## Chemistry

In chemistry, a **reaction** happens when two or more
[molecules](http://www.chem4kids.com/files/atom_compounds.html)
**interact** and something happens. That\'s it. The picture below shows
the chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen molecules forming water
molecules.

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="1.875in" height="1.875in"}

A chemist, or someone who studies chemistry, studies chemical reactions.
They ask question like what molecules are interacting? How do they
interact? What happens when I put the different molecules together? Does
it get hot or cold? Does it bubble or fizz? Those are all possibilities
in reactions.

A chemist also studies the properties of materials- how much does it
weight? What color is it? How cold does it have to be to freeze? What
does it look like? When a chemist knows the properties of a material, he
or she can study how it changes when another material interacts with it.
Let's mix up a few chemical reactions of our own and see what happens!

## 

## Here are the activities we'll do as we investigate chemistry:

1.  Mentos Geyser- watch the reaction.

2.  Bouncy Ball- crazy polymers

3.  Hot and Cold- cool exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions

4.  Baby Diaper Secret- amazing absorbers- how much can they hold?? 

**The experiment kit contains:**

1.  2 Mentos candies

2.  2 plastic cups

3.  2 craft sticks

4.  ½ teaspoon Borax

5.  1 tablespoon of cornstarch

6.  2 sandwich-size sealable plastic bags

7.  1 package of quick rising dry yeast

8.  1 tablespoon of Epsom salts

9.  2 disposable baby diapers

10. 2 gallon-size sealable plastic bags

Mentos™ Geyser

One of the things that can happen when you mix two different things
together to make a chemical reaction is bubbles! Try this out to see
what happens.

**What you need:**

1.  A full 12 oz. can of carbonated beverage (cola, diet cola, root
    beer, sprite, all have been tested). The soda can be cold or warm.

2.  1 to 2 Mentos candies

3.  A large open area outside that can be hosed off or your bathtub!

**NOTE: This will make a MESS. Be prepared for a small fountain.**

**What to do:**

1.  Open the beverage can and take a sip.

    a.  How does it taste?

    b.  How does it feel when you drink it?

2.  Place the can on the ground or in the tub.

3.  Drop 1 or 2 Mentos into the open can quickly.

4.  Jump back as the volcano action begins.

5.  Taste the soda after the volcano dies down.

    a.  How does it taste?

    b.  How does it feel when you drink it?

> Other things to try on your own:

c.  Put Mentos & carbonated beverage into an open cup. You won't get a
    volcano, but you will see the rolling bubbles.

d.  Pour salt into a bubbling Mentos/soda mixture. Do you see more
    bubbles?

e.  Pour salt into another can of carbonated beverage. Do you see
    bubbles escaping?

For the true rocket fans, try to slide a whole roll of Mentos into a 2
liter bottle of soda at one time. The more Mentos you add, the bigger
the fountain it will make (just be sure to add them all at the same
time). It is supposed to be quite spectacular! There is a video of this
on the reference website.

**What is going on?**

The bubbles that you saw were caused by the release of all the CO~2~
(carbon dioxide) that was trapped inside the soda. The CO~2~ is forced
into the liquid soda at the bottling plant by using a lot of external
pressure. The CO~2~ doesn't want to remain inside the soda- it wants to
escape. The addition of Mentos to the soda cause a change in chemistry
that makes the CO~2~ escape very quickly and completely.

Scientists argue about the actual reaction that leads to the release of
the CO~2~ from the carbonated beverage. In the case of Mentos, some
scientists suspect that the surface of the candies is pitted enough to
create thousands of bubble formation sites and therefore the bubble
formation and escape can happen very quickly. In the case of table salt,
it is easier for bubbles to form around each grain of salt than it is
for bubbles to form in the middle of a liquid. So each grain of salt
provides a bubble formation site and the CO~2~ has a way to escape.

Do you remember...what does CO~2~ stand for? This is a molecule made
from one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.

Hot & Cold

Some chemical reactions cause the materials mixed together to get hot or
cold, and because of this they are called exothermic and endothermic
reactions. An exothermic reaction releases heat, while an endothermic
reaction absorbs heat. See if you can feel the difference with these
reactions.

**What you need:**

1.  2 sandwich-size sealable plastic bags

2.  1 package of quick rising dry yeast

3.  ¼ cup of hydrogen peroxide (not included)

4.  1 tablespoon of Epsom salts

5.  1 tablespoon or so of tap water, neither hot nor cold (also not
    included)

**What to do:**

Note: Exact quantities are not important in these 2 experiments, just
get close!

1.  Part 1: The Hot Spot!

    a.  Place the yeast into one of the sandwich bags. Do not seal the
        bag shut!

    b.  Pour the hydrogen peroxide into the bag.

    c.  The mixture will start to foam immediately and you should feel
        something on the outside of the bag.

2.  Part 2: The Cold Spot!

    a.  This reaction is more subtle than Part 1, so pay close attention
        to the temperature of your water before you start!

    b.  Place the Epsom salts into the other (empty) plastic bag.

    c.  Feel the water temperature before you add it.

    d.  Add the water, seal the bag, and shake a little bit.

    e.  Feel the outside of the bag. You won't see anything, but you
        should feel a change.

**What is going on?**

In Part 1, the bubbles you saw were oxygen bubbles being released from
the hydrogen peroxide by a reaction with the yeast. The yeast encourages
the molecules in the hydrogen peroxide to break down into oxygen and
water. The resulting reactions produce heat, and reactions that produce
heat are called exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions are used in
places where there is a lot of snow and ice in the winter. Road salt is
thrown out on the roads and sidewalks and the heat created by the
reaction of the road salt with the water melts the ice and snow.

In Part 2, the water encourages the Epsom salts, also known as magnesium
sulfate, to break down into molecules of sulfate and magnesium. This
reaction won't occur without the addition of heat and the heat is being
drawn out of the water making the water colder. This is called an
endothermic reaction.

Bouncy Ball

The very earliest balls were made of stones or wood. They were used for
games that involved throwing or kicking. These balls didn't really
bounce at all. The first bouncing balls were made after the discovery of
natural rubber which comes from a special type of tree sap. Now bouncing
balls can be made from a variety of materials. Try making your own using
chemistry to create something special called a **polymer**.

**What you need:**

1.  2 plastic cups

2.  2 craft sticks

3.  ½ teaspoon Borax

4.  2 tablespoons warm water

5.  1 tablespoon of white glue (in your basic kit)

6.  1 tablespoon of cornstarch

**What to do:**

1.  Pour the 2 tablespoons of warm water and the ½ teaspoon of Borax
    into one of the plastic cups.

2.  Stir to dissolve the Borax.

3.  Pour 1 tablespoon of white glue into the other (empty) cup.

4.  Add 1 tablespoon of cornstarch and ½ teaspoon of the Borax/water
    mixture into the cup with the white glue.

5.  Let the cornstarch/Borax/water/glue mixture sit for about 10
    seconds. Then stir.

6.  When you can't stir it any more, grab the mixture with your hands
    and start molding it into a ball. This can make your hands pretty
    messy!

7.  As you keep squishing the ball, it should become less sticky, until
    you can try to bounce it.

8.  When you are done bouncing your ball, you can store it in a sealed
    plastic bag.

9.  You can dispose of the excess Borax mixture and clean your hands in
    the sink.

> Other things to try on your own:

a.  Make another ball using more cornstarch. This should make it more
    stretchy.

b.  Make another ball using less borax. This should make it more sticky.

c.  Make another ball using more glue. This should make it more slimy.

**What is going on?**

**Polymers** are very long chain-like molecules that are made up of
smaller repeating chemical units or molecules. A polymer is simply a
long chain of repeating molecules called monomers. The prefix poly means
"many" and the prefix mono means "single" or "one." Some polymers are
made up of *millions* of monomers.

Have you ever made a long paper chain? A polymer is a lot like that!

Glue contains the polymer polyvinyl acetate (which is PVA for short
because polyvinyl acetate is a mouthful!). When it is mixed with borax,
it can cross-link or connect to itself. Instead of a long line of
molecules, it is now more like a spider web.

We use polymers every day- take a look around your home and see if you
can find some examples of polymers...HINT- the next experiment will give
you a good example!

**Baby Diaper Secret**

One of the things we use everyday depends on a polymer to work its
magic! The secret of super absorbent, disposable diapers are tiny
crystals mixed with the cotton filler. Those tiny crystals are made out
of a safe, non-toxic polymer that absorbs moisture away from the baby\'s
skin. Let's take a look at just how much water those crystals can
absorb, and how we can use chemistry to change that.

### Materials:

1.  2 Disposable baby diapers

2.  2 gallon-size zipper-lock bags

3.  scissors

4.  water and measuring cup

5.  table salt and teaspoon

6.  newspaper

### Experiment:

### 

1.  Place a diaper on the piece of newspaper. Carefully cut through the
    inside lining and remove all the cotton-like material. Put all the
    stuffing material into a clean, gallon size zipper- lock bag.

2.  Scoop up any of the polymer that may have spilled onto the paper and
    pour it into the bag with the stuffing. Blow a little air into the
    bag to make it puff up like a pillow, then seal the bag.

3.  Shake the bag for a few minutes to remove the powdery polymer from
    the stuffing. Notice how much (or how little) powder falls to the
    bottom of the bag.

4.  Carefully remove the stuffing from the bag so only the crystals are
    left. This is your **first** bag.

5.  Repeat steps 1-4 for the second diaper. This is your **second** bag.

6.  In the first bag, add water to the powder until it cannot hold
    anymore. **Keep track** of how much water the polymer can absorb
    before it reaches its limit.

7.  How much water did you add to the first bag before the crystals
    stopped absorbing the water?

8.  In the first bag, once you have added the water. Try adding a
    teaspoon of salt and gently mixing it in. What happens?

9.  In the **second** bag, before you add any water, add a teaspoon of
    salt and stir it with a spoon. Now add water (HINT- you won't be
    able to add much). What happens? How much water were you able to add
    before the crystals stopped absorbing the water?

### 

### 

### How Does It Work?

The secret, water-absorbing chemical in the diaper is a super absorbent
polymer called sodium polyacrylate. Remember, a polymer is simply a long
chain of repeating molecules (monomers). Super absorbent polymers expand
tremendously when they come in contact with water because water is drawn
into and held by all the molecules of the polymer. They act like giant
sponges. Some can soak up as much as 800 times their weight in water!
Awesome!!!\
\
The cotton-like fibers you removed help to spread out both the polymer
and the, uh, \"water\" so that baby doesn\'t have to sit on a gooshy
lump of water-filled gel. It\'s easy to see that even a little bit of
powder will hold a huge quantity of water, but it does have its limits.
At some point, baby will certainly let you know when the gel is full and
it\'s time for new undies!

## 

## 

## Credit where credit is due....

## The experiments, discussions, and pictures in this handout were taken or adapted from the following websites and books:

## 

## Some of the explanatory material was taken from: 

## **<http://www.chem4kids.com/files/react_intro.html>** 

## 

The Mentos Geyser came from Reference:

-   <http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/experiment/00000109>

The Bouncy Ball experiment was adapted from the following websites:

-   <http://chemistry.about.com/od/demonstrationsexperiments/ss/bounceball.htm>

-   <http://chemistry.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ&sdn=chemistry&zu=http%3A%2F%2Facswebcontent.acs.org%2Fcelebrate_chemistry%2Fcc_bouncing_ball.pdf>

The Hot and Cold experiments were taken from the following websites:

-   <http://www.sandiegozoo.org/education/science_hot_cold.html>

-   <http://www.sciencecenterct.org/education/monthly-science/dec05.htm>

The Baby Diaper experiment was taken from:

-   <http://www.stevespanglerscience.com/experiment/64>

**Parents- We loved the Steve Spangler Science website- it is a great
website for more experiments too! The chem4kids website is also very
good, and has links to other branches of science for kids.**

Special thanks to

**BWXT Y-12**

for their financial support of the Science Club.

Were the materials provided appropriate? Yes \_\_\_\_\_ No \_\_\_\_\_

> Please
> explain.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

1.  Did you have enough materials for each experiment? Yes\_\_\_\_\_
    No\_\_\_\_\_

> Please
> explain.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

2.  Did the experiments work? Yes\_\_\_\_\_ No\_\_\_\_\_

> If not, please
> explain\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

3.  Please provide any suggestions for improvements or additional
    experiments/explanations.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

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