# Introduction

The Philippines National Statistics Office (PNSO) conducted the
Cognitive Test on the Washington Group General Measure on Disability in
order to determine the questions that can be utilized to gather data on
functional difficulty. There were six core questions in the test. These
are the questions about difficulty in seeing, hearing, walking or
climbing steps, remembering or concentrating, bathing or dressing, and
communicating. Also included were questions designed to examine any
difficulty in administering the core questions to the respondents and to
determine any difficulty in understanding the core questions on the part
of the respondents.

Moreover, the conduct of interviews involved a set of respondents, one
for self-report and another one for proxy report. For self-reports,
respondents were interviewed about themselves and their condition. For
proxy reports, proxies were also asked about the condition of the
respondents in self-report. Proxies are household members or caretakers
of the self-report respondents who are knowledgeable on the health
condition of the respondents. The purpose of asking the proxies is to
determine if they can provide the same information as provided by the
respondents themselves. In this process, it can be established who the
appropriate respondents will be in the actual census/survey.

The main thrust of this report is to identify possible problems in
adopting the core questions for use in censuses and surveys. It will
also provide comparative results in administering the core questions to
the respondents themselves and their respective proxies.

This report was prepared to present the activities undertaken during the
preparatory phase, briefing, field operations, debriefing and data
processing. Results of the test, problems encountered and actions taken,
recommendations, and conclusions are also included.

# Preparatory Activities

Several activities were done prior to the conduct of the cognitive test.
These were translation of questions, finalization of questionnaires,
selection of sample areas, selection/allocation of respondents, and
coordination activities.

# Translation of Questions

All the questions in the Cognitive Test were translated into Filipino
language. The same translations were utilized for the six core
(Washington Group) questions that were already used in the previous test
for the WHO/UNESCAP Disability Question Set Testing wherein the
Philippines National Statistics Office (PNSO), along with other
countries, participated in May to June 2005. The aim of the said test
was to identify the best set of questions that captures disability
information for use in censuses and surveys. It covered three studies
(Specificity and Sensitivity Testing and Translation; Test-Retest
Reliability; and Cognitive Testing) that included the six core questions
on difficulty mentioned above.

The final version of the questions underwent three revisions of
translations from English to Filipino language by a pool of selected
PNSO personnel who have various experiences in similar undertaking. The
first two revisions were made through a series of discussion while the
final revision was made after it was tested during the conduct of a
pretest for the 2006 Census of Population last January 12 to 13, 2006 in
the province of Bataan (see Appendix 1) which is about 110 to 120
kilometers from Manila.

It was not an easy task to translate some words that were better
understood in English by most Filipinos or have no local translation
like hearing aid, concentrate, wheelchair, stockings, developmental
problem and neurological disorder. The recommendation was to retain
these words in English and expound only if misunderstood by the
respondent. Terms like "developmental problem" and "neurological
disorder" were more difficult to translate. A consultation with the
Washington Group (WG) Secretariat was done regarding the definition of
these terms.

# Finalization of Questionnaires and Manual of Instructions

The format of the original questionnaire has an alternate sequence of
the questions for the respondent and proxy by type of difficulty. This
sequence prohibits privacy during interview. To avoid this, the
questionnaire for the respondent was separated from the questionnaire
for the proxy with an appropriate heading "SELF-REPORT" for the former
(see Appendix 3) and "PROXY REPORT" for the latter (see Appendix 4).

The WG secretariat also provided definitions and guidelines for
"washing" and "dressing" activities for inclusion in the manual of
instructions earlier sent. (See Appendix 2 for the Filipino version of
the questionnaire.)

Furthermore, a conversion of household income from Euro currency to
Philippine peso was done for better reference during the interview. (See
Appendix 5 for the conversion table.)

# Selection of Respondents and Coordination

A total of 36 pairs of respondents were selected for the test. The
selection was done by way of interviewing PNSO personnel about
co-workers, friends, relatives or neighbors who have experienced
difficulty in seeing, hearing, walking or climbing steps, remembering or
concentrating, bathing or dressing, and communicating. Also, the
selection was based on the type of difficulty the respondents have. A
list of these persons was made to facilitate selection. The samples were
also selected based on their different socio-economic characteristics
and demographic background. Comprising the first set of respondents were
six employees purposively selected from among the staff of PNSO-Central
Office, who have different types of functional difficulty, along with
their respective proxies.

The second set of respondents were 15 residents chosen from a rural
village in the province of Rizal (55 kilometers away from Manila) while
the third set of respondents were also 15 residents from an urban
village in the City of Valenzuela (17 kilometers from Manila). Most of
these residents were identified as relatives, neighbors and friends of
PNSO staff. The selection of an urban and rural area was done to
consider factors such as economic condition and probability of high
incidence of persons suffering from difficulties due to inaccessibility
of basic services in the area.

To facilitate coordination of these respondents for the conduct of
interview, a staff was designated to inform them of the time and date of
interview. In the urban village, a permit to conduct the interview was
first sought from the local official. (See Appendix 6 for the copy of
the permit to conduct the interview.)

# Briefing of Interviewers and Supervisors/Observers 

The briefing of interviewers and supervisors/observers for the Cognitive
Test was necessary to understand concepts, follow correct instructions
for the interview and learn how to properly accomplish the
questionnaire. These important concerns enabled the participants to be
guided all throughout the operation.

# Date, Venue and Participants

Briefing and translation of the questions were simultaneously done. It
was conducted in January to February 2006. Final briefings were made
prior to each conduct of the test in the province of Rizal and City of
Valenzuela. These briefings were done on February 2, 2006 and February
23, 2006.

Eight participants who acted as interviewers and observers during the
test attended the briefing. All of these participants have various
experiences in censuses and surveys. (See Appendix 7 for the list of
participants.)

A.  **Issues and Clarifications, and Actions Taken**

During the briefing, some issues and clarifications as well as a few
guidelines for the conduct of interview were made. Most of the
clarifications were about specific items in the questionnaire and how
these will be asked properly in the context of functional difficulty.
Recommendations were also gathered. The issues and actions taken are
listed on the next page:

+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
| Item          | Issues and Clarification       | Actions Taken       |
+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
| Page 4 of the | Definition of "washing all     | This was referred   |
| Question      | over and dressing" was not     | to the Washington   |
| Specification | discussed. Instead, it was the | Group (WG)          |
| for the       | definition of remembering and  | Secretariat who     |
| Cognitive     | concentrating written in the   | correspondingly     |
| Test Protocol | manual                         | responded with the  |
|               |                                | revised definition  |
+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
| Respondent    | -   The questionnaire's format | -   Separated the   |
| and Proxy     |     has an alternate sequence  |     questionnaire   |
|               |     of the questions for the   |     for the         |
|               |     respondent and proxy by    |     respondent from |
|               |     type of difficulty.        |     the proxy which |
|               |     Privacy is not followed in |     was recommended |
|               |     this case                  |     to the WG       |
|               |                                |     Secretariat who |
|               | -   There is no criteria in    |     then agreed     |
|               |     the selection of proxy     |                     |
|               |     among the household        | -   It was agreed   |
|               |     members                    |     that a proxy    |
|               |                                |     should be       |
|               |                                |     someone who     |
|               |                                |     spends most of  |
|               |                                |     the time with   |
|               |                                |     the respondent  |
|               |                                |     even if he/she  |
|               |                                |     is not a        |
|               |                                |     household       |
|               |                                |     member          |
+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
| Household     | -   There was no reference     | -   Followed the WG |
| Income        |     period in asking household |     Secretariat     |
|               |     income.                    |     instruction to  |
|               |                                |     consider the    |
|               | -   In the Philippines,        |     current income  |
|               |     several respondents are    |                     |
|               |     quite sensitive when you   | -   An answer of    |
|               |     ask them about their       |     "Don't Know" or |
|               |     income                     |     "Refusal" was   |
|               |                                |     allowed as      |
|               |                                |     possible        |
|               |                                |     answers from    |
|               |                                |     the respondent  |
+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+

+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
| Item          | Issues and Clarification       | Actions Taken       |
+===============+================================+=====================+
| Reference     | There was no reference period  | The WG Secretariat  |
| period        | in this test unlike in the     | replied that they   |
|               | WHO/UNESCAP Disability         | encountered         |
|               | Question Testing which used    | problems using a    |
|               | "during the past 30 days" in   | reference period.   |
|               | asking difficulties that were  | Hence, they advised |
|               | experienced by the respondents | not to use a        |
|               |                                | reference period    |
|               |                                | for this test but   |
|               |                                | rather use the      |
|               |                                | current condition   |
+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
| For All Types | The following questions become | Followed the advice |
| of            | redundant and annoying if the  | of the WG           |
| Difficulties  | respondent has no difficulty:  | Secretariat to      |
|               |                                | retain the          |
|               | -   Vision: Questions 5        | questions for       |
|               |     (VPACT) and 6 (VPWORR)     | comparability with  |
|               |                                | other countries     |
|               | -   Hearing: Questions 5       |                     |
|               |     (HPACT) and 6 (HPWORR)     |                     |
|               |                                |                     |
|               | -   Cognitive: Questions 6     |                     |
|               |     (CPACT) and 7 (CPWORR)     |                     |
|               |                                |                     |
|               | -   Lower Mobility: Questions  |                     |
|               |     6 (MPACT) and 7 (MPWORR)   |                     |
|               |                                |                     |
|               | -   Self-Care: Questions 4     |                     |
|               |     (SPWORR)                   |                     |
|               |                                |                     |
|               | -   Communication: Question 4  |                     |
|               |     (TPWORR)                   |                     |
|               |                                |                     |
|               | -   The phrase "because of a   |                     |
|               |     problem..." should be      |                     |
|               |     deleted so that the        |                     |
|               |     question can still be      |                     |
|               |     asked for respondents      |                     |
|               |     without difficulty         |                     |
+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
| Cognitive     | Question 11 (CPSOLUT) is       | Reminded the        |
|               | generally related to financial | respondents that    |
|               | problems                       | this question is    |
|               |                                | related to health   |
|               |                                | conditions          |
+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
| Lower         | -   In Question 2 (MPAID),     | Followed the advice |
| Mobility      |     examples of equipment from | of the WG           |
|               |     wheelchair to walker to    | Secretariat to      |
|               |     cane is overwhelming to    | retain the          |
|               |     the respondent             | questions for       |
|               |                                | comparability with  |
|               | -   Questions 8 (MPINSIDE) and | other countries     |
|               |     9 (MPOUTSIDE) -- sequence  |                     |
|               |     of responses is in reverse |                     |
|               |     order. This may confuse    |                     |
|               |     interviewer                |                     |
|               |                                |                     |
|               | -   Question 9 (MPOUTSIDE) --  |                     |
|               |     How do we treat respondent |                     |
|               |     who have difficulty going  |                     |
|               |     outside his/her home due   |                     |
|               |     to fear of being robbed,   |                     |
|               |     getting hurt, or being shy |                     |
|               |     without apparent reason?   |                     |
|               |     Is this part of mental     |                     |
|               |     problem?                   |                     |
+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
| Self-Care     | Question 8 (SPTIRED) -- the    | The WG Secretariat  |
|               | phrase "...too tired or sad to | explained that in   |
|               | dress or bathe..." is          | other countries,    |
|               | confusing. Sad seems           | "sad" is used to    |
|               | inappropriate in the question  | represent mental    |
|               | because the question refers to | health problems     |
|               | physical capacity to dress or  | which is manifested |
|               | bathe and not emotion          | even in bathing     |
+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
| Communication | Question 8 (TSSHY) --          | Explained to the    |
|               | respondents tend to relate     | respondents that    |
|               | this question on their         | this question is    |
|               | personality or general         | related to their    |
|               | attitude when in a group or    | health condition    |
|               | attending social gatherings    |                     |
+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
| General       | Question 3 (GPCOND) -- problem | Both English terms  |
| Health        | with the concept and           | were used and       |
|               | translation of developmental   | explanations were   |
|               | problem and neurological       | made to the         |
|               | disorder                       | respondent          |
+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+
| Interview     | Question 4 (IIMPAIR) There is  | The WG Secretariat  |
| Debriefing    | no "None" in the selection of  | allowed to record   |
|               | responses                      | "None" in the       |
|               |                                | selection of        |
|               |                                | responses           |
+---------------+--------------------------------+---------------------+

# Field Operations

# Date and Venue of Test

> The conduct of the test followed the schedule and venue below:

  -------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------
  Activity             Date                      Area

  Cognitive Test 1     January 23 to 27, 2006    Central Office, Manila

  Cognitive Test 2     February 3, 2006          Rizal

  Cognitive Test 3     February 24, 2006         Valenzuela City
  -------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------

The first test was in done in the Central Office on January 23 to 27,
2006. The second test was done in two "barangays" (smallest geographical
unit in the Philippines, equivalent to villages in other countries) in
the province of Rizal on February 3, 2006 and one barangay in Valenzuela
City on February 24, 2006.

# Courtesy Call to the Local Officials

Local officials were informed about the activity a few days ahead of the
conduct of the test. The participants paid a courtesy call to the local
officials on the day of the field test. In one barangay, the officials
of the barangay accompanied the interviewers to the exact location of
the selected respondents.

# Operational Approach

#  {#section .unnumbered}

A partnership approach was adopted for this test wherein one served as
interviewer and another as observer. The latter was tasked to record all
the problems of both interviewer and respondent during the interview.
Each partner was assigned to a respondent and proxy to be interviewed.

A respondent for self-report was to be interviewed first followed by the
interview for the proxy report. In few instances, due to time
constraints and availability of both respondents for self-report and
proxy report, some interviews for both self-report and proxy report were
conducted at the same time wherein the self-report respondent was
interviewed by the assigned interviewer while the proxy respondent was
interviewed by the observer. However, these interviews were conducted in
the different locations of the interview site for privacy.

# Debriefing of Interviewers and Supervisors/Observers

After the conduct of interviews, a debriefing was done to solicit
information about the experiences of the interviewers and
supervisors/observers. A briefing was also done every after interview of
PNSO-Central Office co-workers who have functional difficulty. The main
observation in this debriefing was to be careful with a person who
seemed to have functional difficulty but reported no actual difficulty
at all. Other observations were:

-   If the respondent has difficulty, they have to be led to answer what
    degree of difficulty they experienced (i.e., some difficulty and a
    lot of difficulty).

-   Some respondents answered "sometimes" instead of "somewhat often"
    for the frequency of difficulties they experienced. The category of
    responses was repeatedly mentioned in this case.

-   It took time to note down responses that were verbatim. A few
    respondents were quite uneasy looking at those notes. It was
    necessary to explain to them what it was about.

# Data Processing

Data processing includes checking of the questionnaires for completeness
of entries and encoding of the questionnaires into electronic format.
The processing of these forms was done through the spreadsheet provided
by the WG Secretariat. The final activity is the tabulation of results.

# Editing and Encoding of Questionnaires

All forms were transmitted to the central office for processing. These
forms were accounted for and edited for completeness of entries.
Self-reports were assigned a consecutive subject number. The same
mechanics was applied to the proxy reports.

The forms were processed through data entry in Microsoft Excel format.
Following the sequence of the items in the questionnaire, each item has
a corresponding column where to enter the code that represents the
response of the respondent. A separate data entry for self-report and
proxy report was done since the questionnaires for these respondents
were separate.

The average output for encoding these questionnaires in a day was 18
questionnaires. This output excludes the encoding of the translated
verbatim items (VSWHY, VSACTOPEN, HSWHY, HSACTOPEN, CSWHY, CSACTOPEN,
MSWHY, MSACTOPEN, SSWHY, TSWHY and GSWHY).

# Problems in Data Processing

From the original file, data for self-reports were separated from those
data of the proxies for easier tabulation and reference. For question on
INCOME, a category for DK for Don't Know response had been added. For
questions that allow multiple entries, the following coding scheme was
followed:

1.  **CSCAUSE and CPCAUSE**

"1" for Yes or "2" for No in the following:

> Because you have too many things to do? (1)

Because you getting older? (2)

Because of something else? (3)

No Answer/Don't Know (9)

2.  **GSWHYCODE and GPWHYCODE**

"1" for Yes or "2" for No in the following:

Physical (1)

Mental (2)

Spiritual (3)

3.  **GSCOND and GPCOND**

> "1" for Yes or "2" for No in the following while maintaining code 9
> for No Answer/Don't Know response:
>
> Asthma/breathing problem (1)

Arthritis/rheumatism (2)

Back or neck problem (3)

Fracture, bone/joint injury (4)

Heart problem (5)

Stroke problem (6)

Hypertension/high blood pressure (7)

Diabetes (8)

Cancer (10)

Mental retardation (11)

Developmental problem (12)

Depression/anxiety/emotional problem (13)

Missing limbs, amputee (14)

Kidney, bladder or renal problem (15)

Neurological disorder, such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Muscular
Dystrophy (MD) (16)

No Answer/Don't Know (9)

4.  **IIMPAIR for both self-reports and proxy reports:**

"1" for Yes or "2" for No in the following:

Mentally handicapped (1)

Hard of hearing/hearing impaired (2)

Poor eyesight/vision impaired (3)

Speech impediment (4)

Poor language abilities (5)

Under the influence of alcohol or drugs (6)

Some other impairment (7)

None (9)

# Results of the Test

The results of the test are presented in five sections: (a) interview
time and number of interviews conducted, (b) demographic
characteristics, (c) economic characteristics, (d) functional difficulty
by type and (e) outcome of interview debriefing.

# Interview Time and Number of Interviews Conducted

5.  **Interview Time**

The average interview time needed to complete the interview for
self-report is 29.71 minutes. The shortest time recorded is 19 minutes
while the longest time is 52 minutes. It took a shorter time by about
1.67 minutes to finish the interview for proxy report.

  ------------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  Table 1. Interview                                      
  Time by Type of                                         
  Respondent                                              

  Respondent in the   Interview Time                      
  Interview           (in Minutes)                        

                      Average Interview Minimum Interview Maximum Interview
                      Time              Time              Time

  Self-report         29.44             20                52

  Proxy               27.77             19                50
  ------------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

6.  **Number of Interviews Conducted**

Among the identified respondents, only 34 were available for self-report
while 35 for proxy report. Two self-reports and one for proxy report
respondents were unavailable at the time of interview. Thus, making the
completed self-report interviews to 34 while 35 for their counterparts.

Respondents for proxy reports were selected from among the household
members or those who spent most of the time with the respondent for
self-report. (See Appendix 8.)

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
  Table 2. Number and Percent of      
  Interviews by Type of Respondent    

  Respondent in the Interview         Number of Interviews

  Self-report                         34

  Proxy                               35
  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

# Demographic Characteristics

7.  **Sex**

There were more female respondents than males. Of the 34 self-reports,
61.8 percent were females while 71.4 percent were females for proxy
reports.

  ----------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
  Table 3. Number                                             
  and Percent of                                              
  Respondents by                                              
  Type and Sex                                                

  Sex               Number and                                
                    Percent of                                
                    Respondents                               
                    by Type                                   

                    Self-report                 Proxy         

                    Number        Percent       Number        Percent

  Female            21            61.8          25            71.4

  Male              13            38.2          10            28.6

  Total             34            100.0         35            100.0
  ----------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------

8.  **Age**

Around 14.7 percent of respondents for self-reports and 34.3 percent of
the respondents for proxy reports are less than 30 years old. Those 62
years old and above for both self-report and proxy report comprised 32.4
percent and 14.3 percent, respectively. The median age of respondents
for self-reports is 55.5 years old while 44 years old for proxy reports.
The overall median age for all respondents is 48 years old.

  ----------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
  Table 4. Number                                             
  and Percent of                                              
  Respondents by                                              
  Type and Age                                                
  Group                                                       

  Age Group         Number and                                
                    Percent of                                
                    Respondents                               
                    by Type                                   

                    Self-report                 Proxy         

                    Number        Percent       Number        Percent

  18 -- 21          1             2.9           2             5.7

  22 -- 25          2             5.9           8             22.9

  26 -- 29          2             5.9           2             5.7

  30 -- 33          1             2.9           2             5.7

  34 -- 37          1             2.9           2             5.7

  38 -- 41          1             2.9           1             2.9

  42 -- 45          1             2.9           6             17.1

  46 -- 49          2             5.9           1             2.9

  50 -- 53          3             8.8           1             2.9

  54 -- 57          5             14.7          3             8.6

  58 -- 61          4             11.8          2             5.7

  62 -- 65          4             11.8          2             5.7

  66 -- 69          2             5.9           2             5.7

  70 and above      5             14.7          1             2.9

  Total             34            100.0         35            100.0
  ----------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------

9.  **Education**

The largest proportion of respondents for self-reports (23.5 percent)
have spent six years in school, which is equivalent to elementary
completion. While the highest proportion for respondents for proxy
reports have spent either 10 years in school (14.3 percent), which is
equivalent to high school completion, or 12 years in school (14.3
percent), which is equivalent to a two-year post secondary education or
a second year college degree.

+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| Table 5. Number |            |            |            |            |
| and Percent of  |            |            |            |            |
| Respondents by  |            |            |            |            |
| Type            |            |            |            |            |
|                 |            |            |            |            |
| and Years Spent |            |            |            |            |
| Studying in     |            |            |            |            |
| School          |            |            |            |            |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| Years Spent     | Number and |            |            |            |
| Studying in     | Percent of |            |            |            |
| School          | R          |            |            |            |
|                 | espondents |            |            |            |
|                 | by Type    |            |            |            |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
|                 | S          |            | Proxy      |            |
|                 | elf-report |            |            |            |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
|                 | Number     | Percent    | Number     | Percent    |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 0               | 4          | 11.8       | 0          | 0.0        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 1               | 0          | 0.0        | 0          | 0.0        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 2               | 1          | 2.9        | 1          | 2.9        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 3               | 3          | 8.8        | 1          | 2.9        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 4               | 1          | 2.9        | 4          | 11.4       |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 5               | 0          | 0.0        | 1          | 2.9        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 6               | 8          | 23.5       | 2          | 5.7        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 7               | 6          | 17.6       | 2          | 5.7        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 8               | 0          | 0.0        | 0          | 0.0        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 9               | 0          | 0.0        | 1          | 2.9        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 10              | 3          | 8.8        | 5          | 14.9       |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 11              | 0          | 0.0        | 3          | 8.6        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 12              | 1          | 2.9        | 5          | 14.3       |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 13              | 1          | 2.9        | 1          | 2.9        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 14              | 1          | 2.9        | 3          | 8.6        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 15              | 1          | 2.9        | 3          | 8.6        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 16              | 1          | 2.9        | 1          | 2.9        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| 17 and over     | 1          | 2.9        | 2          | 5.7        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| Can't Remember  | 2          | 5.9        | 0          | 0.0        |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+
| Total           | 34         | 100.0      | 35         | 100.0      |
+-----------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+

These functional difficulties had somehow affected the education of the
respondents for self-report where close to 12 percent of them were not
able to go to school and close to 6 percent who cannot remember his/her
educational attainment at all.

10. **Marital Status**

Close to two in five of respondents for self-report are currently
married (38.2 percent) while almost half for the proxy reports (48.6
percent).

  ----------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
  Table 6. Number                                             
  and Percent of                                              
  Respondents by                                              
  Type and Current                                            
  Marital Status                                              

  Current Marital   Number and                                
  Status            Percent of                                
                    Respondents                               
                    by Type                                   

                    Self-report                 Proxy         

                    Number        Percent       Number        Percent

  Never married     8             23.5          17            48.6

  Currently married 13            38.2          4             11.4

  Separated         0             0.0           0             0.0

  Divorced          0             0.0           2             5.7

  Widowed           9             26.5          9             25.7

  Cohabiting        3             8.8           2             5.7

  Not Reported      1             2.9           1             2.9

  Total             34            100.0         35            100.0
  ----------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------

# Economic Characteristics

1.  **Employment**

Close to one in four respondents for self-report was unemployed (23.5
percent) due to health reason while 23 percent of respondents for proxy
report were housekeepers. Many self-report and proxy report respondents
were either paid workers or self-employed.

  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
  Table 7. Number and                                              
  Percent of Respondents by                                        
  Type and Main Work Status                                        

  Main Work Status           Number and                            
                             Percent of                            
                             Respondents                           
                             by Type                               

                             Self-report               Proxy       

                             Number        Percent     Number      Percent

  Paid work                  6             17.6        7           20.0

  Self employed              7             20.6        7           20.0

  Non paid work              2             5.9         1           2.9

  Student                    0             0.0         1           2.9

  Keeping House/Homemaker    4             11.8        8           22.9

  Retired                    3             8.8         3           8.6

  Unemployed (health         8             23.5        3           8.6
  reasons)                                                         

  Unemployed (other reasons) 3             8.8         5           14.3

  Don't Know                 1             2.9         0           0.0

  Total                      34            100.0       35          100.0
  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------

2.  **Income**

More than 40 percent of respondents for both self-report and proxy
report claimed to have household weekly income of less than €40 (44.1
percent and 42.9 percent, respectively). Others reported to have
household weekly income between €40 to €70 (14.7 percent and 17.1
percent, respectively), and €71 to €120 (17.6 percent and 14.3 percent,
respectively).

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Table 8. Number and Percent                                       
  of Respondents by Type and                                        
  Household Income                                                  
  ----------------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
  Household Weekly Income       Number and                          
                                Percent of                          
                                Respondents                         
                                by Type                             

                                Self-report              Proxy      

                                Number        Percent    Number     Percent

  J (less than €40)             15            44.1       15         42.9

  R (€40 to under €70)          5             14.7       6          17.1

  C (€70 to under €120)         6             17.6       5          14.3

  M (€120 to under €230)        3             8.8        3          8.6

  F (€230 to under €350)        2             5.9        0          0.0

  S (€350 to under €460)        0             0.0        0          0.0

  K (€460 to under €580)        0             0.0        0          0.0

  P (€580 to under €690)        0             0.0        0          0.0

  D (€690 to under €1150)       0             0.0        0          0.0

  H (€1150 to under €1730)      0             0.0        0          0.0

  U (€1730 to under €2310)      0             0.0        0          0.0

  N (€2310 or more)             0             0.0        0          0.0

  DK for Don't Know             3             8.8        6          17.1

  Total                         34            100.00     35         100.00
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

#  {#section-1 .unnumbered}

# Functional Difficulty by Type

The results of the six core questions on functional difficulty in
seeing, hearing, walking or climbing steps, cognitive (remembering or
concentrating), self-care (bathing or dressing), and communicating are
presented here. Results also on general health condition of the
respondents are also shown here.

Of the 34 self-reports, there were two cases of incomplete interview for
whose respondents were later found out to be suffering from a mental
condition but were able to provide basic demographic information. Thus,
the interview has to be stopped. From the reported total number of
self-reports (34) in the demographic section, there were only 32
self-reports in the functional difficulty by type. But from the 32
self-reports, only one has no corresponding proxy report. For purposes
of comparison, only the data for the 31 sets of complete report (with
self-report and corresponding proxy report) are presented here. (See
Appendix 9 for the tables for 32 self-reports and 35 proxy reports.)

11. **Vision**

    a.  **Main Question**

The question on vision was: Do you have difficulty seeing, even if
wearing eyeglasses? The possible responses are categorized into degree
of difficulty: no difficulty, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, and
cannot do at all.

Results show that more than half of the respondents for the self-report
(54.9 percent) admitted that they have difficulty in seeing. Most of
them (45.2 percent) reported that they only experienced some difficulty.
Data from proxy reports show the same results. (See Appendix 10 for the
list of reasons given by the respondents for their responses in this
item.)

  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
  Table 9. Number and                                              
  Percent of Respondents by                                        
  Degree of Difficulty in                                          
  Seeing                                                           

  Degree of Difficulty in    Number and                            
  Seeing                     Percent of                            
                             Respondents                           
                             by Type                               

                             Self-report               Proxy       

                             Number        Percent     Number      Percent

  No Difficulty              14            45.2        14          45.2

  Some Difficulty            14            45.2        14          45.2

  A Lot of Difficulty        3             9.7         3           9.7

  Cannot Do At All           0             0.0         0           0.0

  No Answer/Don't Know       0             0.0         0           0.0

  Total                      31            100.0       31          100.0
  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------

b.  **Interviewer's Observation Questions**

During the interview, it was observed that for the bulk of the
respondents in both self-report and proxy report, there was no problem
in administering this question.

It can be observed, however, that the proportion of the respondents in
the self-report with no problem in answering the question is lower than
that of the proxies partly signifying that their responses are affected
by the condition of their health.

+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| Table 10. Number and Percent of       |      |      |      |      |
| Respondents by Interviewer's          |      |      |      |      |
| Observation Questions for Difficulty  |      |      |      |      |
| in Seeing                             |      |      |      |      |
+=======================================+======+======+======+======+
| Interviewer's Observation Questions   | Nu   |      |      |      |
|                                       | mber |      |      |      |
|                                       | and  |      |      |      |
|                                       | Per  |      |      |      |
|                                       | cent |      |      |      |
|                                       | of   |      |      |      |
|                                       | Res  |      |      |      |
|                                       | pond |      |      |      |
|                                       | ents |      |      |      |
|                                       | by   |      |      |      |
|                                       | Type |      |      |      |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                       | Sel  |      | P    |      |
|                                       | f-re |      | roxy |      |
|                                       | port |      |      |      |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                       | Num  | Per- | Num  | Per- |
|                                       | -ber | cent | -ber | cent |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| A. Need to Repeat Any Part of the     |      |      |      |      |
| Question                              |      |      |      |      |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                 | 7    | 22.6 | 2    | 6.4  |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                  | 24   | 77.4 | 29   | 93.6 |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                               | 31   | 1    | 31   | 10   |
|                                       |      | 00.0 |      | 0.00 |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| B. Have Any Difficulty Using Response |      |      |      |      |
| Option                                |      |      |      |      |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                 | 4    | 12.9 | 2    | 6.4  |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                  | 27   | 87.1 | 29   | 93.6 |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                               | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                       |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| C. Ask for Clarification or Qualify   |      |      |      |      |
| Answer                                |      |      |      |      |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                 | 4    | 12.9 | 2    | 6.4  |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                  | 27   | 87.1 | 29   | 93.6 |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                               | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                       |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+---------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+

c.  **Wearing of Eyeglasses**

Results show that of the 31 respondents, 20 wore eyeglasses. More than
half of the respondents wore eyeglasses only for certain activities. The
others wore eyeglasses all the time (12.9 percent), which was also
reported by the proxies. In contrast, only 38.7 percent of their proxies
reported that those respondents in self-report wore eyeglasses only for
certain activities.

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 11. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents Wearing Eyeglasses                                    
  by Frequency                                                      

  Frequency of Wearing Eyeglasses Number and                        
                                  Percent of                        
                                  Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  All the Time                    4             12.9      4         12.9

  Certain Activities              16            51.6      12        38.7

  None of the Time                11            35.5      15        48.4

  Total                           31            100.0     31        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

d.  **Frequency of Difficulty in Seeing**

Approximately 90 percent of respondents for self-report who have problem
in seeing replied experiencing difficulty. This difficulty is corrected
if the respondents wore their eyeglasses where only 36 percent had
reported the same. On the other hand, almost 83 percent of their proxies
reported that respondents in self-report have difficulty in seeing and
47 percent said this problem is corrected by wearing eyeglasses.

There is an apparent inconsistency of responses in this question with
the first question as two persons said that they have difficulty seeing
as reflected in their response in the first question but said that they
"never" had difficulty in seeing as reflected in their response in the
third question.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 12. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents with          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty in Seeing by      |         |         |         |         |
| Frequency of Difficulty in   |         |         |         |         |
| Seeing                       |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Frequency of Difficulty in   | Number  |         |         |         |
| Seeing                       | and     |         |         |         |
|                              | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| A. Respondents with          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty                   |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Never                      | 2       | 11.8    | 3       | 17.6    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Somewhat Often             | 10      | 58.8    | 11      | 64.7    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Very Often                 | 5       | 29.4    | 3       | 17.6    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 17      | 100.0   | 17      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| B. For Eyeglasses Wearers    |         |         |         |         |
| Only                         |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Never                      | 9       | 64.3    | 8       | 53.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Somewhat Often             | 4       | 28.6    | 7       | 46.7    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Very Often                 | 1       | 7.1     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 14      | 100.0   | 15      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

e.  **Amount of Effort Given**

For those with difficulty in seeing, around 29.4 percent said they
exerted some effort in order to see, while 58.8 percent stated they
exerted a lot of effort. Among those wearing eyeglasses, 35.7 percent
said that they still exerted some effort in order to see while 21.4
percent reported they still exerted a lot of effort. In general,
however, problem in seeing is corrected by wearing eyeglasses.

While the frequency for self-report and proxy report are the same in the
first question (i.e., if with difficulty in seeing), the discrepancy in
the responses between them is visible in the extent of effort exerted.
For instance, among the self-report, 10 of them said they exerted a lot
of effort while only 5 in the proxy report. The same is true for the
"some effort" category.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 13. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents With          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty in Seeing by      |         |         |         |         |
| Amount of Effort Exerted To  |         |         |         |         |
| See                          |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Amount of Effort Exerted To  | Number  |         |         |         |
| See                          | and     |         |         |         |
|                              | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| A. Respondents with          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty                   |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Effort                  | 2       | 11.8    | 3       | 17.6    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Some Effort                | 5       | 29.4    | 9       | 52.9    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > A Lot of Effort            | 10      | 58.8    | 5       | 29.4    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 17      | 100.0   | 17      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| B. For Eyeglasses Wearers    |         |         |         |         |
| Only                         |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Effort                  | 6       | 42.9    | 6       | 40.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Some Effort                | 5       | 35.7    | 8       | 53.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > A Lot of Effort            | 3       | 21.4    | 1       | 6.7     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 14      | 100.0   | 15      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

f.  **Activities**

Around 48.4 percent of the self-reports disclosed that they have
activities that they cannot do because of a problem in seeing. Their
proxies, only at 35.5 percent, confirmed this claim. (See Appendix 11
for the list of activities that they could not do due to difficulty in
seeing.)

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 14. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents on Whether there is                                   
  an Activity They Cannot Do                                        
  Because of a Vision Problem                                       

  Whether there is an Activity    Number and                        
  They Cannot Do Because of a     Percent of                        
  Vision Problem                  Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  Yes                             15            48.4      11        35.5

  No                              16            51.6      20        64.5

  Total                           31            100.0     31        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

g.  **Concern on Vision Problem**

Close to 60 percent of the self-report respondents said that they were
not at all concerned about their vision. Just over 16 percent of them
said to be somewhat concerned while almost 23 percent said they were
very concerned. Comparing the frequencies of the response of their
proxies revealed that the discrepancy exists in the degree of concern or
worry where 38.7 percent were somewhat concerned while 9.7 percent were
very concerned.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 15. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents by Degree of  |         |         |         |         |
| Concern                      |         |         |         |         |
|                              |         |         |         |         |
| or Worry About Their Vision  |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Degree of Concern or Worry   | Number  |         |         |         |
|                              | and     |         |         |         |
| About Their Vision           | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Not At All                   | 18      | 58.1    | 16      | 51.6    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Somewhat Concerned           | 5       | 16.1    | 12      | 38.7    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Very Concerned               | 7       | 22.6    | 3       | 9.7     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| No Answer/Don't Know         | 1       | 3.2     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Total                        | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

h.  **Health Professional's Advice**

Of the 31 self-reports, 38.7 percent revealed to have been told by a
health professional that they have an injury, disease or condition (such
as cataracts or glaucoma) affecting their sight. The majority of them
(61.3 percent) have their vision tested. On the contrary, 35.5 percent
of proxies revealed that their counterparts in self-report have been
told by a health professional about their problem in seeing. The
proportion is about the same as that of the self-report. On the other
hand, both the level and proportion of vision testing as reported by the
two types of respondents are significantly different.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 16. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents by            |         |         |         |         |
| Consultation with a Health   |         |         |         |         |
| Professional About Seeing    |         |         |         |         |
| Problem or Whether They Have |         |         |         |         |
| Their Vision Tested          |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Consultation with a Health   | Number  |         |         |         |
| Professional About Seeing    | and     |         |         |         |
| Problem or Whether They Have | Percent |         |         |         |
| Their Vision Tested          | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| A. Consulted a Health        |         |         |         |         |
| Professional About Their     |         |         |         |         |
| Problem in Seeing            |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Yes                        | 12      | 38.7    | 11      | 35.5    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No                         | 18      | 58.1    | 19      | 61.2    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know       | 1       | 3.2     | 1       | 3.2     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| B. Have Their Vision Tested  |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Yes                        | 19      | 61.3    | 12      | 38.7    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No                         | 12      | 38.7    | 18      | 58.1    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know       | 0       | 0.0     | 1       | 3.2     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

i.  **Difficulty in Seeing Prints/Recognizing a Person**

Respondents were asked about the degree of difficulty they have in
seeing prints in a map, newspaper or book, and seeing and recognizing a
person they know from 7 meters (20 feet) away. Results show that 35.5
percent and 19.4 percent of respondents for self-reports who did not
wear eyeglasses have some difficulty. Those who have a lot of difficulty
in such activities were registered at 16.1 percent and 9.7 percent,
respectively. With the aid of eyeglasses, some of these difficulties are
corrected.

Comparing the frequency of responses with those of the proxies, it was
observed that while 20 self-report respondents said they are wearing
eyeglasses, only 15 proxies confirmed the same. The frequency in the
level of difficulty also varies in this category.

+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| Table 17. Number and Percent of          |      |      |      |      |
| Respondents by Degree of Difficulty in   |      |      |      |      |
| Seeing Prints or Seeing and Recognizing  |      |      |      |      |
| a Person They Know                       |      |      |      |      |
+==========================================+======+======+======+======+
| Degree of Difficulty in Seeing Prints or | Nu   |      |      |      |
| Seeing and Recognizing a Person          | mber |      |      |      |
|                                          | and  |      |      |      |
|                                          | Per  |      |      |      |
|                                          | cent |      |      |      |
|                                          | of   |      |      |      |
|                                          | Res  |      |      |      |
|                                          | pond |      |      |      |
|                                          | ents |      |      |      |
|                                          | by   |      |      |      |
|                                          | Type |      |      |      |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                          | Sel  |      | P    |      |
|                                          | f-re |      | roxy |      |
|                                          | port |      |      |      |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                          | Num  | Per- | Num  | Per- |
|                                          | -ber | cent | -ber | cent |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| A. Respondents with Difficulty           |      |      |      |      |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| 1\. Seeing the Prints in a Map,          |      |      |      |      |
| Newspaper or Book                        |      |      |      |      |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No Difficulty                          | 12   | 38.7 | 13   | 41.9 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Some Difficulty                        | 11   | 35.5 | 8    | 25.8 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty                    | 5    | 16.1 | 7    | 22.6 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Cannot Do At All                       | 3    | 9.7  | 1    | 3.2  |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know                   | 0    | 0.0  | 2    | 6.4  |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                  | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                          |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| 2\. Seeing and Recognizing a Person They |      |      |      |      |
| Know From Seven Meters Away              |      |      |      |      |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No Difficulty                          | 20   | 64.5 | 19   | 61.3 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Some Difficulty                        | 6    | 19.4 | 8    | 25.8 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty                    | 3    | 9.7  | 3    | 9.7  |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Cannot Do At All                       | 2    | 6.4  | 1    | 3.2  |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know                   | 0    | 0.0  | 0    | 0.0  |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                  | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                          |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| B. For Eyeglasses Wearers Only with      |      |      |      |      |
| Difficulty                               |      |      |      |      |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| 1\. Seeing the Prints in a Map,          |      |      |      |      |
| Newspaper or Book                        |      |      |      |      |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No Difficulty                          | 11   | 78.6 | 12   | 80.0 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Some Difficulty                        | 1    | 7.1  | 3    | 20.0 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty                    | 1    | 7.1  | 0    | 0.0  |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Cannot Do At All                       | 1    | 7.1  | 0    | 0.0  |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                  | 14   | 1    | 15   | 1    |
|                                          |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| 2\. Seeing and Recognizing a Person They |      |      |      |      |
| Know From Seven Meters Away              |      |      |      |      |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No Difficulty                          | 8    | 57.1 | 8    | 53.3 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Some Difficulty                        | 4    | 28.6 | 7    | 46.7 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty                    | 0    | 0.0  | 0    | 0.0  |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Cannot Do At All                       | 2    | 14.3 | 0    | 0.0  |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                  | 14   | 1    | 15   | 1    |
|                                          |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+------------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+

12. **Hearing**

    a.  **Main Question**

The question on hearing was: Do you have difficulty hearing, even if
using a hearing aid? The possible responses are categorized into degree
of difficulty: no difficulty, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, and
cannot do at all.

Of the 31 respondents, only nine self-reports (29.0 percent) claimed to
have some difficulty in hearing. But one of their proxies (3.2 percent)
provided information that her counterpart has a lot of difficulty in
hearing. The proxy reasoned out that even if her counterpart used
hearing aid, he still needed to adjust its volume in order to hear. (See
Appendix 12 for the list of reasons given by respondents for their
responses in this item.)

+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Table 18. Number and     |          |          |          |          |
| Percent of Respondents   |          |          |          |          |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
| by Degree of Difficulty  |          |          |          |          |
| in Hearing               |          |          |          |          |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Degree of Difficulty in  | Number   |          |          |          |
| Hearing                  | and      |          |          |          |
|                          | Percent  |          |          |          |
|                          | of       |          |          |          |
|                          | Res      |          |          |          |
|                          | pondents |          |          |          |
|                          | by Type  |          |          |          |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|                          | Sel      |          | Proxy    |          |
|                          | f-report |          |          |          |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|                          | Number   | Percent  | Number   | Percent  |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| No Difficulty            | 22       | 71.0     | 22       | 71.0     |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Some Difficulty          | 9        | 29.0     | 8        | 25.9     |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| A Lot of Difficulty      | 0        | 0.0      | 1        | 3.2      |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Cannot Do At All         | 0        | 0.0      | 0        | 0.0      |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| No Answer/Don't Know     | 0        | 0.0      | 0        | 0.0      |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Total                    | 31       | 100.0    | 31       | 100.0    |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+

b.  **Interviewer's Observation Questions**

This question is clear to both self-respondent and proxies where almost
all of them can clearly deliver their responses.

+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Table 19. Number and Percent of      |       |       |       |       |
| Respondents by Interviewer's         |       |       |       |       |
| Observation Questions for Difficulty |       |       |       |       |
| in Hearing                           |       |       |       |       |
+======================================+=======+=======+=======+=======+
| Interviewer's Observation Questions  | N     |       |       |       |
|                                      | umber |       |       |       |
|                                      | and   |       |       |       |
|                                      | Pe    |       |       |       |
|                                      | rcent |       |       |       |
|                                      | of    |       |       |       |
|                                      | R     |       |       |       |
|                                      | espon |       |       |       |
|                                      | dents |       |       |       |
|                                      | by    |       |       |       |
|                                      | Type  |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|                                      | S     |       | Proxy |       |
|                                      | elf-r |       |       |       |
|                                      | eport |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|                                      | Nu    | Per   | Nu    | Per   |
|                                      | m-ber | -cent | m-ber | -cent |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| A. Need to Repeat Any Part of the    |       |       |       |       |
| Question                             |       |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Yes                                | 1     | 3.2   | 1     | 3.2   |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > No                                 | 30    | 96.8  | 30    | 96.8  |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Total                              | 31    | 100.0 | 31    | 100.0 |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| B. Have Any Difficulty Using         |       |       |       |       |
| Response Option                      |       |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Yes                                | 0     | 0.0   | 1     | 3.2   |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > No                                 | 31    | 100.0 | 30    | 96.8  |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Total                              | 31    | 100.0 | 31    | 100.0 |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| C. Ask for Clarification or Qualify  |       |       |       |       |
| Answer                               |       |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Yes                                | 1     | 3.2   | 2     | 6.4   |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > No                                 | 30    | 96.8  | 29    | 93.6  |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Total                              | 31    | 100.0 | 31    | 100.0 |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

c.  **Use of Hearing Aid**

Results show that only one respondent for self-report used hearing aid
all the time. His proxy affirmed this admission.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 20. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents Wearing       |         |         |         |         |
| Hearing Aid                  |         |         |         |         |
|                              |         |         |         |         |
| by Frequency of Use          |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Frequency of Use of Hearing  | Number  |         |         |         |
| Aid                          | and     |         |         |         |
|                              | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| All the Time                 | 1       | 3.2     | 1       | 3.2     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Certain Activities           | 0       | 0.0     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| None of the Time             | 30      | 96.8    | 30      | 96.8    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Total                        | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

d.  **Frequency of Difficulty in Hearing**

All self-report respondents claimed to have experienced difficulty in
hearing somewhat often. For a hearing aid user, the level of difficulty
is the same with or without hearing aid.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 21. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents with          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty in Hearing by     |         |         |         |         |
| Frequency of Difficulty in   |         |         |         |         |
| Hearing                      |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Frequency of Difficulty in   | Number  |         |         |         |
| Hearing                      | and     |         |         |         |
|                              | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| A. Respondents with          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty                   |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Never                      | 0       | 0.0     | 2       | 22.2    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Somewhat Often             | 8       | 88.9    | 5       | 55.6    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Very Often                 | 0       | 0.0     | 2       | 22.2    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know       | 1       | 11.1    | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 9       | 100.0   | 9       | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| B. For Hearing Aid Users     |         |         |         |         |
| Only                         |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Never                      | 0       | 0.0     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Somewhat Often             | 1       | 100.0   | 1       | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Very Often                 | 0       | 0.0     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 1       | 100.0   | 0       | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

e.  **Amount of Effort Given**

Around 78 percent of self-report respondents who have problem in hearing
admitted they have exerted some effort in order to hear clearly. The
degree of effort exerted varies with their proxies.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 22. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents With          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty in Hearing by     |         |         |         |         |
| Amount of Effort Exerted To  |         |         |         |         |
| Hear                         |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Amount of Effort Exerted To  | Number  |         |         |         |
| Hear                         | and     |         |         |         |
|                              | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| A. Respondents with          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty                   |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Effort                  | 1       | 11.1    | 3       | 33.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Some Effort                | 7       | 77.8    | 3       | 33.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > A Lot of Effort            | 1       | 11.1    | 3       | 33.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 9       | 100.0   | 9       | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| B. For Hearing Aid Users     |         |         |         |         |
| Only                         |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Effort                  | 1       | 100.0   | 1       | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Some Effort                | 0       | 0.0     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > A Lot of Effort            | 0       | 0.0     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 1       | 100.0   | 1       | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

f.  **Activities**

Most of self-reports, correspondingly affirmed by their proxies,
admitted there was no activity that they could not do because of a
hearing problem.

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 23. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents on Whether there is                                   
  an Activity They Cannot Do                                        
  Because of a Hearing Problem                                      

  Whether there is an Activity    Number and                        
  They Cannot Do Because of a     Percent of                        
  Hearing Problem                 Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  Yes                             1             3.2       1         3.2

  No                              30            96.8      30        96.8

  Total                           31            100.0     31        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

g.  **Worry on Hearing Problem**

The majority of self-reports (77.4 percent) said that they were not at
all concerned or worried about their hearing. More than 16 percent
reported to be somewhat concerned and over 3 percent reported to be very
concerned on this matter. However, the degree differs as perceived by
their proxies.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 24. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents by Degree of  |         |         |         |         |
| Concern or Worry About Their |         |         |         |         |
| Hearing                      |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Degree of Concern or Worry   | Number  |         |         |         |
|                              | and     |         |         |         |
| About Their Hearing          | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Not At All                   | 24      | 77.4    | 23      | 74.2    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Somewhat Concerned           | 5       | 16.1    | 5       | 16.1    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Very Concerned               | 1       | 3.2     | 3       | 9.7     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| No Answer/Don't Know         | 1       | 3.2     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Total                        | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

h.  **Health Professional's Advice**

Of the 31 self-reports, only two persons revealed to have been told by a
health professional about their hearing loss while seven persons have
their hearing tested. On the contrary, their proxies did not know that
their counterparts undertook a hearing test.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 25. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents by            |         |         |         |         |
| Consultation with a Health   |         |         |         |         |
| Professional About Hearing   |         |         |         |         |
| Loss and Whether They Have   |         |         |         |         |
| Their Hearing Tested         |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Consultation with a Health   | Number  |         |         |         |
| Professional About Hearing   | and     |         |         |         |
| Loss and Hearing Test        | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| A. Consulted a Health        |         |         |         |         |
| Professional About Their     |         |         |         |         |
| Hearing Loss                 |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Yes                        | 2       | 6.4     | 3       | 9.7     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No                         | 28      | 90.3    | 28      | 90.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know       | 1       | 3.2     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| B. Have Their Hearing Tested |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Yes                        | 7       | 22.6    | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No                         | 23      | 74.2    | 30      | 96.8    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know       | 1       | 3.2     | 1       | 3.2     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

i.  **Difficulty in Hearing What is Said in a Crowded or Quiet Room**

Respondents were asked about the degree of difficulty they have in
hearing what is said in a crowded or quiet room. The majority of
self-report respondents have no problem in such cases, 19.4 percent have
some difficulty hearing what is said in a conversation in a crowded room
while only 12.9 percent in a conversation in a quiet room. In
comparison, more than two of their proxies replied that their
counterparts experienced this degree of difficulty.

+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Table 26. Number and Percent of   |        |        |        |        |
| Respondents by Degree of          |        |        |        |        |
| Difficulty in Hearing What is     |        |        |        |        |
| Said in a Crowded or Quiet Room   |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Degree of Difficulty in Hearing   | Number |        |        |        |
| What is Said in a Crowded or      | and    |        |        |        |
| Quiet Room                        | P      |        |        |        |
|                                   | ercent |        |        |        |
|                                   | of     |        |        |        |
|                                   | Respo  |        |        |        |
|                                   | ndents |        |        |        |
|                                   | by     |        |        |        |
|                                   | Type   |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                   | Self-  |        | Proxy  |        |
|                                   | report |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                   | Number | P      | Number | P      |
|                                   |        | ercent |        | ercent |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| A. Respondents with Difficulty    |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 1\. Hearing in a Crowded Room     |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Difficulty                   | 24     | 77.4   | 20     | 64.5   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Some Difficulty                 | 6      | 19.4   | 8      | 25.8   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty             | 0      | 0.0    | 0      | 0.0    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Cannot Do At All                | 0      | 0.0    | 1      | 3.2    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know            | 1      | 3.2    | 2      | 6.4    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                           | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 2\. Hearing in a Quiet Room       |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Difficulty                   | 26     | 83.9   | 25     | 80.6   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Some Difficulty                 | 4      | 12.9   | 6      | 19.4   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty             | 0      | 0.0    | 0      | 0.0    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Cannot Do At All                | 0      | 0.0    | 0      | 0.0    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know            | 1      | 3.2    | 0      | 0.0    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                           | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Table 26. Number and Percent of   |        |        |        |        |
| Respondents by Degree of          |        |        |        |        |
| Difficulty in Hearing What is     |        |        |        |        |
| Said in a Crowded or Quiet Room   |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Degree of Difficulty in Hearing   | Number |        |        |        |
| What is Said in a Crowded or      | and    |        |        |        |
| Quiet Room                        | P      |        |        |        |
|                                   | ercent |        |        |        |
|                                   | of     |        |        |        |
|                                   | Respo  |        |        |        |
|                                   | ndents |        |        |        |
|                                   | by     |        |        |        |
|                                   | Type   |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                   | Self-  |        | Proxy  |        |
|                                   | report |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                   | Number | P      | Number | P      |
|                                   |        | ercent |        | ercent |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| B. For Hearing Aid Users Only     |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 1\. Difficulty Hearing in a       |        |        |        |        |
| Crowded Room                      |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Difficulty                   | 1      | 100.0  | 1      | 100.0  |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Some Difficulty                 | 0      | 0.0    | 0      | 0.0    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty             | 0      | 0.0    | 0      | 0.0    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Cannot Do At All                | 0      | 0.0    | 0      | 0.0    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                           | 1      | 100.0  | 1      | 100.0  |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 2\. Difficulty Hearing in a Quiet |        |        |        |        |
| Room                              |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Difficulty                   | 1      | 100.0  | 1      | 100.0  |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Some Difficulty                 | 0      | 0.0    | 0      | 0.0    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty             | 0      | 0.0    | 0      | 0.0    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Cannot Do At All                | 0      | 0.0    | 0      | 0.0    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                           | 1      | 100.0  | 1      | 100.0  |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

j.  **How Often They Missed Words in Conversation, Radio or TV Due to
    Hearing Problem**

The majority of respondents said that they never missed words in a
conversation, radio or television due to hearing problem while only 12.9
percent of them said that they missed words in such instances due to
hearing problem about once a week. For their proxies, three of them said
that their counterparts had this hearing problem on an everyday basis.

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 27. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents on How Often They                                     
  Missed Words in Conversation,                                     
  Radio or TV Due to Hearing                                        
  Problem                                                           

  How Often They Missed Words in  Number and                        
  Conversation, Radio or TV Due   Percent of                        
  to Hearing Problem              Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  Never                           24            77.4      25        80.6

  About Once A Week               4             12.9      3         9.7

  Everyday                        0             0.0       3         9.7

  No Answer/Don't Know            3             9.7       0         0.0

  Total                           31            100.0     31        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

k.  **Often Told by Family Members About Their Hearing Problem**

Reports show that four respondents (12.9 percent) in self-report
revealed that their family members often told them that they have
hearing problem. However, seven proxies (22.6 percent) claimed the same
report.

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 28. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents Often Told by                                         
  Family Members About Their                                        
  Hearing Problem                                                   

  Often Told by Family Members    Number and                        
  About Their Hearing Problem     Percent of                        
                                  Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  Yes                             4             12.9      7         22.6

  No                              25            80.6      24        77.4

  No Answer/Don't Know            2             6.4       0         0.0

  Total                           31            100.0     31        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

13. **Cognitive**

    a.  **Main Question**

The question on cognitive was: Do you have difficulty remembering or
concentrating? The possible responses are categorized into the degree of
difficulty: no difficulty, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty, and
cannot do at all.

Of the 31 respondents in self-report, only 10 respondents (32.2 percent)
have experienced difficulty in remembering or concentrating. On the
other hand, 16 proxies (51.5 percent) reported that their counterparts
have difficulty in remembering or concentrating. (See Appendix 13 for
the list of reasons given by respondents for their responses in this
item.)

  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
  Table 29. Number and                                             
  Percent of Respondents by                                        
  Degree of Difficulty in                                          
  Remembering or                                                   
  Concentrating                                                    

  Degree of Difficulty in    Number and                            
  Remembering or             Percent of                            
  Concentrating              Respondents                           
                             by Type                               

                             Self-report               Proxy       

                             Number        Percent     Number      Percent

  No Difficulty              21            67.7        14          45.2

  Some Difficulty            9             29.0        13          41.9

  A Lot of Difficulty        1             3.2         2           6.4

  Cannot Do At All           0             0.0         1           3.2

  No Answer/Don't Know       0             0.0         1           3.2

  Total                      31            100.0       31          100.0
  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------

b.  **Interviewer's Observation Questions**

As a whole, more than 80 percent of all the respondents did not have
problem in answering this question.

+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| Table 30. Number and Percent of         |      |      |      |      |
| Respondents by Interviewer's            |      |      |      |      |
| Observation Questions for Difficulty in |      |      |      |      |
| Remembering or Concentrating            |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| Interviewer's Observation Questions     | Nu   |      |      |      |
|                                         | mber |      |      |      |
|                                         | and  |      |      |      |
|                                         | Per  |      |      |      |
|                                         | cent |      |      |      |
|                                         | of   |      |      |      |
|                                         | Res  |      |      |      |
|                                         | pond |      |      |      |
|                                         | ents |      |      |      |
|                                         | by   |      |      |      |
|                                         | Type |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                         | Sel  |      | P    |      |
|                                         | f-re |      | roxy |      |
|                                         | port |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                         | Num  | Per- | Num  | Per- |
|                                         | -ber | cent | -ber | cent |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| A. Need to Repeat Any Part of the       |      |      |      |      |
| Question                                |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 6    | 19.4 | 5    | 16.1 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 25   | 80.6 | 26   | 83.9 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| B. Have Any Difficulty Using Response   |      |      |      |      |
| Option                                  |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 2    | 6.4  | 4    | 12.9 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 29   | 93.6 | 27   | 87.1 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| C. Ask for Clarification or Qualify     |      |      |      |      |
| Answer                                  |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 4    | 12.9 | 2    | 6.4  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 27   | 87.1 | 29   | 93.6 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 10   |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 0.00 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+

c.  **Difficulty in Remembering or Concentrating or Both**

From a total of 10 self-reports who declared they have difficulty in
remembering or concentrating, 60 percent reported to have difficulty in
both functions while 40 percent claimed to have difficulty in
remembering only. The frequency varies with the responses of the
proxies.

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 31. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents with Difficulty in                                    
  Remembering or Concentrating or                                   
  Both                                                              

  Difficulty in Remembering or    Number and                        
  Concentrating or Both           Percent of                        
                                  Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  Remembering                     4             40.0      5         31.2

  Concentrating                   0             0.0       3         18.8

  Both                            6             60.0      8         50.0

  Total                           10            100.0     16        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

d.  **Frequency of Difficulty in Remembering or Concentrating**

Majority of self-report respondents (80 percent) revealed difficulty in
remembering or concentrating somewhat often. However, one respondent
said he never had difficulty remembering or concentrating which
contradicts with the first question. For proxies, there were three of
them.

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 32. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents with Difficulty in                                    
  Remembering or Concentrating by                                   
  Frequency of Difficulty in                                        
  Remembering or Concentrating                                      

  Frequency of Difficulty in      Number and                        
  Remembering or Concentrating    Percent of                        
                                  Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  Never                           1             10.0      3         18.8

  Somewhat Often                  8             80.0      12        75.0

  Very Often                      1             10.0      1         6.2

  Total                           10            100.0     16        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

e.  **Amount of Effort Given**

For those with problem in remembering or concentrating, about 70 percent
claimed they exerted some effort while only one person said he/she
exerted a lot of effort. There were seven proxies who perceived that
their counterparts exerted a lot of effort.

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 33. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents With Difficulty in                                    
  Remembering or Concentrating by                                   
  Amount of Effort Exerted To                                       
  Remember or Concentrate                                           

  Amount of Effort Exerted To     Number and                        
  Remember or Concentrate         Percent of                        
                                  Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  No Effort                       2             20.0      0         0.0

  Some Effort                     7             70.0      9         56.2

  A Lot of Effort                 1             10.0      7         43.8

  Total                           10            100.0     16        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

f.  **Reasons for Having Difficulty in Remembering or Concentrating**

Respondents have different reasons for having difficulty remembering or
concentrating. Most of the self-reports rationalized their difficulty
because of something else. This was closely followed by reasons of
getting older and too many things to do. For the very same reasons, the
report of their proxies significantly follow a different pattern.

  ------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------
  Table 34. Number and Percent of                     
  Respondents by Reasons for                          
  Having Difficulty Remembering                       
  or Concentrating                                    

  Reasons for Having Difficulty   Number and Percent  
  Remembering or Concentrating    of Respondents by   
                                  Type                

                                  Self-report         Proxy

  Because of Too Many Things To   3                   2
  Do                                                  

  Because of Getting Older        4                   9

  Because of Something Else       5                   6

  No Answer/Don't Know            1                   0
  ------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------

g.  **Activities**

Around 26 percent of self-report respondents declared that there were
activities that they cannot do because of their problem in remembering
or concentrating. Two proxies did not confirm this claim. (See Appendix
14 for the list of activities that they could not do due to difficulty
in remembering or concentrating.)

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 35. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents on Whether there is                                   
  an Activity They Cannot Do                                        
  Because of a Problem in                                           
  Remembering or Concentrating                                      

  Whether there is an Activity    Number and                        
  They Cannot Do Because of a     Percent of                        
  Problem in Remembering or       Respondents                       
  Concentrating                   by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  Yes                             8             25.8      6         19.4

  No                              21            67.7      25        80.6

  No Answer/Don't Know            2             6.4       0         0.0

  Total                           31            100.0     31        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

h.  **Concern or Worry on the Ability to Remember or Concentrate**

Close to 60 percent of self-report respondents said that they were not
at all concerned or worried about their ability to remember or
concentrate. Just over 20 percent revealed to be somewhat concerned.
While the same number of their proxies said they were not at all worried
about their counterparts' ability to remember or concentrate, the
frequency varies on the degree.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 36. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents by Degree of  |         |         |         |         |
| Concern or Worry             |         |         |         |         |
|                              |         |         |         |         |
| About Their Ability to       |         |         |         |         |
| Remember or Concentrate      |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Degree of Concern or Worry   | Number  |         |         |         |
|                              | and     |         |         |         |
| About Their Ability to       | Percent |         |         |         |
| Remember or Concentrate      | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Not At All                   | 18      | 58.1    | 18      | 58.1    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Somewhat Concerned           | 7       | 22.6    | 10      | 32.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Very Concerned               | 3       | 9.7     | 3       | 9.7     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| No Answer/Don't Know         | 3       | 9.7     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Total                        | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

i.  **Difficulty in Remembering Different Things**

Less than 40 percent of self-report respondents show that they have
difficulty remembering the names of person or places, appointments, how
to get to familiar places, or do some important tasks like taking
medications or paying bills. Their proxies reported similar incidents
except in recalling appointments where only six of the self-report have
such difficulty while 10 proxies reported the same difficulty.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 37. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents by Type of    |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty in Remembering    |         |         |         |         |
| Different Things             |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Type of Difficulty in        | Number  |         |         |         |
| Remembering Different Things | and     |         |         |         |
|                              | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| A. Names of People or Places |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Yes                        | 8       | 25.8    | 11      | 35.5    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No                         | 22      | 71.0    | 19      | 61.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know       | 1       | 3.2     | 1       | 3.2     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| B. Appointments              |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Yes                        | 6       | 19.4    | 10      | 32.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No                         | 23      | 74.2    | 20      | 64.5    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know       | 2       | 6.4     | 1       | 3.2     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| C. How to Get to Familiar    |         |         |         |         |
| Places                       |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Yes                        | 10      | 32.3    | 9       | 29.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No                         | 19      | 61.3    | 22      | 71.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know       | 2       | 6.4     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| D. Important Tasks Like      |         |         |         |         |
| Taking Medications or Paying |         |         |         |         |
| Bills                        |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Yes                        | 12      | 38.7    | 10      | 32.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No                         | 18      | 58.1    | 21      | 67.7    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know       | 1       | 3.2     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

j.  **Difficulty Experienced in Concentrating on Doing Something for 10
    minutes, Learning a New Task or Finding Solutions to Problems in Day
    to Day Life**

Respondents were asked about the degree of difficulty they experienced
in concentrating on doing something for 10 minutes, learning a new task
or finding solutions to problems in day to day life.

More than 50 percent of self-report respondents found no difficulty in
such activities while a few of them disclosed to have some or a lot of
difficulty. One self-report respondent, who was later found to have
mental problem, said he/she could not do these activities at all. On
this note, the results show that his/her proxy revealed the same
observations.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 38. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents by Degree of  |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty in Concentrating  |         |         |         |         |
| on Doing Something for 10    |         |         |         |         |
| Minutes, Learning A New      |         |         |         |         |
| Task, or Finding Solutions   |         |         |         |         |
| to Problems in Day to Day    |         |         |         |         |
| Life                         |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Degree of Difficulty in      | Number  |         |         |         |
| Concentrating on Doing       | and     |         |         |         |
| Something for 10 Minutes,    | Percent |         |         |         |
| Learning A New Task, or      | of      |         |         |         |
| Finding Solutions to         | Resp    |         |         |         |
| Problems in Day to Day Life  | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| A. Concentrating on Doing    |         |         |         |         |
| Something for 10 Minutes     |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Difficulty              | 18      | 58.1    | 20      | 64.5    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Some Difficulty            | 9       | 29.0    | 10      | 32.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty        | 2       | 6.4     | 1       | 3.2     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Cannot Do At All           | 0       | 0.0     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know       | 2       | 6.4     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| B. Learning A New Task       |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Difficulty              | 16      | 51.6    | 16      | 51.6    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Some Difficulty            | 10      | 32.3    | 12      | 38.7    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty        | 1       | 3.2     | 2       | 6.4     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Cannot Do At All           | 1       | 3.2     | 1       | 3.2     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know       | 3       | 9.7     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| C. Finding Solutions to      |         |         |         |         |
| Problems in Day to Day Life  |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Difficulty              | 17      | 54.8    | 19      | 61.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Some Difficulty            | 7       | 22.6    | 9       | 29.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty        | 3       | 9.7     | 2       | 6.4     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Cannot Do At All           | 1       | 3.2     | 1       | 3.2     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know       | 3       | 9.7     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

14. **Mobility**

    a.  **Main Question**

The question on mobility was: Do you have difficulty walking or climbing
steps? The possible responses are categorized into degree of difficulty:
no difficulty, some difficulty, a lot of difficulty and cannot do at
all.

Of the 31 self-report respondents, there were 25 respondents who found
walking or climbing steps with some difficulty (37.50 percent), a lot of
difficulty (34.38 percent) and cannot do at all (6.25 percent).
Frequency of reports varies in the degree. (See Appendix 15 for the list
of reasons given by respondents for their responses in this item.)

  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
  Table 39. Number and                                             
  Percent of Respondents by                                        
  Degree of Difficulty in                                          
  Walking or Climbing Steps                                        

  Degree of Difficulty in    Number and                            
  Walking or Climbing Steps  Percent of                            
                             Respondents                           
                             by Type                               

                             Self-report               Proxy       

                             Number        Percent     Number      Percent

  No Difficulty              6             19.4        6           19.4

  Some Difficulty            12            38.7        14          45.2

  A Lot of Difficulty        11            35.5        8           25.8

  Cannot Do At All           2             6.4         3           9.7

  No Answer/Don't Know       0             0.0         0           0.0

  Total                      31            100.0       31          100.0
  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------

b.  **Interviewer's Observation Questions**

It was observed that most of the respondents and their proxies have no
problem understanding this question.

+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| Table 40. Number and Percent of         |      |      |      |      |
| Respondents by Interviewer's            |      |      |      |      |
| Observation Questions for Difficulty in |      |      |      |      |
| Walking or Climbing Steps               |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| Interviewer's Observation Questions     | Nu   |      |      |      |
|                                         | mber |      |      |      |
|                                         | and  |      |      |      |
|                                         | Per  |      |      |      |
|                                         | cent |      |      |      |
|                                         | of   |      |      |      |
|                                         | Res  |      |      |      |
|                                         | pond |      |      |      |
|                                         | ents |      |      |      |
|                                         | by   |      |      |      |
|                                         | Type |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                         | Sel  |      | P    |      |
|                                         | f-re |      | roxy |      |
|                                         | port |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                         | Num  | Per- | Num  | Per- |
|                                         | -ber | cent | -ber | cent |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| A. Need to Repeat Any Part of the       |      |      |      |      |
| Question                                |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 1    | 3.2  | 0    | 0.0  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 30   | 96.8 | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      |      |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| B. Have Any Difficulty Using Response   |      |      |      |      |
| Option                                  |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 0    | 0.0  | 1    | 3.2  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 31   | 1    | 30   | 96.8 |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| C. Ask for Clarification or Qualify     |      |      |      |      |
| Answer                                  |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 2    | 6.4  | 0    | 0.0  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 29   | 93.6 | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      |      |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+

c.  **Use of Equipment in Walking or Climbing Steps**

Around 32.2 percent of self-report respondents replied that they are
using equipment or assistive devices in walking or climbing steps. Their
proxies confirmed the same report. (See Appendix 16 for the list of
equipment or assistive devices used by the respondents to help them get
around.)

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 41. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents Using Equipment or                                    
  Assistive Devices in Walking or                                   
  Climbing Steps                                                    

  Using Assistive Devices in      Number and                        
  Walking or Climbing Steps       Percent of                        
                                  Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  Yes                             10            32.2      10        32.2

  No                              21            67.7      21        67.7

  Total                           31            100.0     31        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

d.  **Difficulty in Walking or Climbing Steps or Both**

Of the 25 self-reports who claimed to have difficulty in walking or
climbing steps, 72 percent reported to have difficulty in both functions
while 28 percent claimed to have difficulty in climbing steps only.
Their proxies reported almost the same numbers.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 42. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents with          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty in Walking and/or |         |         |         |         |
| Climbing Steps               |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Difficulty in Walking and/or | Number  |         |         |         |
|                              | and     |         |         |         |
| Climbing Steps               | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Walking                      | 0       | 0.0     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Climbing Steps               | 7       | 28.0    | 6       | 24.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Both                         | 18      | 72.0    | 19      | 76.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Total                        | 25      | 100.0   | 25      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

e.  **Frequency of Difficulty in Walking or Climbing Steps**

The majority of self-reports showed that 52 percent had difficulty in
walking or climbing steps somewhat often while 40 percent found it very
often. On the other hand, two of them reported that they never had a
difficulty in walking or climbing steps. This contradicts with the main
question.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 43. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents with          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty in Walking or     |         |         |         |         |
| Climbing Steps by Frequency  |         |         |         |         |
| of Difficulty in Walking or  |         |         |         |         |
| Climbing Steps               |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Frequency of Difficulty in   | Number  |         |         |         |
| Walking or Climbing Steps    | and     |         |         |         |
|                              | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| A. Respondents with          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty                   |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Never                      | 2       | 8.0     | 1       | 4.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Somewhat Often             | 13      | 52.0    | 15      | 60.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Very Often                 | 10      | 40.0    | 9       | 36.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 25      | 100.0   | 25      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 43. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents with          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty in Walking or     |         |         |         |         |
| Climbing Steps by Frequency  |         |         |         |         |
| of Difficulty in Walking or  |         |         |         |         |
| Climbing Steps               |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Frequency of Difficulty in   | Number  |         |         |         |
| Walking or Climbing Steps    | and     |         |         |         |
|                              | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| B. For Equipment Users Only  |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Never                      | 2       | 20.0    | 3       | 30.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Somewhat Often             | 3       | 30.0    | 4       | 40.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Very Often                 | 5       | 50.0    | 3       | 30.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 10      | 100.0   | 10      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

f.  **Amount of Effort Given**

For those with difficulty in walking or climbing steps, around 48
percent exerted some effort while 44 percent exerted a lot of effort.
While there is a high difference on the degree of effort on difficulty
by type of respondent, the difference of the responses for those with
equipment are small.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 44. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents With          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty in Walking and/or |         |         |         |         |
| Climbing Steps by Amount of  |         |         |         |         |
| Effort Exerted To Walk or    |         |         |         |         |
| Climb                        |         |         |         |         |
|                              |         |         |         |         |
| (with and without equipment) |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Amount of Effort Exerted To  | Number  |         |         |         |
| Walk or Climb (with and      | and     |         |         |         |
| without equipment)           | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| A. Respondents with          |         |         |         |         |
| Difficulty                   |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Effort                  | 2       | 8.0     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Some Effort                | 12      | 48.0    | 17      | 68.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > A Lot of Effort            | 11      | 44.0    | 8       | 32.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 25      | 100.0   | 25      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| B. For Equipment Users Only  |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > No Effort                  | 2       | 20.0    | 2       | 20.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Some Effort                | 5       | 50.0    | 4       | 40.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > A Lot of Effort            | 3       | 30.0    | 4       | 40.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| > Total                      | 10      | 100.0   | 10      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

g.  **Activities**

More than half of self-report respondents declared that there are
activities that they cannot do because of a problem in walking or
climbing steps. For proxies, the response are almost the same. (See
Appendix 17 for the list of activities that they could not do due to
difficulty in walking or climbing steps.)

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 45. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents on Whether there is                                   
  an Activity They Cannot Do                                        
  Because of a Problem in Walking                                   
  or Climbing Steps                                                 

  Whether there is an Activity    Number and                        
  They Cannot Do Because of a     Percent of                        
  Problem in Walking or Climbing  Respondents                       
  Steps                           by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  Yes                             16            51.6      17        54.8

  No                              15            48.4      14        45.2

  Total                           31            100.0     31        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

h.  **Worry on the Ability to Walk or Climb Steps**

Two in five of self-report respondents (41.9 percent) admitted to be
very concerned about their ability to walk or climb steps. A few of them
were somewhat concerned (22.6 percent) while others (35.5 percent) were
not concerned at all. For their proxies, responses vary in all
categories.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 46. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents by Degree of  |         |         |         |         |
| Concern or Worry             |         |         |         |         |
|                              |         |         |         |         |
| About Their Ability to Walk  |         |         |         |         |
| or Climb Steps               |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Degree of Concern or Worry   | Number  |         |         |         |
|                              | and     |         |         |         |
| About Their Ability to Walk  | Percent |         |         |         |
| or Climb Steps               | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Not At All                   | 11      | 35.5    | 7       | 22.6    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Somewhat Concerned           | 7       | 22.6    | 13      | 41.9    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Very Concerned               | 13      | 41.9    | 11      | 35.5    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Total                        | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

i.  **Difficulty in Moving Around Inside/Going Outside the Home, or
    Walking a Long Distance**

Respondents were asked about the degree of difficulty they have in
moving around inside the home, going outside the home, or walking a long
distance such as a kilometer.

The results show that 29 percent of self-report respondents experienced
some difficulty in moving around inside the home, 35.5 percent in going
outside the home, 19.4 percent in walking a long distance. Responses of
proxies differ in all categories.

+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Table 47. Number and Percent of   |        |        |        |        |
| Respondents by Degree of          |        |        |        |        |
| Difficulty in Moving Around       |        |        |        |        |
| Inside of Their Home, Going       |        |        |        |        |
| Outside of Home, or Walking a     |        |        |        |        |
| Long Distance                     |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Degree of Difficulty in Moving    | Number |        |        |        |
| Around Inside of Their Home,      | and    |        |        |        |
| Going Outside of Home, or Walking | P      |        |        |        |
| a Long Distance                   | ercent |        |        |        |
|                                   | of     |        |        |        |
|                                   | Respo  |        |        |        |
|                                   | ndents |        |        |        |
|                                   | by     |        |        |        |
|                                   | Type   |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                   | Self-  |        | Proxy  |        |
|                                   | report |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                   | Number | P      | Number | P      |
|                                   |        | ercent |        | ercent |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| A. Moving Around Inside The Home  |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Difficulty                   | 14     | 45.2   | 8      | 25.8   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Some Difficulty                 | 9      | 29.0   | 17     | 54.8   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty             | 4      | 12.9   | 3      | 9.7    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Cannot Do At All                | 4      | 12.9   | 3      | 9.7    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                           | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| B. Going Outside of Home          |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Difficulty                   | 10     | 32.3   | 13     | 41.9   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Some Difficulty                 | 11     | 35.5   | 12     | 38.7   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty             | 6      | 19.4   | 2      | 6.4    |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Cannot Do At All                | 4      | 12.9   | 4      | 12.9   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                           | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| C. Walking a Long Distance such   |        |        |        |        |
| as a Kilometer                    |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Difficulty                   | 12     | 38.7   | 4      | 12.9   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Some Difficulty                 | 6      | 19.4   | 12     | 38.7   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty             | 8      | 25.8   | 8      | 25.8   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Cannot Do At All                | 5      | 16.1   | 7      | 22.6   |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                           | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

j.  **Difficulty in Walking or Climbing Steps if not Using Aids**

Except for sitting for about two hours, more than 50 percent of
self-report respondents show that they have difficulty in walking for a
quarter of a mile, walking up to 10 steps without resting, standing or
being on their feet for about two hours, and stooping, crouching or
kneeling. On the other hand, there were more proxies (more than 60
percent) who perceived that their counterparts experienced difficulty in
those activities.

+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Table 48. Number and Percent of |        |        |        |        |
| Respondents by Difficulty in    |        |        |        |        |
| Walking or Climbing Steps If    |        |        |        |        |
| Not Using Aids                  |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Difficulty in Walking or        | Number |        |        |        |
| Climbing Steps If Not Using     | and    |        |        |        |
| Aids                            | P      |        |        |        |
|                                 | ercent |        |        |        |
|                                 | of     |        |        |        |
|                                 | Respo  |        |        |        |
|                                 | ndents |        |        |        |
|                                 | by     |        |        |        |
|                                 | Type   |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                 | Self-  |        | Proxy  |        |
|                                 | report |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                 | Number | P      | Number | P      |
|                                 |        | ercent |        | ercent |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| A. Walking for a Quarter of a   |        |        |        |        |
| Mile                            |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Yes                           | 18     | 58.1   | 21     | 67.7   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No                            | 13     | 41.9   | 10     | 32.3   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                         | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Table 48. Number and Percent of |        |        |        |        |
| Respondents by Difficulty in    |        |        |        |        |
| Walking or Climbing Steps If    |        |        |        |        |
| Not Using Aids                  |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Difficulty in Walking or        | Number |        |        |        |
| Climbing Steps If Not Using     | and    |        |        |        |
| Aids                            | P      |        |        |        |
|                                 | ercent |        |        |        |
|                                 | of     |        |        |        |
|                                 | Respo  |        |        |        |
|                                 | ndents |        |        |        |
|                                 | by     |        |        |        |
|                                 | Type   |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                 | Self-  |        | Proxy  |        |
|                                 | report |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                 | Number | P      | Number | P      |
|                                 |        | ercent |        | ercent |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| B. Walking up to 10 Steps w/o   |        |        |        |        |
| Resting                         |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Yes                           | 16     | 51.6   | 22     | 71.0   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No                            | 15     | 48.4   | 9      | 29.0   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                         | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| C. Standing or Being on your    |        |        |        |        |
| Feet for About Two Hours        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Yes                           | 17     | 54.8   | 22     | 71.0   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No                            | 14     | 45.2   | 9      | 29.0   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                         | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| D. Sitting for About Two Hours  |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Yes                           | 7      | 22.6   | 7      | 22.6   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No                            | 24     | 77.4   | 24     | 77.4   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                         | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| E. Stooping, Crouching or       |        |        |        |        |
| Kneeling                        |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Yes                           | 20     | 64.5   | 21     | 67.8   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No                            | 11     | 35.5   | 10     | 32.3   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                         | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

15. **Self-Care**

    a.  **Main Question**

The question on self-care was: Do you have difficulty with self-care,
such as washing all over or dressing? The possible responses are
categorized into degree of difficulty: no difficulty, some difficulty, a
lot of difficulty, and cannot do at all.

Of the 31 self-report respondents, there were 13 respondents (42
percent) who disclosed to have difficulty in self-care. For the reports
of the proxies, the frequency differs only in the degree of difficulty.
(See Appendix 18 for the list of reasons given by respondents for their
responses in this item.)

  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
  Table 49. Number and                                             
  Percent of Respondents by                                        
  Degree of Difficulty in                                          
  Self-Care                                                        

  Degree of Difficulty in    Number and                            
  Self-Care                  Percent of                            
                             Respondents                           
                             by Type                               

                             Self-report               Proxy       

                             Number        Percent     Number      Percent

  No Difficulty              18            58.1        18          58.1

  Some Difficulty            10            32.3        11          35.5

  A Lot of Difficulty        0             0.0         1           3.2

  Cannot Do At All           3             9.7         1           3.2

  No Answer/Don't Know       0             0.0         0           0.0

  Total                      31            100.0       31          100.0
  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------

b.  **Interviewer's Observation Questions**

Respondents and their proxies did not have any problem in answering this
question as observed by the interviewers.

+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| Table 50. Number and Percent of         |      |      |      |      |
| Respondents by Interviewer's            |      |      |      |      |
| Observation Questions for Difficulty in |      |      |      |      |
| Self-Care                               |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| Interviewer's Observation Questions     | Nu   |      |      |      |
|                                         | mber |      |      |      |
|                                         | and  |      |      |      |
|                                         | Per  |      |      |      |
|                                         | cent |      |      |      |
|                                         | of   |      |      |      |
|                                         | Res  |      |      |      |
|                                         | pond |      |      |      |
|                                         | ents |      |      |      |
|                                         | by   |      |      |      |
|                                         | Type |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                         | Sel  |      | P    |      |
|                                         | f-re |      | roxy |      |
|                                         | port |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                         | Num  | Per- | Num  | Per- |
|                                         | -ber | cent | -ber | cent |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| A. Need to Repeat Any Part of the       |      |      |      |      |
| Question                                |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 1    | 3.2  | 0    | 0.0  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 30   | 96.8 | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      |      |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| B. Have Any Difficulty Using Response   |      |      |      |      |
| Option                                  |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 1    | 3.2  | 0    | 0.0  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 30   | 96.8 | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      |      |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| C. Ask for Clarification or Qualify     |      |      |      |      |
| Answer                                  |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 2    | 6.4  | 0    | 0.0  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 29   | 93.6 | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      |      |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+

c.  **Frequency of Difficulty in Self-Care**

Of the 13 self-report respondents who have difficulty in self-care, 61.5
percent and 30.8 percent declared they have experienced this difficulty
somewhat often and very often, respectively. Proxy reports differ in
these categories. However, both of them contradicted their response to
the main question.

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 51. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents with Difficulty in                                    
  Self-Care by Frequency of                                         
  Difficulty in Self-Care                                           

  Frequency of Difficulty in      Number and                        
  Self-Care                       Percent of                        
                                  Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  Never                           1             7.7       1         7.7

  Somewhat Often                  8             61.5      10        76.9

  Very Often                      4             30.8      2         15.4

  Total                           13            100.0     13        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

d.  **Amount of Effort Given**

There were almost 70 percent of self-report respondents who have
difficulty in self-care admitted they exerted some effort while over 15
percent put a lot of effort to self-care. On the other hand, the amount
of effort exerted as reported by proxies varies with their counterparts.

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 52. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents With Difficulty in                                    
  Self-Care by Amount of Effort                                     
  Exerted To Self-Care                                              

  Amount of Effort Exerted To     Number and                        
  Self-Care                       Percent of                        
                                  Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  No Effort                       1             7.7       0         0.0

  Some Effort                     9             69.2      7         53.8

  A Lot of Effort                 2             15.4      6         46.2

  No Answer/Don't Know            1             7.7       0         0.0

  Total                           13            100.0     13        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

e.  **Worry on the Ability To Do Self-Care**

Almost half of self-report respondents said that they were not at all
concerned or worried about their ability to do self-care while more than
32 percent reported to be somewhat concerned. Nearly 40 percent of their
proxies said that they were somewhat worried about their counterparts'
ability to do self-care. Those who revealed they were very concerned
reached almost 30 percent.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 53. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents by Degree of  |         |         |         |         |
| Concern or Worry             |         |         |         |         |
|                              |         |         |         |         |
| About Their Ability To Do    |         |         |         |         |
| Self-Care                    |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Degree of Concern or Worry   | Number  |         |         |         |
|                              | and     |         |         |         |
| About Their Ability To Do    | Percent |         |         |         |
| Self-Care                    | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Not At All                   | 15      | 48.34   | 10      | 32.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Somewhat Concerned           | 10      | 32.3    | 12      | 38.7    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Very Concerned               | 5       | 16.1    | 9       | 29.0    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| No Answer/Don't Know         | 1       | 3.2     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Total                        | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

f.  **Type of Difficulty in Self-Care**

Majority of self-report respondents show that they have no difficulties
in the activities related to self-care such as reaching up over the
head, reaching out to shake hands, using fingers to button a shirt or
dress, putting on socks or stockings, tying shoelaces, combing hair, and
feeding oneself. Note that respondents may not have difficulty in
putting on socks or stockings and tying shoelaces because they might not
have been doing these activities for a long time. Except for reaching up
over the head, proxy reports provided the same observations.

+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Table 54. Number and Percent of |        |        |        |        |
| Respondents by Type of          |        |        |        |        |
| Difficulty in Self-Care         |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Type of Difficulty in Self-Care | Number |        |        |        |
|                                 | and    |        |        |        |
|                                 | P      |        |        |        |
|                                 | ercent |        |        |        |
|                                 | of     |        |        |        |
|                                 | Respo  |        |        |        |
|                                 | ndents |        |        |        |
|                                 | by     |        |        |        |
|                                 | Type   |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                 | Self-  |        | Proxy  |        |
|                                 | report |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                 | Number | P      | Number | P      |
|                                 |        | ercent |        | ercent |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| A. Reaching Up Over the Head    |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Yes                           | 10     | 32.3   | 16     | 51.6   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No                            | 20     | 64.5   | 15     | 48.4   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know          | 1      | 3.2    | 0      | 0.0    |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                         | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| B. Reaching Out to Shake Hands  |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Yes                           | 2      | 6.4    | 2      | 6.4    |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No                            | 28     | 90.3   | 29     | 93.6   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know          | 1      | 3.2    | 0      | 0.0    |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                         | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| C. Using Fingers to Button a    |        |        |        |        |
| Shirt or Dress                  |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Yes                           | 8      | 25.8   | 9      | 29.0   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No                            | 22     | 71.0   | 22     | 71.0   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know          | 1      | 3.2    | 0      | 0.0    |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                         | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| D. Putting on Socks or          |        |        |        |        |
| Stockings                       |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Yes                           | 10     | 32.3   | 9      | 29.0   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No                            | 20     | 64.5   | 22     | 71.0   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know          | 1      | 3.2    | 0      | 0.0    |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                         | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| E. Tying Shoelaces              |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Yes                           | 13     | 41.9   | 14     | 45.2   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No                            | 17     | 54.9   | 16     | 51.6   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know          | 1      | 3.2    | 1      | 3.2    |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                         | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| F. Combing Hair                 |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Yes                           | 2      | 6.4    | 1      | 3.2    |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No                            | 28     | 90.3   | 30     | 96.8   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know          | 1      | 3.2    | 0      | 0.0    |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                         | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Table 54. Number and Percent of |        |        |        |        |
| Respondents by Type of          |        |        |        |        |
| Difficulty in Self-Care         |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Type of Difficulty in Self-Care | Number |        |        |        |
|                                 | and    |        |        |        |
|                                 | P      |        |        |        |
|                                 | ercent |        |        |        |
|                                 | of     |        |        |        |
|                                 | Respo  |        |        |        |
|                                 | ndents |        |        |        |
|                                 | by     |        |        |        |
|                                 | Type   |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                 | Self-  |        | Proxy  |        |
|                                 | report |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                 | Number | P      | Number | P      |
|                                 |        | ercent |        | ercent |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| G. Feeding Oneself              |        |        |        |        |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Yes                           | 2      | 6.4    | 3      | 9.7    |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No                            | 28     | 90.3   | 28     | 90.3   |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know          | 1      | 3.2    | 0      | 0.0    |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| > Total                         | 31     | 100.00 | 31     | 100.0  |
+---------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

g.  **Needed Help With Everyday Activities**

Fewer than 40 percent of respondents in self-report admitted that they
needed help from someone with their everyday activities. Their proxies
agreed on this admission.

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 55. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents Who Needed Help                                       
  With Everyday Activities                                          

  Needed Help With Everyday       Number and                        
  Activities                      Percent of                        
                                  Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  Yes                             11            35.5      12        38.7

  No                              19            61.3      19        61.3

  No Answer/Don't Know            1             3.2       0         0.0

  Total                           31            100.0     31        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

h.  **Difficulty in Using Hands and Fingers**

Two-thirds of self-report respondents said that they have no difficulty
using their hands and fingers, such as picking up small objects or
opening or closing containers. However, there were 16.1 percent and 12.9
percent who have some difficulty and a lot of difficulty in those
particular activities. The degree of difficulty as reported by proxies
varies with those of their counterparts.

+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Table 56. Number and     |          |          |          |          |
| Percent of Respondents   |          |          |          |          |
| by Degree of Difficulty  |          |          |          |          |
|                          |          |          |          |          |
| in Using Hands and       |          |          |          |          |
| Fingers                  |          |          |          |          |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Degree of Difficulty in  | Number   |          |          |          |
| Using Hands and Fingers  | and      |          |          |          |
|                          | Percent  |          |          |          |
|                          | of       |          |          |          |
|                          | Res      |          |          |          |
|                          | pondents |          |          |          |
|                          | by Type  |          |          |          |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|                          | Sel      |          | Proxy    |          |
|                          | f-report |          |          |          |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|                          | Number   | Percent  | Number   | Percent  |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| No Difficulty            | 21       | 67.7     | 20       | 64.5     |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Some Difficulty          | 5        | 16.1     | 9        | 29.0     |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| A Lot of Difficulty      | 4        | 12.9     | 2        | 6.4      |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Cannot Do At All         | 0        | 0.0      | 0        | 0.0      |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| No Answer/Don't Know     | 1        | 3.2      | 0        | 0.0      |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Total                    | 31       | 100.0    | 31       | 100.0    |
+--------------------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+

i.  **Feeling Too Tired or Sad To Dress or Bathe**

Majority of the respondents (64.5 percent) admitted they did not feel
too tired or sad to dress or bathe. However, 32.3 percent positively
replied to this question. Their proxies provided the same information.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 57. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents on Feeling    |         |         |         |         |
| Too Tired                    |         |         |         |         |
|                              |         |         |         |         |
| or Sad To Dress or Bathe     |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Feeling Too Tired or Sad To  | Number  |         |         |         |
| Dress or Bathe               | and     |         |         |         |
|                              | Percent |         |         |         |
|                              | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Yes                          | 10      | 32.3    | 12      | 38.7    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| No                           | 20      | 64.5    | 19      | 61.3    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| No Answer/Don't Know         | 1       | 3.2     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Total                        | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

16. **Communication**

    a.  **Main Question**

The question on communication was: Because of a physical, mental or
health condition, do you have difficulty communicating, for example
understanding or being understood by others? The possible responses are
categorized into degree of difficulty: no difficulty, some difficulty, a
lot of difficulty, and cannot do at all.

Of the 31 self-report respondents, there were eight respondents (25.8
percent) who found communicating with some difficulty (22.6 percent) and
a lot of difficulty (3.2 percent). On the contrary, 17 proxies (54.8
percent) revealed that majority of their counterparts have difficulty in
communicating. (See Appendix 19 for the list of reasons given by
respondents for their responses in this item.)

  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
  Table 58. Number and                                             
  Percent of Respondents by                                        
  Degree of Difficulty in                                          
  Communicating                                                    

  Degree of Difficulty in    Number and                            
  Communication              Percent of                            
                             Respondents                           
                             by Type                               

                             Self-report               Proxy       

                             Number        Percent     Number      Percent

  No Difficulty              23            74.2        14          45.2

  Some Difficulty            7             22.6        13          41.9

  A Lot of Difficulty        1             3.2         4           12.9

  Cannot Do At All           0             0.0         0           0.0

  No Answer/Don't Know       0             0.0         0           0.0

  Total                      31            100.0       31          100.0
  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------

b.  **Interviewer's Observation Questions**

It was observed that most of the respondents and their proxies have no
problem in answering this question.

+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| Table 59. Number and Percent of         |      |      |      |      |
| Respondents by Interviewer's            |      |      |      |      |
| Observation Questions for Difficulty in |      |      |      |      |
| Communicating                           |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| Interviewer's Observation Questions     | Nu   |      |      |      |
|                                         | mber |      |      |      |
|                                         | and  |      |      |      |
|                                         | Per  |      |      |      |
|                                         | cent |      |      |      |
|                                         | of   |      |      |      |
|                                         | Res  |      |      |      |
|                                         | pond |      |      |      |
|                                         | ents |      |      |      |
|                                         | by   |      |      |      |
|                                         | Type |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                         | Sel  |      | P    |      |
|                                         | f-re |      | roxy |      |
|                                         | port |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                         | Num  | Per- | Num  | Per- |
|                                         | -ber | cent | -ber | cent |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| A. Need to Repeat Any Part of the       |      |      |      |      |
| Question                                |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 1    | 3.2  | 2    | 6.4  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 30   | 96.8 | 29   | 93.6 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| B. Have Any Difficulty Using Response   |      |      |      |      |
| Option                                  |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 1    | 3.2  | 1    | 3.2  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 30   | 96.8 | 30   | 96.8 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| C. Ask for Clarification or Qualify     |      |      |      |      |
| Answer                                  |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 2    | 6.4  | 1    | 3.2  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 29   | 93.6 | 30   | 96.8 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+

c.  **Frequency of Difficulty in Understanding or Being Understood**

From the total of eight self-report respondents who have difficulty in
communicating, almost all of them (87.50 percent) claimed to have
difficulty in understanding or being understood somewhat often. In
contrast, 14 out of 17 proxies (82.4 percent) reported to have observed
their counterparts in self-report with difficulty in communicating
somewhat often while the remaining (17.6 percent) said their
counterparts suffered difficulty very often.

One respondent answered "never" in this question, which contradicts
his/her answer in the main question.

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 60. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents with Difficulty in                                    
  Understanding or Being                                            
  Understood by Frequency of                                        
  Difficulty                                                        

  Frequency of Difficulty in      Number and                        
  Understanding or Being          Percent of                        
  Understood                      Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  Never                           1             12.5      0         0.0

  Somewhat Often                  7             87.5      14        82.4

  Very Often                      0             0.0       3         17.6

  Total                           8             100.0     17        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

d.  **Amount of Effort Given**

For those respondents in self-report with difficulty in communicating,
87.5 percent admitted they exerted effort in understanding or being
understood while 12.5 percent claimed they exerted a lot of effort.
Several of the proxies, on the other hand, observed the self-report
respondents exerted either some or a lot of effort.

  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------
  Table 61. Number and Percent of                                   
  Respondents With Difficulty in                                    
  Communicating by Amount of                                        
  Effort Exerted in Understanding                                   
  or Being Understood                                               

  Amount of Effort Exerted in     Number and                        
  Understanding or Being          Percent of                        
  Understood                      Respondents                       
                                  by Type                           

                                  Self-report             Proxy     

                                  Number        Percent   Number    Percent

  No Effort                       0             0.0       0         0.0

  Some Effort                     7             87.5      11        64.7

  A Lot of Effort                 1             12.5      6         35.3

  Total                           8             100.0     17        100.0
  ------------------------------- ------------- --------- --------- ---------

e.  **Worried on the Ability to Understand or Be Understood**

While the majority of self-report respondents (64.5 percent) replied
they were not at all concerned about their ability to understand or be
understood, their proxies admitted they were concerned for their
counterparts.

+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Table 62. Number and Percent |         |         |         |         |
| of Respondents by Degree of  |         |         |         |         |
| Concern or Worry             |         |         |         |         |
|                              |         |         |         |         |
| About Their Ability To       |         |         |         |         |
| Understand or Be Understood  |         |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Degree of Concern or Worry   | Number  |         |         |         |
|                              | and     |         |         |         |
| About Their Ability To       | Percent |         |         |         |
| Understand or Be Understood  | of      |         |         |         |
|                              | Resp    |         |         |         |
|                              | ondents |         |         |         |
|                              | by Type |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Self    |         | Proxy   |         |
|                              | -report |         |         |         |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|                              | Number  | Percent | Number  | Percent |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Not At All                   | 20      | 64.5    | 12      | 38.7    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Somewhat Concerned           | 8       | 25.8    | 15      | 48.4    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Very Concerned               | 2       | 6.4     | 4       | 12.9    |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| No Answer/Don't Know         | 1       | 3.2     | 0       | 0.0     |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Total                        | 31      | 100.0   | 31      | 100.0   |
+------------------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

f.  **Understanding What People Say and Starting/Maintaining a
    Conversation**

Most of the self-report respondents revealed that they have no
difficulty in understanding what people say, and starting and
maintaining a conversation (90.3 percent and 77.4 percent,
respectively). Most of their proxies, however, have a different
perception on this matter.

+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Table 63. Number and Percent of      |       |       |       |       |
| Respondents by Degree of Difficulty  |       |       |       |       |
| in Understanding What People Say or  |       |       |       |       |
| Starting and Maintaining a           |       |       |       |       |
| Conversation                         |       |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Degree of Difficulty in              | N     |       |       |       |
| Understanding What People Say or     | umber |       |       |       |
| Starting and Maintaining a           | and   |       |       |       |
| Conversation                         | Pe    |       |       |       |
|                                      | rcent |       |       |       |
|                                      | of    |       |       |       |
|                                      | R     |       |       |       |
|                                      | espon |       |       |       |
|                                      | dents |       |       |       |
|                                      | by    |       |       |       |
|                                      | Type  |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|                                      | S     |       | Proxy |       |
|                                      | elf-r |       |       |       |
|                                      | eport |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|                                      | Nu    | Per   | Nu    | Per   |
|                                      | m-ber | -cent | m-ber | -cent |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| A. Difficulty Understanding What     |       |       |       |       |
| People Say                           |       |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > No Difficulty                      | 28    | 90.3  | 18    | 58.1  |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Some Difficulty                    | 3     | 9.7   | 11    | 35.5  |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty                | 0     | 0.0   | 2     | 6.4   |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Cannot Do At All                   | 0     | 0.0   | 0     | 0.0   |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know               | 0     | 0.0   | 0     | 0.0   |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Total                              | 31    | 100.0 | 31    | 100.0 |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| B. Starting and Maintaining a        |       |       |       |       |
| Conversation                         |       |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > No Difficulty                      | 24    | 77.4  | 18    | 58.1  |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Some Difficulty                    | 6     | 19.4  | 10    | 32.3  |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > A Lot of Difficulty                | 0     | 0.0   | 1     | 3.2   |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Cannot Do At All                   | 1     | 3.2   | 1     | 3.2   |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know               | 0     | 0.0   | 1     | 3.2   |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Total                              | 31    | 100.0 | 31    | 100.0 |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

g.  **Making New Friends and Feeling Shy in a Group or Social
    Situations**

At 87.1 percent, self-report respondents disclosed that they have no
difficulty in making new friends. However, more than half of them
disclosed that they felt shy in a group or social situations. On the
other hand, there was a contradicting pattern observed with the proxies'
response where over 90 percent of them observed that their counterparts
have no difficulty in making new friends while 64.5 percent claimed that
their counterparts were not shy in group or social situations.

+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Table 64. Number and Percent of      |       |       |       |       |
| Respondents Having Difficulty Making |       |       |       |       |
| New Friends or Feeling Shy in a      |       |       |       |       |
| Group or Social Situations           |       |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Difficulty Making New Friends or     | N     |       |       |       |
| Feeling Shy in a Group or Social     | umber |       |       |       |
| Situations                           | and   |       |       |       |
|                                      | Pe    |       |       |       |
|                                      | rcent |       |       |       |
|                                      | of    |       |       |       |
|                                      | R     |       |       |       |
|                                      | espon |       |       |       |
|                                      | dents |       |       |       |
|                                      | by    |       |       |       |
|                                      | Type  |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|                                      | S     |       | Proxy |       |
|                                      | elf-r |       |       |       |
|                                      | eport |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|                                      | Nu    | Per   | Nu    | Per   |
|                                      | m-ber | -cent | m-ber | -cent |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| A. Making New Friends                |       |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Yes                                | 3     | 9.7   | 1     | 3.2   |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > No                                 | 27    | 87.1  | 29    | 93.6  |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know               | 1     | 3.2   | 1     | 3.2   |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Total                              | 31    | 100.0 | 31    | 100.0 |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Table 64. Number and Percent of      |       |       |       |       |
| Respondents Having Difficulty Making |       |       |       |       |
| New Friends or Feeling Shy in a      |       |       |       |       |
| Group or Social Situations           |       |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Difficulty Making New Friends or     | N     |       |       |       |
| Feeling Shy in a Group or Social     | umber |       |       |       |
| Situations                           | and   |       |       |       |
|                                      | Pe    |       |       |       |
|                                      | rcent |       |       |       |
|                                      | of    |       |       |       |
|                                      | R     |       |       |       |
|                                      | espon |       |       |       |
|                                      | dents |       |       |       |
|                                      | by    |       |       |       |
|                                      | Type  |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|                                      | S     |       | Proxy |       |
|                                      | elf-r |       |       |       |
|                                      | eport |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
|                                      | Nu    | Per   | Nu    | Per   |
|                                      | m-ber | -cent | m-ber | -cent |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| B. Feeling Shy in Group or Social    |       |       |       |       |
| Situations                           |       |       |       |       |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Yes                                | 16    | 51.6  | 11    | 35.5  |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > No                                 | 14    | 45.2  | 20    | 64.5  |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > No Answer/Don't Know               | 1     | 3.2   | 0     | 0.0   |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| > Total                              | 31    | 100.0 | 31    | 100.0 |
+--------------------------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

17. **General Health**

    a.  **Main Question**

The question on general health was: Would you say your health in general
is excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor?

More than half of respondents in self-report assessed their general
health condition as fair. Their proxies reported almost the same. (See
Appendix 20 for the list of reasons given by respondents for their
responses.)

  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
  Table 65. Number and                                             
  Percent of Respondents on                                        
  Assessment of Their                                              
  General Health Condition                                         

  Assessment of General      Number and                            
  Health Condition           Percent of                            
                             Respondents                           
                             by Type                               

                             Self-report               Proxy       

                             Number        Percent     Number      Percent

  Excellent                  0             0.0         1           3.2

  Very Good                  1             3.2         0           0.0

  Good                       3             9.7         4           12.9

  Fair                       18            58.1        17          54.8

  Poor                       8             25.8        9           29.0

  No Answer/Don't Know       1             3.2         0           0.0

  Total                      31            100.0       31          100.0
  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------

b.  **Interviewer's Observation Record**

Almost all of the respondents and their proxies had no problem in
answering this question.

+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| Table 66. Number and Percent of         |      |      |      |      |
| Respondents by Interviewer's            |      |      |      |      |
| Observation Questions for General       |      |      |      |      |
| Health Condition                        |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| Interviewer's Observation Questions     | Nu   |      |      |      |
|                                         | mber |      |      |      |
|                                         | and  |      |      |      |
|                                         | Per  |      |      |      |
|                                         | cent |      |      |      |
|                                         | of   |      |      |      |
|                                         | Res  |      |      |      |
|                                         | pond |      |      |      |
|                                         | ents |      |      |      |
|                                         | by   |      |      |      |
|                                         | Type |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                         | Sel  |      | P    |      |
|                                         | f-re |      | roxy |      |
|                                         | port |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
|                                         | Num  | Per- | Num  | Per- |
|                                         | -ber | cent | -ber | cent |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| A. Need to Repeat Any Part of the       |      |      |      |      |
| Question                                |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 3    | 9.7  | 3    | 9.7  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 28   | 90.3 | 28   | 90.3 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| B. Have Any Difficulty Using Response   |      |      |      |      |
| Option                                  |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 0    | 0.0  | 2    | 6.4  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 31   | 1    | 29   | 93.4 |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| C. Ask for Clarification or Qualify     |      |      |      |      |
| Answer                                  |      |      |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Yes                                   | 0    | 0.0  | 1    | 3.2  |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > No                                    | 31   | 1    | 30   | 96.8 |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      |      |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+
| > Total                                 | 31   | 1    | 31   | 1    |
|                                         |      | 00.0 |      | 00.0 |
+-----------------------------------------+------+------+------+------+

c.  **Aspect of Health Condition**

The self-report respondents have not only thought of the physical aspect
of their health when they assessed their health condition but also their
mental and spiritual condition. Most of their proxies also have thought
of the physical aspect of their counterparts.

  ------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------
  Table 67. Number and Percent of                     
  Respondents by Aspect of Their                      
  Health Condition                                    

  Aspect of Health Condition      Number and Percent  
                                  of Respondents by   
                                  Type                

                                  Self-report         Proxy

  Physical                        31                  27

  Mental                          10                  2

  Spiritual                       9                   1
  ------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------

d.  **Type of Health Problem**

The highest number of health problems reported by self-report
respondents and proxiess for their counterparts were:
arthritis/rheumatism, back or neck problem and hypertension/high blood
pressure.

Differences in the response of self-reports and proxy reports are
visible in the depression/anxiety/emotional problem and in
asthma/breathing.

  ------------------------------------------ -------------- --------------
  Table 68. Number of Respondents by Type of                
  Health Problem                                            

  Type of Health Problem                     Number and     
                                             Percent of     
                                             Respondents by 
                                             Type           

                                             Self-report    Proxy

  Asthma/breathing problem                   7              3

  Arthritis/rheumatism                       18             17

  Back or neck problem                       10             13

  Fracture, bone/joint injury                3              5

  Heart problem                              6              6

  Stroke problem                             7              6

  Hypertension/high blood pressure           18             15

  Diabetes                                   6              7

  Cancer                                     0              0

  Mental retardation                         2              2

  Developmental problem                      1              1

  Depression/anxiety/emotional problem       7              11

  Missing limbs, amputee                     0              0

  Kidney, bladder or renal problem           8              6

  Neurological disorder, such as Multiple    1              1
  Sclerosis (MS) and Muscular Dystrophy (MD)                

  No Answer/Don't Know                       1              0
  ------------------------------------------ -------------- --------------

# Outcome of Interview Debriefing

Interviewers were tasked to be observant of the respondent's behavior as
well as their immediate surroundings during the interview. This was done
because right after the interview, a one-page sheet on the last page of
the questionnaire regarding some factors that might have an effect
during the interview was to be filled out. Below are the results.

18. **Atmosphere of Interview Site**

Most interviews were conducted in an ideal place for interview. In some
areas, the interviewers observed some noise but still the interview went
reasonably well.

+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Table 69. Number and Percent of   |        |        |        |        |
| Respondents by Atmosphere of      |        |        |        |        |
| Interview Site                    |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Atmosphere of Interview Site      | Number |        |        |        |
|                                   | and    |        |        |        |
|                                   | P      |        |        |        |
|                                   | ercent |        |        |        |
|                                   | of     |        |        |        |
|                                   | Respo  |        |        |        |
|                                   | ndents |        |        |        |
|                                   | by     |        |        |        |
|                                   | Type   |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                   | Self-  |        | Proxy  |        |
|                                   | report |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                                   | Number | P      | Number | P      |
|                                   |        | ercent |        | ercent |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Extremely Chaotic and Noisy       | 0      | 0.0    | 2      | 6.4    |
|                                   |        |        |        |        |
| (Disruptive to Interview)         |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Some Noisy and Interruptions      | 13     | 41.9   | 14     | 45.2   |
|                                   |        |        |        |        |
| (But Interview Went Reasonably    |        |        |        |        |
| Well)                             |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Very Quiet and Calm (Ideal for    | 18     | 58.1   | 15     | 48.4   |
| Interview)                        |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Total                             | 31     | 100.0  | 31     | 100.0  |
+-----------------------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

19. **Interview Site**

Interviewers conducted the interview mostly at home, some outside the
house but still within the vicinity of their houses, either in the front
or back yard.

  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
  Table 70. Number and                                             
  Percent of Respondents by                                        
  Interview Site                                                   

  Interview Site             Number and                            
                             Percent of                            
                             Respondents                           
                             by Type                               

                             Self-report               Proxy       

                             Number        Percent     Number      Percent

  Home                       17            54.8        17          54.8

  Office                     3             9.7         3           9.7

  Outside                    11            35.5        11          35.5

  Total                      31            100.0       31          100.0
  -------------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- -----------

20. **Presence of Other People During Interview**

For self-report respondents, over 50 percent of interviews were done
without other people's presence. But for proxies, it was possible only
at 48.4 percent. (See Appendix 21 for the list and number of persons by
relationship to respondent in self-report who were present during the
conduct of interview.)

It can be observed that there is significant number of interviews with
other people around. This is a typical situation in the Philippines
where people will try to mingle during the interview because culturally,
Filipinos want to take part of the conversation and contribute his/her
ideas. Even with the explanation about privacy needed during interview,
some still opted to stay and observed the interview.

  ---------------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
  Table 71. Number and Percent                                     
  of Respondents by Presence                                       
  of Other People During the                                       
  Conduct of Interview                                             

  Presence of Other People     Number and                          
  During Interview             Percent of                          
                               Respondents                         
                               by Type                             

                               Self-report              Proxy      

                               Number        Percent    Number     Percent

  Yes                          14            45.2       16         51.6

  No                           17            54.8       15         48.4

  Total                        31            100.0      31         100.0
  ---------------------------- ------------- ---------- ---------- ----------

21. **Type of Impairments**

A few respondents for self-report who were interviewed have some sort of
impairment. The most common impairment was a speech impediment.

  ------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------
  Table 72. Number and Percent of                        
  Respondents by Type of Impairments                     

  Type of Impairments                  Number and        
                                       Percent of        
                                       Respondents by    
                                       Type              

                                       Self-report       Proxy

  Mentally handicapped                 2                 0

  Hard of hearing/hearing impaired     2                 0

  Poor eyesight/vision impaired        2                 1

  Speech impediment                    6                 0

  Poor language abilities              2                 0

  Under the influence of alcohol or    0                 0
  drugs                                                  

  Some other impairment                4                 0

  None                                 18                30
  ------------------------------------ ----------------- -----------------

22. **Proficiency of Vocabulary During the Conduct of Interview**

Majority of the respondents for self-report and proxy report both have
an average proficiency in terms of the vocabulary they used during the
conduct of interview (67.7 percent and 80.6 percent, respectively).

  ------------------------------------ ------------- --------- -------- ---------
  Table 73. Number and Percent of                                       
  Respondents by Proficiency of Their                                   
  Vocabulary During the Conduct of                                      
  Interview                                                             

  Proficiency of Their Vocabulary      Number and                       
  During the Conduct of Interview      Percent of                       
                                       Respondents                      
                                       by Type                          

                                       Self-report             Proxy    

                                       Number        Percent   Number   Percent

  Below Average                        8             25.8      0        0.0

  Average                              21            67.7      25       80.6

  Above Average                        2             6.4       6        19.4

  Total                                31            100.0     31       100.0
  ------------------------------------ ------------- --------- -------- ---------

23. **Level of Attentiveness**

Over 50 percent of all respondents were very attentive during the
conduct of interview. The rest were somewhat attentive. One respondent
was not at all attentive because she was attending to her customers in
her store.

  ------------------------------------ ------------- --------- -------- ---------
  Table 74. Number and Percent of                                       
  Respondents by Level of                                               
  Attentiveness                                                         

  Level of Attentiveness               Number and                       
                                       Percent of                       
                                       Respondents                      
                                       by Type                          

                                       Self-report             Proxy    

                                       Number        Percent   Number   Percent

  Not At All Attentive                 1             3.2       0        0.0

  Somewhat Attentive                   14            45.2      9        29.0

  Very Attentive                       16            51.6      22       71.0

  Total                                31            100.0     31       100.0
  ------------------------------------ ------------- --------- -------- ---------

24. **Difficulty in Understanding Most of the Questions**

There were 45.2 percent of the respondents for self-report who had some
difficulty in understanding most of the questions. For the proxy report,
there were only 38.7 percent of them.

  ------------------------------------ ------------- --------- -------- ---------
  Table 75. Number and Percent of                                       
  Respondents by Difficulty in                                          
  Understanding Most of the Questions                                   

  Difficulty in Understanding Most of  Number and                       
  the Questions                        Percent of                       
                                       Respondents                      
                                       by Type                          

                                       Self-report             Proxy    

                                       Number        Percent   Number   Percent

  A Lot of Difficulty                  4             3.2       0        0.0

  Some Difficulty                      17            45.2      12       38.7

  None                                 10            51.6      19       61.3

  Total                                31            100.0     31       100.0
  ------------------------------------ ------------- --------- -------- ---------

# Summary and Conclusions

# Operation

#  {#section-2 .unnumbered}

The conduct of the cognitive test in the Philippines went on smoothly.
Target respondents were easily identified. Of the 36 pairs of target
respondents, 34 self-reports were available for interviews. However, two
of them were unavailable to proceed with the interview due to a slight
mental problem. There were 35 proxy reports available for interview. But
the complete pairs of self-report and proxy report was reduced to 31.

# Translation

> Except for some isolated terms such as "developmental problem",
> "neurological disorder", "hearing aid", "concentrate", "wheelchair",
> and "stockings", most of the terms were properly translated to
> Filipino language.

# Core Questions

> As observed by the interviewers, most respondents showed no problem in
> answering the six main questions asked by the interviewers. There were
> very few cases of interviewers repeating the question, respondents
> showing difficulty in the response options and asking for
> clarification.
>
> The open-ended follow-up probes provided information on how the
> respondents understood the core questions. In general, the answers
> provided by the respondents indeed confirmed their responses to the
> core questions. There were, however, isolated cases of vague answers,
> which are not helpful in the assessment of the core questions.

### Functioning Follow-up Probes

There were several questions used to provide an objective assessment of
the validity of the respondents' answers to the core questions. Some
answers in these follow-up probes are inconsistent with the core
questions. This is especially true in the degree of frequency of
difficulty and degree of difficulty in the specific functions and/or
activities. Some of these items are very subjective that the dividing
line in the different categories is not very clear.

Moreover, some respondents tend to conceal their difficulties in some
sensitive activities that even if from the observation of the
interviewers, these respondents have difficulties.

Contributing to some inconsistencies in the responses is the length of
the questionnaire. Quality of the responses is affected by the number of
questions asked to the respondents in the functioning follow-up probes.
In this test, the average interview time is 30 minutes where the maximum
reached to almost an hour.

### Self-Report and Proxy report

> The four core questions on difficulty in seeing, hearing, mobility,
> and self-care have gathered the most number of cases with almost the
> same reports from both the self-report respondents and proxies. On the
> other hand, the questions on difficulty in cognitive and communication
> have varied responses from both types of respondent.
>
> Questions on the frequency of wearing eyeglasses, use of hearing aid,
> often told by household members about hearing problem, use of
> assistive devices for walking or climbing steps, and needed help with
> everyday activities also gathered the most number of cases with the
> same reports from both self-report respondents and proxies.
>
> The frequencies for specific items on the degree of difficulty
> experienced, amount of effort exerted, degree of concern or worry
> about the difficulty, advice from health professional, and other
> activities that are particular to a certain difficulty generally
> differ between the self-report respondents and proxies.
>
> Even for the general health question, discrepancies can be clearly
> seen in the assessment of health condition of the self-report
> respondents from their proxies, and also the item for
> depression/anxiety/emotional problem.

### Processing

> Processing was limited to the checking for the completeness of entries
> while the analysis is limited to descriptive analysis based on the
> frequencies and proportions in the response categories. Thus,
> inconsistency in the responses was merely based on whether the
> frequency is greater or smaller than the base item. Item by item
> comparison by record is possible but was not done due to limited time.

# Recommendations and Future Directions

The test provided the necessary experience in order to draw out
observations that could improve possible questions and data collection
for functional difficulty. The following are the major recommendations:

25. **Due to Health Reasons**

> It should be clear that difficulties experienced by a person should be
> as a result of health problem. When the core questions shall be used
> to gather functional difficulty, it should be emphasized to the
> respondents that these questions should refer to difficulties relating
> to health reasons. This is especially true for the questions on
> remembering/concentrating and communications where respondents tend to
> respond not in relation to their health but for some other reasons.

26. **Health Problem**

> There should be examples in the manual in order to guide the data
> collectors. For example, instructions to the following may be added:

-   Difficulties experienced by a person which are directly link to a
    particular health condition, for instance, a seven-month pregnant
    who normally have difficulty walking or climbing steps.

-   A health condition of a person that is too obvious or visible to the
    interviewer such as total blindness, paralysis, and others.
    Interviewer should be instructed not to ask the corresponding
    questions anymore.

    3.  **Probing**

> Clarification or a follow-up question should be made in the actual
> census in order to get accurate response from the respondents.

# Criteria for the Selection of Proxy Respondent

> There should be clear criteria for the selection of a proxy
> respondent. He/she should be someone whom the respondent spends most
> of the time with regardless of his/her membership to the household or
> someone who is knowledgeable on the health condition of the
> respondent.

4.  **Appropriate Respondent**

> Ideally, the respondent on functional difficulty census/survey should
> be the concerned persons themselves since they are the ones who really
> know the problem they have with their health. However, respondents
> tend to conceal some of their difficulties from the interviewers even
> if these difficulties are already visible from the interviewers.
> Nevertheless, even if with this limitation, the appropriate
> respondents should be the concerned persons, except those with mental
> problem. This recommendation, however, is applicable only for surveys
> where revisits to the household and appointments to the concerned
> persons can be made.
>
> On the other hand, for the census, there is normally only one
> respondent who answers the questions for all household members. The
> respondent is chosen from among the household member as the one who is
> the most knowledgeable about the information of the household members.
> However, if the concerned household member is present during the
> interview, then the concerned member is asked. Asking all household
> members themselves of the census questions is not possible because it
> would entail a huge amount of resources. Thus, in asking functional
> difficulties in the census, the respondent to be selected in the
> absence of the concerned person, should be the one who is the most
> knowledgeable about the health conditions of each household member.
> Moreover, detailed explanation should be included in the manual of
> instructions in order to collect accurate information from the
> proxies.

The PNSO has already included the six core questions on functional
difficulty in the questionnaire for the 2006 Census of Population to be
conducted in November 2006. In preparation for the census, several
pretests and pilot test were conducted in order to determine if the
questionnaires are appropriate to meet the objectives of the census, if
the procedures to be employed are appropriate for this particular census
taking, to measure workload standards, and to determine problems, issues
and concerns that may arise during the actual census operations.

In those tests, it was found out that repetitively asking the questions
for all household members to the respondent of the household annoys the
respondent. Thus, in order to avoid that problem, the enumerators are
asked to provide clear explanation on the objectives of the questions to
the respondent prior to asking the six questions.

The test likewise provided information on the additional explanations
that shall be provided to respondents. For instance, it was found out
that respondents tend to relate difficulties not to health condition of
the members but to some other reasons such as old age, financial
problems and others. Thus, in the census manual of instructions, it will
be emphasized that the questions should refer to the health condition of
the members.

Recognizing the importance of statistics on functional difficulty, the
PNSO has included the question on disability since the 1990 Census of
Population and Housing. Even if the census included only two simple
questions, still the information is very useful in determining the
characteristics of those persons with disability. Moreover, the census
can locate the areas where the incidence of persons with disabilities is
high even at the village level.

Conducting a nationwide survey on functional difficulty has not been
done in the Philippines. This is because in the past, the demand for
information is low. Moreover, there were no appropriate questions for
survey that have been developed. With the combined efforts of the
Washington Group, WHO and UNESCAP on the development of the census and
survey questions, the Philippines will continue to actively take part
and contribute in these activities such that a survey design for
functional difficulty can be developed and be included in the list of
surveys to be conducted by the PNSO on a regular basis.