**[North American RVSM Minimum Monitoring Requirements]{.underline}:**

For the current North American RVSM Minimum Monitoring Requirements, go
to
[***http://www.faa.gov/ats/ato/rvsm_documentation.htm***](http://www.faa.gov/ats/ato/rvsm_documentation.htm)
and see the [North American RVSM Minimum Monitoring
Requirements]{.underline} in the section titled, **Monitoring
Requirements/Procedures**.

**[NAARMO Forms]{.underline}:**

It is important for each Regional Monitoring Agency to have an accurate
record of points of contact for aircraft operators and their responsible
Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) officials in order to exchange
information on monitoring requirements, and for follow-up in case of
anomalous height-keeping performance. Operators and CAA officials are
therefore requested to include a completed **[NAARMO Form
F1]{.underline}** with their first correspondence to the NAARMO.
Thereafter, there is no further requirement for information unless there
has been a change to the details requested on the form.

CAA officials and aircraft-operator contacts should submit their
Point-of-contact information to the NAARMO by using NAARMO Form F1,
[POINT OF CONTACT DETAILS/CHANGE OF POINT OF CONTACT DETAILS FOR MATTERS
RELATING TO NORTH AMERICAN APPROVALS]{.underline}.

RVSM Airworthiness and Operational approvals for aircraft of non-United
States Registry may be submitted by the responsible Civil Aviation
Authority (CAA) officials by using NAARMO Form F2, [RECORD OF APPROVAL
TO OPERATE IN NORTH AMERICAN RVSM AIRSPACE]{.underline}.

The withdrawal of RVSM Operational approvals for aircraft of non-United
States Registry may be submitted by the responsible CAA officials by
using NAARMO Form F3, [WITHDRAWAL OF APPROVAL TO OPERATE IN NORTH
AMERICAN REGION RVSM AIRSPACE]{.underline}.

Note that the NAARMO will only accept records of RVSM approvals that are
submitted ***directly*** to the NAARMO by the responsible CAA officials.
Approval documents submitted by operators or their agents will not be
accepted by the NAARMO as being valid.

**[NAARMO F1]{.underline}**

**[POINT OF CONTACT DETAILS/CHANGE OF POINT OF CONTACT DETAILS FOR
MATTERS RELATING TO NORTH AMERICAN APPROVALS]{.underline}**

*This form should be completed and returned to the address below on the
first reply to the NAARMO or when there is a change to any of the
details requested on the form (PLEASE USE BLOCK CAPITALS).*

STATE OF REGISTRY^1^: enter State here

STATE OF REGISTRY^1^ (ICAO 1- or 2-LETTER IDENTIFIER): enter 2 letter
State here

Enter the 1-or 2-letter ICAO identifier as contained in ICAO Doc 7910.
In the event that there is more than one identifier for the same State,
the one that appears first in the list should be used.

ADDRESS: enter address here

CONTACT PERSON:

Full Name: enter full name here

Title: enter title here Surname: enter surname here Initials:

Post/Position: enter position here

Telephone #: enter phone here Fax #: enter fax here

E-mail: enter email here

Initial Reply\*/Change of Details\* (\**Delete as appropriate)*

When complete, please return to the following address:

William J Hughes Technical Center (WJHTC)

North American Approvals Registry and Monitoring Organization (ACB-310)

Atlantic City International Airport, New Jersey 08405 USA

Telephone: +1 609-485-5678

Fax: +1 609-485-5078

E-Mail: <naarmo@faa.gov>

**[NAARMO F2]{.underline}**

**[RECORD OF APPROVAL TO OPERATE IN NORTH AMERICAN RVSM
AIRSPACE]{.underline}**

1\. When a State of Registry approves or amends the approval of an
operator/aircraft for operations within the North American airspace,
details of that approval must be recorded and sent to the North American
Approvals Registry and Monitoring Organization (NAARMO)

to reach it by the 10^th^ day of the month following the month that the
approval was issued.

2\. *Before providing the information as requested below, reference
should be made to the accompanying notes* **(PLEASE USE BLOCK
CAPITALS)**.

State of Registry^1^: State if Registry

Name of Operator^2^: Name of Operator

State of Operator^3^: State of Operator

Aircraft Type^4^: Aircraft Type

Aircraft Series^5^: Aircraft Series

Manufacturer\'s Serial Number^6^: Manufacturer's Serial Number

Registration Number^7^: Registration Number

Mode S Address Code^8^: Mode S Address Code

Airworthiness Approval^9^: A/W Approval Yes or No

Date Issued^10^: Date Issued Oct.26, 1998, write as 102698

RVSM Approval^11^: RVSM Approval Yes or No

Date Issued^12^: Date Issued Oct.26, 1998, write as 102698

Date of Expiry (If Applicable)^13^: Date of Expiry Oct.26, 1998, write
as 102698

Remarks^16^:

When complete, please return to the following address by the next
business day:

William J Hughes Technical Center (WJHTC)

North American Approvals Registry and Monitoring Organization (ACB-310)

Atlantic City International Airport, New Jersey 08405 USA

Telephone: +1 609-485-5678

Fax: +1 609-485-5078

E-Mail: [[naarmo@faa.gov]{.underline}](mailto:naarmo@faa.gov)

####### NAARMO F3

**[WITHDRAWAL OF APPROVAL TO OPERATE]{.underline}**

**[IN NORTH AMERICAN REGION RVSM AIRSPACE]{.underline}**

1\. When a State of Registry has cause to withdraw the approval of an
operator/aircraft for operations within the North American Region RVSM
airspace, details as requested below, must be submitted to the North
American Approvals Registry and Monitoring Organization (NAARMO) by the
most appropriate method.

2\. *Before providing the information as requested below, reference
below, reference should be made to the accompanying notes* **(PLEASE USE
BLOCK CAPITALS)**.

State of Registry^1^: State of Registry

Name of Operator^2^: Name of Operator

State of Operator^3^: State of Operator

Aircraft Type^4^: Aircraft Type

Aircraft Series^5^: Aircraft Series

Manufacturer\'s Serial Number^6^: Manufacturer's Serial Number

Registration Number^7^: Registration Number

Aircraft Mode S Address Code^8^: Mode S Address Code

Date of Withdrawal of RVSM Approval^14^: Date of Withdrawal Oct.26,
1998, write as 102698

Reason of Withdrawal of RVSM Approval^15^:

Remarks^16^:

When complete, please return to the following address by the next
business day.

William J Hughes Technical Center (WJHTC)

North American Approvals Registry and Monitoring Organization (ACB-310)

Atlantic City International Airport, New Jersey 08405 USA

Telephone: +1 609-485-5678

Fax: +1 609-485-5078

E-Mail: <naarmo@faa.gov>

1)  State of Registry - Enter the one- or two-letter ICAO identifier as
    contained in the most current ICAO Doc 7910. If more than one
    identifier is designated for the State, use the letter identifier
    that appears first.

2)  Name of Operator - Enter the operator's 3-letter ICAO identifier as
    contained in the most current ICAO Doc 8585. For general aviation
    aircraft, enter "IGA". For military aircraft, enter "MIL". If none,
    place an X in this field and write the name of the operator/owner in
    the Remarks row.

3)  State of the operator - Enter the one- or two- letter ICAO
    identifier as contained in the most current ICAO Doc 7910. In the
    case of their being more than one identifier designated for the
    State, use the letter identifier that appears first.

4)  Aircraft Type - Enter the ICAO designator as contained in the most
    current ICAO Doc 8643, e.g. for Airbus A320-211, enter A320; for
    Boeing B747-438 enter B744.

5)  Aircraft Series - Enter Series of aircraft, or manufacturer's
    customer designation, e.g. for Airbus A320-211 enter 211; for Boeing
    B747-438, enter 400 or 438.

6)  Manufacturer\'s Serial Number - Enter Manufacturer\'s Serial Number.

7)  Registration Number - Enter Registration Number of aircraft, e.g.
    for AA-XYZ write AAXYZ.

8)  Mode S Address - Enter ICAO allocated Aircraft Mode S (6 character,
    hexadecimal) address code.

9)  Airworthiness Approval -- Enter yes or no.

10) Date Airworthiness Approval Issued -- MM/DD/YY. Example: for October
    26, 1998 write 10/26/98

11) RVSM Approval - Enter yes or no.

12) Date RVSM Approval Issued -- MM/DD/YY. Example: for October 26, 1998
    write 10/26/98.

13) Date of Expiry -- MM/DD/YY. Example: for October 26, 1998 write
    10/26/98.

14) Date of Withdrawal Expiry -- MM/DD/YY. Example: for October 26, 1998
    write 10/26/98

15) Reason For Withdrawal

16) Remarks.

ICAO STATE CODES

ICAO STATE CODE STATE

OA AFGHANISTAN

LA ALBANIA

DA ALGERIA

NS AMERICAN SAMOA

FN ANGOLA

TQ ANGUILLA I.

TA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA

LV AREAS UNDER THE CONTROL

> OF THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY

SA ARGENTINA

UG ARMENIA

TN ARUBA

FH ASCENSION ISLAND

Y AUSTRALIA

LO AUSTRIA

UB AZERBAIJAN

MY BAHAMAS

OB BAHRAIN

VG BANGLADESH

TB BARBADOS

UM BELARUS

EB BELGIUM

MZ BELIZE

DB BENIN

TX BERMUDA

VQ BHUTAN

SL BOLIVIA

LQ BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

FB BOTSWANA

SB BRAZIL

FJ BRITISH INDIAN OCEAN TERRITORY

WB BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

LB BULGARIA

DF BURKINA FASO

HB BURUNDI

VD CAMBODIA

FK CAMEROON

C CANADA

GC CANARY ISLANDS

GV CAPE VERDE

MW CAYMAN IS.

FE CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

FT CHAD

SC CHILE

RC CHINA

SK COLOMBIA

FM COMOROS

FC CONGO

NC COOK ISLANDS

MR COSTA RICA

LD CROATIA

MU CUBA

LC CYPRUS

ICAO STATE CODE STATE

LK CZECH REPUBLIC

ZK DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE\'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA

FZ DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

EK DENMARK

HD DJIBOUTI

TD DOMINICA

MD DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

WP EAST TIMOR

SE ECUADOR

HE EGYPT

MS EL SALVADOR

FG EQUATORIAL GUINEA

HH ERITREA

EE ESTONIA

HA ETHIOPIA

SF FALKLANDS IS.

LY FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA

NF FIJI

EF FINLAND

LF FRANCE

TF FRENCH ANTILLES

SO FRENCH GUYANA

NT FRENCH POLYNESIA

FO GABON

GB GAMBIA

UG GEORGIA

ED GERMANY

DG GHANA

LX GIBRALTAR

LG GREECE

BG GREENLAND

TG GRENADA

MG GUATEMALA

GU GUINEA

GG GUINEA-BISSAU

SY GUYANA

MT HAITI

MH HONDURAS

VH HONG KONG

LH HUNGARY

BI ICELAND

NL ILES WALLIS ET FUTUNA

VA INDIA

WA INDONESIA

OI IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF)

OR IRAQ

EI IRELAND

LL ISRAEL

LI ITALY

MK JAMAICA

RJ JAPAN

PJ JOHNSTON I.

OJ JORDAN

UA KAZAKHSTAN

HK KENYA

NG KIRIBATI

OK KUWAIT

UA KYRGYZSTAN

ICAO STATE CODE STATE

VL LAO PEOPLE\'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

EV LATVIA

OL LEBANON

FX LESOTHO

GL LIBERIA

HL LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA

PL LINE IS.

EY LITHUANIA

EL LUXEMBOURG

VM MACAO

FM MADAGASCAR

FW MALAWI

WB MALAYSIA

VR MALDIVES

GA MALI

LM MALTA

PG MARIANA IS.

PK MARSHALL ISLANDS

GQ MAURITANIA

FI MAURITIUS

MM MEXICO

PT MICRONESIA (FEDERATED STATES OF)

PM MIDWAY IS.

LN MONACO

ZM MONGOLIA

TR MONTSERRAT

GM MOROCCO

FQ MOZAMBIQUE

VY MYANMAR

FY NAMIBIA

AN NAURU

VN NEPAL

EH NETHERLANDS

TN NETHERLANDS ANTILLES

NW NEW CALEDONIA

NZ NEW ZEALAND

MN NICARAGUA

DR NIGER

DN NIGERIA

NI NIUE ISLAND

EN NORWAY

OO OMAN

OP PAKISTAN

PT PALAU

MP PANAMA

AY PAPUA NEW GUINEA

SG PARAGUAY

SP PERU

RP PHILIPPINES

EP POLAND

LP PORTUGAL (MADEIRA AND ACORES)

TJ PUERTO RICO

OT QATAR

RK REPUBLIC OF KOREA

LU REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

FM REUNION

LR ROMANIA

U RUSSIAN FEDERATION

ICAO STATE CODE STATE

HR RWANDA

TL SAINT LUCIA

TV SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES

NS SAMOA

FP SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE

OE SAUDI ARABIA

GO SENEGAL

FS SEYCHELLES

GF SIERRA LEONE

WS SINGAPORE

LZ SLOVAKIA

LJ SLOVENIA

AG SOLOMON ISLANDS

HC SOMALIA

FA SOUTH AFRICA

GE SPAIN

VC SRI LANKA

TK ST.KITTS AND NEVIS

HS SUDAN

SM SURINAME

FD SWAZILAND

ES SWEDEN

LS SWITZERLAND

OS SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC

UT TAJIKISTAN

VT THAILAND

LW THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

DX TOGO

NF TONGA

TT TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

DT TUNISIA

LT TURKEY

UT TURKMENISTAN

MB TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS

NG TUVALU

HU UGANDA

UK UKRAINE

OM UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

EG UNITED KINGDOM

HT UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

K UNITED STATES

SU URUGUAY

UT UZBEKISTAN

NV VANUATU

SV VENEZUELA

VV VIET NAM

TI VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.)

TU VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.K.)

PW WAKE I.

GS WESTERN SAHARA

OY YEMEN

FL ZAMBIA

FV ZIMBABWE

## REDUCED VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMUM (RVSM) MONITORING APPLICATION

**for AIRCRAFT OF NON-UNITED-STATES REGISTRY**

(For Aircraft of United States Registry, go to
[***http://www.faa.gov/ats/ato/rvsm_documentation.htm***](http://www.faa.gov/ats/ato/rvsm_documentation.htm)
and see the [U.S. Operator Application]{.underline} in the document
titled, [**Monitoring Procedures for US
Operators**](http://www1.faa.gov/ats/ato/150_docs/Mon_Proc_1.2_26_March.doc)
under the section titled, **Monitoring Requirements/Procedures**.)

## Instructions

**1. All operators: fax completed form to +1 609-485-5078.**

**2. Operators planning GMS monitoring, [also]{.underline} fax copy to
the appropriate GMS Support Contractor.**

> **CSSI: +1 202-863-2398; ARINC: +1 410-573-3007**

**Operator
Name**:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Operator's 3-letter ICAO Identifier
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

**(For IGA operator, enter IGA. If no ICAO identifier assigned, enter
"None".**

**Address**:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Operator Primary Point of Contact**

Name:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Title:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Telephone Number:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Fax
Number: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Email Address:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

# Operator Secondary Point of Contact 

Name:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Title:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Telephone Number:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Fax
Number: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Email Address:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

# Civil Aviation Authority Contact

Name:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_Title:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Address:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Telephone Number:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Fax
Number: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Email Address:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**REGION WHERE RVSM OPERATIONS WILL BE CONDUCTED:**

(Check all that apply)

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td><p>North</p>
<p>America</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td>Pacific</td>
<td></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td><p>West</p>
<p>PAC/</p>
<p>SCS</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td><p>Bay</p>
<p>Of</p>
<p>Bengal</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td><p>North</p>
<p>Atlantic</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td><p>Caribbean/</p>
<p>South</p>
<p>American</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td>European</td>
<td></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td>Asia</td>
<td></td>
<td><table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 100%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></td>
<td><p>Other</p>
<p>(Please</p>
<p>Specify)</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**Information on HMU Flights**

Approximate date(s) of HMU flight: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
HMU(s) planned to be overflown: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

(Requested Aircraft Information on next page)

**AIRCRAFT INFORMATION**

**(Please be sure to include data for the ENTIRE fleet)**

  ------------------ --------------- ------------------ ------------------
  Aircraft Model     Registration    Serial Number      Mode S Address
                     Number                             

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        

                                                        
  ------------------ --------------- ------------------ ------------------