# ROMANIZATION OF CHINESE GEOGRAPHIC NAMES IN DESCRIPTIVE AND SUBJECT HEADINGS 

# Updated April 26, 2007

I[. Distinguish systematic romanization from GNS form]{.underline}

II[. Establishing headings for Chinese place names]{.underline}

### 

###  **A. Generic terms**

### **A1. When romanizing generic terms for jurisdictions in descriptive text, separate the term for the jurisdiction from the name of the place**

**A2. Place names within other place names**

**B. Personal names within place names**

### **C. Establishing headings in other than romanized form**

> **C1. Place names in China which are based on a language other than
> Chinese**

### **C2. Taiwan place names** 

#####  D. Changes to the structure and names of Chinese jurisdictions

###  **E. Administrative district or populated place?**

#####  F. Qualifiers

For Conferences

For Qu 区

**G. LCRI 23.2: Establishing current place names**

#####  H. Resolving conflicts

#####  I. Reevaluation of existing headings

#####  J. Localities with "undistinguished" names

#####  K. The 670 field

#####  L. Cuttering

III[. Subject headings for geographical features, buildings,
etc.]{.underline}

Geonet (GNS), the website of the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN), is
the reference source used by the Library of Congress to establish
headings for place names. Headings for Chinese jurisdictions should be
established in conformance with approved GNS forms, or romanized in a
manner analogous to similar forms recommended by GNS (exception noted
below in section 2A).

[I. Distinguish systematic romanization from GNS form]{.underline}

While Chinese is always systematically romanized in descriptive strings,
headings for Chinese place names may vary from systematic pinyin
romanization. One should try to romanize systematically when
establishing headings for Chinese place names. However, when the GNS
form differs from the systematically romanized form of the name of a
place, follow the GNS form in establishing the heading for the
jurisdiction (except when the name includes a generic term for town or
village, see 2A below).

**EXAMPLE 1:**

place name appears in title as: 陕西省

romanize place name in title as: Shanxi Sheng

GNS form: Shaanxi Sheng

heading established as: Shaanxi Sheng (China)

**EXAMPLE 3:**

place name appears in title as: 哈尔滨

romanize place name in title as: Haerbin

GNS form: Harbin (populated place); Harbin Shi (administrative district)

heading for PPL established as: Harbin (China)

reference given from: Haerbin (China)

heading for ADM established as: Harbin Shi (China)

**EXAMPLE 4:**

> place name appears in corporate name: 镇宁布依族苗族自治县民族
>
> 事务委员会
>
> romanize corporate name systematically as: Zhenning Buyizu Miaozu
> Zizhixian min zu shi wu wei yuan hui
>
> GNS form for the related place: Zhenning Bouyeizu Miaozu Zizhixian
>
> heading for place name established as: Zhenning Bouyeizu Miaozu
>
> Zizhixian (China)

**EXAMPLE 5:**

place name appears in corporate name as: 陈巴尔虎旗文化局

romanize corporate name systematically as: Chen Baerhu Qi wen hua ju...

GNS form for the related place: Chen Barag Qi

heading for place name established as: Chen Barag Qi (China)

**EXAMPLE 6.**

place name appears as: 九龙

romanize place name as: Jiulong

GNS form: Kowloon

heading established as: Kowloon (China)

reference given from: Jiulong (Hong Kong, China)

> The qualifier for the reference appears in this form because the
> jurisdiction of Hong Kong now has the status equal to that of a
> province.

[II. Establishing headings for Chinese place names]{.underline}

### 

### **II. A. Generic terms**

### 

### **II. A1. When romanizing generic terms for jurisdictions in descriptive text, separate the term for the jurisdiction from the name of the place**

### 

### GNS typically connects the generic terms for populated and incorporated places below the 3^rd^ level of administrative district. To promote consistency of romanization in bibliographic and authority files, the Library of Congress will, as an exceptional practice, separate the generic terms for county (Xian 县), as well as for towns and villages (村 Cun, 乡 Xiang, 镇 Zhen, 庄 Zhuang) in romanized strings and in headings. 

### 

### Terms for other geographic areas such as Zhai 寨 (enclosed area, fort) are not considered generic terms for jurisdictions. Names that include terms such as this should be established following GNS form.

In all other cases, establish headings following the GNS form.

**EXAMPLE 1:**

place name appears in title as: 大邱庄

romanize place name in title as: Daqiu Zhuang

GNS form: Daqiuzhuang

heading established as: Daqiu Zhuang (China)

give reference from: Daqiuzhuang (China)

**EXAMPLE 2:**

place name appears in title as: 金胜村

romanize place name in title as: Jinsheng Cun

GNS form: Jinsheng (populated place)

Heading for ADM established as: Jinsheng Cun (China)

**EXAMPLE 3:**

place name appears in title as: 大河村

romanize place name in title as: Dahe Cun

GNS form: Dahe (populated place)

heading for ADM established as: Dahe Cun (Zhengzhou Shi, China)

**EXAMPLE 4:**

place name appears in title as: 棠浦鎮

romanize place name in title as: Tangpu Zhen

GNS form: Tangpu (populated place)

Heading for ADM established as: Tangpu Zhen (Jiangxi Sheng, China)

give reference from: Tangpu (Jiangxi Sheng, China)

**EXAMPLE 5:**

place name appears in title as: 祁县

romanize place name in title as: Qi Xian

GNS forms: Qixian (populated place), Qi Xian (3^rd^ level administrative
district)

heading established as: Qi Xian (Shanxi Sheng, China)

give reference from: Qixian (Shanxi Sheng, China)

**EXAMPLE 6:**

place name appears in title as: 刚边寨

romanize place name in title as: Gangbianzhai

GNS form: Gangbian (populated place)

heading established as: Gangbian (Guizhou Sheng, China)

> give references from: Gangbian Zhai (China)

Gangbianzhai (China)

**EXAMPLE 7:**

place name appears in title as: 樟树亭仔

romanize place name in title as: Zhangshutingzi

GNS form: Zhangshutingzi (populated place)

establish heading as: Zhangshutingzi (China)

**EXAMPLE 8:**

place name appears in title as: 金溪大塘

romanize place name in title as: Jinxidatang

GNS form: Jinxidatang (populated place)

establish heading as: Jinxidatang (China)

**II. A2. Associative names (Place names within other place names)**

Generic terms for geographic features are separated in the name of a
place itself; however, those terms are often joined by GNS when the name
of the place is used within the names of other places or geographic
features. Distinguish whether the term refers to the geographic feature
itself, or if it is itself part of the name of another geographic
feature or jurisdiction. The Library has asked the Committee on
Cataloging: Asian and African Materials of ALA to approve this provision
of the romanization guidelines. See more examples in *Policies for
cataloging Chinese material*, Section 2B, Connection of syllables.

Chang Jiang (the river itself) 长江

Changjiang Kou (the name of the mouth of the river) 长江口

Changjiang (name of a populated place) 昌江

Fen He (the river itself) 汾河

Fenhe Shuiku (the name of the reservoir) 汾河水库

Fanjing Shan (the mountain itself) 梵净山

> Fanjingshan Ziran Baohuqu (the name of the mountain used in the name
> of a nature preserve) 梵净山自然保护区

Dong Hai 東海

BUT Donghai Xian 東海縣

-- NOT Dong Hai Xian

Huang Shan 黄山

BUT Huangshan Shi 黄山市

-- NOT Huang Shan Shi

Heilong Jiang 黑龙江

BUT Heilongjiang Sheng 黑龙江省

-- NOT Heilong Jiang Sheng

**II. B. Personal names within place names**

The syllables of personal names that appear within geographic names are
connected together. The generic term for the jurisdiction or geographic
feature is separated. The Library has asked the Committee on Cataloging:
Asian and African Materials of ALA to approve of this provision of the
romanization guidelines.

Zhangzizhong Lu 张自忠路

NOT Zhang Zizhong Lu

Zuoquan Xian 左权县

NOT Zuo Quan Xian

Luxun Gongyuan 鲁迅公园

NOT Lu Xun Gongyuan

### **II. C. Establishing headings in other than romanized form**

**II. C1. Place names in China which are based on a language other than
Chinese.**

Follow the form of heading cited by GNS when it is available. Make a
x-ref. from all relevant romanized forms of the name of the place.

**EXAMPLE 1:**

place name appears in title as: 湾仔区

romanize place name in title as: Wanzai Qu

GNS form 2002: Wan Chai

heading established as: Wan Chai (Hong Kong, China)

give references from: Wanzai Qu (Hong Kong, China)

Wanzi Qu (Hong Kong, China)

**EXAMPLE 2:**

place name appears in title as: 克拉玛依市 (in Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu)

romanize place name in title as: Kelamayi Shi

BGN citation on NAR: Karamay \[brief\] Shi, ADMD...

citation in 2001 Chinese gazetteer: Kelamayi Shi

heading established as: Karamay Shi (China)

give references from: Karamay (China)

Kelamayi Shi (China)

**EXAMPLE 3:**

place name appears in title as: 壤塘县

romanize place name in title as: Rangtang Xian

GNS form 2002: Zamtang Xian

Citation in 2001 Chinese gazetteer: Rangtang Xian

heading established as: Zamtang Xian (China)

give reference from: Rangtang Xian (China)

### **II. C2. Taiwan place names** 

Taiwan place names will be romanized in systematic pinyin form in
descriptive strings and corporate names. At this time, GNS continues to
prescribe Wade-Giles forms for Taiwan place names. Therefore, headings
for Taiwan place names themselves will be given in GNS-approved form.

**EXAMPLE 1:**

place name that is subject of book: 基隆市

romanize place name as: Jilong Shi

Geonet form for the populated place: Chi-lung

heading for the populated place established as: Chi-lung (Taiwan)

**EXAMPLE 2:**

place name appears in title as: 花蓮縣

romanize the place name in title as: Hualian Xian

Geonet form: Hua-lien Hsien

heading established as: Hua-lien hsien (Taiwan)

BUT:

**EXAMPLE 3:**

corporate name: 臺南市文獻委員會

romanize corporate name as: Tainan Shi wen xian wei yuan hui

heading established as: Tainan Shi wen xian wei yuan hui

##### II. D. Changes to the structure and names of Chinese jurisdictions

Recently, citations on GNS have reflected new practices for naming
places in China. Jurisdictions throughout China are being reorganized;
many place names are changing. Some generic terms for jurisdictions are
changing their traditional meanings. For example, Shi 市 traditionally
meant "city", but now may refer to different kinds of 2^nd^ or 3^rd^
level administrative areas -- localities we might call
**municipalities**. Few cities are now called Shi, while municipalities
throughout China (consisting of several counties and urban areas) are
frequently called Shi.

There are four 1^st^ level administrative areas for which the GNS
heading includes the term Shi 市: Tianjin Shi 天津市, Shanghai Shi
上海市, Beijing Shi 北京市, and Chongqing Shi 重庆市. Please note,
however, that the headings for these four areas represent the short
forms of the names: Tianjin (China), Shanghai (China), Beijing (China),
and Chongqing (China).

### **II. E. Administrative district or populated place?**

A locality may be represented by one or two headings. GEOnet makes
distinction between administrative district (ADM = jurisdiction) and
populated place (PPL = urban area). When the Chinese conventional place
names were being converted several years ago, the decision was made to
use one heading to cover both an ADM and a PPL of the same name. Because
the territory covered by the two differed only slightly, if at all, the
feeling was that a user would not make a distinction between the two. As
things have changed in China, however, an ADM and a PPL with the same
basic name and the same coordinates on Geonet probably now refer to very
different areas.

Catalogers must also make this distinction between ADM and PPL. Headings
for subordinate government agencies must be entered under the heading
for the jurisdiction. Headings for populated places are most frequently
used as subject headings. For example, a book about the gardens of
Suzhou, or a book about the Suzhou dialect, would use the heading for
the populated place, Suzhou (Jiangsu Sheng, China) in the subject
heading. The subject of a map of the old city of Suzhou would be Suzhou
(Jiangsu Sheng, China), but a very new map of the recently established
jurisdiction Suzhou Shi would have Suzhou Shi (China) as its subject.
Catalogers should use caution before changing an existing subject
heading. When in doubt about the scope of an item, it is safest to use
both headings as subjects.

CPSO has determined that no distinction will be made between populated
place and administrative district in these four first-order
administrative divisions: Beijing (China), Shanghai (China), Tianjin
(China), and Chongqing (China).

**EXAMPLE 1:**

heading for PPL: Suzhou (Jiangsu Sheng, China)

sources found (670 field): GEOnet, Apr. 29, 2004 \$b (Suzhou Shi---ADM2,
31 18'N 120 37'E \[another in Anhui Sheng\]; Suzhou---PPL, 31 18'41"N
120 37'05"E \[others in Anhui Sheng and Gansu Sheng\]

heading for ADM: Suzhou Shi (Jiangsu Sheng, China)

sources found (670 field): GEOnet, Apr. 29, 2004 \$b (Suzhou Shi---ADM2,
31 18'N 120 37'E \[another in Anhui Sheng\]; Suzhou---PPL, 31 18'41"N
120 37'05"E \[others in Anhui Sheng and Gansu Sheng\]

##### II. F. Qualifiers

Qualifiers for Chinese place names are added strictly according to AACR2
guidelines. Many wonder why Chinese place names are not automatically
qualified with the name of the province in which they are located. AACR2
Rule 23.4C calls for places located in Australia, Canada, Malaysia, the
United States, the USSR, or Yugoslavia to be qualified with the name of
the state, province or territory in which they are located. This is done
because those countries are federated states. Since China is not a
federated state, place names in China are qualified with the name of the
province in which they are located only when necessary to resolve a
conflict, following to Library of Congress Rule Interpretation 23.4F1.

##### Qualifiers for Conferences

It is safe to assume that conferences usually take place in populated
places (PPL), rather than the new, much larger administrative districts
(ADM). Therefore, in selecting a qualifier for the heading for a
conference, generally prefer the heading for the PPL. However, do not
change a heading in which the qualifier uses the heading for the ADM.

**EXAMPLE 1:**

conference name appears in piece as: 民国档案与民国史学术讨论会

heading for conference Minguo dang an yu Minguo shi xue shu tao lun hui
\$d (1987 : \$c Nanjing, Jiangsu Sheng, China)

**EXAMPLE 2:**

conference name appears in piece as: 工程勘查学术交流会议

heading for conference Gong cheng kan cha xue shu jiao liu hui yi \$n
(2nd : \$d 1992 : \$c Nanjing Shi, China)

do not change heading to: Gong cheng kan cha xue shu jiao liu hui yi \$n
(2nd : \$d 1992 : \$c Nanjing, Jiangsu Sheng, China)

**EXAMPLE 3:**

conference name appears in piece as: 中國水彩畫展覽

heading for conference Zhongguo shui cai hua zhan lan \$d (1992 : \$c
Hangzhou Shi, China)

do not change heading to: Zhongguo shui cai hua zhan lan (\$d 1992 : \$c
Hangzhou, China)

**Qualifiers for Qu 区**

Until recently, a Qu 区 was qualified with the name of the city (Shi) of
which it was a part. A cross-reference was also made from the heading
for the city, with the Qu as a subdivision, following LCRI 23.4F2. In
the recent reorganization of jurisdictions in China, the term Shi 市 is
no longer used to mean "city" in the sense understood by AACR2. Because
Shi now refers to an administrative unit that resembles a municipality,
the Qu within that jurisdiction should not be considered a part of a
city in the sense that the rules direct. Furthermore, there appears to
be a trend toward changing the names of subordinate jurisdictions such
as Xian 县, and even smaller Shi 市, to Qu 区. Therefore, it is
appropriate for the heading for a Qu to be qualified by the name of the
larger Shi, but no x-ref. should be given from the heading for the Shi
under LCRI 23.4F2 (because technically it is not the heading for a
city). Delete such references when they are encountered.

**EXAMPLE 1:**

place name appears in title as: 桥东区

heading: Qiaodong Qu (Shijiazhuang Shi, China)

delete reference: ~~Shijiazhuang Shi (China). Qiaodong Qu (Ward)~~

**EXAMPLE 2:**

place name appears in title as: 未央区

heading: Weiyang Qu (Xi'an Shi, China)

delete reference: ~~Xi'an Shi (China). Weiyang Qu~~

**EXAMPLE 3:**

place name appears in title as: 皇姑区

heading: Huanggu Qu (Shenyang Shi, China)

delete reference: ~~Shenyang Shi (China). Huanggu Qu~~

**EXAMPLE 4:**

place name appears as: 西固区

romanize place name as: Xigu Qu

GNS form: Xigu Qu

heading established as: Xigu Qu (Lanzhou Shi, China)

**EXAMPLE 5:**

place name appears as: 大港区

romanize place name as: Dagang Qu

GNS form: Dagang Qu

heading established as: Dagang Qu (Tianjin, China)

> Normally, the heading for a level 3 administrative district like
> Dagang Qu would be qualified by the heading for a level 2 district (as
> is done in Example 4). However, in this case, Tianjin is a level 1
> district which must be used as the qualifier because there is no
> intervening level 2 district.

**II. G. LCRI 23.2: Establishing current place names**

GNS citations for populated places having roughly the same coordinates
as 2^nd^ and 3^rd^ level administrative districts with same name will no
longer be assumed to refer to same basic geographic area. Therefore, the
following portion of LCRI 23.2 has been deleted:

> For populated places within China, if GNS shows both a form as a
> populated place (PPL) and as an administrative area (ADM) with the
> generic term, use a single heading for both the populated place and
> any administrative unit.

Continue to refer to GNS form when establishing a place name. Establish
the name as it is given in the item being cataloged or in GNS, with or
without generic term for jurisdiction. When there is a choice between
names, prefer to use the longer form of name, following this provision
of LCRI 23.2:

> If the name is based on the form found in a recently published
> gazetteer, generally use in the heading the form found on the item
> being cataloged rather than a shortened form or unabbreviated form
> found in a gazetteer, unless 23.5A is applicable.

**EXAMPLE 1:**

GNS cites: Anyang 安阳 PPL 36° 05'N 114° 19'E

Anyang Xian 安阳县 ADM3 36 °05'N 114° 21'E

Anyang Shi 安阳市 ADM2 36°05' N 114°21'E

> Anyang, the entry for the populated place, no longer represents either
> of the other two places cited on GNS with virtually the same
> coordinates. In 1982, Anyang Shi \[ADM3\] absorbed 5 counties of
> Anyang Diqu and was upgraded to ADM2. The next year, the remaining 5
> counties in Anyang Diqu were transferred to Puyang Shi, and Anyang
> Diqu was abolished. Anyang Shi is now a prefecture with a population
> of 5,130,000: it includes 9 subordinate jurisdictions: 4 Qu 区
> (population 150,000 to 210,000); 1 Shi 市 (population 970,000), and 4
> Xian 县 (population 440,000 to 1,180,000).
>
> The 2001 Chinese gazetteer no longer identifies the city of Anyang as
> a distinct jurisdiction. That urban area now appears to consist of
> several municipal distrcits (Qu 区) within the prefecture Anyang Shi.
> Anyang Xian is a county of 1,120,000 people adjacent to the former
> Anyang (City).

Accordingly, these headings have been established:

Anyang (Henan Sheng, China) for Anyang 安阳 ( PPL)

Anyang Xian (China) for Anyang Xian 安阳县 (ADM3)

Anyang Shi (China) for Anyang Shi 安阳市 (ADM2)

**EXAMPLE 2:**

place name appears in title as: 浦棠乡

romanize place name in title as: Putang Xiang

GNS form: Putang

heading established as: Putang Xiang (China)

give reference from: Putang (Jiangsu Sheng, China : North)

##### II. H. Resolving conflicts

Follow the provisions of LCRI 23.4F1 to resolve conflicts in the
headings for place names:

> ... if there is no existing conflict in the catalog, search
> gazetteers, etc., to determine if two or more places within the same
> jurisdiction have the same name or if two or more places with the same
> name would bear the same qualifier for the larger place.

Thoroughly search headings in the bibliographic and authority files, and
refer to GNS and a recent Chinese gazetteer (one published within the
past year, if possible). Take the date of the GNS entry into account
when identifying the most recent name of a place.

If no conflict is found, qualify the heading with China or Taiwan. If a
conflict is identified, generally qualify with name of province. If a
conflict is identified within a province in China, provide further
qualification, as appropriate.

**EXAMPLE 1:**

> Longtian 龙田 conflicts with 5 other place names which are romanized
> in the same way on GNS; therefore, qualify with the name of the
> province:
>
> 151 Longtian (Anhui Sheng, China)

**EXAMPLE 2:**

> 151 Pinglu Xian (Shanxi Sheng, China : North) 平陆县 conflicted with
> another county in Shanxi Sheng 平鲁县

**EXAMPLE 3:**

> 451 Yanping (Guangdong Sheng, China : West) a variant form which
> conflicted with another Yanping listed in Eastern Guangdong Sheng.

Sometimes a municipality called Shi will include smaller units that are
also called Shi.

**EXAMPLE 4:**

> In Hunan Sheng, Wugang Shi 武冈市 is an urban area, population
> 720,000; it falls under the larger region, Shaoyang Shi 邵阳市, which
> has a population of 7,210,000.

Follow this procedure when establishing a heading for a place that
includes Shi in its name: when Shi has any meaning other than city or
populated place, AND is in conflict with a former place name,
distinguish it by qualifying the name with **"Municipality".**

**EXAMPLE 5:**

Authority record 1: 151 Meixian Diqu (China) 梅县地区 \[2^nd^ level ADM,
district\]

551 Meixian Zhuanqu (China)

Authority record 2: 151 Meizhou Shi (China) 梅州市 \[town; capital of
Meixian Diqu; Meizhou Shi merged with Mei Xian to become Meixian Shi in
1983\]

551 Meixian Shi (China)

Authority record 3: 151 Mei Xian (Guangdong Sheng, China) 梅县 \[3^rd^
level ADM, county; merged with Meizhou Shi to become Meixian Shi\]

551 Meixian Shi (China)

Authority record 4: 151 Meixian Shi (China) 梅县市 \[(later and now)
earlier name of Mei Xian\]

551 Mei Xian (Guangdong Sheng, China)

GNS, 2002: - entry for Meizhou Shi, ADM2, 24°18' N 116°06' E; variant:
Meixian Diqu

\- entry for Meizhou, PPL, 24°18' N 116°07' E

> \- entry for Mei Xian, ADM3, 24°16' N 116°06' E

Chinese gazetteer, 2001: identifies Mei Xian, populaton 600,000, which
is included within Meizhou Shi, population 4,760,000; there is no entry
for the urban area (populated place) Meizhou

Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo xian ji yi shang xing zheng qu hua yan ge,
1987: Mei Xian and Meizhou Shi merged to become Meixian Shi in 1983

Take the following steps:

Authority record 1: - because there is evidence on GNS that Meixian Diqu
changed its name to Meizhou Shi (which is in conflict with the capital
town Meizhou Shi), add 551 Meizhou Shi (China : Prefecture)

Authority record 2: - add 551 Meixian Shi (China)

###  Authority record 3: - no change

Authority record 4: - add 551 Meizhou Shi (China)

Create authority record 5:

> \- 151 Meizhou Shi (China : **Municipality**) -- qualify the heading
> because it conflicts with authority record 2
>
> \- provide 551 Meizhou Shi (China)
>
> \- provide 551 Meixian Diqu (China)

##### II. I (eye). Reevaluation of existing headings

Because the names of Chinese places and their relationships to each
other are undergoing such fundamental changes, it is especially
important to re-evaluate established headings for Chinese place names
when they are encountered in the course of cataloging. Thoroughly search
headings in the bibliographic and authority files, and refer to GNS and
a recent Chinese gazetteer (one published within the past year, if
possible). Take the date of the GNS entry into account when identifying
the most recent name of a place. A current detailed atlas of China is
also helpful. Update headings and perform bibliographic file maintenance
when necessary.

For a period of time, headings for some Chinese jurisdictions were
incorporated under the same heading as the populated place. On an
as-encountered basis, authority records for these jurisdictions and
populated places are now being established separately so that they will
be clearly distinguished from each other. References for the populated
place and administrative district, along with the 670 fields, will be
included on the appropriate authority record. The task of cleaning up
the many related headings may take several years to accomplish.

**EXAMPLE 1:**

Authority record 1: Dalian (Liaoning Sheng, China) 大连 \[PPL\]

Authority record 2: Dalian Shi (China) 大连市 \[ADM2\]

No action needed

**EXAMPLE 2:**

Authority record 1: 151 Guilin (Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu, China) 桂林

\[PPL, populated place, and ADM2, municipality\]

451 Guilin Shi (China)

> GNS, 1999: - entry for Guilin, PPL, 25°17' N 110°17'E
>
> \- entry for Guilin Shi, ADM2, 25°17' N 110°17'E

Take the following steps:

Authority record 1: - transfer references and 670 information that
refers to the

ADM to the new authority record, so that this record only

refers to the populated place

Authority record 2: - establish new authority record for the ADM: Guilin
Shi

(China)

**EXAMPLE 3:**

Authority record 1: 151 Kaifeng Xian (China) 开封县 \[3^rd^ level ADM,
county\]

451 Kaifeng (China)

Authority record 2: 151 Kaifeng (Henan Sheng, China) 开封 \[identified
only as ADM\]

451 Kaifeng Shi (China) \[reference added in 1984\]

Authority record 3: 151 Kaifeng Diqu (China) 开封地区 \[2^nd^ level ADM,
district\]

GNS, 2002: - entry for Kaifeng Xian, ADM3, 34°46' N 114°24' E

\- entry for Kaifeng, PPL, 34°47' N 114°20' E

> \- entry for Kaifeng Shi, ADM2, 34°51' N 114°20' E, which includes
> both of the above jurisdictions
>
> Chinese gazetteer, 2001: identifies Kaifeng Xian, which is included
> within Kaifeng Shi; there is no entry for the urban area, which
> appears to have been divided into five Qu 区

Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo xian ji yi shang xing zheng qu hua yan ge,
1987, p. 464: states that, in 1983, Kaifeng Diqu was abolished, with
five counties going to Kaifeng Shi and five to Zhengzhou Shi

Take the following steps:

Authority record 1: - no change

Authority record 2: - change heading to Kaifeng Shi (China)

\- delete 451 Kaifeng Shi (China)

\- add 551 Kaifeng Diqu (China)

Authority record 3: - add 551 Kaifeng Shi (China)

\- add 551 Zhengzhou Shi (China)

Also link the record for Zhengzhou Shi (China) to record 3 with 551
Kaifeng Diqu (China)

Authority record 4

> (if needed) : - establish heading for the PPL: Kaifeng (Henan Sheng,
>
> China)

\- adjust subject headings where appropriate

**EXAMPLE 4:**

Authority record 1: 151 Yangzhou Diqu (China) 扬州地区 \[2^nd^ level
ADM, district\]

Authority record 2: 151 Yangzhou (Jiangsu Sheng, China) 扬州市 \[3^rd^
level ADM, city\]

451 Yangzhou Shi (China)

> \[the last 670, added in 1999, identifies Yangzhou Shi as a 2^nd^
> level administrative district\]

Authority record 3: 151 Yangzhou (Jiangsu Sheng, China) 扬州 \[PPL,

populated place\]

GNS, 2002: - entry for Yangzhou Shi, ADM2, 32°24' 00" E 119°26'00" N

\- entry for Yangzhou, PPL, 32°23'50" E 119°26'09" N

> 2002 Chinese gazetteer: identifies Yangzhou Shi as a 2^nd^ level
> administrative district; there is no longer any entry for a 3^rd^
> level ADM called Yangzhou
>
> Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo xian ji yi shang xing zheng qu hua yan ge,
> 1987, v. 2: states that Yangzhou Diqu was abolished in 1983, and all
> of its counties were transferred to Yangzhou Shi

Take the following steps:

Authority record 1: - add 551 Yangzhou Shi (China)

Authority record 2: - change heading to Yangzhou Shi (China)

\- delete 451 Yangzhou Shi (China)

> \- add 551 Yangzhou Diqu (China)

Authority record 3: - no change

##### II. J. Localities with "undistinguished" names

Recent Chinese gazetteers cite the names of administrative units that
are "undistinguished" in nature: for example, Jiao Qu 郊区 (Suburban
District), Shi Qu 市区 and Cheng Qu 城区 (Urban District). There are
also variations, such as Beijiao Qu 北郊区 and Nanjiao Qu 南郊区. GNS
has not provided citations for most of these areas. Establish
administrative units such as these in the same manner as any other place
name, resolving conflicts by adding the heading of an appropriate higher
body.

**EXAMPLE 1:**

place name appears in title as: 郊区 (part of 新乡市)

romanize place name in title as: Jiao Qu

GNS form: \[not given\]

establish heading as: Jiao Qu (Xinxiang Shi, China)

**EXAMPLE 2:**

place name appears in title as: 郊区 (part of 开封县)

romanize place name in title as: Jiao Qu

GNS form: \[not given\]

establish heading as: Jiao Qu (Kaifeng Xian, China)

**EXAMPLE 3:**

place name appears in title as: 郊区 (part of 鹤壁市)

romanize place name in title as: Jiao Qu

GNS form: \[not given\]

establish heading as: Jiao Qu (Hebi Shi, China)

**EXAMPLE 4:**

place name appears in title as: 城区 (part of 阳泉市)

romanize place name in title as: Cheng Qu

GNS form: \[not given\]

establish heading as: Cheng Qu (Yangquan Shi, China)

**EXAMPLE 5:**

place name appears in title as: 城区 (part of 盐城市)

romanize place name in title as: Cheng Qu

GNS form: \[not given\]

establish heading as: Cheng Qu (Yancheng Shi, China)

**EXAMPLE 6:**

place name appears in title as: 城区 (part of 晋城市)

romanize place name in title as: Cheng Qu

GNS form: \[not given\]

establish heading as: Cheng Qu (Jincheng Shi, China)

##### II. K. The 670 field

When establishing or changing the authority record for a Chinese place
name, always include name of province in the 670 field to help
distinguish the places from others with identical or similar names.

**EXAMPLE 1:**

> 670 Wangmo Xian zong he nong ye qu hua, 1989: \$b t.p. (Wangmo Xian,
> located in Guizhou Sheng)

**EXAMPLE 2:**

> 670 GEOnet, 2/19/02 \$b (Meizhou Shi---ADM2 24°18'34"N 116°06'34"E
> CH30 \[Guangdong\]....)

##### II. L. Cuttering

CPSO recommends the use of the same Cutter number for both the
administrative district and the populated place when the name is the
same. Though it would be ideal to carry out the distinction between the
two headings for the Cutter number, CPSO is concerned about the impact
on shelflisting and the resulting length of Cutter numbers, especially
in areas where the practice is not to explicitly indicate Cutter spans
and where LC already Cutters all local place names under each province
without regard to the category of jurisdiction.

[III. Subject headings for geographical features, buildings,
etc.]{.underline}

Subject headings for geographical features (151: Shan, Hu, Hai, Dao,
etc.), for archaeological sites, bridges, and other constructions of
geographic extent (151), and for buildings (110), are generally
established as a combination of the Chinese place name and an English
term for the geographical feature, or entirely in English. Chinese terms
in these headings follow the form recommended by GNS.

**EXAMPLE 1:**

place name: 景頗湖

romanize the place name as: Jingpo Hu

GNS form: Jingpo Hu

subject heading: Jingpo Lake (China)

**EXAMPLE 2:**

place name: 珠江口

romanize the place name as: Zhujiang Kou

GNS form: Zhujiang Kou

subject heading: Pearl River Estuary (China)

**EXAMPLE 3:**

place name: 甘肃河西走廊

romanize the place name as: Gansu Hexi Zoulang

GNS form: \[not given\]

subject heading: Gansu Corridor (China)

**EXAMPLE 4:**

place name: 塔克拉玛干沙漠

romanize the place name as: Takelamagan Shamo

GNS form (conventional): Takla Makan Desert (China)

GNS form (native): Taklimakan Shamo

subject heading: Takla Makan Desert (China)

**EXAMPLE 5:**

place name: 青藏高原

romanize the place name as: Qing Zang Gaoyuan

GNS form: Qing Zang Gaoyuan

subject heading: Tibet, Plateau of (China)

**EXAMPLE 6:**

place name: 牛街

romanize the place name as: Niu Jie

GNS form: \[not given\]

subject heading: Niu Jie (Beijing, China)

**EXAMPLE 7:**

place name: 福陵

romanize the place name as: Fu Ling

subject heading: Fu Ling Site (Shenyang, Liaoning Sheng, China)

**EXAMPLE 8:**

place name: 人民胜利渠

romanize the place name as: Renmin Shengli Qu

GNS form: Renmin Shengli Qu

subject heading: Renmin Shengli Canal (China)

**EXAMPLE 9:**

place name: 鯉魚潭水庫

romanize the place name as: Liyutan Shuiku

GNS form: \[not given\]

subject heading: Li-yü-t'an Dam (Taiwan)

**EXAMPLE 10:**

place name: 莫力庙水库

romanize the place name as: Molimiao Shuiku

GNS form: Muruin Sum Shuiku

subject heading: Muruin Sum Reservoir (China)

**EXAMPLE 11:**

place name: 黃鶴樓

romanize the building name as: Huang he lou

subject heading: Huang he lou (China)