**INFORMATION MEMO FOR THE RECORD**

From: Edward V. Podleckis, Senior Entomologist, APHIS-Policy and Program
Development, Risk Analysis Systems Staff

Date: 5 January, 2006

[Issue]{.underline}:

APHIS is proposing to amend the regulations governing the importation of
fruits and vegetables in order to allow pink and red tomatoes grown in
approved registered production sites in Costa Rica, El Salvador,
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama to be imported into the
United States without treatment. The conditions to which the proposed
importation of tomatoes would be subject are designed to prevent the
introduction of quarantine pests into the United States, and include
trapping, pre-harvest inspection, and shipping procedure.

This memo identifies the pest risks of the proposed importation and
evaluates phytosanitary measures intended, where necessary, to mitigate
those pest risks. This evaluation is based on a search of available
literature; pest information databases; internet resources; literature
in the APHIS, Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Pest Risk
Assessment (PRA) Library; PPQ pest interception data; related pest risk
assessments; data provided by the exporting countries and expert
information.

[Background]{.underline}:

The importation of tomatoes from Central America and Mexico was
previously authorized based on a decision sheet dated December 28, 1934.
However, in a second set of decision sheets dated April 15, 1982 and
January 27, 1983, APHIS identified red tomatoes from Costa Rica and
Panama as an occasional Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) host. Given the
similar pest situations in the other Central American countries, permit
requirements were changed to allow only green tomatoes to be imported
from Central American countries since they are not a Medfly host. Pink
tomatoes were prohibited in addition to red tomatoes in order to reduce
confusion between pink and red tomatoes during port-of-entry
inspections.

The Government of El Salvador has requested the reauthorization of the
importation of pink and red tomatoes from that country. In response,
APHIS developed a systems approach, outlined below, that utilizes pest
exclusionary greenhouses and packinghouses. This approach could be used
by producers throughout Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and
Panama given the similar pest risks present in these countries. Green
tomatoes could continue to be imported as before, but the systems
approach would provide importers with alternative sources of tomatoes at
more advanced stages of ripeness.

Based on the information collected in the decision sheets; recent PRAs
for the importation of pepper fruits from Central America (USDA 2004a)
and tomatoes from Chile (USDA 2004b); and additional information
collected since the request for reauthorization, APHIS believes that
these measures would effectively mitigate the risk posed by Medfly and
additional pests identified during data collection. This information is
primarily derived from:

-   Relevant PRAs and Decision Sheets (USDA, 1934; 1982; 1983; 2004a;
    2004b);

-   A review of available literature citations for pests of tomatoes in
    Central America;

-   A review of country-specific pest literature maintained in the PPQ
    PRA library;

-   A search of online pest databases \[*e.g.*, CAB International, Crop
    Protection Compendium (CABI 2004)\];

-   Relevant pest interception data (PIN309 2005);

-   Pest data and information about production practices supplied by
    exporting countries (El Salvador 2005; Guatemala 2005; Nicaragua
    2005); and,

-   Miscellaneous texts, references and documents.

[Information Resources]{.underline}

*Decision Sheets*

The PPQ Decision Sheet document is generally a one-page analysis with
attachments that evaluates the pest risk and provides specific
recommendations for allowing or denying fruit and vegetable
importations. A decision sheet dated December 28, 1934 (USDA 1934)
recommended approval of the importation of fresh tomato fruit from
Mexico, Guatemala, British Honduras, Honduras, Nicaragua, Salvador,
Costa Rica and Panama into all ports of the United States. No pests were
reported in the document.

A subsequent decision sheet for the importation of green tomatoes from
Panama dated June 21, 1982 (USDA 1982) identified ripe tomatoes as "an
occasional host" of *Ceratitis capitata* (Medfly) and goes on to state
that "Green tomatoes have been imported commercially into the North
Atlantic ports from various Medfly countries for many years with no
interceptions of *[Ceratitis]{.underline}*."

In the attachments, 16 quarantine pests were identified. Six pests were
evaluated as pests of concern on fruit:

*Neoleucinodes elegantalis*;

*Rhagoletis ochrapsis*;

*R. psalida*;

*Ceratitis capitata*;

*Anastrepha fraterculus*; and,

*A. serpentina*

The document noted that the two *Rhagoletis* fruit flies were only
reported to occur in nearby South America and were not known to occur
north of Peru. The document also indicates that although a single
reference from Peru (Alata Condor 1973) listed tomato as a host for the
two *Anastrepha* fruit flies, numerous other references did not (*e.g.,*
Oakley 1949; Weems 1980). The findings / recommendations of the analysis
were to permit entry of commercial shipments of green fruit only into
all ports subject to inspection with treatment if warranted by pest
finds during inspection*.* A subsequent decision sheet dated January 27,
1983 (USDA 1983) produced identical findings in an evaluation for the
proposed importation of green tomatoes from Costa Rica.

Three recent PRAs conducted by USDA on related importations of pepper
fruits from Central America (USDA 2004a) and Korea (USDA 2005) and
tomatoes from Chile (USDA 2004b) were consulted for information
regarding pest biology and the efficacy of risk management measures.

*Review of Scientific Literature*

The APHIS librarian conducted an online search of literature citations
for published scientific literature relating to pests (defined here in
the broadest sense to mean arthropods, pathogens, etc.) of tomato plants
in Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama). The search was conducted in three
online databases: CAB Pest Abstracts, Biological Abstracts and AGRICOLA.
The search yielded over 350 citation "hits" that were reviewed and
incorporated into this analysis as appropriate.

*PPQ PRA Library*

PPQ maintains a library of documents collected in the process of
conducting PRAs and permit evaluations. In addition to standard texts
and references, this library contains many unpublished bulletins,
checklists, pest lists, etc. developed by USDA, industry, academia and
foreign government and private institutions. Much of the information is
region or country specific and is grouped by PPQ Staff into "Country
files". The country files for Central America contained about two dozen
publications that provided pest information for tomatoes that was
incorporated as appropriate into this analysis.

*CABI Crop Protection Compendium*

The CABI Crop Protection Compendium (CABI 2004) is an electronic
database of crop and pest information maintained by CAB International in
the United Kingdom. A search of the CABI database yielded a list of 117
pests reported to attack tomato plants in Central America (**Attachment
1**). Only two of these pests were determined by APHIS to be quarantine
pests that could reasonably be expected to follow the pathway:

*Liriomyza huidobrensis* (serpentine leafminer)

*Potato spindle tuber viroid*.

A discussion of the biology of these pests and their management is found
below.

*Pest and Production Information Supplied by Exporting Countries*

Through APHIS International Services Area and Regional Directors, the
National Plant Protection Organizations (NPPOs) and industry in the
proposed export countries were asked to provide information on
production practices as well as pests of tomato (specifically, pests in
addition to those listed in the CABI search described above). The
following information was supplied in response to the inquiry:

El Salvador (**Attachment 2**)

Data provided by the NPPO of El Salvador and the tomato industry there
included a pest list and detailed descriptions of greenhouse tomato
production practices and Medfly trapping protocols. The pest list
supplied by El Salvador contained the names of 31 pests of tomato
plants. Review by APHIS determined that none of the 31 pests listed were
considered quarantine pests that could be reasonably expected to follow
the pathway of fresh tomato fruits imported for consumption.

Guatemala (**Attachment 3**)

Data provided by the NPPO of Guatemala and the tomato industry there
included a pest list and brief additional information regarding pest
distribution and tomato production practices. The pest list supplied by
Guatemala contained the names of 79 pests of tomato plants. Review by
APHIS determined that one of the 79 pests listed was considered a
quarantine pest that could be reasonably expected to follow the pathway
of fresh tomato fruits imported for consumption.

Nicaragua (**Attachment 4**)

Data provided by the NPPO of Nicaragua included a pest list and
descriptions of tomato production practices and pest management. The
pest list supplied by El Salvador contained the names of 37 pests of
tomato plants. Review by APHIS determined that none of the 37 pests
listed were considered quarantine pests that could be reasonably
expected to follow the pathway of fresh tomato fruits imported for
consumption.

Honduras (**Attachment 5**)

The NPPO of Honduras provided information regarding tomato pests, tomato
production and pest management practices. The pest list supplied by the
Honduran NPPO contained the names of 34 pests of tomato plants. Review
by APHIS determined that none of the 34 pests listed were considered
quarantine pests that could be reasonably expected to follow the pathway
of fresh tomato fruits imported for consumption.

Panama (**Attachment 6**)

The NPPO of Panama provided information regarding tomato pests, tomato
production and pest management practices. The pest list supplied by the
Panamanian NPPO contained the names of eight pests of tomato plants.
Review by APHIS determined that none of the eight pests listed were
considered quarantine pests that could be reasonably expected to follow
the pathway of fresh tomato fruits imported for consumption.

[Pests of Concern]{.underline}

The information gathered from the aforementioned sources and other
general references was used to generate a list of pests of quarantine
significance that could reasonably be expected to follow the pathway of
fresh tomato fruit importations from Central America. The resulting list
is summarized below in **Table 1**. The list contains four pests, three
insects and a pathogen: Medfly (*Ceratitis capitata*), Pea leafminer
(*Liriomyza huidobrensis*), Tomato borer (*Neoleucinodes elegantalis*)
and *Potato spindle tuber viroid*.

  ------------------- ------------------------- --------------- -----------------------
  **Table 1. Pests of                                           
  Concern Following                                             
  the Pathway of                                                
  Fresh Fruit Imports                                           
  from Central                                                  
  America**                                                     

  **PEST**            **DISTRIBUTION~~^1^~~**   **REFERENCE**   **BIOLOGY/COMMENTS**

  **ARTHROPODS**                                                
  ------------------- ------------------------- --------------- -----------------------

+-------------------+--------------+-----------+-----------------------+
| *Ceratitis        | CR, GT, HN,  | Espinoza  | Tomato NOT listed as  |
| capitata*         | NI, PA, SV   | et al.    | host in CABI 2004;    |
| Wiedmann          |              | 2003;     | According to Espinoza |
|                   |              | CABI      | et al. (2003): AThere |
| Diptera:          |              | 2004;     | are no reports of *C. |
| Tephritidae       |              | McGuire   | capitata* attacking   |
|                   |              | and       | tomatoes in Central   |
|                   |              | Crandall  | America (Saunders et  |
|                   |              | 1967      | al 1983; Saunders et  |
|                   |              |           | al 1998)@; McGuire    |
|                   |              |           | and Crandall (1967)   |
|                   |              |           | do list tomato as     |
|                   |              |           | affected crop in CR,  |
|                   |              |           | NI and PA             |
+-------------------+--------------+-----------+-----------------------+
| *Liriomyza        | BZ, CR, GT,  | CABI 2004 | Tomato is a minor     |
| huidobrensis*     | HN, NI, PA,  |           | host (CABI 2004);     |
| (Blanchard, 1926) | SV           |           | primarily leaf feeder |
|                   |              |           | (CABI 2004); pupae    |
| Diptera :         |              |           | have been intercepted |
| Agromyzidae       |              |           | stuck to tomato fruit |
|                   |              |           | (PIN 309); reportable |
|                   |              |           | (PIN 309)             |
+-------------------+--------------+-----------+-----------------------+
| *Neoleucinodes    | CR, SV, GT,  | McGuire   | A single interception |
| elegantalis*      | HN, NI       | and       | recorded in PIN 309   |
| Guene            |              | Crandall  |                       |
|                   | (PR)         | 1967      |                       |
| Lepidoptera :     |              |           |                       |
| Pyralidae         |              |           |                       |
+-------------------+--------------+-----------+-----------------------+
| Potato spindle    | CR           | CABI 2004 | Seed and pollen       |
| tuber viroid      |              |           | transmitted in tomato |
|                   |              |           | (CABI 2004); AThe     |
| Pospiviroidae :   |              |           | viroid moves over     |
| Pospiviroid       |              |           | short distances       |
|                   |              |           | within crops by       |
|                   |              |           | mechanical            |
|                   |              |           | transmission. Over    |
|                   |              |           | longer distances, it  |
|                   |              |           | is most likely to be  |
|                   |              |           | carried by potato     |
|                   |              |           | tubers\...It may also |
|                   |              |           | be carried in tomato  |
|                   |              |           | seed. (EPPO 1997);    |
|                   |              |           | ATransmission also    |
|                   |              |           | occurs through pollen |
|                   |              |           | but only to the seeds |
|                   |              |           | pollinated not to     |
|                   |              |           | their mother plant.   |
|                   |              |           | Transmission is also  |
|                   |              |           | reported by aphids.   |
|                   |              |           | These methods of      |
|                   |              |           | transmission are not  |
|                   |              |           | thought to play a     |
|                   |              |           | significant role in   |
|                   |              |           | the spread of this    |
|                   |              |           | viroid within the     |
|                   |              |           | crop.@ (Latham et al. |
|                   |              |           | 2001); Aphid          |
|                   |              |           | transmission occurs   |
|                   |              |           | only in instances     |
|                   |              |           | where the viroid is   |
|                   |              |           | transencapsidated     |
|                   |              |           | with potato leafroll  |
|                   |              |           | luteovirus (Hadidi,   |
|                   |              |           | et al. 2003). PSTVd   |
|                   |              |           | only reported from    |
|                   |              |           | Costa Rica (CABI      |
|                   |              |           | 2004) and only        |
|                   |              |           | reported from potato  |
|                   |              |           | (Badilla et al. 1999) |
+-------------------+--------------+-----------+-----------------------+

^1^ BZ= Belize; CR= Costa Rica; GT= Guatemala; HN= Honduras; NI=
Nicaragua; PA= Panama; PR=Puerto Rico; SV= El Salvador

A number of quarantine pests identified to attack tomato fruit in
Central American countries were nonetheless determined not to be
reasonably expected to follow the pathway of commercial shipments of
fresh tomato fruit from those countries. For example:

-   Several species of *Diabrotica* (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) beetles
    are reported to feed on tomato fruits in Central America including
    *Diabrotica speciosa* in Costa Rica and Panama (CABI 2004); *D.
    adelpha* Harold in Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and
    Panama (McGuire and Crandall 1967); and *D. viridula* Fabricius in
    Honduras (Manley 1983). The damage caused by these beetles can range
    from minor to severe (CABI 2004; Manley 1983). These beetles are
    external feeders (CABI 2004) and according to CABI (2004): \"visual
    detection of adults is easy, as their feeding period spans from dawn
    until dusk.\" The recent PRA for Central American pepper fruits with
    stems stated, "*Diabrotica* species were considered unlikely to
    follow the pathway because adults, which are capable of flight and
    feed externally on fruit are likely to be removed by minimal
    processing of the commodity." APHIS believes the situation is
    similar for Central American tomatoes.

-   *Epitragus sallaei* Champion (Coleoptera :Tenebrionidae) is a beetle
    attacking leaves, stems and fruits (**Attachment 4**) in Nicaragua .
    Adult members of the Tenebrionidae family of Darkling beetles feed
    primarily on stems and germinating seedlings as adults and feed in
    the soil as larvae. Feeding on tomato fruit if it occurs is
    external. Beetles are likely to be removed by minimal processing of
    the commodity. This pest is considered a quarantine pest and has
    been intercepted only a handful of times on a variety of commodities
    not including tomato (PIN309 2005).

-   *Lamprosema olivia* (Butler) (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) and
    *Leptoglossus cinctus* (Herrich‑Schaeffer) (Hemiptera : Coreidae)
    are external feeders on tomato fruit in Central America (Saunders et
    al. 1983). *L. cinctus* is highly mobile (Mizell 2005) and causes
    catfacing, piercing wounds (Mizell 2005). As they feed externally on
    fruit are likely to be removed by minimal processing of the
    commodity.

-   *Macrolophus praeclarus* (Distant) (Heteroptera : Miridae) is
    reported to attack tomatoes in Central America (Saunders et
    al. 1983) and specifically Guatemala (as well as Puerto Rico) (PBI
    2005). Many species of the Miridae are predaceous (Schaefer and
    Panizzi 2000). *M. praeclarus* has been reported to be both
    predaceous and phytophagous within its reported range (Oakley 1949).
    Mirids cause damage ranging from chlorosis to dimpling, scabbing,
    distortion or abscission of fruit (Schaefer and Panizzi 2000).
    Oakley (1949) reports that eggs are laid in the stem or midrib and
    larvae feed on stems, buds and young shoots. The Central American
    pepper PRA (USDA 2004a) noted that another mirid, *Halticus
    bractatus* was "associated with stems but is highly mobile and
    unlikely to remain with the commodity during processing."

-   Tomato is a minor host for *Paracoccus marginatus* Williams &
    Granara de Willink, 1992 (Homoptera : Pseudococcidae) which is
    reported from Costa Rica and Guatemala as well as Florida, Puerto
    Rico and the United States Virgin Islands (CABI 2004). According to
    CABI (2004): \"Heavy infestations by P. marginatus cause deformation
    of new growth, leaf yellowing, leaf curl and early fall of fruit."
    CABI (2004) goes on to state that *P. marginatus* probably does not
    tolerate cold. *P. marginatus* is a quarantine pest and has been
    intercepted over 400 times but never on tomato (PIN309 2005). This
    pest was also analyzed in the recent PRA for peppers from Central
    America (USDA 2004a). Peppers were also determined to be a minor
    host and the interception history was similar. In that PRA, the
    authors determined that *P. marginatus* was unlikely to follow the
    pathway of commercial fruit shipments.

-   *Phyllophaga* sp. (Coleoptera : Scarabeidae) According to
    CABI (2004) there is one species of *Phyllophaga* whose larvae
    attacks tomato: \"*Phyllophaga consanguinea* larvae feed on the
    following primary hosts: \...*Capsicum* spp., tomato\...\" But
    larvae feed on roots (CABI 2004). The Central American pepper PRA
    (USDA 2004a) found that "Scarab larvae in ..*.Phyllophaga* feed on
    roots, but the adults feed on foliage and fruit \... Fruit feeding
    adults are not expected to stay with the commodity during
    post‑harvest processing because they are capable of flight
    \...Species in these genera were therefore considered unlikely to
    follow the pathway on fresh pepper fruits."

-   *Piezosternum subulatum* (Thunberg) (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) was
    reported by Saunders et al. 1983 to attack tomatoes in Central
    America. The PRA for Central American peppers analyzed several
    pentatomids and concluded "Large arthropods that feed externally on
    stems and fruit were considered unlikely to follow the pathway
    because minimal processing of the commodity would remove these pests
    prior to shipment."

-   *Gibberella xylarioides* R. Heim & Saccas (Hypocreales :
    Nectriaceae) is reported to occur in El Salvador (CABI 2004). There
    is only a single report of the anamorph of *G. xylarioides*
    (*Fusarium xylarioides*) being isolated from rotting tomato fruit in
    Nigeria (Onesirosan and Fatunla 1976); *G. xylarioides* is reported
    only from coffee (CABI 2004). Tomato fruit from Central America are
    considered unlikely to serve as a pathway for this fungus.

-   *Ralstonia solanacearum* Race 3 Biovar 2 (R3B2) is a serious pest of
    tomato that occurs in Central America (CABI 2004). There is evidence
    that R3B2 does not infect tomato fruit or seed (Allen 2005;
    Elphinstone 2005; Martins et al. 2005). There is probably low
    likelihood that many marketable tomato fruit would be produced on
    infected plants expressing wilt symptoms because yield would be
    reduced (Elphinstone, 2005; USDA, 2004b). Under typical conditions,
    symptomatic plants would be rogued prior to harvesting fruit. Under
    typical market conditions, most infected harvested fruit showing
    symptoms would be of noticeably lower quality with a high likelihood
    of being culled at the packinghouse (USDA 2005). APHIS has long
    permitted the entry of tomato and pepper fruit for consumption from
    countries where R3B2 is known to occur. These commodities have been
    permitted entry with only a port of entry inspection for R3B2.
    According to the PPQ 280 database, in FY 2003 alone, 458, 367,147 kg
    of pepper fruit were imported from countries reporting the presence
    of R3B2. To date, no known introductions of R3B2 have occurred as a
    result of these importations. This supports the assumption that even
    if R3B2 entered with fruit, there is a low likelihood of
    establishment (USDA 2005).

-   *Andean potato mottle virus* (Comoviridae : Comovirus) is reported
    to occur in Honduras and Nicaragua (CABI 2004). The virus naturally
    infects potato, pepper and eggplant. Tomato is only an experimental
    (laboratory) host (CABI 2004). Furthermore, the virus is not seed
    transmitted (CABI 2004). For these reasons, Andean potato mottle
    virus is unlikely to follow the pathway of tomato fruit imports.

-   *Tobacco leaf curl virus*, *Tomato golden mosaic virus*, *Tomato
    yellow leaf curl virus*, and others (Geminiviridae : Begomovirus)
    are examples of whitefly transmitted viruses in the genus
    Begomovirus that are reported from various countries in Central
    America (CABI 2004). In tomatoes, these viruses cause a variety of
    symptoms including yellowing and curling of the leaves, curling and
    puckering and reduced size. The entire plant becomes markedly
    stunted. Fruit set may be reduced (CABI 2004). These viruses are not
    reported to be seed transmitted (CABI 2004). The whitefly vectors of
    these viruses are highly mobile foliar feeders (CABI 2004).
    Whiteflies are likely to be removed by minimal processing during
    packing of the commodity in Central America and would not be likely
    to acquire the viruses by feeding on fruit since they are primarily
    foliar feeders. For these reasons commercial shipments of tomato
    fruit from Central America are unlikely to serve as a pathway for
    these viruses.

[Proposed Risk Management]{.underline}

*Areas Where Medfly is Present*

1.  Tomatoes grown in an area that has not been determined to be free of
    Medfly would be required to be grown in approved production sites
    registered with the National Plant Protection Organization (NPPO) of
    the exporting country and would be subject to the systems approach
    detailed below. Initial approval of the production sites would be
    completed jointly by the exporting country's NPPO and Animal and
    Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Representatives of the
    exporting country's NPPO would have to visit and inspect the
    production sites monthly, starting two months before harvest and
    continuing through until the end of the shipping season. APHIS could
    monitor the production sites at any time during this period.

2.  Tomato production sites would have to consist of pest exclusionary
    greenhouses with self-closing double doors. All additional openings
    would be required to be covered with 1.6 mm or smaller screening.

3.  For the detection of Medfly inside a production site, traps, with an
    approved protein bait, must be placed inside the greenhouses at a
    density of four traps/ha, with a minimum of at least two
    traps/greenhouse. Traps must be serviced weekly. In addition, Medfly
    traps with an approved protein bait would have to be placed inside a
    buffer area 500 meters wide around the registered production site,
    at a density of one trap per 10 ha. These traps would have to be
    checked at least once per week. At least one trap would have to be
    near the greenhouse. Traps would have to be set for at least two
    months prior to export and trapping would have to continue to the
    end of harvest.

4.  Capture of 0.7 Medflies per trap per week or greater within the
    buffer zone would suspend or delay the harvest, depending on whether
    the harvest had begun, for consignments of tomatoes from that
    production site until APHIS and the exporting country's NPPO
    determine that the pest risk has been mitigated.

5.  If a single Medfly is detected inside a registered production site
    or in a consignment, the registered production site would lose its
    approval to export tomatoes to the United States until APHIS and the
    exporting country's NPPO mutually determine that risk mitigation has
    been achieved.

6.  For the other pests of concern listed above, the greenhouse would be
    required to be inspected prior to harvest and if any of these pests
    or any other quarantine pests is found to be infesting the
    greenhouse, the NPPO would not allow export from that production
    site until risk mitigation has been achieved. If the NPPO detected
    any quarantine pests in the consignment, the shipment would be
    deemed ineligible for export to the United States.

7.  The exporting country's NPPO would have to maintain records of trap
    placement, checking of traps, and any Medfly captures. In addition,
    the exporting country's NPPO would have to maintain an
    APHIS-approved quality control program to monitor or audit the
    trapping program. The trapping records would have to be maintained
    for APHIS=s review.

8.  Tomatoes must be packed within 24 hours of harvest in a pest
    exclusionary packinghouse. The tomatoes must be safeguarded by an
    insect-proof mesh screen or plastic tarpaulin while in transit from
    the production site to the packinghouse and while awaiting packing.
    The tomatoes must be packed in insect-proof cartons or containers,
    or covered with insect-proof mesh or plastic tarpaulin, for transit
    to the United States. These safeguards must remain intact until
    arrival in the United States.

9.  During the time the packinghouse is in use for exporting fruit to
    the United States, the packinghouse can accept fruit only from
    registered approved production sites.

10. The exporting country's NPPO is responsible for export
    certification, inspection, and issuance of phytosanitary
    certificates. Each shipment of tomatoes must be accompanied by a
    phytosanitary certificate issued by the NPPO and bearing the
    declaration, "These tomatoes were grown in an approved production
    site and the shipment has been inspected and found free of the pests
    listed in the requirements." The shipping box would have to be
    labeled with the identity of the production site.

*Medfly Free Areas*

Tomatoes grown in a Medfly-free area may be imported under conditions
less stringent than those described above for tomatoes grown in areas
where Medfly is present.

The tomatoes would have to be grown and packed in an area that APHIS has
determined to be free of Medfly in accordance with the procedures
described in 7 CFR\' 319.56-2(f); currently, Guatemala is the only
country covered by this proposal that contains a Medfly-free area
recognized by APHIS.

11. For the other pests of concern noted above, the production site must
    be inspected prior to harvest and if these pests or any other
    quarantine pests are found to be generally infesting the production
    site, the NPPO would not allow export from that production site
    until risk mitigation has been achieved. If the NPPO detects any
    quarantine pests in the consignment, the shipment would be deemed
    ineligible for export to the United States.

12. Tomatoes must be packed in insect-proof cartons or containers, or
    covered with insect-proof mesh or plastic tarpaulin, for transit to
    the United States. These safeguards must remain intact until arrival
    in the United States or the shipment will not be allowed to enter
    the United States. These measures would be necessary since, although
    the production area is Medfly-free, the tomatoes would need to be
    protected against infestation while in transit.

13. The exporting country's NPPO is responsible for export
    certification, inspection, and issuance of phytosanitary
    certificates. Each shipment of tomatoes must be accompanied by a
    phytosanitary certificate issued by the NPPO and bearing the
    declaration, "These tomatoes were grown in an area recognized to be
    free of Medfly and the shipment has been inspected and found free of
    the pests listed in the requirements." The shipping box must be
    labeled with the identity of the production site.

While not specifically required under 7 CFR\'319.56, standard industry
practices help to further ensure that the pests of concern do not follow
the pathway. These include pre- and postharvest sanitation, cultural
practices and chemical treatments designed to reduce or eliminate pests
including some or all of the following (**Attachments 2, 3, 4, 5 and
6**):

-   Soil disinfestation

-   Worker sanitation including sanitizing footbaths to control pathogen
    entry into greenhouses

-   Use of yellow sticky traps for arthropod pests

-   Regular inspection of crops with roguing of symptomatic plants

-   Chemical pest control

-   Washing and brushing of fruit

-   Rinsing of fruit with water chlorinated at 150 ppm

-   Forced air drying

-   Grading and culling

-   Cold storage at 5‑8° C and 85‑90 percent humidity

-   Cleaning of shipping containers prior to loading

-   Adherence to good agricultural practices and good industry practices

-   Supervision and certification by inspectors of the Ministerio
    Agropecuario y Forestal.

[Efficacy of Measures]{.underline}

*General Discussion of Measures*

The risks associated with the importation of tomato fruit from Central
America without specified growing, inspection, and certification
requirements (baseline risk) were identified in the preceding sections
of this document. Four pests were identified for which the pest risk
potential is high enough to warrant risk mitigation measures in addition
to port of entry inspection. APHIS concludes that these mitigations
effectively remove the pests from the pathway of commercial fresh tomato
fruit shipments prior to importation into the United States. The
mitigation measures described in this document comprise a "systems
approach" designed to establish and maintain a pest‑free production
environment.

The Plant Protection Act of 2000 (7 USC \'\' 7701 et seq.) defines a
systems approach as

AYa defined set of phytosanitary procedures, at least two of which have
an independent effect in

mitigating pest risk associated with the movement of commodities@ (7 USC
\' 7702). The Food

and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) definition of a
systems approach is,

"The integration of different pest risk management measures, at least
two of which act

independently, and which cumulatively achieve the desired level of
phytosanitary protection" (FAO 2002). Pest risk management is one of the
components, along with risk assessment and risk communication, of the
decision making process for reducing the risk of introduction of
quarantine pests (FAO 2002). Systems approaches are established by an
importing country as an alternative to the use of single quarantine
measures when a single phytosanitary measure is nonexistent, not
feasible or undesirable. The combination of specific mitigation measures
that provide overlapping or sequential safeguards is distinctly
different from single mitigation methodologies such as fumigation or
inspection (Jang and Moffitt 1994). Systems approaches vary in
complexity and are often tailored to specific commodity‑pest‑origin
combinations (FAO 2002). Options for specific measures may be selected
from a range of production and post‑production measures (e.g., surveys,
inspections, sanitation, chemical treatments, etc.) and include
mitigation measures to compensate for uncertainty.

USDA uses systems approaches for the importation of many commodities
including Unshu oranges from Japan (7 CFR \' 319.28), tomatoes from
Spain, France, Morocco, and Western Sahara (7 CFR \'319.56‑2dd), peppers
from Israel (7 CFR \' 319.56‑2u), fruit tree nursery stock from Europe
(7CFR \' 319.37‑5) and ferns from the Netherlands (7 CFR \' 319.37‑8).
These programs performed successfully for many years (NPB 2002; Miller
2003) and continue to be effective as evidenced by the very low numbers
of interceptions (PIN309 2005; NPB 2002; Miller 2003).

The three main categories of mitigation measures proposed here for fresh
tomato fruits from Central America are: use of pest‑free areas,
pest‑exclusionary greenhouses and inspection. To exclude pests,
greenhouse managers employ pesticide treatments, good sanitation, e.g.,
surface

disinfection of tools and plant materials, etc. (Agrios 1997; Bessin
2001; Jarvis 1992; Roosjen, et

al., 1999), clean water sources (Jarvis, 1992; Roosjen et al. 1999),
effective barriers (screens and automatic doors) (Bethke et al. 1994),
approved growing media and pesticide treatments (NEGFG, 2003).

The pest free area concept has been used for a number of years to
certify fruit for export to meet quarantine restrictions imposed to
prevent the introduction of economically important fruit flies (Riherd
et al. 1994; **Table 2**). An array of fruit fly specific traps is the
basic tool used to establish and maintain the pest free status of
certified fruit fly free areas (Riherd et al. 1994). Pest suppression
measures such as sterile fly releases or pesticide applications may be
used to prevent population increases that might justify pest free
certification or achieve population reductions that allow certification
(Riherd et al. 1994).

*Historical Performance of Similar Programs*

Current quarantine regulations (7 CFR\'319.56‑2dd) allow for tomatoes
from Spain, France, Morocco and Western Sahara to be imported into the
United States in accordance with systems approach measures similar to
those described above.

Spain has 230 greenhouses currently using systems approaches for
tomatoes. The number of greenhouses in France is unknown. Morocco has
not shipped tomatoes since 2001, but at one time Morocco had almost 20
small greenhouses in the program. West Sahara has never shipped tomatoes
to the United States. The results of port of entry pest inspections,
occurring after the initiation of systems approaches for Spanish and
French tomatoes, are shown in **Table 2**.

+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| **Table 2. Performance of   |                   |                    |
| Spanish and French Tomato   |                   |                    |
| Import Programs**           |                   |                    |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
|                             | **Spain**         | **France**         |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| Start of the program        | August 25, 1994   | July 22, 1998      |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| Total shipment numbers      | 7543              | 68                 |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| **Pest interceptions**      | **Number          |                    |
|                             | Intercepted**     |                    |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| Agromyzidae (Diptera)       | 14                | 1                  |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| *Cladosporium* sp.          | 1                 | 0                  |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| *Macrolophus sp.*           | 1                 | 3                  |
|                             |                   |                    |
| (Heteroptera: Miridae)      |                   |                    |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| *Theba pisana*              | 1                 | 0                  |
|                             |                   |                    |
| (Mollusca: Helicidae)       |                   |                    |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| Phlaeothripidae             | 5                 | 0                  |
|                             |                   |                    |
| (Thysanoptera)              |                   |                    |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| Miridae sp.                 | 10                | 0                  |
|                             |                   |                    |
| (Heteroptera)               |                   |                    |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| *Hylastes cunicularius*     | 1                 | 0                  |
| (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)    |                   |                    |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+
| **Total**                   | 34                | 4                  |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+--------------------+

Since the start of the tomato systems approaches in Spain and France,
the pest interceptions have been very low (PIN309 2005). The screening
effectiveness is demonstrated by the low numbers of interceptions and
the relative absence of interceptions of larger insects. The majority of
pests that were intercepted on tomatoes were very small, such as
Agromyzidaes and nymphal Miridaes. The small size of these insects
allowed them to fit though the greenhouse screening. In order to
eliminate all insects from entering the greenhouses through the
screening, the screen opening would have to be 0.2 mm or smaller.
Smaller screen sizes create additional problems in greenhouses, such as
elevated temperatures and increased potential for fungal disease
problems as a result of reduced air flow (Ghidiu and Roberts 2002;
Ferguson and Murphy 2000). The standard screen opening of 1.6 mm for
tomato greenhouses effectively excludes larger insects, such as fruit
flies and moths, but based on interception data, even smaller insects
are at least partially excluded. From 1994 to 2004 there were 7543
shipments from Spain (**Table 2**). During that period, 14 interceptions
of Agromyzidae sp. were made in shipments of Spanish tomatoes, along
with 1 interception of *Macrolophus* sp. and 10 interceptions of Miridae
spp. (**Table 2**). In that same period, 6336 shipments of tomatoes were
imported into the United States from Belgium where screened greenhouses
are required by 7 CFR\'319.56‑2dd. Interception rates were markedly
higher with 59 interceptions of Agromyzidae sp., 63 interceptions of
*Macrolophus* spp. and 58 interceptions of species of Miridae (PIN309
2005).

*Discussion of Specific Mitigation Measures*

1\. *Ceratitis capitata* (Mediterranean fruit fly, Medfly)

The transport of infested fruits is probably the major means by which
this fruit fly is able to move and disperse to previously uninfested
areas (CABI 2004). Since 1985, *Ceratitis capitata* has been intercepted
over 2,400 times by PPQ at ports of entry, the majority of times with
traditional fruit crop commodities (PIN309 2005); evidence of this
species' ability to be transported long distances with infested fruit as
well as PPQ's ability to detect it in many cases. However, eggs and
larvae of *C. capitata* are borne internally and are often difficult to
detect (White and Elson‑Harris 1992). Tomato is not listed as a Medfly
host in CABI 2004. There are conflicting reports as to tomato's host
status in Central America. According to Espinoza et al. (2003): \"There
are no reports of *C. capitata* attacking tomatoes in Central America\";
but McGuire and Crandall (1967) do list tomato as an affected crop in
Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama.

The main mitigations for this pest are either 1) a pest free area or 2)
a systems approach that includes a pest free greenhouse within a low
prevalence area. Both of these systems have historically worked without
failure for APHIS (Riherd et al. 1994; see discussion above on
historical performance of similar programs). Many fruit fly infested
fruit show external signs (CABI 2004), thus pre‑harvest, phytosanitary
and port of arrival inspections provide some added mitigation.

+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| **Mitigation Measure**  | **Evidence**                               |
+=========================+============================================+
| Tomatoes grown in an    | Regular inspections are recognized as an   |
| area that has not been  | important part of a pest management        |
| determined to be free   | program (Kahn and Mathur 1999).            |
| of Medfly are required  |                                            |
| to be grown in          | Although Medfly may be difficult to detect |
| approved, registered    | (CABI 2004), attacked fruit usually shows  |
| production sites        | signs of oviposition punctures (CABI       |
| inspected monthly by    | 2004), thus inspections provide some added |
| the NPPO, starting two  | mitigation.                                |
| months before harvest   |                                            |
| and continuing through  |                                            |
| until the end of the    |                                            |
| shipping season.        |                                            |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Tomato production sites | Adults of *C. capitata* have a wingspan of |
| would have to consist   | 4-6 mm (EPPO 1997) and would be excluded   |
| of pest exclusionary    | by the required 1.6 mm mesh screening.     |
| greenhouses with        |                                            |
| self-closing double     | Entryways equipped with automatically      |
| doors. All additional   | closing doors exclude flying adults of     |
| openings would be       | these pests (Kahn and Mathur 1999).        |
| required to be covered  |                                            |
| with 1.6 mm or smaller  | The use of insect proof screened           |
| screening.              | greenhouses as part of a systems approach  |
|                         | to produce fruit fly free tomato fruits    |
| OR                      | has been successful in previous import     |
|                         | programs (see discussion above on          |
| The tomatoes would have | historical performance of similar export   |
| to be grown and packed  | programs).                                 |
| in an area that APHIS   |                                            |
| has determined to be    | Greenhouse production of vegetables        |
| free of Medfly in       | protects them from some pests (Pernezny et |
| accordance with the     | al. 2003).                                 |
| procedures described in |                                            |
| \' 319.56-2(f).         | The pest free area (or production site)    |
|                         | concept has been used for a number of      |
|                         | years to certify fruit for export to meet  |
|                         | quarantine restrictions imposed to prevent |
|                         | the introduction of economically important |
|                         | fruit flies (Riherd et al. 1994; **Table   |
|                         | 2**).                                      |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| A Medfly trapping       | An array of fruit fly specific traps is    |
| program along with a    | the basic tool used to establish and       |
| defined capture limit   | maintain the pest free status of certified |
| or trigger for actions  | fruit fly free areas (Riherd et al. 1994)  |
| and sanctions for       | and pest free production sites (FAO 1999). |
| Medfly finds in and     |                                            |
| around the production   |                                            |
| greenhouses is          |                                            |
| specified.              |                                            |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Tomatoes must be packed | Packing within 24 hours of harvest in a    |
| within 24 hours of      | pest exclusionary packhouse with only      |
| harvest in a pest       | fruit from registered production sites and |
| exclusionary            | safeguarding during transit reduces the    |
| packinghouse. The       | exposure of harvested tomatoes to          |
| tomatoes must be        | infestation by maintaining the pest        |
| safeguarded by an       | exclusionary barrier established by the    |
| insect‑proof mesh       | greenhouse (Pernezny et al. 2003).         |
| screen or plastic       |                                            |
| tarpaulin while in      | AOne of the most effective control         |
| transit from the        | techniques against fruit flies in general  |
| production site to the  | is to wrap fruit, either in newspaper, a   |
| packinghouse and while  | paper bag, or in the case of long/thin     |
| awaiting packing. The   | fruits, a polythene sleeve. This is a      |
| tomatoes must be packed | simple physical barrier to oviposition but |
| in insect‑proof cartons | it has to be applied before the stage at   |
| or containers, or       | which the fruit is attacked@ (CABI 2004).  |
| covered with            | The use of screens and tarps as well as    |
| insect‑proof mesh or    | insect proof cartons or containers         |
| plastic tarpaulin, for  | provides a postharvest version of the same |
| movement to the United  | principle.                                 |
| States. These           |                                            |
| safeguards must remain  |                                            |
| intact until arrival in |                                            |
| the United States or    |                                            |
| the shipment would not  |                                            |
| be allowed to enter the |                                            |
| United States.          |                                            |
|                         |                                            |
| During the time the     |                                            |
| packinghouse is in use  |                                            |
| for exporting fruit to  |                                            |
| the United States, the  |                                            |
| packinghouse can accept |                                            |
| fruit only from         |                                            |
| registered approved     |                                            |
| production sites.       |                                            |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Each shipment of        | Requiring an additional declaration        |
| tomatoes must be        | effectively requires the NPPO to inspect   |
| accompanied by a        | the tomatoes specifically for the pests    |
| phytosanitary           | named in the requirements. Furthermore,    |
| certificate issued by   | the additional declaration raises the      |
| the NPPO and bearing    | awareness of U.S. inspectors to the pests  |
| the declaration, "These | of concern with this commodity.            |
| tomatoes were grown in  |                                            |
| an approved production  | Eggs and larvae of *C. capitata* are borne |
| site and the shipment   | internally and are often difficult to      |
| has been inspected and  | detect (White and Elson‑Harris 1992). Many |
| found free of the pests | fruit fly infested fruit show external     |
| listed in the           | signs (CABI 2004), thus pre‑harvest,       |
| requirements."          | phytosanitary and port of arrival          |
|                         | inspections provide some added mitigation. |
| If the NPPO detects any |                                            |
| quarantine pests in the |                                            |
| consignment, the        |                                            |
| shipment would be       |                                            |
| deemed ineligible for   |                                            |
| export to the United    |                                            |
| States.                 |                                            |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

2\. *Liriomyza huidobrensis* (Pea leafminer)

*Liriomyza huidobrensis* (Blanchard) is native in Central and South
America but has been detected in several other countries, including
central and eastern Europe. *L. huidobrensis* has been recorded from
Florida (CABI 2004), but recently the *Liriomyza* species in the United
States was redefined taxonomically and *L. huidobrensis* was not found
to occur in the United States (Scheffer et. al 2001; Scheffer and Lewis
2001). According to CABI (2004), tomato is a minor host of *Liriomyza
huidobrensis.* Furthermore, *L. huidobrensis* is a foliar feeder. Most
of its life is spent as a larva mining the host leaves. These mines can
easily be detected on the growing plant. The mature larvae of this pest
leave the leaf and move to or fall to a pupation site that is normally
on or in the soil (CABI 2004). Sometimes when high populations occur
they pupate on the fruit (CABI 2004) and although the pupa may be small
the white coloring commonly allows detection as evidenced by PPQ
interception records (PIN309 2005). The main mitigation for this
leafminer is the pre‑harvest inspections although the phytosanitary and
port of arrival inspections are added mitigations.

+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| **Mitigation Measure**         | **Evidence**                        |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Tomatoes grown in an area that | Regular inspections are recognized  |
| has not been determined to be  | as an important part of a pest      |
| free of Medfly are required to | management program (Kahn and Mathur |
| be grown in approved,          | 1999).                              |
| registered production sites    |                                     |
| inspected monthly by the NPPO, | The NPPO must perform regular       |
| starting two months before     | inspections of the tomato plants.   |
| harvest and continuing through | *L. huidobrensis* mines inside the  |
| until the end of the shipping  | leaves are easily seen with the     |
| season.                        | naked eye (CABI 2004). *L.          |
|                                | huidobrensis* larvae frequently     |
| In Medfly-free areas the       | mine along the midribs of leaves,   |
| production site must be        | and late instar larvae are almost   |
| inspected prior to harvest and | always found mining the lower       |
| if either of these pests or    | surfaces of leaves or within        |
| any other quarantine pests is  | petioles (Steck 1999).              |
| found to be generally          |                                     |
| infesting the production site, |                                     |
| the NPPO would not allow       |                                     |
| export from that production    |                                     |
| site until risk mitigation has |                                     |
| been achieved.                 |                                     |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Tomato production sites would  | Adult *L. huidobrensis* are 1.5 to  |
| have to consist of pest        | 2.0 mm long (Steck 1999).           |
| exclusionary greenhouses with  | Greenhouse screen size of 1.6mm may |
| self-closing double doors. All | deter the some of the larger adults |
| additional openings would be   | from entering the greenhouse (Steck |
| required to be covered with    | 1999).                              |
| 1.6 mm or smaller screening.   |                                     |
|                                | Entryways equipped with             |
|                                | automatically closing doors exclude |
|                                | flying pests (Kahn and Mathur       |
|                                | 1999).                              |
|                                |                                     |
|                                | *L. huidobrensis* is an             |
|                                | Agromyzidae. The use of insect      |
|                                | proof screened greenhouses as part  |
|                                | of a systems approach has reduced   |
|                                | interceptions of Agromyzidae in     |
|                                | tomato fruits in previous import    |
|                                | programs (see discussion above on   |
|                                | historical performance of similar   |
|                                | export programs).                   |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Each shipment of tomatoes must | Requiring an additional declaration |
| be accompanied by a            | effectively requires the NPPO to    |
| phytosanitary certificate      | inspect the tomatoes specifically   |
| issued by the NPPO and bearing | for the pests named in the          |
| the declaration, AThese        | requirements. Furthermore, the      |
| tomatoes were grown in an      | additional declaration raises the   |
| approved production site and   | awareness of U.S. inspectors to the |
| the shipment has been          | pests of concern with this          |
| inspected and found free of    | commodity. *L. huidobrensis*        |
| the pests listed in the        | routinely detected and detectable   |
| requirements.@                 | in tomato imports (PIN309 2005).    |
|                                |                                     |
|                                | Adult flies are easily removed by   |
|                                | minimal processing of the commodity |
|                                | and although the pupa may be small  |
|                                | the white coloring commonly allows  |
|                                | detection as evidenced by PPQ       |
|                                | interception records (PIN309 2005). |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Tomatoes must be packed within | Packing within 24 hours of harvest  |
| 24 hours of harvest in a pest  | in a pest exclusionary house with   |
| exclusionary packinghouse. The | only fruit from registered          |
| tomatoes must be safeguarded   | production sites and safeguarding   |
| by an insect‑proof mesh screen | during transit reduces the exposure |
| or plastic tarpaulin while in  | of harvested tomatoes to            |
| transit from the production    | infestation by maintaining the pest |
| site to the packinghouse and   | exclusionary barrier established by |
| while awaiting packing. The    | the greenhouse and just as the      |
| tomatoes must be packed in     | greenhouse does (Pernezny et al.    |
| insect‑proof cartons or        | 2003) provides protection from      |
| containers, or covered with    | pests.                              |
| insect‑proof mesh or plastic   |                                     |
| tarpaulin, for transit in the  |                                     |
| United States. These           |                                     |
| safeguards must remain intact  |                                     |
| until arrival in the United    |                                     |
| States or the shipment would   |                                     |
| not be allowed to enter the    |                                     |
| United States.                 |                                     |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+

3\. *Neoleucinodes elegantalis* (Tomato borer)

*Neoleucinodes elegantalis* adults lay eggs on the fruit surface. Larvae
bore into young fruit and make entrance holes that may close and become
obscure as the fruit develops (Oakley 1949). Infestation by 1-3 larvae
is normal and may make the fruit unmarketable or cause the fruit to
fall. *N. elegantalis* mature or nearly mature larvae create large exit
holes in the fruit (Oakley 1949). These exit holes are readily detected
thus making pre‑harvest inspections a major mitigation. Adults are large
moths with a wingspan of about 25 mm (Bicontrole 2005). Tomatoes grown
in screened greenhouses are effectively protected from *Neoleucinodes
elegantalis* because the 1.6 mm screen size is too small to allow adults
to enter the greenhouse. The phytosanitary and port of arrival
inspections provides some added mitigation. Oakley (1949) states that,
"Studies in Mexico have indicated the insect is not likely to become a
pest in the United States." Oakley (1949) also states that the economic
importance of *N. elegantalis* is "\...said to vary from unnoted
importance in parts of its range, as in Cuba and Puerto Rico, to
negligible importance, as in Mexico, to a major tomato pest in Minas
Gerais, Brazil\..."

+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| **Mitigation Measure**         | **Evidence**                        |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Tomatoes grown in an area that | Regular inspections are recognized  |
| has not been determined to be  | as an important part of a pest      |
| free of Medfly are required to | management program (Kahn and Mathur |
| be grown in approved,          | 1999).                              |
| registered production sites    |                                     |
| inspected monthly by the NPPO, | The NPPO must perform regular       |
| starting two months before     | inspections of the tomato plants.   |
| harvest and continuing through | *N. elegantalis* adults are large   |
| until the end of the shipping  | (Biocontrole 2005) and would be     |
| season.                        | easily seen with the naked eye. *N. |
|                                | elegantalis* adults lay eggs on the |
| In Medfly-free areas the       | fruit surface. Larvae bore into     |
| production site must be        | young fruit and make entrance holes |
| inspected prior to harvest and | that may close and become obscure   |
| if quarantine pests are found  | as the fruit develops (Oakley       |
| to be generally infesting the  | 1949). Infestation by 1‑3 larvae is |
| production site, the NPPO      | normal and may make the fruit       |
| would not allow export from    | unmarketable or cause the fruit to  |
| that production site until     | fall. *N. elegantalis* mature or    |
| risk mitigation has been       | nearly mature larvae create large   |
| achieved.                      | exit holes in the fruit (Oakley     |
|                                | 1949). Development from egg to      |
|                                | adult takes 40-60 days depending on |
|                                | temperature (Oakley 1949). The      |
|                                | requirement for monthly inspections |
|                                | means that inspectors should have   |
|                                | the opportunity to detect various   |
|                                | stages of development.              |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Tomato production sites would  | Adult *N. elegantalis moths* are    |
| have to consist of pest        | about 25 mm long (Biocontrole       |
| exclusionary greenhouses with  | 2005). Greenhouse screen size of    |
| self-closing double doors. All | 1.6mm will exclude adult moths.     |
| additional openings would be   |                                     |
| required to be covered with    | Entryways equipped with             |
| 1.6 mm or smaller screening.   | automatically closing doors exclude |
|                                | flying pests (Kahn and Mathur       |
|                                | 1999).                              |
|                                |                                     |
|                                | The use of insect proof screened    |
|                                | greenhouses as part of a systems    |
|                                | approach to produce fruit fly free  |
|                                | tomato fruits has been successful   |
|                                | in previous import programs (see    |
|                                | discussion above on historical      |
|                                | performance of similar export       |
|                                | programs).                          |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Each shipment of tomatoes must | Requiring an additional declaration |
| be accompanied by a            | effectively requires the NPPO to    |
| phytosanitary certificate      | inspect the tomatoes specifically   |
| issued by the NPPO and bearing | for the pests named in the          |
| the declaration, AThese        | requirements. Furthermore, the      |
| tomatoes were grown in an      | additional declaration raises the   |
| approved production site and   | awareness of U.S. inspectors to the |
| the shipment has been          | pests of concern with this          |
| inspected and found free of    | commodity.                          |
| the pests listed in the        |                                     |
| requirements.@                 |                                     |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Tomatoes must be packed within | Packing within 24 hours of harvest  |
| 24 hours of harvest in a pest  | in a pest exclusionary house with   |
| exclusionary packinghouse. The | only fruit from registered          |
| tomatoes must be safeguarded   | production sites and safeguarding   |
| by an insect‑proof mesh screen | during transit reduces the exposure |
| or plastic tarpaulin while in  | of harvested tomatoes to            |
| transit from the production    | infestation by maintaining the pest |
| site to the packinghouse and   | exclusionary barrier established by |
| while awaiting packing. The    | the greenhouse and just as the      |
| tomatoes must be packed in     | greenhouse does (Pernezny et al.    |
| insect‑proof cartons or        | 2003) provides protection from      |
| containers, or covered with    | pests.                              |
| insect‑proof mesh or plastic   |                                     |
| tarpaulin, for transit in the  |                                     |
| United States. These           |                                     |
| safeguards must remain intact  |                                     |
| until arrival in the United    |                                     |
| States or the shipment would   |                                     |
| not be allowed to enter the    |                                     |
| United States.                 |                                     |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+

4\. *Potato spindle tuber viroid*

According to EPPO (1997) Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) \"\...moves
over short distances within crops by mechanical transmission. Over
longer distances, it is most likely to be carried by potato tubers\...It
may also be carried in tomato seed." CABI (2004) notes that PSTVd is
seed and pollen transmitted in tomato. However, Latham et al. (2001)
indicate \"Transmission also occurs through pollen but only to the seeds
pollinated not to their mother plant. Transmission is also reported by
aphids. These methods of transmission are not thought to play a
significant role in the spread of this viroid within the crop.\" Aphid
transmission occurs only in instances where the viroid is
transencapsidated with potato leafroll luteovirus (Hadidi, et al. 2003).
A recent outbreak of PSTVd in greenhouse grown tomatoes in New Zealand
was attributed to contaminated commercial seed for planting (Vegfed
2003). In Central America, PSTVd is only reported from Costa Rica (CABI
2004) and only reported from potato (Badilla et al. 1999). The primary
natural host of PSTVd is potato, but the viroid also affects tomato
(CABI 2004). Latham et al. (2001) described PSTVd symptoms in tomato as
follows: "In mature tomato plants infection with severe PSTV strains
causes purpling and yellowing of the leaflets, shortening of leaflet
internodes resulting in a "bunchy top"effect, leaflet down‑curling and
twisting and general plant stunting. Spindly shoot growth can occur,
flowers may abort and fruit can be dark green in appearance, fail to
ripen normally and have thicker outer walls. With some strains symptoms
may be mild versions of those caused by severe strains or plants and
fruits may be infected without showing symptoms." The single Central
American report of PSTVd from Costa Rica reported only symptomatic
strains (Badilla 1999).

Control of initial infection with PSTVd is by production and use of
healthy planting material

and good crop sanitation. All greenhouse tomatoes exported to Australia
from New Zealand, where a recent PSTVd outbreak occurred in greenhouse
tomatoes, are produced in accordance with a Compliance Program
(Biosecurity NZ 2005) based on the \"Code of Practice for the management
of Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd) in greenhouse tomato and capsicum
crops\" (Vegfed 2003). The program requires crops be scouted visually
for symptoms as the primary control measure.

Because there is only a single report of PSTVd from Central America and
that report was from potatoes, not tomatoes, we believe there is only a
low likelihood that PSTVd would ever be found in the pathway of imported
fresh tomato fruits for consumption. The main mitigation for PSTVd is
the pre‑harvest inspections and roguing (removal) of symptomatic plants.
The inclusion of PSTVd on the list of pests of concern raises awareness
of this pest with export growers in Central America, Central American
NPPOs and inspectors at the U.S. ports of entry.

+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| **Mitigation Measure**         | **Evidence**                        |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Tomatoes grown in an area that | Regular inspections are recognized  |
| has not been determined to be  | as an important part of a pest      |
| free of Medfly are required to | management program (Kahn and Mathur |
| be grown in approved,          | 1999).                              |
| registered production sites    |                                     |
| inspected monthly by the NPPO, | The NPPO must perform regular       |
| starting two months before     | inspections of the tomato plants.   |
| harvest and continuing through | PSTVd symptoms, except for mild     |
| until the end of the shipping  | strains, would be easily            |
| season.                        | observed.The single report of PSTVd |
|                                | from Central America (Badilla et    |
| In Medfly-free areas the       | al. 1999) indicated only severe     |
| production site must be        | strains and only in potato.         |
| inspected prior to harvest and |                                     |
| if quarantine pests are found  |                                     |
| to be generally infesting the  |                                     |
| production site, the NPPO      |                                     |
| would not allow export from    |                                     |
| that production site until     |                                     |
| risk mitigation has been       |                                     |
| achieved.                      |                                     |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Each shipment of tomatoes must | Requiring an additional declaration |
| be accompanied by a            | effectively requires the NPPO to    |
| phytosanitary certificate      | inspect the tomatoes specifically   |
| issued by the NPPO and bearing | for the pests named in the          |
| the declaration, "These        | requirements. Furthermore, the      |
| tomatoes were grown in an      | additional declaration raises the   |
| approved production site and   | awareness of U.S. inspectors to the |
| the shipment has been          | pests of concern with this          |
| inspected and found free of    | commodity.                          |
| the pests listed in the        |                                     |
| requirements."                 |                                     |
+--------------------------------+-------------------------------------+

[Conclusion]{.underline}

The mitigations detailed above emphasize the use of pest exclusionary
greenhouses to produce a pest free commodity. There are several
mitigations aimed at ensuring that the pest free status is maintained
throughout the production process and along the transportation pathway.
A series of inspections also are incorporated to assure quality control
and phytosanitary rigor.

Based on their respective biological characteristics, methods of
dispersal, ability to be detected, and evaluation of effectiveness of
the phytosanitary measures directed against them, APHIS finds that the
safeguards of 7 CFR \' 319.56 and the additional mitigations described
here will result in the effective removal of the pests of concern
identified for the importation of fresh red or pink tomato fruits from
Central America.

[Literature Cited]{.underline}

Agrios, G.N. 1997. Plant pathology. 4^th^ Edition. Academic Press, San
Diego, California.

Allen, C. 2005. Email from C. Allen, Dept. Plant Pathology and Women=s
Studies Program, Univ. Wisconsin-Madison to S. Redlin, USDA, APHIS,
Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, March 31, 2005.

Alata Condor, J. 1973. Lista de insectos y otros animales daninos a la
agricultura en el Peru. Manual No. 38.La Molina, Peru: Ministerio de
Agricultura, Direccion General de Investigacion Agraria.

Badilla, R., Hammond, R. and Rivera, C. 1999. First report of potato
spindle tuber viroid in Costa Rica. Plant Dis. 83: 1072.

Bessin. 2001. Controls for greenhouse ornamental insect pests.
University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service Web page:
http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/Entomology/entfacts/trees/ef421.htm.
*Last accessed 9 August, 2005.*

Bethke, J. A. 1994. Considering installing screening? This is what you
need to know. Greenhouse Manager, April 1994, 34 - 36.

Biocontrole. 2005. *Neoleucinodes elegantalis*. Biocontrole Ltd., Sao
Paulo, Brazil. \<www.
biocontrole.com.br/pragas/praga.php?id=neoleucinodes_elegantalis\>.
*Last accessed 16 September, 2005.*

Biosecurity New Zealand. 2005. Export of Truss Tomatoes to Australia
Export Phytosanitary Certification Compliance Programme Requirements
for: Growers, Packers, Exporters and Independent Verification Agencies.
Biosecurity New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand.
<http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/exports/plants/certification/truss-tomatoes-australia/truss-tomatoes-australia.pdf>.

CABI. 2004. Crop Protection Compendium, 2004 Edition. CAB International,
Wallingford, UK.

Elphinstone, J. 2005. Email from Dr. John Elphinstone, Central Science
Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom to S. Redlin, USDA, APHIS,
Center for Plant Health Science and Technology April 6, 2005.

EPPO. 1997. Quarantine Pests for Europe. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests
for theEuropean Union and for the European and Mediterranean Plant
Protection Organization. CAB International, University Press, Cambridge.
1032 pp.

Espinoza, H.R., Melgar, J.C., Krigsvold, D.T., Durán, L.F. 2003.
Importation of Fresh Tomato Fruit, Lycopersicon esculentum from Honduras
into the United Status, Qualitative, Pathway‑initiated Pest Risk
Assessment. September 2003. Departamento de Protección Vegetal,
Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola, San Pedro Sula, Honduras.
17 pp.

FAO. 1999. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures.
Requirements for the Establishment of Pest Free Places of Production and
Pest Free Production Sites, Publication No. 10. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

FAO. 2002. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures. Glossary
of Phytosanitary Terms, Publication No. 5. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations, Rome.

Ferguson, G. and Murphy, G. 2000. Screening of Greenhouses for Insect
Exclusion. Factsheet 00‑021. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food.
Government of Ontario, Canada.
www.gov.on.ca/OMAFRA/english/crops/facts/00‑021.htm. Last accessed
August 21, 2005.

Ghidiu, G.M. and Roberts, W.J. 2002. Greenhouse Screening for Insect
Control, Factsheet FS640. The State University of New Jersey, Rutgers
Cooperative Extension.

Hadidi, A. Flores, R., Randles, J.W. and Semancik, J.S. 2003. Viroids.
Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, NH. Pg. 296.

Jang, E. B. and H. R. Moffitt. 1994. Systems approaches to achieving
quarantine security. In: Sharp, J.L. and Hallman, G.J. (eds.),
Quarantine treatments for pests on food plants. Westview Press. Pgs.
225‑237.

Jarvis, W. R. 1992. Managing Diseases in Greenhouse Crops. APS Press,
American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 288 pp.

Kahn, R. P. and S. B. Mathur. 1999. Containment Facilities and
Safeguards. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 213 pp.

Latham, L., McKirdy, S., Jones, R. and Phillips, D. 2001. Potato Spindle
Tuber Viroid Factsheet 11/2001. Agriculture Western Australia.

Manley, G.V. 1983. Insects associated with tomatoes and cucumbers in the
upper Aguian Valley of Honduras. Turrialba 33: 409‑415.

Martins, O. M., F. Nabizadeh, and K. Rudilph. 2005. Seeds from infected
tomato plants appear to be free from contamination by Ralstonia
solanacearum when tested by PCR or microbiological assays: 95-100. In:
Allen, C., P. Prior, and A. C. Hayward (eds.). Bacterial wilt disease
and the Ralstonia solanacearum complex. American Phytopathological Soc.
Press, St. Paul. 510 pp.

McGuire, J.U. and Crandall, B.S. 1967. Survey of Insect Pests and Plant
Diseases of Selected Food Crops of Mexico, Central America and Panama.
USDA / Agency for International Development. Washington, DC.

Miller, C.E. 2003. Notes on the Effectiveness of the Risk Mitigation
Measures of 7CFR \'319.37‑8(e). On file with USDA, APHIS, PPQ,
Riverdale, MD.

Mizell, R.F. III. 2005. Stink Bugs and Leaffooted Bugs Are Important
Fruit, Nut, Seed and Vegetable Pests. Entomology and Nematology
Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Services, Institute of Food
and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication ENY‑718.

NEGFG. 2003. 2003-2004 New England Greenhouse Floriculture Guide.
http://www.umass.edu/umext/floriculture/pest_management/ne_pest_manage_guide.html.
*Last accessed September 14, 2005.*

NPB. 2002. Preventing the Introduction of Plant Pathogens into the
United States: The Role and Application of the ASystems Approach.@ The
National Plant Board of the United States.
[http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/systemsapproach/.]{.underline} *Last
accessed 15 September, 2005*.

Oakley, R.G. 1949. Manual of Foreign Plant Pests. Part II. Foreign
Insects Injurious to Solanaceae. USDA, Bureau of Entomology and Plant
Quarantine, Washington, DC.

Onesirosan P.T., Fatunla T, 1976. Fungal fruit rots of tomatoes in
Southern Nigeria. Journal of Horticultural Science, 51(4):473‑479

PBI. 2005. Plant Bugs of the World (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae)
on‑line database. http://research.amnh.org/pbi/catalog/index.php . *Last
accessed 9 August 2005.*

Pernezny, K., Roberts, P.D., Murphy, J.F. and Goldberg, N.P. 2003.
Compendium of Pepper Diseases. APS Press. American Phytopathological
Society, St. Paul, MN. 63 pp.

PIN309. 2005. Port Information Network Interception Database. USDA,
APHIS, Plant Protection and Quarantine. Riverdale, MD.

Riherd, C., Nguyen, R. and Brazzel, J. 1994. Pest Free Areas. In: Sharp,
J.L. and Hallman, G.J. (eds.), Quarantine treatments for pests on food
plants. Westview Press. Pgs. 225‑237.

Roosjen, M.G., Stigter, M. and Oomen, P.A. 1999. Greenhouse Pest
Exclusion and Eradication Safeguards and Principles. In: Kahn, R.P. and
Mathur, S.B., eds. Containment Facilities and Safeguards for Exotic
Plant Pathogens and Pests. St. Paul, MN: APS Press. Pgs. 182-185.

Saunders, J. L., A. B. S. King and C. L. Vargas. 1983. Plagas de
cultivos en América Central, una lista de referencia. CATIE, Turrialba.
90 pp.

Saunders, J. L., D. T. Coto and A. B. S. King. 1998. Plagas
invertebradas de cultivos anuales alimenticios en América Central.
CATIE, Turrialba. 305 pp.

Schaefer, C.W. and Panizzi, A.R. 2000. Heteroptera of Economic
Importance. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 828 pp.

Scheffer, S.J. and Lewis, M.L. 2001. Two Nuclear Genes Confirm
Mitocondrial Evidence of Cryptic Species within *Liriomyza huidobrensis*
(Diptera: Agromizidae). Systematics: 648‑653.

Scheffer, S.J., Wijesekara, A., Visser, D., and Hallett, R.H. 2001.
Polymerase Chain Reaction‑ Restriction Fragment‑Length Polymorphism
Method to Distinguish *Liriomyza huidobrensis* from *L. langei*
(Diptera: Agromizidae) Applied to Three Recent Leafminer Invasions. J.
Econ. Entomology (94)5: 1177‑1182.

Steck, G.J. 1999. Common Name: Pea Leafminer: Scientific Name: Liriomyza
huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Insecta: Diptera: Agromyzidae). Florida
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant
Industry. Publication Number: EENY‑111.

USDA. 1934. Decision on Entry Status of Fruits and Vegetables Under
Quarantine No.56: Tomatoes (*Lycopersicon esculentum)*, Mexico and
Central America. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine,
Washington, DC.

USDA. 1982. Decision on Entry Status of Fruits and Vegetables Under
Quarantine No.56: Tomatoes (*Lycopersicon esculentum)*, Panama . United
States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Hyattsville, MD.

USDA. 1983. Decision on Entry Status of Fruits and Vegetables Under
Quarantine No.56: Tomatoes (*Lycopersicon esculentum)*, Costa Rica.
United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Hyattsville, MD.

USDA. 2004a. Importation of Fresh Pepper Fruits with Stems (*Capsicum
annuum* L., *C. frutescens* L., *C. baccatum* L., *C. pubescens* Ruiz &
Pav., and *C. chinense* Jacq.) from Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, and Nicaragua into the United StatesB A

> Qualitative, Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment. USDA, APHIS, PPQ,
> Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Raleigh, NC.

USDA. 2004b. Importation of Fresh Tomato Fruit (*Lycopersicon
esculentum* Mill.) from Chile into the United States, A
Pathway‑Initiated Plant Pest Risk Analysis. Departamento Protección
Agrícola Servicio Agricola y Ganadero, Santiago, Chile and United States
Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Agency
Plant Protection and Quarantine, Riverdale, MD.

USDA. 2005. *Ralstonia solanacearum* Race 3 Biovar 2 Likelihood of
Entry, Introduction, and Establishment, and Mitigation Recommendations:
Supplement to the USDA-APHIS Pest Risk Assessment Importation of fresh
paprika pepper fruit (*Capsicum annuum* L. var. *annuum*) from the
Republic of South Korea into the continental United States. USDA, APHIS,
PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Raleigh, NC. 5 pp.

Vegfed. 2003. New Zealand Code of Practice for the Management of Potato
Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd) in Greenhouse Tomato and Capsicum Crops.
New Zealand Vegetable & Potato Growers Federation. Wellington, New
Zealand.

Weems, M.Y. 1980. Florida Department of Agriculture Entomology Circular
No. 217.

White, I.M. and Elson‑Harris, M.M. 1992. Fruit Flies of Economic
Significance- Their Identification and Bionomics. CABI, Wallingford, UK.
601 pp.

**[ATTACHMENT 1]{.underline}**

CAB International, 2004. Crop Protection Compendium, 2004 Edition.

Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabicompendium.org/cpc

Search criteria: Scope: Organism type: weed or insect or arachnid or
fungus or bacterium / phytoplasma or virus / viroid or nematode or snail
/ slug or vertebrate or protozoan or algae or unknown aetiology (21628)
and pests of Lycopersicon esculentum, Lycopersicon (498) and pests
affecting ; Affected plant stages: Pre‑emergence or Seedling stage or
Vegetative growing stage or Flowering stage or Fruiting stage or
Post‑harvest (2152) and Central America, Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, El Salvador (767)‑\> (117)

Agrotis ipsilon (black cutworm)

Aleurodicus dispersus (spiralling whitefly)

Alternaria brassicae (Altenaria blight)

Alternaria brassicicola (Alternaria blight)

Alternaria dauci (leaf blight of carrot)

Andean potato mottle virus (Andean mottle of potato)

Anthonomus eugenii (pepper weevil)

Aphis craccivora (African bean aphid)

Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid)

Aspidiotus destructor (coconut scale)

Atherigona orientalis (pepper fruit fly)

Beet curly top virus (curly top)

Belonolaimus longicaudatus (sting nematode)

Bemisia tabaci (B biotype) (poinsettia whitefly)

Bemisia tabaci (tobacco whitefly)

Chaetanaphothrips orchidii (anthurium thrips)

Chaetocnema confinis (flea beetle)

Chalara elegans (black root rot)

Chrysodeixis includens (soyabean looper)

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (bacterial canker of
tomato)

Cochliobolus lunatus (black kernel of rice)

Contarinia lycopersici (tomato flower midge)

Corticium rolfsii (collar rot)

Cucumber mosaic virus (cucumber mosaic)

Diabrotica balteata (banded cucumber beetle)

Diabrotica speciosa (cucurbit beetle)

Didymella lycopersici (canker of tomato)

Diodia teres (poorjoe)

Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (potato blackleg disease)

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (bacterial root rot of sweet
potato)

Erwinia chrysanthemi

Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. zeae (bacterial stalk rot)

Ferrisia virgata (guava mealybug)

Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips)

Gibberella fujikuroi (bakanae disease of rice)

Gibberella xylarioides (coffee wilt)

Gibberella zeae (cobweb disease)

Globodera pallida (pale potato cyst nematode)

Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematode)

Glomerella cingulata (anthracnose)

Helicotylenchus dihystera (common spiral nematode)

Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (spiral nematode)

Helicoverpa zea (American cotton bollworm)

Heliothis virescens (tobacco budworm)

Hirschmanniella oryzae (rice root nematode)

Hoplolaimus seinhorsti (lance nematode)

Keiferia lycopersicella (tomato pinworm)

Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado beetle)

Leveillula taurica

**Liriomyza huidobrensis (serpentine leafminer)**

Liriomyza sativae (vegetable leaf miner)

Liriomyza trifolii (American serpentine leafminer)

Longidorus (longidorids)

Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug)

Macrophomina phaseolina (ashy stem blight)

Manduca sexta (Carolina sphinx (USA))

Meloidogyne arenaria (peanut root‑knot nematode)

Meloidogyne exigua (coffee root‑knot nematode)

Meloidogyne hapla (root knot nematode)

Meloidogyne incognita (root‑knot eelworm)

Meloidogyne javanica (sugarcane eelworm)

Mycovellosiella fulva (tomato leaf mould)

Myrothecium roridum (blight: eggplant)

Mythimna unipuncta (American wainscot)

Myzus persicae (cabbage aphid)

Nacobbus aberrans (false root‑knot nematode)

Nezara viridula (green shield bug)

Orthezia insignis (greenhouse orthezia)

Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug)

Paratrichodorus minor (stubby root nematode)

Peridroma saucia (pearly underwing moth)

Phthorimaea operculella (potato moth)

Phyllanthus urinaria (leafflower)

Phyllophaga (chafer beetle)

Phytophthora cactorum (apple collar rot)

Phytophthora capsici (soft rot of cucurbit fruits)

Phytophthora infestans (blight of potato)

Phytophthora nicotianae (black shank)

Pinnaspis strachani (lesser snow scale)

Planococcus citri (citrus mealybug)

Polyphagotarsonemus latus (broad mite)

Potato leafroll virus

**Potato spindle tuber viroid (spindle tuber of potato)**

Pratylenchus brachyurus (meadow nematode)

Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb\'s root‑lesion nematode)

Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Jack Beardsley mealybug)

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (bacterial canker or blast (stone and
pome fruits))

Pythium aphanidermatum (damping‑off)

Pythium arrhenomanes (cereals root rot)

Pythium debaryanum (damping‑off)

Pythium vexans (damping off)

Radopholus similis (burrowing nematode)

Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato)

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (collar rot)

Scutellonema bradys (yam dry rot nematode)

Solenopsis geminata (red ant)

Spodoptera eridania (southern armyworm)

Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm)

Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea (corky scab)

Tetranychus cinnabarinus (carmine spider mite)

Tetranychus urticae (two‑spotted spider mite)

Thanatephorus cucumeris (many names, depending on host)

Thrips tabaci (cotton seedling thrips)

Tobacco etch virus (tobacco streak)

Tobacco leaf curl virus

Tomato golden mosaic virus

Tomato spotted wilt virus (tomato spotted wilt)

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (leaf curl)

Trialeurodes vaporariorum (whitefly, glasshouse)

Trichodorus (paratrichodorids)

Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper)

Tylenchorhynchus claytoni (stunt nematode)

Verticillium albo‑atrum (verticillium wilt of alfalfa)

Verticillium dahliae (verticillium wilt)

Xanthomonas vesicatoria (bacterial leaf blight of tomato and pepper)

Xestia c‑nigrum (spotted cutworm)

Xiphinema americanum (dagger nematode)

[Attachment 2]{.underline}

**Pest Information for El Salvador**

Paso 3 Identificar y Citar Evaluaciones de Riesgo Previos

Paso 4a Categorización de Plagas

+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| Tabla 2 Plagas Asociadas    |           |             |             |
| con *Lycopersicom           |           |             |             |
| sculentum* en El Salavdor   |           |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| **Plaga**                   | **Distr   | **Parte de  | **Re        |
|                             | ibución** | la Planta   | ferencias** |
|                             |           | Af          |             |
|                             | **Geográ  | ectada^2^** |             |
|                             | fica^1^** |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| Artrópodos                  |           |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Diabrotica balteata*,      | SV        | F, I, L, R, | CENTA, 2003 |
| Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae   |           | P,          |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Chaetocnema confinis* Cr.; | SV        | F, L, R, S  | Berry, 1959 |
| Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae   |           |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Chaetocnema* sp.;          | SV        | F, L, R, S  | Berry, 1959 |
| Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae   |           |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Disonycha* sp.;            | SV        | F, L, R, S  | Berry, 1959 |
| Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae   |           |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Epitrix cucumeris* Harr.;  | SV        | F, L, R, S  | Berry, 1959 |
| Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae   |           |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Systena* sp.; Coleoptera:  | SV        | F, L, R, S  | Berry, 1959 |
| Chrysomelidae               |           |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Phyllophaga* spp.;         | SV        | F, I, L, R, | CENTA, 2003 |
| Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae    |           | P           |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Phthia picta* Drury;       | SV        | F, L        | Berry, 1959 |
| Hemiptera. Coreidae         |           |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Bemisia tabaci             | SV        | L           | CENTA, 2003 |
| Gennad*ius*;* Homoptera,    |           |             |             |
| Aleyrodidae                 |           |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Myzus persicae* Sultzer;   | SV        | I, L, S     | CENTA, 2003 |
| *Homoptera: Aphididae*      |           |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Spodoptera latisfacia*     | SV        | F, L        | CENTA, 2003 |
| (Walter); Lepidoptera,      |           |             |             |
| Noctuidae                   |           |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Protoparce sexta* Joh;     | SV        | F, I, L, S  | CENTA,      |
| Lepidoptera: Sphingidae     |           |             | 2003;       |
|                             |           |             | Berry, 1959 |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+
| *Lyriomiza* sp.; Diptera:   | SV        | L           | Berry, 1959 |
| Agromyzidae                 |           |             |             |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+-------------+

+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Melanogromyza* sp.;        | SV        | F, I, L, S  | Berry,     |
| Diptera: Agromyzidae        |           |             | 1959       |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Agrotis repleta Walker*    | SV        | F, I, L, S  | Berry,     |
|                             |           |             | 1957;      |
| Syn:*Feltia repleta*        |           |             | Berry,     |
| Walker.;                    |           |             | 1959       |
| Lepidoptera:Noctuidae       |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Feltia subterranea*        | SV        | F, I, L, S  | Berry,     |
| Fabricius.;                 |           |             | 1957;      |
|                             |           |             | Berry,     |
| Syn: *Agrotis subterranea*  |           |             | 1959       |
| Fabricius;                  |           |             |            |
| Lepidoptera:Noctuidae       |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Spodoptera eridania* Stoll | SV        | F, Fl, H,T  | Berry,     |
|                             |           |             | 1957;      |
| Syn: *Prodenia eridania*    |           |             | Berry,     |
| Cram.; Lepidoptera:         |           |             | 1959       |
| Noctuidae                   |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Spodoptera latifascia*     | SV        | F, Fl, L,S  | Berry,     |
| Walker *Syn: Prodenia       |           |             | 1957;      |
| latisfascia Wlk.;*          |           |             | Berry,     |
| Lepidoptera: Noctuidae      |           |             | 1959       |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Spodoptera* sp             | SV        | F, Fl, L,S  | Berry,     |
|                             |           |             | 1959       |
| *Syn: Prodenia* sp;         |           |             |            |
| Lepidoptera: Noctuidae      |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Spodoptera frugiperda*     | SV        | F, Fl, L,S  | CENTA,     |
| Lepidoptera:Noctuidae       |           |             | 2003       |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Helicoverpa zea* Boddie    | SV        | F, I, L, P, | CENTA,     |
|                             |           | S, V        | 2003       |
| *Syn: Heliothis zea* Boddie |           |             |            |
| Lepidoptera:Noctuidae       |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Chrysodeixis includens*    | SV        | F, I, P, S  | CENTA,     |
| Walker;                     |           |             | 2003       |
|                             |           |             |            |
| Syn: *Pseudoplusia          |           |             |            |
| includens* Walker;          |           |             |            |
| Lepidoptera:Noctuidae       |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Aculops lycopersici*       | SV        | F, L, P     | CENTA,     |
| Tryon; Acari: Eriophyidae   |           |             | 2003       |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Tetranychus urticae* Koch; | SV        | L           | CENTA,     |
|                             |           |             | 2003       |
| Acari:Tetranychidae         |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| Virus                       |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| Tomato yellow mosaic virus; | SV        | L           | CENTA,     |
| Geminiviridae               |           |             | 2003       |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| Bacteria                    |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+

+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Rastonia salanacearum*     | SV        | F, L, P, R, | CENTA,     |
| Smith Yabuuchi *et al.*     |           | S, Sd       | 2003       |
|                             |           |             |            |
| Syn: *Pseudomonas           |           |             |            |
| solanacearum* Smith;        |           |             |            |
| Burkholderiales             |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| Hongos                      |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Alternaria solani* Sorauer | SV        | F, L, P     | CENTA,     |
|                             |           |             | 2003       |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Fusarium oxysporum*        | SV        | R, S, Sd    | CENTA,     |
| Schlechtend f. sp.          |           |             | 2003       |
| *radiscis lycopersici*      |           |             |            |
| Ascomycota:Hypocreales      |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Phytophthora infestans*    | SV        | F, L, P     | CENTA,     |
| (Mont.) de Bary.;           |           |             | 2003       |
| Oomycetes: Pythiales        |           |             |            |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+
| *Capnodium* sp*.;*          | SV        | L           | CENTA,     |
| Ascomycetes: Capnodiales    |           |             | 2003       |
+-----------------------------+-----------+-------------+------------+

^1^ Use abreviaturas de 2 letras para representar a los países y estados

^2^ Use abreviaturas, ej. L (Hoja), F (fruto), para indicar las partes
de la planta afectadas

**HARVEST**

**POST HARVEST**

**AND PEST-CONTROL PRACTICES AT:**

**ZONA FRANCA PIPIL**

HYDROPONIC GREENHOUSE FREE TRADE ZONE

TALCUALHUYA, LA LIBERTAD, EL SALVADOR

**TO PREVENT AND CONTROL MEDFLY / FRUIT FLY / GENERAL PEST PRESENCE**

[CONTACT INFORMATION]{.underline}

[General liaison:]{.underline}

Tomás Regalado Papini, President, Pipil S.A. de C.V. and Managing
Director Pipil S.A. de C.V. and Contecsa de C.V.

\(503\) 2275-2233

\(503\) 7886 B0222 (mobile)

[tomas@elsalvador.com]{.underline}

[Harvest and pest-control liaison:]{.underline}

Marco Portillo, Production Manager, Pipil S.A. de C.V.

\(503\) 2331 B 9965

\(503\) 7729 B 5416 (mobile)

[marco.portillo@telemovil.net]{.underline}

The following is an example of harvest, post harvest and pest control
practices in the largest greenhouse project in Central America: Zona
Franca Pipil, located in Talcualhuya, in the jurisdiction of San Juan
Opico, in the department of La Libertad, El Salvador. Zona Franca Pipil
(*free trade zone)* is situated on 100 acres of land of which the
existing project consumes up to 60 acres thereby leaving an additional
40 acres for future expansions.

Zona Franca Pipil is comprised of two management companies:

· Pipil S.A. de C.V. (Pipil), the company that administers all aspects
of production as well as the general maintenance of the greenhouses; and

· Contecsa de C.V. (Contecsa), the commercialization company which is
solely responsible for packing, exporting and commercializing all the
agricultural output produced by the various operating companies that are
administered by Pipil.

In short, Pipil functions as the manager of the agricultural aspects
while Contecsa is the packaging and sales arm. It is important to note
that Pipil is solely the administrator and does not have any ownership
in the greenhouses, land or packing plant. The greenhouses are owned by
individual partners who, by consensus, allow the Zona Franca to be
administered as a single entity via Pipil and Contecsa.

Zona Franca Pipil has been exporting tomatoes (*Lycopersicon
esculentum)* and bell peppers (*capsicum spp.)* from El Salvador to
Canada since December 2003. The ports of entry to reach Canada have
been, initially Wilmington, Delaware, and most recently, Gulfport,
Mississippi (PPQ Permit 352-T&E-05-0307 in the name of Zona Franca
Pipil's freight forwarder, The Irwin Brown Company.)

**I) HARVEST PRACTICES**

[LOW PREVALENCE AREA]{.underline}

The department of La Libertad, where Zona Franca Pipil is located, is an
area considered by APHIS to be a Medfly/fruit fly low-prevalence area in
El Salvador.^1^

[GREENHOUSES]{.underline}

The project is comprised of 36 greenhouses, each measuring 127 meters by
80 meters (aprox. 1 hectare each). The tomatoes and peppers are grown
hydroponically in a substrate medium (volcanic rock).

All greenhouses are covered by plastic film and all ventilation areas
are covered with insect proof mesh of 1.6 mm or better. The greenhouses
are fully automated as far as drip irrigation schedule and the windows
and vents are automated to react to climate changes. In addition to the
greenhouses, the Zona Franca also consists of 4 hectares of shade houses
which are metal structures covered entirely with insect proof mesh
screening, with the drip irrigation going directly to the soil, but with
no other automatization. Shade houses are used for local production.

Description of greenhouses:

· The doors and 1 meter 20 cm. of the lateral walls are made of net mesh
1.6 mm or better. The upper part of the walls and the roofing is made of
a 5 layer plastic of 180 microns. All air circulation apertures on the
roof are protected by net mesh of 1.6 mm or better.

· All climate control and irrigation is controlled by a central
computerized system.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

^1^ Number range CHAPTERAs ratified by the approval of the Work Plan for
Hawaiian "solo" type Papayas on May 3, 2003 by Dr. Ann Davis, then
acting APHIS Attaché and USDA Area Director for Guatemala, El Salvador
and Belize; Mr. Salvador Urrutía, then acting Minister of Agriculture
and Livestock of El Salvador; and Ambassador Rose Likins, then acting
U.S. Representative to El Salvador.

· System of sliding double doors with a foot trough in between each door
with an antibacterial/antiviral solution.

![](media/image1.png){width="3.154861111111111in"
height="2.3722222222222222in"}![](media/image2.png){width="3.154861111111111in"
height="2.3722222222222222in"}

**II) POST-HARVEST PRACTICES**

[TRANSPORT OF PRODUCTS]{.underline}

Transport of tomatoes and peppers from greenhouses to packing house is
done in containers covered in a fruit fly proof mesh screening of 17
mesh or better. The net mesh is removed once the product begins the
cleaning, classification and packing process.

![](media/image3.png){width="3.2527777777777778in"
height="2.438888888888889in"}

[PACKING HOUSE]{.underline}

All entrances into packing house are protected with 1.6 mm mesh
screening or better.

Once harvested, the tomatoes/peppers are processed and packed within 8
hours. The tomatoes and peppers go through a low concentration chlorine
spay wash for cleaning and disinfection. Tomatoes/peppers are then
classified by size, weight and/or color. After classification, the
tomatoes/peppers are packed in cartons and placed in cold storage
awaiting transport.

![](media/image4.png){width="3.5548611111111112in"
height="2.6659722222222224in"}

Each palette of product is covered in a 1.6 mm or better mesh for
export.

![](media/image5.png){width="2.8645833333333335in"
height="2.6666666666666665in"}![](media/image6.png){width="2.997916666666667in"
height="2.247916666666667in"}

[EXPORT]{.underline}

Tomatoes/peppers are transported to port of exit and exported in fruit
fry proof refrigerated containers until reaching final destination.

**III) PEST CONTROL PRACTICES**

[CONTROL AND CERTIFICATION]{.underline}

The Medfly / fruit fly prevention and control procedures of the
greenhouses, packing plant and transport process are monitored,
evaluated and certified by the Ministry of Agriculture of El Salvador
(MAG).

Since 2003 Jackson traps have been in place and monitored once a week
during the whole year by representatives of the MAG. The traps are
placed in a 500 meters radius surrounding the perimeter of the Zona
Franca. The trapping density is at least 1 trap per 10 ha.[^1]

Within the greenhouses the MAG has set up McPhail traps. There are 2
traps per each greenhouse and the traps are monitored by MAG
representatives on a weekly basis during the growth and production cycle
of the plants. As stated before, each greenhouse is approximately 1
hectare in size.

Each container shipped out of the Zona Franca for export to Canada is
checked and certified by a MAG representative. The boxes and pallets of
each shipment are examined and reviewed by a MAG representative. Upon
passing the inspection, the MAG emits a certification that the shipment
has been reviewed and is free of pests. This certificate accompanies the
shipment along with its transport papers.

All of the aforementioned pest control practices have been developed
with the participation of personnel from the following entities:

· APHIS Area office in Guatemala

· PPQ-APHIS, Riverdale, Maryland

· MAG of El Salvador

· Zona Franca Pipil

**[Attachment 3]{.underline}**

**PRINCIPALES PLAGAS QUE AFECTAN AL CULTIVO DE**

**TOMATE EN GUATEMALA**

+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| **PLAGA**         | **NOMBRE COMUN**   | **PARTES DE  | **          |
|                   |                    | LA PLANTA    | REFERENCIAS |
| **PEST**          | **COMMON NAME**    | AFECTADAS**  | R           |
|                   |                    |              | EFERENCES** |
|                   |                    | **PLANT      | **^1^**     |
|                   |                    | PART**       |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | **AFFECTED** |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Agrotis        | Black cutworm      | Leaves,      | FASAGUA     |
| ipsilon***        |                    | stems,       |             |
|                   |                    | fruits       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Alternaria     | Alternaria blight  | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| brassicae***      |                    | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | fruits,      | MAGA        |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | seeds.       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Alternaria     | Leaf blight of     | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| dauci***          | carrot             | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | roots,       | MAGA        |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | fruits.      |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Alternaria     | Early blight of    | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| solani***         | tomato             | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | fruits.      | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Anthonomus     | Pepper weevil      | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| eugenii***        |                    | fruits.      | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Aphis          | Cotton aphid       | Leaves,      | FASAGUA     |
| gossypii***       |                    | stems,       |             |
|                   |                    | fruits       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Aspidiotus     | Coconut scale      | Leaves,      | C           |
| destructor***     |                    | stems,       | AB,CPC-2004 |
|                   |                    | fruits       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Aulacorthum    | Foxglove aphid     | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| solani***         |                    | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
|                   |                    | growing      |             |
|                   |                    | points.      |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Beet curly top | Curly top          | Leaves,      | FASAGUA     |
| virus***          |                    | stems,       |             |
|                   |                    | roots,       |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | growing      |             |
|                   |                    | points,      |             |
|                   |                    | fruits.      |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Bemisia tabaci | Poinsettia         | Leaves       | C           |
| (B biotype)***    | whitefly           |              | AB,CPC-2004 |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Bemisia        | Tobacco whitefly   | Leaves       | C           |
| tabaco***         |                    |              | AB,CPC-2004 |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Botryotinia    | Botrytis rot       | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| fuckeliana***     |                    | stems        | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Chrysodeixis   | Soyabean looper    | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| includens***      |                    | growing      | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | points,      | MAGA        |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | fruits,      |             |
|                   |                    | seeds        |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Clavibacter    | Bacterial canker   | Leaves,      | FASAGUA     |
| michiganensis***  | of tomato          | stems,       |             |
|                   |                    | fruits.      |             |
| ***subsp.         |                    |              |             |
| Michiganensis***  |                    |              |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Colletotrichum | Antracnose of      | Postharvest  | Sanidad     |
| coccodes***       | tomato             |              | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Contarina      | Tomato flower      | Flowers      | Sanidad     |
| lycopersici***    | midge              |              | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Corticium      | Collar rot         | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| rolfsii***        |                    | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | roots,       | MAGA        |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | fruits,      |             |
|                   |                    | seeds.       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Cucumber       | Cucumber mosaic    | Leaves,      | FASAGUA     |
| mosaic virus***   |                    | fruits       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Diabrotica     | Banded cucumber    | Leaves,      | C           |
| balteata***       | beetle             | growing      | AB,CPC-2004 |
|                   |                    | points,      |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | fruits       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Diabrotica     | Cucurbit beetle    | Leaves,      | FASAGUA     |
| speciosa***       |                    | growing      |             |
|                   |                    | points,      |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | fruits       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Didymella      | Canker of tomato   | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| lycopersici***    |                    | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | fruits.      | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Epitrix        | Potato flea beetle | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| cucumeris***      |                    | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | fruits.      | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Erwinia        | Bacterial root rot | Leaves,      | FASAGUA     |
| carotovora        | of sweet potato    | stems,       |             |
| subsp.***         |                    | roots.       |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
| ***carotovora***  |                    |              |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Erwinia        | Bacterial rot      | Leaves,      | C           |
| chrysanthemi***   |                    | stems,       | AB,CPC-2004 |
|                   |                    | roots.       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Ferrisia       | Guava mealybug     | Leaves,      | C           |
| virgata***        |                    | stems,       | AB,CPC-2004 |
|                   |                    | fruits,      |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | growing      |             |
|                   |                    | points.      |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Frankliniella  | Western flower     | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| occidentales***   | thrips             | flowers      | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Fusarium       | Fusarium wilt and  | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| oxysporulm***     | Fusarium           | stems, roots | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
| ***fsp.           | crown rot of       |              |             |
| Radi              | tomato             |              |             |
| ci-lycopersici*** |                    |              |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Giberella      | Bakanae disease of | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| fujikuroi***      | rice               | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | roots,       | MAGA        |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | fruits,      |             |
|                   |                    | seeds.       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Glomerella     | Anthracnose        | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| cingulata***      |                    | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | fruits,      | MAGA        |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | seeds.       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| *                 | Common spiral      | Roots,       | Sanidad     |
| **Helicotylenchus | nematode           | leaves       | Vegetal,    |
| dihystera***      |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Helicoverpa    | American cotton    | Leaves,      | FASAGUA     |
| zea***            | bollworm           | growing      |             |
|                   |                    | points,      |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | fruits.      |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Heliothis      | Tobacco budworm    | Leaves,      | FASAGUA     |
| virescens***      |                    | growing      |             |
|                   |                    | points,      |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | fruits       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Hoplolaimus    | Lance nematodo     | Roots,       | Sanidad     |
| seinhorsti***     |                    | leaves       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Keiferia       | Tomato pinform     | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| lycopersicella*** |                    | fruits       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Leptinotarsa   | Colorado beetle    | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| decemlineata***   |                    | seeds.       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Liriomyza      | Serpentine         | Leaves       | Sanidad     |
| huidobrensis***   | leafminer          |              | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Liriomyza      | Amercian           | Leaves       | Sanidad     |
| trifolii***       | serpentine         |              | Vegetal,    |
|                   | leafminer          |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Macrosiphum    | Tomato aphid       | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| euphorbiae***     |                    | flowers,     | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | fruits.      | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Manduca        | Carolina sphinx    | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| sexta***          |                    | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | flowers.     | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Manduca        | Tomato hornworm    | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| q                 |                    | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
| uinquemaculata*** |                    | flowers      | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Meloidogyne    | Coffe root knot    | Roots,       | Sanidad     |
| exigua***         | nematode           | leaves       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Meloidogyne    | Root knot eelworm  | Roots,       | Sanidad     |
| incognita***      |                    | leaves       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Meloidogyne    | Sugarcane eelworm  | Roots,       | Sanidad     |
| javanica***       |                    | leaves       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| *                 | Tomato leaf mould  | Leaves       | Sanidad     |
| **Mycovellosiella |                    |              | Vegetal,    |
| fulva***          |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Myrothecium    | Blight eggplant    | Postharvest  | Sanidad     |
| roridum***        |                    |              | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Mythimna       | American wainscot  | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| unipuncta***      |                    | stems, seeds | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Myzus          | Cabbage aphid      | Leaves,      | FASAGUA     |
| persicae***       |                    | stems,       |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | growing      |             |
|                   |                    | point        |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Nezara         | Green shield bug   | Leaves,      | FASAGUA     |
| viridula***       |                    | stems,       |             |
|                   |                    | flowers,     |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | growing      |             |
|                   |                    | points       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Orthezia       | Greenhouse         | Leaves,      | C           |
| insignis***       | orthezia           | stems,       | AB,CPC-2004 |
|                   |                    | growing      |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | points,      |             |
|                   |                    | flowers      |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Paracoccus     | Papaya mealybug    | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| marginatus***     |                    | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | growing      | MAGA        |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | points,      |             |
|                   |                    | fruits.      |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Peridroma      | Pearly underwing   | Leaves,      | CAB,        |
| saucia***         | moth               | stems,       | CPC-2004    |
|                   |                    | growing      |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | points,      |             |
|                   |                    | fruits       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Phyllophaga    | Chafer beetle      | Roots,       | FASAGUA     |
| harris***         |                    | leaves,      |             |
|                   |                    | fruits       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Phytophthora   | Soft rot of        | Fruits,      | Sanidad     |
| capsici***        | cucurbit fruits    | seeds        | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Phytophthora   | Late Blight of     | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| infestans***      | tomato             | fruits       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Phytophthora   | Black shank        | Roots, stems | Sanidad     |
| nicotianae***     |                    |              | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Pilemia        | Tobacco leaf       | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| perusiales***     | folder             | flowers      | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Planococcus    | Citrus mealybug    | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| citri***          |                    | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | roots,       | MAGA        |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | growing      |             |
|                   |                    | points,      |             |
|                   |                    | fruits       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Potato virus   | Potato interveinal | Leaves       | Sanidad     |
| X***              | mosaic             |              | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Potato virus   | Potato motle       | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| Y***              |                    | fruits,      | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | seeds        | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Pratylenchus   | Meadow nematode    | Roots,       | FASAGUA     |
| brachyurus***     |                    | leaves       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Pseudococcus   | Jack Beardsley     | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| jackbeardsleyi*** | mealybug           | stems        | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Pseudomonas    | Bacterial canker   | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| syringae***       |                    | fruits       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
| ***pv.            |                    |              |             |
| syringae***       |                    |              |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Pythium        | Cereals root rot   | Roots,       | Sanidad     |
| arrhenomanes***   |                    | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | leaves,      | MAGA        |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | flowers      |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Pythium        | Damping off        | Roots,       | Sanidad     |
| vexans***         |                    | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | leaves,      | MAGA        |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | flowers      |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Radopholus     | Burrowing nematode | Roots,leaves | Sanidad     |
| similis***        |                    |              | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Ralstonia      | Bacterial wilt of  | Roots,       | Sanidad     |
| solanacearum***   | potato             | leaves       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | stems,       | MAGA        |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | fruits,      |             |
|                   |                    | seeds        |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Scutellonema   | Yam dry rot        | Roots,       | Sanidad     |
| bradys***         | nematode           | leaves       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Septoria       | Leaf spot of       | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| lycopersici***    | tomato             | stems        | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Spodoptera     | Southern armyworm  | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| eridiana***       |                    | fruits       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Spodoptera     | Fall armyworm      | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| frugiperda***     |                    | fruits       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Tetranychus    | Two spotted spider | Leaves       | FASAGUA     |
| urticae***        | mite               |              |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Thrips         | Cotton seedligs    | Leaves,      | FASAGUA     |
| tabaco***         | thrips             | growing      |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | points,      |             |
|                   |                    | flowers      |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Tobacco yellow | Leaf curl          | Leaves,      | C           |
| leaf curl***      |                    | stems,       | AB,CPC-2004 |
|                   |                    | flowers,     |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | fruits       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Tomato golden  | Tomato golden      | Leaves,      | C           |
| mosaic virus***   | mosaic             | stems        | AB,CPC-2004 |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Tomato spotted | Tomato spotted     | Leaves,      | C           |
| wilt virus***     | wilt               | stems,       | AB,CPC-2004 |
|                   |                    | fruits,      |             |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | flowers,     |             |
|                   |                    | seeds        |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Trialeurodes   | Whitefly           | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| vaporariorum***   | glasshouse         | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | fruits       | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Trichodorus*** | Paratrichodorids   | Roots,       | C           |
|                   |                    | leaves       | AB,CPC-2004 |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Xanthomonas    | Bacterial leaf     | Leaves,      | Sanidad     |
| vesicatoria***    | blight of tomato   | stems,       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    | flowers,     | MAGA        |
|                   |                    |              |             |
|                   |                    | fruits       |             |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+
| ***Xiphinema      | Dagger nematodo    | Roots,       | Sanidad     |
| americanum***     |                    | leaves       | Vegetal,    |
|                   |                    |              | MAGA        |
+-------------------+--------------------+--------------+-------------+

^1^ MAGA =Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Alimentación; FASAGUA
=Federación de Asociaciones Agrícolas de Guatemala, meaning Federation
of Agriculture Associations of Guatemala

OBSERVACIONES:

En los monitoreos que el Ministerio de Agricultura Ganadería y
Alimentación a través de la Unidad de Normas y Regulaciones ha realizado
desde el año 2000, no ha encontrado evidencias definitivas, tanto a
nivel de campo como de laboratorio, de la presencia de las siguientes
plagas:

• Atherigona orientalis (pepper fruit fly)

• Globodera pallida (pale potato cyst nematode)

• Globodera rostochiensis (yellow potato cyst nematodo)

• Maconellicoccus hirsutus (pink hibiscus mealybug)

En relación a la pregunta de los volúmenes que Guatemala podría exportar
de tomate de invernadero, de acuerdo a la información proporcionada por
la Federación de Asociaciones Agrícolas de Guatemala ‑FASAGUA‑, el
sector productor de tomate estaría en la capacidad de poder exportar en
el corto tiempo un volumen aproximado de 5 000 toneladas métricas.

En cuanto a las prácticas actuales de manejo de plagas y prácticas de
cultivo, FASAGUA ha editado un manual de producción de tomate en campo
abierto e invernadero que se basa en los principios de la implementación
del manejo integrado del cultivo del tomate.

En el tema de áreas libres, y específicamente hablando de la mosca del
Mediterráneo, Estados Unidos reconoce el área libre de Petén.

En relación a prácticas Standard de la industria para empaque y envió
(incluyendo las medidas de resguardo de cosecha a envío, empaque,
lavados, selección, tratamientos postcosecha, condiciones de almacenaje,
métodos de envío), aunque actualmente no se exporta tomate a Estados
Unidos, las empresas que producen tomate manzano bajo invernadero han
implementado programas de aseguramiento de la inocuidad los cuales
tienen por objeto la reducción del riesgo de contaminación
microbiológica, física y química.

Dichos programas se basan en los principios establecidos en las Buenas
Prácticas Agrícolas en la producción y las Buenas Prácticas de
Manufactura en las plantas empacadoras.

Las Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas involucran aspectos relacionados con:

‑ Alrededores de la unidad de producción

‑ Interior de la unidad de producción

‑ Calidad de agua

‑ Manejo de desechos orgánicos

‑ Salud e higiene del personal

‑ Instalaciones (limpieza y mantenimiento

‑ Uso de sustancias químicas

‑ Materia extraña

‑ Manejo del producto (cosecha/empaque)

‑ Transporte.

‑ Rastreo

‑ Registros

Para mas información respecto al sistema de aseguramiento de inocuidad
consultar www.pipaa.com, certificación sanitaria, programa de
certificación de inocuidad de frutas y vegetales.

En cuanto a las regulaciones oficiales que pudieran aplicar a plagas y
producción de tomate, se cuenta con la regulación establecida en el
acuerdo ministerial 006‑95, publicado en el diario oficial con fecha 13
de febrero de 1995, el cual declara de importancia fitosanitaria la
destrucción de rastrojos provenientes de cualquier cultivo anual o de
temporada.

Cualquier información de contactos que puedan aclarar o proveer mas
información:

Ing. Luis Vides, Jefe de la subarea de vigilancia fitosanitaria, Unidad
de Normas y Regulaciones, Tel 24753058, lvides@unr.gob.gt

Ing. Jaime Sosa, Director Ejecutivo, Programa Integral de Protección
Agrícola y Ambiental ‑PIPAA‑, Tel 24223509, jsosa@pipaa.com .

Ing. Eddie Mendoza, Coordinador General FASAGUA, Celular: 55101837.
cataguana@itelgua.com fasagua@intelnet.net.gt

**[Attachment 4]{.underline}**

**Official List of Pests of Nicaragua Reported by MAGFOR**

**Published by DGPSA-MAGFOR, 2004.**

**TOMATO - *Lycopersicum esculentum***

**INSECTS AND MITES**

*Agrotis subterranea Feltia subterranea*

*Antianthe expansa*

*Aphis sp*., Afido

*Bemisia tabaci,* Mosca blanca

*Disonycha glabrata,* Tortuguilla

*Epitragus sallei,* Falso gusano alambre

*Helicoverpa zea,* Gusano del fruto

*Keiferia lycopersicella,* Gusano alfiler

*Liriomyza sativae,* Minador

*Myzus persicae,* Pulgón verde

*Phyllophaga sp*., Gallina ciega

*Phyrdenus muriceus,* Gorgojo del tomate

*Spodoptera frugiperda,* Gusano cortador

*Trichoplusia ni,* Falso medidor

**FUNGUS AND BACTERIA**

*Alternaria solani,* Tizón tempran

*Aspergillus sp*. Moho de almacén

*Cladosporium sp*. Cladosporiosis

*Corynebacterium michiganensis* Cancer bacteriano

*Erwinia carotovora* Pudrición blanda

*Fusarium sp*. Pudrición

*Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.licopersici*.

*Phytophthora infestans* Tizón tardío

*Burkholderia solanacearum* Marchitez bacterial

*Rhizoctonia solani* Mal del talluelo

*Rhizopus sp*. Moho negro

*Sclerotium rolfsii* Tizón sureño

*Septoria licopersici* Mancha foliar

*Xanthomonas campestris pv*. *vesicatoria* Bacteriosis

**NEMATHODES**

*Aphelenchoides sp*. Nematodo foliar

*Helicotylenchus sp*. Nematodo espiral

*Hoplolaimus sp*. Nematodo lanzaolado

*Meloidogyne incognita* Nematodo de agallas

*Meloidogyne sp*. Nematodo de agalla

*Pratylenchus sp*. Nematodo lesionador

*Psilenchus sp*. Nematodo

*Rotylenchulus reniformis* Nematodo

*Trichodorus sp*. Nematodo de la raíz de escoba

+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| # PEST                               | # DAMAGE                      |
|                                      |                               |
| #                                    | #                             |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+

+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| **INSECTS Y MITES**                  | Damage to seedlings.          |
|                                      |                               |
| *Agrotis subterranea o Feltia        | Damage to foliage             |
| subterranea (Fabricius)*             |                               |
|                                      | Foliage, transmitted virus    |
| *Antianthe expansa*                  |                               |
|                                      | Foliage, transmitted virus    |
| *Aphis sp*. Afido                    |                               |
|                                      | Damage to foliage             |
| *Bemisia tabaci* (Gennadius, 1889)   |                               |
|                                      | Damage to foliage, flowers    |
| *Disonycha glabrata (Fabricius)*     | and fruitsDamage to fruits    |
|                                      |                               |
| *Epitragus sallei* *Helicoverpa zea  | Damage to foliage             |
| (Boddie, 1850)*                      |                               |
|                                      | Damage to foliage             |
| *Keiferia lycopersicella*            |                               |
| (Walsingham,1973)                    | Root damage                   |
|                                      |                               |
| *Myzus persicae* Sulzer (1776)       | Damage to foliage, flowers    |
|                                      | and fruits                    |
| *Phyllophaga sp*. Harris, 1826       |                               |
|                                      | Damage to foliage, flowers    |
| *Phyrdenus muriceus* (Germ.)         | and fruits                    |
|                                      |                               |
| *Spodoptera frugiperda*. J.E. Smith  |                               |
|                                      |                               |
| *Trichoplusia ni* (Hübner)           |                               |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| **HONGOS Y BACTERIAS**               | Damage to foliage, stem and   |
|                                      | fruits                        |
| *Alternaria solani* Sorauer          |                               |
|                                      | Fruits during post-harvest    |
| *AspergillusAspergillums sp*.        |                               |
|                                      | Entire plant                  |
| *Cladosporium sp*.                   |                               |
|                                      | Entire plant                  |
| *Corynebacterium michiganensis*      |                               |
|                                      | Damage to foliage, flowers    |
| (Vidaver & Mandel 1974)              | and fruits                    |
|                                      |                               |
| *Erwinia carotovora*                 | Entire plant, leaves, stems,  |
|                                      | roots. Seed                   |
| (Jones 1901) Bergey et al. 1923      |                               |
|                                      | Entire plant, leaves and      |
| *Fusarium sp*.                       | vegetative organs.            |
|                                      |                               |
| *Fusarium oxysporum                  | Entire plant, leaves and      |
| f.sp.licopersici*.                   | vegetative organs.            |
|                                      |                               |
| (Sacc.) Snyder & Hansen              | Entire plant, leaves and      |
|                                      | vegetative organs.            |
| *Phytophthora infestans* (Mont.) de  |                               |
| Bary                                 | Entire plant, leaves and      |
|                                      | vegetative organs.            |
| *Burkholderia solanacearum* (Smith   |                               |
| 1896)                                | Entire plant, leaves and      |
|                                      | vegetative organs.            |
| Yabuuchi et al. 1996                 |                               |
|                                      | Leaves, stems, pods, seeds    |
| *Rhizoctonia solani* (Frank) Donk    | and inflorescence.            |
| \[teleomorph\]                       |                               |
|                                      |                               |
| *Rhizopus sp*.                       |                               |
|                                      |                               |
| *Sclerotium rolfsii,* Saccardo       |                               |
|                                      |                               |
| *Septoria lycopersici* Speg.         |                               |
|                                      |                               |
| *Xanthomonas campestris pv*.         |                               |
| *vesicatoria*                        |                               |
|                                      |                               |
| (Doidge) Dye 1978                    |                               |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| **[NEMATODOS]{.smallcaps}**          | Foliar Nematode               |
|                                      |                               |
| *Aphelenchoides sp*                  | Nematode that forms galls on  |
|                                      | the roots                     |
| *Helicotylenchus sp.*                |                               |
|                                      | Ruins roots                   |
| *Hoplolaimus sp.*                    |                               |
|                                      | Entire plant, leaves and      |
| *Meloidogyne incognita* (Kofoid &    | roots.                        |
| White, 1919) Chitwood 1949           |                               |
|                                      | Nematode that forms galls on  |
| *Meloidogyne sp.*                    | the roots                     |
|                                      |                               |
| *Pratylenchus sp.*                   | Forms galls on the roots      |
|                                      |                               |
| *Psilenchus sp.*                     | Nematode that forms galls on  |
|                                      | the roots                     |
| *Rotylenchulus reniformis* Linford & |                               |
| Oliveira, 1940                       | Forms galls on the roots      |
|                                      |                               |
| *Trichodorus sp.*                    | Root nematode                 |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------+

Reported on the official pest list of MAG-FOR/NICARAGUA

> Reported on the official pest list of MAG-FOR/NICARAGUA and they are
> not in CABI=s list attached by APHIS.
>
> **CURRENT PEST MANAGEMENT AND PRODUCTION PRACTICES**
>
> The Instituto Nicaragüense de Tecnología Agrícola (INTA) developed a
> Technical Guide regarding Integrated Pest Management (IPM) on crops of
> tomato, summarized in the following table:

+-------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+
| **Phenology | **Phytosanitary          | **Actions that must be      |
| Stage**     | Problems**               | taken**                     |
+-------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Seed in     | \- Soil insects such as  | \- Select the appropriate   |
| seed bed    | "gallina ciega",         | variety for the area.       |
|             | "cuerudo", "gusano       |                             |
|             | alambre".                | > \- Appropriate selection  |
|             |                          | > of the land.              |
|             | Nemathodes.              | >                           |
|             |                          | > \- Establish seed bed     |
|             | \- Soil fungus caused    | > covered with screen in a  |
|             | "la pata seca" or mal    | > flat place, close to      |
|             | del talluelo" to the     | > water fountains and far   |
|             | seedlings.               | > from old farms. Use of    |
|             |                          | > yellow traps.             |
|             |                          |                             |
|             |                          | \- Soil disinfestation with |
|             |                          | hot water and lime.         |
|             |                          |                             |
|             |                          | \- Appropriate bench height |
|             |                          | from 20 to 25 cm.           |
|             |                          |                             |
|             |                          | > \- Use an appropriate     |
|             |                          | > planting distance 4-5 cm  |
|             |                          | > between grove lines and   |
|             |                          | > 1-2 cm between plants.    |
|             |                          |                             |
|             |                          | \- Remove weeds. Irrigate   |
|             |                          | twice a day.                |
|             |                          |                             |
|             |                          | \- Samples. Remove sick     |
|             |                          | plants.                     |
+-------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Seedling    | Ladybird beetle, miners, | \- Avoid staggered          |
|             | worms,                   | planting.                   |
| Vegetative  |                          |                             |
| stage       | Sucking insects,         | \- Selection of healthy     |
|             |                          | seedlings free of pests.    |
|             | Diseases                 |                             |
|             |                          | \- Remove host plants and   |
|             |                          | sick plants. Sample.        |
|             |                          |                             |
|             |                          | \- Rotation of crops.       |
|             |                          |                             |
|             |                          | \- Insect control.          |
+-------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Flowering   | Fruit worm, fungal       | \- Sample twice a week.     |
| and Fruit   | diseases and bacteria    |                             |
| formation   | diseases of the fruit    | \- Remove sick plants       |
|             |                          |                             |
|             |                          | \- Picking and removal of   |
|             |                          | damaged fruits              |
|             |                          |                             |
|             |                          | \- Insect control           |
+-------------+--------------------------+-----------------------------+

Nicaragua does not have norms for the pest control on crops of tomato.
During 2005 the following work plan was developed: WORK PLAN WHICH
ESTABLISHED THE PROCEDURES FOR THE CERTIFICATION OF GREEN HOUSE RED OR
SLIGHTLY RED TOMATO (*Lycopersicon* *esculentum*) GROWN IN NICARAGUA
GOING TO THE UNITED STATES. It was developed by USDA y the Ministerio
Agropecuario y Forestal (MAG-FOR), under the context of the Cooperation
Agreement which covers the development of cooperative activities.

Also the following applies: The NTON (Norma Técnica Obligatoria
Nicaragüense) 11001-00 G/SPS/N/NIC/11 Technical Norm for the
certification of fresh and processed agricultural products for export,
published in the La Gaceta, Diario Oficila N^[o.]{.underline}^ 163,
November 14, 2003.

For the recognition of pest free areas, the review of the NTO 1101604,
"Standard for the establishment and recognition of Pest Free Areas", is
in process.

· Practices and industrial standards for packing and shipping of
tomatoes in Nicaragua. For example: safeguarding measures from
harvesting to shipping, packing, washing, selection, classification
procedures, post harvest treatments, storage conditions, shipping
methods, etc.

After harvesting by hand in the greenhouses, tomato baskets are placed
in a sanitary filter (foot bath with chlorinated water and sink close to
the entrance, all personnel with their sanitary hygiene equipment) where
they are carried in a cart sealed with 50 mesh, and they are transported
to the packing facility, where the carts go in and are left in a
sanitary filter area. Pallets are unloaded and weighted to later place
the tomatoes in the processing line. This process involves emptying the
boxes automatically, they enter into a washer (with brushes) with
sprinklers of water with chlorine at 150 ppm, with water at room
temperature. Then, it is moved in the band to an air dryer, then, it
enters in a classification chamber (weight, diameter and color),
classifying up to 24 varieties. From here on it goes into the packing
box, and in a maximum of 15 minutes it is moved to the cold room, having
controlled temperatures (5-8 degree centigrade and humidity (85-90%).
Once a load of approximately 20 tons is accumulated, then loading into
the refrigerated container takes place so that it can be transported
oversees. The container is cleaned before loading. This process will be
done under the supervision of HACCP (acronym in Spanish), good
agricultural practices and good industry practices, under supervision
and certification of inspectors of the Ministerio Agropecuario y
Forestal.

· Copies of records and data indicating the efficacy of aforementioned
practices and standards, control measures and regulations.

At this time there are no files of information indicating the efficacy
of the aforementioned procedures, since this process of greenhouse
tomato production is starting its operations in Nicaragua in August 2005
with technology from Israel. Israel is already exporting vegetables to
the U.S. market.

**ATTACHMENT 5**

**INFORMATION PROVIDED BY HONDURAS**

1\. **LIST OF PESTS OF TOMATO**

+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| **S       | **Part   | **Kind | *      | **Reference**              |
| cientific | of the   | of     | *Dispe |                            |
| name of   | plant    | da     | rsal** |                            |
| the       | at       | mage** |        |                            |
| pest**    | tacked** |        |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| **I       |          |        |        |                            |
| NSECTOS** |          |        |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Agrotis  | Leaves,  | C      | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| ipsilon*  | stems    | utter, | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
|           | and      | defo   | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
|           | fruits   | liator | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           |          |        | ma     |                            |
|           |          |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Bemisia  | Leaves   | S      | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| tabasi*   |          | ucker, | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
|           |          | vector | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
|           |          |        | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           |          |        | ma     |                            |
|           |          |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *D        | Leaves   | Defo   | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| iabrotica | and      | liator | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
| v         | flowers  |        | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
| ariegata* |          |        | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           |          |        | ma     |                            |
|           |          |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *He       | Leaves,  | Defol  | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| licoverpa | stems,   | iator, | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
| v         | flowers  | borer  | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
| irescens* | and      | and    | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           | fruits   | fru    | ma     |                            |
|           |          | itworm | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *He       | Leaves   | Defol  | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| licoverpa | and      | iator, | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
| zea*      | fruits   | borer  | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
|           |          | and    | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           |          | fru    | ma     |                            |
|           |          | itworm | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Keiferia | Leaves   | Miner, | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| lycope    | and      | borer  | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
| rsicella* | fruits   |        | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
|           |          |        | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           |          |        | ma     |                            |
|           |          |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *         | Leaves   | Miner  | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| Liriomyza |          |        | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
| sativae*  |          |        | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
|           |          |        | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           |          |        | ma     |                            |
|           |          |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Ma       | Leaves   | S      | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| crosiphum | and      | ucker, | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
| eu        | shorts   | vector | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
| phorbiae* |          |        | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           |          |        | ma     |                            |
|           |          |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Mandoca  | Leaves   | Defo   | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| sexta*    | and      | liator | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
|           | fruits   |        | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
|           |          |        | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           |          |        | ma     |                            |
|           |          |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Myzus    | Leaves,  | S      | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| persicae* | buds,    | ucker, | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
|           | stems    | vector | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
|           | and      |        | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           | flowers  |        | ma     |                            |
|           |          |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Ph       | Roots    | Chewer | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| yllophaga |          |        | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
| me        |          |        | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
| netriesi* |          |        | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           |          |        | ma     |                            |
|           |          |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *S        | Leaves   | Defol  | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| podoptera | and      | iator, | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
| eridania* | fruits   | fru    | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
|           |          | itworm | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           |          |        | ma     |                            |
|           |          |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *S        | Leaves   | Defol  | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| podoptera | and      | iator, | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
| exigua*   | fruits   | fru    | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
|           |          | itworm | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           |          |        | ma     |                            |
|           |          |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *S        | Leaves,  | Defol  | In     | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| podoptera | stems,   | iator, | fected | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
| fr        | buds,    | fru    | vege   | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
| ugiperda* | flowers  | itworm | tative | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
|           | and      |        | ma     |                            |
|           | fruits   |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Tri      |          | Defo   |        | Manual Técnico Nº 29 CATIE |
| choplusia |          | liator |        | 1998 (Invertebrados de     |
| ni*       |          |        |        | Cultivos Alimenticios en   |
|           |          |        |        | C. A.), CABI 2003          |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| NEMATODES |          |        |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Aphel    | The      | Mech   | In     | CABI 2003 and the Internet |
| enchoides | whole    | anical | fected |                            |
| sp.*      | plant,   | damage | vege   |                            |
|           | roots    | facil  | tative |                            |
|           | and      | itates | ma     |                            |
|           | seeds    | entry  | terial |                            |
|           |          | of     |        |                            |
|           |          | pat    |        |                            |
|           |          | hogens |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Bursap   | Roots    | Mech   | In     | CABI 2003 and the Internet |
| helenchus | and      | anical | fected |                            |
| sp.*      | others   | damage | vege   |                            |
|           |          | facil  | tative |                            |
|           |          | itates | ma     |                            |
|           |          | entry  | terial |                            |
|           |          | of     |        |                            |
|           |          | pat    |        |                            |
|           |          | hogens |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Cri      | Roots    | Mech   | In     | CABI 2003 and the Internet |
| conemella | and      | anical | fected |                            |
| sp.*      | fruits   | damage | vege   |                            |
|           |          | facil  | tative |                            |
|           |          | itates | ma     |                            |
|           |          | entry  | terial |                            |
|           |          | of     |        |                            |
|           |          | pat    |        |                            |
|           |          | hogens |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Helico   | Roots    | Mech   | In     | CABI 2003 and the Internet |
| tylenchus | and      | anical | fected |                            |
| sp.*      | leaves   | damage | seeds  |                            |
|           |          | facil  | and    |                            |
|           |          | itates | roots  |                            |
|           |          | entry  |        |                            |
|           |          | of     |        |                            |
|           |          | pat    |        |                            |
|           |          | hogens |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Me       | The      | Mech   | Bulbs, | CABI 2003                  |
| loidogyne | whole    | anical | t      |                            |
| i         | plant,   | damage | ubers, |                            |
| ncognita* | leaves   | facil  | rh     |                            |
|           | and      | itates | izomes |                            |
|           | roots    | entry  | and    |                            |
|           |          | of     | other  |                            |
|           |          | pat    | in     |                            |
|           |          | hogens | fected |                            |
|           |          |        | ma     |                            |
|           |          |        | terial |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Me       | Leaves   | Mech   | In     | CABI 2003                  |
| loidogyne | and      | anical | fected |                            |
| javanica* | roots    | damage | bulbs, |                            |
|           |          | facil  | seeds  |                            |
|           |          | itates | and    |                            |
|           |          | entry  | roots  |                            |
|           |          | of     |        |                            |
|           |          | pat    |        |                            |
|           |          | hogens |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Di       | Leaves   | Mech   | In     | CABI 2003                  |
| tylenchus | and      | anical | fected |                            |
| sp.*      | roots    | damage | bulbs, |                            |
|           |          | facil  | seeds  |                            |
|           |          | itates | and    |                            |
|           |          | entry  | roots  |                            |
|           |          | of     |        |                            |
|           |          | pat    |        |                            |
|           |          | hogens |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Ty       | Roots    | Mech   | In     | CABI 2003                  |
| lenchulus |          | anical | fected |                            |
| sp.*      |          | damage | bulbs, |                            |
|           |          | facil  | seeds  |                            |
|           |          | itates | and    |                            |
|           |          | entry  | roots  |                            |
|           |          | of     |        |                            |
|           |          | pat    |        |                            |
|           |          | hogens |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Paratr   | Leaves   | Mech   | In     | CABI 2003                  |
| ichodorus | and      | anical | fected |                            |
| sp.*      | roots    | damage | bulbs, |                            |
|           |          | facil  | seeds  |                            |
|           |          | itates | and    |                            |
|           |          | entry  | roots  |                            |
|           |          | of     |        |                            |
|           |          | pat    |        |                            |
|           |          | hogens |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| FUNGI     |          |        |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *A        | Leaves,  | Sec    | By     | CABI 2003                  |
| lternaria | stems    | retion | seeds  |                            |
| solani*   | and      | of     | libe   |                            |
|           | fruits   | toxins | ration |                            |
|           |          |        | of     |                            |
|           |          |        | co     |                            |
|           |          |        | nidias |                            |
|           |          |        | is     |                            |
|           |          |        | f      |                            |
|           |          |        | avored |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Cla      | Fruits   |        | In     | CABI 2003                  |
| dosporium |          |        | fected |                            |
| sp.*      |          |        | bulbs  |                            |
|           |          |        | and    |                            |
|           |          |        | roots  |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Fulvia   | Leaves   | Defol  | In     | CABI 2003                  |
| fulva*    |          | iation | fected |                            |
|           |          | of the | seeds  |                            |
|           |          | plant  |        |                            |
|           |          | due to |        |                            |
|           |          | prod   |        |                            |
|           |          | uction |        |                            |
|           |          | of     |        |                            |
|           |          | spores |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Fusarium | The      |        | Soil   | CABI 2003                  |
| oxysporum | whole    |        | in     |                            |
| E. sp.*   | plant    |        | fected |                            |
|           | and      |        | by     |                            |
| *Ra       | roots    |        | co     |                            |
| dicis-lyc |          |        | nidias |                            |
| opersici* |          |        | of the |                            |
|           |          |        | f      |                            |
|           |          |        | ungus, |                            |
|           |          |        | water  |                            |
|           |          |        | for    |                            |
|           |          |        | irri   |                            |
|           |          |        | gation |                            |
|           |          |        | and    |                            |
|           |          |        | som    |                            |
|           |          |        | etimes |                            |
|           |          |        | by     |                            |
|           |          |        | seeds  |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Phy      | Leaves,  | Inocu  | Bulb,  | CABI 2003                  |
| tophthora | fruits   | lation | f      |                            |
| i         | and      |        | ruits, |                            |
| nfestans* | ve       |        | fl     |                            |
|           | getative |        | owers, |                            |
|           | material |        | l      |                            |
|           |          |        | eaves, |                            |
|           |          |        | br     |                            |
|           |          |        | anches |                            |
|           |          |        | and    |                            |
|           |          |        | in     |                            |
|           |          |        | fected |                            |
|           |          |        | seeds  |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Rh       | Leaves,  |        | Bulb,  | CABI 2003                  |
| izoctonia | b        |        | f      |                            |
| solani*   | ranches, |        | ruits, |                            |
|           | roots,   |        | fl     |                            |
|           | seeds,   |        | owers, |                            |
|           | inflore  |        | l      |                            |
|           | scences, |        | eaves, |                            |
|           | fruits   |        | br     |                            |
|           | and      |        | anches |                            |
|           | points   |        | and    |                            |
|           | of       |        | in     |                            |
|           | growth   |        | fected |                            |
|           |          |        | seeds  |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Septoria | Leaves   |        | Seeds, | [ww                        |
| lyc       |          |        | h      | w.agroalerta.com.br/Tomate |
| opersici* |          |        | arvest | iro.htm](http://www.agroal |
|           |          |        | resi   | erta.com.br/Tomateiro.htm) |
|           |          |        | duals, |                            |
|           |          |        | water  |                            |
|           |          |        | for    |                            |
|           |          |        | irri   |                            |
|           |          |        | gation |                            |
|           |          |        | and    |                            |
|           |          |        | in     |                            |
|           |          |        | fected |                            |
|           |          |        | farm   |                            |
|           |          |        | impl   |                            |
|           |          |        | ements |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| BACTERIA  |          |        |        |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *         | Fruits,  |        | Soil   | CABI 2003                  |
| Ralstonia | leaves,  |        | in     |                            |
| sola      | roots,   |        | fected |                            |
| nacearum* | seeds    |        | by     |                            |
|           | and      |        | co     |                            |
|           | branches |        | nidias |                            |
|           |          |        | of the |                            |
|           |          |        | f      |                            |
|           |          |        | ungus, |                            |
|           |          |        | water  |                            |
|           |          |        | for    |                            |
|           |          |        | irri   |                            |
|           |          |        | gation |                            |
|           |          |        | and    |                            |
|           |          |        | in     |                            |
|           |          |        | fected |                            |
|           |          |        | weeds  |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+
| *Ste      | Leaves   |        | Seeds  | [ww                        |
| mphyllium |          |        | but    | w.agroalerta.com.br/Tomate |
| solani*   |          |        | mainly | iro.htm](http://www.agroal |
|           |          |        | by the | erta.com.br/Tomateiro.htm) |
|           |          |        | wind   |                            |
+-----------+----------+--------+--------+----------------------------+

  -------------- ----------- --------- ------------- -----------------------------
  MITES                                              

  *Tetranychus   Leaves      Scraper   Infected      CABI 2003 and the Internet
  marianae*                            vegetative    
                                       material,     
                                       farm          
                                       implements,   
                                       natural means 
                                       (wind) and    
                                       others,       
                                       including     
                                       man.          
  -------------- ----------- --------- ------------- -----------------------------

**2. ESTIMATES OF PREDICTED VOLUME OF EXPORTS**

The predicted production of tomato, according to the characterization of
the production of greenhouse tomato, is as follows:

-   150 TM/hectare in greenhouses

-   There are approximately 70 hectares of greenhouse tomato,
    distributed among the provinces of Francisco Morazán, Comayagua and
    El Paraíso.

-   A total production of 10500 TM could be obtained in each period of
    production.

**3. PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR TOMATO**

+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| **  | **Insec  | **Dos  | **Fu      | **Dos  | **Fer     | **Dos  |
| Wee | ticide** | age/55 | ngicide** | age/55 | tilizer** | age/55 |
| k** |          | g      |           | g      |           | g      |
|     |          | allons |           | allons |           | allons |
|     |          | of     |           | of     |           | of     |
|     |          | w      |           | w      |           | w      |
|     |          | ater** |           | ater** |           | ater** |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 1   | Furadan  | 3.8 l  | -         | 240 g  | Globafol  | 700 ml |
|     | 480 SL   |        | Trichozam |        | (AA)      |        |
|     | (ca      |        | (Tr       | 1 Kg   |           | 60.0   |
|     | rbufuran |        | ichoderma |        | Break     | ml     |
|     | 48%)     |        | sp.       |        | Thru 100  |        |
|     |          |        | 2\*109)   |        | SL        | 30.0 g |
|     |          |        |           |        | (p        |        |
|     |          |        | Manzate   |        | olymethil |        |
|     |          |        | 80 WP     |        | xiloxane) |        |
|     |          |        | (Mancozeb |        |           |        |
|     |          |        | 80%)      |        | Vitamins  |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | for       |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | humans    |        |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 3   | Actara   | 400 g  | Tamate    | 100 g  | Micromins | 700 ml |
|     | 25 WG    |        |           |        | multiple  |        |
|     | drench   |        | (Azo      | 1.0 Kg |           | 60.0   |
|     |          |        | xystrobin |        | Break     | ml     |
|     | (Thiam   |        | 50%)      |        | Thru 100  |        |
|     | ethoxan) |        |           |        | SL        | 30.0 g |
|     |          |        | Vondozeb  |        | (p        |        |
|     | Inst     |        | 80 WP     |        | olymethil |        |
|     | allation |        |           |        | xiloxane) |        |
|     | of       |        | (         |        |           |        |
|     | yellow   |        | Mancozeb) |        | Vitamins  |        |
|     | traps    |        |           |        | for       |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | humans    |        |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 5   | Evisec   | 200.0  | Bazam     | 500.0  | Break     | 60.0   |
|     | 50 SP    | g      |           | g      | Thru 100  | ml     |
|     |          |        | (         |        | SL        |        |
|     | (Oxalate |        | Beauveria | 1.0 Kg | (p        | 30.0 g |
|     | 50%)     |        | bassiana) |        | olymethil |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | xiloxane) |        |
|     |          |        | Sulcox 50 |        |           |        |
|     |          |        | WP        |        | Vitamins  |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | for       |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | humans    |        |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 7   | Monarca  | 330.0  | Sulcox 50 | 1.0 Kg | Micromins | 700 ml |
|     | 12.5 SE  | ml     | WP        |        | multiple  |        |
|     | (Beta-Cy |        |           |        |           | 60.0   |
|     | flutrina |        |           |        | Break     | ml     |
|     | 12.5)    |        |           |        | Thru 100  |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | SL        | 30.0 g |
|     |          |        |           |        | (p        |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | olymethil |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | xiloxane) |        |
|     |          |        |           |        |           |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | Vitamins  |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | for       |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | humans    |        |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 9   | Actara   | 400 g  | Tamate    | 100 g  | Break     | 60.0   |
|     | 25 WG    |        |           |        | Thru 100  | ml     |
|     | drench   |        | (Azo      | 1.0 Kg | SL        |        |
|     |          |        | xystrobin |        | (p        | []{    |
|     | (Thiam   |        | 50%)      |        | olymethil | .mark} |
|     | ethoxan) |        |           |        | xiloxane) |        |
|     |          |        | Vondozeb  |        |           | []{    |
|     |          |        | 80 WP     |        | Glucosa   | .mark} |
|     |          |        |           |        |           |        |
|     |          |        | (         |        | Vitamins  | []{    |
|     |          |        | Mancozeb) |        | for       | .mark} |
|     |          |        |           |        | humans    |        |
|     |          |        |           |        |           | 5.0 Kg |
|     |          |        |           |        |           |        |
|     |          |        |           |        |           | 30.0 g |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 11  | Danitol  | 300.0  | Bravo     | 550.0  | Break     | 60 ml  |
|     | 2.4 EC   | ml     | Ultrex    | g      | Thru 100  |        |
|     |          |        | (Clor     |        | SL        | []{    |
|     | (Fenpr   |        | otalonilo |        | (p        | .mark} |
|     | opathrin |        | 82.5)     |        | olymethil |        |
|     | 2.4 %)   |        |           |        | xiloxane) | []{    |
|     |          |        |           |        |           | .mark} |
|     |          |        |           |        | Glucosa   |        |
|     |          |        |           |        |           | []{    |
|     |          |        |           |        | Vitamins  | .mark} |
|     |          |        |           |        | for       |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | humans    | 5 Kg   |
|     |          |        |           |        |           |        |
|     |          |        |           |        |           | 30.0 g |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 12  | Evisec   | 200.0  | Vondozeb  | 1.0 Kg | Globafol  | 700 ml |
|     | 50 SP    | g      | 80 WP     |        | AA        |        |
|     |          |        |           |        |           | 60.0   |
|     | (Oxalate |        | (         |        | Break     | ml     |
|     | 50%)     |        | Mancozeb) |        | Thru 100  |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | SL        | 30.0 g |
|     |          |        |           |        | (p        |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | olymethil |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | xiloxane) |        |
|     |          |        |           |        |           |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | Vitamins  |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | for       |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | humans    |        |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 14  | Monarca  | 330.0  | Sulcox 50 | 1.0 Kg | Micromins | 700 ml |
|     | 12.5 SE  | ml     | WP        |        | multiple  |        |
|     | (Beta-Cy |        |           |        |           | 60.0   |
|     | flutrina |        |           |        | Break     | ml     |
|     | 12.5)    |        |           |        | Thru 100  |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | SL        | 30.0 g |
|     |          |        |           |        | (p        |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | olymethil |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | xiloxane) |        |
|     |          |        |           |        |           |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | Vitamins  |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | for       |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | humans    |        |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 16  | Evisec   | 200.0  | Best K    | 1.0 l  | Break     | 60.0   |
|     | 50 SP    | g      | (         |        | Thru 100  | ml     |
|     |          |        | Fosfanato |        | SL        |        |
|     | (Oxalate |        | de        |        | (p        | 5.0 Kg |
|     | 50%)     |        | Potasio)  |        | olymethil |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | xiloxane) | 30.0 g |
|     |          |        |           |        |           |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | Glucosa   |        |
|     |          |        |           |        |           |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | Vitamins  |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | for       |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | humans    |        |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 17  | Monarca  | 330.0  | Tamate    | 100.0  | Break     | 60.0   |
|     | 12.5 SE  | ml     |           | g      | Thru 100  | ml     |
|     | (Beta-Cy |        | (Azo      |        | SL        |        |
|     | flutrina |        | xystrobin | 1.0 Kg | (p        | 6.0 Kg |
|     | 12.5)    |        | 50%)      |        | olymethil |        |
|     |          |        |           | 240.0  | xiloxane) | 30.0 g |
|     |          |        | Vondozeb  | g      |           |        |
|     |          |        | 80 WP     |        | Glucosa   | 700.0  |
|     |          |        |           |        |           | ml     |
|     |          |        | (         |        | Vitamins  |        |
|     |          |        | Mancozeb) |        | for       |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | humans    |        |
|     |          |        | Trichozam |        |           |        |
|     |          |        | (Tr       |        | Micromins |        |
|     |          |        | ichoderma |        | multiple  |        |
|     |          |        | sp.       |        |           |        |
|     |          |        | 2\*109)   |        |           |        |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 18  | Danitol  | 300.0  | Sulcox 50 | 1.0 Kg | Break     | 60.0   |
|     | 2.4 EC   | ml     | WP        |        | Thru 100  | ml     |
|     |          |        |           |        | SL        |        |
|     | (Fenpr   |        |           |        | (p        | 7.0 Kg |
|     | opathrin |        |           |        | olymethil |        |
|     | 2.4 %)   |        |           |        | xiloxane) | 30.0 g |
|     |          |        |           |        |           |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | Glucosa   | 700.0  |
|     |          |        |           |        |           | ml     |
|     |          |        |           |        | Vitamins  |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | for       |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | humans    |        |
|     |          |        |           |        |           |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | Micromins |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | multiple  |        |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 20  | Monarca  | 330.0  | Tamate    | 100.0  | Break     | 60.0   |
|     | 12.5 SE  | ml     |           | g      | Thru 100  | ml     |
|     | (Beta-Cy |        | (Azo      |        | SL        |        |
|     | flutrina |        | xystrobin | 2.0 Kg | (p        | 8.0 Kg |
|     | 12.5)    |        | 50%)      |        | olymethil |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | xiloxane) | 30.0 g |
|     |          |        | Vondozeb  |        |           |        |
|     |          |        | 80 WP     |        | Glucosa   |        |
|     |          |        |           |        |           |        |
|     |          |        | (         |        | Vitamins  |        |
|     |          |        | Mancozeb) |        | for       |        |
|     |          |        |           |        | humans    |        |
+-----+----------+--------+-----------+--------+-----------+--------+

**Observations**

a.  Insecticides are applied based on the results of the samples.

b.  Fungicides in most cases are preventive and are applied with curing
    purposes when signs and symptoms of the disease are evident.

c.  Red colored products are for biological control.

d.  Yellow traps are used with stikem and are served weekly.

e.  Production of greenhouse tomato is being considered, applying all
    the necessary measures for pest control .

**4. MEDITERRANEAN FLY FREE AREA**

At the present Honduras has a Mediterranean fly free area, which has
been recognized and maintained by the government of Honduras with the
support of USDA and the International Agency for Atomic Energy. The area
is in the process of being accepted by the government of the United
States.

The free area is located in the Aguan Valley, which has high potential
for the production of fruits and vegetables. It is hoped to produce
tomato for exportation in this valley.

**5. STANDARD INDUSTRY PRACTICES FOR PACKAGING AND SHIPPING**

**[MANAGEMENT OF THE HARVEST]{.underline}**

The Secretary for Agriculture and Cattle has a Department for Food
Safety (Departamento de Inocuidad). This Department organizes the
activities related to the safety of food for human consumption.

All the companies dedicated to produce for exportation are registered
and supervised by the Department of Food Safety in order to ensure that
they carry out all the actions concerning best agricultural and industry
practices included in the program, as stated in the manuals, and thus
guarantee that the food for consumption is safe to human health.

A main requisite for registration of the companies is that all of them
present their program for best agricultural and industry practices,
including programs for pest control.

The Departments of Diagnosis and Plant Health Vigilance and of Food
Safety are in charge of the inspection activities to verify compliance
with the program.

The whole packaging process is supervised by the Department of Plant
Health Vigilance, which is empowered to stop any shipping in case of non
compliance with the phytosanitary and safety requisites.

Honduras has a packaging machine registered by USDA which has allthe
necessary infrastructure for quality assurance of the products.

The work plan shall be made jointly with USDA/APHIS Honduras. This plan
is to include all the safety and phytosanitary measures to be taken to
allow tomato into United States.

**6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION**

-   SENASA has trained most of the producers of the areas where tomato
    is to be produced in Best Industry and Agricultural Practices.

-   SENASA has a local phytosanitary vigilance program to guarantee that
    the control measures applied comply with the standards established.

Technicians of the Department of Phytosanitary Vigilance have
participated in fruit exportation programs to United States (melon,
rambutan, mango, cucumbers, etc.) and experience on this kind of
activities is available.

**ATTACHMENT 6**

**INFORMATION PROVIDED BY PANAMA**

**MINISTRY OF FARMING DEVELOPMENT**

**NATIONAL DIRECTION OF VEGETAL HEALTH**

**DEPARTMENT OF MONITORING FITOSANITARIA**

INFORMATION ON TOMATO

1.  Pests of the Tomato:

    a.  Insects:

> Common name and Scientific Name
>
> Whitefly; **Bemisia tabaci**
>
> It affects everything of the plant
>
> It propagates by host plants, stubble
>
> Direct damage: consumes the sap of the leaf causing yellowing
>
> and weakening of the plant
>
> Indirect damage: vector of virus
>
> Fruit Worms; **Heliothis** sp
>
> It affects to the stems and fruits
>
> It propagates by stubble and host plants
>
> Damage caused by the larvae when feeding
>
> Leaf roller; **Keiferia** sp
>
> It affects the leaf
>
> It propagates by stubble and host plants
>
> The larvae feed on mesophyl of the leaf causing internal galleries.
>
> White fly; **Liriomyza** spp
>
> It affects the leaves
>
> It propagates by stubble and host plants
>
> The young larvae feed on surface of the leaves
>
> causing superficial damage .
>
> Thrips; Genus and Species not specified
>
> Affect leaves and fruits
>
> The larvae and adults feed on the leaf leaving silver-plated injury
> that dies shortly afterward.
>
> Nematodes:
>
> Root knot nematode:  Meloidogyne incognita
>
> It propagates by stubble in infested fields
>
> It affects the root system of the plant.

b.  Diseases of the Tomato

> Bacterial Spot; Ralstonia solanacearum
>
> It affects all the plant
>
> It propagates by the stubble, rains and wind.
>
> The bacterium penetrates by wounds of the plant causing
>
> blockages in the stem that leads the sap.
>
> Alternaria; Alternaria solani
>
> It affects leaves and fruits
>
> It propagates by the stubble, host plants

2.         Estimates of the export volume:

> Tomato type is up to size "G", "GG".  In Panama 81 ha is seeded
> annually of tomato of this type in greenhouses (in upper elevations of
> Chiriquí Province), with a production of 12.150 ton. All this
> production is commercialized mainly at the local level in Panama
> City.  I do not know how much area will be planted for export, but
> considering it may be seeded in an open field, the production will be
> reduced to half of the yield that is obtained by square meters. That
> is to say, from 15 kg to 8 kg per sp meter. Therefore, the
> calculations are estimated to be 8 kg/m2.    Source: IDIAP

+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **YEAR**     | **VOLUME T.M.**  | **SUPPORT OF    | **DE NESTLE\'   |
|              |                  | THE             | CONTRIBUTES**   |
|              |                  | GOVERNMENT**    |                 |
|              |                  |                 | **B/.  /QQ**    |
|              |                  | **B/.  /QQ**    |                 |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2005         | 12,000           | 1.48            | 3.92            |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2006         | 10,000           | 1.33            | 3.92            |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2007         | 9,000            | 1.33            | 3.92            |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2008         | 8,000            | 1..3            | 3.92            |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Source: National direction of Agriculture

.3.        Present practices of handling Integrated of the plague:

3,1 Chemical control:

Meloidogyne incognita:  Carbofuran 10G in 8 doses from 6 to g/m2. 

White Fly: the seed plot covers with antiaphids screen (32 mesh)

Tiociclan 40G / ha. 

Imidacloprid 500 g/ha.

Heliothis: Permethrin, 150 g/m2,

> Flutenoxuron, 500 cc/has,
>
> Neem seed, 8 kg/has.

Keiferia: Bacillus thurigensis 1 lt./ has 

Liriomyza:      Abamectin 100 cc/has,

> Tiociclan 400 g/has. 

Ralstonia: Use of resistant varieties. 

> Use of barrier plantings of sorghum and maize.
>
> Confidor 70 13 500 WJ grs/are and 4 G/gal of water distributed in 10
> mts. 
>
> Apicar 25 cc to the neck of each plant to the 3-5 days after the
> transplant. 
>
> Actara: 400 gr./has. 
>
> It rescues:  300 gr./has 
>
> 500 400 Evisect -- gr./has
>
> Soap + oil: 3-5 I of soap + ½ lt. of agricultural oil.  (Not applied
> with insecticide.)
>
> 3,2 Cultural control:
>
> Use of plow, dray, etc. 
>
> Destruction of remainders with the rotation of cultures, like: maize,
> rice and sorghum.

3.  Physical control:

> Use of yellow traps with agricultural oil

Existence of free Areas of recognized plagues officially is in process
of supervision and possible certification in Azuero (Herrera and the
Saints).

Prescribed procedures to maintain the areas free:  One is in process of
implementation in the zones of production of Azuero, Coclé and Chiriquí.

Control programs: To apply Executive Decree 53 of the 4 of August of
1998, on Handling of the White Fly in proceeding.

4.  Standardized industrial practices for packed and shipments: (none
    provided)

```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
4.  Any data that improves the efficiency of these practices (none
    provided)

5.  Important official regulations that they can be applied to the
    production and the plagues of the Tomato.   Decree 53 of the 4 of
    September of 2005 on Handling of White Fly.

> 7.   Any information on useful contacts with people who can provide to
> data or additional explanations.  (none provided)

[^1]: The Ministry of Agriculture keeps thorough trapping data.