![](media/image1.jpeg){width="1.117361111111111in" height="1.25in"}

**United States Department of Agriculture**

**Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service**

**Plant Protection and Quarantine**

**\
Risk Management Document**

**Movement of the Fresh Fruit of *Garcinia mangostana L.* (mangosteen),
Species of *Hylocereus, Selenicereus* (Dragonfruit), *Cucumis melo L.*
(Melon), *Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp,* (Cowpea and its relatives),
*Artocarpus altilis* (Breadfruit), *Artocarpus heterophyllus*
(Jackfruit), and *Moringa oleifera* Pods, from Hawaii into the
Continental United States**

March 08, 2007

Ver. 1.3

**Plant Health Programs (PHP)**

**Commodity Imports Analyses and Operations (CIAO)**

**Contact Person: Dave Lamb, David.B.Lamb@aphis.usda.gov**

**I. Executive Summary:**

Responding to a request to allow movement of certain commodities from
Hawaii into the continental United States, the Center for Plant Health
Science and Technology (CPHST) of the United States Department of
Agriculture's Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) prepared
pest risk assessments for mangosteen (*Garcinia mangostana)*,
dragonfruit (species of *Hylocereus, Selenicereus*), melon (*Cucumis
melo L.*), cowpeas and their relatives, breadfruit (*Artocarpus
altilis*), jackfruit (*Artocarpus heterophyllus*) and Moringa (*Moringa
oleifera)* pods. These commodities have not been allowed movement from
Hawaii before, so a detailed information on pests associated with these
commodities was gathered and analysed. The information was based on (1)
search of both print and electronic sources of scientific publications
and (2) pest interception records of the United States Department of
Agriculture (PIN309, 2005). Subsequent discussions with APHIS staff have
revealed that shippers and producers in Hawaii would like to treat each
fruit with an APHIS approved irradiation treatment that would mitigate
the pathway risks from susceptible insect pests.

Analysis of the pest risks from each commodity indicated that all but
one pest likely to follow the pathway are insect pests. While all insect
pests could be effectively neutralized[^1] with the irradiation generic
dose of 400 Gy (USDA 2006g), treatment with a 150 Gy will only be
effective against certain pests e.g., the fruit flies, leaving a number
of other insects that would require additional measures to prevent their
introduction into the United States. Additionally, one pathogen,
*Phytophthora tropicalis*, which is likely to follow the breadfruit or
jackfruit pathway, will not be effectively neutralized by either dose of
irradiation and would require additional measures to prevent its
introduction into the United States.

A commodity by commodity analysis of the associated pest risks and
mitigations are further discussed. However, since the pest risk
assessments only evaluated the movement of commodities from Hawaii to
the continental United States, this document only addresses the risks
associated with the commodities moving into the continental United
States and not the U.S. territories.

**II**. **Mangosteen (*Garcinia mangostana)***

**A. Introduction**

The Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Center for Plant
Health Science & Technology (CPHST) prepared a pathway-initiated pest
risk assessment (PRA) in which CPHST examined the risks associated with
the movement of fresh fruit of mangosteen (*Garcinia mangostana)* from
Hawaii into the continental United States. The PRA identified six
quarantine significant pests which could potentially follow the pathway
(USDA 2006a).

The quarantine significant pests that are likely to follow the pathway
are as follows:

*Bactrocera dorsalis* (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (*Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Dysmicoccus neobrevipes* (Beardsley) (Hemiptera/Homoptera:
Pseudococcidae)

*Maconellicoccus hirsutus* (Green) (Hemiptera/Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

*Pseudococcus cryptus* (Green) (Hemiptera/Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

*Thrips florum Schmutz* (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

*Bactrocera dorsalis* and *Ceratitis capitata* are rated as high risks,
and the remaining four are rated as medium.

The proposed movement of mangosteen fruit from Hawaii into the
continental United States would be regulated by an amendment to the
existing fruits and vegetables regulations in Title 7, *Code of Federal
Regulations* (7 CFR), 318.13, if approved. This document outlines the
phytosanitary measures that APHIS will require if the proposed movement
of mangosteen from Hawaii into the continental United States is approved
and documents the evidence used by APHIS to conclude that these measures
will effectively prevent the introduction of quarantine pests to the
continental United States.

**B. Proposed Risk Mitigation Measures for Mangosteen**

We propose that mangosteen fruit from Hawaii may be moved into the
continental United States only under the following conditions:

(a) Only commercial shipments of mangosteen are allowed from Hawaii;

(b) Mangosteen must be treated with irradiation in accordance with 7
    CFR305.34 and 318.13-4(f) in an APHIS approved facility either in
    Hawaii or on the mainland United States;

(c) The treatment is monitored by an APHIS inspector to ensure that the
    fruit received a minimum absorbed dose of either 400 Gy (Option 1)
    or 150 Gy (Option 2). The fruit receiving 150 Gy as the minimum dose
    (Option 2) must either receive a post-harvest dip with T102-c (warm
    soapy water and brushing) or originate from an orchard that was
    previously treated with a broad spectrum insecticide during the
    growing season and a pre-harvest inspection of the orchard found the
    fruit free of any surface pests;

(d) If fruit is to be treated using a 150 Gy minimum absorbed dose, the
    fruit after harvest must be inspected in Hawaii by an APHIS
    inspector for pests and found free of *Dysmicoccus neobrevipes,
    Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Pseudococcus cryptusand,* and *Thrips
    florum Schmutz*. Sepals, if present on the sampled fruit, must be
    removed during the pre-departure inspection targeted for treatment
    with the 150 Gy minimum absorbed dose;

(e) The fruit is packaged, labeled, and safeguarded from reinfestation
    by pests as per requirements of 7 CFR 305.34(b)(4) and
    318.13-4f(b)(4);

(f) Each shipment containting fruit treated in Hawaii must be
    acoompanied by a certificate of irradiation treatment. Shipments
    containing fruit not treated in Hawaii and to be treated on the
    mainland United States may instead be issued a limited permit by an
    officer or official authorized by APHIS. If the fruit is to be
    treated on the mainland, a 400 Gy minimum absorbed dose must be
    used; and

(g) Fruit is to be free from leaves and stems.

> Fruits moved into the continental United States would also be subject
> to inspection at the port of entry, as provided in section 318.13-3,
> should inspectors determine that such inspection is necessary.

**C. Historical Performance of Irradiated Fruit Moved Interstate**

Current regulations in 7 CFR 305.34 allow the use of irradiation to
treat fruit for interstate movement within the United States.
Regulations in 7 CFR 318.13-4f allow interstate movement of fifteen
different fruits (mangosteens are not one of them) and vegetables from
Hawaii using a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy to 400 Gy. Among the
pests associated with many fruits from Hawaii, four fruit flies,
*Ceratitis capitata* (Mediterranean fruit fly), *Bactrocera dorsalis*
(oriental fruit fly), *B. cucurbitae* (melon fruit fly), and *B.
latifrons* (Malasian fruit fly) are the primary pests of concern for
which fruit is irradiated. Other pests for which fruits and vegetables
from Hawaii are irradiated using a dose of 150 Gy or 400 Gy include West
Indian sweetpotato weevil (*Number range CHAPTEREuscepes
postfasciatus*), sweetpotato vine borer (*Omphisa anastomosalis*), green
scale (*Coccus viridis*), and the banana moth (*Opogona sacchari*). The
150 Gy is considered adequate to mitigate risk from all these fruit
flies and certain other pests e.g., the sweetpotato vine borer and the
two sweetpotato weevils and the 400 Gy is considered adequate to
mitigate risk from all insect pests excluding adults and pupae of the
order Lepidoptera (USDA 2006g). Fruits and vegetables treated with
irradiation in Hawaii and moved to other parts of the United States (the
mainland) have had no pests of quarantine significance intercepted
(Uyeda 2005). On very rare occasions when wigglers were detected in
irradiated shipments, they were always found to be moribund and never
resulted in further development or completing life cycles (Uyeda 2005).

**D. Evidence for the Effective Removal of Pests of Concern from the
Pathway**

The following paragraph summarizes key mitigation measures for
mangosteen fruit from Hawaii and provides a general discussion of their
efficacy. The evidence APHIS uses to determine that the measures
described above in Section **B** effectively remove pests of concern
from the pathway are also discussed. The FAO (2006) defines "pathway" as
"Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest."

\(i\) Insect Pests

The six pests likely to follow the pathway are all insect pests, and
none of these belong to the order Lepidoptera. In accordance with the
regulations in 7 CFR 305.31, a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy will
neutralize all fruit flies, and a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy has
been determined by APHIS to be adequate to neutralize all insect pests,
excluding adults and pupae of the order Lepidoptera (USDA 2006g).
Therefore, the generic irradiation treatment of 400 Gy is a valid
treatment for these six pests (considering that none of these belong to
the order Lepidoptera), whereas, an application of 150 Gy will mitigate
risks from fruit flies only and additional measures would be needed for
the remaining four pests. Since these remaining pests are external in
nature, macroscopic in size and visible to the naked eye, visual
inspection of the fruit prior to shipment from Hawaii is considered
adequate to mitigate risks from these pests. Likewise, the treatment
T102-c is an APHIS approved treatment and determined adequate to
mitigate risk from external pests. In Hawaii, it is a common practice to
treat the orchard during the growing season with a broad spectrum
insecticide to control ants and surface pests that are of concern to the
destination States in the United States. Application of a broad spectrum
insecticide in the field along with pre-harvest inspection of fruit is
therefore an effective substitute for the T102-c treatment.

There is no record of importation or movement interstate of irradiated
mangosteen from Hawaii or other areas. Therefore, there is no record of
interception of any quarantine pests from irradiated mangosteen.

**III. Dragonfruit (species of *Hylocereus, Selenicereus)***

**A. Introduction**

In response to a request from Hawaii, the Animal & Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS), Center for Plant Health Science & Technology
(CPHST) prepared a pathway-initiated pest risk assessment (PRA) in which
CPHST examined the risks associated with the movement of fresh fruit of
dragonfruit (species of *Hylocereus, Selenicereus*) from Hawaii into the
continental United States and identified five quarantine significant
pests which could potentially follow the pathway (USDA 2006b).

The quarantine significant pests that are likely to follow the pathway
are as follows:

*Bactrocera dorsalis* (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (*Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Dysmicoccus neobrevipes* (Beardsley) (Hemiptera/Homoptera:
Pseudococcidae)

*Maconellicoccus hirsutus* (Green) (Hemiptera/Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

*Pseudococcus cryptus* (Green) (Hemiptera/Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

*Bactrocera dorsalis* and *Ceratitis capitata* are rated as high risks,
and the remaining four are rated as medium.

The proposed movement of dragonfruit from Hawaii into the continental
United States would be regulated by an amendment to the existing fruits
and vegetables regulations in Title 7, *Code of Federal Regulations* (7
CFR), 7 CFR 318.13, if approved. This document outlines the
phytosanitary measures that APHIS will require if the proposed movement
of dragonfruit from Hawaii into the continental United States is
approved and documents the evidence used by APHIS to conclude that these
measures will effectively prevent the introduction of quarantine pests
to the continental United States.

**B. Proposed Risk Mitigation Measures for Dragonfruit**

We propose that dragonfruit from Hawaii may be moved into the
continental United States only under the following conditions:

> \(a\) Only commercial shipments of dragonfruit are allowed from
> Hawaii;

(b) Dragonfruit must be treated with irradiation in accordance with 7
    CFR 305.34 and 318.13-4(f) in an APHIS approved facility either in
    Hawaii or on the mainland United States;

(c) The treatment is monitored by an APHIS inspector to ensure that the
    fruit received a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy (Option 1) or 150
    Gy (Option 2). The fruit receiving 150 Gy as the minimum dose
    (Option 2) must either receive a post-harvest dip with T102-c (warm
    soapy water and brushing) or originate from an orchard that was
    previously treated with a broad spectrum insecticide during the
    growing season and a pre-harvest inspection of the orchard found the
    fruit free of any surface pests;

(d) If the fruit is to be treated using a 150 Gy minimum absorbed dose,
    the fruit after harvest must be inspected in Hawaii by an APHIS
    inspector for pests and found free of *Dysmicoccus neobrevipes,
    Maconellicoccus hirsutus,* and *Pseudococcus cryptus*. Sepals, if
    present on the sampled fruit, must be removed during the
    pre-departure inspection targeted for treatment with the 150 Gy
    minimum absorbed dose;

(e) The fruit is packaged, labeled, and safeguarded from reinfestation
    by pests as per requirements of 7 CFR 305.34(b)(4) and
    318.13-4f(b)(4);

(f) Each shipment containing fruit treated in Hawaii must be accompanied
    by a certificate of treatment. Shipments containing fruit not
    treated in Hawaii and to be treated on the mainland United States
    may instead be issued a limited permit by an officer or official
    authorized by APHIS. If the fruit is to be treated on the mainland,
    a 400 Gy minimum absorbed dose must be used; and

(g) Fruit is to be free from leaves and stems.

> Fruits moved into the continental United States would also be subject
> to inspection at the port of entry, as provided in section 318.13-3,
> should inspectors determine that such inspection is necessary.

**C. Historical Performance of Irradiated Fruit Moved Interstate**

Current regulations in 7 CFR 305.34 allow the use of irradiation to
treat fruit for interstate movement within the United States.
Regulations in 7 CFR 318.13-4f allow interstate movement of fifteen
different fruits and vegetables (dragonfruit are not one of them) from
Hawaii using a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy to 400 Gy. Among pests
associated with many fruits from Hawaii, four fruit flies, *Ceratitis
capitata* (Mediterranean fruit fly), *Bactrocera dorsalis* (oriental
fruit fly), *B. cucurbitae* (melon fruit fly), and *B. latifrons*
(Malasian fruit fly) are the primary pests of concern for which fruit is
irradiated. Other pests for which fruits and vegetables from Hawaii are
irradiated using a dose of 150 Gy or 400 Gy include West Indian
sweetpotato weevil (*Number range CHAPTEREuscepes postfasciatus*),
sweetpotato vine borer (*Omphisa anastomosalis*), green scale (*Coccus
viridis*), and the banana moth (*Opogona sacchari*). The 150 Gy is
considered adequate to mitigate risk from all these fruit flies and
certain other pests e.g., the sweetpotato vine borer and the two
sweetpotato weevils and the 400 Gy is considered adequate to mitigate
risk from all insect pests excluding adults and pupae of the order
Lepidoptera (USDA 2006g). Fruits and vegetables treated with irradiation
in Hawaii and moved to other parts of the United States (the mainland)
have had no pests of quarantine significance intercepted (Uyeda 2005).
On very rare occasions when wigglers were detected in irradiated
shipments, they were always found to be moribund and never resulted in
further development or completing life cycles (Uyeda 2005).

**D. Evidence for the Effective Removal of Pests of Concern from the
Pathway**

The following paragraph summarizes key mitigation measures for
dragonfruit from Hawaii and provides a general discussion of their
efficacy. The evidence APHIS uses to determine that the measures
described above in Section **B** effectively remove pests of concern
from the pathway are also discussed. The FAO (2006) defines "pathway" as
"Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest."

\(i\) Insect Pests

The five pests likely to follow the pathway are all insect pests, and
none of these belong to the order Lepidoptera. In accordance with the
regulations in 7 CFR 305.31, a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy will
neutralize all fruit flies, and a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy has
been determined by APHIS to be adequate to neutralize all insect pests,
excluding adults and pupae of the order Lepidoptera (USDA 2006g).
Therefore, the generic irradiation treatment of 400 Gy is a valid
treatment for these five pests (considering that none of these belong to
the order Lepidoptera), whereas, an application of 150 Gy will mitigate
risks from fruit flies only and additional measures would be needed for
the remaining three pests. Since all these remaining pests are external
in nature, macroscopic in size and visible to the naked eye, visual
inspection of the fruit prior to shipment from Hawaii is considered
adequate to mitigate risks from these pests. Likewise, the treatment
T102-c is an APHIS approved treatment and determined adequate to
mitigate risk from external pests. In Hawaii, it is a common practice to
treat the orchard during the growing season with a broad spectrum
insecticide to control ants and surface pests that are of concern to the
destination States in the United States. Application of a broad spectrum
insecticide in the field along with pre-harvest inspection of fruit is
therefore an effective substitute for the T102-c treatment.

There is no record of importation or movement interstate of irradiated
dragonfruit from Hawaii or other areas. Therefore, there is no record of
interception of any quarantine pests from irradiated dragonfruit.

**IV. Melon (*Cucumis melo L.*)**

**A. Introduction**

Based on a request from Hawaii, the Animal & Plant Health Inspection
Service (APHIS), Center for Plant Health Science & Technology (CPHST)
prepared a pathway-initiated pest risk assessment (PRA) in which CPHST
examined the risks associated with the movement of fresh fruit of melon
(*Cucumis melo L.*) from Hawaii into the continental United States. The
PRA identified four quarantine significant pests which could potentially
follow the melon pathway (USDA 2006c).

The quarantine significant pests that are likely to follow the pathway
are as follows:

*Bactrocera cucurbitae* (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Bactrocera dorsalis* (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (*Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Aleurodicus dispersus* (Russell) (Hemiptera/Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

*Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis,* and *Ceratitis capitata*
are rated as high risks, and *Aleurodicus dispersus* is rated as medium.
*Aleurodicus dispersus* is mainly a pest of leaves but could hitchhike
on fruit as an external pest in the form of adult, nymph, or eggs.

The proposed movement of melon fruit from Hawaii into the continental
United States would be regulated by an amendment to the existing fruits
and vegetables regulations in Title 7, *Code of Federal Regulations* (7
CFR), 318.13, if approved. This document outlines the phytosanitary
measures that APHIS will require if the proposed movement of melon from
Hawaii into the continental United States is approved and documents the
evidence used by APHIS to conclude that these measures will effectively
prevent the introduction of quarantine pests to other part of the United
States.

**B. Proposed Risk Mitigation Measures for Melons**

We propose that melon fruit from Hawaii may be moved into the
continental United States only under the following conditions:

(a) Only commercial shipments of melon fruit are allowed from Hawaii;

(b) After harvest, the fruit must be washed to remove soil and inspected
    in Hawaii by an APHIS inspector and found free of *Aleurodicus
    dispersus*.

(c) Melon fruit must be treated with irradiation in accordance with 7
    CFR 305.34 and 318.13-4(f) in an APHIS approved facility either in
    Hawaii or on the mainland United States;

(d) The treatment is monitored by an APHIS inspector to ensure that the
    fruit received a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy (Option 1) or 150
    Gy (Option 2). The fruit receiving 150 Gy as the minimum dose
    (Option 2) must either receive a post-harvest dip with T102-c (warm
    soapy water and brushing) or originate from an orchard that was
    previously treated with a broad spectrum insecticide during the
    growing season and a pre-harvest inspection of the growing area
    found the fruit free of any surface pests;

(e) If the fruit is to be treated using a 150 Gy minimum absorbed dose,
    the fruit after harvest must be inspected in Hawaii by an APHIS
    inspector for pests and found free of *Aleurodicus dispersus* before
    or after undergoing irradiation treatment in Hawaii;

(f) The fruit is packaged, labeled, and safeguarded from reinfestation
    by pests as per requirements of 7 CFR 305.34(b)(4) and
    318.13-4f(b)(4);

(g) Each shipment containing fruit treated in Hawaii must be accompanied
    by a certificate of treatment. Shipments containing fruit not
    treated in Hawaii and to be treated on the mainland United States
    may instead be issued a limited permit by an officer or official
    authorized by APHIS. If the fruit is to be treated on the mainland,
    a 400 Gy minimum absorbed dose must be used and certificate of
    treatment issued; and

(h) Fruit is to be free from leaves and stems.

> Fruits moved into the continental United States would also be subject
> to inspection at the port of entry, as provided in section 318.13-3,
> should inspectors determine that such inspection is necessary.

**C. Historical Performance of Irradiated Fruit Moved Interstate**

Current regulations in 7 CFR 305.34 allow the use of irradiation to
treat fruit for interstate movement within the United States.
Regulations in 7 CFR 318.13-4f allow interstate movement of fifteen
different fruits and vegetables (melon is not one of them) from Hawaii
using a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy to 400 Gy. Among pests
associated with many fruits from Hawaii, four fruit flies, *Ceratitis
capitata* (Mediterranean fruit fly), *Bactrocera dorsalis* (oriental
fruit fly), *B. cucurbitae* (melon fruit fly), and *B. latifrons*
(Malasian fruit fly) are the primary pests of concern for which fruit is
irradiated. Other pests for which fruits and vegetables from Hawaii are
irradiated using a dose of 150 Gy or 400 Gy include West Indian
sweetpotato weevil (*Number range CHAPTEREuscepes postfasciatus*),
sweetpotato vine borer (*Omphisa anastomosalis*), green scale (*Coccus
viridis*), and the banana moth (*Opogona sacchari*). The 150 Gy is
considered adequate to mitigate risk from all fruit flies and certain
other pests e.g., the sweetpotato vine borer and the two sweetpotato
weevils and the 400 Gy is considered adequate to mitigate risk from all
insect pests excluding adults and pupae of the order Lepidoptera (USDA
2006g). Fruits and vegetables treated with irradiation in Hawaii and
moved to other parts of the United States (the mainland) have had no
pests of quarantine significance intercepted (Uyeda 2005). On very rare
occasions when wigglers were detected in irradiated shipments, they were
always found to be moribund and never resulted in further development or
completing life cycles (Uyeda 2005).

**D. Evidence for the Effective Removal of Pests of Concern from the
Pathway**

The following paragraph summarizes key mitigation measures for melon
fruit from Hawaii and provides a general discussion of their efficacy.
The evidence APHIS uses to determine that the measures described above
in Section **B** effectively remove pests of concern from the pathway
are also discussed. The FAO (2006) defines "pathway" as "Any means that
allows the entry or spread of a pest."

\(i\) Insect Pests

The four pests likely to follow the pathway are all insect pests, and
none of these belong to the order Lepidoptera. In accordance with the
regulations in 7 CFR 305.31, a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy will
neutralize all fruit flies, and a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy has
been determined to effectively neutralize all insect pests, excluding
adults and pupae of the order Lepidoptera (USDA 2006g). Therefore, the
generic irradiation treatment of 400 Gy is a valid treatment for these
four pests (considering that none of these belong to the order
Lepidoptera), whereas, a dose of 150 Gy will mitigate risks from fruit
flies only and additional measures would be needed for the remaining
pest. The pest not treated by irradiation is a whitefly (*A. dispersus*)
which is an external feeder that can be controlled by post-harvest
treatment or can be easily identified and the infested fruit culled in
the field during harvesting or in the packinghouse during sorting and
packing. A pre-departure inspection or a post-harvest treatment with
warm soapy water (T102-c) is considered adequate to mitigate risk from
the whitefly.

There is no record of importation or movement interstate of irradiated
melon from Hawaii or other areas. Therefore, there is no record of
interception of any quarantine pests from irradiated melon.

**V. Cowpea and its relatives (*Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp*)**

**A. Introduction**

The Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Center for Plant
Health Science & Technology (CPHST) prepared a pathway-initiated pest
risk assessment (PRA) in which CPHST examined the risks associated with
the movement of fresh pods of cowpea and its relatives (*Vigna
unguiculata (L.) Walp*) from Hawaii into the continental United States.
The PRA identified 11 quarantine significant pests which could
potentially follow the pathway (USDA 2006d).

The quarantine significant pests that are likely to follow the pathway
are as follows:

*Bactrocera cucurbitae* (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Frankliniella schultzei* (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

*Lampides boeticus* (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

*Maruca vitrata* (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

*Spodoptera litura* (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

*Thrips palmi* (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

*Aleurodicus dispersus* (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

*Cryptophlebia ombrodelta* (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

*Dysmicoccus neobrevipes* (Hemiptera/Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

*Maconellicoccus hirsutus* (Hemiptera/Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

*Oligonychus biharensis* (Acari: Tetranychidae)

*Bactrocera cucurbitae, Frankliniella schultzei, Lampides boeticus,
Maruca vitrata, Thrips palmi,* and *Spodoptera litura* are rated as high
risks, and the remaining five are rated as medium.

The proposed movement of pods of cowpea and its relatives from Hawaii
into the continental United States would be regulated by an amendment to
the existing fruits and vegetables regulations in Title 7, *Code of
Federal Regulations* (7 CFR), 318.13, if approved. This document
outlines the phytosanitary measures that APHIS will require if the
proposed movement of pods of cowpea and its relatives from Hawaii into
the continental United States is approved and documents the evidence
used by APHIS to conclude that these measures will effectively prevent
the introduction of quarantine pests to the continental United States.

**B. Proposed Risk Mitigation Measures for Cowpea Pods**

We propose that pods of cowpea and its relatives from Hawaii may be
moved into the continental United States only under the following
conditions:

(a) Only commercial shipments of pods of cowpea and its relatives are
    allowed from Hawaii;

(b) Pods of cowpea and its relatives must be treated with irradiation in
    accordance with 7 CFR 305.34 and 318.13-4(f) in an APHIS approved
    facility either in Hawaii or on the mainland United States;

(c) The treatment is monitored by an APHIS inspector to ensure that the
    fruit received a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy. (A minimum
    absorbed dose of 400 Gy is the only treatment option for cowpea and
    its relatives.).

(d) After harvest, the shipment must be inspected in Hawaii by an APHIS
    inspector and found free of mite (*Oligonychus biharensis)* and
    adults and pupae of the order Lepidoptera;

(e) The pods are packaged, labeled, and safeguarded from reinfestation
    by pests as per requirements of 7 CFR 305.34(b)(4) and
    318.13-4f(b)(4);

(f) Each shipment of cowpeas treated in Hawaii must be accompanied by a
    certificate of treatment. Shipments of cowpeas not treated in Hawaii
    and to be treated on the mainland United States may instead be
    issued a limited permit by an officer or official authorized by
    APHIS; and

(g) Fruit is to be free from leaves and stems.

> Fruits moved into the continental United States would also be subject
> to inspection at the port of entry, as provided in section 318.13-3,
> should inspectors determine that such inspection is necessary.

**C. Historical Performance of Irradiated Fruit Moved Interstate**

Current regulations in 7 CFR 305.34 allow the use of irradiation to
treat fruit for interstate movement within the United States.
Regulations in 7 CFR 318.13-4f allow interstate movement of fifteen
different fruits and vegetables (cowpea and its relatives are not among
them) from Hawaii using a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy to 400 Gy.
Among pests associated with many fruits from Hawaii, four fruit flies,
*Ceratitis capitata* (Mediterranean fruit fly), *Bactrocera dorsalis*
(oriental fruit fly), *B. cucurbitae* (melon fruit fly), and *B.
latifrons* (Malasian fruit fly) are the primary pests of concern for
which fruit is irradiated. Other pests for which fruits and vegetables
from Hawaii are irradiated using a dose of 150 Gy or 400 Gy include West
Indian sweetpotato weevil (*Number range CHAPTEREuscepes
postfasciatus*), sweetpotato vine borer (*Omphisa anastomosalis*), green
scale (*Coccus viridis*), and the banana moth (*Opogona sacchari*). The
150 Gy is considered adequate to mitigate risk from all these fruit
flies including *Bactrocera cucurbitae,* and certain other pests e.g.,
the sweetpotato vine borer and the two sweetpotato weevils and the 400
Gy is considered adequate to mitigate risk from all insect pests,
excluding adults and pupae of the order Lepidoptera (USDA 2006g). Fruits
and vegetables treated with irradiation in Hawaii and moved to other
parts of the United States (the mainland) have had no pests of
quarantine significance intercepted (Uyeda 2005). On very rare occasions
when wigglers were detected in irradiated shipments, they were always
found to be moribund and never resulted in further development or
completing life cycles (Uyeda 2005).

**D. Evidence for the Effective Removal of Pests of Concern from the
Pathway**

The following paragraph summarizes key mitigation measures for pods of
cowpea and its relatives fruit from Hawaii and provides a general
discussion of their efficacy. The evidence APHIS uses to determine that
the measures described above in Section **B** effectively remove pests
of concern from the pathway are also discussed. The FAO (2006) defines
"pathway" as "Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest."

\(i\) Insect Pests

Of the 11 pests likely to follow the pathway, 10 are insect pests. In
accordance with the regulations in 7 CFR 305.31, a minimum absorbed dose
of 150 Gy has been determined to neutralize all fruit flies, and a
minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy has been determined to effectively
neutralize all insect pests, excluding adults and pupae of the order
Lepidoptera (USDA 2006g). Although 4 of the 11 pests belong to the order
Lepidoptera, the stages of concern of these 4 Lepidoptera pests are eggs
and larvae. Therefore, the generic irradiation treatment of 400 Gy is a
valid treatment for all 10 insect pests. The eleventh pest, *Oligonychus
biharensis* (a mite), is not an insect pest, and therefore, it may not
be neutralized by the 400 Gy dose. However, inspection for the mite and
adults and pupae of Lepidoptera before departure is considered adequate
measure to mitigate these external pests because of their size and
characteristics.

There is no record of importation or movement interstate of irradiated
pods of cowpea and its relatives from Hawaii or other areas. Therefore,
there is no record of interception of any quarantine pests from
irradiated pods of cowpea and its relatives.

**VI. *Artocarpus altilis* (Breadfruit), *Artocarpus heterophyllus*
(Jackfruit),**

**A. Introduction**

Based on a request from Hawaii, the Animal & Plant Health Inspection
Service (APHIS)' Center for Plant Health Science & Technology (CPHST),
prepared a pathway-initiated pest risk assessment (PRA) in which CPHST
examined the risks associated with the movement of fresh fruit of
breadfruit (*Artocarpus altilis*) and jackfruit (*Artocarpus
heterophyllus*) from Hawaii into the continental United States and
identified 13 quarantine significant pests which could potentially
follow the pathway (USDA 2006e).

The quarantine significant pests that are likely to follow the pathway
are as follows:

*Bactrocera cucurbitae* Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Bactrocera dorsalis* (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Ceratitis capitata* Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Aleurodicus dispersus* (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

*Ceroplastes rubens* Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccidae)

*Coccus viridis* (Green) (Hemiptera: Coccidae)

*Aonidiella inornata* McKenzie (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

*Dysmicoccus neobrevipes* (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

*Maconellicoccus hirsutus* (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

*Nipaecoccus viridis* (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

*Pseudococcus cryptus* Hempel (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

*Phytophthora tropicalis* Aragaki & J.Y. Uchida (Oomycetes: Pythiales)

*Thrips palmi* Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

*Bactrocera cucurbitae,* *Bactrocera dorsalis*, *Ceratitis capitata,
Thrips palmi,* and *Phytophthora tropicalis* are rated as high risks,
and the remaining eight are rated as medium.

The proposed movement of breadfruit and jackfruit from Hawaii into the
continental United States would be regulated by an amendment to the
existing fruits and vegetables regulations in Title 7, *Code of Federal
Regulations* (7 CFR), 318.13, if approved. This document outlines the
phytosanitary measures that APHIS will require if the proposed movement
of breadfruit and jackfruit from Hawaii into the continental United
States is approved and documents the evidence used by APHIS to conclude
that these measures will effectively prevent the introduction of
quarantine pests to the continental United States.

**B. Proposed Risk Mitigation Measures for Breadfruit and jackfruit**

We propose that breadfruit and jackfruit from Hawaii may be moved into
the continental United States only under the following conditions:

(a) Only commercial shipments of breadfruit and jackfruit are allowed
    from Hawaii;

(b) Breadfruit and jackfruit must be treated with irradiation in
    accordance with 7 CFR 305.34 and 318.13-4(f) in an APHIS approved
    facility either in Hawaii or on the mainland United States;

(c) The treatment is monitored by an APHIS inspector to ensure that the
    fruit received a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy (Option 1) or 150
    Gy (Option 2);

(d) The fruit receiving 150 Gy as the minimum dose (Option 2) must
    either receive a post-harvest dip with T102-c (warm soapy water and
    brushing) or originate from an orchard that was previously treated
    with a broad spectrum insecticide during the growing season and a
    pre-harvest inspection of the orchard found the fruit free of any
    surface pests;

(e) Breadfruit and jackfruit must receive a post-harvest fungicidal dip
    appropriate for the fungus *Phytophthora tropicalis* or originate
    from an orchard that was previously treated with an appropriate
    fungicide during the growing season and a pre-harvest inspection of
    the orchard found the fruit free of the disease;

(f) If the fruit is to be treated using a 150 Gy minimum absorbed dose,
    the fruit after harvest must be inspected in Hawaii by an APHIS
    inspector and found free of *Aleurodicus disperses*, *Dysmicoccus
    neobrevipes*, *Maconellicoccus hirsutus*, *Pseudococcus cryptus*,
    *Thrips palmi*, *Aonidiella inornata*, *Coccus viridis*,
    *Cerpoplastes rubens*, and *Nipaecoccus viridis*. The fruit must
    also be inspected for signs of damage caused by thrips.

(g) The fruit is packaged, labeled, and safeguarded from reinfestation
    by pests as per requirements of 7 CFR 305.34(b)(4) and
    318.13-4f(b)(4);

(h) Each shipment containing fruit treated in Hawaii must be accompanied
    by a certificate of treatment. Shipments containing fruit not
    treated in Hawaii and to be treated on the mainland United States
    may instead be issued a limited permit by an officer or official
    authorized by APHIS. If the fruit is to be treated on the mainland,
    a 400 Gy minimum absorbed dose must be used and certificate of
    treatment issued; and

(i) Fruit is to be free from stems and leaves.

> Fruits moved into the continental United States would also be subject
> to inspection at the port of entry, as provided in section 318.13-3,
> should inspectors determine that such inspection is necessary.

**C. Historical Performance of Irradiated Fruit Moved Interstate**

Current regulations in 7 CFR 305.31 allow the use of irradiation to
treat fruit for interstate movement within the United States.
Regulations in 7 CFR 318.13-4f allow interstate movement of fifteen
different fruits and vegetables (breadfruit and jackfruit are not among
them) from Hawaii using a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy to 400 Gy.
Among pests associated with many fruits from Hawaii, four fruit flies,
*Ceratitis capitata* (Mediterranean fruit fly), *Bactrocera dorsalis*
(oriental fruit fly), *B. cucurbitae* (melon fruit fly), and *B.
latifrons* (Malasian fruit fly) are the primary pests of concern for
which fruit is irradiated. Other pests for which fruits and vegetables
from Hawaii are irradiated using a dose of 150 Gy or 400 Gy include West
Indian sweetpotato weevil (*Number range CHAPTEREuscepes
postfasciatus*), sweetpotato vine borer (*Omphisa anastomosalis*), green
scale (*Coccus viridis*), and the banana moth (*Opogona sacchari*). The
150 Gy is considered adequate to mitigate risk from all these fruit
flies and certain other pests e.g., the sweetpotato vine borer and the
two sweetpotato weevils and the 400 Gy is considered adequate to
mitigate risk from all insect pests, excluding adults and pupae of the
order Lepidoptera (USDA 2006g). Fruits and vegetables treated with
irradiation in Hawaii and moved to other parts of the United States (the
mainland) have had no pests of quarantine significance intercepted
(Uyeda 2005). On very rare occasions when wigglers were detected in
irradiated shipments, they were always found to be moribund and never
resulted in further development or completing life cycles (Uyeda 2005).

**D. Evidence for the Effective Removal of Pests of Concern from the
Pathway**

The following paragraph summarizes key mitigation measures for
breadfruit and jackfruit from Hawaii and provides a general discussion
of their efficacy. The evidence APHIS uses to determine that the
measures described above in Section **B** effectively remove pests of
concern from the pathway are also discussed. The FAO (2006) defines
"pathway" as "Any means that allows the entry or spread of a pest."

\(i\) Pests

Of the 13 pests likely to follow the pathway, all but 1 are insect
pests. The lone pest that is not an insect is a fungal pathogen,
*Phytophthora tropicalis.* A minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy has been
determined by U.S. regulations 7CFR305.31 to neutralize all fruit flies
and a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy has been determined to neutralize
all insect pests excluding adults and pupae of the order Lepidoptera
(USDA 2006g). Of the 12 insect pests likely to follow the pathway, none
belongs to the order Lepidoptera. Therefore, the generic irradiation
treatment of 400 Gy is a valid treatment for all the insect pests. The
pest not targeted by the 400 Gy dose is the pathogen, *Phytophthora
tropicalis.* Application of a fungicide during the growing season
coupled with finding of the fruit as free of disease symptoms during
pre-harvest orchard inspection or application of a post-harvest
fungicidal dip treatment followed by a pre-departure inspection is
considered sufficient to mitigate the risk from *Phytophthora
tropicalis.* Alternatively, an application of 150 Gy will mitigate risks
from the three fruit flies and additional measures would be needed for
the remaining ten pests. Since nine of the remaining ten are insect
pests and external in nature, macroscopic in size and visible to the
naked eye, visual inspection of the fruit prior to shipment from Hawaii
is considered adequate to mitigate risks from these insect pests. In
addition, inspectors should inspect fruit for signs of insect damage due
to thrips. Since the fungal pathogen, *Phytophthora tropicalis*, is not
targeted by the 150 GY dose, application of a fungicide during the
growing season coupled with finding of the fruit as free of disease
symptoms during preharvest orchard inspection or application of a
post-harvest fungicidal dip treatment followed by a pre-departure
inspection is considered sufficient to mitigate the risk.

There is no record of importation or movement interstate of irradiated
breadfruit and jackfruit from Hawaii or other areas, and hence there is
no record of interception of any quarantine pests from irradiated
breadfruit and jackfruit.

**VII. *Moringa oleifera* pods**

**A. Introduction**

Based on a request from Hawaii, the Animal & Plant Health Inspection
Service (APHIS), Center for Plant Health Science & Technology (CPHST)
prepared a pathway-initiated pest risk assessment (PRA) in which CPHST
examined the risks associated with the movement of fresh fruit of
*Moringa oleifera* pods from Hawaii into the continental United States.
The PRA identified seven quarantine significant pests which could
potentially follow the pathway (USDA 2006f).

The quarantine significant pests that are likely to follow the pathway
are as follows:

*Aleurodicus dispersus* Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

*Aonidiella inornata* (McKenzie) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

*Bactrocera cucurbitae* (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Bactrocera dorsalis* (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Coccus viridis* (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

*Pseudococcus cryptus* Hempel (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

*Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis,* and *Ceratitis capitata*
are rated as high risks, and the remaining four are rated as medium.

The proposed movement of moringa pods from Hawaii into the continental
United States would be regulated by an amendment to the existing fruits
and vegetables regulations in Title 7, *Code of Federal Regulations,* (7
CFR), 318.13, if approved. This document outlines the phytosanitary
measures that APHIS will require if the proposed movement of moringa
pods from Hawaii into the continental United States is approved and
documents the evidence used by APHIS to conclude that these measures
will effectively prevent the introduction of quarantine pests to other
part of the United States.

**B. Proposed Risk Mitigation Measures for Moringa Pods**

We propose that moringa pods from Hawaii may be moved into the
continental United States only under the following conditions:

(a) Only commercial shipments of moringa pods are allowed from Hawaii;

(b) Moringa pods must be treated with irradiation in accordance with 7
    CFR 305.34 and 318.13-4(f) in an APHIS approved facility either in
    Hawaii or on the mainland United States;

(c) The treatment is monitored by an APHIS inspector to ensure that the
    fruit received a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy (Option 1) or 150
    Gy (Option 2);

(d) The pods receiving 150 Gy as the minimum dose (Option 2) must either
    receive a post-harvest dip with T102-c (warm soapy water and
    brushing) or originate from an orchard that was previously treated
    with a broad spectrum insecticide during the growing season and a
    pre-harvest inspection of the orchard found the pods free of any
    surface pests;

(e) If the pods are to be treated using a 150 Gy minimum absorbed dose,
    the pods after harvest must be inspected in Hawaii by an APHIS
    inspector for pests and found free of *Aleurodicus dispersus*,
    *Aonidiella inornata*, *Coccus viridis,* *and Pseudococcus cryptus;*

(f) The pods are packaged, labeled, and safeguarded from reinfestation
    by pests as per requirements of 7 CFR 305.34(b)(4) and
    318.13-4f(b)(4); and

(g) Each shipment containing pods treated in Hawaii must be accompanied
    by a certificate of treatment. Shipments containing pods not treated
    in Hawaii and to be treated on the mainland United States may
    instead be issued a limited permit by an officer or official
    authorized by APHIS. If the pods are to be treated on the mainland,
    a 400 Gy minimum absorbed dose must be used and treatment
    certificate issued.

> Moringa pods moved into the continental United States would also be
> subject to inspection at the port of entry, as provided in section
> 318.13-3, should inspectors determine that such inspection is
> necessary.

**C. Historical Performance of Irradiated Fruit Moved Interstate**

Current regulations in 7 CFR 305.34 allow the use of irradiation to
treat fruit for interstate movement within the United States.
Regulations in 7 CFR 318.13-4f allow interstate movement of fifteen
different fruits and vegetables (moringa pods is not one of them) from
Hawaii using a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy to 400 Gy. Among pests
associated with many of these fruits from Hawaii, four fruit flies,
*Ceratitis capitata* (Mediterranean fruit fly), *Bactrocera dorsalis*
(oriental fruit fly), *B. cucurbitae* (melon fruit fly), and *B.
latifrons* (Malasian fruit fly) are the primary pests of concern for
which fruit is irradiated. Other pests for which fruits and vegetables
from Hawaii are irradiated using a dose of 150 Gy or 400 Gy include West
Indian sweetpotato weevil (*Number range CHAPTEREuscepes
postfasciatus*), sweetpotato vine borer (*Omphisa anastomosalis*), green
scale (*Coccus viridis*), and the banana moth (*Opogona sacchari*). The
150 Gy is considered adequate to mitigate risk from all these fruit
flies and certain other pests e.g., the sweetpotato vine borer and the
two sweetpotato weevils, and the 400 Gy is considered adequate to
mitigate risk from all insect pests, excluding adults and pupae of the
order Lepidoptera (USDA 2006g). Fruits and vegetables treated with
irradiation in Hawaii and moved to other parts of the United States (the
mainland) have had no pests of quarantine significance intercepted
(Uyeda 2005). On very rare occasions when wigglers were detected in
irradiated shipments, they were always found to be moribund and never
resulted in further development or completing life cycles (Uyeda 2005).

**D. Evidence for the Effective Removal of Pests of Concern from the
Pathway**

The following paragraph summarizes key mitigation measures for moringa
pods from Hawaii and provides a general discussion of their efficacy.
The evidence APHIS uses to determine that the measures described above
in Section **B** effectively remove pests of concern from the pathway
are also discussed. The FAO (2006) defines "pathway" as "Any means that
allows the entry or spread of a pest."

\(i\) Insect Pests

Seven pests likely to follow the pathway are all insect pests, and none
of these belong to the order Lepidoptera. In accordance with the
regulations in 7 CFR 305.31, a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy will
neutralize all fruit flies, green scale, and certain other pests, and a
minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy has been determined by APHIS to be
adequate to neutralize all insect pests, excluding adults and pupae of
the order Lepidoptera (USDA 2006g). Therefore, the generic irradiation
treatment of 400 Gy is a valid treatment for these seven pests
(considering that none of these belong to the order Lepidoptera),
whereas, an application of 150 Gy will mitigate risks from fruit flies
and additional measures would be needed for the remaining four pests.
Since the remaining four pests are all external in nature, macroscopic
in size and visible to the naked eye, visual inspection of the fruit
prior to shipment from Hawaii is considered adequate to mitigate risks
from these pests.

There is no record of importation or movement interstate of irradiated
moringa pods from Hawaii or other areas. Therefore, there is no record
of interception of any quarantine pests from irradiated moringa pods.

**VIII. Conclusion**

The phytosanitary requirements described above include treatment of
mangosteen, dragonfruit, melon, cowpeas pods, breadfruit, jackfruit, and
moringa pods with irradiation using a minimum absorbed dose of 150 Gy or
400 Gy. While the 400 Gy dose is effective against all insect pests
excluding adults and pupae of the order Lepidopera -- the stages that
generally do not feed on fruit or pods, the dose is not effective
against pathogens and mites for which additional measures have been
recommended. Likewise while the dose of 150 Gy is effective against all
fruit flies, green scale, and certain other pests, the dose is not
effective against many other pests for which additional measures have
been recommended. Depending upon the pests involved and the dose used,
the additional measures may include a post-harvest treatment with a warm
soapy water (T102-c), a pre-harvest treatment of orchard with a broad
spectrum insecticide and inspection of commodity in the field, a
post-harvest fundicidal dip or a pre-departure inspection for pests not
targeted by the irradiation treatment. The risk management document
concludes that based on the evaluation of effectiveness of these
measures directed against the pests of concern, APHIS finds that the
safeguards of 7 CFR 318.13-4f and the additional mitigations described
here will result in the effective removal of the pests of concern
identified by the PRA to allow movement of these commodities from Hawaii
(USDA 2006a).

IX. **Author(s):**

Inder P.S. Gadh, Ph.D.

Senior Risk Manager

David Lamb

Import Specialist

**X. References Cited:**

FAO. 2006. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures:
Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis. Publication No. 2. Rome: Secretariat
of the International Plant Protection Convention, Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations.

USDA 2005. Guidelines for pathway-intiated pest risk assessments
(version 5.02), US Department of Agriculture, Animal & Plant Health
Inspection Service, Plant Protection & Quarantine, Center for Plant
Health Science & Technology, NC , March 2005.

USDA 2006a. Movement of Mangosteen, *Garcinia mangostana*, from Hawaii
into the Continental United States. A Pathway-initiated Risk Assessment.
Published by US Department of Agriculture, Animal & Plant Health
Inspection Service, Plant Protection & Quarantine, Center for Plant
Health Science & Technology, NC , 2004, edited 2006.

USDA 2006b. Movement of Dragon Fruit (*Hylocereus*, *Selenicereus)* from
Hawaii into the Continental United States. A Qualitative
Pathway-initiated Risk Assessment. Published by US Department of
Agriculture, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection
& Quarantine, Center for Plant Health Science & Technology, NC , 2005,
edited 2006.

USDA 2006c. Qualitative Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment of the
Movement of Melon, *Cucumis melo* L., from Hawaii into the Continental
United States. Published by US Department of Agriculture, Animal & Plant
Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection & Quarantine, Center for
Plant Health Science & Technology, NC , 2006.

USDA 2006d. Movement of Cowpea, and its relatives (*Vigna unguiculata*
(L.) Walp), as Fresh Immature Fruit Pods from Hawaii into the
Continental United States. A Pathway-initiated Risk Assessment.
Published by US Department of Agriculture, Animal & Plant Health
Inspection Service, Plant Protection & Quarantine, Center for Plant
Health Science & Technology, NC , 2005, edited 2006.

USDA 2006e. Movement of Breadfruit, (*Artocarpus altilis*), and
Jackfruit, (*Artocarpus heterophyllus*), from Hawaii into the
Continental United States. A Pathway-initiated Risk Assessment.
Published by US Department of Agriculture, Animal & Plant Health
Inspection Service, Plant Protection & Quarantine, Center for Plant
Health Science & Technology, NC , 2006.

USDA 2006f. Movement of *Moringa oleifera* Pods from Hawaii into the
Continental United States. A Pathway-initiated Risk Assessment.
Published by US Department of Agriculture, Animal & Plant Health
Inspection Service, Plant Protection & Quarantine, Center for Plant
Health Science & Technology, NC , 2006.

USDA 2006g. Treatment of fruits and vegetables. Federal Register 71
(18): 4451-4464, published January 27, 2006.

Uyeda E. 2005. Personal communication from E. Uyeda, Port Director, US
Department of Agriculture, Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service,
Plant Protection & Quarantine, Hilo, HI.

[^1]: A pest is considered neutralized when it is killed, rendered
    sterile or its further development into an adult is stopped.