+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| ##### ![](medi   | ## Forest Slash Treatment                         |
| a/image1.jpeg){w |                                                   |
| idth="0.4in" hei | # *Planning*                                      |
| ght="0.389583333 |                                                   |
| 33333334in"}NRCS | # Conservation Practice Job Sheet 384             |
|                  |                                                   |
| ^Natural\ R      |                                                   |
| esources\ Conser |                                                   |
| vation\ Service^ |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| ## July 2008     |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

  ------------------ ------- -------- ---------------- ------- ------- ------- --------- ------ -------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
  Client/Operating                    Tract:                                             Farm                                  Field                
  Unit:                                                                                  No.:                                  No.:            

  Farm/Ranch                          County:                                  SWCD/HU                                                 Date:        
  Location:                                                                    Code:                                                           

  Program:                            Contract Item #:                                          Planned                                             
                                                                                                Installation                                   
                                                                                                Date:                                          

  State Forestry                      [     ]{.mark}                                                                                           
  Permit                                                                                                                                       
  ------------------ ------- -------- ---------------- ------- ------- ------- --------- ------ -------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------

IT SHALL BE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE OWNER TO OBTAIN ALL NECESSARY
PERMITS AND/OR RIGHTS, AND TO COMPLY WITH ALL ORDINANCES AND LAWS
PERTAINING TO THIS installation INCLUDING THE NEW MEXICO FOREST
PRACTICES GUIDELINES
(\<\<<http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/FD/Publications/PubsMain.htm>\>\>.

Installation shall be in accordance with the following drawings,
specifications and special requirements. NO CHANGES ARE TO BE MADE IN
THE DRAWINGS OR SPECIFICATIONS WITHOUT PRIOR APPROVAL OF THE NRCS
TECHNICIAN.

This practice applies on areas with quantities of woody slash and debris
requiring treatment and typically is used on forest land following a
thinning or harvest.

**Where USDA cost share programs are used to pay for performance of this
practice the following are required:**

**NRCS-CPA-52** "ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS FOR CONSERVATION PLANS" COMPLETED
WITH POTENTIAL IMPACTS IDENTIFIED AND RECORDED?

ATTACHED IN CASE FILE

**Section 106 Form** (Cultural Resources)

COMPLETED?

NOT AN UNDERTAKING ATTACHED IN CASE FILE

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ## Objectives                                                         |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Describe Objective and Management Strategy:                           |
|                                                                       |
|                                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **General Specifications**                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Slash treatment and the condition and extent of residual slash shall  |
| comply with the following items, any additional specifications based  |
| on purpose(s), and requirements listed for applicable slash treatment |
| techniques.                                                           |
|                                                                       |
| 1.  All activities associated with applying this practice shall       |
|     comply with federal, state, tribal and local forestry and related |
|     laws and regulations. It is the landowner's responsibility to     |
|     obtain appropriate permits and/or applications prior to           |
|     commencing an activity.                                           |
|                                                                       |
| 2.  Soils, site factors, and timing of application must be suitable   |
|     for any ground-based equipment utilized for slash treatment to    |
|     avoid excessive compaction, rutting, or damage to the soil        |
|     surface layer. For safety purposes and to protect site resources  |
|     including residual trees, treatment methods involving             |
|     ground-based heavy equipment are generally not applied on slopes  |
|     exceeding 40 percent.                                             |
|                                                                       |
| 3.  For areas with residual trees, the slash treatment method may     |
|     consist of lopping and scattering, piling, piling and burning     |
|     (provided burning will minimize heat-damage to residual trees and |
|     underlying soil), crushing, chipping, and/or removal. For areas   |
|     with few or no residual trees (e.g., slash left after block       |
|     harvest cutting), the slash treatment method may consist of any   |
|     of the above options plus broadcast burning. Any burning will     |
|     comply with Prescribed Burning (338) specifications and be        |
|     conducted to minimize heat damage to residual trees and their     |
|     roots and underlying soil.                                        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|   | **[Reduce hazardous fuels]{.underline} and/or [Protect/maintain  |
|   | air quality by reducing the risk of wildfire]{.underline}.**     |
|   | Slash is treated so concentrations of 1" size materials and      |
|   | larger do not exceed 9 tons/acre (computations based on oven-dry |
|   | weights and air-dry volume), do not exceed 18 inches in height   |
|   | (or that specified for the particular site: \_\_\_\_\_ inches)   |
|   | with exceptions for piling and windrowing of up to ten feet      |
|   | heights and twenty feet widths. Windrows should be built less    |
|   | than 100 contiguous feet long before inserting a thirty foot     |
|   | break or gap. Additionally, they should be treated to prevent    |
|   | spread of fire within 100 feet of public roads and railroads and |
|   | 200 feet of areas with frequent concentrated public use. A       |
|   | wildfire risk analysis using methodology adopted by a federal,   |
|   | state or local wildfire control authority may be used to modify  |
|   | the thresholds listed above on a site-by-site basis. Refer to    |
|   | figures 3-6 on page 9 for estimating slash tonnage (or use other |
|   | calibrated photo series) or use physical transect measurements.  |
|   | If feasible, a non-burning method of slash disposal will be used |
|   | to avoid risk of accidental wildfire and production of air       |
|   | pollutants. Slash treatment must be coordinated with and         |
|   | complement Fuel Break (383), Firebreak (394) and, if residual    |
|   | trees pose a ladder-fuel risk, Tree/Shrub Pruning (660)          |
|   | specifications. Other requirements:                              |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|   | [**Reduce** **the risk of harmful insects and                    |
|   | disease.**]{.underline} Based on the characteristics and life    |
|   | cycles of existing and anticipated pest species                  |
|   | ([[http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/nr/fid/wid                            |
|   | .shtml]{.underline}](http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/nr/fid/wid.shtml)), |
|   | treat and/or dispose of slash in a way to minimize harm and      |
|   | infestation to the residual trees and adjacent stands/areas. In  |
|   | the case of ponderosa or piñon slash, all slash \> 4 inches      |
|   | diameter shall be burned or solarized for 90 days on site before |
|   | removal. Other requirements:                                     |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|   | **[Improve the soil organic matter and maintain or improve soil  |
|   | health and soil quality.]{.underline}** Slash will be treated to |
|   | minimize its size and maximize its contact with the forest floor |
|   | to accelerate decomposition. Where chips are produced in         |
|   | sufficient quantities to uniformly cover the ground surface,     |
|   | depth shall not exceed 2 inches. To provide a source of organic  |
|   | matter, to sustain nutrient cycling and maintain microbial       |
|   | activity, leave 10 to 15 tons/acre of evenly distributed         |
|   | residual slash with all slash size classes, as available,        |
|   | represented (\< 1" diameters, 1-5" diameters, and \> 5"          |
|   | diameters). Some ponderosa pine sites may require less material, |
|   | whereas some mixed conifer and spruce--fir sites may benefit     |
|   | from larger amounts. To promote nutrient retention, let fine     |
|   | debris (needles and twigs) weather and/or fall from slash before |
|   | it is burned or removed from the site. To prevent surface        |
|   | erosion, create meanders using berms (max. 18" high) of slash or |
|   | chips on bare areas and where signs of accelerated erosion are   |
|   | visible. Other requirements:                                     |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+

  ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
       **[Enhance aesthetics.]{.underline}** Slash will be treated sufficiently to comply with client objectives for
       aesthetics. Other requirements:      

       **[Reduce the risk of harm to humans and livestock]{.underline} and/or [Improve access to forage for grazing
       and browsing animals]{.underline}:** Slash will be treated to facilitate safe access by humans and grazing
       and browsing animals. Time the treatment to reduce or eliminate slash before the calving period for wildlife
       or livestock. Other requirements:      

       **[Improve the site for natural or artificial regeneration]{.underline}:** Slash treatment and intensity will
       be coordinated with Tree/Shrub Site Preparation (490) and Tree/Shrub Establishment (612) specifications.
       Using windrows to capture snow is one way to capture more moisture for seedling establishment. Windrows also
       provide some shade protection for species that have a tendency to be burned by excessive light and heat.
       Other requirements:      

       **[Utilization:]{.underline}** Material will be used to the New Mexico Forestry Division's minimum standards
       of utilization during a timber harvest or thinning. See ([Forest Practices
       Guidelines](http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/FD/ForestMgt/documents/ForestPracticesGuidelines_Sept2007ed.pdf)).
       Options must be considered to utilize slash material in biofuels or other small-diameter industries. Other
       requirements:      

       Other clarifying notes:      
  ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
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+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|   | **[Lopping and scattering.]{.underline}** Lopping is the cutting |
|   | of limbs, branches, treetops, small diameter trees, or other     |
|   | woody plant residue into lengths so that the remaining slash     |
|   | will lie close to the ground. Scattering is the spreading of     |
|   | lopped slash evenly over the ground so that the remaining slash  |
|   | will lie no more than three (3) feet off the ground. This method |
|   | is suited to areas with lower slash accumulations and is         |
|   | effective for such accumulations in meeting height requirements, |
|   | facilitating use of the treated area by humans and animals,      |
|   | improving aesthetics, and distributing material more uniformly   |
|   | and closer to the forest floor for faster decomposition. Safety  |
|   | equipment (e.g., goggles, gloves, chaps, ear plugs) must be worn |
|   | when using chainsaws or other lopping equipment and comply with  |
|   | the federal, state and/or local safety authority. If the treated |
|   | area is within one quarter or a mile of a structure the slash    |
|   | will stand no higher than 18 inches above the ground. Other      |
|   | requirements:                                                    |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|   | **[Piling]{.underline}** and **[Piling and                       |
|   | Burning.]{.underline}** Piling is placing, laying, heaping or    |
|   | stacking of slash into piles which may or may not be burned.     |
|   | Burning is igniting piled slash under prescribed conditions to   |
|   | reduce the amount and continuity of fuels. These methods are     |
|   | suited to areas with adequate spacing between residual trees or  |
|   | areas with few or no residual trees. Piles that will be burned   |
|   | later may be "teepeed" to shed water or, if small in size,       |
|   | temporarily covered with water-resistant paper or plastic to     |
|   | allow material beneath to dry. Unburned piles or windrows can    |
|   | serve as nesting and escape cover for wildlife. When machine     |
|   | piling or windrowing, a "brush rake" (blade with tines) will     |
|   | minimize pushing surface soil into slash accumulations.          |
|   | Synthetic materials (e.g., old tires, petroleum products) will   |
|   | not be incorporated in piles. Any burning will comply with       |
|   | Prescribed Burning (338) specifications and be conducted to      |
|   | minimize heat damage to residual trees and their roots and       |
|   | underlying soil. The piles must be burned within 365 calendar    |
|   | days of the start of a commercial harvest. Piles should not      |
|   | contain more than twenty percent soil. The burner's experience   |
|   | with pile burning should directly relate to the size of the      |
|   | piles burned. Other requirements:                                |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|   | **[Crushing.]{.underline}** Crushing breaks and presses slash on |
|   | or into the ground surface. This occurs when harvest or thinning |
|   | equipment drives over slash created during the operation. This   |
|   | method involves the use of heavy ground-based equipment that     |
|   | crushes slash to a depth not exceeding two feet. The closer      |
|   | crushed material is to the forest floor, the quicker             |
|   | decomposition occurs and the less chance of fire reaching the    |
|   | above canopy layers. Other requirements:                         |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+

  ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------
       **[Chipping.]{.underline}** Chipping is the processing of slash
       through a mechanical chipper to produce chipped or shredded
       material that is distributed on site or utilized offsite as
       landscape mulch. This chipped material can be used as woody
       biomass fuel or pulp for paper products. This method includes the
       mechanical conversion or mastication of slash to chips and chunks
       of varying sizes. For safety purposes, humans and animals must be
       excluded from areas being treated by equipment that flails and
       throws chips and chunks; also operate such machinery to minimize
       bark damage to the residual trees. Chip depth shall not exceed two
       (2) inches. Reduce or eliminate the concentration of chips around
       the "drip line" of the boles of leave trees and eliminate all
       chips within one foot of the boles of leave trees. Other
       requirements:      

       **[Broadcast Burning.]{.underline}** This method consumes and
       alters slash using prescribed fire. It is often used to minimize
       the risk of wildfire by reducing the quantity of surface fuels and
       is suited primarily to areas with few to no residual trees. Smoke
       management and production of air pollutants are a concern with
       this method. Any burning will comply with Prescribed Burning (338)
       specifications and state regulations and be conducted to minimize
       heat damage to residual trees and their roots and underlying soil.
       Other requirements:      

       **[Removal.]{.underline}** Slash is removed from the site. This
       method is suited to areas with higher slash accumulations where
       other methods may not sufficiently reduce undesired materials. Do
       not move a problem from one location to another if there is
       potential for a bark beetle infestation. Treat the slash
       (typically through solarization) on site before moving it. Other
       requirements:      

       Other clarifying notes:      
  ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Layout Sketch and Drawing (optional)\
  **(Provide sketch and/or drawings as necessary or refer to conservation
  plan or other map.)

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Scale 1\"=\_      ft. (NA indicates sketch not to scale: grid size=1/2\"
by 1/2\")

  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          

                                                                          
  ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

This Practice is designed and planned according to NRCS NM Standards and
Specifications. This Job Sheet has been reviewed and the planned
practice application is agreed to.

**LANDOWNER\'s/OPERATOR\'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:**

The landowner/operator acknowledges that:

a\. He/she has received a copy of the drawings and specifications, and
that he/she has an understanding of the contents, and the requirements.

b\. He/she has obtained all the necessary permits.

c\. No changes will be made in the installation of the job without prior
concurrence of the NRCS.

d\. Maintenance of the installed work is necessary for proper
performance during the project life.

Cooperator\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date\_\_\_     \_\_

Planner\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date\_\_\_     \_\_\_

I certify that the above practice has been installed in accordance with
this Jobsheet and that the practice meets and/or NRCS Practice Standards
and Specifications.

NRCS
Planner\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Date\_\_\_     \_\_\_\_

Other Comments:

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **     **

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **References**                                                        |
|                                                                       |
| (Reference: Photo Series for Quantifying Forest Residues, USDA-Forest |
| Service General Technical Report PNW-52 1976, W. Maxwell and F. Ward. |
| Tonnage computations are based on oven-dry weights and air-dry        |
| volume.)                                                              |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="3.0in" height="2.1631944444444446in"}

**Figure 3. Total slash accumulation after a block harvest is 38.2
tons/acre (8.1 tons/acre for size class 1.1-3.0 inches in diameter; 6.3
tons/acre for 3.1-9.0 inches; 17.2 tons/acre for 9.1-20.0 inches and 6.6
tons/acre for 20.1+ inches).** **Slash treatment could involve piling
and burning, broadcast burning, and/or chipping followed by removal, or
removal. To achieve a 9 ton/acre criteria, approximately 30 tons/acre of
slash is considered excess.**

![](media/image3.jpeg){width="2.9965277777777777in"
height="2.1180555555555554in"}

**Figure 4. Total slash accumulation after a precommer-cial thinning is
23.0 tons/acre (6.7 tons/acre for size class 1.1-3.0 inches in diameter;
12.8 tons/acre for 3.1-9.0 inches; and 3.5 tons/acre for 20.1+
inches).** **Slash treatment could involve piling and burning, and/or
chipping followed by removal, or removal. To achieve a 9 ton/acre
criteria, approximately 14 tons/acre of slash is considered excess.**

![](media/image4.jpeg){width="2.9923611111111112in" height="2.14375in"}

**Figure 5. Total slash accumulation after a partial harvest is 6.3
tons/acre (3.4 tons/acre for size class 1.1-3.0 inches in diameter; 2.9
tons/acre for 3.1-9.0 inches). Because slash is less than the 9
tons/acre criteria, slash treatment could consist of lopping and
scattering to meet the less than 2-feet height criteria.**

![](media/image5.jpeg){width="2.995833333333333in"
height="2.1145833333333335in"}

Figure 6. Total slash accumulation after a precommer-cial thinning is
7.8 tons/acre (5.5 tons/acre for size class 1.1-3.0 inches in diameter;
2.3 tons/acre for 3.1-9.0 inches). Because slash is less than the 9
tons/acre criteria, slash treatment could consist of lopping and
scattering to meet the less than 2-feet height criteria.