**USDA Forest Service\
Southern Research Station\
Recent Publications Catalogue--Spring 2000**

**The Interior Highlands Assessment**

The Interior Highlands Assessment comprises a wealth of information
about the geographic area encompassing eastern Oklahoma, south-central
Missouri, and northwestern-central Arkansas. The USDA Forest Service
decided to "take a snapshot" of the region's resources in 1996. Forest
Service land managers and scientists from the Eastern Region, the North
Central Research Station, the Southern Region, and the Southern Research
Station worked together to learn from the public what this area is about
and what it means to them and to gather data about the resources and
their uses. The Interior Highlands Assessment team synthesized data to
evaluate conditions affecting natural resources. Scientists and managers
can predict trends most likely to be of significance in the future
management of the area's three national forests.

Bill Pell, Team Leader for the Interior Highlands Assessment and Acting
Team Leader for Planning and Recreation on the Ouachita National Forest,
took the lead for transforming the knowledge about the Ozark-Ouachita
Highlands into five reports: a summary; air quality; aquatic conditions;
social and economic conditions; and terrestrial vegetation and wildlife.
Pell, an ecologist, says, "Close cooperation between researchers and
managers was the key to successful completion of this assessment. The
reports will prove invaluable for national forest planning and research
purposes." G. Samuel Foster, Assistant Director for Research in the
western half of the Southern Research Station, served on the steering
team and led the Station's extensive involvement in planning,
researching, developing, and producing the Ozark-Ouachita Highlands
Assessment. SRS scientists participating in the assessment included
Karen Lee Abt, Economics of Forest Protection and Management research
work unit, Research Triangle Park, NC; Rodney L. Busby and John L.
Greene, Evaluation of Legal, Tax, and Economic Influences on Forest
Resource Management, New Orleans, LA; James M. Guldin, Managing Upland
Forest Ecosystems in the Midsouth, Hot Springs, AR; and Melvin L.
Warren, Center for Bottomland Hardwoods Research, Oxford, MS.

In preparing the Interior Highlands Assessment, authors viewed the
area's resources from different perspectives, including its 14
watersheds, terrestrial boundaries, and State counties. Federal lands
comprise13 percent of the Interior Highlands. The Forest Service manages
the Ozark-St. Francis National Forest in Arkansas, the Ouachita National
Forest, which extends from Arkansas into Oklahoma, and the Mark Twain
National Forest in Missouri. Other Federal and State lands draw
recreation visitors to the area, including the Hot Springs National Park
in Arkansas. The Interior Highlands region contains a significant amount
of water and timber resources and mineral deposits. Rock hounds favor
the area's quartz crystals.

Interior Highlands Assessment collaborators include the USDA Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Station; USDA Forest Service, Forest Health
Monitoring; the U.S. Department of Interior, Geological Survey; the
University of Arkansas, Monticello; the University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville; and the University of Arkansas State Cooperative
Extension. To learn more, visit the Web site for the **Interior
Highlands** **Assessment**: www.fs.fed.us/oonf/ooha.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999. **Ozark-Ouachita
Highlands Assessment: air quality. Report 2 of 5.** Gen. Tech. Rep.
SRS-32. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Research Station. 57 p. **(18)**

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999. **Ozark-Ouachita
Highlands Assessment: aquatic conditions. Report 3 of 5.** Gen. Tech.
Rep. SRS-33. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Southern Research Station. 317 p. **(19)**

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999. **Ozark-Ouachita
Highlands Assessment: social and economic conditions. Report 4 of 5.**
Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-34. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 299 p. **(20)**

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999. **Ozark-Ouachita
Highlands Assessment: summary report. Report 1 of 5.** Gen. Tech. Rep.
SRS-31. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Research Station. 56 p. **(21)**

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999. **Ozark-Ouachita
Highlands Assessment: terrestrial vegetation and wildlife. Report 5 of
5.** Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-35. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 201 p. **(22)**

**Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Honors Cassandra Johnson, Southern
Research Station Sociologist**

Through the Federal Chancellor of Germany and the President of the
United States, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation awards the
*Bundeskanzler* (BUKA) or Federal Chancellor fellowship. The BUKA is
awarded to young Americans to stimulate and recognize awareness of
German culture in the United States and to strengthen ties between the
two countries. Cassandra Johnson, social scientist in Athens, GA, was
one of 10 prospective U.S. leaders in academia, business, and government
who received this prestigious award for 1998 to 1999. Through
professional and/or academic experiences in Germany, the BUKA scholar is
expected to gain an insight into the political, economic, social, and
cultural life of the Federal Republic of Germany. Johnson, who speaks
German fluently, conducted research in Berlin January through September
1999. As a part of the fellowship, with other von Humboldt fellows, she
also participated in a study tour of Germany, meeting with governmental,
academic, business, and artistic leaders. The tour ended with a visit to
the European Union in Brussels, Belgium. The fellowship period concluded
with an audience with the German Chancellor, Gerhardt Schröder, in Bonn.

Johnson, who joined the Forest Service in 1990, is completing a
doctorate in sociology at the University of Georgia. She is a member of
the Outdoor Recreation and Wilderness Assessment unit, led by Ken
Cordell. This issue of *Compass* includes three publications authored or
co-authored by Johnson.

Bowker, J.M.; Cordell, H.K.; Johnson, Cassandra Y. 1999. **User fees for
recreation services on public lands: a national assessment.** Journal of
Park and Recreation Administration. 17(3): 1-14. **(32)**

Johnson, Cassandra Y. 1998. **A consideration of collective memory in
African American attachment to wildland recreation places.** Human
Ecology Review. 5(1): 5-15. **(38)**

Johnson, Cassandra Y.; Bowker, J.M. 1999. **On-site wildland activity
choices among African Americans and White Americans in the rural south:
implications for management.** Journal of Park and Recreation
Administration. 17(1): 21-39. **(39)**

**On the Bookshelf**

**Mission: Managing Half the Nation's Water on One-third of Its Forests,
with Input from More Than 125 Million People**

*Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United
States* addresses the water wealth of the East and the complex problems
and unique opportunities this region faces. In 1995 USDA Forest Service
scientists Andy Dolloff, Project Leader for the Southern Research
Station's Coldwater Streams and Trout Habitat Research Unit in
Blacksburg, VA, Elon S. Verry of the North Central Research Station, and
James W. Hornbeck of the Northeastern Research Station accepted the
responsibility for defining the state-of-the-art in managing forested
riparian areas. What a challenge! The Eastern U.S. contains one-third of
the Nation's forests and over one-half of its water. An intricate
patchwork of public and private land ownership, fragmented ecosystems,
and diverse interest groups compound the issues' complexity. Twenty
chapters focus on defining, classifying, and mapping riparian areas;
managing for aquatic, bird, animal, and forest health; measuring human
dimensions and impacts; prescribing silvicultural and harvesting
options; monitoring water resources and restoring watershed health.

Michael Dombeck, Chief, USDA Forest Service, says, "The end results of
most of our management actions are reflected by the health of our
rivers, streams, and lakes*.*" In the final chapter of *Riparian
Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United States*, the
authors of **Riparian Area Management: Themes and Recommendations**
consider the overriding themes of riparian area management and list
highlights and recommendations from each chapter. They say, "Riparian
management has passed from a history of intense exploitation a century
ago, through recent decades of neglect, to the intense demand for shared
decisions we see today. Protecting the essential links between land and
water ensures quality water and quality aquatic habitats. . . . Human
values and desires shape the way riparian areas are managed. Values and
desires often overlap or conflict, and there is a need to find common
ground. The axiom 'good stewardship is shared stewardship' is especially
appropriate for riparian area management. It has given insight to
complex management recommendations that consider use and the
relationships among resources. Perhaps more than any other landscape
feature, riparian areas focus our concept of landscape connections for
fish and animal communities, for the interaction of forest regeneration
with forest-site, and for the interaction of our personal economics with
our personal recreation."

Forty-eight scientists and managers from the USDA Forest Service and
Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Environmental Protection
Agency, State and county agencies, universities, industry,
non-governmental organizations, and private citizens collaborated to
write *Riparian Management in Forests of the Continental Eastern United
States*. The authors and editors have created an informative and highly
readable book with a hungry audience---released in January, it is in its
second printing. To purchase a copy for \$54.95, visit the Lewis
Publishers, CRC Press, Web site at http://www.crcpress.com. The mailing
address is CRC Press LLC, Attention: Order Entry, 2000 NW Corporate
Boulevard, Boca Raton, FL 33431-9868.

*Compass* includes four chapters from *Riparian Management in Forests of
the Continental Eastern United States* that are authored by SRS
scientists.

Dolloff, C. Andrew; Webster, Jackson R. 2000. **Particulate organic
contributions from forests and streams: debris isn't so bad.** In:
Verry, Elon S.; Hornbeck, James W.; Dolloff, C. Andrew, eds. Riparian
management in forests of the continental Eastern United States. Boca
Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, CRC Press LLC: 125-138. **(12)**

Phillips, Michael J.; Swift, Lloyd W., Jr.; Blinn, Charles R. 2000.
**Best management practices for riparian areas.** In: Verry, Elon S.;
Hornbeck, James W.; Dolloff, C. Andrew, eds. Riparian management in
forests of the continental Eastern United States. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis
Publishers, CRC Press LLC: 273-286. **(13)**

Verry, Elon S.; C. Andrew Dolloff. 2000. **The challenge of managing for
healthy riparian areas.** In: Verry, Elon S.; Hornbeck, James W.;
Dolloff, C. Andrew, eds. Riparian management in forests of the
continental Eastern United States. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, CRC
Press LLC: 1-22. **(15)**

Welsch, David J.; Hornbeck, James W.; Verry, Elon S.; and others.
**Riparian area management: themes and recommendations.** In: Verry,
Elon S.; Hornbeck, James W.; Dolloff, C. Andrew, eds. Riparian
management in forests of the continental Eastern United States. Boca
Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, CRC Press LLC: 321-340. **(16)**

**Hemingway Contributes to Plant Polyphenols Research**

*Plant Polyphenols 2: Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacology, Ecology*
includes selected contributions from the 3^rd^ Tannin Conference in
Bend, OR, in July 1998. Georg G. Gross, Richard W. Hemingway, Southern
Research Station, and Takashi Yoshida edited this collection of
international presentations. Topics include hydrolyzable tannins;
condensed tannins and related compounds; biotechnology; antioxidant
properties and heart disease; conformation, complexation, and
antimicrobial properties; polyphenols and cancer; polyphenols in
commerce; and polyphenols and ecology. The book brings together the work
of chemists and biologists from a wide array of disciplines, bound by a
common interest in plant polyphenols. *Plant Polyphenols 2: Chemistry,
Biology, Pharmacology, Ecology* demonstrates recognition of the
significance of these compounds and their increasing relevance in
medically oriented disciplines.

Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers recognizes *Plant Polyphenols 2:
Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacology, Ecology* as volume 66 in the Basic
Life Sciences series. To purchase a copy, contact the publisher at
http://www.wkap.nl.

*Compass* includes three chapters in *Plant Polyphenols 2: Chemistry,
Biology, Pharmacology, Ecology*:

Gross, Georg G.; Hemingway, Richard W.; Yoshida, Takashi. 1999. **The
3^rd^ tannin conference---retrospect and prospect.** In: Gross, Georg
G.; Hemingway, Richard W.; Yoshida, Takashi, eds. Plant polyphenols 2:
chemistry, biology, pharmacology, ecology. New York: Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publishers: 911-913. **(34)**

Hatano, Tsutomu; Yoshida, Takashi; Hemingway, Richard W. 1999.
**Interaction of flavanoids with peptides and proteins and conformations
of dimeric flavanoids in solution.** In: Gross, Georg G.; Hemingway,
Richard W.; Yoshida, Takashi, eds. Plant polyphenols 2: chemistry,
biology, pharmacology, ecology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers: 509-526. **(35)**

Tobiason, Fred L.; Hemingway, Richard W.; Vergoten, Gerard. 1999.
**Modeling the conformation of polyphenols and their complexation with
polypeptides: self-association of catechin and its complexation with
L-proline glycine oligomers.** In: Gross, Georg G.; Hemingway, Richard
W.; Yoshida, Takashi, eds. Plant polyphenols 2: chemistry, biology,
pharmacology, ecology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers:
527-544. **(41)**

**Pacific Rim Countries Demonstrate Research and Development Advances**

*Adhesive Technology and Bonded Tropical Wood Products* showcases a
broad range of research and development efforts related to wood
adhesives and bonded-wood products being conducted in the Pacific Rim
countries. Chung-Yun Hse, research forest products technician for the
USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, edited this publication.
Hse's associate editors included Susan J. Branham, USDA Forest Service,
retired, and Chun Chou, Taiwan Forest Research Institute, Taipei,
Taiwan, ROC. In May 1993 the Southern Research Station and the Taiwan
Forestry Research Institute (TFRI) sponsored the Adhesive Technology for
Tropical Woods Symposium, providing a forum in Taipei, Taiwan, ROC for
researchers, producers, and consumers of wood adhesives. International
participants exchanged information and ideas, stimulating new research
and development related to wood adhesives and bonded-wood products.

Hse, Branham, and Chou developed the symposium's proceedings into
*Adhesive Technology and Bonded Tropical Wood Products*, designated as
TFRI Extension Series No. 96. Chapters address adhesives and adhesive
technology; wood extractives and wood adhesion; wood properties and wood
adhesion; technology of adhesive curing; and bonded tropical wood
products. The Taiwan Forestry Research Institute published *Adhesive
Technology and Bonded Tropical Wood Products* in Taipei, Taiwan, ROC in
1998. To obtain a copy, send a request to TFRI at 53 Nan-Hai Road,
Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. The telephone number is 886 2 2381-7107, and the
fax number is 886-2-2314-2234.

In 1994 the Forest Products Society published *Adhesives and Bonded Wood
Products*, also co-edited by Chung-Yun Hse. This book resulted from the
Adhesives and Bonded Wood Products symposium in Seattle in 1991.
Bunichiro Tomita, professor at the University of Tsukuba, Japan,
co-edited this publication. Susan J. Branham served as associate editor.
Topics included steam press curing, bonding process variables, bonding
of preservative-treated wood, recent developments in new resin systems,
adhesives from renewable resources, chemistry and characterization of
resins, and properties and applications of bonded wood products. To get
a copy of *Adhesives and Bonded Wood Products*, write the Forest
Products Society at 2801 Marshall Court, Madison, WI 53705-2295. The
telephone number is 608-231-1361.

**Report of Station Activities in 1999**

The *Annual Report for 1999---Southern Research Station* details our use
of your tax dollars; the SRS strategic framework in action; science for
tomorrow's forests; our programs, people, and facilities; and the
products our scientists and staffs developed this past year. Please
request a copy of the Annual Report by marking **AR** on the request
form.

**Southern Pines Research**

Cao, Quang V.; Baldwin, V. Clark, Jr. 1999. **A new algorithm for stand
table projection models.** Forest Science. 45(4): 506-511.

The constrained least squares method is proposed as an algorithm for
projecting stand tables through time. This method consists of three
steps: (1) predict survival in each diameter class, (2) predict diameter
growth, and (3) use the least squares approach to adjust the stand table
to satisfy

the constraints of future survival, average diameter, and stand basal
area. The new method was evaluated against the Weibull
parameter-recovery approach and another stand table projection method,
using data from direct-seeded stands of loblolly pines (*Pinus taeda*
L.). The constrained least squares method provided the best
goodness-of-fit statistics (K-S, ^2^, and an error index) that were
significantly different from those produced by the other two methods.
This new algorithm can be employed in cases

where diameter data do not necessarily follow the Weibull distribution.
**(1)**

Conner, Richard N.; Rudolph, D. Craig; Schaeffer, Richard R.; and
others. 1999. **Relationships among red-cockaded woodpecker group
density, nestling provisioning rates, and habitat.** Wilson Bulletin.
111(4): 494-498.

The authors examined red-cockaded woodpecker (*Picoides borealis*) food
provisioning rates of nestlings during the 1992 and 1993 breeding
seasons on the Vernon Ranger District of the Kisatchie National Forest
in Louisiana. Provisioning rates were monitored at nest trees in
moderate (9.8 groups/2 km radius, n = 10) and low (5.9 groups/2 km
radius, n = 10) density populations. Habitat around each cluster was
measured within three radii (100 m, 400 m, and 800 m) to evaluate the
possible influence of habitat quality on group density and nestling
provisioning rates. The scientists tested the null hypothesis that
habitat quality and provisioning rates would be similar in areas with
different densities of woodpecker groups. They failed to detect
differences in nestling provisioning rates between woodpecker groups in
moderate versus low group densities. Woodpecker groups from areas where
group densities were moderate attempted to nest significantly more often
than woodpecker groups occurring in low densities. Hardwood midstory
vegetation was more abundant in areas with low woodpecker group density.
Old-growth pines, which are known to be important for cavity excavation,
were present in habitat around cavity-tree clusters of moderate-density
groups, but generally absent in areas where group density was low.
Woodpecker group density may be related to hardwood midstory conditions
and the abundance and spatial distribution of remnant old pines. **(2)**

Diner, Alex M. 1999. **Direct mechanical dispersion and in vitro culture
of fusiform rust fungus single basidiospores.** Mycologia. 91(6):
1102-1103.

Single basidiospores of *Cronartium quercuum* f. sp. *fusiforme* were
cast from telia suspended over a solidified nutritional medium affixed
to an operating orbital shaker. Spores thus mechanically dispersed and
isolated, germinated to develop single-genotype colonies. **(3)**

Diner, A.M. 1999. **XIII Genetic transformation of *Pinus palustris*
(longleaf pine).** In: Bajaj, Y.P.S. Transgenic trees. Biotechnology in
Agriculture and Forestry, vol. 44. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin:
185-192.

Longleaf pine (*Pinus palustris* Mill.) is an important softwood species
in

the Southeast United States. In presettlement times, this species
occupied extensive, pure stands throughout the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal
Plains from southeastern Virginia to eastern Texas, as well as south
throughout the northern two-thirds of Florida. Its range also includes
the Piedmont Ridge and Valley, and Mountain Provinces of Alabama and
Georgia.

Historically, longleaf pine was the premier timber and naval stores
tree, a

fact which resulted in its virtual disappearance from extensive regions.
Its value as a timber species remains high; it shows excellent form and
good wood qualities, as well as resistance to fusiform rust, the most
damaging disease of Southern US three-needle pines.

An aspect of longleaf pine which negatively affects its relative

reforestation value is its grass stage, during which its first 5 years
of growth remains essentially limited to root development. This stage is
also characteristically expressed for several years by adventitious
micropropagules generated in vitro, although a few genotypes have shown
precocious and rapid shoot elongation. Notwithstanding the

obstacles to seedling growth presented by the grass stage, however, the
value of this tree has compelled widespread reforestation efforts.

Current perspectives for value-added longleaf pine genetic transformants

relate to both disease resistance and early shoot growth. The major
microbial disease of this species is brown-spot needle blight (*Scirrhia
acicola*), which causes severe defoliation and death to grass-stage
seedlings. Other commercially important microbial diseases include pitch

canker (*Fusarium moniliforme* var. *subglutans*), annosus root rot

(*Heterobasidion annosum*), and cone rust (*Cronartium strobilinum*).
Longleaf pine suffers attack by a variety of defoliating insects,
including both adult (*Colaspis pini* Barber) and larval \[(*Neodiprion
lecontei* (Fitch); *Dendroctonus terebrans* (Oliv.); *Hylobius pales*
(Hbst.); *Pachylobius picivorus* (German); *Dioryctria* spp.;
Laspeyresia spp.)\] insect forms. Because vector systems exist for plant
transformation to such as chitinase and BT toxin syntheses,
opportunities for transformation of longleaf pine for pest resistance
are potentially available. Indeed, the whole‑tree *Larix* transformant
has been regenerated expressing BT toxin synthesis, suggesting that
*Pinus* may be similarly transformed. Moreover because shoot growth
restriction in grass‑stage plants is a probable result of endogenous
plant growth regulator (PGR) control, transformation of tissues for
modified PGR synthesis, followed by regeneration of the plant, may
provide early shoot elongation in the whole‑tree transformant.

Longleaf pine shows great genetic variation in those traits affecting
survival, growth, and disease resistance, suggesting its useful
candidacy for clonal propagation. Rooting of cuttings is possible, but
unreliable. Grafting is now the most common method used to establish
seed orchards. However, methods are available for longleaf pine somatic
embryogenesis, which allow opportunity for genetic manipulation and
regeneration of the transformed regenerant. Since tissues of several
species of pines have been transformed using biolistics, and this author
was successful in regenerating *Larix* whole trees from
*Agrobacterium*‑induced transformants, both procedures for genetic
transformation were undertaken using longleaf pine. **(4)**

Hanula, James L.; Franzreb, Kathleen E.; Pepper, William D. 2000.
**Longleaf pine characteristics associated with arthropods available for
red-cockaded woodpeckers.** Journal of Wildlife Management. 64(1):
60-70.

Red-cockaded woodpeckers (*Picoides borealis*) forage on the boles of
living pine trees for a variety of arthropods. To assess the
availability of prey under differing stand conditions, the authors
sampled arthropods that crawled up the boles of 300 living longleaf pine
trees *(Pinus palustris)* ranging in age from 20 to 100 years with
passive traps over a 1-year period. The scientists identified, counted,
ovendried, and weighed \>50,000 arthropods in 22 orders and 470 genera.
The most diverse orders were the Coleoptera (beetles), Araneae
(spiders), and Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees). The most abundant
orders were the Homoptera with large numbers of aphids (Aphididae) and
the Hymenoptera with large numbers of ants (Formicidae). The Coleoptera
and Araneae accounted for the greatest available biomass. Overall,
arthropod biomass/tree increased with increasing stand age up to
approximately 65 to 70 years, but arthropod biomass/ha was highest in
the youngest stands. Abundance and biomass of arthropods on each tree
bole were positively correlated with bark thickness and tree diameter,
and negatively correlated with basal area (m^2^/ha). Arthropod biomass
differed among seasons, with the highest arthropod biomass occurring in
winter and spring. The authors found no correlation of diversity,
abundance, or biomass of arthropods on the tree bole with site index,
the numbers of herbaceous plant genera in the understory, the number of
herbaceous plant stems, or the percentage of ground covered by herbs.
Stand characteristics, such as average bark thickness and diameter,
associated with increased arthropod abundance and biomass on the bark
are positively correlated to tree age, but these relationships would
change with management practices that either accelerated or slowed tree
growth. **(5)**

Haywood, James D. 1999. **Durability of selected mulches, their ability
to control weeds, and influence growth of loblolly pine seedlings.** New
Forests. 18: 263-276

Several mulches of natural, synthetic, or blends of natural and
synthetic fibers were tested around newly planted loblolly pine (*Pinus
taeda* L.) seedlings on a sheared and windrowed site in central
Louisiana, U.S.A. The vegetation was primarily winter annuals, some
residual grasses and forbs, and sparse woody regrowth. Study 1 was
rotary mowed just prior to planting in March 1992, and 35 mulches and an
untreated check were established. In Study 2, 15 mulches and an
untreated check were established in a 1-year-old rough in March 1993. In
both studies, a single loblolly pine seedling formed each plot
established in a randomized complete block design, with 10 blocks as
replicates. Each block was planted with a separate open-pollinated
loblolly pine family.

Nearly all mulches had deteriorated to some extent after three growing
seasons. Synthetic mulches were generally more durable than the natural
or natural/synthetic mulches. Mulching eliminated the established
vegetation and germinants, and vegetation did not readily reestablish
following the deterioration of a mulch. The soil seed bank apparently
was not sufficient to regenerate areas that were once covered with
mulch, and many of the natural materials deteriorated into a fibrous
cover that acted like a natural litter layer. Both of these residual
weed control effects---insufficient soil seed bank and formation of a
fibrous cover---were important in stopping vegetation from
reestablishing after a mulch had deteriorated. After three growing
seasons, the loblolly pine seedlings generally grew better if mulches
were used. **(6)**

Laves, Kevin S.; Loeb, Susan C. 1999. **Effects of southern flying
squirrels *Glaucomys volans* on red-cockaded woodpecker *Picoides
borealis* reproductive success.** Animal Conservation. 2: 295-303.

Anecdotal data gathered from many populations suggest that southern
flying squirrel (SFS, *Glaucomys volans*) use of the endangered
red-cockaded woodpecker\'s (RCW, *Picoides borealis*) nest and roost
cavities may negatively affect RCW populations. The authors conducted a
controlled experiment to determine the effects of SFS's on RCW
reproductive success. During the 1994 and 1995 breeding seasons, SFS's
were removed from 30 RCW clusters and 32 clusters served as controls.
SFS's were the most frequently encountered occupants of RCW cavities and
used 20 to 33 percent of RCW cavities in control and treatment clusters
over both years. Treatment groups produced significantly more successful
nests (≥ 1 fledgling) than control groups in 1994. In 1995 however,
there was no difference in the number of successful nests. In both
years, RCW groups nesting in treatment clusters produced significantly
more fledglings than groups in control clusters in each of four
experimental areas, averaging approximately 0.7 additional fledglings
per nesting group. Loss of entire clutches or broods, possibly as a
result of predation or abandonment, was a major factor limiting
reproduction in control groups in 1994. In contrast, differences in
partial brood loss appeared to be the cause of differential fledging
success in 1995. Usurpation of RCW roost cavities by SFS's may have
placed greater energetic demands on RCW's for cavity defense or
thermoregulation, thus reducing energy available for reproduction.
Results show that SFS use of RCW cavities during the breeding season has
a significant impact on RCW's and that management of RCW populations
should include activities that either minimize SFS populations in RCW
clusters or limit access of SFS's to RCW cavities. **(7)**

Otrosina, William J.; Bannwart, Diane; Roncadori, Ronald W. 1999.

**Root-infecting fungi associated with a decline of longleaf pine in the
southeastern United States.** Plant and Soil. 217: 145-150.

A 35-year-old longleaf pine stand exhibited trees in various stages of
decline. A study was conducted to determine root-infecting fungi and
other abnormalities associated with varying degrees of crown symptoms. A
four-class crown symptom rating system was devised according to
ascending symptom severity. *Leptographium procerum* and *L.
terebrantis* were significantly associated with increasing crown symptom
severity. *Heterobasidion annosum* was also isolated in higher frequency
as crown symptoms increased. Also, evidence of insects on roots
increased as did amount of resinosis observed. Edaphic and silvicultural
factors may interact with these pathogens and insects to pose a
pathological limitation on longer-term management objectives. Further
research is needed to determine relationships among various edaphic,
silvicultural, and biological factors associated with the decline
syndrome on this site. **(8)**

Saenz, Daniel; Collins, Christopher S.; Conner, Richard N. 1999. **A
bark-shaving technique to deter rat snakes from climbing red-cockaded
woodpecker cavity trees.** Wildlife Society Bulletin. 27(4): 1069-1073.

Saenz, Collins, and Conner developed a bark-shaving technique to deter
rat snakes *(Elaphe obsoleta)* from climbing red-cockaded woodpecker
*(Picoides borealis)* trees as an aesthetically pleasing, more
cost-effective, and safer alternative to other snake excluder devices.
The authors used a drawknife to carefully shave the bark around the
circumference of 4 treatment trees in a 1-m-wide band to eliminate any
furrows or rough surfaces, without cutting into the cambium. Four
control trees were not altered. The scientists tested their method from
April 1997 to August 1997 and found that shaved trees were nearly 100
percent effective in preventing rat snakes from climbing (n = 40
climbing attempts), whereas control trees were successfully climbed (n =
20 climbing attempts) on each attempt. One shaved barrier was crossed by
one snake 14 weeks after the barrier was initially created. The bark had
roughened from tree growth. After the researchers reshaved the barrier,
the snake was unable to cross the barrier again. Despite loss of
effectiveness over time, the shaved barriers can provide red-cockaded
woodpeckers a head-start in developing their own defenses against rat
snake predation in a manner that is more natural in appearance than
other snake-excluder devices. **(9)**

Schiff, Nathan M.; Schiefer, Terence L. 1999. **New Blattode records
from Mississippi and Alabama.** Entomological News. 110(4): 240-242.

*Pseudomops septentrionalis* is reported from seven counties in

Mississippi dating back to 1987. These records suggest a gradual range
extension hypothesis for this species rather than the accidental human
transport hypothesis proposed to explain an apparently isolated
population in Auburn, AL. *Panchlora nivea* is reported from four
counties in Mississippi, including two early records considered to be
adventive introductions with bananas. *Plectoptera picta* is reported
from Alabama for the first time. **(10)**

### Wetlands, Bottomland Hardwoods, and Streams

Burke, Marianne K.; Lockaby, B. Graeme; Conner, William H. 1999.

**Aboveground production and nutrient circulation along a flooding
gradient in a South Carolina Coastal Plain forest.** Canadian Journal of
Forest Research. 29: 1402-1418.

Relative to effects of flooding, little is known about the influence of
hydrology‑nutrient interactions on aboveground net primary production
(NPP) in forested wetlands. The authors found that nutrient circulation
and NPP were closely related along a complex physical, chemical, and
hydrologic gradient in a bottomland hardwood forest with four distinct
communities. Aboveground biomass, NPP, biomass partitioning to stem
production, growth efficiency, and soil macronutrient availability were
greatest in the flooded zone, possibly because of the stable hydrologic
regime. In the wet transition zone, trees were least productive,
nutrient use efficiency was highest, and N retranslocation from foliage
before abscission was \"complete.\" Wet and dry transition zones had the
lowest litterfall quality. Soil organic matter was negatively correlated
with extractable NH~4~‑N plus NO~3~‑N before in situ incubations and
positively correlated with litterfall lignin/N ratios. Lignin/P and C/N
ratios were positively correlated with exchangeable soil Ca and Mg,
cation exchange capacity, and clay content, and negatively correlated
with extractable soil P. The scientists concluded that periodic flooding
and associated widely fluctuating soil chemistry resulted in
disequilibrium between the plant community and environmental conditions,
which led to nutrient deficiency and low NPP in the transition zones
compared with the continuously flooded and mesic zones. **(11)**

Dolloff, C. Andrew; Webster, Jackson R. 2000. **Particulate organic
contributions from forests and streams: debris isn't so bad.** In:
Verry, Elon S.; Hornbeck, James W.; Dolloff, C. Andrew, eds. Riparian
management in forests of the continental Eastern United States. Boca
Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, CRC Press LLC: 125-138.

It is clear that the input of "debris" from terrestrial plants falling
into streams is one of the most significant processes occurring at the
interface of terrestrial and stream ecosystems. Organic matter---leaves,
twigs, branches, and whole trees---provides energy, nutrients, and
structure to streams flowing through forests. A host of vertebrate and
invertebrate animals has adapted to life in flowing waters and depends
on leaves and wood for food and habitat. Accumulations of leaves and
wood also create refuges from the extremes of drought and flood and
modify the downstream movement of sediment.

Despite all that we know about the importance of organic matter in
streams, all too often wood and leaves in streams have been viewed as a
liability at worst and a nuisance at best. Even the terms we use to
describe it---debris, for example, ---suggest something cast off or
discarded. Although excessive amounts of organic matter have negative
impacts in streams, such as lowering dissolved oxygen, buildup of toxic
substances, and blocking fish migration, most problems are local rather
than symptomatic of a \[an\] underlying pathology. All of these reasons
aside, the main reason for our aversion to wood and leaves in streams is
far more basic: it just plain looks bad! But for diverse, productive
invertebrates and fish, for preservation of natural sediment and water
regimes, and for overall stream health, terrestrial plant debris is not
only desirable but essential.

T

The task in this chapter is to outline what we know about the functions
and values of leaves and wood in streams. In doing so we hope not only
to dispel the common misconceptions that wood debris in streams is
undesirable, but also to instill the concept of organic matter as an
asset to be husbanded. **(12)**

Phillips, Michael J.; Swift, Lloyd W., Jr.; Blinn, Charles R. 2000.
**Best management practices for riparian areas.** In: Verry, Elon S.;
Hornbeck, James W.; Dolloff, C. Andrew, eds. Riparian management in
forests of the continental Eastern United States. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis
Publishers, CRC Press LLC: 273-286.

Forest streams, lakes, and other water bodies create unique conditions
along their margins that control and influence transfers of energy,
nutrients, and sediments between aquatic and terrestrial systems. These
riparian areas are among the most critical features of the landscape
because they contain a rich diversity of plants and animals and help to
maintain water quality and terrestrial and aquatic habitats. These
fragile areas are easily disturbed, and caution is needed whenever
forest management occurs within them. Riparian areas are often linear
features of variable width that have high edge-to-area ratios but
generally occupy only a small part of the landscape. However, the linear
nature of riparian areas means that resource managers and loggers,
either through active management or the need to gain access to a site,
will invariably come into contact with these features. Therefore, the
proper management tools are needed to maintain the functions of riparian
areas and minimize disturbance to the terrestrial and aquatic systems.

Best Management Practices (BMP's) are developed to prevent or minimize
the adverse impacts of forestry activities on water quality while
permitting the intended forest management activities to occur. They
serve as the cornerstone for most State water quality protection
programs. Possibly the earliest effort to establish BMP guidelines was
the "Criteria for Managing the National Forests in the Appalachians"
(1971) by Regions 8 and 9 \[Southern Region and Eastern Region,
respectively\] of the USDA Forest Service. The development of BMP
programs has been a collaborative effort among State agencies and
organizations (both public and private) and Federal agencies to identify
practices that reflect the particular physiographic, economic,
technical, and political considerations of each State. Monitoring has
shown nationally that compliance with BMP's is relatively high. However,
by definition, BMP's were designed to protect water quality, not the
other functions and values of riparian areas. We need to move beyond
BMP's based solely on water quality to address these additional
functions and values.

All State BMP programs recognize the importance of retaining some form
of riparian management zone (RMZ) with management options that minimize
impacts to the water resource. Achieving BMP compliance in these areas
generally requires greater care, reduced physical intrusion (e.g., skid
trails, roads, equipment) into the riparian management zone, and often
reduced levels of harvest (e.g., thinning, uneven‑aged management) or no
harvest at all. It also requires preharvest planning that considers the
landowner\'s management objectives. The BMP's discussed in this chapter
pertain to lands where silvicultural or other forest management
activities are planned and conducted. This chapter will describe the
management issues of concern, water bodies that are addressed by
traditional BMP's, RMZ options, and approaches to the development of RMZ
guidelines that move beyond BMP's and address issues other than the
protection of water quality. **(13)**

Smithson, Elizabeth B.; Johnston, Carol E. 1999. **Movement patterns of
stream fishes in a Ouachita Highlands stream: an examination of the
restricted movement paradigm.** Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society. 128: 847-853.

The restricted movement paradigm (RMP), which states adult fish do not
move out of a pool or restricted stream reach, does not fully define the
movements of stream fishes. Although stream fishes may spend the
majority of their time in a home pool, they also make regular
exploratory trips away from the home pool. Recapture of Ouachita
Highlands stream fish marked with passive integrated transponder (PIT)
tags showed that the majority of the uniquely marked fish in this study
were in the pools of initial collection. The following percentages of
marked fish were recaptured outside the pool of initial collection: 12
percent of creek chub *Semotilus atromaculatus*; 33 percent of
blackspotted topminnow *Fundulus olivaceus*; 12 percent of green sunfish
*Lepomis cyanellus;* and 14 percent of longear sunfish *Lepomis
megalotis*. Standard lengths and weights did not differ significantly
between nonmobile and mobile recaptured fish, and patterns of multiple
recaptures indicated exploratory, round-trip movements. Such regular
exploratory trips suggest that the area of use by and critical habitat
for stream fishes may be greater than commonly estimated. **(14)**

Verry, Elon S.; Dolloff, C. Andrew. 2000. **The challenge of managing
for healthy riparian areas.** In: Verry, Elon S.; Hornbeck, James W.;
Dolloff, C. Andrew, eds. Riparian management in forests of the
continental Eastern United States. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, CRC
Press LLC: 1-22.

The challenge of managing for healthy riparian areas means coming to
grips with our heritage, understanding how the land and streams change,
dealing with diverse and divisive issues, learning to read the land and
rivers, expanding our set of management tools, and, most important,
seeing with the vision of community. It is our purpose to bring an
understanding of riparian values and riparian functions to a community
vision of place, a landscape that holds ponds and lakes, grows forests,
and gives of itself in a river that runs through it. This is a place
where living includes both work and play, where working the land means
improving the watershed's landscape. **(15)**

Welsch, David J.; Hornbeck, James W.; Verry, Elon S.; and others.
**Riparian area management: themes and recommendations.** In: Verry,
Elon S.; Hornbeck, James W.; Dolloff, C. Andrew, eds. Riparian
management in forests of the continental Eastern United States. Boca
Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, CRC Press LLC: 321-340. **Editor's Note: C.
Andrew Dolloff, SRS Project Leader, co-wrote this chapter and co-edited
*Riparian Area Management: Themes and Recommendations*.**

"The end results of most of our management actions are reflected by the
health of our rivers, streams, and lakes." Michael Dombeck, Chief, USDA
Forest Service

In this final chapter \[of *Riparian Management in Forests of the
Continental Eastern United States*\], we consider the overriding themes
of riparian area management and list highlights and recommendations from
each chapter.

Riparian forest management is concerned with the water as well as the
forest. The combination of water and forest is both a feature of the
landscape, and a priority in our values that has focused resource
management on riparian issues. Riparian management has passed from a
history of intense exploitation a century ago, through recent decades of
neglect, to the intense demand for shared decisions we see today.
Protecting the essential links between land and water ensures quality
water and quality aquatic habitats.

Human values and desires shape the way riparian areas are managed.
Values and desires often overlap or conflict, and there is a need to
find common ground. The axiom "good stewardship is shared stewardship"
is especially appropriate for riparian area management. It has given
insight to complex management recommendations that consider use and the
relationships among resources. Riparian areas should receive "active"
management, with "hands-off" being one option.

Riparian areas are difficult to define and delineate. Physical or
biological criteria seldom allow finding a location where one might
comfortably say "My right foot is in the riparian area, and my left foot
is not." Perhaps more than any other landscape feature, riparian areas
focus our concept of landscape connections for fish and animal
communities, for the interaction of forest regeneration with
forest-site, and for the interaction of our personal economics with our
personal recreation. Each of our disciplines (wood, water, wildlife,
fisheries, recreation, farming, and transportation) finds reasons to
sharpen its perception of interdisciplinary management in a landscape
framework with multiple owners. This connected landscape is where land
ownership and community stewardship tests the boundary between private
rights and States rights. **(16)**

### 

**Southern Appalachians Research**

Nilsen, Erik T.; Walker, John F.; Miller, Orson K.; and others. 1999.
**Inhibition of seedling survival under *Rhodendron maximum*
(Ericaceae): could allelopathy be a cause?** American Journal of Botany.
86(11): 1597-1605. **Editor's Note: Barton D. Clinton, research
ecologist at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in Otto, NC, is the SRS
author for this publication.**

In the Southern Appalachian Mountains a subcanopy species, *Rhododendron
maximum*, inhibits the establishment and survival of canopy tree
seedlings. One of the mechanisms by which seedlings could be inhibited
is an allelopathic effect of decomposing litter or leachate from the
canopy of *R. maximum (R.m.)* on seed germination, root elongation, or
mycorrhizal colonization. The potential for allelopathy by *R.m.* was
tested with two bioassay species (lettuce and cress), with seeds from
four native tree species, and with three ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Inhibitory influences of throughfall, fresh litter, and decomposed
litter (organic layer) from forest with *R.m.* (+*R.m.* sites) were
compared to

similar extractions made from forest without *R.m.* (--*R.m.* sites).

Throughfall and leachates of the organic layer from both +*R.m.* and
--*R.m.* sites stimulated germination of the bioassay species above that
of the distilled water control, to a similar extent. There was an
inhibitory effect of leachates of litter from +*R.m.* sites on seed
germination and root

elongation rate of both bioassay species compared with that of litter

from --*R.m*. sites. Native tree seed stratified in forest floor
material from both forest types had a slightly higher seed germination
rate compared with the control. A 2-yr study of seed germination and
seedling mortality of two tree species, *Quercus rubra* and *Prunus
serotina*, in field plots showed no significant influence of litter or
organic layer from either forest type. Incorporating *R.m.* leaf
material into the growth medium in vitro depressed growth of one
ectomycorrhizal species but did not affect two other species. Leaf
material from other deciduous tree species depressed ectomycorrhizal
growth to a similar or greater extent as

leaf material from *R.m.* In conclusion, *R.m.* litter can have an

allelopathic effect on seed germination and root elongation of bioassay
species as well as some ectomycorrhizal species. However, this
allelopathic affect \[effect\] is not manifest in field sites and is not
likely to be an important cause for the inhibition of seedling survival
within thickets of *R.m.* **(17)**

### Interior Highlands Research

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999. **Ozark-Ouachita
Highlands Assessment: air quality. Report 2 of 5.** Gen. Tech. Rep.
SRS-32. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Research Station. 57 p.

This publication provides information about the atmospheric conditions
in and near the national forests in the Ozark-Ouachita Highlands: the
Mark Twain in Missouri, the Ouachita in Arkansas and Oklahoma, and the
Ozark-St. Francis National Forests in Arkansas. This report includes
information about particulate matter, visibility, ozone concentrations,
and acid deposition in the Ozark-Ouachita Highlands Assessment area.
**(18)**

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999. **Ozark-Ouachita
Highlands Assessment: aquatic conditions. Report 3 of 5.** Gen. Tech.
Rep. SRS-33. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Southern Research Station. 317 p.

This publication provides citizens, private and public organizations,
scientists, and others with information about the aquatic conditions in
or near national forests in the Ozark-Ouachita Highlands: the Mark Twain
in Missouri, the Ouachita in Arkansas and Oklahoma, and the Ozark-St.
Francis National Forests in Arkansas. This report includes water quality
analyses, status of aquatic species, aquatic and riparian habitat
conditions, water laws and policies, effects of human activities, and
water resource usage and trends in the Ozark-Ouachita Highlands
Assessment area. **(19)**

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999. **Ozark-Ouachita
Highlands Assessment: social and economic conditions. Report 4 of 5.**
Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-34. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 299 p.

This publication provides information about the social and economic
conditions in and near the national forests in the Ozark-Ouachita
Highlands: the Mark Twain in Missouri, the Ouachita in Arkansas and
Oklahoma, and the Ozark-St. Francis National Forests in Arkansas. This
report includes an archeological and historical background, describes
demographic conditions and trends and communities, provides an economic
profile, discusses recreation, timber, minerals, range, and other
important resources in the Highlands, and examines attitudes, values,
and public opinions about natural resources. **(20)**

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999. **Ozark-Ouachita
Highlands Assessment: summary report. Report 1 of 5.** Gen. Tech. Rep.
SRS-31. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Research Station. 56 p.

This publication summarizes four other reports prepared as part of the
Ozark-Ouachita Highlands Assessment. The summary report addresses social
and economic conditions and trends, aquatic conditions, air quality, and
terrestrial vegetation and wildlife of the Highlands in Arkansas,
Oklahoma, and Missouri. **(21)**

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999. **Ozark-Ouachita
Highlands Assessment: terrestrial vegetation and wildlife. Report 5 of
5.** Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-35. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 201 p.

This publication provides citizens, private and public organizations,
scientists, and others with information about terrestrial animals,
plants, and biological communities in and near the national forests in
the Ozark-Ouachita Highlands: the Mark Twain in Missouri, the Ouachita
in Arkansas and Oklahoma, and the Ozark-St. Francis National Forests in
Arkansas. The document examines the status and trends of vegetation,
plant and animal populations, forest management, and biological threats
to forest resources in the Highlands. **(22)**

### Large Scale Assessment and Modeling Research

Harms, William R.; Whitesell, Craig D.; DeBell, Dean S. 2000. **Growth
and development of loblolly pine in a spacing trial planted in Hawaii.**
Forest Ecology and Management. 126: 23-24.

Loblolly pine (*Pinus taeda* L) was planted at four square spacings
(1.8, 2.4, 3.0, and 3.7 m) on the Island of Maui in 1961, and measured
periodically for 34 years. Patterns of stand growth and development were
examined and compared with yield model estimates of stand
characteristics of plantations of the same initial spacings, ages, and
site index in the Southeastern United States. The Hawaiian plantings had
much higher survival at all spacings and sustained high diameter growth
in the face of intense competition. At age 34, the 1.8 m spacing had
1585 stems/ha averaging 24.1 m tall and 28.8 cm d.b.h.; the widest
spacing (3.7 m) had 725 stems/ha, 26.1 m tall, and 38.2 cm d.b.h. The
highest basal areas (100 m^2^/ha) were double maxima attained in the
Southeastern United States and were reflected in similar differences in
volume yields. The Hawaiian plantings demonstrate that growth potential
of loblolly pine is far greater than is apparent from observations on
plantations in its native habitat. To capture this potential in other
situations, research must identify the tree, stand, and environmental
characteristics associated with low mortality rates and high diameter
growth in Hawaii, and, conversely, the factors that limit loblolly\'s
potential in the Southeastern United States. **(23)**

Kost, Michael A.; DeSteven, Diane. 2000. **Plant community responses to
prescribed burning in Wisconsin sedge meadows.** Natural Areas Journal.
20(1): 36-45.

In northern temperate regions, sedge meadows dominated by the
tussock-sedge *Carex stricta* Lam. (Cyperaceae) were historically a
fire-maintained community type. In two Wisconsin natural areas (Lulu
Lake and Summerton), the authors assessed the effects of time since
prescribed spring burning on plant composition and aboveground biomass
in eight sedge meadows representing a partial chronosequence of zero to
seven years since burning, plus no burning. They recorded plant species
cover in line-intercept transects and measured live biomass and litter
in sample plots along transects. Responses were prominent during the
first two years after burning. In the Lulu Lake meadows, live biomass
and annual forb cover reached their highest values during the first
growing season after burning, whereas cover and frequency of perennial
forbs were elevated for two seasons. Plant litter was removed by burning
but returned to preburn levels in one to two years. In the Summerton
meadows, where seven years had elapsed since the last fire, burned and
unburned meadows did not differ in live biomass, litter, or relative
cover of plant life-forms. It appears that periodic bums do not cause
major shifts in the relative dominance of sedges and grasses, which are
long-lived clonal perennials. However, because litter removal promotes
recruitment of shorter-lived forbs, prescribed fire can enhance sedge
meadow diversity by allowing plant species with different life histories
to temporarily share dominance with the more abundant graminoids.
Periodic seed inputs by forbs to the wetland seed bank may be a
desirable fire management objective for maintaining sedge meadow
diversity. **(24)**

Lemly, A. Dennis. 1999. **Selenium impacts on fish: an insidious time
bomb.** Human and Ecological Risk Assessment. 5(6): 1-13.

A selenium time bomb situation is developing in the United States and
elsewhere that may result in substantial impacts on fish populations.
The selenium time bomb has three components: (1) high food-chain
bioaccumulation; (2) steep toxic response curve for fish; and (3)
insidious mode of toxicity. If the threshold for selenium toxicity is
exceeded, the time bomb explodes and a cascade of events is set into
motion that will result in major ecosystem disruption. Several
human-related factors are emerging that are capable of igniting the fuse
of the time bomb by increasing waterborne concentrations of selenium and
providing conditions favorable for bioaccumulation. Some of these
factors are (1) mobilization of selenium due to open-pit phosphate
mining; (2) use of constructed wetlands to treat selenium-laden
wastewater from oil refineries and agricultural irrigation; (3) landfill
disposal of seleniferous fly ash from coal-fired power plants; and (4)
mobilization of selenium from animal feedlot wastes. Collectively, these
threats may be sufficient to cause widespread, unanticipated toxic
effects in fish populations. Only environmentally sound risk assessments
followed by prudent management actions can defuse the selenium time
bomb---once it explodes, it is too late to avoid significant impacts.
**(25)**

Schmoldt, Daniel L.; Peterson, David L. 2000. **Analytical group
decision making in natural resources: methodology and application.**
Forest Science. 46(1): 62-75.

Group decision making is becoming increasingly important in

natural resource management and associated scientific applications,
because multiple values are treated coincidentally in time and space,
multiple resource specialists are needed, and multiple stakeholders must
be included in the decision process. Decades of social science research
on decision making in groups have provided insights into the impediments
to effective group processes and on techniques that can be applied in a
group context. Nevertheless, little integration and few

applications of these results have occurred in resource management

decision processes, where formal groups are integral, either directly or
indirectly. A group decision-making methodology is introduced as an
effective approach for temporary, formal groups (e.g., workshops). It
combines the following three components: (1) brainstorming to

generate ideas; (2) the analytic hierarchy process to produce judgments,

manage conflict, enable consensus, and plan for implementation; and (3)
a discussion template (straw document). Resulting numerical assessments
of alternative decision priorities can be analyzed statistically to
indicate where group member agreement occurs and where priority values
are significantly different. An application of this group process to
fire research program development in a workshop setting indicates that
the process helps focus group deliberations; mitigates groupthink,

nondecision, and social loafing pitfalls; encourages individual
interaction; identifies irrational judgments; and provides a large
amount of useful quantitative information about group preferences. This
approach can help facilitate scientific assessments and other
decision-making processes in resource management. **(26)**

### Inventory and Monitoring Research

Brown, Mark J. 1999. **Florida's forests, 1995.** Resour. Bull. SRS-48.
Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern
Research Station. 83 p.

Between 1987 and 1995, timberland area in Florida decreased by 2 percent
to less than 14.7 million acres. Timberland under nonindustrial private
ownership increased 2 percent to 7.2 million acres, and public ownership
increased 16 percent to 2.8 million acres. However, timberland
controlled by forest industry decreased by 16 percent to 4.6 million
acres. Pine plantations now account for 32 percent of the State's
timberland, the highest proportion in the South. Volume of softwood
growing stock increased almost 5 percent to 9.4 billion cubic feet, and
volume of hardwood growing stock increased nearly 10 percent to more
than 5.9 billion cubic feet. Net annual growth of softwood growing stock
increased 9 percent to 532 million cubic feet, and that of hardwood
increased 14 percent to 161 million cubic feet. Average annual removals
of softwood growing stock changed little at 473 million cubic feet,
whereas hardwood removals increased 33 percent to 88 million cubic feet.
**(27)**

Prestemon, Jeffrey P.; Holmes, Thomas P. 2000. **Timber price dynamics
following a natural catastrophe.** American Journal of Agricultural
Economics. 82: 145-160.

Catastrophic shocks to existing stocks of a renewable resource can cause

long-run price shifts. With timber, these long-run price shifts may be
accompanied by a short-run price drop due to salvage. Hurricane Hugo
damaged 20 percent of southern pine timber in the South Carolina Coastal
Plain in 1989. To estimate the short- and long-run effects of the

hurricane on the prices of timber stocks, the authors estimated an
intervention model of the residuals of cointegration of South Carolina
sawtimber and pulpwood stumpage prices with prices of similar

products from other regions. Modeling revealed a 30 percent negative
price spike due to salvage and a long-run enhancement effect, leading to
prices that are 10 percent to 30 percent higher than they would have
been had Hugo not occurred. **(28)**

Schweitzer, Callie Jo. 1999. **Forest statistics for central Tennessee,
1998.** Resour. Bull. SRS-47. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 60 p.

This report summarizes a 1998 inventory of the forest resources of a
23-county area of Tennessee. Major findings are highlighted in text and
graphs; detailed data are presented in 51 tables. **(29)**

Schweitzer, Callie Jo. 1999. **Forest statistics for Tennessee's Plateau
Counties, 1999.** Resour. Bull. SRS-49. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 60 p.

This report summarizes a 1999 inventory of the forest resources of a
16-county area of Tennessee. Major findings are highlighted in text and
graphs; detailed data are presented in 51 tables. **(30)**

### Foundation Programs Research

Absher, James D.; McCollum, Daniel W.; Bowker, J.M. **The value of
research in recreation fee project implementation.** Journal of Park and
Recreation Administration. 17(3): 116-120.

In a survey of Forest Service managers responsible for implementation of
recreation fee programs, research skills were perceived to provide
little benefit to business or communications planning. A majority of

managers reported, however, that they used research data they collected
or contracted for when developing and implementing their fee programs.
They rated the usefulness of that information very high relative to
other sources used. Few reports of formal studies prior to fee
implementation suggest that a substantial part of the research that
occurred was very casual in nature. Since implementation, most managers
are not collecting any information to help evaluate success or failure
of the fee program to accomplish program objectives. **(31)**

Bowker, J.M.; Cordell, H.K.; Johnson, Cassandra Y. 1999. **User fees for
recreation services on public lands: a national assessment.** Journal of
Park and Recreation Administration. 17(3): 1-14.

A portion of the 1995 National Survey on Recreation and the

Environment examined public opinion toward user fees as a means of
funding recreation services on public lands, including campgrounds, boat
ramps, trails, picnic areas, historic sites, restrooms, parking areas,
special

exhibits and presentations, visitor centers, and other facilities.
Respondents were offered five choices to fund these services, including
fees only, fees and taxes, taxes only, don\'t provide the service, and
don\'t know. Sample frequencies indicated that over 95 percent of the
respondents felt that fees or a combination of fees and taxes should be
used to fund at least one of the services. Boat ramps, campgrounds, and
special exhibits drew the most support for users fees, with over 80
percent of respondents indicating that user fees should be charged to
cover at least part of the costs of providing these services. User fees
were least favored for picnic areas, historic sites, and restrooms.
Restrooms were the only case in which less than 50 percent of the public
favored the use of fees to cover at least part of the provision costs.
The only service for which at least 50 percent of the public did not
feel taxes should be used at least in part to cover the costs of
provision was for boat ramps.

Logistic regression models were used to examine the socioeconomic
factors explaining support for fees. The model included variables on
age, ethnicity, income, household size, education, gender, and region of
the country. Findings were somewhat mixed. However, in a general fee
model and in a number of specific service models, income and

ethnicity surfaced as significant explanatory variables, indicating that

concerns about fairness in the implementation of fees are not unfounded.
Moreover, a number of regional differences emerged, indicating differing
levels of support for user fees around the country. **(32)**

Diner, Alex. 1999. **Somatic embryogenesis in forestry: A practical
approach to cloning the best trees.** In: Wheeler, Robert, ed. Under the
canopy; forestry and forest products newsletter of the Alaska
Cooperative Extension. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Fairbanks
Cooperative Extension Service: 7-8.

Trees as well as humans have two basic cell types based on genetic
content: somatic cells and gametic or reproductive cells. Somatic cells,
such as skin cells or the sapwood cells in a tree, have at least twice
(2n) the base set of chromosomes. The reproductive cells (gametic cells)
have a single (n) set of chromosomes. **(33)**

Gross, Georg G.; Hemingway, Richard W.; Yoshida, Takashi. 1999. **The
3^rd^ tannin conference---retrospect and prospect.** In: Gross, Georg
G.; Hemingway, Richard W.; Yoshida, Takashi, eds. Plant Polyphenols 2:
Chemistry, Biology, Pharmacology, Ecology. New York: Kluwer
Academic/Plenum Publishers: 911-913.

The editors reflect on the three tannin conferences, the state of this
evolving body of knowledge, the growing community of scientists involved
in this work, and prospects for the future. **(34)**

Hatano, Tsutomu; Yoshida, Takashi; Hemingway, Richard W. 1999.
**Interaction of flavanoids with peptides and proteins and conformations
of dimeric flavanoids in solution.** In: Gross, Georg G.; Hemingway,
Richard W.; Yoshida, Takashi, eds. Plant Polyphenols 2: Chemistry,
Biology, Pharmacology, Ecology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers: 509-526.

Although the physiological roles of tannins and related polyphenols in

plants have not yet been clarified, their ability to form complexes with
proteins or related biopolymers has been correlated with some protection
of the plants from predators such as animals, insects, and microbes.
Similarly, commercial uses of tannins, especially in the leather

and brewing industries, are also based on their binding with proteins.

Pharmacological properties of tannins have been investigated based on
recent advances in the structural study of tannins in medicinal plants,
and various actions of tannins including antitumor and antiviral effects
have been revealed. These effects are attributed to interactions with

certain biomolecules in organisms, too.

Most of these effects are dependent on the chemical structures or
molecular shapes of tannins. Therefore, clarification of the molecular
conformations of tannins and related polyphenols is requisite to
understanding the process of molecular interaction of tannins with the
biomolecules. Here we summarize our reports on the conformational
analyses of dimeric flavanoids related to condensed tannins and
interaction of these flavanoids with peptides. Because molecular
conformations of oligomeric flavanoids in the free phenolic form in
solution with the biologically significant solvent (water) had not yet
been characterized, we focused our efforts on definition of the
conformations of the natural free phenols in aqueous solutions. **(35)**

Heslop-Harrison, J.S. (Pat); Brandes, Andrea; Taketa, Shin; and others.
1997. **The chromosomal distributions of Ty1-*copia* group
retrotransposable elements in higher plants and their implications for
genome evolution.** Genetica. 100: 197-204. **(Editor's note: Robert L.
Doudrick is the SRS author of this publication.)**

Retrotransposons make up a major fraction - sometimes more than 40
percent---of all plant genomes investigated so far. The authors have
isolated the reverse transcriptase domains of the Ty1-*copia* group
elements from several species, ranging in genome size from some 100 Mbp
to 23 000 Mbp, and determined the distribution patterns of these
retrotransposons on metaphase chromosomes and within interphase nuclei
by DNA:DNA *in situ* hybridization. With some exceptions, the reverse
transcriptase domains were distributed over the length of the
chromosomes. Exclusion from rDNA sites and some centromeres (e.g., slash
pine, 23 000 Mbp, or barley, 5500 Mbp) is frequent, whereas many species
exclude retrotransposons from other sites of heterochromatin (e.g.,
intercalary and centromeric sites in broad bean). In contrast, in the
plant *Arabidopsis thaliana*, widely used for plant molecular genetic
studies because of its small genome (c. 100 Mbp), the Ty1-*copia* group
reverse transcriptase gene domains are concentrated in the centromeric

regions, collocalizing with the 180 bp satellite sequence pAL1. Unlike
the pALl sequence, however, the Tyl-*copia* signal is also detectable as
weaker, diffuse hybridization along the lengths of the chromosomes.
Possible mechanisms for evolution of the contrasting distributions are
discussed. Understanding the physical distribution of retrotransposons

and comparisons of the distribution between species is critical to

understanding their evolution and the significance for generation of the
new patterns of variability and in speciation. **(36)**

Johnsen, Kurt H.; Flanagan, Lawrence B.; Huber, Dudley A.; Major, John
E. 1999. **Genetic variation in growth, carbon isotope discrimination,
and foliar N concentration in *Picea mariana*: analyses from a
half-diallel mating design using field-grown trees.**

The authors performed genetic analyses of growth, carbon isotope
discrimination (Δ^13^C), and foliar N concentration using a half‑diallel
subset of a 7 × 7 complete diallel planted on three sites ranging in
water availability. Trees were 22 years old. Heritabilities; general and
specific combining abilities; as well as phenotypic, genetic, and
environmental correlations were calculated using the best linear
unbiased prediction and restricted maximum‑likelihood methods. The four
traits measured showed variable levels of genetic control. The
calculated heritablilities for the traits were as follows: height, 0.39
± 0.22 (estimate ± SD); diameter, 0.14 ± 0.10; Δ^13^C value, 0.54 ±
0.26; and foliar N, 0.00. Phenotypic correlations were moderate (*r* =
‑0.35), genetic correlations were strong (*r* = ‑0.97), and
environmental correlations were weak (*r* = ‑0.18) between height growth
and Δ^13^C. The strong negative genetic correlation between Δ^13^C and
growth supports earlier work with a subset of families indicating
photosynthetic differences caused genetic variation in Δ^13^C.
Inbreeding greatly decreased growth while not impacting Δ^13^C. High
heritability, lack of inbreeding depression, and low environmental
correlations indicate that a major proportion of Δ^13^C genetic control
may be relatively simple. Because Δ^13^C is highly heritable, highly
genetically correlated to growth, less environmentally sensitive than
growth, and has the possibility of early selection, the trait is a good
candidate trait for indirect selection for growth. **(37)**

Johnson, Cassandra Y. 1998. **A consideration of collective memory in
African American attachment to wildland recreation places.** Human
Ecology Review. 5(1): 5-15.

This study examines the effect of race on place attachment to wildland
areas. It is generally assumed that African Americans have a more
negative impression of wildlands, compared to white ethnic groups.
Studies from past decades report that blacks show less aesthetic
preference for wildland, unstructured environments and are also less
environmentally aware than whites. While it is assumed that blacks are
wildland averse, few studies have considered some of the sociohistorical
factors that may have contributed to the formation of such attitudes.
One possibility is that blacks' collective "memory" of sociohistorical
factors such as slavery, sharecropping/Jim Crow, and lynching may have
contributed to a black aversion for wildland environments. Racial
differences in aesthetic appreciation of wildlands are tested with a
place attachment scale developed by Williams and others using
confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The data
are from a 1995 survey of residents in a rural, southern county in the
Florida panhandle. Results show significant racial variation, with
African Americans having less attachment to wildland recreation areas.
Sex and age are also significant predictors of place attachment.
**(38)**

Johnson, Cassandra Y.; Bowker, J.M. 1999. **On-site wildland activity
choices among African Americans and White Americans in the rural south:
implications for management.** Journal of Parks and Recreation
Administration. 17(1): 21-39.

Johnson and Bowker compare wildland activity choices for a sample of
rural African Americans and Whites who visited wildland settings in and
around the Apalachicola National Forest. The authors also look at
intra-racial (same race, different gender) variations for activity
participation. This research extends previous research focused on the
visit/not visit wildland question by examining activity choice by race
and gender for those who do visit. Results show no racial differences
for consumptive activities like fishing and hunting; however, African
Americans are significantly less likely than Whites to participate in
most forms of nonconsumptive activities like camping and hiking. Greater
gender differences in activity participation were found for Whites than
for

African Americans. The authors discuss management implications and ways
forest managers may attract more African Americans to participate in
forest-based outdoor recreation. This includes target marketing
strategies that promote fishing and group activities on the Apalachicola

National Forest. **(39)**

McGraw, Gerald W.; Hemingway, Richard W.; Ingram, Leonard L., Jr.; and
others. 1999. **Thermal degradation of terpenes: camphene, ^3^-carene,
limonene, and α-terpinene.** Environmental Science & Technology. 33:
4029-4033.

Emissions from wood dryers have been of some concern for a number of

years, and recent policy changes by the Environmental Protection Agency
have placed emphasis upon the gaseous emissions that lead to the
formation of particulate matter as small as 2.5 m diameter. In this
qualitative study, camphene, ^3^-carene, limonene, and α-terpinene were
thermally degraded in the presence of air to determine the number and
kind of oxidative degradation products that might be expected under
drying conditions used in processing wood products. Various
chromatographic methods were used to isolate the products for proof of
structure by NMR and/or GC--MS. The degradation products

resulted from dehydrogenations, epoxidations, double bond

cleavages, allylic oxidations, and rearrangements. A number of compounds
not previously associated with the thermal

degradation of these terpenes were identified. **(40)**

Tobiason, Fred L.; Hemingway, Richard W.; Vergoten, Gerard. 1999.
**Modeling the conformation of polyphenols and their complexation with
polypeptides: self-association of catechin and its complexation with
L-proline glycine oligomers.** In: Gross, Georg G.; Hemingway, Richard
W.; Yoshida, Takashi, eds. Plant Polyphenols 2: Chemistry, Biology,
Pharmacology, Ecology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers:
527-544.

Over the past 10 years, several scientific thrusts have come together in

the study of flavanoids that make it possible to move forward into the
study of complexation between polyphenols and polypeptides. Enhanced
understanding of the conformational properties of flavanoid monomers and
polyflavanoids through molecular modeling, combined with

the detailed NMR experimental data now in the literature, provide the

foundation. Recent work using conformational searching techniques with
the GMMX protocol has shown additional detail about the distribution of
pseudo equatorial and pseudo low-energy axial conformers in the
ensemble, as shown in figure 1. This leads to information about the
relationship between the conformer ensemble and the Boltzmann averaged
NMR proton cou­pling constants that one would expect to observe in a
solution. Figure 1 also illus­trates the pseudo equatorial to axial
transformation that takes place in all catechin or (+)‑catechin‑(4 α →
8)‑(+)‑catechin (B3) dimer complexes during the conformer searches and
which would also be expected to occur in solution. Interest contin­ues to
further understand the details about this conformer distribution, as
well as in the prediction of complexation of tannins with metal ions and
proteins. Although the GMMX software has given many interesting results,
it is limited in handling cases that require systematic conformational
searching of molecules combined in a complex. In addition, there are no
solvent model options.

Recent NMR studies on procyanidin dimers and NOE results of the
complex­ation of L‑proline‑glycine compounds with (+)‑catechin and
polyflavanoid dimers have given data to help guide computational
studies. Couple this with the improved molecular computational software
available, and it becomes possible to explore complexation searching
conformational space through Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics
protocols using water as a solvent. The importance of this is
highlighted by the renewed interest in its pharmacological
characteristics such as the antiviral and antitumor behavior of tannins
and other polyphenols, as well as reported interaction of polyphenols
with proteins in aqueous solutions. In this chapter, the authors explore
computational models for molecules such as L‑proline-­glycine and
glycl‑L‑prolyl‑glycl‑glycine ion (GPGG ion) interacting with
(+)‑cate­chin and (+)‑catechin‑(4 α → 8)‑(+)‑catechin (B3) to form
complexes. These results are compared to the close‑contact positions
obtained from NOE NMR experiments in aqueous solution. The complex
structures found using conformational search methods are discussed in
terms of the specific hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions observed.
**(41)**

Vozzo, J.A.; Patel, R.; Terrell, A. 1999. ***In vivo* digital phyto
imaging (IDPI) in *Juglans nigra* seeds.** In: Marzalina, M.; Khoo,
K.C.; Jayanthi, N.; et al., eds. Recalcitrant seeds: Proceedings of the
conference; IUFRO seed symposium 1998; 1998 October 12-15; Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Forest Research Institute Malaysia:
74-80.

A major disadvantage of conventional seed radiography is that the
resulting image will not distinguish full-viable seeds from
full-nonviable. Empty seeds will imbibe sufficient water to appear full,
but these are easily distinguished by radiography before imbibition.
Full seeds, both viable and nonviable, have 25 to 35 percent moisture
content when freshly collected. This is sufficient water to confuse
interpretation due to

radiopacity of water density. While the full-viable seeds will
germinate, the full-nonviable ones will not germinate due to
physiological rather than morphological conditions, even while they
maintain a moisture content sufficient to support germination.

Speculation points to distribution and availability of free water and
fat

as promising factors to determine if an otherwise healthy seed will
germinate. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will determine these
distributions.

MRI is a nondestructive, noninvasive method suitable to seed research
and ultimate germination of viable seeds. Although it is a widely used
medical procedure, there are only limited applications to tree seed
physiology.

Specific differences reported in this paper are primarily the
distribution

and abundance of mobile hydrogen (H^+^) protons in bulk free water and
in lipid molecules or parts of long chains. The difference in images was
obtained by using fat and water suppression techniques utilizing the
small differences in resonant frequencies between H^+^ in bulk water and
lipids.

**(42)**