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| -   This guide is intended for employees who drive vehicles or        |
|     motorized equipment on airports.                                  |
|                                                                       |
| -   **Note to drivers:** Please keep this guide and use it for        |
|     reference and as a refresher.                                     |
|                                                                       |
| This guide provides a general overview of safe procedures for driving |
| on an airport. It is not intended to cover specific conditions at all |
| airports. Some local procedures are unique. If there are questions    |
| about differences between this guide and local procedures, they can   |
| be resolved by your supervisor or airport manager.                    |
|                                                                       |
| **Foreward**\                                                         |
| Everyone\'s cooperation is necessary to prevent potentially serious   |
| accidents on airports. The FAA has an ongoing program aimed at pilots |
| to help reduce runway incursions, pilot/controller miscommunications  |
| and airport surface mishaps. Employees who operate vehicles or        |
| equipment on airports also have key responsibilities in these         |
| efforts.                                                              |
|                                                                       |
| By its nature, it is necessary for this guide to be generic. In       |
| addition to orientation and operational information, the guide        |
| touches on some other areas that a ground vehicle operator may        |
| encounter, such as foreign object damage (FOD), security, and         |
| reporting emergencies. If this guide is used as a training document   |
| at a specific airport, be sure to include that airport diagram along  |
| with this guide. Some of the necessary supplemental information is    |
| listed below:                                                         |
|                                                                       |
| -   Airport rules and regulations concerning ground vehicle           |
|     operations.                                                       |
|                                                                       |
| -   Airport diagram showing runways, taxiways, aprons, movement       |
|     areas, vehicle roadways, location of the airport fire station,    |
|     critical areas for electronic navigational aids, and areas where  |
|     vehicles are permitted to operate.                                |
|                                                                       |
| -   Airport security procedures that the employee should be aware of  |
|     and the employees responsibility in this area.                    |
|                                                                       |
| -   Procedures, person to contact, and telephone number for reporting |
|     emergencies and ground vehicle accidents.                         |
|                                                                       |
| Any comments or suggestions on improving this guide are welcome and   |
| should be sent to the following address:                              |
|                                                                       |
| [**Federal Aviation Administration**](http://www.faa.gov/)\           |
| Office of System Safety, ASY-300\                                     |
| 800 Independence Avenue, SW\                                          |
| Washington, DC 20591                                                  |
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| **Section One - Airport Basics**                                      |
|                                                                       |
| The following information explains the basic features of any airport. |
| There may be important unique aspects to the airports on which you    |
| drive, such as dedicated vehicle lanes, areas not visible to          |
| controllers, or nonstandard traffic patterns. Be aware and know the   |
| rules of your airport.                                                |
|                                                                       |
| **Runways**\                                                          |
| Runways have specific markings on them that are white. They will have |
| numbers on each end and stripes down the middle with white lines on   |
| the edges. Runways that are served by an instrument approach will     |
| have more elaborate markings such as those shown in the figure. The   |
| most important thing to remember about a runway is that it is meant   |
| for aircraft use, so never drive your vehicle on it unless you are    |
| authorized to do so.                                                  |
|                                                                       |
| **Runway Markings (not to scale)**                                    |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image2.jpeg){width="4.459027777777778in"                    |
| height="1.6888888888888889in"}                                        |
|                                                                       |
| **Taxiways**\                                                         |
| Taxiways are areas used by the aircraft to get to and from the ramp   |
| and the runway. Taxiways look similar to runways, but are usually not |
| as wide and they don\'t have the same kind of markings. Taxiway       |
| markings are yellow. Instead of numbers, taxiways use letters or      |
| letter/number combinations for designators. Like runways, taxiways    |
| are meant for aircraft use. Authorization is normally required before |
| you operate a vehicle on runways or taxiways. Aircraft cockpit        |
| windows are designed for pilots to see other aircraft. It can be      |
| difficult or impossible for the flight crew of large aircraft to see  |
| vehicles, particularly behind the wings or under the nose of the      |
| aircraft.                                                             |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image3.jpeg){width="2.6041666666666665in"                   |
| height="2.15625in"}                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| **Aprons or Ramps**\                                                  |
| Aprons or ramps are the areas where aircraft park, load, and unload.  |
| Your work may require you to drive on an apron. If so, be very        |
| careful. Watch out for aircraft that are moving and always yield the  |
| right-of-way to them. Don\'t assume the pilot will see you and stop.  |
| He or she may be busy with other things like radio communications or  |
| checklist items.                                                      |
|                                                                       |
| In addition to watching for moving aircraft, be careful not to get    |
| too close to a parked aircraft. Aside from nicks and dents that are   |
| expensive to repair, you could be hurt if an aircraft suddenly        |
| started its engine and you were too close. You should also be aware   |
| of the problem of jet blast or prop wash. There have been several     |
| cases where vehicles have been overturned by jet blast. One way to    |
| tell if an aircraft is about to start its engine(s) or if the         |
| engine(s) is running is that the aircraft\'s flashing beacons will be |
| on.                                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| **Signs**\                                                            |
| The colors and sizes of signs are important. If the sign has white    |
| numbers on a red background, it is a runway holding position sign.    |
| These signs are important because they mean you are on the edge of    |
| the protected area around a runway and must have permission to        |
| proceed.                                                              |
|                                                                       |
| A yellow sign with black letters is a guidance sign. A black sign     |
| with yellow letters is a location sign. The taxiways at your airport  |
| may have these signs next to them. Examples are CARGO or TERM to      |
| identify what the parking area ahead is used for, or the direction to |
| go to find that area.                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image4.jpeg){width="2.84375in"                              |
| height="0.7291666666666666in"}\                                       |
| ![](media/image5.jpeg){width="2.5104166666666665in"                   |
| height="1.4895833333333333in"}\                                       |
| *A driver would see these signs and markings when holding short of    |
| runway 18-36 at taxiway \"G\"*                                        |
|                                                                       |
| \<div align=right\>                                                   |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image6.jpeg){width="3.7909722222222224in"                   |
| height="4.047916666666667in"}\</div\>A taxiway sign with yellow       |
| letters and a black background will tell you which taxiway you are on |
| and helps you determine your location. Some airports have these signs |
| painted on the taxiways (see Figure 1 and 1a). Other airports have    |
| geographic position markings to use in determining a point on a       |
| taxiway (see Figure 2). Not all airports have implemented location    |
| signs and geographic position markings.\                              |
| \                                                                     |
| **Lights**\                                                           |
| Runways are edged with white lights and taxiways have blue lights.    |
| Near the ends of runways, the lights may be two-sided. Amber on one   |
| side, white on the other. At the end of the runway you may also see   |
| runway threshold lights. These are red on one side, green on the      |
| other. If the amber or red lights are visible you may be approaching  |
| the end of the runway.  Remember, runway edge lights are white and    |
| taxiway edge lights are blue.                                         |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image7.jpeg){width="1.5833333333333333in" height="0.875in"} |
|                                                                       |
| **Markings**                                                          |
|                                                                       |
| Runway markings are painted white. Taxiways have yellow markings. The |
| center of the taxiway has a solid yellow stripe. The sides may have   |
| one or two solid yellow stripes along the edge. Again, not all        |
| airports have these markings. As the taxiway comes up to the edge of  |
| the runway, you may see what pilots call a \"hold\" line that looks   |
| like this. ![](media/image8.jpeg){width="1.3541666666666667in"        |
| height="1.6145833333333333in"}It is two solid yellow stripes followed |
| by two broken yellow stripes. This is the airport version of a stop   |
| sign. Along the side of the taxiway next to the holdline, there may   |
| be a runway holding position sign (red and white) with the runway     |
| number. ILS hold markings advise pilots and vehicle operators where   |
| to stop to avoid interfering with aircraft navigational signals. At   |
| tower controlled airports, a clearance is required to pass either of  |
| these markers and enter the runway. When exiting the runway you may   |
| see hold signs with the same marks that appear on the taxiways. Be    |
| certain to go beyond these hold markings and signs.                   |
|                                                                       |
| Ramps have markings, as well, for aircraft parking and tie downs.     |
| Some airport ramps have special markings for vehicle operations. If   |
| there are vehicle or roadway markings, you should always drive your   |
| vehicle within those marked areas. Taxiways may also be marked on the |
| apron to show aircraft routes to gates and parking areas.             |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image9.jpeg){width="1.1416666666666666in"                   |
| height="1.2854166666666667in"}Some airports have designated           |
| helicopter landing pads. This is depicted with an H inside of a       |
| square. Be especially careful when you drive near helipads and look   |
| up for landing helicopters. Like all aircraft, you must yield the     |
| right-of-way to a helicopter.                                         |
|                                                                       |
| **Navigational Aids**\                                                |
| When driving near navigational aids, stay out of the protected areas  |
| around them to avoid interfering with their signals. If a road or     |
| taxiway is close enough to an ILS to affect it, there should be an    |
| ILS holding position sign like the one mentioned earlier.             |
|                                                                       |
| **More Signs**\                                                       |
| There may be signs to remind pilots of noise abatement procedures or  |
| warning signs that tell vehicle operators not to proceed beyond a     |
| certain point.  You may see markings that identify the area of the    |
| airport under air traffic control. These markings are yellow and      |
| consist of two yellow lines, one solid one dashed. The dashed line    |
| faces the area controlled by ATC. Other signs include \"distance      |
| remaining\" signs on the runway to tell the pilot how much runway     |
| length is left.                                                       |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image10.jpeg){width="3.875in"                               |
| height="1.8541666666666667in"}                                        |
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| **Section Two - Controlled Airports**                                 |
|                                                                       |
| If your airport has an air traffic control tower, it is called a      |
| \"controlled\" airport whenever the tower is operating. That means    |
| anyone wanting to fly into or out of the airport must first get       |
| permission from the controller. Aircraft on the ground and vehicles   |
| must also get permission from the controller to be on the runway or   |
| taxiways. (Controllers call these areas \"movement areas\"). As an    |
| operator of a vehicle, you must get the controller\'s permission      |
| before you go onto a runway or taxiway, their associated safety       |
| areas, or any other part of the movement area. There are at least two |
| ways to get permission, by radio or advanced coordination with ATC.   |
| Check the airport diagram and be sure of the location of the movement |
| areas.                                                                |
|                                                                       |
| **Radio Communications Procedures**                                   |
|                                                                       |
| 1.  Use an air-to-ground radio with the airport\'s ground control     |
|     frequency on it. Each vehicle should have a call sign identifying |
|     the vehicle.                                                      |
|                                                                       |
| ```{=html}                                                            |
| <!-- -->                                                              |
| ```                                                                   |
| 1.  Know the proper phraseology and never use Citizen\'s Band (CB)    |
|     lingo or law enforcement \"ten\" codes.                           |
|                                                                       |
| 2.  Think about what you are going to say before calling the          |
|     controller.                                                       |
|                                                                       |
| 3.  Use the proper sequence in calling the controller. Before you     |
|     start talking, make sure that no one else is already talking.     |
|     Then you should:\                                                 |
|     a) say who you are calling and who you are (e.g., \"Cincinnati    |
|     ground, Vehicle One\").\                                          |
|     b) wait for the controller to respond. Sometimes it takes a while |
|     if they are busy. When the controller responds, state where you   |
|     are and where you want to go. For example \"Vehicle One is on the |
|     terminal ramp and would like to cross 18 Right at taxiway Alpha   |
|     and proceed to the VOR.\" Wait for the controller\'s response.\   |
|     c) the controller will either approve or deny your request, or    |
|     issue special instructions. An example of the instructions would  |
|     be \"Vehicle One, proceed to, hold short of runway 18 Right.\"    |
|     Acknowledge that you have heard the controller\'s instructions.   |
|     For example \"Vehicle One, cleared to VOR, Vehicle One will hold  |
|     short of 18 Right.\" Always repeat a \"hold short\" clearance.    |
|     The section titled \"Aviation Phraseology\" lists air traffic     |
|     control phrases with definitions. You should know what they mean  |
|     before going onto any runway or taxiway. Note: Use extreme        |
|     caution when you hear the phrase \"go ahead.\" Controllers use    |
|     this to mean \"state your request.\" It never means \"proceed!\"  |
|                                                                       |
| Communications are not difficult with a little practice. If you are   |
| ever unsure what the controller said, or if you don\'t understand an  |
| instruction, ASK THE CONTROLLER TO REPEAT IT WITH \"SAY AGAIN.\" A    |
| controller, even one who is extremely busy, would rather repeat and   |
| explain something than to have a misunderstanding lead to an accident |
| or runway incursion. Don\'t proceed thinking that the instructions    |
| will become clear once you go a little further.                       |
|                                                                       |
| **Advanced Coordination**\                                            |
| When you contact the tower, you will receive instructions on how to   |
| proceed and what signals to expect.                                   |
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| **Section Three - Nontowered Aiports**                                |
|                                                                       |
| When the tower is closed or if there is no tower, the airport is      |
| called nontowered. At a nontowered airport you don\'t have to get a   |
| controller\'s permission before going onto a runway or taxiway. You   |
| should, however, always carry a radio tuned to the airport\'s common  |
| traffic advisory frequency (CTAF) usually called UNICOM. When you get |
| near the runways and taxiways, SLOW DOWN! Look both ways, and then    |
| look UP for aircraft that are landing or taking off. Always yield the |
| right-of-way to taxiing aircraft and give them plenty of room. If an  |
| aircraft is on the same taxiway as you and headed in the opposite     |
| direction, move out of the aircraft\'s way. Be careful not to hit     |
| taxiway edge lights. If an aircraft is about to land on a runway that |
| you need to cross, stop and yield to the aircraft until it has landed |
| and taxied clear of the runway. Then proceed.                         |
|                                                                       |
| **Traffic Patterns**\                                                 |
| Aircraft approaching a runway for landing follow a pattern. In most   |
| cases, the pattern is a rectangular box with the pilot making all     |
| turns to the left. In a few cases, airports will use right traffic    |
| patterns. Pilots announce their position using the names for segments |
| of the traffic pattern (e.g., Woodbridge traffic, Cessna 83 Bravo     |
| downwind, approaching base runway 19, Woodbridge). Remember that some |
| aircraft that are not equipped with radios will be operating at       |
| nontowered airports, so always visually scan for traffic.             |
|                                                                       |
| **Airport Traffic Pattern Operations**                                |
|                                                                       |
| ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="4.541666666666667in"                   |
| height="3.1875in"}                                                    |
|                                                                       |
| Aircraft at nontowered airports frequently make \"touch and go\"      |
| landings where immediately after landing, full power is applied and   |
| the aircraft takes off again. Before you cross a runway, make sure    |
| the aircraft has exited the runway or has gone past you.              |
|                                                                       |
| Extra vigilance is key at nontowered airports. Aircraft do not have   |
| to communicate or announce their position in the pattern or on the    |
| surface. Some aircraft don\'t have radios. You can be lulled into     |
| complacency at nontowered airports because they usually aren\'t very  |
| busy, hence they don\'t justify a control tower. If you are used to   |
| not seeing any other traffic, don\'t expect this to always be the     |
| case. If your vehicle has a rotating beacon, be sure to turn it on    |
| anytime you are on the airport surface.                               |
|                                                                       |
| Sometimes the runway gradient makes it impossible to see the entire   |
| length of the runway and an aircraft can suddenly appear when you are |
| crossing. It\'s best to cross runways at the end.                     |
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|   |         |   |                                                         |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| A | Alpha   | N | November                                                |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| B | Bravo   | O | Oscar                                                   |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| C | Charlie | P | Papa                                                    |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| D | Delta   | Q | Quebec                                                  |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| E | Echo    | R | Romeo                                                   |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| F | Foxtrot | S | Sierra                                                  |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| G | Golf    | T | Tango                                                   |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| H | Hotel   | U | Uniform                                                 |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| I | India   | V | Victor                                                  |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| J | Juliet  | W | Whiskey                                                 |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| K | Kilo    | X | X-ray                                                   |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| L | Lima    | Y | Yankee                                                  |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
| M | Mike    | Z | Zulu                                                    |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+
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| a |         |   |                                                         |
| l |         |   |                                                         |
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| u |         |   |                                                         |
| w |         |   |                                                         |
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| t |         |   |                                                         |
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| s |         |   |                                                         |
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| l |         |   |                                                         |
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| m |         |   |                                                         |
| a |         |   |                                                         |
| g |         |   |                                                         |
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| 6 |         |   |                                                         |
| 9 |         |   |                                                         |
| 4 |         |   |                                                         |
| 4 |         |   |                                                         |
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| 4 |         |   |                                                         |
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| 4 |         |   |                                                         |
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| 8 |         |   |                                                         |
| 0 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 5 |         |   |                                                         |
| 4 |         |   |                                                         |
| i |         |   |                                                         |
| n |         |   |                                                         |
| " |         |   |                                                         |
| } |         |   |                                                         |
+---+---------+---+---------------------------------------------------------+

 

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Section Five - Other Important Information**                        |
|                                                                       |
| **Foreign Object Damage (FOD)**\                                      |
| Trash or rocks sucked into a jet engine can shred parts of the engine |
| in seconds. A rock caught by a propeller can damage the propeller, as |
| well as become a deadly projectile. Make your airport a safer place   |
| by putting all trash in a covered container that won\'t be blown      |
| over. Get in the habit of picking up any trash and rocks near         |
| aircraft movement areas. Also pick up nails, bolts, or pieces of      |
| metal that could cause FOD or puncture tires. Avoid tracking mud and  |
| rocks onto the pavement surfaces.                                     |
|                                                                       |
| **Reporting Accidents**\                                              |
| If you are involved in an accident, report it immediately to your     |
| supervisor. If a collision occurred between you and an aircraft,      |
| it\'s critical that the aircraft not be flown until the damage can be |
| inspected and repaired.                                               |
|                                                                       |
| **Aircraft Rescue And Fire Fighting (ARFF)**\                         |
| Just as when you are in highway traffic, if you see an airport        |
| emergency vehicle with its lights on, pull out of its way and do not  |
| proceed until it is well clear of you.                                |
|                                                                       |
| **Security**                                                          |
|                                                                       |
| Depending on the type of airport you work on, the security system may |
| be as simple as a fence or it may include items as complicated as     |
| computer controlled automatic gates with television screen monitors.  |
| At large air carrier airports, security may be provided by the        |
| airport\'s police department or a contractor. At smaller airports,    |
| the airport manager or the fixed base operator may be responsible for |
| security.                                                             |
|                                                                       |
| If you see a gate left open, close it, and then report it to the      |
| airport security office. If you see a strange vehicle on the apron or |
| a vehicle that appears lost, stop it and offer assistance. Or, if     |
| your airport has a security department, contact them for help. If you |
| work at an air carrier airport, the airport manager has a complete    |
| security plan for the airport. Be sure you know what your             |
| responsibilities are and ask your supervisor if there is anything you |
| are unsure about.                                                     |
|                                                                       |
| **Nighttime or Bad Weather Driving**\                                 |
| If you have to drive at night, it\'s a good idea to take someone with |
| you the first couple of times who is familiar with how the airport    |
| looks at night. It will look very different. The same applies if you  |
| are driving in bad weather. In both cases, allow yourself a little    |
| extra travel time and drive slower than you normally would.           |
|                                                                       |
| Under winter conditions, signs and marking may be obscured by snow.   |
| Snow equipment may be operating in low visibility conditions and may  |
| not see your vehicle. Use caution, remember there are extra risks     |
| present.                                                              |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

 

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Section Six - Quiz**                                                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| This quiz tests your knowledge of rules, signs, and aviation          |
| phraseology.  This quiz is not difficult but if you read this guide   |
| you should get most of the answers correct.   If you don\'t           |
| understand, ask your supervisor for an explanation.                   |
|                                                                       |
| 1)   A controller who says \"go ahead\" means:\                       |
|       a.  proceed as requested.\                                      |
|       b.  continue straight ahead.\                                   |
|       c.  state your message.                                         |
|                                                                       |
| 2)   The red and white sign next to the taxiway is called a runway    |
| hold position sign.  If you are next to this\                         |
|       sign, it means:\                                                |
|       a.  that you are about to go onto the protected area next to    |
| the runway.\                                                          |
|       b.  that you should follow the sign to get to the parking       |
| apron.\                                                               |
|       c.  nothing to me, it\'s only there for the pilot\'s use.       |
|                                                                       |
| 3)   Two solid yellow stripes followed by two broken yellow stripes   |
| is the marking for a runway hold line.\                               |
|       A hold line means:\                                             |
|       a.  all aircraft must stop and be cleared before going onto the |
| runway.\                                                              |
|       b.  everyone, including vehicles, must stop unless authorized   |
| to proceed onto the runway.\                                          |
|       c.  that you are about to go next to some electronic signal     |
| equipment.                                                            |
|                                                                       |
| 4)   Runway markings are:\                                            |
|       a.  white.\                                                     |
|       b.  yellow.\                                                    |
|       c.  red.                                                        |
|                                                                       |
| 5)   Taxiway marking are:\                                            |
|       a.  white.\                                                     |
|       b.  yellow.\                                                    |
|       c.  red.                                                        |
|                                                                       |
| 6)   A \"controlled\" airport is one that has an operating airport    |
| traffic control tower.\                                               |
|       a.  True\                                                       |
|       b.  False                                                       |
|                                                                       |
| 7)   FOD is caused by:\                                               |
|       a.  bad weather conditions.\                                    |
|       b.  the airport manager.\                                       |
|       c.  trash and debris.                                           |
|                                                                       |
| 8)   If I have to cross a runway, I should try to do so:\             |
|       a.  at the end.\                                                |
|       b.  in the middle.\                                             |
|       c.  wherever I want.                                            |
|                                                                       |
| 9)   If the air traffic controller signals me with a flashing red     |
| light, I should:\                                                     |
|       a.  stop.\                                                      |
|       b.  clear the runway or taxiway.\                               |
|       c.  ignore the signal as it is for aircraft only.               |
|                                                                       |
| 10\) If the air traffic controller signals me with a steady red       |
| light, I should:\                                                     |
|       a.  stop.\                                                      |
|       b.  clear the runway or taxiway.\                               |
|       c.  ignore the signal as it is for aircraft only.               |
|                                                                       |
| 11\) Traffic patterns are used at controlled airports (those with     |
| towers) only.\                                                        |
|       a.  True\                                                       |
|       b.  False                                                       |
|                                                                       |
| 12\) When driving in the area immediately behind a large jet aircraft |
| with its engines running, a driver should:\                           |
|       a.  not be concerned about danger from the jet blast because a  |
| typical car/van is too heavy to be                                    |
|                                                                       |
| affected.\                                                            |
|       b.  stop or stay well back and not proceed behind the aircraft  |
| until air traffic control has confirmed the\                          |
|            aircraft is at idle power.\                                |
|       c.  cross the area of jet blast at a perpendicular angle to     |
| minimize the hazard.                                                  |
|                                                                       |
| 13\) Unless contrary instructions have been received from air traffic |
| control, a vehicle should always yield to                             |
|                                                                       |
| an\                                                                   |
|       aircraft.\                                                      |
|       a.  True\                                                       |
|       b.  False                                                       |
|                                                                       |
| 14\) If, at a nontowered airport, you see an aircraft approaching the |
| runway to land when you are waiting to\                               |
|       cross the same runway, you should:\                             |
|       a.  hold short of the runway until the aircraft is past the     |
| point at which you will cross the runway then\                        |
|            proceed when it is safe.\                                  |
|       b.  proceed across if the aircraft has not announced its        |
| position on the UNICOM frequency.\                                    |
|       c.  contact the pilot by radio and see if he or she intends to  |
| make a touch and go landing.\                                         |
|       d.  flash your headlights at the aircraft.                      |
|                                                                       |
| 15\) An aircraft that has announced its position on the UNICOM        |
| frequency as \"downwind\" at the nontowered\                          |
|       airport on which you are driving, is flying:\                   |
|       a.  perpendicular to the runway after initial climb and turn.\  |
|       b.  parallel to the runway in the direction opposite landing.\  |
|       c.  an approach to land with the wind instead of into the       |
| wind.\                                                                |
|       d.  too fast to spot until the aircraft slows down to land.     |
|                                                                       |
| 16\) If a controller gives you permission to do something which       |
| appears unsafe:\                                                      |
|       a.  you must comply or face disciplinary action.\               |
|       b.  you should comply and then call your supervisor as soon as  |
| practicable.\                                                         |
|       c.  you should tell the controller your concerns and get        |
| clarification before proceeding.\                                     |
|       d.  flash your headlights and proceed.                          |
|                                                                       |
| 17\) Aircraft usually land and takeoff:\                              |
|       a.  into the wind.\                                             |
|       b.  with the wind at their back.                                |
|                                                                       |
| 18\) An aircraft that has announced its position as \"short final\"   |
| is:\                                                                  |
|       a.  nearing the runway threshold for landing.\                  |
|       b.  about to make the last landing for the day.\                |
|       c.  well outside of the airport traffic pattern.                |
|                                                                       |
| 19\) A touch and go landing involves:\                                |
|       a.  a landing without bouncing.\                                |
|       b.  a landing followed by immediate application of power to     |
| takeoff again without bringing the aircraft to a\                     |
|            stop.\                                                     |
|       c.  a lot of skill.\                                            |
|       d.  aircraft flying in formation.                               |
|                                                                       |
| 20\) Which of the following will make driving on an airport more      |
| difficult?\                                                           |
|       a.  snow and ice.\                                              |
|       b.  night driving.\                                             |
|       c.  congested ATC frequencies.\                                 |
|       d.  all of the above.                                           |
|                                                                       |
| 21\) An aircraft that has announced its position on the UNICOM        |
| frequency as \"base leg\" at the nontowered \                         |
|       airport on which you are driving, is flying:\                   |
|       a.  perpendicular to the runway after initial climb and turn.\  |
|       b.  parallel to the runway in the direction opposite landing.\  |
|       c.  perpendicular to the runway about to turn final and land.\  |
|       d.  with a pilot at the controls whose foot is asleep.\         |
|  \                                                                    |
|  \                                                                    |
|  \                                                                    |
|  \                                                                    |
|                                                                       |
|                                                                       |
| **ANSWERS:** 1.c, 2.a, 3.b, 4.a, 5.b, 6.a, 7.c, 8.a, 9.b, 10.a, 11.b, |
| 12.b, 13.a, 14.a, 15.b, 16.c, 17.a, 18.a, 19.b, 20.d, 21.c            |
|                                                                       |
|                                                                       |
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| This guide has covered the basics of how to safely drive on an        |
| airport. Remember also to be courteous to your fellow drivers, pay    |
| attention, don\'t get distracted, follow the rules and regulations,   |
| and set a good example. Eventually you will attain a comfortable      |
| working knowledge of how to safely get around. That comes with        |
| experience. If there is something you don\'t understand, always ask   |
| before proceeding. As your knowledge and experience grows, share it   |
| with new employees or counsel drivers that you see doing something    |
| that is questionable or unsafe.                                       |
|                                                                       |
| **Other sources of information**                                      |
|                                                                       |
| **FAA Videotape**                                                     |
|                                                                       |
| -   Runaway Incursions - \"The Unseen Danger\"                        |
|                                                                       |
| (Video tape and extra copies of this guide available from ASY-300,    |
| 202-267-7770)                                                         |
|                                                                       |
| **Publications**\                                                     |
| Aeronautical Information Manual\                                      |
| (Available from Government Printing Office)                           |
|                                                                       |
| Airport/Facility Directory\                                           |
| Airport diagrams contained in U.S. Terminal Procedures (Instrument    |
| Approach Plates)\                                                     |
| (The above publications are available from NOAA, 800-638-8972)        |
|                                                                       |
| Advisory Circular AC 5370.2D - Operational Safety on Airports During  |
| Construction\                                                         |
| (Available through DOT/FAA, 202-366-2795 Fax Request number)          |
|                                                                       |
| **Pamphlets**                                                         |
|                                                                       |
| -   Airport Markings, Signs and Introduction SMGCS, ASY-20, 95/001    |
|                                                                       |
| -   Runway Incursions, FAA/ASY-300 97/002                             |
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