**TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY**

PLAN 650

Dr. Carlton E. Ruch RV8 - 92

DISASTER RESPONSE PLANNING

Course objective

To offer the student insight into some of the policies and activities of
emergency management.

Method of Evaluation

Grades will be determined by the following:

> a\) topical presentations in class
>
> b\) take-home midterm exam
>
> c\) take-home final exam
>
> d\) research papers

Topics for presentations and research papers will be determined by
individual and/or class interests.

COURSE OUTLINE

I.  Overview of Emergency Planning

    A.  Video #1: "Formulating Public Policy: Segment 1: Countdown to
        Disaster." 17 + min.

    B.  Video #2: "Why Plan." 22 min.

> (See pages 8 and 9 for descriptions of videos.)

II. Preliminary Consideration of Available Information (material will be
    on reserve either at the library or in my office.)

    A.  Resource Materials

        1.  Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Publications

            a.  *Emergency Planning.* FEMA, IG 61, August 1983.

            b.  *Emergency Planning.* FEMA Student Manual, SM 235,
                September 1990.

            c.  *Introduction to Emergency Management*. FEMA Student
                Manual, SM 60, August 1983.

            d.  *Introduction to Emergency Management*. FEMA IG 60,
                August 1983.

            e.  *Job Aid Manual*. FEMA SM 61.1, August 1983.

            f.  *Mitigation Program Development Guidance*. FEMA, FEMA
                122, March 1987.

            g.  *Model Community*. FEMA, SM 171.1, March 1988.

            h.  *Objectives for Local Emergency Management*. FEMA, CPG
                1-5, July 1984.

            i.  *Guide for the Development of a State and Local
                Continuity of Government Capability*. FEMA, CPG 1-10,
                July 1987.

            j.  *Instructional Materials Package for Emergency
                Planning*. FEMA IG-61.1, August 1983.

            k.  *Preclass Activities*. FEMA, SM-61.2, August 1983.

            l.  *Guide for the Development of State and Local Emergency
                Operations Plans*. FEMA, CPG 1-8. September 1990.

            m.  *Guide for the Review of State and Local Emergency
                Operations Plans.* FEMA, CPG 1-8A, September 1988.

            n.  *Catalog of Activities of the Emergency Management
                Institute*. FEMA, 1990/91.

        2.  Textbooks

            a.  *Disaster Planning: Preservation of Life and Property*.
                Harold D. Foster. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1980.

            b.  *Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy:
                Expecting the Unexpected.* William J. Petak and
                Arthur A. Atkisson. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982.

            c.  *Natural Hazards and Public Choice: The State and Local
                Politics of Hazard Mitigation.* Peter Rossi, James
                Wright, and Eleanor Weber-Burdin. New York: Academic
                Press, 1982.

        3.  Texas Publications---Division of Emergency Management (DEM)

            a.  *Local Emergency Management Plan Development Handbook*.
                DEM, State of Texas. DEM-10, July 1990.

            b.  Annexes for DEM-10.

> Annex A. Warning 12/87
>
> B. Communications 7/86
>
> C. Shelter/Mass Care 4/88
>
> D. Radiological Protection 8/86
>
> E. Evacuation 12/87

F.  Fire and Rescue 9/85

G.  Law Enforcement 9/85

H.  Health and Medical 9/85

I.  Emergency Public information 12/87

J.  Damage Assessment 9/85

K.  Public Works/Engineering 9/85

L.  Utilities 9/85

M.  Resource Management 12/87

N.  EOC/Direction and Control 12/87

O.  Human Services 9/85

P.  Hazard Mitigation 12/87

Q.  Hazardous Materials Response 12/87

R.  Rescue 9/85

S.  Transportation 9/85

    a.  *State of Texas Emergency Management Plan.* DEM, State of Texas,
        November 1988.

    b.  *Impact of Applying Hazard Mitigation to Seventeen Texas
        Disasters* 1976-1986. DEM, State of Texas, September, 1986.

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    1.  Texas A&M University Publications

        a.  *Hurricane Contingency Planning for Hardin, Jasper,
            Jefferson, Newton, and Orange Counties*. Carlton Ruch and
            Janet Townes, Research Division, CAED, TAMU, College
            Station, September 1990.

        b.  *Hurricane Relocation Planning for Hardin, Jasper,
            Jefferson, Newton and Orange Counties*. Carlton Ruch, Sea
            Grant Program, TAMU, College Station, September 1983.

        c.  *Hurricane Vulnerability Analysis for Hardin, Jasper,
            Jefferson, Newton, and Orange Counties*. Carlton Ruch,
            Research Division, CAED, TAMU, College Station, September
            1985.

        d.  *Official's Hurricane Evaluation Update and Decision-Making
            Aid* (Lake Sabine). Carlton Ruch and Janet Townes. Research
            Division, CAED, TAMU, College Station, 1990.

    2.  Journals and Papers

        a.  *Quarterly Status Report of Superfund Sites*. EPA, Region
            VI.

        b.  *FEMA Newsletter*. FEMA, Washington, D.C.

        c.  *DEM Digest*. Texas Department of Public Safety.

        d.  *Natural Hazards Observer*. Colorado: University of
            Colorado.

        e.  *Hazard.* Maryland: Research Alternatives, Inc.

    3.  Others

        a.  *The Feasibility of Vertical Evacuation*. Ruch, Miller,
            Hatlich, Farber, Berke, and Stubbs, Institute of Behavioral
            Science, Boulder, 1991.

        b.  *Catastrophic Coastal Storms*, Godshalk, Brower, and
            Beatley, Duke, Durham, 1989.

        c.  *Greenhouse Effect and Sea Level Rise*. Barth and Titus,
            Reinhold, New York, 1984.

        d.  *Airport Emergency Plan* Advisory Circular, Federal Aviation
            Administration, 1989.

        e.  *Community Awareness and Emergency Response Program
            Handbook*, Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington,
            D.C., 1985.

        f.  *Disaster Preparedness Plans*, the University of Texas
            Medical Branch at Galveston, 1990.

        g.  *American Red Cross Disaster Guidelines*.

        h.  *Private Disaster Company Folder.*

        i.  *City of Corpus Christi Emergency Management Plan*.

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    A.  Classification of Disasters

        1.  Threefold

            a.  Attack: biological, chemical, nuclear, and conventional
                war.

            b.  Man made: epidemic; fire (accident, arson); hazardous
                material accident (fixed site, transport); nuclear and
                radiological (fixed site, transport); pollution;
                resource and energy disruptions or shortages; reservoir
                and dam breaks; major gas and water main breaks; major
                transportation accidents; mine disasters; pipeline
                explosions; terrorism; and civil disorders, riots, and
                strikes.

            c.  Natural: drought; extreme cold; fire from lightning or
                spontaneous combustion (forest, range, other); flood and
                other water; landshift (earthquake, earthslide, or
                mudslide); snow and ice; tsunami and storm surge;
                volcanic eruption; wind (cyclone, hurricane, typhoon);
                tornado; sand and dust storms; severe fog and smog; and
                agricultural blight or infestation.

        2.  Twofold

            a.  Technological

                1.  Attack

                2.  Man Made

            b.  Natural

    B.  Four Phases of Emergency Management

        1.  Mitigation (long term)

        2.  Preparedness (to respond)

        3.  Response (to the emergency)

        4.  Recovery (short & long term - "mitigation")

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III. Roles in Disaster Planning

     A.  Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)---Video #3: "Just in
         Case." 27 min. Role of FEMA.

     B.  National Weather Service (NWS)---Video #4: "Terrible Tuesday."
         23:30 min. Wichita Falls tornado in April 1979.

     C.  Governor's Division of Emergency management (DEM)

         1.  Video #5: "Management of Allen." 15 min. State EOC
             operations.

         2.  Disaster Districts

             a.  Head---Texas Department of Public Safety (TDPS).

             b.  DEM represented by Regional Liaison Officer (RLO).

         3.  City and County Emergency Management---contacts are DEM and
             RLO'S.

             a.  Directors (highest elected officials).

             b.  Coordinators

     D.  The American Red Cross

IV. Topical Presentations

    A.  "Natural Hazard Mitigation Costs and Impacts." Petak and
        Atkinson, Chapter 6.

    B.  *The Impact of Applying Hazard Mitigation to Seventeen Texas
        Counties 1976-1986.*

    C.  "Policy Makers, Stakeholders, and Candidate Public Problems".
        Petak and Atkinson, Chapter 8.

    D.  "Constraints on Public Hazard Policy Making." Petak and
        Atkinson, Chapter 9.

    E.  "Public Policy Alternatives." Petak and Atkinson, Chapter 10.

    F.  *State of Texas Emergency Management Plan*. Division of
        Emergency management, State of Texas, November 1988.

    G.  *Local Emergency Management Plan Development Handbook*. DEM,
        State of Texas, DEM-10, July 1990.

    H.  *City of Corpus Christi Emergency Management Plan*. Corpus
        Christi, Texas, 1985.

    I.  *Disaster Preparedness Plans*, The University of Texas Medical
        Branch at Galveston, 1990.

    J.  *Airport Emergency Plan*, Advisory Circular, Federal Aviation
        Administration, 1989.

    K.  *American Red Cross Disaster Guidelines*.

V.  Functional Disaster Areas---Integrated Emergency Management System
    (IEMS)

    A.  Communications and Warning

        1.  Video #6: "Sixty Minutes to Meltdown": Part One: "Crisis at
            Three Mile Island." 60 min. Part Two: "After the Crisis." 30
            min.

    B.  Damage Assessment

    C.  Health and Medical Services

    D.  Emergency Operating Centers---Video #7: "A Special Kind of
        Place." 20 min. An overview of an EOC Facility.

    E.  Evacuation

    F.  Fire Service

        1.  Video #8: "Trapped." 20 min. Rescue techniques.

        2.  Video #9: "Hazardous Materials Response." 30 min.

        3.  Video #10: "Blueprint for Safety." 16 min. Hazardous spill.

        4.  Video #11: "San Antonio Train Derailment." 174 min.

    G.  Law Enforcement

    H.  Resource Management

    I.  Public information and Education---Video #12: "Gleaming in the
        Public Eye." 13 min.

    J.  Public Works

    K.  Radiological Defense

    L.  Rescue

    M.  Shelter

    N.  Social Services

VI. Disaster Case Studies---presentations by class members on selected
    disasters incorporating the four phases of disaster planning and the
    functional sectors.

VII. Hurricane Planning for the Texas Coast

     A.  Video #13: "Hurricane Training Tape." 120 min.

         1.  Evacuation Studies

         2.  Vulnerability Studies

         3.  Contingency Studies

     B.  Video #14: "Hurricane Alicia." 28:30 min.

     C.  Video #15: "48 Hours on Hurricane Gilbert." 60 min.

VIII. The Concept of Vertical Evacuation

      A.  Structural Concerns

      B.  Legal Concerns

      C.  Political concerns

      D.  Behavioral Concerns

IX. Military Support of Civil Defense

X.  Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA)

> Video #16: "Town of Our Times." 26 min.
>
> Video #17: "The U.S. industry." 25:30 min.

POSSIBLE FIELD TRIPS

1.  The Emergency operating Center of the Governor's Division of
    Emergency Management---Austin.

2.  Brazos County Emergency Operations Center.

POSSIBLE GUESTS

1)  Jack Cangelosie, Coordinator of Brazos County.

2)  Al Stirling, Division Head, Oil and Hazardous Materials Training
    Division, Texas Engineering Extension Service, on SARA.

3)  Thomas Urbanik II, Texas Transportation Institute, on nuclear
    evacuations.

VIDEO DESCRIPTIONS

Video #l: "Formulating Public Policy": Segment I: Countdown to
Disaster": 17 + minutes. Video contains assorted film clips from
different types of disasters.

Video #2: "Why Plan": 1/2″. 22 minutes. Color. A Federal Emergency
Management Agency Production. A look at five different types of
disasters and the readiness of each area affected. Depicts how to
complete an emergency plan. This film is used in conjunction with the
Professional Development Series courses. Disasters shown are Mount Saint
Helens Volcano eruption, the San Diego Air crash, California forest
fires, Miami riots, and Hurricane Allen.

Video #3: "Just in Case": 27 minutes. Role of FEMA.

Video #4: "Terrible Tuesday": 16 mm. 23:30 minutes. Color, sound. The
story of the tornado that struck Wichita Falls, Texas in April, 1979.

Video #5: 'Management of Allen - (State EOC Operations)": 16 mm.15
minutes. Color, sound. A look at Texas State Emergency Operating
Center's actions during Hurricane Allen in 1980.

Video #6: "Sixty Minutes to Meltdown": Part One: "Crisis at Three Mile
Island": 60 minutes. Part Two: "After the Crisis": 30 minutes.

Video #7: "A Special Kind of Place---Jackson, Mississippi/Hind Co.
E.O.C.": 1/2″. 20 minutes. Color. An overall description of the E.O.C.
facility. Features the deactivation procedures for the facility as well
as staff functions. Describes equipment in the facility.

Video #8: "Trapped": 16 mm. 20 minutes. Black and white, sound. This is
a Swedish-made rescue film in English which has been adapted for use in
the United States. It emphasizes the need for many trained rescue
workers and shows the special techniques required in rescue work.

Video #9: "Hazardous Materials Response": 1/2″. 30 minutes. Color. This
is an introduction to the problems of hazardous material emergencies.
Explains why it is so important for an emergency responder to be
educated on the procedures to take in order to identify, handle, and
control hazardous material emergencies. Describes how to perform these
three procedures with all types of hazardous materials. Shows different
hazardous material disasters from past history.

Video #10: "Blueprint for Safety": 16 mm. 16 minutes. Color, sound. 1982
DuPont Corporation Production. Scenario is a hazardous material spill as
a result of a tanker carrying methanol colliding with another vehicle
which causes a leak in the tanker. Shown are procedures to be
implemented in the handling of such an incident.

Video #11: "San Antonio Train Derailment---Part I, II, & III": 1/2″. 2
hours, 54 minutes. Color. This 3 part video is raw aerial & ground
footage of the train derailment which took place June 8, 1986 in
northeast San Antonio, Texas and burned for 6 days. Tanker cars were
transporting the highly flammable substance, Butadiene which is used in
making synthetic rubbers and resins.

Video #12: "Gleaming in The Public Eye---Positive Media Relations in a
Crisis": 1/2″. 13 minutes. Color. 1983. Using a hazardous material spill
scenario, this video depicts how detrimental untrained personnel
relaying information about an incident can be. Video shows the correct
way media interviews should be handled. Illustrates the crucialness in
planning ahead for interviews of this sort.

Video #13: "Hurricane Training Tape": 2 hours. This film explains how to
use the evacuation, vulnerability, and contingency studies developed for
the Texas Gulf Coast.

Video #14: "Hurricane Alicia": 16 mm. 28:30 minutes. Color, sound.
Destruction caused by Hurricane Alicia which came ashore on Galveston
Island in August, 1983, and caused damage from the coast inland to
Houston.

Video #15: "48 Hours an Hurricane Gilbert": 1 hour.

Video #16: "Town of the Times": 16 mm. 26 minutes. Color, sound.
Demonstrates the arguments, pro and con, when the Civil Defense Director
faces resistance, false information, and do-nothing attitudes. It also
demonstrates results which can be achieved through concerted, directed
community action behind a worthy undertaking.

Video #17: "Mutual Aid---The U.S. Industry": 16 mm. 25:30 minutes.
Color, sound. This film depicts a demonstration of coordination between
the fire-fighting and rescue squads of various large industries located
in a highly industrialized section of New Jersey. The climax of the film
shows how these large companies and area towns combined their resources
to combat a large fire set off in a catalyst-cracking plant of Standard
Oil in New Jersey.

Video #18: "Denver Media Plan (Airport)"

Video #19: "Hurricane Hugo Debriefing"

Video #20: "Flight 1141"

PLAN 689

ORGANIZATIONAL AND COMMUNITY

PLANNING AND RESPONSE FOR DISASTERS

Spring 1995

Dr. Dennis Wenger

Office: Room 106B, Building C, Langford Architecture Complex

Phone: 845-7813

Office Hours: 2:00 PM - 4:00 PM, TR

**Required Texts**

> Aufderheide, Eric. *Disaster Response: Principles of Preparation and
> Coordination*. (St. Louis, Missouri: C. V. Mosby Co.) 1989.
>
> Drabek, Thomas. *Human System Responses to Disaster: An Inventory of
> Sociological Findings*. (New York Springer-Verlag) 1986.

**Additional Readings**

Additional readings from single item materials will be made available to
the student at the cost of five cents/page for reproduction.

This course is intended to be an introduction to the field of disaster
research. The study of the social and human aspects of disasters has a
rather brief, but colorful, history. The analysis of disasters has come
to focus upon four interrelated phases, including mitigation,
preparedness, response and recovery. This course is going to focus
primarily upon emergency preparedness and response at the individual,
organizational and community levels of analysis. Very little attention
will be given to the issues of mitigation and recovery. (These topics,
and others, such as risk perception, will be addressed in other courses
in the hazard emphasis area.) Our approach will be conceptual, in that
we will address various theoretical and conceptual issues inherent in
human preparedness and response to disasters. It will also be embedded
within the research literature.

As such, we are all pilgrims on a journey that is rather new. This
course has been offered previously at Texas A&M University, but it has
never been presented at any other university in the United States.
Therefore, flexibility and adaptability on the part of the student will
be valuable traits. BE READY TO ADJUST.

The course will be organized around the following major topics:

I.  Disaster Research and Conceptual Issues

II. Mitigation and Emergency Planning

III. Immediate Pre-Impact Activities

IV. Immediate Post-Impact Activities

V.  Later Recovery and Reconstruction Issues

PLAN 689

Spring 1994

Page 2

TOPIC I: DISASTER RESEARCH AND CONCEPTUAL ISSUES (about 2 weeks)

Aufderheide: chapter 1 and pp. 49-54

Drabek: pp. 1-20 and 406-423

Miller: Individuals in Disaster (Chapter 9)\*

Wenger: Community Response to Disasters\*

We will begin our quest with a brief overview of the history of disaster
research in the United States and throughout the world. We will examine
the concept of disaster by looking at various definitions of the term.
For example, we will consider such distinctions as natural versus
technological disasters; catastrophes versus disasters, versus
emergencies, and various stress models. Finally, the characteristics of
disaster agents will be examined.

TOPIC II: MITIGATION AND EMERGENCY PLANNING (about 3 weeks)

Aufderheide: chapters 2 and 3

Drabek: pp. 21-70 and 348-404

Brief attention will be given to the problems of stimulating adoption of
mitigation and preparedness measures within communities. The concept of
Crises Management Capabilities and Disaster Subcultures will be
examined. Various established principles of effective disaster planning
will be studied. Finally, the course will focus upon the issue of the
organization and structure of emergency planning within local emergency
management agencies.

TOPIC III: IMMEDIATE PRE-IMPACT ACTIVITIES (about 4 weeks)

Aufderheide: chapters 5 and 9 and pp. 54-63

Drabek: pp. 70-129

Miller: Organizations, Communities and Societies in Disaster (chap.
10)\*

A variety of immediate pre-impact activities and issues will be
considered. Warning systems and human response to warnings will be
studied. The findings of research on evacuation and panic will be
examined. The critical issue of role conflict of emergency personnel
will be empirically investigated. Finally, the ecology of the disaster
area will be described.

PLAN 689

Spring 1994

Page 3

TOPIC IV: IMMEDIATE POST-IMPACT ACTIVITIES (about 4 weeks)

Aufderheide: chapters 6 and 7

Drabek: pp. 132-198

The immediate post-impact behavior of individuals and organizations will
be given extensive treatment. Disaster myths at the individual level
will be discussed. Subsequently, a four-fold typology of organizational
response to disaster will be presented. The specific problems inherent
in search and rescue, emergency medical provisions, the integration of
volunteers, and the handling of casualties will be catalogued. Media
coverage of disasters will be considered. Finally, the effectiveness of
the Incident Command System will be assessed.

TOPIC V: LATER RECOVERY AND RECONSTRUCTION ISSUES (one week)

Aufderheide: chapters 9 and 10

Drabek: pp. 200-250 and 250-316

The course will end with a brief discussion of external involvement in
disasters. A model that examines local recovery from disasters in light
of vertical and horizontal ties will be presented. Finally, the
implications of disasters for producing social change and mitigation
will be considered.

\*Material will be provided by the instructor in class at a nominal fee.

**Course Requirements**

Mid-term Examination 100 points

Course Paper 100 points

Final Examination 100 points

Both examinations will be of a take-home essay format. The mid-term
examination will come after Topic III. The Final Examination will be due
during final examination week, but it will not be cumulative. The nature
of the paper will be discussed in class during the first two weeks.

Plan 689-604

Analyzing Risk/Hazard & Public Policy

Spring 1994

Dr. G. Rogers

Office: 104c Langford (C)

Phone: 845-7284

Office Hours: By Appointment

**Required Readings:**

Glickman, Theodore S., and Michael Gough (Eds.), 1990, *Readings in
Risk*, Resources for the Future, Washington D.C. (ISBN 0-915707-55-1)

Perrow, Charles, 1984, *Normal Accidents: Living with High-Risk
Technologies*, New York, NY: Basic Books.

Articles on Reserve (By topic)

Optional Books (worth reading):

Beck, Ulrich, 1992, *Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity*, Sage
Publications London.

Rowe, William D, 1988, *An anatomy of risk*, New York, NY: John Wiley
and Sons.

Lowrance, William W., 1976, *Of Acceptable Risk: Science and the
Determination of Safety*, Los Altos, CA: William Kaufmann.

National Academy of Engineering, 1988, *Hazards: Technology and
Fairness*, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. (ISBN 0-309-03644-5)

Lawless, Edward W., 1977, *Technology* *and Social Shock*, New
Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Wildavsky, Aaron, 1988, *Searching for Safety*, Transaction Publishers,
New Brunswick. (ISBN 0-912051-18-3 (pbk.))

**Course Description---**This course focuses on the public policy and
planning aspects of risk. Starting with the evaluation and development
of risk analysis, including risk assessment, perception of risk, risk
communication, as well as risk management. This course also examines the
mitigation of risk, involving technology, emergency management, disaster
preparedness and response associated with all hazards. This course
emphasizes the relationship with and use of risk analysis in
establishing public policy, public participation, emergency
preparedness, hazard mitigation, and the management of risk.

Course Requirements:

In-class Midterm Exam 30%

Final Exam 30%

Term Paper 25%

Class Participation/Book Report [15%]{.underline}

Course Grade 100%

The term paper will be due the 12th week of class. However, prior to the
completion of the paper an abstract/outline will be reviewed with the
instructor on or before 4^th^ week, and a bibliography and review of
relevant literature will be provided and reviewed by 8^th^ week of
class. The term papers are to be "of article length and quality" and in
a format appropriate for submission to a professional journal. The
expected nature of the paper will be discussed in class.

Literature reports will be presented to class during the discussion of
the related topics. These reviews will (a) communicate the essence of
the article/book/report, (b) identify key arguments, strengths and
weaknesses, if any, and (c) identify the key contributions of the book
to hazard and risk management literature. In addition to the class
presentation a 3-5 page written review will be handed in and shared with
the class.

**Schedule of Classes**

1.  Risk Definitions---What is risk?

> Fischhoff, B. Et al, "Defining Risk," in *Readings in Risk,* T.
> Glickman and M. Gough (eds), Resources for the Future, RFF, Washington
> D.C., 1990.
>
> Morgan, G., "Probing the Question of Technology-Induced Risk," in
> *Readings in Risk,* T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds), Resources for the
> Future, RFF, Washington D.C., 1990.
>
> Starr, C. "Social Benefit Versus Technological Risk," in *Readings in
> Risk,* T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds), Resources for the Future, RFF,
> Washington D.C., 1990.
>
> W. Rowe *Anatomy of Risk,* Wiley, New York, 1977 & Krieger, Malabar
> FL, 1988.

2.  Risk Assessment---How risky is it?

> Ames, B., et al, Ranking Possible Carcinogenic Hazards," in *Readings
> in Risk*, T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds), Resources for the Future,
> RFF, Washington D.C., 1990.
>
> Kates, R.W. *Risk Assessment of Environmental Hazard,* Wiley, New
> York, 1978.
>
> Keeney, R. et al, "Assessing the Risk of and LNG Terminal," in
> *Readings in Risk*, T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds), Resources for the
> Future, RFF, Washington D.C., 1990.
>
> Rasmussen, N., "The Application of Probabilistic Risk Assessment
> Techniques to Energy Technologies," in *Readings in Risk,* T. Glickman
> and M. Gough (eds), Resources for the Future, RFF, Washington D.C.,
> 1990.
>
> Whyte, Anne V. and Ian Burton, *Environmental Risk Assessment*, Wiley,
> New York, 1980.
>
> Wilson, R., "Analyzing the Daily Risks of Life," in *Readings in
> Risk*, T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds), Resources for the Future, RFF,
> Washington D.C., 1990.

3.  Cost-Benefit Analysis---How do we weigh the costs and benefits?

> Bentkover, J.D., V.T. Covello and J. Mumpower (eds) *Benefits
> Assessment: The State of the Art*, D. Reidel Publishing, Boston,
> Mass., 1986.
>
> Kelman, s., "Cost-Benefit Analysis: An Ethical Critique," in *Readings
> in Risk*, T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds), Resources for the Future,
> RFF, Washington D.C., 1990.

4.  Acceptable Risk---How Safe is Safe enough?

> Derby, S. and R. Keeney, "Risk Analysis: Understanding 'How safe is
> Safe enough?'," *Readings in Risk*, T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds),
> Resources for the Future, RFF, Washington D.C., 1990.
>
> Fischhoff, B., et al, *Acceptable Risk*, Cambridge University Press,
> New York, 1981.
>
> Lowrance, W., *Of Acceptable Risk*, William Kaufmann, Inc. Los Altos
> CA, 1976.

5.  Risk Perception: Cognitive Psychology Approach---How do people think
    about risk?

> Fischhoff, B. "Value Elicitation: Is there anything in there?"
> *American Psychologist* V. 46, p. 835-847, 1991.
>
> Furby, L. et al, "Public perception of electric power transmission
> lines," *J. of Environmental Psychology*, V. 8, p 19-43, 1988.
>
> Slovic, P, et al, "Rating the Risks," Environment, V. 21, p. 14-48,
> 1979; also in *Readings in Risk*, T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds),
> Resources for the Future, RFF, Washington D.C., 1990.
>
> Slovic, P, "Perceptions of Risk: Reflections an the Psychometric
> Paradigm," in Goulding and Krimsky, *Theories of Risk*, 1992.
>
> Slovic, P. et al, "The Psychometric Study of Risk Perception," in V.
> Covello, J. Menkes, and J. Mumpower, Plenum, *Risk Evaluation and
> Management,* New York, 1986.

6.  Risk Perception: Social Structural Approach---How does who you are
    influence what you think about risk?

> Rogers, G.O., Theoretical Development

7.  Social Structural Approach---How do experience and values effect
    perceived and acceptable risk?

> Rogers, G. "Residential Proximity, Perceived and Acceptable Risk", in
> R. Waller and V. Covello, (eds), *Low-probability/High-Consequence
> Risk Analysis*, Plenum Press, New York, 1984.
>
> Rogers, G. Life Events, Experience and Perceived Risk
>
> Rogers, G. "On Determining Public Acceptability of Risk," in Risk
> Analysis in the Private Sector, C. Whipple and V. Covello (eds.),
> Plenum, New York, 1985.

8.  Public Perception of Risk---What do survey results tell us about
    risk and public policy?

> DeLuca, D.R., et al, "Public Perceptions of technological Risks," in
> V. Covello, J. Menkes, and J. Mumpower, Plenum, *Risk Evaluation and
> management*, New York, 1986.
>
> Earle, T. and M. Lindell, "Public Perception of Industrial Risks," in
> R. Waller and V. Covello, (eds), *Low-probability/High-Consequence
> Risk Analysis,* Plenum Press, New York, 1984.
>
> Gould et al, *Perception of Technological Risks and Benefits,* Russell
> Sage Foundation, New York, 1988.
>
> Harris, L. *Risk in a Complex Society.*
>
> Loewenstein, G. and J. Mather, "Dynamic Process in Risk Perception,"
> *J. of Risk and Uncertainty*, V. 3 p. 155-175, 1990.
>
> Nehnevajsa, J., "Low-probability/High-Consequence Risks: issues in
> Credibility and acceptance," in R. Waller and V. Covello, (eds),
> *Low-probability/High-Consequence Risk Analysis,* Plenum Press, New
> York, 1984.
>
> Rogers, G.O., Conditions of Acceptability.

9.  Judgmental Heuristics---What are the biases that effect what people
    think about risk? Can they be avoided?

> Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky, "Choices, Values, and Frames," *American
> Psychologist*, V. 39, p341-350, 1984.
>
> Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky, "Prospect theory: an analysis of decision
> under risk," *Econometrica*, Vol. 47, No. 2, p. 263-291, March 1979.
>
> Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky, "Subjective Probability: A judgment of
> Representativness," *Cognitive Psychology,* V. 3, 430-451, 1972.
>
> Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman, "Availability: a heuristic for judging
> frequency and probability," *Cognitive Psychology,* V. 5, p. 207-232,
> 1973.
>
> Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman, "The Framing of decisions and Psychology
> of Choice," *Science,* V. 211, p. 453-211, 1981.
>
> Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman, "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics
> and Biases", *Science,* V. 185, p. 1124-1131, 1974.
>
> Tversky, A., Elimination by Aspects," *Psychological Review,* V. 79,
> p. 281-299.

10. Risk and culture---How does culture effect risk perception,
    management and policy?

> Douglas, M. and A. Wildavsky, *Risk and Culture,* University of
> California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1982.
>
> Rayner, S. and R. Cantor, "How Fair is Safe Enough? The Cultural
> Approach to Societal Technology Choice, "*Risk Analysis,* V.7, p. 3-9,
> 1987.

11. Risk Communication---How can we communicate more effectively about
    risk? What does it mean to communicate more effectively?

> Covello, V. and F. Allen, *Seven Cardinal Rules of Risk
> Communication,* U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.
> C. 1988.
>
> Johnson, F. R., et al, "Informed Choice or Regulated Risk" in
> *Readings in Risk*, T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds), Resources for the
> Future, RFF, Washington D.C., 1990.
>
> Kasperson, R. E., et al, "The Social Amplification of risk" Risk
> Analysis, V. 8, p.177-187, 1988.
>
> Krimsky, S. and A. Plough, *Environmental Hazards: Communication Risk
> as a Social Process*, Auburn House Publishing Co., Dover, Mass., 1988.
>
> Mileti, D. and C. Fitzpatrick, "The Causal Sequence of Risk
> communication in the Parkfield Earthquake Prediction Experiment," Risk
> Analysis, V. 12, p. 393-400, 1992.
>
> Morgan, M.G., "Electric and Magnetic Fields from 60 Hertz Electric
> Power: What do we know about possible health risks?" Department of
> Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh,
> PA, 1989.
>
> Plough, A., and S. Krimsky, "The emergence of Risk Communication
> Studies," in *Readings in Risk*, T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds),
> Resources for the Future, RFF, Washington D.C., 1990.
>
> Rogers, G. O., 1992, "Aspects of Risk Communication in Two Cultures,"
> *International J. of Mass Emergencies and Disasters*, Vol. 10,
> 437-464.
>
> Sandman, P., "Getting to maybe: Some Communications Aspects of Siting
> hazardous Waste Facilities," in *Readings in Risk,* T. Glickman and M.
> Gough (eds), Resources for the Future, RFF, Washington D.C., 1990.

12. Regulating Risk---What risks should be regulated? How should we
    regulate risk?

> Lave, L. *The Strategy of Social Regulation,* The Brookings Institute,
> Washington, D.C., 1981.
>
> Ruckelshhaus, W. "Risk, Science, and Democracy," in *Readings in
> Risk,* T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds), Resources for the Future, RFF,
> Washington D.C., 1990.
>
> Wildavsky, A. "No Risk is the Highest Risk of All," *American
> Scientist,* Vol. 67, p. 32-37, January-February, 1979; also in
> *Readings in Risk,* T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds), Resources for the
> Future, RFF, Washington D.C., 1990.
>
> Wildavsky, A. "Richer is safer," *The Public Interest*, No. 60, p.
> 23-39, Summer 1980.
>
> Wildavsky, A., *Searching for Safety*, Transaction Publishers, New
> Brunswick, 1989.

13. Risk Management---Management and acceptability, how can we manage
    risks better?

> Kartez, J., "Rational Arguments and Irrational Audiences," APA
> journal, Autumn, p. 445-456, 1989.
>
> Morgan, M. G., "Choosing and Managing Technology-Induced Risk," in
> *Readings in Risk,* T. Glickman and M. Gough (eds), Resources for the
> Future, RFF, Washington D.C., 1990.
>
> Sorensen, J. S, Carnes & G. Rogers, 1992, "An Approach for Deriving
> Emergency Planning Zones for Chemical Munitions Emergencies", *J. of
> Hazardous Materials*, Vol. 30, p. 223-242.
>
> Starr, C., "Risk Management, Assessment, and Acceptability," Keynote
> address at the Society for Risk Analysis, Knoxville, TN., Oct. 1,
> 1984.

14. Social Organizations and Risk---What are the consequences of social
    organizations on inherent risk? How can organizations help reduce
    risk?

> Perrow, C. *Normal Accidents*, Basic Books, New York, 1984.

15. Incorporating Human Behavior in Exposure Models---How can our risk
    models better incorporate human behavior into risk assessment?

> Rogers, G., N. Hummon, and D. Strom, 1990, "A Preliminary Model of
> Radon Exposure," in *New Risks: Issues and Management,* L. Abbott et
> al. (eds), New York: Plenum Press.
>
> Rogers, G. O., J. H. Sorensen, and A. P. Watson, 1992, "Protecting
> Civilian Populations During Chemical Agent Emergencies," in S. M.
> Sumani, (ed), *Chemical Warfare Agents,* Academic Press, Inc.

16. Ethics of Risk---How can we account for the ethical issues
    associated with risk, its regulation and management?

> Thompson, Paul, "The Philosophical Foundations of Risk" The Southern
> Journal of Philosophy, V. XXIV, p. 273-286, 1986.
>
> Thompson, P., "Risk Objectivism and risk Subjectivism: when are risks
> *real*?" issues in Health and safety, V. 3, 3-22, (Winter) 1990.
>
> Thompson, P., "Risk: Ethical Issues and Values," *Biotechnology, Food
> Safety and Nutritional Quality for the Consumer,* p. 204-217.