate models to greenhouse gas and
> aerosol forcings. *Q. J. Roy. Met. Soc.*, **131**, 259-280.
>
> Watterson, i.G., 2005: The intensity of precipitation during
> extra-tropical cyclones in global warming simulations: a link to
> cyclone intensities? *Tellus A.* Accepted subject to minor revision.

E.  References that document changes over the last \~5 years (i.e.,
    since the IPCC TAR) in the coupled model or its components. We are
    specifically looking for references that document changes in some
    aspect(s) of model performance.

See technical report -- Gordon et al, 2002.

F.  IPCC model version\'s global climate sensitivity (KW^-1^m^2^) to
    increase in CO~2~ and how it was determined (slab ocean expt.,
    transient expt\--Gregory method, ±2K Cess expt., etc.)

> Slab ocean doubled CO~2~ experiment has warming 3.07 K (average over
> last 30 years). In the CSIRO Mk3 model the doubled CO~2~ radiative
> forcing was 3.5 W m^-2^, so sensitivity = 0.88 KW^-1^m^2^.

G.  Contacts (name and email addresses), as appropriate, for:

    1.  coupled model -- Hal.Gordon@csiro.au

    2.  atmosphere -- Hal.Gordon@csiro.au

    3.  ocean -- Tony.Hirst@csiro.au

    4.  sea ice -- Siobhan.O'Farrell@csiro.au

    5.  land surface -- Eva.Kowalczyk@csiro.au

    6.  vegetation -- Eva.Kowalczyk@csiro.au

# Besides atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and prescription of land/vegetated surface, what can be included (interactively) and was it active in the model version that produced output stored in the PCMDI database?

A.  atmospheric chemistry? - No

B.  interactive biogeochemistry? - No

C.  what aerosols and are indirect effects modeled?

> Direct effect of aerosols only using monthly mean sulfate (Penner et
> al, 1994).

D.  dynamic vegetation? - No

E.  ice-sheets? - No

# List the community based projects (e.g., AMIP, C4MIP, PMIP, PILPS, etc.) that your modeling group has participated in and indicate if your model results from each project should carry over to the current (IPCC) version of your model in the PCMDI database.

Participation carrying over to the IPCC version (CSIRO-Mk3.0):

PILPS 1, 2a,2b,2d, C1

# Component model characteristics (of current IPCC model version):

**See Gordon et al. (2002 -- web site as above) for full model details.
Overview summary is as follows:**

A.  Atmosphere

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1.  resolution

> T63, L18

2.  numerical scheme/grid (advective and time-stepping schemes; model
    top; vertical coordinate and number of layers above 200 hPa and
    below 850 hPa)

> Spectral for Temperature, Vorticity, Divergence, Surface Pressure
>
> Moisture variables by semi-Lagrangian methods.
>
> Timestepping is leapfrog with Robert (1966) time filter.
>
> Vertical coordinate is hybrid sigma-pressure. Top level at 4.5 hPa.
>
> Number of layers above 200 hPa is 5
>
> Number of layers below 850 hPa is 4

3.  list of prognostic variables (be sure to include, as appropriate,
    liquid water, chemical species, ice, etc.). Model output variable
    names are not needed, just a generic descriptive name (e.g.,
    temperature, northward and eastward wind components, etc.)

> Temperature, Vorticity, Divergence, Surface Pressure
>
> Atmospheric moisture (vapour, liquid, and ice)

4.  name, terse descriptions, and references (journal articles, web
    pages) for all major parameterizations. Include, as appropriate,
    descriptions of:

    a.  clouds

> Stratiform cloud scheme (liquid, ice) following Rotstayn (1997, 1998)
> and
>
> Rotstayn et al. (2000). The convection scheme (see below) also
> produces
>
> a convective cloud fraction.

b.  convection

> UKMO: Gregory and Rowntree (1990)

c.  boundary layer

> Follows Louis (1979) with Smith (1990) enhancements.

d.  SW, LW radiation

> GFDL based (SW: Lacis and Hansen 1974; LW: Fels and Schwarzkopf 1975,
> 1981; Fels 1985; Schwarzkopf and Fels 1991).

e.  any special handling of wind and temperature at top of model

> Temperature at top of model for radiation code by simple extrapolation
> (using vertical coordinate) from top 2 levels.

B.  Ocean -- MOM2.2 (Pacanowski 1996)

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1.  resolution

> Horizontal: Matching the T63 atmospheric model, but twice the
> meridional resolution -- 1.875 EW by approximately 0.84 NS.
>
> Vertical - 31 levels, spacing increasing with depth, from 10 *m* at
> the surface to 400 *m* in the deep ocean.

2.  numerical scheme/grid, including advection scheme, time-stepping
    scheme, vertical coordinate, free surface or rigid lid, virtual salt
    flux or freshwater flux

> MOM2.2 model code using Arakawa B grid, leapfrog time stepping. The
> "quicker" scheme is used for tracer advection, see Leonard (1979) and
> Pacanowski (1996). Vertical coordinate is layers of prescribed depth
> (rigid lid). Freshwater flux at surface derived from P-E, river
> runoff, and ice brine rejection terms, then converted to a virtual
> salt flux.

3.  list of prognostic variables and tracers

> Velocities U and V, Temperature and Salinity.

4.  name, terse descriptions, and references (journal articles, web
    pages) for all parameterizations. Include, as appropriate,
    descriptions of:

    a.  eddy parameterization

> Adiabatic eddy-induced transport via the Griffies (1998)
> implementation of the Gent and McWilliams (1990) scheme.
>
> Vertical mixing of tracers via a modified form of Bryan and Lewis
> (1979) profile. For tropical regions (15S to 15N), the profile is
> modified to have values decreasing to near zero at the surface.

b.  bottom boundary layer treatment and/or sill overflow treatment

> None.

c.  mixed-layer treatment

> Integer Power vertical mixing scheme (Wilson 2000, 2002), based on
>
> the Pacanowski and Philander (1981) scheme.

d.  sunlight penetration

> Paulson and Simpson (1977) dual exponential formulation, using
> turbidity specified in terms of Jerlov (1976) water types (spatially
> varying, time invariant).

e.  tidal mixing - none

f.  river mouth mixing - none

g.  mixing isolated seas with the ocean

> Achieved by lateral mixing (at same latitude) to nearest world ocean
> grid point at a prescribed rate (e.g. Hudson Bay, Mediterranean).

h.  treatment of North Pole \"singularity\" (filtering, pole rotation,
    artificial island?)

> Artificial island with Fourier filtering for latitudes close to North
> Pole

C.  sea ice

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1.  horizontal resolution, number of layers, number of thickness
    categories

> Coded as part of the atmospheric model, with the same resolution -
>
> equivalent T63 (1.875 EW by approximately 1.875 NS).
>
> 1 or 2 ice layers depending upon ice depth.
>
> Snow on ice treated as an additional layer. Deep snow to white ice
> treatment.

2.  numerical scheme/grid, including advection scheme, time-stepping
    scheme,

> Arakawa B-grid (T points match spectral AGCM grid points), NCAR based
> advection scheme in terms of divergence field (Brieglib). Leapfrog
> timestepping.

3.  list of prognostic variables

> Ice depth; Ice temperature(s) (1 or 2 layers); Snow depth; Snow
> temperature
>
> (1 layer); Brine heat reservoir; Leads fraction; Temperature of mixed
> layer in leads and under ice.

4.  completeness (dynamics? rheology? leads? snow treatment on sea ice)

> Thermodynamics -- Semtner (1976) 3 layer thermodynamics
>
> Rheology -- Flato and Hibler (1990), O'Farrell (1998)
>
> Leads -- Computed fraction, with lateral ice growth/melting
>
> Snow on ice -- Has internal layer temperature, surface temperature,
> ice-snow interface temperature.

5.  treatment of salinity in ice

> Ice salinity set at 0.01

6.  brine rejection treatment

> Ice formation/melting gives brine rejection/uptake (relative to 0.035
> reference).

7.  treatment of the North Pole \"singularity\" (filtering, pole
    rotation, artificial island?)

> Artificial island at North Pole. Ice motion filtered towards slab
> rotation near pole.

D.  land / ice sheets (some of the following may be omitted if
    information is clearly included in cited references.

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1.  resolution (tiling?), number of layers for heat and water

> For details of land/vegetation scheme see technical report (Gordon et
> al, 2002).
>
> The Land model has T63 resolution, and 6 soil layers (temperature and
> water/ice).
>
> There are 9 soil types and 13 vegetation types (one soil type and one
> vegetation type per grid point). No tiling, except each land point has
> prescribed amount of vegetation and bare ground. Separate flux
> calculations for each.

2.  treatment of frozen soil and permafrost

> Water in soil is allowed to freeze.

3.  treatment of surface runoff and river routing scheme

> Surface runoff taken instantly to oceans by downslope method.

4.  treatment of snow cover on land

> Snow on land has 3 layers (temperatures, snow densities), total snow
> mass, age dependent albedo.

5.  description of water storage model and drainage

> Each grid point has an assosciated field capacity.
>
> Drainage from lowest soil level if moisture exceeds field capacity.

6.  surface albedo scheme

> Land surface albedo taken from Sib data set (varying monthly).
>
> Snow albedo changes according to snow age and zenith angle.

7.  vegetation treatment (canopy?)

> Canopy: big-leaf model

8.  list of prognostic variables

> Surface temperature;
>
> 6 levels of soil temperature and water amount;
>
> If land is frozen, then ice amount per 6 levels;
>
> Moisture amount on vegetation canopy;
>
> Puddle depth on land;
>
> If snow on land:
>
> 3 snow layer temperatures,
>
> 3 snow densities,
>
> Total snow mass,
>
> Snow age.

9.  ice sheet characteristics (How are snow cover, ice melting, ice
    accumulation, ice dynamics handled? How are the heat and water
    fluxes handled when the ice sheet is melting?) -- Ice sheets not
    included.

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E.  coupling details

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1.  frequency of coupling

> Every timestep (15 minutes)

2.  Are heat and water conserved by coupling scheme?

> Yes

3.  list of variables passed between components:

> The CSIRO Mk3 coupled model consists of 2 major components:
>
> \(a\) The AGCM + Land + Ice model (the "atmosphere" below)
>
> \(b\) The Ocean model
>
> Fluxes are essentially passed between these 2 components:

a.  atmosphere -- ocean

> Heat flux
>
> Water flux
>
> Solar flux into ocean
>
> Surface stresses.

b.  ocean -- atmosphere

> Sea surface temperature
>
> Ocean surface velocities u,v (for driving ice model within AGCM)

4.  Flux adjustment? (heat?, water?, momentum?, annual?, monthly?).

> None

# Simulation Details (report separately for each IPCC simulation contributed to database at PCMDI):

A.  IPCC \"experiment\" name

B.  Describe method used to obtain initial conditions for each component
    model

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1.  If initialized from a control run, which month/year.

2.  For control runs, describe spin-up procedure.

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C.  For pre-industrial and present-day control runs, describe radiative
    forcing agents (e.g., non-anthropogenic aerosols, solar variability)
    present. Provide references or web pages containing further
    information as to the distribution and temporal changes in these
    agents.

D.  For perturbation runs, describe radiative forcing agents (e.g.,
    which greenhouse gases, which aerosols, ozone, land surface changes,
    etc.) present. Provide references or web pages containing further
    information as to the distribution and temporal changes in these
    agents.

# References quoted above under CSIRO Mk3 specifications: {#references-quoted-above-under-csiro-mk3-specifications .unnumbered}

Bryan, K., and L.J. Lewis, 1979: A water mass model of the world ocean.
*J. Geophys. Res*.,

**84**, 347-376.

Cai , W.J., Collier, M.A., Durack P.D., Gordon H.B., Hirst A.C.,
O\'Farrell S.P. and Whetton

P.H., 2003: The response of climate variability and mean state to
climate change: preliminary

results from the CSIRO Mark 3 coupled model. *CLIVAR Exchanges*, **28**,
8-11.

Cai , W.J., Collier, M.A., and Gordon, H.B., 2003: Strong ENSO
variability and a super-

ENSO pair in the CSIRO Mark 3 coupled climate model. *MWR*, **131**,
1189-1210.

Fels, S.B., and M.D. Schwarzkopf, 1975: The simplified exchange
approximation: a new

method for radiative transfer calculations. *J. Atmos. Sci*., **32**,
1475-1488.

Fels, S.B., and M.D. Schwarzkopf, 1981: An efficient algorithm for
calculating CO~2~ 15*m*

cooling rates. *J. Geophys. Res*., **86**, 1205-1232.

Fels, S.B., 1985: Radiative-dynamical interactions in the middle
atmosphere*. Advances in*

*Geophysics, 28A: Issues in Atmospheric and Oceanic Modeling*, S.
Manabe, Ed., Academic

Press, 277-300.

Flato, G.M. and W.D. Hibler III, 1990: On a simple sea-ice dynamics
model for climate

studies. *Ann. Glaciol*., **14**, 72-77.

Gent, P.R., and J.C. McWilliams, 1990: Isopycnal mixing in ocean
circulation models. *J.*

*Phys. Oceanogr*., **20**, 150-155.

Gordon, H. B., Rotstayn, L. D., McGregor, J. L., Dix, M. R., Kowalczyk,
E. A., O\'Farrell, S.

P., Waterman, L. J., Hirst, A. C., Wilson, S. G., Collier, M. A.,
Watterson, I. G., and Elliott,

T. I. (2002). The CSIRO Mk3 Climate System Model \[Electronic
publication\]. Aspendale:

CSIRO Atmospheric Research. (CSIRO Atmospheric Research technical paper;
no. 60). 130

pp. ( <http://www.dar.csiro.au/publications/gordon_2002a.pdf> )

> Gregory, D., and P.R. Rowntree, 1990: A mass flux convection scheme
> with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability
> dependent closure. *Mon. Wea. Rev*., **118**, 1483-1506.
>
> Griffies, S.M., 1998: The Gent‑McWilliams skew flux. *J. Phys.
> Oceanogr.*, **28**, 831‑841.
>
> Jerlov, N.G., 1976: Marine Optics, Chapter 10, Elsevier Oceanography
> Series, **14**, 127‑150

Lacis, A.A., and J.E. Hansen, 1974: A parameterization for the
absorption of solar radiation

in the earth\'s atmosphere. *J. Atmos. Sci*., **31**, 118-133.

Leonard, B.P., 1979: A stable and accurate convective modelling
procedure based on

quadratic upstream interpolation. *Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics
and Engineering*,

**19**, 59‑98.

Louis, J-F., 1979: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the
atmosphere*. Bound.-*

*Layer Meteor*., **17**, 187-202.

O'Farrell, S.P., 1998: Investigation of the dynamic sea-ice component of
a coupled

atmosphere sea-ice general circulation model. *J. Geophys. Res*.,
**103** (C8), 15751-15782.

Pacanowski, R.C., and S.G.H. Philander, 1981: Parameterization of
vertical mixing in

numerical models of tropical oceans. *J. Phys. Oceanogr.*, **11**,
1443‑1451.

Pacanowski, R.C. (ed.), 1996: MOM 2 Version 2, Documentation, User's
Guide and

Reference Manual. GFDL Ocean Technical Report #3.2, Geophysical Fluid
Dynamics

Laboratory/NOAA, Princeton, N.J. 08542.

Paulson C.A., and J.J. Simpson, 1977: Irradiance measurements in the
upper ocean. *J. Phys.*

*Oceanogr.*, **7**, 952‑956.

Penner, J.E., C.A. Atherton, and T.E. Graedel, 1994: Global emissions
and models of

photochemically active compounds. Global Atmospheric-Biospheric
Chemistry, R. Prinn,

Ed., Plenum Publishing, New York, 223-248.

Robert, A.J., 1966: The integration of a low order spectral form of the
primitive

meteorological equations*. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan*, **44**, 237-244.

Rotstayn, L.D., 1997: A physically based scheme for the treatment of
stratiform clouds and

precipitation in large-scale models. I: Description and evaluation of
the microphysical

processes. *Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc*., **123**, 1227-1282.

Rotstayn, L.D., 1998: A physically based scheme for the treatment of
stratiform clouds and

precipitation in large-scale models. II: Comparison of modelled and
observed climatological

fields. *Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc*., **124**, 389-415.

Rotstayn, L.D., 2000: On the \"tuning\" of autoconversion
parameterizations in climate

models*. J. Geophys. Res*., **105**, 15,495-15,507.

Semtner, A. J.. Jr, 1976: A model for the thermodynamic growth of
sea-ice in numerical

investigations of climate. *J. Phys. Oceanogr*., **6**, 379-389.

Schwarzkopf, M.D., and S.B. Fels, 1991: The simplified exchange method
revisited: An

accurate, rapid method for computation of infrared cooling rates and
fluxes. *J. Geophys. Res*.,

**96**, 9075-9096.

Smith, R.N.B., 1990: A scheme for predicting layer clouds and their
water content in a

general circulation model. *Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc*., **116**,
435-460.

Wilson, S.G., 2000: How ocean vertical mixing and accumulation of warm
surface water

influence the "sharpness" of the equatorial thermocline. *J. Climate*,
**13**, 3638-3656.

Wilson, S.G., 2002: Evaluation of various vertical mixing
parameterizations in a tropical

Pacific Ocean GCM. *Ocean Modelling*, **4**, 291-311.