**PECHAN**

5528-B Hempstead Way

Springfield, VA 22151

703-813-6700 telephone

703-813-6729 facsimile

3622 Lyckan Parkway

Suite 2002

Durham, NC 27707

919-493-3144 telephone

919-493-3182 facsimile

P.O. Box 1575

Shingle Springs, CA 95682

530-672-0441 telephone

530-672-0504 facsimile

**[Pennsylvania 2002 Area Source Criteria Air Pollutant Emission
Estimation Methods]{.smallcaps}**

Prepared for:

Pennsylvania Department of

> Environmental Protection

Bureau of Air Quality

P.O. Box 2357

Harrisburg, PA 17105-2357

Prepared by:

E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.

3622 Lyckan Parkway

Suite 2002

Durham, NC 27707

Contract No. SP3580003990

Work Order 9

February 2004

Pechan Rpt. No. 04.02.006/9420.109

CONTENTS

Page

[AREA SOURCE DEFINITION 1](#area-source-definition)

[METHODS FOR ESTIMATING AREA SOURCE ACTIVITY AND EMISSIONS
1](#methods-for-estimating-area-source-activity-and-emissions)

[Control Efficiency (CE) 3](#control-efficiency-ce)

[Rule Penetration (RP) 3](#rule-penetration-rp)

[Rule Effectiveness (RE) 3](#rule-effectiveness-re)

[Seasonal Emission Calculations 3](#seasonal-emission-calculations)

[Point Source Subtractions 5](#point-source-subtractions)

[AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION -- ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
9](#agricultural-production-animal-husbandry)

[AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION -- CROPS (Fertilizer Application) (14 SCCs)
9](#agricultural-production-crops-fertilizer-application-14-sccs)

[ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING (SCC 2401001000)
9](#__RefHeading___Toc107389749)

[ASPHALT PAVING (2 SCCs) 10](#asphalt-paving-2-sccs)

[AUTOMOTIVE REFINISHING (SCC 2401005000)
12](#automotive-refinishing-scc-2401005000)

[BAKERIES (SCC 2302050000) 13](#bakeries-scc-2302050000)

[BREWERIES (SCC 2302070001) 14](#breweries-scc-2302070001)

[COAL COMBUSTION (6 SCCs) 16](#coal-combustion-6-sccs)

[COMMERCIAL AND CONSUMER SOLVENT USE (SCC 2465000000)
20](#commercial-and-consumer-solvent-use-scc-2465000000)

[COMMERCIAL COOKING (5 SCCs) 21](#commercial-cooking-5-sccs)

[COMPOSTING (3 SCCs) 22](#composting-3-sccs)

[DEGREASING (4 SCCs) 23](#degreasing-4-sccs)

[DRY CLEANERS (SCC 2420000370) 24](#dry-cleaners-scc-2420000370)

[ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (SCC 2401060000)
25](#electrical-appliances-scc-2401060000)

[ELECTRICAL INSULATION (SCC 2401065000)
26](#electrical-insulation-scc-2401065000)

[FACTORY FINISHED WOOD (SCC 2401015000)
27](#factory-finished-wood-scc-2401015000)

[FOREST FIRES (SCC 2810001000) 27](#forest-fires-scc-2810001000)

[FUEL OIL COMBUSTION (3 SCCs) 28](#fuel-oil-combustion-3-sccs)

[GASOLINE MARKETING (5 SCCs) 32](#gasoline-marketing-5-sccs)

[GRAPHIC ARTS (SCC 2425000000) 36](#graphic-arts-scc-2425000000)

[HIGH PERFORMANCE INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE SOLVENT (SCC 2401100000)
36](#high-performance-industrial-maintenance-solvent-scc-2401100000)

[KEROSENE (2 SCCs) 37](#__RefHeading___Toc107389768)

[LANDFILLS (SCC 2620030000) 40](#__RefHeading___Toc107389769)

[MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (SCC 2401055000)
41](#machinery-and-equipment-scc-2401055000)

[MARINE COATING (SCC 2401080000) 42](#marine-coating-scc-2401080000)

[METAL CANS (SCC 2401040000) 42](#metal-cans-scc-2401040000)

[METAL FURNITURE AND FIXTURES (SCC 2401025000)
43](#metal-furniture-and-fixtures-scc-2401025000)

[MISCELLANEOUS FINISHED METAL (SCC 2401050000)
44](#miscellaneous-finished-metal-scc-2401050000)

[MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING (SCC 2401090000)
45](#miscellaneous-manufacturing-scc-2401090000)

[NATURAL GAS AND LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) (4 SCCs)
45](#natural-gas-and-liquified-petroleum-gas-lpg-4-sccs)

[OPEN BURNING (5 SCCs) 51](#__RefHeading___Toc107389777)

[OTHER SPECIAL PURPOSE COATING (SCC 2401200000)
54](#other-special-purpose-coating-scc-2401200000)

[OTHER TRANSPORTATION (SCC 2401085000)
55](#other-transportation-scc-2401085000)

[PESTICIDE APPLICATION (SCC 2461800000)
56](#pesticide-application-scc-2461800000)

[PORTABLE GASOLINE CONTAINERS (SCC 2501060300)
56](#portable-gasoline-containers-scc-2501060300)

[REFRIGERANT LOSSES (SCC 2399010000)
58](#refrigerant-losses-scc-2399010000)

[PUBLIC OWNED TREATMENT WORKS (3 SCCs)
58](#commercial-and-residential.-emission-estimates-account-for-permeation-diurnal-transport-spillage-spillage-and-vapor-displacement-emissions.-estimated-use-data-is-based-on-survey-information-from-the-california-air-resources-board.-the-number-of-housing-units-is-used-as-an-indicator-for-residential-containers.-the-number-of-commercial-businesses-expected-to-have-at-least-one-gas-container-is-used-to-estimate-commercial-use.-emissions-for-1996-were-taken-from-estimates-developed-for-the-analysis-of-the-otc-model-rules29.-emissions-were-then-projected-to-1999-using-population-as-the-growth-indicatopublic-owned-treatment-works-3-sccs)

[RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION (7 SCCs) 60](#__RefHeading___Toc107389784)

[SOLID WASTE INCINERATION (2 SCCs)
61](#commercial-and-residential.-emission-estimates-account-for-permeation-diurnal-transport-spillage-spillage-and-vapor-displacement-emissions.-estimated-use-data-is-based-on-survey-information-from-the-california-air-resources-board.-the-number-of-housing-units-is-used-as-an-indicator-for-residential-containers.-the-number-of-commercial-businesses-expected-to-have-at-least-one-gas-container-is-used-to-estimate-commercial-use.-emissions-for-1996-were-taken-from-estimates-developed-for-the-analysis-of-the-otc-model-rules29.-emissions-were-then-projected-to-1999-using-population-as-the-growth-indicatosolid-waste-incineration-2-sccs)

[STRUCTURE FIRES (SCC 2810030000) 63](#structure-fires-scc-2810030000)

[TRAFFIC LINE PAINTING (SCC 2401008000)
64](#traffic-line-painting-scc-2401008000)

[WINERIES (SCC 2302070005) 65](#__RefHeading___Toc107389788)

[WOOD FURNITURE MANUFACTURING (SCC 2401020000)
66](#wood-furniture-manufacturing-scc-2401020000)

[APPENDIX A: REFERENCES 1](#appendix-a-references)

*\[This page intentionally left blank.\]*

## AREA SOURCE DEFINITION

For emission inventory development purposes, the term "area sources"
traditionally refers to stationary air pollutant emission sources that
are not inventoried at the facility-level. While point sources are
inventoried individually, area sources are typically inventoried at the
county level (*Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory
Development Volume III: Chapter 1*).[^1] Gasoline stations and dry
cleaning establishments are often treated as both point and area
sources. The main reason they are not exclusively treated as point
sources is that the effort required to gather data and estimate
emissions for each individual facility is very great, while emissions
per facility are generally small. For these sources, a cut-off point,
typically based on annual emissions, usually defines the distinction
between point and area. The Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR)
specifies reporting criteria air pollutant (CAP) thresholds for point
and area sources, which vary depending on the pollutant and the
attainment status of a county (see
<http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/cerr/index.html>).

Individual emissions sources are grouped with other like sources into
source categories. These source categories are grouped in such a way
that they can be estimated collectively using one methodology. Most area
source categories do not have an analogue in the point source inventory.
Pesticide use and commercial/consumer product use are such examples. The
boundaries of the individual activities associated with these sources
are often hard to determine or are, at best, arbitrary. Even within a
point source facility, some activities occur that are more easily
treated as area source emissions. Some emissions associated with surface
coating operations such as equipment cleaning, for example, can be more
practically estimated using area source methods even though other
surface coating operations may be reported as part of the point source
inventory.

## 

## METHODS FOR ESTIMATING AREA SOURCE ACTIVITY AND EMISSIONS

Area source emissions are generally estimated by multiplying an emission
factor by some known indicator or collective activity for each area
source category at the county level. Several methodologies are available
for estimating area source activity levels and emissions. For this 2002
area source inventory, estimates were derived by (1) treating area
sources as point sources, (2) obtaining county-level activity data, (3)
apportioning national or statewide activity data to counties, (4) use of
per capita emission factors, and (5) use of per employee emission
factors. Each approach has distinct advantages and disadvantages as
discussed below.

Small sources that would normally be treated as area sources may be
handled as point sources for several reasons. First, county level
activity data may not be readily determinable for certain source
categories. Municipal landfills provide an example of this situation.

For some source categories, county activity estimates were available.
For example, monthly wine production data for 2002 were available by
county from the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board. If county activity
data were not available, Commonwealth totals were apportioned to
counties using data for a surrogate of the emissions activity. For
example, the quantity of highway gasoline consumed in the Commonwealth
was apportioned to the county level on the basis of vehicle miles
traveled per county. Residential, commercial, and industrial fuel
combustion were other categories that were handled in this manner. The
major drawbacks of this approach are that additional data and resources
are needed to apportion activity levels to the local level, and accuracy
is lost in the process. If Commonwealth level data were not available,
then national data were used in a similar manner.

Sources in certain area source categories were not only numerous and
diffuse, but were too difficult to inventory by any of the above
procedures. As an example, solvent evaporation from consumer and
commercial products such as waxes, aerosol products and window cleaners
cannot be routinely determined by DEP. In addition, it would be
resource-intensive to develop and implement a survey that would yield
such information. Per capita or per employee emission factors are used
to estimate emissions for these source categories. The use of per capita
emission factors is based on the assumption that, for a given source
category, emission activity can be reasonably associated with
population. This assumption is valid over broad areas for certain
categories such as Architectural Surface Coating and solvent evaporation
from Consumer and Commercial Products.

For categories that rely on a per capita emission factor, county
population estimates for 2002 were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of the
Census. When emissions are calculated from per employee emission
factors, county-level employment data for 2002 were estimated from a
combination of two sources. Because county employment data for 2002 will
not be available from the Bureau of the Census' *County Business
Patterns* (CBP) until April 2004, 2001 data for the appropriate North
American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes were obtained
from the 2001 CBP[^2] and projected to 2002 using the Commonwealth-level
2001 to 2002 employment change for the appropriate NAICS codes. The
Commonwealth-level employment data were obtained at the NAICS code level
from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.[^3]

In some cases, the Census does not report the employment value for a
particular NAICS code/county combination because available ,but ,of
confidentiality concerns. In these cases, the Census provides employmene
(e.g., between 20 and 99 employees), the. When a precise number of
employees was not available from CBP, an initial estimateeveloped based
on the mid-point of the reported range (e.g., 60 employees was used for
the 20 to 99 employment range). For a given NAICS code, the mid-point
estimates were then adjusted up or down to yield the Commonwealth-level
employment for that NAICS code as reported in the CBP. The adjustments
were computed by first calculating the difference between the
Commonwealth-level CBP employment and the total of the employment values
for counties for which actual employment values were reported in the
CBP. The resulting value represents employment for the counties for
which the CBP reports an employment range value. This value was then
divided by the sum of the mid-point employment estimates for the
counties for which employment was reported as a range. The resulting
ratio was multiplied by the mid-point estimates to yield the final
county employment estimates. The calculation spreadsheets provide each
of the steps used in this estimation procedure.

### Control Efficiency (CE)

Control efficiency is the emission reduction percentage associated with
a control device, process change or reformulation. Control efficiencies
can vary widely by source within an area source category. Area source
control efficiency values represent the weighted average control for the
category.

### Rule Penetration (RP)

Because lower-emitting sources within a source category may not be
covered by a regulation, it is important to reflect the extent to which
total source category emissions are affected. Rule penetration
represents the percentage of total source category emissions that are
affected by a regulation.

### Rule Effectiveness (RE)

Rule effectiveness is a factor used to adjust the control efficiency to
account for failures and uncertainties that affect the actual
performance of the control. For example, control equipment performance
may be adversely affected by age of the equipment, lack of maintenance,
or improper use. With the exception of Federal regulations, a default RE
value of 80 percent was applied when information was not available to
substantiate the true RE value.Error: Reference source not found An RE
of 100 percent was applied to all Federal regulations that require
national compliance.

The RE factor is applied to the estimated control efficiency in the
calculation of emissions from a source. The formula for the application
of CE, RP, and RE is displayed below:

Uncontrolled Emissions = 50 pounds per day

Control Efficiency = 90 percent

Rule Penetration = 60 percent

Rule Effectiveness = 80 percent

Controlled Emissions = Uncontrolled Emissions × (1 -- CE/100 × RP/100 ×
RE/100)

Controlled Emissions = 50 × (1 -- 0.9 × 0.6 × 0.8) = 50 × (1 -- 0.432) =
28.4 pounds per day

An RE and/or RP value can substantially increase emission estimates when
high control efficiencies are involved. For example, if RP was not
applied in the above example (equivalent to a 100 percent RP
assumption), then estimated emissions are:

Controlled Emissions = 50 × (1 -- 0.9 × 0.8) = 50 × (1 -- 0.72) = 14
pounds per day.

### Seasonal Emission Calculations

Area source emissions are typically prepared first on an annual basis
because activity data are generally only available on an annual basis.
The recently promulgated Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR)
requires States to submit county-level area source CAP emission
inventories to EPA for three temporal periods: annual, summer season
work weekday, and winter season work weekday (the latter for carbon
monoxide and particulate matter emissions only). Summer season work
weekday emission inventories are needed to support planning for ozone
NAAQS attainment. The summer season refers to the peak ozone season
months of June, July, and August. Winter season work weekday emission
inventories are used to support carbon monoxide (CO) NAAQS attainment
planning. The winter season refers to January, February, and December of
the same year (e.g., 2002).

Seasonal emission estimates are calculated by adjusting the annual
inventory to reflect activity during the summer and winter season.
Summer work weekday and winter work weekday emissions are calculated by
multiplying annual emissions by the appropriate allocation factor. For
most source categories, summer and winter work weekday allocation
factors were developed from default monthly and weekly profiles
available from EPA's Emissions Modeling ClearingHouse (EMCH).[^4]

The EMCH provides 807 different monthly profiles and 45 different weekly
profiles. The first step in developing summer allocation factors was to
compute summer monthly ratios by dividing the sum of the June, July, and
August monthly profile values by the total of the twelve monthly profile
values. Winter monthly ratios were calculated in a similar manner,
except monthly profile values for January, February, and December were
incorporated into the calculation. Weekday profile values were computed
by dividing the sum of the Monday through Friday weekly profile values
by the total profile value for the entire week.

Summer work weekday allocation factors were calculated by multiplying
the summer monthly ratios by the appropriate weekday ratio and then
dividing the result by 65 (the number of work weekdays in the summer of
2002). In a like manner, winter work weekday allocation factors were
computed by multiplying winter monthly ratios by the appropriate weekday
ratio and dividing by 65 (the number of work weekdays in the winter of
2002).

These allocation factors were then matched to area source classification
codes (SCCs) via a crosswalk between SCCs and temporal profiles
available from EPA's EMCH. Annual emissions for each
SCC/county/pollutant combination were then multiplied by the appropriate
summer work weekday allocation factor to yield summer work weekday
emissions. Winter work weekday emissions were calculated for categories
emitting CO and/or PM. Similar to the summer calculations, annual CO and
PM emissions were multiplied by the appropriate winter work weekday
allocation factor to yield winter work weekday emissions.

For source categories for which actual monthly/seasonal activity data
were available (e.g., Residential Natural Gas Combustion, Structure
Fires, and Wineries), summer and winter season allocation factors were
calculated from the available activity data. The following presents
sample calculations performed to develop the summer work weekday
allocation factor for Bakeries. The individual source category
methodology sections present the calculations performed to compute each
category's seasonal emission estimates.

*SAMPLE CALCULATION OF SUMMER SEASON WORK WEEKDAY ALLOCATION FACTOR:*

Bakeries (SCC 2302050000)

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Summer}\ \text{Season}\ \text{Ratio} = \frac{(\text{June Profile Value } + \text{ July Profile Value } + \text{ August Profile Value})}{\text{Total of Monthly Profile Values}} \\
 \\
\  = \frac{\text{83} + \text{83} + \text{83}}{\text{996}} = 0\text{.}\text{25}
\end{array}$$

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Weekday}\ \text{Ratio} = \frac{\text{Sum}\ \text{of}\ \text{Monday}\ \text{through}\ \text{Friday}\ \text{Profile}\ \text{Values}}{\text{Sum}\ \text{of}\ \text{Weekly}\ \text{Values}} \\
 \\
\  = \frac{\text{143} + \text{143} + \text{143} + \text{143} + \text{143}}{\text{1000}} = 0\text{.}\text{715}
\end{array}$$

*Summer Work Weekday Allocation Factor = 0.25 × 0.715* *65 = 0.00275*

For source categories for which actual seasonal emissions activity data
were available (e.g., Residential Natural Gas Combustion, Structure
Fires, and Wineries), the summer and winter season allocation factors
were developed from these activity data.

### Point Source Subtractions

Source categories can appear in both the area source and point source
inventory. For example, emissions from large dry cleaning establishments
may be included in the point source inventory, while emissions from
smaller dry cleaners (below some specified cutoff) are included in the
area source inventory. When a point source inventory and an area source
inventory include emissions from the same process, the area source
emission estimates are adjusted to avoid double-counting. Although many
area source categories (e.g., Architectural Surface Coating) do not have
companion point source categories, there are many source categories in
the area source inventory for which emissions are reported in the
Pennsylvania point source inventory (see Table 1). For these source
categories, point source emissions are subtracted from total emission
estimates to yield area source emissions. Ideally, this adjustment would
occur in the area source emission calculation by subtracting point
source emission activity (throughput) from total emission activity as
shown below.

$$\text{Area}\ \text{Source}\ \text{Activity} = \left( \text{Total}\ \text{Activity} \right) - \left( \text{Point Source Activity} \right)$$

However, the Pennsylvania point source inventory does not report
throughput for most sources. Therefore, it was necessary to calculate
the point source subtractions using total and point source emission
estimates as identified below.

$$\text{Area}\ \text{Emissions}p = \left( \text{Total}\ \text{Emissions}p \right) - \left( \text{Point Source Emissions}p \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *p = pollutant*

Separate point source inventories were developed for Allegheny and
Philadelphia counties and for all other counties. Except for ammonia and
lead, the Allegheny inventory reports annual emissions for all
pollutants included in the area source inventory. These pollutants are
also missing from the Philadelphia County annual inventory. Unlike the
Allegheny inventory, the Philadelphia County inventory does not report
PM emissions on a filterable and condensable basis, but rather on a
primary basis. The inventory for the remaining counties reports annual
emissions for the same pollutants as the Philadelphia County inventory,
with the exception of primary PM~2.5~ (PM25-PRI), which is not reported
for the remaining counties. Given the different ways in which PM
emissions are reported in the 2002 Pennsylvania point source inventory,
it was necessary to develop PM emissions on a consistent basis to
facilitate the point source subtractions. Therefore, for Allegheny
County, Pechan summed the condensable and the filterable PM emissions to
obtain PM10-PRI and PM25-PRI emission values for use in the point source
subtractions.

Although the point source inventories also report winter and summer day
emissions, these estimates were not used in the point source
subtractions. The annual emission estimates were used in the
subtractions because it is not clear if every point source facility that
would have emissions during the summer/winter have these emissions
reported in the inventory. For example, there are only 14 records with
winter day NO~x~ emissions in the point source inventory, while there
are over 4,000 records with annual NO~x~ emissions reported in the
inventory.

To facilitate the point source subtractions, the annual emission records
for all point SCCs associated with an area source category were summed
to the county level. Because PA DEP indicated that point source
subtractions should be applied to the Machinery and Equipment Solvent
Coating area source category by subtracting point source emission
records associated with the combination of point SCCs 40202501,
40202502, and 40202599 and SIC code 3531, it was also necessary to
compile county level annual emissions for these records. In addition,
because these point SCCs are also associated with the Miscellaneous
Finished Metals Surface Coating area source category, it was necessary
to compile county-level annual emissions for all point source records
with these SCCs that are not associated with SIC code 3531.

The county-level point source annual emissions were then subtracted from
the area source category annual emissions using an area source
category-to-point source category crosswalk developed for this project.
Note that in keeping with EIIP guidance, when the resulting area source
emission estimate was negative, the area source emission value was set
to zero. In addition, when the PM10-PRI emission estimate resulted in a
zero value, then the companion PM25-PRI emission estimate was set to
zero for consistency. In addition to setting PM25-PRI emissions to zero
when PM10-PRI emissions were zero, we also set PM25-PRI emissions to
PM10-PRI emissions when PM25-PRI emissions were greater than PM10-PRI
emissions, after the point source subtractions were performed. Finally,
the summer and winter season work weekday emission estimates were
updated by multiplying the revised annual emission estimate by the
appropriate winter season and/or summer season work weekday allocation
factors. The following presents sample point source NO~x~ emission
subtraction calculations for the Commercial/Institutional
Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal Combustion category (SCC 2103002000).

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Area}\ \text{Source}\ \text{NOx}\ \text{Emissions}\ \text{for}\ \text{SCC}\ \text{2103002000} = \left( \text{Total}\ \text{NOx}\ \text{Emissions} \right) - \left( \text{Po}\text{int}\ \text{NOx}\ \text{Emissions} \right)\  \\
 \\
\text{Total}\ \text{NOx}\ \text{Emissions}\ \text{for}\ \text{SCC}\ \text{2103002000}\ (\text{Allegheny}\ \text{Cnty}) = 1,\text{054}\text{.}\text{3025}\ \text{tons}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \\
 \\
\text{Po}\text{int}\ \text{Source}\ \text{NOx}\ \text{Emissions}\ (\text{Allegheny}\ \text{Cnty}) = \text{152}\text{.}\text{0751}\ \text{tons}\ (\text{SCC }\text{10300207}) + 6\text{.}\text{2277}\ \text{tons}\ (\text{SCC }\text{10300208}) \\
 \\
\text{Area}\ \text{Source}\ \text{NOx}\ \text{Emissions}\ \text{for}\ \text{SCC}\ \text{2103002000} = \left( 1,\text{054}\text{.}\text{3025}\ \text{tons} \right) - \left( \text{158}\text{.}\text{3028}\ \text{tons} \right) \\
\  = \text{895}\text{.}\text{9997}\ \text{tons}
\end{array}$$

The following individual sections describe the annual and seasonal
emission estimation methodology for each area source category. Each
section contains a brief description of the source category, identifies
whether the category's emission estimates were subject to point source
emission subtractions, and presents sample emission calculations (point
source subtractions are not included in these sample calculations). All
referenced sources are displayed in Appendix A.

**Table 1. Area Source Inventory Categories with Point Source Emission
Subtractions**

  ------------ --------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------
  **SCC**      **SCC1DESC**    **SCC3DESC**               **SCC6DESC**               **SCC8DESC**

  2102001000   Stationary      Industrial                 Anthracite Coal            Total: All Boiler
               Source Fuel                                                           Types
               Combustion                                                            

  2102002000   Stationary      Industrial                 Bituminous/Subbituminous   Total: All Boiler
               Source Fuel                                Coal                       Types
               Combustion                                                            

  2103001000   Stationary      Commercial/Institutional   Anthracite Coal            Total: All Boiler
               Source Fuel                                                           Types
               Combustion                                                            

  2103002000   Stationary      Commercial/Institutional   Bituminous/Subbituminous   Total: All Boiler
               Source Fuel                                Coal                       Types
               Combustion                                                            

  2103004000   Stationary      Commercial/Institutional   Distillate Oil             Total: Boilers and
               Source Fuel                                                           IC Engines
               Combustion                                                            

  2103005000   Stationary      Commercial/Institutional   Residual Oil               Total: All Boiler
               Source Fuel                                                           Types
               Combustion                                                            

  2103006000   Stationary      Commercial/Institutional   Natural Gas                Total: Boilers and
               Source Fuel                                                           IC Engines
               Combustion                                                            

  2103007000   Stationary      Commercial/Institutional   Liquefied Petroleum Gas    Total: All
               Source Fuel                                (LPG)                      Combustor Types
               Combustion                                                            

  2302050000   Industrial      Food and Kindred Products: Bakery Products            Total
               Processes       SIC 20                                                

  2302070001   Industrial      Food and Kindred Products: Fermentation/Beverages     Breweries
               Processes       SIC 20                                                

  2401015000   Solvent         Surface Coating            Factory Finished Wood: SIC Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                2426 thru 242              Types

  2401020000   Solvent         Surface Coating            Wood Furniture: SIC 25     Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                                           Types

  2401025000   Solvent         Surface Coating            Metal Furniture: SIC 25    Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                                           Types

  2401040000   Solvent         Surface Coating            Metal Cans: SIC 341        Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                                           Types

  2401050000   Solvent         Surface Coating            Miscellaneous Finished     Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                Metals: SIC 34 - (341 +    Types
                                                          3498)                      

  2401055000   Solvent         Surface Coating            Machinery and Equipment:   Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                SIC 35                     Types

  2401060000   Solvent         Surface Coating            Large Appliances: SIC 363  Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                                           Types

  2401070000   Solvent         Surface Coating            Motor Vehicles: SIC 371    Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                                           Types

  2401080000   Solvent         Surface Coating            Marine: SIC 373            Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                                           Types

  2401085000   Solvent         Surface Coating            Railroad: SIC 374          Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                                           Types

  2401090000   Solvent         Surface Coating            Miscellaneous              Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                Manufacturing              Types

  2415200000   Solvent         Degreasing                 All Industries:            Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                Conveyerized Degreasing    Types

  2415300000   Solvent         Degreasing                 All Industries: Cold       Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                Cleaning                   Types

  2420000370   Solvent         Dry Cleaning               All Processes              Special Naphthas
               Utilization                                                           

  2425000000   Solvent         Graphic Arts               All Processes              Total: All Solvent
               Utilization                                                           Types

  2501060053   Storage and     Petroleum and Petroleum    Gasoline Service Stations  Stage 1: Balanced
               Transport       Product Storage                                       Submerged Filling

  2501060101   Storage and     Petroleum and Petroleum    Gasoline Service Stations  Stage 2:
               Transport       Product Storage                                       Displacement
                                                                                     Loss/Uncontrolled

  2501060102   Storage and     Petroleum and Petroleum    Gasoline Service Stations  Stage 2:
               Transport       Product Storage                                       Displacement
                                                                                     Loss/Controlled

  2601010000   Waste Disposal, On-site Incineration       Industrial                 Total
               Treatment, and                                                        
               Recovery                                                              

  2601020000   Waste Disposal, On-site Incineration       Commercial/Institutional   Total
               Treatment, and                                                        
               Recovery                                                              

  2620030000   Waste Disposal, Landfills                  Municipal                  Total
               Treatment, and                                                        
               Recovery                                                              

  2630020010   Waste Disposal, Landfills                  Wastewater Treatment       Total
               Treatment, and                             Processes                  
               Recovery                                                              
  ------------ --------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- -------------------

## AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION -- ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

Emissions from livestock production come from such activities as
confinement, manure handling and storage, and land application of
manure. Biogenic emission source calculations were derived from EPA's
BEIS inventory system.

## AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION -- CROPS (Fertilizer Application) (14 SCCs)

(Anhydrous Ammonia SCC 2801700001, Aqueous Ammonia SCC 2801700002,
Nitrogen Solutions SCC 2801700003, Urea SCC 2801700004, Ammonium Nitrate
SCC 2801700005, Ammonium Sulfate SCC 2801700006, Ammonium Thiosulfate
SCC 2801700007, N-P-K (multi-grade nutrient fertilizers) SCC 2801700010,
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate SCC 2801700011, Potassium Nitrate SCC
2801700012, Diammonium Phosphate SCC 2801700013, Monoammonium Phosphate
SCC 2801700014, Liquid Ammonium Polyphosphate SCC 2801700015, Misc.
Fertilizers SCC 2801700099)

Emissions from crops are primarily due to spreading of various
fertilizers. Fertilizers spread on fields that contribute to ammonia
emissions include anhydrous ammonia, aqueous ammonia, nitrogen
solutions, urea, ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonia, and ammonium
sulfate. Biogenic emission source calculations were derived from EPA's
BEIS inventory system.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc107389749 .anchor}ARCHITECTURAL SURFACE COATING
(SCC 2401001000)

Architectural surface coatings are used by homeowners and painting
contractors to coat the interior and exterior of buildings and other
structures. The coatings are applied by spray, brush, or roller and dry
or cure at ambient conditions. The VOC emissions from this source
category result from the evaporation of the paint and cleanup solvents.
Each county's emissions are calculated using a per capita emission
factor and U.S. Bureau of the Census 2002 population data. The Federal
architectural surface coating regulations call for a 20 percent
reduction in the solvent content of architectural surface coatings
manufactured after September 1999.[^5] Therefore, a 20 percent CE is
applied in the 2002 inventory.

The emission factor that is used in this effort differs from that used
for the 1999 area source inventory. The new per capita emission factor
was calculated using the Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)
methods for this category. National solvent- and water-based coating per
capita use factors were first calculated from 2002 national paint
shipments[^6] and 2002 national population data.[^7] These factors were
then combined with information on the average volatile organic compound
(VOC) content of these coatings to calculate per capita emission factors
as follows:

Water-Based = 0.74 pounds VOC/gallon[^8] × 589,527,000 gallonsError:
Reference source not found /288,368,698 peopleError: Reference source
not found

= 1.5128 pounds VOC/person/year

Solvent-Based = 3.87 pounds VOC/gallonError: Reference source not found
× 119,914,000 gallonsError: Reference source not found /288,368,698
peopleError: Reference source not found

= 1.6093 pounds VOC/person/year

Final composite emission factor = 1.5128 + 1.6093 = 3.1221 pounds
VOC/person/year

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Population} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{CE}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RP}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RE}}{\text{100}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor =* 3.1221 *lbs VOC/person/year*
>
> *Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *CE (Control Efficiency) = 20%Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%*
>
> *RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{3\text{.}\text{1221}\ \text{lbsVOC}\text{person}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( 1,\text{269},\text{904}\ \text{people} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{20}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = 3,\text{171},\text{813}\text{.}\text{823}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \ \left( \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} \right) = \text{1585}\text{.}\text{9069}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00356* [^9]

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1585.9069 0.00356 = 5.6484 tons VOC
per day*

## ASPHALT PAVING (2 SCCs)

There are two types of asphalt used for road paving and repair: cutback
asphalt and emulsified asphalt. VOC emissions result primarily from the
curing of the applied material. The following sections describe the two
types of asphalt and identify the methods used to estimate emissions for
each type.

Cutback Asphalt (SCC 2461021000)

Cutback asphalt is used as a pavement sealant, a tack coat, and a
bonding agent between layers of paving material. Cutback asphalt is
prepared by blending or "cutting back" asphalt cement with various
blends of petroleum distillates. Emissions from cutback asphalt paving
occur during the curing of the road surface when petroleum distillates
evaporate.

Annual VOC emissions from cutback asphalt paving were computed from
information obtained from the Pennsylvania Association of Asphalt
Material Applicators (PAMA) on the amount of cutback asphalt applied in
2002 and the VOC content and density of the asphalt.[^10] In addition,
it was assumed that 100 percent of cutback asphalt contained diluent and
that 70 percent of the diluent evaporates.[^11] County emissions were
estimated by multiplying State emissions by the ratio of the each
county's bituminous paved lane mileage by the State's bituminous paved
lane mileage.[^12] Based on the State regulation prohibiting use of
cutback asphalt during summer months, there are no summer season work
weekday emissions estimated for cutback asphalt.[^13]

Emulsified Asphalt (SCC 2461022000)

Emulsified asphalt is a type of liquefied road surfacing material that
is used in some of the same applications as cutback asphalt. However,
instead of blending asphalt cement with petroleum distillates,
emulsified asphalt uses a blend of water with an emulsifier.

Annual VOC emissions from emulsified asphalt paving were computed from
information obtained from the Pennsylvania Association of Asphalt
Material Applicators on the amount of emulsified asphalt applied in
2002, the VOC content and density of the asphalt, and the percentage of
emulsified asphalt containing diluent.Error: Reference source not found
In addition, it was assumed that 100 percent of the emulsified asphalt
diluent evaporates.Error: Reference source not found County emissions
were estimated by multiplying State emissions by the ratio of the each
county's bituminous paved lane mileage by the State's bituminous paved
lane mileage.[^14] Annual emissions were allocated to the summer season
work weekday based on information from PAMA that emulsified asphalt is
only applied from March 1 through October 31.[^15] In addition, it was
assumed that asphalt use is evenly distributed during this period and
that paving is only performed on weekdays.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} = \left( \text{VOC}\ \text{Content} \right)\left( \text{VOC}\ \text{Density} \right) \\
\text{Statewide}\ \text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{2002}\ \text{State}\ \text{Asphalt}\ \text{Use} \right)\ \left( \text{\%}\ \text{of}\ \text{Diluent}\ \text{Evaporating} \right) \\
\text{County}\ \text{Annual}\ \text{VOCEmissions} = \text{Statewide}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{emissions}\ x\ \frac{\text{County}\ \text{Bituminous}\ \text{Paved}\ \text{Lane}\ \text{Miles}}{\text{State}\ \text{Bituminous}\ \text{Paved}\ \text{Lane}\ \text{Miles}}
\end{array}$$

> *where:*
>
> *Cutback Asphalt VOC Content = 35%Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *Emulsified Asphalt VOC Content = 8%Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *Cutback Asphalt VOC Density = 7.1 lbs/gallonError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Emulsified Asphalt VOC Density = 6.25 lbs/gallonError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *2002 PA Cutback Asphalt Use = 5,000,000 gallonsError: Reference
> source not found*

2002 PA Emulsified Asphalt Use = 15,000,000 gallonsError: Reference
source not found

> *Bituminous Paved County Lane Miles = 2,538 miles (Allegheny**)Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Bituminous Paved State Lane Miles = 83,227 milesError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *% of Cutback Asphalt Diluent that Evaporates = 70%Error: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *% of Emulsified Asphalt Containing Diluent = 50%Error: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *% of Emulsified Asphalt Diluent that Evaporates = 100%Error:
> Reference source not found*

*[Cutback Asphalt VOC Emissions Calculation]{.underline}:*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} = 0\text{.}\text{35} \cdot \frac{7\text{.}1\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{gallon}}{\text{year}} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 0\text{.}\text{0012425}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{gallon}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \frac{0\text{.}\text{0012425}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\text{gallon}}{\text{year}} \cdot \ 5\ \text{million}\ \text{gallons}\ \text{cutback}\ \text{asphalt} \cdot 0\text{.}7 \cdot \frac{2,\text{538}\ \text{miles}}{\text{83},\text{227}\ \text{miles}} \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{132}\text{.}\text{6147}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*(Summer work weekday emissions are estimated as zero due to State
prohibition on use during this period)Error: Reference source not found*

*[Emulsified Asphalt VOC Emissions Calculation]{.underline}:*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} = 0\text{.}\text{08} \cdot \frac{6\text{.}\text{25}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{gallon}}{\text{year}} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 0\text{.}\text{00025}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{gallon}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \frac{0\text{.}\text{00025}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\text{gallon}}{\text{year}} \cdot \text{15}\ \text{million}\ \text{gallons}\ \text{emulsified}\ \text{asphalt}\  \cdot \ 0\text{.}5 \cdot \frac{2,\text{538}\ \text{miles}}{\text{83},\text{227}\ \text{miles}} \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{57}\text{.}\text{1780}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 3/8 (fraction of paving
performed in the summer months) 5/7 (fraction of paving performed on
weekdays) 65 (number of weekdays in the summer) = 0.004125Error:
Reference source not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 57.1780 0.004125 = 0.2359 tons VOC
per day*

## AUTOMOTIVE REFINISHING (SCC 2401005000)

Automotive refinishing is the painting of worn or damaged automobiles,
light trucks, and other vehicles. The coating of new cars, however, is
considered in the point source inventory, and therefore not included in
this inventory. The automotive refinishing VOC emission factor of 2.30
lb/person is based on EPA guidance.[^16] A control efficiency of 60.94
percent for 2002 was computed by applying an incremental reduction of 38
percent[^17] to 1999's 37 percent[^18] control efficiency based on the
following calculation:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{2002}\text{ Control Efficiency} = \left( 1 - \left( 1 - \frac{\text{Incremental }\text{2002}\text{ Control Efficiency}}{\text{100}} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{1999}\text{ Control Efficiency}}{\text{100}} \right) \right) \cdot \text{100} \\
\text{2002}\text{ Control Efficiency} = \left( 1 - \left( 1 - \frac{\text{38}}{\text{100}} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{37}}{\text{100}} \right) \right) \cdot \text{100} = \text{60}\text{.}\text{94}\text{\%}\ \text{Control}\ \text{Efficiency}
\end{array}$$

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\ \left( \ \text{Population}\  \right)\ \left( 1 - \frac{\text{CE}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RP}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RE}}{\text{100}} \right)$

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor =2.30 lbs VOC/person/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Control Efficiency = 60.94%Error: Reference source not found Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Rule Penetration = 100%*
>
> *Rule Effectiveness = 100%*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{2\text{.}\text{30}\ \text{lbsVOC}\text{person}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( 1,\text{269},\text{904}\ \text{people} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{60}\text{.}\text{94}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = 1,\text{140},\text{856}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \ \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{570}\text{.}\text{4282}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00385 Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 570.4282 0.00385 = 2.1940 tons VOC
per day*

## BAKERIES (SCC 2302050000)

Bakery emissions, primarily ethanol, result from yeast fermentation
during the baking process of bread and bakery products. Ethanol is
emitted through a vent with any combustion product gases. Relevant NAICS
codes for bakeries are 311811 and 311812.

County-level VOC emissions were calculated using an employment-based
emission factor and the number of NAICS code 311811 and 311812 employees
in each county. The number of employees in each county for 2001 was
obtained from *County Business PatternsError: Reference source not
found* and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth
employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau
of Labor Statistics (BLS).Error: Reference source not found The Bakeries
emission factor is 0.11 tons VOC/employee/year**.**[^19] Point source
emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Employees)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 0.11 tons VOC
> /employee/year^Error:\ Reference\ source\ not\ found^*
>
> *Employees = 1024 Error: Reference source not found Error: Reference
> source not found (Allegheny County)*

$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{0\text{.}\text{11}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\text{employee}}{\text{year}} \right)(\text{1024}\ \text{employees})$
= 112.64 *tons VOC per year*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor=0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions* = 112.640.00275 = 0.3098 tons VOC
per day

## BREWERIES (SCC 2302070001)

Emissions of VOCs from breweries result from compounds such as ethanol,
myrcene, ethyl acetate and higher alcohols resulting from the brewing
process. There are two brewery emission factors, which differ based on
facility production size (i.e., a smaller emission factor is used for
facilities with more than 60,000 barrels production, and a larger factor
for facilities producing 60,000 barrels or less).

Because facility-level brewery production data were not available, it
was necessary to estimate the amount of production in each county
associated with small and large facilities. First, county-level beer
production was estimated by apportioning State-level production to
counties based on county-level brewery employment. Total Pennsylvania
beer production was obtained from the Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax
and Trade Bureau.[^20] The number of brewery (NAICS code 31212)
employees in 2002 was estimated by projecting 2001 county employment,
obtained from the 2001 *County Business Patterns,Error: Reference source
not found* to 2002 based on the 2002 to 2001 State-level brewery
employment ratio, obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.Error:
Reference source not found

Based on the average Pennsylvania brewery production per employee (2,122
barrels) calculated from the data described above, it was assumed that
all facilities in a county reporting fewer than 29 employees would
contain only small breweries. The cutoff of 29 employees was chosen
based on the observation that, assuming a constant per employee
production rate, a brewery with 29 employees would produce approximately
61,500 barrels of beer. It was also assumed that a county with more than
29 brewery employees would have production by both small and large
facilities. In lieu of actual data, it was assumed that 1 percent of
these counties' production is from small breweries, and 99 percent is
from large breweries. Therefore, the small brewery emission factor was
applied to 1 percent of the county's beer production, while the large
brewery emission factor was applied to 99 percent of the county's
production. This 1 percent assumption appears reasonable given that this
value results in statewide brewery emissions similar to those estimated
for 1996.

Since Pennsylvania's brewery production data were available on a monthly
basis, the statewide summer month allocation factor was calculated using
the ratio of summer beer production to the annual beer production. This
was then converted to the summer work weekday allocation factor using
weekday temporal allocation data from EPA's Emissions Modeling
Clearinghouse (EMCH).Error: Reference source not found Error: Reference
source not found

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Statewide}\ \text{Production} \right)\left( \frac{\text{County}\ \text{Employees}}{\text{State}\ \text{Employees}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *Small Brewery Emission Factor = 56.743 pounds of VOC/1000
> barrels*[^21]
>
> *Large Brewery Emission Factor = 4.16791 pounds of VOC/1000
> barrels*[^22]
>
> *Adams County Employees = 7Error: Reference source not found* *Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Allegheny County Employees = 261Error: Reference source not found*
> *Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *2002 PA Beer Production = 3,089,646 barrelsError: Reference source
> not found*

[*Adams County (Small Breweries Only Assumption) Annual VOC
Emissions*:]{.underline}

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \frac{\text{56}\text{.}\text{743}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}}{\text{1000}\ \text{barrels}} \cdot 3,\text{089},\text{646}\ \text{barrels} \cdot \frac{7\ \text{County}\ \text{Employees}}{1,\text{456}\ \text{State}\ \text{Employees}} \\
 \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{842}\text{.}\text{8634}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 0\text{.}\text{4214}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month beer
production/annual beer production weekday ratio/number of weekdays in
summer*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 856,549/3,089,646* *0.715/65 =
0.00305Error: Reference source not found* Error: Reference source not
found

*Summer work weekday allocation factor=0.00305*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.4214* *0.00305 = 0.001285 tons
VOC per day*

[*Allegheny County (Small and Large Breweries Assumption) Annual VOC
Emissions*:]{.underline}

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = 0\text{.}\text{01} \cdot \left( \frac{\text{56}\text{.}\text{743}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}}{\text{1000}\ \text{barrels}} \cdot 3,\text{089},\text{646}\ \text{barrels} \cdot \frac{\text{261}\ \text{County}\ \text{Employees}}{1,\text{456}\ \text{State}\ \text{Employees}} \right) + \\
0\text{.}\text{99} \cdot \left( \frac{4\text{.}\text{168}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}}{\text{1000}\ \text{barrels}} \cdot 3,\text{089},\text{646}\ \text{barrels} \cdot \frac{\text{261}\ \text{County}\ \text{Employees}}{1,\text{456}\ \text{State}\ \text{Employees}} \right) \\
 \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{2599}\text{.}\text{5583}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 1\text{.}\text{2998}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month beer
production/annual beer production weekday ratio/number of weekdays in
summer*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 856,549/3,089,646* *0.715/65 =
0.00305Error: Reference source not found* Error: Reference source not
found

*Summer work weekday allocation factor=0.00305*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1.2998* *0.00305 = 0.00396 tons VOC
per day*

## COAL COMBUSTION (6 SCCs)

(Residential Anthracite SCC 2104001000, Residential Bituminous SCC
2104002000, Commercial/Institutional Anthracite SCC 2103001000,
Commercial/Institutional Bituminous SCC 2103002000, Industrial
Anthracite SCC 2102001000, Industrial Bituminous SCC 2102002000)

This category covers emissions from the burning of coal by residential,
and small commercial and industrial users. Coal combustion emissions
were estimated for VOC, NO~x~, CO, Pb, PM, and SO~2~.

Residential coal consumption, in tons per dwelling unit, was estimated
using the following equation:

***Coal** **consumption per dwelling unit = 0.003874
e^(7.6414-(1000/heating\ degree\ days))^***

Heating Degree Day (HDD) data were obtained from the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration.[^23] The HDD of each county was assigned
according to the town or city in the county or the nearest town or city
of similar latitude for which data were available.

After estimating county-level residential coal consumption per unit,
emissions were calculated by multiplying these values by the number of
coal-burning dwelling units in each county[^24] and the emission factor
for each pollutant.

Year 2002 Commonwealth-level commercial sector coal consumption
(computed from the Energy Information Administration's *State Energy
Data 2000*[^25] and *Annual Coal Report 2002*[^26]) was allocated to
individual counties using the number of commercial sector facilities in
each county.Error: Reference source not found County-level emissions
were then calculated by multiplying county coal consumption by the
emission factor for the applicable CAP.

Industrial coal-burning emissions were computed in a similar way to
commercial/institutional emissions. However, county-level industrial
employment data (from *County Business Patterns* and *Current Employment
Statistics*) were used to allocate coal consumption to individual
counties.

In some cases, CAP emission factors differ between anthracite and
bituminous coal. Because anthracite is mined in the eastern half of the
Commonwealth, while bituminous is mined in the western half, the
emission calculations assume that eastern counties burn anthracite coal
while western counties burn bituminous coal.

For Commercial and Industrial sector categories, point source emissions,
where present, were subtracted from these initial emission estimates.

*SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:*

*[Residential Coal Combustion]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Pollutant}\ \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Percent}\ \text{Ash}\ \text{Content},\ \text{if}\ \text{applicable} \right) \cdot \left( \text{Number}\ \text{of}\ \text{Coal-Burning}\ \text{Dwelling}\ \text{Units} \right)\left( {0\text{.}\text{003874}e}^{\left( 7\text{.}\text{6414} - \frac{\text{1000}}{\text{HDD}} \right)}\text{Coal-Burning Dwelling}\ \text{Units} \right)
\end{array}$$

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 10 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year*[^27]*; 10
> lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError: Reference source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 3 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found; 9.1 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 275 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError: Reference
> source not found; 275 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Pb Emission Factor = 0.013182 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 10 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found; 6.2 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found 13.38% ash content =8.028 lbs/ton
> anthracite coal/year; 3.8 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.08 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found 13.38% ash content =1.0704 lbs/ton
> anthracite coal/year; 1.04 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *SO~2~ Emission Factor = 39 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found 0.89% sulfur content =34.71 lbs/ton
> anthracite coal/year; 31 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError: Reference
> source not found 2.42% sulfur content = 75.02 lbs/ton bituminous
> coal/year*
>
> *Anthracite Coal Sulfur Content = 0.89% sulfurError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Bituminous Coal Sulfur Content = 2.42% sulfurError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Anthracite Coal Ash Content = 13.38% ashError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Number of Coal-Burning Dwelling Units (Allegheny County) = 183Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *e = natural base*
>
> *HDD = Heating Degree Days (Allegheny County) = 5,494Error: Reference
> source not found*

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{10}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{ton}\ \text{coal}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{183}\ \text{dwelling}\ \text{units} \right)\left\lbrack {0\text{.}\text{003874}\ e}^{\left( 7\text{.}\text{6414} - \frac{\text{1000}}{\text{5494}} \right)}\text{tons}\ \ \text{coal}\text{dwelling}\ \text{unit} \right\rbrack \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \ \text{12},\text{307}\text{.}\text{7791}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}\  \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = 6\text{.}\text{1539}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000110 Error: Reference
source not found* *Error: Reference source not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 6.1539 0.000110 = 0.000675 tons VOC
per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{275}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{CO}\text{tons}\ \text{coal}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{183}\ \text{dwelling}\ \text{units} \right)\left\lbrack {0\text{.}\text{003874}e}^{\left( 7\text{.}\text{6414} - \frac{\text{1000}}{\text{5494}} \right)}\text{tons}\ \text{coal}\text{dwelling}\ \text{unit} \right\rbrack \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{338},\text{463}\text{.}\text{9245}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{169}\text{.}\text{2320}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000110Error: Reference source
not found* *Error: Reference source not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 169.2320 0.000110 = 0.01856 tons CO
per day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor=0.00555Error: Reference source
not found* *Error: Reference source not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 169.2320 0.00555 = 0.9389 tons CO
per day*

*[Commercial/Institutional Coal Combustion]{.underline}*:

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Pollutant Emission Factor} \right)\left( \text{Coal}\ \text{Consumption} \right)\left( \frac{\text{Number}\ \text{of}\ \text{County}\ \text{Facilities}}{\text{Number}\ \text{of}\ \text{State}\ \text{Facilities}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 0.07 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year*[^28]*; 1.3
> lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError: Reference source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 18 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found; 33 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError: Reference
> source not found; 11 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Pb Emission Factor = 0.0089 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found; 0.013182 lbs/ton bituminous
> coal/yearError: Reference source not found*
>
> *SO~2~ Emission Factor =39 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found 0.89% sulfur content = 34.71 lbs/ton
> anthracite coal/year; 38 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError: Reference
> source not found 2.42% sulfur content = 91.96 lbs/ton bituminous
> coal/year*
>
> *PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 2.3 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found 13.38% ash content = 30.774 lbs/ton
> anthracite coal/year; 13.2 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found 13.38% ash content = 8.028 lbs/ton
> anthracite coal/year; 4.6 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.08 lbs/ton anthracite coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found 13.38% ash content = 1.0704 lbs/ton
> anthracite coal/year; 1.04 lbs/ton bituminous coal/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Anthracite Coal Sulfur Content = 0.89%Error: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Bituminous Coal Sulfur Content = 2.42%Error: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Anthracite Coal Ash Content = 13.38% ashError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Pennsylvania Coal Consumption = 512,636 tonsError: Reference source
> not found* *Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *Number of County Facilities (Allegheny County) = 24,654Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Number of Pennsylvania Facilities = 197,795Error: Reference source
> not found*

*[Commercial/Institutional Coal Consumption]{.underline}*: *Error:
Reference source not found [Error: Reference source not
found]{.underline}*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{State}\ \text{Coal}\ \text{Consumption} = \text{2000}\ \text{Commercial}\ \text{Consumption} \cdot \frac{\text{2002}\ \text{Commercial}\ \text{and}\ \text{Residential}\ \text{Consumption}}{\text{2000}\ \text{Commercial}\ \text{and Residential}\ \text{Consumption}} \\
\  = \text{648},\text{000}\ \text{tons} \cdot \frac{\text{587},\text{000}\ \text{tons}}{\text{742},\text{000}\ \text{tons}} = \text{512},\text{636}\ \text{tons}
\end{array}$$

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \frac{1\text{.}3\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{ton}\ \text{bituminous}\ \text{coal}}{\text{year}} \cdot \text{512},\text{636}\ \text{tons} \cdot \frac{\text{24},\text{654}\ \text{county}\ \text{facilities}}{\text{197},\text{795}\ \text{state}\ \text{facilities}} \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{83},\text{066}\text{.}\text{2561}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{41}\text{.}\text{5331}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 41.5331 0.00170 = 0.0705 tons VOC
per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \frac{\text{11}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{CO}\text{ton}\ \text{bituminous}\ \text{coal}}{\text{year}} \cdot \text{512},\text{636}\ \text{tons} \cdot \frac{\text{24},\text{654}\ \text{county}\ \text{facilities}}{\text{197},\text{795}\ \text{state}\ \text{facilities}} \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{702},\text{868}\text{.}\text{321}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{351}\text{.}\text{4342}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 351.4342 0.00170 = 0.5967 tons CO
per day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00397Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 351.4342 0.00397 = 1.3962 tons CO
per day*

*[Industrial Coal Combustion]{.underline}*:

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Pollutant Emission Factor} \right)\left( \text{Coal}\ \text{Consumption} \right)\left( \frac{\text{Number}\ \text{of}\ \text{County}\ \text{Employees}}{\text{Number}\ \text{of}\ \text{State}\ \text{Employees}} \right)$$

The Industrial Coal Combustion emissions were calculated using the same
emission factors as Commercial/Institutional Coal (see above).

> *where:*
>
> *Number of Allegheny County Employees =48,544Error: Reference source
> not found Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *Number of Pennsylvania Employees = 721,902Error: Reference source not
> found Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *Pennsylvania Coal Consumption = 42,900,812.75 tonsError: Reference
> source not found Error: Reference source not found*

*[Industrial Coal Consumption]{.underline}*:Error: Reference source not
found *[Error: Reference source not found]{.underline}*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{State}\ \text{Coal}\ \text{Consumption} = \\
\text{2000}\ \text{Industrial}\ \text{Consumption}\ \text{from}\ \text{State}\ \text{Energy}\ \text{Data}\  \cdot \ \frac{\text{2002}\ \text{Other}\ \text{Industrial}\ \text{Consumption}\ (\text{Annual}\ \text{Coal}\ \text{Report})}{\text{2000}\ \text{Other}\ \text{Industrial}\ \text{Consumption}\ (A\text{nnual}\ \text{Coal}\ \text{Report})} \\
\  = \text{48},\text{083},\text{000}\ \text{tons}\  \cdot \ \frac{3,\text{121},\text{000}\ \text{tons}}{3,\text{498},\text{000}\ \text{tons}} = \text{42},\text{900},\text{812}\text{.}\text{75}\ \text{tons}
\end{array}$$

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \frac{\text{11}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{CO}\text{ton }\ \text{bituminous  }\ \text{coal}}{\text{year}} \cdot \text{42},\text{900},\text{812}\text{.}\text{75}\ \text{tons} \cdot \frac{\text{48},\text{544}\ \text{employees}\ \text{in}\ \text{county}}{\text{721},\text{902}\ \text{employees}\ \text{in}\ \text{state}} \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{31},\text{733},\text{320}\text{.}\text{58}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{15},\text{866}\text{.}\text{6603}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00283Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 15,866.6603* *0.00283 = 44.8538 tons
CO per day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00283Error: Reference source
not found

Winter work weekday CO emissions = 15,866.6603 0.00283 = 44.8538 tons CO
per day

## COMMERCIAL AND CONSUMER SOLVENT USE (SCC 2465000000)

This source category covers household products such as special naphthas,
alcohols, carbonyls, and other organics that contain VOCs. There are no
point sources associated with this category. County-level emissions were
calculated using a composite per capita emission factor (see table
below) and U.S. Bureau of the Census population data. The emission
factor represents pre-control emission rates. A CE of 20 percent[^29]
and an RP of 48.6 percentError: Reference source not found were applied
to reflect the Federal Rule for consumer products. This yields a
post-control VOC emission factor of 7.078 lbs per capita which was used
in all emission calculations. Each county's emissions are estimated per
the sample calculations listed below.

+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ####### **SUBCATEGORY**                | **[EMISSION                 |
|                                        | FACTOR]{.underline}**       |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Household Products                     | 0.79 lbs/person/year        |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Personal Care Products                 | 2.32 lbs/person/year        |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Automotive Aftermarket Products        | 1.36 lbs/person/year        |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Adhesives and Sealants                 | 0.57 lbs/person/year        |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| FIFRA-Regulated Products               | 1.78 lbs/person/year        |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| Coatings and Related Products          | 0.95 lbs/person/year        |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| [Miscellaneous Products]{.underline}   | [0.07                       |
|                                        | l                           |
|                                        | bs/person/year]{.underline} |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+
| ####### **Total (Pre-Control)**        | **7.84 lbs/person/year**    |
+----------------------------------------+-----------------------------+

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Population} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{CE}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RP}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RE}}{\text{100}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor =7.84 lbs VOC/person/year*[^30]
>
> *Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *CE (Control Efficiency) = 20%Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6% Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{7\text{.}\text{84}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{person}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( 1,\text{269},\text{904}\ \text{people} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{20}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{48}\text{.}6}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = 8,\text{988},\text{319}\text{.}\text{557}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \ \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{4494}\text{.}\text{1598}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00274 Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 4494.1598 0.00274 = 12.3128 tons
VOC per day*

## COMMERCIAL COOKING (5 SCCs)

Chain-Driven (Conveyorized) Charbroilers SCC 2302002100; Under-Fired
Charbroilers SCC 2302002200; Flat Griddles SCC 2302002300; Clamshell
Griddles SCC 2302002400; and Deep-Fat Fryers SCC 2302002500

Criteria pollutant annual emissions associated with commercial cooking
were compiled from the 2002 nonpoint source National Emissions Inventory
(NEI).[^31] The 2002 NEI reports commercial cooking emissions in five
SCCs, each of which represents a specific equipment type. Source
categories comprise emissions from all meat types for a particular piece
of equipment. The following types of meat are included: hamburger,
steak, fish, pork, and chicken. Emissions for deep-fat frying of french
fries were also estimated. With the exception of deep-fat frying of
french fries, commercial cooking activity was developed from survey data
obtained from a Public Research Institute (PRI) report on charbroiling
activity estimation in the State of California.[^32] Further details on
the annual emission estimation methodology are available in the
forthcoming 2002 nonpoint source NEI documentation.Error: Reference
source not found

The NEI reports emissions for the following criteria pollutants: VOC,
CO, PM10-PRI, and PM25-PRI (note, however, that each pollutant is not
reported for each equipment type). The sources of the commercial cooking
criteria pollutant emission factors are documented in a report prepared
for EPA.[^33]

Because temporal allocation data were not developed for this category in
the 2002 NEI, the default temporal data reported in the EMCH for SCC
2302002000 (Commercial Charbroiling) were applied to each commercial
cooking SCC.Error: Reference source not found These data were used to
estimate both summer season and winter season work weekday emission
estimates.

*SAMPLE SEASONAL CALCULATIONS (CHAIN-DRIVEN CHARBROILERS):*

*Annual VOC emissions (Allegheny County) = 10.7792 tons VOC per year*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 10.7792 0.00275 = 0.0296 tons VOC
per day*

*Annual PM10-PRI emissions (Allegheny County) = 43.0837 tons VOC per
year*

*Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = annual PM10-PRI emissions
winter work weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = 43.0837 0.00275 = 0.1185 tons
VOC per day*

## COMPOSTING (3 SCCs) 

(Biosolids SCC 2680001000, Mixed Waste 2680002000, Green Waste
2680030000)

Composting refers to the use of both aerobic and anaerobic microbial
processes to degrade waste materials for beneficial refuse. Compostable
wastes include biosolids (sewage sludge), manure, green waste ( e.g.,
landscape trimmings, grass clippings), and other biodegradable materials
such as food waste. Composting produces emissions of NH~3~, VOC, and
methane. Emissions for each county were estimated using a
biosolids-generation-based emission factor64. Figures on material
composted were obtained from *BioCycle's* nationwide survey[^34]

Each county's emissions were estimated per the sample calculations
below.

SAMPLE NH~3~ EMISSION CALCULATION:

Annual NH~3~ Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Tons material composted)

> *Where:*
>
> *Emissions Factor = 3.28 lbs NH~3~/ton Biosolids*
>
> *2.81 lbs NH~3~/ton Mixed Waste*
>
> *0.82 lbs NH~3~/ton Green Waste*
>
> *Tons Biosolids = 3,321.65 (Allegheny County)*
>
> $$
> $\text{Annual}\ \text{NH}3\ \text{Emissions} = \left\lbrack \frac{3\text{.}\text{28}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{NH}\frac{3}{\text{ton}}\ \text{Biosolids}}{\text{year}} \right\rbrack\left( 3,\text{321}\text{.}\text{65}\ \text{tons}\ \text{Biosolids} \right)$
>
> $$ *Annual NH~3~ Emissions = 10895.012 \**
> $\frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}}$= 5.45 tons NH~3~/ year

## DEGREASING (4 SCCs)

(Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning) SCC 2415360000, Manufacturing (Cold
Cleaning) SCC 2415300000, Electronics (Vapor/In-Line) SCC 2415230000,
Other (Vapor/In-Line) SCC 2415200000)

Surface cleaning, also known as "degreasing", includes the solvent
cleaning or conditioning of metal surfaces and parts, fabricated
plastics, electronic and electrical components and other nonporous
substrates. These cleaning processes are designed to remove foreign
material, such as oils, grease, waxes and moisture, usually in the
preparation for further treatment, such as painting, electroplating,
galvanizing, anodizing or applying conversion coatings. Three basic
types of surface cleaning operations are currently used: cold cleaning,
vapor cleaning, and in-line or conveyorized cleaning, which can be
either a cold or vapor cleaning process. VOC emission results from the
evaporation of solvents used in these processes.

Cold cleaning is a batch process in which solvents are applied at room
temperature or slightly heated. Parts are immersed in a solvent, usually
mineral spirits. Parts too large for immersion may be sprayed or wiped
with a solvent. The primary cold cleaning application is cleaning of
tools or metal parts at service and automotive repair stations and
manufacturing facilities. Cold cleaning may incorporate covers or
freeboards to limit the evaporative loss of solvents.

In-line cleaners use automated load systems (typically conveyors) to
maintain a continuous feed to the cleaning unit. These units use both
cold and vapor-cleaning methods as described above, with the majority
being halogenated solvent cleaning systems. These units are used for
large-scale operations and are usually enclosed except to the conveyor
inlet or exit. A common application of in-line cleaners is cleaning
printed circuit boards for the electronic and electrical component
industries.

The Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP) developed the
following population-based methods for estimating degreasing emissions.
Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these
emission estimates.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Population} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{CE}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RP}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RE}}{\text{100}} \right)$$

*where:*

> *Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning) VOC Emission Factor = 2.5 lbs
> VOC/person**/year*[^35]
>
> *Manufacturing (Cold Cleaning) VOC Emission Factor = 1.1 lbs
> VOC/person/yearError: Reference source not found*
>
> *Electronics (Vapor/In-Line) VOC Emission Factor = 0.21 lbs
> VOC/person/yearError: Reference source not found*
>
> *Other (Vapor/In-Line) VOC Emission Factor = 0.49 lbs
> VOC/person/yearError: Reference source not found*
>
> *Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Auto Repair Cold Cleaning CE (Control Efficiency) = 66%*[^36]
>
> *Manufacturing Cold Cleaning CE (Control Efficiency) = 66%Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Electronics Vapor/In-Line CE (Control Efficiency) = 63%Error:
> Reference source not found* [^37]
>
> *Other Vapor/In-Line CE (Control Efficiency) = 63%Error: Reference
> source not found Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *All Categories RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%*
>
> *All Categories RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 80%*

*[Allegheny County Auto Repair (Cold Cleaning) VOC Emissions
Calculation]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{2\text{.}5\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{person}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( 1,\text{269},\text{904}\ \text{people} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{66}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{80}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions}\  = 1,\text{498},\text{486}\text{.}\text{72}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = \text{749}\text{.}\text{2434}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions calculation for Allegheny County Auto
Repair (Cold Cleaning):*

*Degreasing (all categories) summer work weekday allocation factor =
0.00385 Error: Reference source not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 749.2434 0.00385 = 2.8817 tons VOC
per day*

## DRY CLEANERS (SCC 2420000370)

Three types of dry cleaning operations are used: coin-operated
facilities using perchloroethylene (perc); commercial/industrial
facilities using perc; and commercial/industrial facilities using VOC
solvents. As perc is no longer considered a VOC, only
commercial/industrial facilities using VOC solvents are considered for
the area source inventory. The first two categories are not included in
the baseline inventory. They are, however, retained for use in the
modeling inventory as required by EPA guidance.

Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these
emission estimates. Each county's emissions were estimated per the
sample calculations below using a per capita emission factor and US
Census Bureau population data. The emission factor was determined by the
Department using 1990 survey data supplied by the industry (contacts
with the Pennsylvania and Delaware Cleaners Association indicate that
more recent data are not available).Error: Reference source not found

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Population)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 0.15 lbs VOC/person/year*[^38]
>
> *Population = 1,269,904 (2002 Allegheny County)Error: Reference source
> not found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{0\text{.}\text{15}\text{lbsVOC}\text{person}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( 1,\text{269},\text{904}\text{people} \right)\ \text{} \\
\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{190},\text{485}\text{.}6\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \ \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}}\  = \text{95}\text{.}\text{2428}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 95.2428 0.0028=0.2674 tons VOC per
day*

## ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES (SCC 2401060000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation
of the solvent used in the coating process in the manufacture of
electrical appliances such as refrigerators, freezers, laundry
equipment, and electric housewares. Emissions for each county were
estimated per the sample calculations below using an employment-based
emission factor and the number of employees in the NAICS codes, 333414,
335211, 335212, 335221, and 335228. The number of employees in each
county for 2001 was obtained from County Business PatternsError:
Reference source not found and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002
total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees
obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).Error: Reference
source not found Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted
from these emission estimates.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 463 lbs VOC/employee/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Employees = 150 (Allegheny County) Error: Reference source not found
> Error: Reference source not found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{463}\ \text{lbsVOC}\text{employee}}{\text{year}}\  \right)\ \left( \text{150}\ \text{employees} \right)\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{69},\text{450}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = \text{34}\text{.}\text{725}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275 Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 34.725 x 0.00275=0.0955 tons VOC
per day*

## ELECTRICAL INSULATION (SCC 2401065000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation
of the solvent used in the insulation coatings applied to wire and
cable. The emissions for each county were calculated using an
employment-based emission factor and the number of employees in NAICS
codes 331422, 331491, 335311, 335921 and 335929*.* The number of
employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from *County Business
PatternsError: Reference source not found* and grown to 2002 using the
ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth
employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).Error:
Reference source not found Each county's emissions were estimated per
the sample calculations below.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 290 lbs VOC/employee/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Employees = 58 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source not found
> Error: Reference source not found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{290}\ \text{lbsVOC}\text{employee}}{\text{year}} \right)\ \left( \text{58}\ \text{employees} \right)\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{16820}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = 8\text{.}\text{41}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00277Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 8.41 0.00277=0.0233 tons VOC per
day*

## FACTORY FINISHED WOOD (SCC 2401015000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation
of the solvent used in the gluing and coating process. The emissions for
each county were calculated using an employment-based emission factor
and the number of employees in NAICS codes 32192, 33711, 321211, 321212,
321213, 321911, 321918, 321992, and 321999. The number of employees in
each county for 2001 was obtained from *County Business PatternsError:
Reference source not found* and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002
total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees
obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).Error: Reference
source not found Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted
from these emission estimates.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 131 lbs VOC/employee/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Employees =615 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source not found
> Error: Reference source not found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{131}\ \text{lbsVOC}\text{employee}}{\text{year}} \right)\ \left( \text{615}\ \text{employees} \right)\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{80565}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = \text{40}\text{.}\text{2825}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 40.2825 x 0.0028=0.1141 tons VOC
per day*

## FOREST FIRES (SCC 2810001000)

Forest fires in certain rural areas can produce very large, short-term
emissions of VOC, NO~x~, and CO, SO~2~, and particulates. The emissions
for each county were calculated using an emission factor from AP-42[^39]
or the 1999 National Emissions Inventory[^40] and a loading factor from
AP-42Error: Reference source not found. The number of acres burned was
obtained from the Department of Conservation and Natural
Resources.Error: Reference source not found Each county's emissions were
estimated per the sample calculations below.

*SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Loading Factor)(Acres Burned)*

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 24 lbs VOC/ton of flora/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 4 lbs NO~x~/ton of flora/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 140 lbs CO/ton of flora/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Loading Factor = 11 tons of flora/acreError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Acres Burned = 3.85 acres* *(Westmoreland County)*[^41]

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{24}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{ton}\ \text{of}\text{flora}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \frac{\text{11}\ \text{tons}\ \text{of}\text{flora}}{\text{acre}} \right)\left( 3\text{.}\text{85}\text{acres}\text{burned} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{1016}\text{.}4\text{pounds}\text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 0\text{.}\text{5082}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0055Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.5082 0.0055=0.002795 tons VOC per
day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{140}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{CO}\text{ton}\ \text{of}\text{flora}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \frac{\text{11}\ \text{tons}\ \text{of}\text{flora}}{\text{acre}} \right)\left( 3\text{.}\text{85}\text{acres}\text{burned} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{5929}\text{pounds}\text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 2\text{.}\text{9645}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0055Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 2.9645 0.0055=0.0163 tons CO per
day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00056Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 2.9645 0.00056=0.0017 tons CO per
day*

## FUEL OIL COMBUSTION (3 SCCs)

(Residential Distillate Fuel Oil SCC 2104004000,
Commercial/Institutional Distillate Fuel Oil SCC 2103004000,
Commercial/Institutional Residual Fuel Oil SCC 2103005000)

Distillate and residual oil combustion sources, which emit VOC, NO~x~,
CO, SO~2~, Pb, and PM are grouped into three categories:
Commercial/Institutional, Residential, and Industrial. Industrial source
emissions are captured in the point source inventory. For Commercial
sector categories, point source emissions, where present, were
subtracted from the emissions of the corresponding county. Fuel oil
emissions were calculated for each county using fuel use estimates
derived by allocating Commonwealth consumption estimates from the Energy
Information Administration to individual counties. The county
allocations were performed using data obtained from the *County Business
Patterns* and the U.S. Census Bureau.

*SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:*

*[Residential Distillate Fuel Oil]{.underline}*:

Residential fuel oil usage was determined by allocating the total
residential fuel oil use to each county. The residential fuel oil
consumption was allocated by the ratio of dwelling units (DU) using
distillate fuel oil in a county to the number of dwelling units burning
distillate fuel oil in the Commonwealth. The following is the general
equation for the calculation of usage for residential sources of fuel
oil combustion.

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{Fuel}\ \text{Oil}\ \text{Usage} = \left( \text{PA}\ \text{Residential}\ \text{Distillate}\ \text{Fuel}\ \text{Oil}\ \text{Usage} \right)\left( \frac{\text{County Fuel-Oil-Burning}\ \text{DU}}{\text{State Fuel-Oil-Burning}\ \text{DU}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *PA Residential Distillate Fuel Use = 829,470 thousands of
> gallonsError: Reference source not found*
>
> *2000 County Fuel-Oil-Burning DUs = 8123 Dwelling Units (Allegheny
> County)Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *2000 State Fuel-Oil-Burning DUs = 1,217,155 Dwelling UnitsError:
> Reference source not found*

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \ \frac{0\text{.}7\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}}{\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}} \cdot \text{829},\text{470}\ \text{thousands}\ \text{of}\ \text{gallons} \cdot \frac{\text{8123}\ \text{Dwelling}\ \text{Units}}{1,\text{217},\text{155}\ \text{Dwelling}\ \text{Units}} \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \ \text{3874}\text{.}\text{9784}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = 1\text{.}\text{9375}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000165Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1.9375 0.000165=0.000319 tons VOC
per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \ \frac{5\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}}{\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}} \cdot \text{829},\text{470}\ \text{thousands}\ \text{of}\ \text{gallons} \cdot \frac{\text{8123}\ \text{Dwelling}\ \text{Units}}{1,\text{217},\text{155}\ \text{Dwelling}\ \text{Units}} \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \ \text{27},\text{678}\text{.}\text{4173}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = \text{13}\text{.}\text{8392}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000165Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 13.8392 0.000165=0.00228 tons CO per
day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.000626Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 13.8392 0.00626=0.0866 tons CO per
day*

*[Commercial/Institutional Distillate Fuel Oil]{.underline}*:

The total amount of distillate fuel oil was apportioned to each county
according to the number of commercial sector (i.e., SIC code 50-89)
facilities. The number of commercial facilities in 2001 was used for
this allocation because 2001 data were the last year available.Error:
Reference source not found Total Commonwealth use was obtained from the
Energy Information Administration.[^42] Each county's emissions for
commercial/institutional fuel oil combustion were estimated per the
following sample calculations.

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{PA}\ \frac{\text{Commercial}}{\text{Institutional}}\ \text{Distillate}\ \text{Fuel}\ \text{Oil}\ \text{Use} \right)\left( \frac{\text{Number}\ \text{of}\ \text{County}\ \text{Facilities}}{\text{Number}\ \text{of}\ \text{State}\ \text{Facilities}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 0.34 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 20 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 5 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *SO~2~ Emission Factor = 142 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found 0.3% sulfur content = 42.6 lbs/1000 gallons/year*
>
> *PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.08 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.83 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Lead Emission Factor = 0.001268 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Distillate Fuel Sulfur Content = 0.3%Error: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *County Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Commonwealth Facilities = 197,795Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *PA Commercial/Institutional Distillate Fuel Oil Use = 301,554,000
> gallonsError: Reference source not found*

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{0\text{.}\text{34}\text{lbsVOC}\text{1000}\text{gallons}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{301,554 thousands of }\text{gallons} \right)\left( \frac{\text{24},\text{654}\text{Facilities}}{\text{197},\text{795}\text{Facilities}} \right) \\
\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{12},\text{779}\text{.}\text{5656}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = 6\text{.}\text{3898}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 6.3898* *0.00170=0.0108 tons VOC
per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{5\ \text{lbsCO}\text{1000}\text{gallons}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{301,554 thousands of }\text{gallons} \right)\left( \frac{\text{24},\text{654}\text{Facilities}}{\text{197},\text{795}\text{Facilities}} \right) \\
\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{187},\text{934}\text{.}\text{7889}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{93}\text{.}\text{9674}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 93.9674* *0.00170=0.1595 tons CO per
day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions* *winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0040Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 93.9674* *0.0040=0.3733 tons CO per
day*

*[Commercial/Institutional Residual Fuel Oil]{.underline}*:

The total amount of residual fuel oil was apportioned to each county
according to the number of commercial facilities, which was obtained
from *County Business Patterns*.Error: Reference source not found The
total Commonwealth use was obtained from the Energy Information
Administration.Error: Reference source not found Each county's emissions
for commercial/institutional fuel oil combustion were estimated per the
following sample calculations.

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{PA}\ \text{Commercial Residual}\ \text{Fuel}\ \text{Oil}\ \text{Use} \right)\left( \frac{\text{Number}\ \text{of}\ \text{County}\ \text{Facilities}}{\text{Number}\ \text{of}\ \text{State}\ \text{Facilities}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 1.13 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 55 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 5 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *SO~2~ Emission Factor = 157 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found* *1.05% sulfur content = 164.85 lbs/1000
> gallons/year*
>
> *PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 5.17 lbs/1000 gallons/year* *0.19% ash
> content = 0.9823 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 1.92 lbs/1000 gallons/year* *0.19% ash
> content = 0.3648 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.5 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Lead Emission Factor = 0.00155 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Residual Fuel Sulfur Content = 1.05%* [^43]
>
> *County Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Commonwealth Facilities = 197,795Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *PA Commercial/Institutional Residual Fuel Oil Use =* 16,597,000
> *gallonsError: Reference source not found*

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{1\text{.}\text{13}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{16,597 thousands of }\text{gallons} \right)\left( \frac{\text{24},\text{654}\ \text{Facilities}}{\text{197},\text{795}\ \text{Facilities}} \right) \\
\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{2337}\text{.}\text{6534}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = 1\text{.}\text{1688}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1.1688* *0.00170= 0.00198 tons VOC
per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{5\ \text{lbs}\ \text{CO}\text{1000}\text{gallons}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{16,597}\ \text{ thousands of }\text{gallons} \right)\left( \frac{\text{24},\text{654}\text{Facilities}}{\text{197},\text{795}\text{Facilities}} \right) \\
\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{10},\text{343}\text{.}\text{5991}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 5\text{.}\text{1718}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00170 Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 5.1718* *0.00170=0.00878 tons CO per
day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0040 Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 5.1718* *0.0040 = 0.0205 tons CO per
day*

## GASOLINE MARKETING (5 SCCs)

(Stage I SCC 2501060053, Stage II Uncontrolled SCC 2501060101, Stage II
Controlled SCC 2501060102, Underground Storage Tank Breathing and
Emptying SCC 2501060201, Truck Transit SCC 2505030120)

Gasoline marketing involves the operations typically associated with
transporting gasoline from refineries to final consumption in
gasoline-powered vehicles. Evaporative emissions of VOCs occur at all
points in the distribution process. The operations that were inventoried
as area sources are gasoline dispensing outlets and gasoline tank trucks
in transit. Bulk terminals and outlets are inventoried as point sources.
VOC emissions result from the following sources: 1) Stage I (tank truck
unloading into underground storage tanks), 2) Stage II (vehicle
fueling), 3) Underground Storage Tank Breathing and Emptying, and 4)
Truck Transit.

Each category's AP-42 emission factor is based on the average daily
throughput that was calculated from monthly data obtained from the
Pennsylvania Department of Revenue Bureau of Motor Fuel Taxes. The
vehicle miles traveled (VMT), which were obtained from Dan Szekeres of
the Baker Corporation[^44], was used to apportion the gasoline
throughput to each county. Control efficiency (CE), rule penetration
(RP), and rule effectiveness (RE) factors were applied to Stage I for
each county to reflect the application of vapor balance systems. A RE
factor was applied to Stage II to each regulated county. CE, RP, and RE
factors were applied to Underground Storage Tank Breathing to reflect
the application of pressure relief valves. There were no point sources
for this source category. Each county's emissions were estimated per the
following sample calculations.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*[Stage I]{.underline}:*

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{State}\ \text{Annual}\ \text{Gasoline}\ \text{Sales} \right)\left( \frac{\text{County}\ \text{Annual}\ \text{VMT}}{\text{State}\ \text{Annual}\ \text{VMT}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 1.92 lbs VOC/1000 gallonsError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *State Annual Gasoline Sales = 5,238,145,337 gallons/year*[^45]
>
> *County Annual VMT = 8,836,074,725 miles (Allegheny County) Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *State Annual VMT = 97,021,666,321 milesError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Control Efficiency (CE) = 96%*[^46] [^47]
>
> *Rule Penetration (RP) = 96%Error: Reference source not found Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Rule Effectiveness (RE) = 80%*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{1\text{.}\text{92}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}}{\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}} \right)\left( \frac{5,\text{238},\text{145},\text{337}\ \text{gallons}}{\text{day}} \right)\left( \frac{8,\text{836},\text{074},\text{725}\ \text{miles}}{\text{97},\text{021},\text{666},\text{321}\ \text{miles}} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{96}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{96}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{80}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{240},\text{637}\text{.}\text{0855}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = \text{120}\text{.}\text{3185}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month gasoline
sales/annual gasoline sales* *weekday ratio/number of weekdays in
summer*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 1,370,092,015/5,238,145,337
0.8333/65 = 0.00335 Error: Reference source not found Error: Reference
source not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 120.3185* *0.00335 = 0.4035 tons
VOC per day*

*[Stage II]{.underline}*:

Vehicle refueling VOC emissions are estimated using MOBILE6.2-based
emission factors;[^48] monthly gasoline sales estimates;Error: Reference
source not found and county-level, annual vehicle miles traveled (VMT)
data.Error: Reference source not found MOBILE6.2 provided monthly,
emission factors for each county in Pennsylvania. MOBILE6.2 input files
were set up to model refueling emission factors in a manner similar to
that used for calculating onroad mobile source emissions for 2002. For
each county, twelve monthly scenarios were modeled, along with an ozone
season scenario and a winter scenario. These scenarios used the same
2002 monthly temperature and fuel inputs that were used in preparing
onroad mobile source emissions. Each input file also called upon the
external county-specific age distribution file developed for 2002. No
speed information or I/M program information was modeled, as these are
not needed in the refueling calculations.

Stage II control program information was included for the counties with
controls based on program information regarding control efficiency from
Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania counties with Stage II controls are
Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Bucks, Butler, Chester, Delaware, Fayette,
Montgomery, Philadelphia, Washington, and Westmoreland.[^49]
Vehicle-specific emission factors were then obtained in the database
output format of MOBILE6.2. Using the fuel economy data and VMT fraction
data contained in the MOBILE6.2 output files, the gram per mile emission
factors were first converted to gram per gallon emission factors. These
gram per gallon emission factors were then weighted according to the VMT
fraction of each gasoline vehicle type to obtain monthly,
county-specific gram per gallon emission factors weighted for all
gasoline vehicle types.

VMT data were used to allocate monthly Pennsylvania gasoline sales to
each county. These are the same gasoline sales figures that are used to
estimate Stage I emissions. The MOBILE6.2 emission factors were then
multiplied by the corresponding gasoline sales data to estimate
refueling emissions. The VOC emissions calculations provide emissions at
the county level for each month of 2002.

$$\text{Allegheny}\ \text{June}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{VOC}\ \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Monthly}\ \text{State}\ \text{Gasoline}\ \text{Sales} \right)\left( \frac{\text{County}\ \text{VMT}}{\text{State}\ \text{VMT}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *Allegheny County June Emission Factor = 1.027 grams/gallonError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *PA June Gasoline Consumption =443,778,938 gallonsError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Allegheny County 2002 VMT = 8,836,074,725 milesError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PA 2002 VMT = 97,021,666,321
> miles^Error:\ Reference\ source\ not\ found^*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Allegheny}\ \text{June}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{1\text{.}\text{027}\ g\ \text{VOC}}{\text{gallon}} \right)\left( \text{443},\text{778},\text{938}\ \text{gallons} \right)\left( \frac{8,\text{836},\text{074},\text{725}\ \text{miles}}{\text{97},\text{021},\text{666},\text{321}\ \text{miles}} \right) \\
\text{Allegheny}\ \text{June}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{41},\text{507},\text{615}\text{.}1\ g\ \text{VOC} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{lb}}{\text{453}\text{.}\text{59}\ g} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lb}} = \text{45}\text{.}\text{7546}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC} \\
 \\
\text{Annual Allegheny County VOC Emissions} = \sum_{}^{}{\text{Monthly Allegheny County Emissions} = \text{573}\text{.}\text{8276}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month gasoline
sales/annual gasoline sales* *weekday ratio/number of weekdays in
summer*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 1,370,092,015/5,238,145,337
0.715/65 = 0.00288 Error: Reference source not found Error: Reference
source not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 573.8276* *0.00288 = 1.6510 tons
VOC per day*

*[Underground Storage Tank Breathing and Emptying]{.underline}*:

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{State}\ \text{Annual}\ \text{Gasoline}\ \text{Sales} \right)\left( \frac{\text{County}\ \text{Annual}\ \text{VMT}}{\text{State}\ \text{Annual}\ \text{VMT}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 1.0 lbs VOC/1000 gallonsError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *State Annual Gasoline Sales = 5,238,145,337 gallons/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *County Annual VMT = 8,836,074,725 miles (Allegheny County) Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *State Annual VMT = 97,021,666,321 milesError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Control Efficiency (CE) = 90% Error: Reference source not found*
> [^50]
>
> *Rule Penetration (RP) = 96%Error: Reference source not found Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Rule Effectiveness (RE) = 80%*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{1\text{.}0\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}}{\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}} \right)\left( \frac{5,\text{238},\text{145},\text{337}\ \text{gallons}}{\text{day}} \right)\left( \frac{8,\text{836},\text{074},\text{725}\ \text{miles}}{\text{97},\text{021},\text{666},\text{321}\ \text{miles}} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{90}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{96}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{80}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{147},\text{314}\text{.}\text{4698}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = \text{73}\text{.}\text{6572}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month gasoline
sales/annual gasoline sales* *weekday ratio/number of weekdays in
summer*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 1,370,092,015/5,238,145,337
0.715/65 = 0.00288 Error: Reference source not found Error: Reference
source not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 73.6572* *0.00288 = 0.2119 tons VOC
per day*

*[Truck Transit]{.underline}*:

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{State}\ \text{Annual}\ \text{Gasoline}\ \text{Sales} \right)\left( \frac{\text{County}\ \text{Annual}\ \text{VMT}}{\text{State}\ \text{Annual}\ \text{VMT}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 0.06 lbs VOC/1000 gallonsError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *State Annual Gasoline Sales = 5,238,145,337 gallons/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *County Annual VMT = 8,836,074,725 miles (Allegheny County) Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *State Annual VMT = 97,021,666,321 milesError: Reference source not
> found*

(The emission factor is based on the assumption that gasoline delivery
is via single trips and accounts for both full and empty truck travel.)

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{0\text{.}\text{06}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}}{\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}} \right)\left( \frac{5,\text{238},\text{145},\text{337}\ \text{gallons}}{\text{day}} \right)\left( \frac{8,\text{836},\text{074},\text{725}\ \text{miles}}{\text{97},\text{021},\text{666},\text{321}\ \text{miles}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{28},\text{623}\text{.}\text{2831}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = \text{14}\text{.}\text{3116}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month gasoline
sales/annual gasoline sales* *weekday ratio/number of weekdays in
summer*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 1,370,092,015/5,238,145,337
0.8333/65 = 0.00335 Error: Reference source not found Error: Reference
source not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 14.3116 0.00335 = 0.04799 tons VOC
per day*

## GRAPHIC ARTS (SCC 2425000000)

Graphic arts include operations that are involved in the printing of
newspapers, magazines, books, and other printed material. Emissions of
VOCs result from evaporation of solvents used in inks and cleaning. The
emissions for each county were calculated using a per capita emission
factor and U.S. Census Bureau population data. Point source emissions,
where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Population)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs VOC/person/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source not
> found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \frac{1\text{.}3\ \text{lbs}\text{VOC}\text{person}}{\text{year}} \cdot 1,\text{269},\text{904}\text{people} \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = 1\text{,650,875}\text{.}2\ p\text{ound}s\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\text{ton}}{\text{2000}\text{lbs}} = \text{825}\text{.}\text{4376}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 825.4376* *0.0028=2.2904 tons VOC
per day*

## HIGH PERFORMANCE INDUSTRIAL MAINTENANCE SOLVENT (SCC 2401100000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation
of solvents from surface coating of objects and materials that may exist
in extreme conditions. There were no point sources. The emissions for
each county were calculated using a per capita emission factor and U.S.
Census Bureau population data. Each county's emissions were estimated
per the following sample calculations.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Population} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{CE}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RP}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RE}}{\text{100}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 0.8 lbs VOC/person/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Population = 1,269,904 people (Allegheny County)Error: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *CE (Control Efficiency) = 20%
> ^Error:\ Reference\ source\ not\ found^*
>
> *RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%*
>
> *RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \frac{0\text{.}8\text{ lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{person}}{\text{year}} \cdot 1,\text{269},\text{904}\ \text{people} \cdot \left( 1 - \frac{\text{20}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{812},\text{738}\text{.}\text{56}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{406}\text{.}\text{3693}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00356 Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 406.3693* *0.00356=1.4473 tons VOC
per day*

## KEROSENE (2 SCCs)

(Residential Kerosene SCC 2104011000, Commercial/Institutional Kerosene
SCC 2103011000)

Kerosene combustion sources, which emit VOC, NO~x~, CO, SO~2~, and PM
are grouped into two area source categories: Commercial/Institutional
and Residential (all Industrial sector kerosene emissions are assumed to
be included in the point source inventory). Emissions were calculated
for each county using emission factors and Energy Information
Administration fuel use information. The EIA kerosene consumption data
are reported for each State. Commonwealth consumption was allocated to
counties using data obtained from the *County Business Patterns* and the
U.S. Census Bureau.

*SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:*

*[Residential Kerosene]{.underline}*:

The emissions for residential kerosene combustion were determined by
allocating total residential kerosene consumption in the Commonwealth to
each county. This allocation was performed using the ratio of dwelling
units (DU) heating with kerosene in a county to the number of dwelling
units heating with kerosene in the Commonwealth. The following is the
general equation used to calculate emissions from residential kerosene
combustion.

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{PA}\ \text{Residential}\ \text{Kerosene}\ \text{Fuel}\ \text{Oil}\ \text{Usage} \right)\left( \frac{\text{County}\ \text{Kerosen}e - B\text{urning}\text{ DU}}{\text{State}\ \text{Kerosen}e - B\text{urnin}\text{g DU}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 0.7 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 17.4 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 4.8 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *SO~2~ Emission Factor = 41.1 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.08 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.83 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PA Residential Kerosene Fuel Use = 83,366 thousands of gallonsError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *2000 County Kerosene-Burning DUs = 8123 Dwelling Units (Allegheny
> County)Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *2000 State Kerosene-Burning DUs = 1,217,155 Dwelling UnitsError:
> Reference source not found*

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \ \frac{0\text{.}7\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}}{\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}} \cdot \text{83},\text{366}\ \text{thousands}\ \text{of}\ \text{gallons} \cdot \frac{\text{8123}\ \text{Dwelling}\ \text{Units}}{1,\text{217},\text{155}\ \text{Dwelling}\ \text{Units}} \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \ \text{389}\text{.}\text{4553}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = 0\text{.}\text{1947}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions =0.1947* *0.00275=0.000536 tons VOC
per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \ \frac{4\text{.}8\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}}{\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}} \cdot \text{83},\text{366}\ \text{thousands}\ \text{of}\ \text{gallons} \cdot \frac{\text{8123}\ \text{Dwelling}\ \text{Units}}{1,\text{217},\text{155}\ \text{Dwelling}\ \text{Units}} \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \ \text{2670}\text{.}\text{5503}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = 1\text{.}\text{3353}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 1.3353* *0.00275=0.00367 tons CO per
day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 1.3353* *0.00275=0.00367 tons CO per
day*

*[Commercial/Institutional Kerosene]{.underline}*:

The total amount of fuel oil was apportioned to each county according to
the number of commercial facilities, which was obtained from *County
Business Patterns*.Error: Reference source not found The total
Commercial/Institutional kerosene consumption in the Commonwealth was
obtained from the Energy Information Administration.Error: Reference
source not found The emission factors used for Commercial/Institutional
Kerosene were the same as those used for Commercial/ Institutional
Distillate Fuel Oil as per EIIP guidance. Each county's emissions for
commercial/institutional fuel oil combustion were estimated per the
following sample calculations.

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{PA}\ \text{Commercial}\ \text{Kerosene}\ \text{Use} \right)\left( \frac{\text{Number}\ \text{of}\ \text{County}\ \text{Facilities}}{\text{Number}\ \text{of}\ \text{State}\ \text{Facilities}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 0.34 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 20 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 5 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *SO~2~ Emission Factor = 142 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found 0.3% sulfur content = 42.6 lbs/1000 gallons/year*
>
> *PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.08 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.83 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Kerosene Sulfur Content = 0.3%Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *County Commercial Sector Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Commonwealth Commercial Sector Facilities = 197,795Error: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Commercial/Institutional Kerosene Oil Use = 16,290 thousands of
> gallonsError: Reference source not found*

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{0\text{.}\text{34}\text{lbsVOC}\text{1000}\text{gallons}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{16,290 thousands of }\text{gallons} \right)\left( \frac{\text{24},\text{654}\text{Facilities}}{\text{197},\text{795}\text{Facilities}} \right) \\
\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{690}\text{.}\text{3544}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = 0\text{.}\text{3452}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00283Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.3452* *0.00283 = 0.000976 tons
VOC per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{5\ \text{lbsCO}\text{1000}\text{gallons}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{16,290 }\ \text{thousands of }\text{gallons} \right)\left( \frac{\text{24},\text{654}\text{Facilities}}{\text{197},\text{795}\text{Facilities}} \right) \\
\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{10152}\text{.}\text{2703}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 5\text{.}\text{0761}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00283Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 5.0761* *0.00283 = 0.0143 tons CO
per day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00283Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 5.0761* *0.00283 = 0.0143 tons CO
per day*

## LANDFILLS (SCC 2620030000)

Municipal solid waste landfills receive primarily household and/or
commercial waste. The VOC emissions from landfills are produced by
volatilization, chemical reaction, and biological decomposition of
refuse material.

The emissions were calculated using the total amount of refuse in
Pennsylvania's municipal solid waste landfills, not the landfills'
capacity. Since landfills continue to emit VOCs long after they are
closed (at least 20 years), data from active and inactive landfills were
collected.

For active landfills, data from page two of the 2002 "Annual Facility
Capacity Report" for each landfill were collected. In particular, Total
Waste Accepted was needed for the final emissions calculation.

Several landfills that were included in the 1996 Pennsylvania area
source inventory were not included in the compilation of 2002 facility
reports provided by PA DEP. After confirming with PA DEP that these
landfills are inactive (in a few cases the landfills had merely been
renamed), the 1996 Total Waste Accepted data for these now-closed
landfills were incorporated into the 2002 inventory.

Total Waste Accepted was summed at the county level to calculate the
total landfill emissions in each county. The emissions estimate was
adjusted for precipitation. Each county's emissions were estimated per
the following sample calculation.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Precipitation Adjustment
Factor)(Tons of Waste)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 13.6 tons VOC/1,000,000 tons of waste*
>
> *Precipitation Adjustment Factor = 2.6*
>
> *Amount of Waste = 19,422,841.6 tons of waste (Allegheny County)*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{13}\text{.}6\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}1,\text{000},\text{000}\ \text{tons}\ \text{waste}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( 2\text{.}6 \right)\left( \text{19},\text{422},\text{841}\text{.}6\ \text{tons}\ \text{of}\ \text{waste} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{686}\text{.}\text{7917}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275 Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 686.7917 0.00275 = 1.8887 tons VOC
per day*

## MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT (SCC 2401055000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation
of the solvent used in the coating process in manufacturing facilities,
such as engines, turbines, farm and garden equipment, computers, and
office machinery. The emissions for each county were calculated using an
employment-based emission factor and employee data from NAICS Codes 333
(except 333314 and 333315), 33271, 332991, 332997, 3341, and 336391. The
number of employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from *County
Business Patterns*^2^ and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 total
Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained
from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).Error: Reference source not
found Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from the
Machinery and Equipment category emission estimates.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)*

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 77 lbs VOC /employee/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Employees = 4944 employees (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source
> not found Error: Reference source not found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \ \frac{\text{77}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{employee}}{\text{year}}\  \right)\left( \ \text{4944}\ \text{employees}\  \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{380},\text{688}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}}\  = \text{190}\text{.}\text{344}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00277Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 190.344* *0.00277 = 0.5282 tons VOC
per day*

## MARINE COATING (SCC 2401080000)

This source category includes ship and boat building and repairing. The
emissions were calculated using an employment-based emission factor and
employee data from NAICS code 33661. The number of employees in each
county for 2001 was obtained from *County Business PatternsError:
Reference source not found* and grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002
total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth employees
obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).Error: Reference
source not found Each county's emissions were estimated per the
following sample calculations below. Point source emissions, where
present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

###### 

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 308 lbs VOC /employee/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Employees = 52 employees* *(Allegheny County)Error: Reference source
> not found Error: Reference source not found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{308}\ \text{lbsVOC}\text{Employee}}{\text{year}}\  \right)\ \left( \text{52}\ \text{Employees} \right)\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{16},\text{016}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 8\text{.}\text{008}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 8.008* *0.0028 = 0.0222 tons VOC
per day*

## METAL CANS (SCC 2401040000)

This source category includes the manufacturing of metal cans, barrels,
drums, kegs, and pails. The emissions from point sources, where present,
were subtracted from the emissions of the corresponding county. The
emissions for each county were calculated per the calculation below
using an employment-based emission factor and employee data from NAICS
Codes 332431 and 332439. The number of employees in each county for 2001
was obtained from *County Business Patterns*^2^ and grown to 2002 using
the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total
Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS).Error: Reference source not found Point source emissions, where
present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 6,029 lbs VOC/employee/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Employees =48 employees (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source not
> found Error: Reference source not found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{6,\text{029}\ \text{lbsVOC}\text{Employee}}{\text{year}}\  \right)\ \left( \text{48}\ \text{Employees} \right)\  \\
\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{289},\text{392}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}}\  = \text{144}\text{.}\text{696}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 144.696* *0.0028 = 0.4015 tons VOC
per day*

## METAL FURNITURE AND FIXTURES (SCC 2401025000)

This source category includes manufacturing metal household and office
furniture, such as beds, cabinets, desks, bookcases, and chairs. The
emissions for each county were calculated per the sample calculations
below using an employment-based emission factor and employee data for
NAICS codes 337121, 337124, 337214, and 337215. The number of employees
in each county for 2001 was obtained from *County Business
PatternsError: Reference source not found* and grown to 2002 using the
ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total Commonwealth
employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).Error:
Reference source not found Point source emissions, where present, were
subtracted from these emission estimates.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 1,597 lbs VOC /employee/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Employees = 487 employees (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source
> not found Error: Reference source not found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{1,\text{597}\ \text{lbsVOC}\text{employee}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{487}\ \text{employees} \right)\  \\
\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{777},\text{739}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = \text{388}\text{.}\text{8695}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 388.8695* *0.0028 = 1.0790 tons VOC
per day*

## MISCELLANEOUS FINISHED METAL (SCC 2401050000)

This source category includes facilities which enamel, lacquer, and/or
varnish metals. The emissions for each county were calculated per the
sample calculations below using an employment-based emission factor and
employee data from NAICS Codes 332812, 339911, 339912, and 339914. The
number of employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from *County
Business PatternsError: Reference source not found* and grown to 2002
using the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total
Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS).Error: Reference source not found Point source emissions, where
present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 2,877 lbs VOC/employee/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Employees = 683 employees (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source
> not found Error: Reference source not found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{2877}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{employee}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{683}\ \text{employees} \right)\  \\
\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = 1,\text{964},\text{991}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{pounds}} = \text{982}\text{.}\text{4955}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 982.4955* *0.0028 = 2.7262 tons VOC
per day*

## MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING (SCC 2401090000)

This source category includes establishments primarily engaged in
manufacturing products not classified in any other group such as
jewelry, silverware, musical instruments, dolls, toys, games, pens,
pencils, buttons, brooms, and caskets. The emissions for each county
were calculated per the sample calculations below using a per capita
emission factor and U.S. Census Bureau population data. Point source
emissions, where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Population)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs VOC/person/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Population =1,269,904 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source not
> found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \ \frac{0\text{.}6\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\ \ \text{person}}{\text{year}}\  \right)\left( 1,\text{269},\text{904}\ \text{people} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \ \text{761},\text{942}\text{.}4\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}\  \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \ \text{380}\text{.}\text{9712}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC Emissions = 380.9712* *0.0028 = 1.0633 tons VOC
per day*

## NATURAL GAS AND LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) (4 SCCs)

(Residential Natural Gas SCC 2104006000, Commercial/Institutional
Natural Gas SCC 2103006000, Residential LPG SCC 2104007000,
Commercial/Institutional LPG SCC 2103007000)

Natural gas and LPG are used in residential, commercial/institutional,
and industrial facilities. Industrial natural gas and LPG consumption is
considered to be covered in the point source inventory. Area source
natural gas and LPG emissions were estimated using fuel consumption data
and AP-42 emission factors. Because monthly natural gas consumption data
were available, these data were used in developing the summer and winter
season work weekday allocation factors. Consumption data were
apportioned according to the number of dwelling units heating with
natural gas/LPG, which was available from U.S. Census Bureau data (for
residential sources), and according to the number of commercial sector
facilities, obtained from County Business Patterns (for
commercial/institutional sources). Commercial and Residential LPG
consumption was not available for 2002; therefore, the 2001 consumption
was grown to 2002 by applying the ratio of 2002 Commercial/Residential
propane sales in Pennsylvania to 2001 Commercial/Residential propane
sales in the Commonwealth. Commercial LPG consumption in 2001 was
obtained from the Energy Information Administration's *State Energy Data
2001*. Propane sales for 2001 and 2002 were obtained from *Petroleum
Marketing Annual**.*[^51] [^52] Each county's emissions were estimated
using the sample calculations below. For Commercial sector categories,
point sources, where present, were subtracted from the emissions of the
corresponding county.

*SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:*

*[Natural Gas]{.underline}*:

> *[Residential Natural Gas]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{StatewideResidential}\text{Natural}\text{Gas}\text{Consumption} \right) \cdot \left( \frac{\text{Natural-Gas-Burning County}\text{Dwelling}\text{Units}}{\text{Natural-Gas-Burning State }\text{Dwelling}\text{ Units}} \right)
\end{array}$$

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 5.5 lbs/MMcf (million cubic feet)/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 94 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 40 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *SO~2~ Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *PM25-FIL Emission Factor =1.9 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *PM-CON Emission Factor =5.7 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Pb Emission Factor = 0.0005 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Residential Natural Gas Consumption = 237,640 MMcf* [^53]
>
> *County Dwelling Units Heating with Natural Gas = 474,292 (Allegheny
> County)Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *State Dwelling Units Heating with Natural Gas = 2,452,941 unitsError:
> Reference source not found*

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{5\text{.}5\text{lbsVOC}\text{MMcf}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{237},\text{640}\text{MMcf} \right)\left( \frac{\text{474},\text{292}\ \text{county}\ \text{dwelling}\ \text{units}}{2,\text{452},\text{941}\ \text{state}\ \text{dwelling}\ \text{units}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{252},\text{720}\text{.}\text{7666}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{126}\text{.}\text{3604}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000783*[^54]

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 126.3604* *0.000783 = 0.0989 tons
VOC per day*

> *[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{40}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{MMcf}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{237},\text{640}\text{MMcf} \right)\left( \frac{\text{474},\text{292}\ \text{county}\ \text{dwelling}\ \text{units}}{2,\text{452},\text{941}\ \text{state}\ \text{dwelling}\ \text{units}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = 1,\text{837},\text{969}\text{.}\text{211}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{918}\text{.}\text{9846}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.000783Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 918.9846* *0.000783 = 0.7196 tons CO
per day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor =0.00526Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 918.9846* *0.00526 = 4.8370 tons CO
per day*

*[Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas]{.underline}*:

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{PA}\ \text{Commercial}\text{Natural}\text{Gas}\text{Consumption} \right)\left( \frac{\text{County}\text{Commercial}\text{Units}}{\text{State}\text{Commercial}\text{Units}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 5.5 lbs/MMcf (million cubic feet)/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 100 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 84 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *SO~2~ Emission Factor = 0.6 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *PM-CON Emission Factor = 5.7 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Pb Emission Factor = 0.0005 lbs/MMcf/yearError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Commercial Natural Gas Consumption = 148,346 MMcf Error: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *County Commercial Sector Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Commonwealth Commercial Sector Facilities = 197,795Error: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{5\text{.}5\text{lbsVOC}\text{MMcf}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{148},\text{346}\text{MMcf} \right)\left( \frac{\text{24},\text{654}\ \text{county}\ \text{commercial}\ \text{units}}{\text{197},\text{795}\ \text{state}\ \text{commercial}\ \text{units}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{101},\text{697}\text{.}\text{5786}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{50}\text{.}\text{8488}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor =0.00125*[^55]

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 50.8488 0.00125 = 0.0634 tons VOC
per day*

> *[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{84}\text{lbsCO}\text{MMcf}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{148},\text{346}\text{MMcf} \right)\left( \frac{\text{24},\text{654}\ \text{county}\ \text{commercial}\ \text{units}}{\text{197},\text{795}\ \text{state}\ \text{commercial}\ \text{units}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = 1,\text{553},\text{199}\text{.}\text{382}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{776}\text{.}\text{5997}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00125Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 776.5997 0.00125 = 0.9683 tons CO
per day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor =0.00478Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions =776.5997 0.00478 = 3.7121 tons CO per
day*

*[LPG]{.underline}*:

*[Residential LPG]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Residential}\ \text{LPG}\ \text{Consumption} \right) \cdot \left( \frac{\text{LPG} - \text{Burning}\ \text{County}\ \text{Dwelling}\ \text{Units}}{\text{LPG} - \text{Burning}\ \text{State}\ \text{Dwelling}\ \text{Units}} \right)
\end{array}$$

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 0.5 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 14 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *SO~2~ Emission Factor = 0.1 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found* *0.54 grains/100 cubic feet = 0.054 lbs/1000
> gallons/year*
>
> *PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.4 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.4 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.506 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Residential LPG Sulfur Content = 0.54 grains/100 cubic feetError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Residential LPG Consumption = 157,014,873.6 gallonsError: Reference
> source not found Error: Reference source not found 51*
>
> *County Dwelling Units Heating with LPG = 4317 units (Allegheny
> County)Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *Commonwealth Dwelling Units Heating with LPG = 145,254 unitsError:
> Reference source not found*

*[Residential LPG Consumption Calculation]{.underline}*: *Error:
Reference source not found* Error: Reference source not found 51

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{2002}\ \text{Residential}\ \text{LPG}\ \text{Consumption}\  = \ (\text{2001}\ \text{Residential}\ \text{LPG}\ \text{Consumption}) \cdot \frac{\text{2002}\ \text{PA}\ \text{Propane}\ \text{Consumption}}{\text{2001}\ \text{PA}\ \text{Propane}\ \text{Consumption}} \\
 = \text{3479}\text{.}\text{92024}\ \text{thousand }\ \text{barrels}\ \text{LPG} \cdot \frac{\text{822}\text{.}8\ \text{thousand}\ \text{gallons}\ \text{LPG per day}}{\text{765}\text{.}9\ \text{thousand gallons}\ \text{LPG per day}} \\
 = \text{3738}\text{.}\text{449}\text{ thousand barrels}\ \text{ LPG} \\
 \\
\text{3738}\text{.}\text{449}\ \text{thousand}\ \text{barrels}\ \text{LPG} \cdot \frac{\text{42}\ \text{gallons}}{1\ \text{barrel}} = \text{157},\text{014},\text{873}\text{.}6\ \text{gallons}\ \text{LPG}
\end{array}$$

Data Sources for Residential LPG Consumption Calculation:

2001 Residential LPG ConsumptionError: Reference source not found

2002 PA Propane ConsumptionError: Reference source not found

2001 PA Propane ConsumptionError: Reference source not found

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{0\text{.}5\ \text{lbsVOC}\text{1000}\text{gallons}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{157},\text{014},\text{873}\text{.}6\text{gallons} \right)\left( \frac{4,\text{317}\ \text{county}\ \text{dwelling}\ \text{units}}{\text{145},\text{254}\ \text{county}\ \text{dwelling}\ \text{units}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{2333}\text{.}\text{2687}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 1\text{.}\text{1666}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1.1666 0.00275 = 0.00321 tons VOC
per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{1\text{.}9\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{157},\text{014},\text{873}\text{.}6\ \text{gallons} \right)\left( \frac{4,\text{317}\ \text{county}\ \text{dwelling}\ \text{units}}{\text{145},\text{254}\ \text{county}\ \text{dwelling}\ \text{units}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{8866}\text{.}\text{4209}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 4\text{.}\text{4332}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 4.4332* *0.00275 = 0.0122 tons CO
per day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions* *winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 4.4332* *0.00275 = 0.0122 tons CO
per day*

*[Commercial/Institutional LPG]{.underline}*:

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Commercial}\text{LPG}\text{Consumption} \right)\left( \frac{\text{County}\text{Commercial}\text{Units}}{\text{State}\text{Commercial}\text{Units}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 0.5 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 14 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 1.9 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *SO~2~ Emission Factor = 0.1 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found 0.54 grains/100 cubic feet = 0.054 lbs/1000
> gallons/year*
>
> *PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.4 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.4 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.506 lbs/1000 gallons/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Commercial/Institutional LPG Sulfur Content = 0.54 grains/100 cubic
> feetError: Reference source not found*
>
> *Commercial LPG Consumption = 1,380,620.1 gallonsError: Reference
> source not found* Error: Reference source not found 51 (computed in
> the same manner as Residential LPG Consumption above)
>
> *County Commercial Facilities = 24,654 (Allegheny County)Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Commonwealth Commercial Facilities = 197,795 unitsError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{0\text{.}5\ \text{lbsVOC}\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( 1,\text{380},\text{620}\text{.}1\ \text{gallons} \right)\left( \frac{\text{24},\text{654}\ \text{county}\ \text{commercial}\ \text{units}}{\text{197},\text{795}\ \text{state}\ \text{commercial}\ \text{units}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{86}\text{.}\text{0431}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 0\text{.}\text{0430}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.0430 0.0028 = 0.000122 tons VOC
per day*

> *[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{1\text{.}9\ \text{lbsCO}\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( 1,\text{380},\text{620}\text{.}1\ \text{gallons} \right)\left( \frac{\text{24},\text{654}\ \text{county}\ \text{commercial}\ \text{units}}{\text{197},\text{795}\ \text{state}\ \text{commercial}\ \text{units}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{326}\text{.}\text{9640}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 0\text{.}\text{1635}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = 0.1635* *0.0028 = 0.000462 tons CO
per day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions* *winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0028Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 0.1635* *0.0028 = 0.000462 tons CO
per day*

## OPEN BURNING (5 SCCs)

(Residential Municipal Solid Waste Open Burning SCC 2610030000;
Residential Leaf Open Burning SCC 2610000100; Residential Brush Open
Burning SCC 2610000400; Commercial/Institutional Open Burning SCC
2610020000, Industrial Open Burning SCC 2610010000)

Open burning can be done in open drums or baskets, in fields and yards,
and in large open dumps or pits. Materials commonly disposed of in this
manner include municipal waste, auto body components, landscape refuse,
agricultural field refuse, wood refuse, bulky industrial refuse, and
leaves. For emission inventory purposes, Open Burning is divided into
five categories: Residential Municipal Solid Waste (MSW); Residential
Leaf; Residential Brush; Commercial/Institutional; and Industrial.

Criteria pollutant annual emissions associated with three of the
Residential Open Burning categories (i.e., MSW, Leaf, and Brush) were
compiled from an inventory prepared for the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast
Visibility Union (MANE-VU).[^56] Because the MANE-VU estimates were
prepared at the Census tract level, it was necessary to aggregate these
estimates to the county-level. In many cases, it was necessary to
develop a county-level RP value by weighting MANE-VU inventory Census
tract level RP values by Census tract emissions. Seasonal emission
estimates were calculated from the annual estimates using the temporal
allocation profiles developed in the MANE-VU inventory project.

Annual emission estimates for Commercial/Institutional and Industrial
Open Burning were calculated in this project using AP-42 emission
factors and population and employment based emission activity loading
factors.Error: Reference source not found Error: Reference source not
found U.S. Census Bureau population data were used in the Residential
and Commercial/Institutional calculations, while the number of
Manufacturing employees (NAICS 31-33) was used for the Industrial
category. The 2001 Manufacturing sector employment data from County
Business PatternsError: Reference source not found was grown to 2002
using the ratio of the 2002 Pennsylvania Manufacturing sector employment
to the 2001 Pennsylvania Manufacturing sector employment obtained from
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.Error: Reference source not found
Seasonal Commercial/Institutional and Industrial emission estimates were
developed by applying temporal allocation profiles from EPA's EMCH to
the annual emission estimates.Error: Reference source not found
Commercial/Institutional and Industrial Open Burning are prohibited in
the Commonwealth. An 80 percent RE value was applied to each county's
Commercial/Institutional and Industrial emissions to reflect less than
100 percent compliance with the burning ban.[^57] For the Industrial and
Commercial sector source categories, point source emissions, where
present, were subtracted from these emission estimates.

The following provides samples of the emission calculations performed in
this effort for each of the five open burning categories.

*SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:*

*[Residential MSW Open Burning]{.underline}*:

*(See MANE-VU inventory report for discussion of annual emission
calculations)Error: Reference source not found*

*Annual VOC emissions (Allegheny County) = 0.3823 tons VOC per year*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0021Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.3823 0.0021 = 0.0008 tons VOC per
day*

*Annual PM10-PRI emissions (Allegheny County) = 1.6979 tons VOC per
year*

*Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = annual PM10-PRI emissions
winter work weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0021Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = 1.6979 0.0021 = 7.2489 tons
VOC per day*

*[Residential Leaf Open Burning]{.underline}*:

*(See MANE-VU inventory report for discussion of annual emission
calculations)Error: Reference source not found*

*Because the summer and winter season work weekday allocation factors
for leaf burning are 0, summer season work weekday and winter season
work weekday emissions are 0.*

*[Residential Brush Open Burning]{.underline}*:

*(See MANE-VU inventory report for discussion of annual emission
calculations)Error: Reference source not found*

*Annual VOC emissions (Allegheny County) = 0.2263 tons VOC per year*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.0005Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.2263 0.0005 = 0.0001 tons VOC per
day*

*Annual PM10-PRI emissions (Allegheny County) = 0.235 tons VOC per year*

*Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = annual PM10-PRI emissions
winter work weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0017Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = 0.235 0.0017 = 0.00004 tons
VOC per day*

*[Commercial/Institutional Open Burning]{.underline}*:

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Loading}\text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Population} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{CE}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RP}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RE}}{\text{100}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 30 lbs VOC/ton waste/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 6 lbs NO~x~/ton waste/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 85 lbs CO/ton waste/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Loading Factor = 24 tons waste/1000 peopleError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Population = 94,437 people ([Adams]{.underline} County -- this is
> non-air basin county)Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *CE (Control Efficiency) = 100%Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%*
>
> *RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 80%Error: Reference source not found*

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{30}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{ton}\ \text{waste}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \frac{\text{24}\ \text{tons}\ \text{waste}}{\text{1000}\ \text{people}} \right)\left( \text{94},\text{437}\ \text{people} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{80}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{13},\text{598}\text{.}\text{928}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 6\text{.}\text{7995}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 6.7995 0.00275 = 0.0187 tons VOC
per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{85}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{CO}\text{ton}\ \text{waste}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \frac{\text{24}\ \text{tons}\ \text{waste}}{\text{1000}\ \text{people}} \right)\left( \text{94},\text{437}\ \text{people} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{80}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{38},\text{530}\text{.}\text{296}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{19}\text{.}\text{2651}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions =19.2651 0.00275 = 0.0530 tons CO per
day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions* *winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 19.2651* *0.00275 = 0.0530 tons CO
per day*

*[Industrial Open Burning]{.underline}*:

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Loading}\text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Employees} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{CE}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RP}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RE}}{\text{100}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factors are the same as for Commercial/Institutional Open
> Burning*
>
> *Loading Factor = 160 tons waste/1000 employeesError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Employees = 8,216 employees ([Adams]{.underline} County -- this is
> non-air basin county)* ^Error:\ Reference\ source\ not\ found^ *Error:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Control Efficiency = 100%Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *Rule Penetration = 100%*
>
> *Rule Effectiveness = 80%Error: Reference source not found*

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{30}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{ton}\ \text{waste}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \frac{\text{160}\ \text{tons}\ \text{waste}}{\text{1000}\ \text{employees}} \right)\left( \text{8216}\ \text{employees} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{80}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{7887}\text{.}\text{36}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 3\text{.}\text{9437}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 3.9437* *0.00275 = 0.0108 tons VOC
per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{85}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{CO}\text{ton}\ \text{waste}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \frac{\text{160}\ \text{tons}\ \text{waste}}{\text{1000}\ \text{employees}} \right)\left( \text{8216}\ \text{employees} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{80}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{22},\text{347}\text{.}\text{52}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{11}\text{.}\text{1738}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions =11.1738* *0.00275 = 0.0307 tons CO
per day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions* *winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 11.1738* *0.00275 = 0.0307 tons CO
per day*

## OTHER SPECIAL PURPOSE COATING (SCC 2401200000)

This category includes special purpose coatings used for applications
such as maintenance operations at industrial and other facilities, auto
refinishing, traffic paints, marine finishes, and aerosol sprays. Note
that this category covers those specific coating processes not already
included in other source categories (e.g., High Performance Industrial
Maintenance Coatings). Emissions for this category were estimated using
a per capita emission factor and U.S. Bureau of the Census population
data. Each county's emissions were calculated per the following sample
calculations.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Population} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{CE}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RP}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RE}}{\text{100}} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 0.8 lbs VOC/person/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Control Efficiency = 20%* Error: Reference source not found
>
> *Rule Penetration = 100%*
>
> *Rule Effectiveness = 100%*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{0\text{.}8\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{person}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( 1,\text{269},\text{904}\ \text{people} \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{20}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{812},\text{738}\text{.}\text{56}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}}\  = \text{406}\text{.}\text{3693}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00356 Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 406.3693* *0.00356 = 1.4473 tons
VOC per day*

## OTHER TRANSPORTATION (SCC 2401085000)

This source category includes the finishing of vehicles and vehicle
parts not included in other source categories (note that area source
emissions were not estimated for the Motor Vehicle Surface Coating
category because all Pennsylvania automobile assembly plants are assumed
to be included in the point source inventory). The emissions for each
county were calculated per the sample calculations below using an
employment-based emission factor and employee data from NAICS Codes
33633, 33634, 33635, 333924, 336312, 336322, 336399, 336411, 336413, and
33651. The number of employees in each county for 2001 was obtained from
*County Business PatternsError: Reference source not found* and grown to
2002 using the ratio or 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total
Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.Error: Reference source not found Point source emissions,
where present, were subtracted from these emission estimates. Note that
emissions for this category are reported using the Railroad SCC because
there is no "Other Transportation" SCC.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)*

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 35 lbs VOC/employee/yearError: Reference source
> not found*
>
> *Employees = 2556 employees (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source
> not found Error: Reference source not found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{35}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{employee}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{2556}\ \text{employees} \right)\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \ \text{89},\text{460}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{44}\text{.}\text{73}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00287 Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 44.73* *0.00287 = 0.1282 tons VOC
per day*

## PESTICIDE APPLICATION (SCC 2461800000)

Pesticides, which contain petroleum solvents and synthetic organic
ingredients, are used to kill or retard the growth of insects, rodents,
fungi, weeds, or microorganisms. The bulk of pesticide application is
associated with agriculture and, therefore, occurs in rural areas. The
VOC emissions for each county were estimated using an emission factor
based on the number of harvested acres. Harvested acreage data were
obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Agricultural
Statistics Service.Error: Reference source not found

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Acres Harvested)*

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 3.5 lbs VOC /acre harvested/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Acres Harvested = 10,527.2490 acres harvested (Allegheny
> County)*[^58]

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{3\text{.}5\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{acres}\ \text{harvested}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \text{10},\text{527}\text{.}\text{2490}\ \text{acres}\ \text{harvested} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{36},\text{845}\text{.}\text{3716}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{18}\text{.}\text{4227}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00277Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 18.4227 0.00277 = 0.0510 tons VOC
per day*

## PORTABLE GASOLINE CONTAINERS (SCC 2501060300)

This category covers emissions from residential and commercial sector
portable gasoline containers. This category accounts for permeation,
diurnal, transport, spillage, and vapor displacement emissions.
Permeation, diurnal, and transport emissions are based on daily gasoline
container throughput data. Gasoline throughput for 2002 was estimated
based on gas container population and use data obtained from a
California Air Resources Board survey.[^59] The year 2002 residential
container population was estimated from the county-level number of
occupied housing units.[^60] For counties for which 2002 occupied
housing units data were not available, 2000 year housing units data[^61]
were projected to 2002 based on county population growth rates.Error:
Reference source not found The year 2002 commercial container population
was estimated from the number of commercial sector businesses.[^62]
County-level nonroad equipment gasoline consumption estimates were
obtained from the NONROAD model.[^63]

County-level year 2002 housing unit, commercial facility, and gasoline
throughput data were then used in the emission calculation procedures
described in *Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone
Transport Commission Model Rules.Error: Reference source not found* For
the permeation, diurnal, and transport emission processes, these
procedures result in daily emission estimates for both residential and
commercial. These emissions were converted to annual emissions by
multiplying by 214 days based on the assumption that nonroad equipment
is fueled via gas containers primarily between April and October. The
resulting annual emission estimates were then added to the spillage and
vapor displacement annual emissions estimates, which were developed from
annual NONROAD model gasoline consumption data, to yield total portable
gasoline container annual emissions for each county. Summer season work
weekday allocation factors were developed from the NONROAD model
temporal allocations and applied to the annual emissions estimates to
obtain summer season workday emissions.Error: Reference source not found

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:*

*[For Allegheny County]{.underline}*:

$$\text{Annual Permeation, Diurnal, and Transport VOC Emissions } = \sum_{}^{}\text{Daily Emissions} \times \text{ 214 days}$$

> *where (calculated using Ozone Transport Commission methods):*
>
> *Allegheny Residential Permeation VOC Emissions = 299,065.1043 g/day*
>
> *Allegheny Residential Diurnal VOC Emissions = 2,582,567.049 g/day*
>
> *Allegheny Residential Transport VOC Emissions = 141,733.9079 g/day*
>
> *Allegheny Commercial Permeation VOC Emissions = 41,816.3711 g/day*
>
> *Allegheny Commercial Diurnal VOC Emissions = 408,285.9064 g/day*
>
> *Allegheny Commercial Transport VOC Emissions = 255,584.0428 g/day*

*Annual Permeation, Diurnal, and Transport VOC Emissions =*
3,729,052.382 g/day 214

*Annual Permeation, Diurnal, and Transport VOC Emissions* =
798,017,209.6 *g/year*

*Total Annual Emissions = Annual Permeation, Diurnal, and Transport
Emissions + Annual Spillage Emissions + Annual Vapor Displacement
Emissions*

> *where:*
>
> *Spillage VOC Emissions = 307,338,392.7 g/year*
>
> *Vapor Displacement VOC Emissions = 93,509,532.4 g/year*

*Total Annual Emissions =* 798,017,209.6 *g/year* + 307,338,392.7
*g/year* + 93,509,532.4 *g/year*

*Total Annual Emissions =* 1,198,865,134.7 *g/year*
$\frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{907},\text{184}\text{.}\text{74}\ g}$

*=* 1,321.5226 tons/year

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month proportion weekday
ratio/number of weekdays in summer*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.3600 0.692/65 = 0.00383
Error: Reference source not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 1321.5226 0.00383 = 5.0639* *tons
VOC per day*

## REFRIGERANT LOSSES (SCC 2399010000)

This source category covers industrial refrigerant losses from
refrigeration equipment used in such industries as ice cream
manufacturing, meat packing plants, ice manufacturing, and refrigerated
warehousing. Losses occur in both the normal use of refrigeration
systems and during malfunctions. Emissions for each county were
estimated using an employment-based emission factor[^64]^,^[^65] and the
number of employees in the following NAICS codes: 311611, 311612,
311613, 311615, 311512-311514, 31152, 311411, 311412, 311421-311423,
31181, 31132, 31133, 31211-31213, 31171, 312113, 311991, 311999, 325211,
49312, 311612, 42281, 42282. The number of employees in each county was
obtained from *County Business Patterns*[^66] and grown to 2002 using
the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to 2001 total
Commonwealth employees obtained from the Bureau of Labor Statistics
(BLS). Each county's emissions were estimated per the sample
calculations below.

SAMPLE NH~3~ EMISSION CALCULATION:

*Annual NH~3~ Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees in
Sector)*

> *Where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 30 lbs NH~3~/ employee/ year*
>
> *Employees = 8265 (Allegheny County)*

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{NH}3\ \text{Eissions} \equiv \left\lbrack \frac{\text{30}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{NH}\frac{3}{\text{employee}}}{\text{year}} \right\rbrack\left( \text{8265}\ \text{employees} \right)$$

Annual NH~3~ Emissions = 247,950 pounds NH~3~ per year \*
$\frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}}$= 123.975 tons NH~3~/
year

## commercial and residential. Emission estimates account for permeation, diurnal, transport-spillage, spillage, and vapor displacement emissions. Estimated use data is based on survey information from the California Air Resources Board. The number of housing units is used as an indicator for residential containers. The number of commercial businesses expected to have at least one gas container is used to estimate commercial use. Emissions for 1996 were taken from estimates developed for the analysis of the OTC Model Rules^29^. Emissions were then projected to 1999 using population as the growth indicatoPUBLIC OWNED TREATMENT WORKS (3 SCCs)

Public Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) are wastewater treatment plants
typically owned by municipalities. Emissions are calculated for three
POTW processes: POTW Wastewater Treatment Processes (SCC 2630020010),
POTW Biosolids Processes (SCC 2630020020), and Biosolids Land
Application (SCC 2630050000). Biosolids are recyclable solid, semisolid,
or liquid untreated residue from sewage treatment in a wastewater
treatment plant.

Although both VOC and NH~3~ emissions result from each of the three
processes included in this category, VOC emissions are only estimated
for POTW Wastewater Treatment Processes (SCC 2630020010) because of the
lack of VOC emission factors for the other processes. Annual NH~3~
emission estimates were taken from an on-going Mid-Atlantic/Northeast
Visibility Union (MANE-VU) inventory development project. As part of
this Pennsylvania inventory effort, annual VOC emissions were estimated
for the POTW Wastewater Treatment Processes category using the MANE-VU
project Pennsylvania emission activity data (total POTW flow) and an
AP-42 sewage treatment emission factor.Error: Reference source not found
Summer season work weekday emissions were calculated for each process
using a summer season work weekday allocation factor based on EIIP
temporal allocation guidance.Error: Reference source not found

Year 2000 POTW flow data for Pennsylvania facilities were obtained from
the EPA Office of Wastewater Management's year 2000 Clean Watersheds
Needs Survey.[^67] Year 2002 wastewater flow was estimated from the
county population change between 2000 and 2002.Error: Reference source
not found Year 2000 statewide biosolids generation was obtained from
BioCycle 2000.[^68] Facility-level biosolids production was estimated
based on allocating State generation using facility-level wastewater
flow rates. Year 2002 biosolids generation was estimated by applying
Bureau of Census county population growth rates to year 2000
generation.Error: Reference source not found Land application of total
biosolids generation was calculated by multiplying total generation by
55 percent, which represents the percentage of total Pennsylvania
biosolids generation applied to land.Error: Reference source not found
Further information on the annual emission estimation methods for the
processes in this category will be available in a forthcoming report
prepared for MANE-VU. Where present, point source emissions were
subtracted from the emissions of the corresponding county. Each county's
emissions were calculated per the following sample calculations.

*SAMPLE VOC CALCULATIONS:*

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{County Wastewater Flow} \right)$$

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 8.9 lbs VOC/millions of gallons flow*
>
> *Flow = 75,290.54 million gallons (Allegheny County)*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{8\text{.}9\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{million}\ \text{gallons}}{\text{year}} \right)\ \left( \text{75},\text{290}\text{.}\text{54}\ E6\text{}\text{gallons} \right) = \text{670},\text{085}\text{.}\text{81}\ \text{lbs} \\
\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{670},\text{085}\text{.}\text{81}\ \text{lbs}\left( \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} \right) = \text{335}\text{.}\text{04}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00385Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 335.04 0.00385 = 1.2899 tons VOC
per day*

SAMPLE NH~3~ CALCULATION:

$$\text{Annual NH3 Emissions } = \frac{\left( \text{G x EF}_{\text{NH3}} \right)}{\text{2000}}$$

> *Where:*
>
> *G = Annual amount of wastewater processed (MMgal) = 75,290 (Allegheny
> Co.)*
>
> *EF~NH3~ = Ammonia emission factor of 0.027 lb/ MMgal (Pechan,
> 2004a)Error: Reference source not found*

*Annual NH~3~ Emissions =*
$\frac{\left( \text{75},\text{290}\ \text{MMgal}\ x\ 0\text{.}\text{027}\ \text{lb}\ \text{NH}3 \right)}{\text{2000}}$*=
1.016415 Tons NH~3~*

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc107389784 .anchor}RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION (7
SCCs)

(Fireplaces: Without Inserts SCC 2104008001; Fireplaces: Inserts -
Catalytic, non-EPA-certified SCC 2104008002; Fireplaces: Inserts -
Non-catalytic, EPA-certified SCC 2104008003; Fireplaces: Inserts -
Catalytic, EPA-certified SCC 2104008004; Woodstoves - Conventional SCC
2104008010; Woodstoves - Catalytic SCC 2104008030; and Woodstoves -
Non-catalytic SCC 2104008050)

Criteria pollutant annual emissions associated with residential heating
with wood were compiled from the 2002 nonpoint source National Emissions
Inventory (NEI).Error: Reference source not found The 2002 NEI reports
residential wood combustion emissions in seven SCCs, each of which
representing a specific combustion equipment type. The NEI reports
emissions for the following criteria pollutants: VOC, NO~x~, CO, SO~2~,
PM10-PRI, and PM25-PRI. The NEI residential wood combustion emission
estimation methodology is based on the national population of each
equipment type and an estimate of the amount of wood burned in each type
of equipment. The national wood combustion estimates by equipment type
were then allocated to counties using a number of steps. These steps
incorporated information on heating degree days by climate zone, and the
urban/rural designation and number of single-family detached homes in
each county. Further details on the annual emission estimation
methodology are available in a forthcoming 2002 nonpoint source NEI
document. Error: Reference source not found

The majority of the residential wood combustion emission factors were
obtained from EPA\'s AP-42 document.Error: Reference source not found
County-level seasonal throughput percentages developed for the 2002 NEI
were applied in this effort to estimate winter season work weekday
emissions (no residential wood combustion activity was allocated to
summer season months).

*SAMPLE SEASONAL CALCULATION (FIREPLACES WITHOUT INSERTS):*

*Annual PM10-PRI emissions (Allegheny County) = 59.8205 tons VOC per
year*

*Winter work weekday PM10-PRI emissions = annual PM10-PRI emissions
winter work weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.0044*

*Winter work weekday VOC emissions = 59.8205 0.0044 = 0.2632 tons VOC
per day*

## commercial and residential. Emission estimates account for permeation, diurnal, transport-spillage, spillage, and vapor displacement emissions. Estimated use data is based on survey information from the California Air Resources Board. The number of housing units is used as an indicator for residential containers. The number of commercial businesses expected to have at least one gas container is used to estimate commercial use. Emissions for 1996 were taken from estimates developed for the analysis of the OTC Model Rules^29^. Emissions were then projected to 1999 using population as the growth indicatoSOLID WASTE INCINERATION (2 SCCs)

(Commercial/Institutional Solid Waste Incineration SCC 2601020000,
Industrial Solid Waste Incineration SCC 2601010000)

Solid waste may consist of any discarded solid materials from commercial
or industrial sources. The materials may be combustible or
noncombustible, and are often burned to reduce bulk, unless direct
burial is either available or practical. The resulting pollutants for
the purpose of this inventory are VOC, NO~x~, and CO. On-site
incineration is the confined burning of waste leaves, landscape refuse,
or other refuse or rubbish. Slash and large scale agricultural open
burning are not included in this emission category.

The emissions for each county were estimated per the sample calculations
below using emission factors and loading factors from AP-42, population
data from the U.S. Census Bureau, and employee data from *County
Business Patterns*. Point source emissions, where present, were
subtracted from these emission estimates.

*SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:*

*[Commercial/Institutional Solid Waste Incineration]{.underline}*:

*Annual Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Loading Factor)(Population)*

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 9.8 lbs VOC/ton waste burned/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 3.7 lbs NO~x~/ton waste burned/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 37 lbs CO/ton waste burned/yearError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Loading Factor = 54 tons/1000 peopleError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Population = 1,269,904 people (Allegheny County)Error: Reference
> source not found*

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{9\text{.}8\text{lbsVOC}\text{ton}\ \text{waste}\ \text{burned}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \frac{\text{54}\ \text{tons}\ \text{waste}}{\text{1000}\ \text{people}} \right)\left( 1,\text{269},\text{904}\ \text{people} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{672},\text{033}\text{.}\text{1968}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{336}\text{.}\text{0166}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 336.0166 0.00275 = 0.9240 tons VOC
per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{37}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{CO}\text{ton}\ \text{waste}\ \text{burned}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \frac{\text{54}\ \text{tons}\ \text{waste}}{\text{1000}\ \text{people}} \right)\left( 1,\text{269},\text{904}\ \ \text{people} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = 2,\text{537},\text{268}\text{.}\text{192}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{1268}\text{.}\text{6341}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions =1268.6341 0.00275 = 3.4887 tons CO
per day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 1268.6341 0.00275 = 3.4887 tons CO
per day*

*[Industrial Solid Waste Incineration]{.underline}*:

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Loading Factor)(Number of
Employees)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factors are the same as noted above*
>
> *Loading Factor = 560 tons/1000 employeesError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *Employees = 48,544 employees (Allegheny County)Error: Reference
> source not found Error: Reference source not found*

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{9\text{.}8\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{ton}\ \text{waste}\ \text{burned}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \frac{\text{560}\ \text{tons}\ \text{waste}\ \text{burned}}{\text{1000}\ \text{employees}} \right)\left( \text{48,544}\ \text{employees} \right)\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{266},\text{409}\text{.}\text{472}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{133}\text{.}\text{2047}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 133.2047 0.00275 = 0.3663 tons VOC
per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{37}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{CO}\text{ton}\ \text{waste}\ \text{burned}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \frac{\text{560}\ \text{tons}\ \text{waste}\ \text{burned}}{\text{1000}\ \text{employees}} \right)\left( \text{48,544}\ \text{employees} \right)\  \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = 1,\text{005},\text{831}\text{.}\text{68}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{502}\text{.}\text{9158}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions =502.9158 0.00275 = 1.3830 tons CO per
day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.00275Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 502.9158 0.00275 = 1.3830 tons CO
per day*

## STRUCTURE FIRES (SCC 2810030000)

Building fires can produce short-term emissions of VOC, NO~x~, CO, and
PM. Structure fire emissions were estimated using emission factors, a
loading factor, and a default number of fires per capita (note that
PM10-FIL, PM25-FIL, and PM-CON emission factors were not available).
Population data were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau. Each county's
emissions were calculated per the following sample calculations.

*Annual Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Loading Factor)(Per Capita \# of
Fires)(Population)*

> *where:*
>
> *VOC Emission Factor = 11 lbs VOC/ton material burned/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *NO~x~ Emission Factor = 1.4 lbs NO~x~/ton material burned/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *CO Emission Factor = 60 lbs CO/ton material burned/yearError:
> Reference source not found*
>
> *Loading Factor = 1.15 tons material/fire*[^69]
>
> *Per Capita Number of Fires = 0.0018 fires/person*[^70]
>
> *Population = 1,269,904 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source not
> found*

*[VOC Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{11}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{tons}\text{material}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \frac{1\text{.}\text{15}\ \text{tons}\text{material}}{\text{fire}} \right)\left( \frac{0\text{.}\text{0018}\ \text{fires}}{\text{person}} \right)\left( 1,\text{269},\text{904}\ \text{people} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{28},\text{912}\text{.}\text{168}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{14}\text{.}\text{4560}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002427*[^71]

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 14.4560 0.002427 = 0.03509 tons VOC
per day*

*[CO Emissions]{.underline}*:

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{60}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{CO}\text{ton}\text{material}}{\text{year}} \right)\left( \frac{1\text{.}\text{15}\ \text{tons}\text{material}}{\text{fire}} \right)\left( \frac{0\text{.}\text{0018}\ \text{fires}}{\text{person}} \right)\left( 1,\text{269},\text{904}\ \text{people} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{CO}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{157},\text{702}\text{.}\text{7342}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{78}\text{.}\text{8514}\ \text{tons}\ \text{CO}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.002427Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday CO emissions =78.8514 0.002427 = 0.1914 tons CO per
day*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = annual CO emissions winter work
weekday allocation factor*

*Winter work weekday allocation factor = 0.003126Error: Reference source
not found*

*Winter work weekday CO emissions = 78.8514 0.003126 = 0.2465 tons CO
per day*

## TRAFFIC LINE PAINTING (SCC 2401008000)

Traffic paints are used to mark pavement in applications such as
dividing lines for traffic lanes, parking space markings, crosswalks,
and arrows. The markings are usually applied by Commonwealth or local
highway maintenance crews. VOC emissions result from the evaporation of
organic solvents during and shortly after application of the marking
paint. Each county's emissions were calculated per "Alternative Method
Three" described in the EIIP emission estimation guidance document for
this category.[^72] The calculation uses a national per capita emission
factor based on 2002 data for national traffic paint consumption and
U.S. population. Control efficiency, rule penetration, and rule
effectiveness factors were incorporated into the final calculation.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

$$\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \text{Emission}\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Per Capita}\ \text{Usage }\ \text{Factor} \right)\left( \text{Population} \right) \cdot \ \left( 1 - \frac{\text{CE}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RP}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{RE}}{\text{100}} \right)$$

$$\text{Per }\ \text{Capita }\ \text{Usage}\ \text{ Factor } = \frac{\text{2002}\ \text{ National }\ \text{Traffic }\ \text{Paint }\ \text{Consumption}}{\text{2002  U}\text{.}S\text{.}\ \text{Population}}$$

*National per Capita Usage Factor = 39,397,000
gallons*[^73]*/288,368,698 peopleError: Reference source not found*

*National per Capita Usage Factor = 0.1366 gallons/person*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 3.36 lbs VOC/gallonError: Reference source not
> found*
>
> *National per Capita Usage Factor = 0.1366 gallons/person*
>
> Population =1,269,904 (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source not
> found
>
> *CE (Control Efficiency) = 20% Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *RP (Rule Penetration) = 100%*
>
> *RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{3\text{.}\text{36}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\ \ \text{gallon}}{\text{year}} \right)\ \left( 0\text{.}\text{1366}\ \frac{\text{gallons}}{\text{person}} \right)\left( \ 1,\text{269},\text{904}\ \text{people}\  \right)\left( 1 - \frac{\text{20}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \ \text{466},\text{353}\text{.}\text{4473}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{233}\text{.}\text{1767}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00356 Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 233.1767 0.00356 = 0.8305 tons VOC
per day*

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc107389788 .anchor}WINERIES (SCC 2302070005)

Winery emissions result from the entrainment of ethanol by carbon
dioxide during wine fermentation. Factors affecting ethanol emissions
are handling techniques, temperature, process equipment design, and
fermenting parameters. Other sources of emissions from the wine making
process are blending, transferring, racking and storing of the wine.

Emissions were determined using 2002 county-level wine production data
provided by the Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board (PLCB).[^74] Because
monthly production data were available, these data were used to develop
the seasonal allocation factors for this category. The emission factors
for both red and white wines were obtained from AP-42.[^75] Since the
emission factors for the two types of wines are different, but wine type
production data are no longer available, wine production in the
Commonwealth was assumed to be 60 percent white wine and 40 percent red
wine. [^76] Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from
these emission estimates. Each county's emissions were estimated per the
following sample calculations.

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:*

> Annual VOC Emissions = (0.6 White Wine Emission Factor + 0.4 Red Wine
> Emission Factor) (2002 Total Wine Production)
>
> *where:*
>
> *White Wine Emission Factor = 1.80873 lbs VOC/1000 gallons white
> wine/year^Error:\ Reference\ source\ not\ found^*
>
> *Red Wine Emission Factor = 4.6236 lbs VOC/1000 gallons red
> wine/yearError: Reference source not found*
>
> *2002 Total Wine Production = 8.270 thousand gallons (Adams
> County)Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *2002 Summer Wine Production = 3.000 thousand gallons (Adams
> County)Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *White Wine Production Factor = 60% of wine producedError: Reference
> source not found*
>
> *Red Wine Production Factor = 40% of wine producedError: Reference
> source not found*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( 0\text{.}6 \cdot \frac{1\text{.}\text{80873}\ \text{lbs}}{\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}} + 0\text{.}4 \cdot \frac{4\text{.}\text{6236}\ \text{lbs}}{\text{1000}\ \text{gallons}} \right)\left( 8\text{.}\text{270}\ \text{thousand}\ \text{gallons} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \text{24}\text{.}\text{2698}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = 0\text{.}\text{0121}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = summer month wine
production/annual wine production weekday ratio/number of weekdays in
summer*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 3.000/8.270 0.715/65 = 0.00399
(Adams County)Error: Reference source not found Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 0.0121 0.00399 = 0.0000484* *tons
VOC per day*

## WOOD FURNITURE MANUFACTURING (SCC 2401020000)

This source category includes establishments engaged in the manufacture
of wood home or office furniture. VOC emissions result from the
evaporation of solvents used in the finish coats and cleanup procedures.
Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from these
emission estimates. Each county's emissions were calculated according to
the sample calculations below using a per employee emission factor and
the number of employees in NAICS codes 337122, 337127, 337129, 337211,
and 337212. The number of employees in each county for 2001 was obtained
from *County Business PatternsError: Reference source not found* and
grown to 2002 using the ratio of 2002 total Commonwealth employees to
2001 total Commonwealth employees obtained from the *Bureau of Labor
Statistics (BLS).Error: Reference source not found*

A 30 percent reduction in VOC emissions was assumed based on a
RACT-based regulation.[^77]

*SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:*

*Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Employees)(30% Control
Efficiency Reduction)*

> *where:*
>
> *Emission Factor = 1,311 lbs VOC/employee/year*[^78]
>
> *Employees = 256 employees (Allegheny County)Error: Reference source
> not found Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *Control Efficiency = 30%Error: Reference source not found*
>
> *Rule Penetration = 100%*
>
> *Rule Effectiveness = 80%*

$$\begin{array}{r}
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions} = \left( \frac{\text{1311}\ \text{lbs}\ \text{VOC}\text{employee}}{\text{year}} \right)\ \left( \text{256}\ \text{employees} \right)\ \left( 1 - \frac{\text{30}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{100}}{\text{100}} \cdot \frac{\text{80}}{\text{100}} \right) \\
\text{Annual}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{Emissions}\  = \ \text{255},\text{068}\text{.}\text{16}\ \text{pounds}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year} \cdot \frac{1\ \ \text{ton}}{\text{2000}\ \text{lbs}} = \text{127}\text{.}\text{5341}\ \text{tons}\ \text{VOC}\ \text{per}\ \text{year}
\end{array}$$

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = annual VOC emissions summer work
weekday allocation factor*

*Summer work weekday allocation factor = 0.00277Error: Reference source
not found*

*Summer work weekday VOC emissions = 127.5341* *0.00277 = 0.3539* *tons
VOC per day*

# APPENDIX A: REFERENCES

[^1]: Eastern Research Group, Inc., "Emission Inventory Improvement
    Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 1,
    Introduction to Area Source Emission Inventory Development (Revised
    Final)," prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission Inventory
    Improvement Program, January 2001. (Note: Because this inventory was
    prepared prior to November 2005, the Commonwealth did not apply the
    rule effectivness guidance found in EPA-454/P-05-001)

[^2]: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, *County
    Business Patterns 2001, Pennsylvania*, available from
    [http://www.census.gov/epcd/cbp/view/cbpview.html.
    2003](http://www.census.gov/epcd/cbp/view/cbpview.html. 2003),
    accessed October 2003.

[^3]: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, *Current Employment Statistics*,
    available from <http://www.bls.gov/cew/home.htm>, accessed November
    2003.

[^4]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Temporal Allocation Data,"
    Emissions Modeling Clearinghouse, available from
    <http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/temporal/>, accessed November
    2003.

[^5]: 63 FR 48848, 1998: *Federal Register*, \"National Volatile Organic
    Compound Emission Standards for Architectural Coatings, Final Rule,
    Volume 63, Number 176, September 11, 1998.

[^6]: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "Table 2: 2002
    Architectural Coating Shipments," *Current Industrial Reports, Paint
    and Allied Products: 2002*, available from
    <http://www.census.gov/industry/1/ma325f02.pdf>), accessed October
    2003.

[^7]: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, "County
    Population Estimates Data Sets," available from
    <http://eire.census.gov/popest/estimates_dataset.php>, accessed
    November 2003.

[^8]: Eastern Research Group, "Emission Inventory Improvement Program,
    Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 3, Architectural
    Surface Coating," prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission
    Inventory Improvement Program, November 1995.

[^9]: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., *Control Measure Development
    Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission Model Rules*,
    prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.

[^10]: Glen Heilman, Pennsylvania Association of Asphalt Material
    Applicators, personal communication with Andrea Ramsey, E.H. Pechan
    & Associates, Inc., February 2004.

[^11]: Eastern Research Group, Inc., "Emission Inventory Improvement
    Program, Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 17,
    Asphalt Paving (Revised Final)," prepared for the Area Sources
    Committee, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, January 2001.

[^12]: Dan Szekeres, Michael Baker Corporation, personal communication
    with Andy Bollman, E. H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 2003.

[^13]: 25 Pa. Code Section 129.64, "Cutback Asphalt Paving," available
    from
    <http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.64.html>,
    accessed February 2004.

[^14]: Dan Szekeres, Michael Baker Corporation, personal communication
    with Andy Bollman, E. H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 2003.

[^15]: Steve Fulk, Pennsylvania Association of Asphalt Material
    Applicators, personal communication with Andrea Ramsey, E. H. Pechan
    & Associates, Inc., February, 2004.

[^16]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
    Planning and Standards, *Procedures for the Preparation of Emission
    Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone, Volume 1,
    General Guidance for Stationary Sources*, EPA-450/4-91-016, May
    1991.

[^17]: 25 Pa. Code Section 129.75, "Mobile Equipment Repair and
    Refinishing." available from
    <http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.75.html>,
    accessed January 2004.

[^18]: 63 FR 48806, 1998: *Federal Register*, "National Volatile Organic
    Compound Emission Standards for Automobile Refinish Coatings, Final
    Rule," Volume 63, Number 176, September 11, 1998.

[^19]: Lucy Adams, Radian Corporation, memorandum to SIP inventory
    preparers and EPA Regions, "VOC Emissions from Bakeries," prepared
    under contract to the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Contract No. 68-D0-0125),
    April 24, 1992.

[^20]: Monthly statewide beer production data from Alcohol and Tobacco
    Tax and Trade Bureau, available from
    <http://www.ttb.gov/alcohol/stats/02stats/02beerstats.htm>, accessed
    December 2003.

[^21]: Brewery emission factor is the sum of individual brewery process
    emission factors found in Table 4-2 of *Emission Factor
    Documentation for AP-42 Section 9.12.1: Malt Beverages, Final
    Report*, prepared by Midwest Research Institute October 1996 and
    available from
    <http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch09/bgdocs/b9s12-1.pdf>,
    accessed February 2004.

[^22]: Brewery emission factor is the sum of individual brewery process
    emission factors found in Table 4-3 of *Emission Factor
    Documentation for AP-42 Section 9.12.1: Malt Beverages, Final
    Report*, prepared by Midwest Research Institute October 1996 and
    available from
    <http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch09/bgdocs/b9s12-1.pdf>,
    accessed February 2004.

[^23]: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, *Climatological
    Data: Pennsylvania July-December 2002* (Volume 107, Numbers 07-12),
    published by National Climatic Data Center, 2003.

[^24]: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, \"Table H40 -
    House Heating Fuel Type\", *Census 2000: Summary File 3*, \[Data
    file\], March 2003.

[^25]: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
    *State Energy Data, Pennsylvania*, available from
    [www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/main_pa.html.
    2003](http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/states/main_pa.html. 2003),
    accessed November 2003.

[^26]: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
    *Annual Coal Report 2002,* DOE/EIA-0584 (2002), 2003*.*

[^27]: Pacific Environmental Services, Inc., "Final Summary of the
    Development and Results of a Methodology for Calculating Area Source
    Emissions from Residential Fuel Combustion," prepared for U.S.
    Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
    Standards, September 2002.

[^28]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, *Factor Information
    Retrieval Data System (FIRE) 6.23*, October 2000.

[^29]: 63 FR 48819, 1998: *Federal Register*, "National Volatile Organic
    Compound Emission Standards for Consumer Products, Final Rule,"
    Volume 63, Number 176, September 11, 1998.

[^30]: Eastern Research Group, "Emission Inventory Improvement Program,
    Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 6, Solvent
    Cleaning," prepared for the Area Sources Committee, Emission
    Inventory Improvement Program, September 1997.

[^31]: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "Documentation for the 2002
    Nonpoint Source National Emission Inventory for Criteria and
    Hazardous Air Pollutants ," prepared for Emission Factor and
    Inventory Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
    <http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html>,
    (forthcoming).

[^32]: Public Research Institute, "Charbroiling Activity Estimation,
    Draft Report," prepared for California Environmental Protection
    Agency, California Air Resources Board, March 2003.

[^33]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
    Planning and Standards, "Methods for Developing a National Emission
    Inventory for Commercial Cooking Processes: Technical Memorandum,"
    prepared by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., September 2003.

[^34]: BioCycle, 2000. *"2000 BioCycle National Survey -- Solid Waste
    Composting Trends in the U.S.",* BioCycle, November 2000.

[^35]: Eastern Research Group, ""Emission Inventory Improvement Program,
    Document Series, Volume III, Area Sources, Chapter 5, Consumer and
    Commercial Solvent Use," prepared for the Area Sources Committee,
    Emission Inventory Improvement Program, August 1996.

[^36]: 25 Pa. Code Section 129.63, "Degreasing Operations," available
    from
    <http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.63.html>,
    accessed January 2004.

[^37]: *Federal Register*, "Subpart T---National Emission Standards for
    Halogenated Solvent Cleaning," Volume 59, Number 2331, December 2,
    1994.

[^38]: The Pennsylvania Dry Cleaners Association disclosed that 1.8
    million pounds of VOCs were emitted in Pennsylvania in 1990 from dry
    cleaning operations.

    Emission Factor = Total VOC emitted ÷ Pennsylvania Population

    = 1.8 million lbs VOC ÷ 11.88 million people (1990 census)

    = 0.15 lbs VOC/person/year

[^39]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
    Planning and Standards, *Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
    Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources*, AP-42, Fifth
    Edition, January 1995.

[^40]: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "Documentation for the Draft 1999
    National Emissions Inventory (Version 3.0) for Criteria Air
    Pollutants and Ammonia: Area Sources," prepared for Office of Air
    Quality Planning and Standards, Emission Factor and Inventory Group,
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, March 2003. Available from
    <ftp://ftp.epa.gov/pub/EmisInventory/draftnei99ver3/criteria/documentation/area/ardoc_99nei_draftv3_0303.pdf>,
    accessed February 2004.

[^41]: Stan Piorkowski, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and
    Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry, personal communication with
    PJ Disclafani, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., December 2003.

[^42]: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
    *Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales, 2002*, available from
    <http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/fuel_oil_and_kerosene_sales/foks.html>,
    accessed November 2003.

[^43]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, median sulfur content
    reported in the 1999 National Emissions Inventory, available from
    <http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/1999inventory.html#final3crit>,
    accessed October 2003.

[^44]: Dan Szekeres, Michael Baker Corporation, personal communication
    with Maureen Mullen, E. H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., February 2004.

[^45]: Pennsylvania Department of Revenue, Bureau of Motor Fuel Taxes,
    "Monthly Report of Gallons" for 2002, provided by Paul Sload,
    December 2003.

[^46]: 25 Pa. Code Section 129.60, "Bulk Gasoline Plants," available
    from
    <http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.60.html>,
    accessed February 2004.

[^47]: 25 Pa. Code Section 129.61, "Small Gasoline Storage Tank Control
    (Stage I Control)," available from
    <http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.61.html>,
    accessed February 2004.

[^48]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "User's Guide to MOBILE6.1
    and MOBILE6.2: Mobile Source Emission Factor Model,"
    EPA420-R-02-028, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
    Transportation and Air Quality, October 2002.

[^49]: 25 Pa. Code Section 129.82. "Control of VOCs from Gasoline
    Dispensing Facilities (Stage II)," available from
    <http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.82.html>,
    accessed February 2004.

[^50]: 25 Pa. Code Section 129.59. "Bulk Gasoline Terminals," available
    from
    <http://www.pacode.com/secure/data/025/chapter129/s129.59.html>,
    accessed February 2004.

[^51]: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
    *Petroleum Marketing Annual 2001*, available from
    <http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/petroleum/048701.pdf>, accessed
    November 2003.

[^52]: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
    *Petroleum Marketing Annual 2002,* available from
    <http://www.eia.doe.gov/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/petroleum_marketing_annual/pma.html>,
    accessed November 2003.

[^53]: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
    "Pennsylvania Natural Gas Long Summary," available from
    <http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/ng/ng_sum_lsum_spa_a_d.htm>. accessed
    November 2003.

[^54]: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
    "Pennsylvania Natural Gas Residential Consumption," available from
    <http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n3010pa2M.htm>, accessed
    November 2003.

[^55]: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration,
    "Natural Gas Deliveries to Commercial Consumers in Pennsylvania,"
    available from
    <http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n3020pa2M.htm>, accessed
    November 2003.

[^56]: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "Open Burning in Residential
    Areas, Emissions Inventory Development Report," prepared for
    Mid-Atlantic/Northeast Visibility Union, January 31, 2004.

[^57]: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, "Summary of
    the Methodology Used to Determine Volatile Organic Compounds,
    Nitrogen Oxides, and Carbon Monoxide Emissions by Source Type for
    Calendar Year 1999 in Pennsylvania," no date reported.

[^58]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics
    Service, "Agricultural Statistics Database, Crops County Data,"
    available from <http://www.nass.usda.gov:81/ipedb/>, accessed
    October 2003.

[^59]: California Air Resources Board, *Public Meeting to Consider
    Approval of California's Portable Gasoline-Container Emissions
    Inventory*, September 1999.

[^60]: U.S. Bureau of the Census, *2002 American Community Survey*,
    available from
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    accessed February 2004.

[^61]: U.S. Bureau of the Census, *Census 2000*, available from
    <http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GCTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US42&-_box_head_nbr=GCT-H6&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=ST-2&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTH6_US9&-_sse=on>,
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[^62]: Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., *MarketPlace* CD-ROM, Jan.-Mar., 2002,
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[^63]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation
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[^64]: *Pechan. Estimating Ammonia Emissions from Anthropogenic Sources
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    *prepared for the US EPA, Emissions Inventory Improvement Program,
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[^65]: *Pechan. Technical Memorandum: MANE-VU 2002 Ammonia Emissions
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[^66]: *^?^ U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, County
    Business Patterns 2001, Pennsylvania, available from
    [http://www.census.gov/epcd/cbp/view/cbpview.html.
    2003](http://www.census.gov/epcd/cbp/view/cbpview.html. 2003),
    accessed October 2003.*

[^67]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Clean Watersheds Needs
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[^68]: JG Press, Inc. "2000 Biocycle National Survey -- Solid Waste
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[^69]: Eastern Research Group, "Emission Inventory Improvement Program,
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[^70]: National Fire Protection Association, *Fire Loss in the United
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[^71]: U.S. Fire Administration, Federal Emergency Management Agency,
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[^72]: Eastern Research Group, "Emission Inventory Improvement Program,
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[^73]: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census*, Current
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[^74]: Susan Rose, Office of Planning and Policy Management,
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[^75]: From Table 9.12.2-1 of emission factor documentation for AP-42
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[^76]: Pennsylvania Liquor Control Board figures showing Pennsylvania
    wine production in 1990.

[^77]: 30 Pa.B 2995, 2000: *Pennsylvania Bulletin*, \"Surface Coating
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[^78]: "Short List" of AMS SCCs and Emission Factors. July 1992.