**Advanced PubMed^®^ Searching**

**Resource Packet**

Additional links to resources:

**NN/LM PubMed Brochures**

> Full Text and PubMed
>
> <http://nnlm.gov/training/resources/fulltexttri.pdf>
>
> PubMed Basics
>
> <http://nnlm.gov/training/resources/pmtri.pdf>
>
> PubMed My NCBI
>
> <http://nnlm.gov/training/resources/myncbitri.pdf>
>
> Searching PubMed with MeSH
>
> <http://nnlm.gov/training/resources/meshtri.pdf>

**NLM PubMed^®^ Online Training**

<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/pubmed.html>

**NN/LM Non-English Guides to PubMed^®^**

<http://nnlm.gov/training/resources/intlpubmedlinks.html>

**MedlinePlus® for Health Professionals**

<http://nnlm.gov/training/resources/mp4hptri.pdf>

+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| ![     |   | **National       |   |    |                           |   |
| ](medi |   | Network of       |   |    |                           |   |
| a/imag |   | Libraries of     |   |    |                           |   |
| e1.wmf |   | Medicine**       |   |    |                           |   |
| ){widt |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| h="1.0 |   | *Developed and   |   |    |                           |   |
| 534722 |   | updated by NN/LM |   |    |                           |   |
| 222222 |   | staff. Funded by |   |    |                           |   |
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| heigh  |   | by NLM under     |   |    |                           |   |
| t="0.5 |   | contract No.     |   |    |                           |   |
| 75in"} |   | NL               |   |    |                           |   |
|        |   | M-N01-LM-6-3503. |   |    |                           |   |
|        |   | This brochure    |   |    |                           |   |
|        |   | may be freely    |   |    |                           |   |
|        |   | reproduced. It   |   |    |                           |   |
|        |   | is on the        |   |    |                           |   |
|        |   | internet at*     |   |    |                           |   |
|        |   | **<http:/        |   |    |                           |   |
|        |   | /nnlm.gov/traini |   |    |                           |   |
|        |   | ng/resources/pub |   |    |                           |   |
|        |   | medpacket.doc>** |   |    |                           |   |
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|        |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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| AB     | A |                  |   | LJ | Legislation and           |   |
|        | b |                  |   |    | Jurisprudence             |   |
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| AD     | A |                  |   | MA | Manpower                  |   |
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| AE     | A |                  |   | ME | Metabolism                |   |
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| AG     | A |                  |   | MT | Methods                   |   |
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| AA     | A |                  |   | MI | Microbiology              |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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| AN     | A |                  |   | MO | Mortality                 |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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| AH     | A |                  |   | NU | Nursing                   |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| AI     | A |                  |   | OG | Organization and          |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    | Administration            |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| BI     | B |                  |   | PS | Parasitology              |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| BS     | B |                  |   | PY | Pathogenicity             |   |
|        | l |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| BL     | B |                  |   | PA | Pathology                 |   |
|        | l |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | d |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| CF     | C |                  |   | PK | Pharmacokinetics          |   |
|        | e |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| CS     | C |                  |   | PD | Pharmacology              |   |
|        | h |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| CI     | C |                  |   | PH | Physiology                |   |
|        | h |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| CH     | C |                  |   | PP | Physiopathology           |   |
|        | h |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| CL     | C |                  |   | PO | Poisoning                 |   |
|        | l |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| CO     | C |                  |   | PC | Prevention and Control    |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| CN     | C |                  |   | PX | Psychology                |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| CT     | C |                  |   | RE | Radiation Effects         |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| CY     | C |                  |   | RA | Radiography               |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| DF     | D |                  |   | RI | Radionuclide Imaging      |   |
|        | e |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| DI     | D |                  |   | RT | Radiotherapy              |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| DU     | D |                  |   | RH | Rehabilitation            |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| DH     | D |                  |   | SC | Secondary                 |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| DE     | D |                  |   | SE | Secretion                 |   |
|        | r |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| DT     | D |                  |   | ST | Standards                 |   |
|        | r |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| EC     | E |                  |   | SN | Statistics and Numerical  |   |
|        | c |                  |   |    | Data                      |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| ED     | E |                  |   | SD | Supply and Distribution   |   |
|        | d |                  |   |    |                           |   |
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+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| EM     | E |                  |   | SU | Surgery                   |   |
|        | m |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | b |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | r |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | y |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | l |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | g |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | y |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| EN     | E |                  |   | TU | Therapeutic Use           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | z |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | y |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | m |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | l |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | g |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | y |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| EP     | E |                  |   | TH | Therapy                   |   |
|        | p |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | d |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | e |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | m |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | l |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | g |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | y |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| ES     | E |                  |   | TO | Toxicity                  |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | h |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | c |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | s |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| EH     | E |                  |   | TM | Transmission              |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | h |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | l |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | g |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | y |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| ET     | E |                  |   | TR | Transplantation           |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | l |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | g |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | y |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| GE     | G |                  |   | TD | Trends                    |   |
|        | e |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | e |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | c |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | s |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| GD     | G |                  |   | US | Ultrasonography           |   |
|        | r |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | w |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | h |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | a |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | d |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | D |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | e |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | v |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | e |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | l |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | p |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | m |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | e |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| HI     | H |                  |   | UL | Ultrastructure            |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | s |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | r |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | y |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| IM     | I |                  |   | UR | Urine                     |   |
|        | m |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | m |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | u |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | l |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | g |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | y |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| IN     | I |                  |   | UT | Utilization               |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | j |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | u |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | r |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | e |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | s |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| IR     | I |                  |   | VE | Veterinary                |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | e |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | r |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | v |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | a |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| IS     | I |                  |   | VI | Virology                  |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | s |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | r |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | u |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | m |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | e |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | a |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| IP     | I |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | s |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | l |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | a |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | a |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | d |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | P |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | u |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | r |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | f |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | c |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | a |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | t |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | i |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | o |                  |   |    |                           |   |
|        | n |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
|        |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| Ava    |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| ilable |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| at:    |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+
| http:  |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| //www. |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| ncbi.n |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| lm.nih |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| .gov/b |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| ooks/b |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| v.fcgi |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| ?rid=h |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| elppub |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| med.ta |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| ble.pu |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| bmedhe |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
| lp.T41 |   |                  |   |    |                           |   |
+--------+---+------------------+---+----+---------------------------+---+

**PubMed^®^ Qualifier Hierarchies / Families of Subheading Explosions**

(Searching on these subheadings searches the narrower subheadings as
well.

Not all subheadings are available for all MeSH^®^ terms.)

  --------------------- ------------------------- -----------------------
  **adverse effects**   **etiology**              **physiology**

  poisoning             chemically induced        genetics

  toxicity              complications             growth & development

                        secondary                 immunology

  analysis              congenital                metabolism

  blood                 embryology                biosynthesis

  cerebrospinal fluid   genetics                  blood

  isolation &           immunology                cerebrospinal fluid
  purification                                    

  urine                 microbiology              deficiency

                        virology                  enzymology

  anatomy & histology   parasitology              pharmacokinetics

  blood supply          transmission              urine

  cytology                                        physiopathology

  pathology             metabolism                secretion

  ultrastructure        biosynthesis              

  embryology            blood                     statistics & numerical
                                                  data

  abnormalities         cerebrospinal fluid       epidemiology

  innervation           deficiency                ethnology

                        enzymology                mortality

  chemistry             pharmacokinetics          supply & distribution

  agonists              urine                     utilization

  analogs & derivatives                           

  antagonists &         microbiology              surgery
  inhibitors                                      

  chemical synthesis    virology                  transplantation

                                                  

  complications         organization &            therapeutic use
                        administration            

  secondary             economics                 administration & dosage

                        legislation &             adverse effects
                        jurisprudence             

  cytology              manpower                  contraindications

  pathology             standards                 poisoning

  ultrastructure        supply & distribution     

                        trends                    therapy

  diagnosis             utilization               diet therapy

  pathology                                       drug therapy

  radiography           pharmacology              nursing

  radionuclide imaging  administration & dosage   prevention & control

  ultrasonography       adverse effects           radiotherapy

                        poisoning                 rehabilitation

  embryology            toxicity                  surgery

  abnormalities         agonists                  transplantation

                        antagonists & inhibitors  

  **epidemiology**      contraindications         

  ethnology             diagnostic use            

  mortality             pharmacokinetics          

  Additional                                      
  subheadings:                                    
  classification, drug                            
  effects, education,                             
  ethics, history,                                
  injuries,                                       
  instrumentation,                                
  methods,                                        
  pathogenicity,                                  
  psychology, radiation                           
  effects, veterinary                             
  --------------------- ------------------------- -----------------------

Available at:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/2009/introduction/subhierarchy.html with
links to definitions.

**PubMed^®^ Subset Codes**

**Topic Subsets**

+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > aids \[sb\]     | AIDS           |                                 |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > bioethics       | Bioethics      |                                 |
| > \[sb\]          |                |                                 |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > cancer \[sb\]   | Cancer         |                                 |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > cam \[sb\]      | >              |                                 |
|                   |  Complementary |                                 |
|                   | > and          |                                 |
|                   | > Alternative  |                                 |
|                   | > Medicine     |                                 |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > history \[sb\]  | History of     |                                 |
|                   | Medicine       |                                 |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > space \[sb\]    | Space Life     |                                 |
|                   | Sciences       |                                 |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > systematic      | Systematic     |                                 |
| > \[sb\]          | Reviews        |                                 |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > tox \[sb\]      | Toxicology     |                                 |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > veterinary      | > Veterinary   |                                 |
| > \[sb\]          | > Medicine/    |                                 |
|                   | > Animal       |                                 |
|                   | > Health       |                                 |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > **Additional    |                |                                 |
| > Special Queries |                |                                 |
| > and subsets**   |                |                                 |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > ALTBIB - animal |                |                                 |
| > alternatives    |                |                                 |
| > for biomedical  |                |                                 |
| > research and    |                |                                 |
| > testing         |                |                                 |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > Cancer Topics   |                | > Health Disparities            |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > Health Literacy |                | > Healthy People 2010           |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+
| > Health Services |                | > Smallpox                      |
| > Research (HSR)  |                |                                 |
+-------------------+----------------+---------------------------------+

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.section.pubmedhelp.Searching_PubMed#pubmedhelp.Topics

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/pubmed_subsets.html *and*
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/special_queries.html

**Journal/Citation Subsets**

For the following, use jsubset*name* without the \[sb\]; e.g. jsubsetk

  ----- ------------------------------------------------------------------
  AIM   Abridged Index Medicus - list created 20 years ago of
        approximately 120 core clinical English language journals;
        corresponds to \"Core clinical journals\" subset in Limits.

  D     Dentistry journals

  E     Citations from bioethics journals or selected bioethics citations
        from other journals

  H     Health administration journals, non-Index Medicus

  IM    Index Medicus journals

  K     Consumer health journals, non-Index Medicus

  N     Nursing journals

  OM    OLDMEDLINE citations from the Cumulated Index Medicus (CIM) and
        the Current List of Medical Literature (CLML) -- 1947-1965 (plus
        some earlier)

  Q     History of medicine journals and selected citations from other
        journals

  QIS   Citations from non-Index Medicus journals in the field of history
        of medicine

  S     Citations from space life sciences journals and selected citations
        from other journals

  T     Health technology assessment journals, non-Index Medicus

  X     AIDS/HIV journals (selected citations from other journals
        1980-2000)
  ----- ------------------------------------------------------------------

> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.table.pubmedhelp.T38
> http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_oldmedline.html

**Additional Selected Subsets**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| > free full text | > Citations which include links to free full text |
| > \[sb\]         | > articles                                        |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| > pubmed pmc     | > Free full-text article available in PubMed      |
| > local \[sb\]   | > Central                                         |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| > full text      | > Citations which include links to full text      |
| > \[sb\]         | > articles                                        |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| > all \[sb\]     | > All citations in PubMed                         |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| > loall \[sb\]   | > All LinkOut links                               |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| > loprov*medlib* | > LinkOut holdings in *medical library* -- see    |
| > \[sb\]         | > provider name abbreviations at                  |
|                  | > http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/                    |
|                  | projects/linkout/journals/htmllists.cgi?type_id=6 |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.section.pubmedhelp.Searching_PubMed#pubmedhelp.Subsets

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.section.pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip#pubmedhelp.Filter_FILTER_SB

**Citation Status Tags and Search Codes**

  ----------------------- -------------------- -------------------------------
  **Search Term**         **Status Tag**       **Description**

  publisher \[sb\]        PubMed - as supplied Citation as supplied by
                          by publisher         publisher, not yet indexed

  pubstatusaheadofprint   PubMed - as supplied E-Pub - available in advance of
                          by publisher         journal issue\'s print release
                                               (no \[sb\])

  in process \[sb\]       PubMed - in process  Citation in review process

  medline \[sb\]          PubMed - indexed for Fully indexed and cross-linked
                          MEDLINE              

  oldmedline \[sb\]       PubMed - OLDMEDLINE  Pre1966 citations not mapped to
                                               current MeSH

  pubmednotmedline \[sb\] PubMed               Processed, not indexed for
                                               MEDLINE

  pubstatusnihms          PubMed               Author manuscript from
                                               non-MEDLINE journal submitted
                                               to PMC (no \[sb\])

  pubstatuspmcsd          PubMed               non-MEDLINE journal citations
                                               in PMC (no \[sb\])
  ----------------------- -------------------- -------------------------------

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.table.pubmedhelp.T39

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.section.pubmedhelp.Searching_PubMed#pubmedhelp.T25

**PubMed^®^ Stop Words**

(words ignored by PubMed)

  ----------- ------------ ----------- ----------- --------------- -----------
  a           both         have        ml          seen            they

  about       but          having      mm          several         this

  again       by           here        most        should          those

  all         can          how         mostly      show            through

  almost      could        however     must        showed          thus

  also        did          i           nearly      shown           to

  although    do           if          neither     shows           upon

  always      does         in          no          significantly   use

  among       done         into        nor         since           used

  an          due          is          obtained    so              using

  and         during       it          of          some            various

  another     each         its         often       such            very

  any         either       itself      on          than            was

  are         enough       just        our         that            we

  as          especially   kg          overall     the             were

  at          etc          km          perhaps     their           what

  be          for          made        Pmid        theirs          when

  because     found        mainly      quite       them            which

  been        from         make        rather      then            while

  before      further      may         really      there           with

  being       had          mg          regarding   therefore       within

  between     has          might       seem        these           without

                                                                   would
  ----------- ------------ ----------- ----------- --------------- -----------

Available by searching the PubMed Help manual for Stopwords

or go directly to:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.table.pubmedhelp.T43

**Publication Types Found in PubMed^®^**

For the following, use \[publication type\], \[PT\] or \[pt\]; e.g.
clinical trial \[pt\] (or use the *Limits* tab)

In addition to *Clinical Queries*, use bolded publication types for
**evidence-based medicine** searches.

+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Addresses                       | Interview                          |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > Lectures                      | Introductory Journal Article       |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Bibliography                    | Journal Article (excludes letter,  |
|                                 | editorial, news, etc.)             |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Biography                       | > Introductory Journal Article     |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Case Report                     | > Review                           |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Classical Article (for          | Interactive Tutorial               |
| republished seminal articles)   |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| **Clinical Conference (for      | Lectures                           |
| reports of clinical case        |                                    |
| conferences only)**             |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| **Clinical Trial (includes all  | Legal Cases                        |
| types and phases of clinical    |                                    |
| trials)**                       |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > **Clinical Trial, phase I**   | Legislation                        |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > **Clinical Trial, phase II**  | Letter                             |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > **Clinical Trial, phase III** | **Meta-Analysis (quantitative      |
|                                 | summary combining results of       |
|                                 | independent studies)**             |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > **Clinical Trial, phase IV**  | **Multicenter Study**              |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > **Controlled Clinical Trial** | News (for medical or scientific    |
|                                 | news)                              |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > **Multicenter Study**         | Newspaper Article                  |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > **Randomized Controlled       | Overall (collection of articles)   |
| > Trial**                       |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Comment (for comment on         | Patient Education Handout          |
| previously published article)   |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Comparative Study               | Periodical Index (for cumulated    |
|                                 | indexes to journals)               |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Congresses                      | Portraits                          |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > Overall (collection of        | **Practice Guideline (specific to  |
| > articles)                     | health care)**                     |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Consensus Development           | Published Erratum                  |
| Conference                      |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Consensus Development           | **Randomized Controlled Trial**    |
| Conference, NIH                 |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Controlled Clinical Trial       | Retraction of Publication          |
|                                 | (author's statement of retraction) |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Corrected and Republished       | Retraction of Publication (article |
| Article                         | later retracted by author)         |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Dictionary                      | Review (includes all types)        |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Directory                       | > Consensus Development Conference |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Duplicate Publication           | > Consensus Development            |
|                                 | > Conference, NIH                  |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Editorial                       | > Review, Multicase (contains      |
|                                 | > epidemiological applications)    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Evaluation Studies              | > Review of Reported Cases         |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Festschrift                     | > Review, Tutorial                 |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Government Publications         | Scientific Integrity Review (US    |
|                                 | Office of Scientific Integrity     |
|                                 | reports)                           |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| **Guideline (for                | > Support of Research              |
| administrative, procedural      |                                    |
| guidelines in general)**        |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > **Practice Guideline          | > Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't |
| > (specific to health care)**   |                                    |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Historical Article (for         | > Research Support, U.S. Gov't,    |
| articles about past events)     | > Non-P.H.S.                       |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > Biography                     | > Research Support, U.S. Gov't,    |
|                                 | > P.H.S.                           |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > Interview                     | > Research Support, N.I.H.,        |
|                                 | > Extramural                       |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > Classical Article             | > Research Support, N.I.H.,        |
|                                 | > Intramural                       |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| > Festschrift                   | Technical Report                   |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| In Vitro                        | Twin Study                         |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Interactive Tutorial            | Validation Studies                 |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+

Available by searching the PubMed Help manual for Publication Types; or
go directly to:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.table.pubmedhelp.T42

For the complete list of types and links to definitions of terms, visit:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/pubtypes2008.html

For the Publication Characteristics in the Mesh Tree, visit:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/2009/mesh_browser/MeSHtree.V.html

  ----------------------------- -------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- -----------
  **Search Field Descriptions                                                                                  
  and Tags**                                                                                                   

  and MEDLINE®/PubMed® Data                                                                                    
  Element (Field) Descriptions                                                                                 

  **Search Tag**                **Tag Name**         **Search Tag Description**                                **MEDLINE
                                                                                                               data
                                                                                                               element**

  \[1AU\]                       First Author Name    The first personal author name in a citation.             AU, FAU

  \[AD\]                        Affiliation          Institutional affiliation and address of the first author AD, IRAD

  \[AID\]                       Article Identifier   Article ID values supplied by the publisher               AID

  \[ALL\]                       All Fields           Includes all searchable PubMed fields                     \-\--

  \[AU\]                        Author               Authors                                                   AU, FAU

  see below                     Comment Correction   Citations to other associated journal publications        see below
                                Type                                                                           

  \[CN\]                        Corporate Author     Corporate author/group names with authorship              CN
                                                     responsibility                                            

  \[CRDT\]                      Create Date          Date the citation record was first created -- defaulted   CRDT
                                                     to publication date for older records                     

  \[DP\] or \[PDAT\]            Publication Date     Date the article was published - either print or          DP, DEP, SO
                                                     electronic                                                

  \[EDAT\]                      Entrez Date          Date citation was added to PubMed -- for records entering EDAT
                                                     PubMed more than one year after publication date, EDAT is 
                                                     set to the latter                                         

  \[EPDAT\]                     Electronic           The date the article was published electronically         DEP
                                Publication Date                                                               

  \[FAU\]                       Full Author Name     Full Author Names                                         FAU

  \[FILTER\]                    Filter               Technical tags used by LinkOut (see also subsets)         \-\--

  \[FIR\]                       Full Investigator    Full investigator or collaborator name                    FIR
                                Name                                                                           

  \[GR\]                        Grant Number         Research grant numbers and/or contract numbers            GR

  \[IP\]                        Issue                Number of the issue, part, or supplement of journal       IP

  \[IR\]                        Investigator         NASA-funded principal investigator                        FIR, IR

  \[JID\]                       NLM Unique ID        Unique journal ID in NLM\'s catalog                       JID

  \[Journal\]                   Journal Title        Journal title or abbreviation                             JT, TA

  \[LA\]                        Language             The language in which the article was published           LA

  \[LASTAU\]                    Last Author Name     The last personal author name in a citation.              AU, FAU

  \[LID\]                       Location Identifier  Location ID data from publishers - a Digital Object       LID
                                                     Identifier (DOI) or other publisher ID                    

  \[MAJR\]                      MeSH Major Topic     One of the main topics discussed in the article           MH

  \[MH\]                        MeSH Terms           NLM\'s MeSH controlled vocabulary                         MH

  \[MHDA\]                      MeSH Date            The date MeSH terms were added to the citation.           MHDA

  *lettersnumbers*              PubMed Central       Letters: HALMS, HHMIMS, NIHMS, or UKMS                    MID
                                Manuscript           http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html#lid   
                                Identifier                                                                     

  \[NM\]                        Substance Name       Name of a chemical discussed in the article               RN

  \[OT\]                        Other Term           Non-MeSH subject terms (keywords)                         OT

  owner*nasa*                   Owner + the owner    Organization supplying the citation data (e.g. NASA)      OWN
                                acronym                                                                        

  \[PA\]                        Pharmacologic Action Substances known to have a particular pharmacologic       MH, RN
                                MeSH Term            action                                                    

  \[PG\]                        Pagination           The full pagination of the article                        PG

                                                                                                               

  \[PL\]                        Place of Publication Journal\'s country of publication                         PL

  \[PMID\]                      PubMed Unique        Unique number assigned to each citation                   PMID
                                Identifier                                                                     

  PMC*number*                   PubMed Central                                                                 PMC
                                Identifier                                                                     

  \[PPDAT\]                     Print Publication    The date of publication according to the issue            DP
                                Date                                                                           

  \[PS\]                        Personal Name as     Individual is the subject of the article                  FPS, PS
                                Subject                                                                        

  \[PT\]                        Publication Type     The type of material the article represents               PT

  \[RN\]                        EC/RN Number         Enzyme Commission or CAS Registry Number                  RN

  \[SB\]                        Subset               Specified subset values                                   SB

  \[SH\]                        MeSH Subheading      To describe more completely a particular aspect of a      MH
                                                     subject                                                   

  \[SI\]                        Secondary Source     Secondary source databanks and accession numbers          SI
                                Identifier                                                                     

  \[TA\]                        Journal Title        Standard journal title abbreviation                       TA
                                Abbreviation                                                                   

  \[TI\]                        Title                The title of the article                                  TI

  \[TIAB\]                      Title/Abstract       Words and numbers included in the title abstract of a     TI, AB
                                                     citation                                                  

  \[TT\]                        Transliterated Title Title of the article in the published non-English         TT
                                                     language                                                  

  \[TW\]                        Text Word            Identified as text by PubMed - or use \[text word\]       \-\--

  \[VI\]                        Volume               Volume number of the journal                              VI

  Comment Correction Type                                                                                      

  **Use:**                                           **For:**                                                  **MEDLINE
                                                                                                               data
                                                                                                               element**

  hascommentin                                       Comment in                                                CIN

  hascommenton                                       Comment on                                                CON

  hascorrectedrepublishedin                          Corrected and republished in                              CRI

  hascorrectedrepublishedfrom                        Corrected and republished from                            CRF

  haserratumin                                       Erratum in                                                EIN

  haserratumfor                                      Erratum for                                               EFR

  hasoriginalreportin                                Original Report in                                        ORI

  haspartialretractionin                             Partial Retraction in                                     PRIN

  haspartialretractionof                             Partial Retraction of                                     PROF

  hasrepublishedin                                   Republished in                                            RPI

  hasrepublishedfrom                                 Republished from                                          RPF

  hasretractionin                                    Retraction in                                             RIN

  hasretractionof                                    Retraction of                                             ROF

  hassummaryforpatientsin                            Summary for patients in                                   SPIN

  hasupdatein                                        Update in                                                 UIN

  hasupdateof                                        Update of                                                 UOF
  ----------------------------- -------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- -----------

For additional information, search the PubMed Help manual for Field Tags
and MEDLINE Display format

Also visit MEDLINE®/PubMed® Data Element (Field) Descriptions:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/mms/medlineelements.html

The above information incorporates: Search Field Descriptions and Tags
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.section.pubmedhelp.Search_Field_Descrip

and MEDLINE®/PubMed® Data Element (Field) Descriptions:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=helppubmed.table.pubmedhelp.T44