Appendix A: Summary of Literature Review

  ----------------- ---------------------- ---------- ----------- -------------- -------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------
  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Border         Congestion and       Lack of bypass lane:   Redesign the
  Efficiency Study:                                               Crossing       delays through port  Vehicles not chosen    commercial cargo
  Final Report                                                    Facilities     of entry             for intensive          facility entrance.
                                                                                                      inspection must pass   Build bypass lane for
                                                                                                      though compound        trucks not selected
                                                                                                                             for intensive
                                                                                                                             inspection.

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Border         Limited queuing area Insufficient space     Continue land
  Efficiency Study:                                               Crossing       and poor access to                          acquisition
  Final Report                                                    Facilities     X-ray equipment                             initiatives. Acquire
                                                                                                                             land adjacent to
                                                                                                                             facility for queuing
                                                                                                                             area, X-ray
                                                                                                                             inspection access, or
                                                                                                                             other initiatives
                                                                                                                             such as bypass lanes
                                                                                                                             or hazardous
                                                                                                                             materials area.

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Border         Traffic flow         Space constraints      Construct larger
  Efficiency Study:                                               Crossing       inefficiencies                              staging area between
  Final Report                                                    Facilities                                                 exit gate and ADOT
                                                                                                                             facility. Additional
                                                                                                                             space is needed
                                                                                                                             within compound to
                                                                                                                             accommodate all state
                                                                                                                             and federal agencies.

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Border         Sub-optimal                                 Design and deploy a
  Efficiency Study:                                               Crossing       management and                              formalized traffic
  Final Report                                                    Facilities     control of truck                            management system at
                                                                                 traffic within                              POE. Implement
                                                                                 commercial compound                         traffic management by
                                                                                                                             type of cargo or
                                                                                                                             entry (example:
                                                                                                                             laden, empty,
                                                                                                                             pre-filed).

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Customer       Lack of customer     Lack of customer       Integrate customer
  Efficiency Study:                                               Service        service POE          service culture,       service focus into
  Final Report                                                                   management           mentality in POE       POE resource
                                                                                 practices, resulting agencies               allocation and
                                                                                 in communication and                        staffing practices.
                                                                                 coordination                                Make POE operations
                                                                                 problems                                    more responsive to
                                                                                                                             user requirements.

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Customer       Real time                                   Add bilingual static
  Efficiency Study:                                               Service        information on POE                          and variable message
  Final Report                                                                   operations not                              signs to redirect
                                                                                 communicated to                             traffic as conditions
                                                                                 drivers                                     dictate.

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Preclearance   Low participation in Poor promotion         Expand and better
  Efficiency Study:                                               Programs       gate-to-gate                                promote gate-to-gate
  Final Report                                                                   preclearance                                preclearance program
                                                                                 programs (20 percent                        (for brokers).
                                                                                 or less)                                    Provide incentives
                                                                                                                             for prefiling and
                                                                                                                             multi-trip ADOT
                                                                                                                             permitting.

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Staffing/      Insufficient primary Lack of funding;       Allow supervisors to
  Efficiency Study:                                               Scheduling     booths open          rigid, pre-established open additional
  Final Report                                                                                        staffing schedules     primary inspection
                                                                                                                             gates or secondary
                                                                                                                             inspection resources
                                                                                                                             in response to
                                                                                                                             fluctuating traffic
                                                                                                                             demands.

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Stakeholder    Multiple stops       Booths not normally    Replace current
  Efficiency Study:                                               Coordination                        staffed by more than   booths with larger,
  Final Report                                                                                        one agency; lack of    elevated
                                                                                                      overlapping agency     \"superbooths\" that
                                                                                                      jurisdiction           accommodate more than
                                                                                                                             one inspector and
                                                                                                                             more than one agency
                                                                                                                             function. Cross-train
                                                                                                                             inspectors to perform
                                                                                                                             other border agency
                                                                                                                             requirements.

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Stakeholder    Lack of consensus                           Establish formal
  Efficiency Study:                                               Coordination   regarding facility                          communication and
  Final Report                                                                   design and operation                        coordination between
                                                                                                                             U.S. Federal and
                                                                                                                             State agencies
                                                                                                                             working at the
                                                                                                                             border.

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Stakeholder    Lack of objective    No single agency with  Establish and fund
  Efficiency Study:                                               Coordination   POE management       the responsibility or  organization to
  Final Report                                                                   leadership           resources to oversee   provide analytic and
                                                                                                      the efficiency of      staff support to
                                                                                                      overall port of entry  enforcement and
                                                                                                      operations             regulatory port
                                                                                                                             agencies in the flow
                                                                                                                             efficiency aspects of
                                                                                                                             port performance.

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Stakeholder    Lack of consensus                           Establish formal
  Efficiency Study:                                               Coordination   regarding facility                          communication and
  Final Report                                                                   design and operation                        coordination between
                                                                                                                             U.S. and Mexican
                                                                                                                             agencies working at
                                                                                                                             the border.

  Arizona Port      SAIC, Transcore        1997       Nogales     Technology                                                 Add video cameras and
  Efficiency Study:                                                                                                          driver signing at
  Final Report                                                                                                               critical locations to
                                                                                                                             monitor traffic and
                                                                                                                             improve security for
                                                                                                                             inspectors. Use
                                                                                                                             hand-held, pen-based
                                                                                                                             computers to record
                                                                                                                             inspection results.

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Preclearance   Lack of pre-cleared  Unnecessary delays for Preclear more loads.
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Programs       loads                repetitive, compliant, 
  Planning and                                                                                        high-volume shipments  
  Programming Study                                                                                   at U.S. inspection     
  -- Task 13                                                                                          facilities             

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Technology                          Delays due to manual   Employ new technology
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border                                          paperwork processing   to reduce processing
  Planning and                                                                                                               delays.
  Programming Study                                                                                                          
  -- Task 13                                                                                                                 

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Private Sector Demand peaks         Brokers \"rushing\"    Create earlier start
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Practice                            customs (perceived     times for the Mexican
  Planning and                                                                                        reduction in length or brokers or later
  Programming Study                                                                                   number of inspections) hours for U.S.
  -- Task 3: Trade                                                                                                           Customs. Encourage
  Flow Process                                                                                                               shippers to move
                                                                                                                             loads at off-peak
                                                                                                                             times.

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Private Sector Northbound trucks    Function of current    Offer addistional
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Practice       arrive at Mexican    private sector         options for reducing
  Planning and                                                                   border early and     practices and          vehicle queing such
  Programming Study                                                              must park until the  documentation          as greater electronic
  -- Task 3: Trade                                                               pedimentos arrive in requirements           automation, shorter
  Flow Process                                                                   mid afternoon.                              lunch hours, and or
                                                                                                                             clearing paperwork
                                                                                                                             and receipts in the
                                                                                                                             afternoon instead of
                                                                                                                             morning

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Border         POE layout           At some facilities     Provide additional
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Crossing                            with X-ray machines,   X-ray equipment and
  Planning and                                                    Facilities                          the X-ray queue        extended hours for
  Programming Study                                                                                   blocked circulation    tanker trucks.
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     within the compound,   
  of Entry Case                                                                                       primarily due to       
  Studies                                                                                             improper location of   
                                                                                                      the X-ray unit and     
                                                                                                      truck queuing.         

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Border                              Primary booth          Study potential for
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Crossing                            entry/exit geometry,   improving road
  Planning and                                                    Facilities                          turning radius         geometry, turning
  Programming Study                                                                                   difficult to           radius.
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     negotiate.             
  of Entry Case                                                                                                              
  Studies                                                                                                                    

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Border         Northbound delays at Major system           Sufficient
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Crossing       U.S. POEs            constraint is primary  lanes/booths should
  Planning and                                                    Facilities                          inspection area (not   exist and be staffed
  Programming Study                                                                                   border crossing road   to accommodate peak
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     or bridge). U.S. POEs  hour traffic levels.
  of Entry Case                                                                                       are too small to       Sufficient queue
  Studies                                                                                             accommodate enough     capacity should be
                                                                                                      inspection capacity    provided on site in
                                                                                                      (primary booths,       advance of the
                                                                                                      secondary spaces, and  initial inspection or
                                                                                                      other inspection       toll booth. The queue
                                                                                                      areas) for trucks.     road should have at
                                                                                                      Road/truck path        least two lanes
                                                                                                      geometry is often      throughout its entire
                                                                                                      inadequate.            length, and truck
                                                                                                                             paths throughout
                                                                                                                             compounds should meet
                                                                                                                             minimum standards.
                                                                                                                             Sufficient
                                                                                                                             maneuvering space
                                                                                                                             should be provided in
                                                                                                                             front of all docks.

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Border         POE infrastructure   There were not always  Explore possibility
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Crossing       deficiencies         enough primary         of adding booths.
  Planning and                                                    Facilities                          inspection booths at   Encourage use of
  Programming Study                                                                                   some locations, even   alternate crossings.
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     if staffing was        Implement
  of Entry Case                                                                                       available.             differential pricing
  Studies                                                                                                                    for certain
                                                                                                                             types/time segments
                                                                                                                             of traffic to reduce
                                                                                                                             unnecessary peak
                                                                                                                             period traffic.

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Border                              Small number of docks   
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Crossing                            are available for      
  Planning and                                                    Facilities                          agricultural and       
  Programming Study                                                                                   informal entries at    
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     some POEs.             
  of Entry Case                                                                                                              
  Studies                                                                                                                    

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Border                              Truck merging and      Internal truck
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Crossing                            weaving between        circulation should be
  Planning and                                                    Facilities                          primary and exit       counter clockwise
  Programming Study                                                                                   booths creates traffic (inside turns on
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     conflicts and          driver\'s side - most
  of Entry Case                                                                                       congestion within      efficient). All
  Studies                                                                                             compound.              secondary inspections
                                                                                                                             should be off line.

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Customer       Lack of customer     Lack of customer       Encourage inspection
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Service        service (avoidable   service culture in     agencies and service
  Planning and                                                                   time delays)         border agencies and    providers to reduce
  Programming Study                                                                                   service providers.     avoidable time
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     Minimizing travel      delays.
  of Entry Case                                                                                       delays does not appear 
  Studies                                                                                             to be a priority for   
                                                                                                      either U.S. inspection 
                                                                                                      agencies or toll       
                                                                                                      collectors.            

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   General        Inefficient POE      Access roads to        Ingress routes should
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Planning       ingress and egress   Mexican POEs are       be major streets or
  Planning and                                                                   routes               overloaded or carry    highways. Crossings
  Programming Study                                                                                   truck volumes for      should be considered
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     which the streets or   part of the regional
  of Entry Case                                                                                       adjacent development   transportation
  Studies                                                                                             were not intended.     system. Where high
                                                                                                      Most truck entrances   volumes of large
                                                                                                      to the crossings are   trucks are expected,
                                                                                                      simple driveways       dedicated corridors
                                                                                                      without traffic        serving separate
                                                                                                      signals (or            truck crossings away
                                                                                                      synchronized signals)  from incompatible
                                                                                                      or any other           land uses would be
                                                                                                      provisions for traffic beneficial. More exit
                                                                                                      flow facilitation or   lanes are required at
                                                                                                      separation.            some Mexican
                                                                                                                             inspection
                                                                                                                             facilities.

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   General                             POE access routes do    
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Planning                            not link directly to   
  Planning and                                                                                        maquiladora areas.     
  Programming Study                                                                                                          
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                                            
  of Entry Case                                                                                                              
  Studies                                                                                                                    

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   General                             Traffic mixing -       Separate commercial
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Planning                            passenger traffic and  and passenger vehicle
  Planning and                                                                                        commercial traffic.    flows and vehicle and
  Programming Study                                                                                   Pedestrians cross      pedestrian flows.
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     truck lanes at some    
  of Entry Case                                                                                       POEs.                  
  Studies                                                                                                                    

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   NAFTA Trucking                      Bobtails consume        
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border                                          primary inspection     
  Planning and                                                                                        capacity.              
  Programming Study                                                                                                          
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                                            
  of Entry Case                                                                                                              
  Studies                                                                                                                    

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Private Sector Dangerous/impeded    Document completion /  Provide remote area
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Practice       traffic flow on POE  exchange with customs  away from access road
  Planning and                                                                   access roads         broker on shoulder of  for trucks to
  Programming Study                                                                                   access road. Some      complete/wait for
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     drivers of empties     documentation and
  of Entry Case                                                                                       pull over to close     make adjustments to
  Studies                                                                                             doors.                 truck.

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Staffing /     POE Demand -         Components in POE      Staff additional
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Scheduling     Capacity mismatch    system with            booths during peak
  Planning and                                                                                        significant capacity   periods. Install
  Programming Study                                                                                   constraints limit the  closed-circuit
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     effectiveness of the   television cameras in
  of Entry Case                                                                                       rest of the components advance of U.S.
  Studies                                                                                             that have excess       primary inspection to
                                                                                                      capacity. Booths       monitor and adjust to
                                                                                                      opened according to    queue length.
                                                                                                      pre-defined schedules, 
                                                                                                      not truck arrival      
                                                                                                      rates.                 

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Stakeholder    Canine inspection    At some POEs, exit     Relocate or change
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Coordination   delays               inspection queues were canine inspections.
  Planning and                                                                                        created purposely,     Use smaller, more
  Programming Study                                                                                   then used to conduct   frequent off-line
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     block canine           canine block
  of Entry Case                                                                                       inspections - closes,  inspections within
  Studies                                                                                             blocks, slows traffic. compound.

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Technology     Manual toll both     There were no coin     Electronic toll
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border                     operation            baskets or electronic  collection and
  Planning and                                                                                        toll collection. Where prepaid accounts
  Programming Study                                                                                   available, prepayment  should be utilized to
  -- Task 9: Port                                                                                     via corporate accounts speed toll collection
  of Entry Case                                                                                       took as long or longer process.
  Studies                                                                                             than collecting cash   
                                                                                                      toll. Fee collection   
                                                                                                      was slow.              

  Binational Border Barton-Aschman         1998       Southwest   Stakeholder    Delays for           Duplication of import   
  Transportation    Associates, La Empresa            Border      Coordination   northbound truck     authentication,        
  Planning and                                                                   traffic              pre-inspections, cargo 
  Programming Study                                                                                   transfers, and other   
  --Task 14                                                                                           required processes is  
                                                                                                      inefficient.           

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   Customer                                                   Provide mandatory
  Initiative                                          Border      Service                                                    customer service
  Assessment                                                                                                                 training for POE
                                                                                                                             staff.

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   General                                                    Build bypasses around
  Initiative                                          Border      Planning                                                   cities for truck
  Assessment                                                                                                                 traffic. Focus
                                                                                                                             freight movement
                                                                                                                             toward specific
                                                                                                                             corridors and POEs.

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   General        Duplication of                              Prioritize and focus
  Initiative                                          Border      Planning       border activities                           investments. Identify
  Assessment                                                                     and infrastructure                          key freight
                                                                                                                             corridors. Channel
                                                                                                                             international freight
                                                                                                                             movements to specific
                                                                                                                             corridors/POEs.
                                                                                                                             Explore concept of
                                                                                                                             unified ports.

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   General        Mexican customs                             Work with Mexican
  Initiative                                          Border      Planning       broker monopoly and                         government and
  Assessment                                                                     practices contribute                        private sector to
                                                                                 to congestion and                           revise brokerage
                                                                                 delays (create                              system and level
                                                                                 demand peaks)                               demand.

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   General        Commercial and                              Separate commercial
  Initiative                                          Border      Planning       passenger vehicles                          and passenger traffic
  Assessment                                                                     utilize same                                (different POEs).
                                                                                 crossing at some                            
                                                                                 POEs. Commuter                              
                                                                                 traffic is not                              
                                                                                 segregated.                                 

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   NAFTA Trucking Non-compliant                                
  Initiative                                          Border                     Mexican vehicles                            
  Assessment                                                                     (weights,                                   
                                                                                 dimensions,                                 
                                                                                 registration)                               

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   NAFTA Trucking Excessive paperwork                         
  Initiative                                          Border                     related to                                  
  Assessment                                                                     International Fuel                          
                                                                                 Tax Agreement (IFTA)                        

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   Preclearance                                               Use expedited
  Initiative                                          Border      Programs                                                   processing and
  Assessment                                                                                                                 dedicated commuter
                                                                                                                             lanes for commuter
                                                                                                                             traffic. Implement
                                                                                                                             transportation demand
                                                                                                                             management on Mexican
                                                                                                                             side.

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   Preclearance   Preclearance                                 
  Initiative                                          Border      Programs       procedures need to                          
  Assessment                                                                     be enhanced on both                         
                                                                                 sides of border.                            

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   Staffing/      Inadequate agency                           Increase staffing
  Initiative                                          Border      Scheduling     staffing levels                             levels at border.
  Assessment                                                                                                                 

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   Stakeholder    Lack of stakeholder  No single lead agency, Create a contact
  Initiative                                          Border      Coordination   coordination and     committee or working   agency responsible
  Assessment                                                                     cooperation that     group to formally      for taking a
                                                                                 goes beyond the      coordinate border      leadership role in
                                                                                 local level          efforts on a broad     facilitating
                                                                                                      scale                  coordination and
                                                                                                                             cooperation among
                                                                                                                             agencies operating at
                                                                                                                             the border (including
                                                                                                                             collection and
                                                                                                                             dissemination of
                                                                                                                             performance measures,
                                                                                                                             data, analysis, and
                                                                                                                             information on
                                                                                                                             successful efforts to
                                                                                                                             increase
                                                                                                                             efficiencies, etc).

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   Stakeholder    Lack of data on                             Improve ability to
  Initiative                                          Border      Coordination   cause of delay                              assess causation of
  Assessment                                                                                                                 delay. Identify key
                                                                                                                             freight corridors and
                                                                                                                             focus investment
                                                                                                                             there.

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   Stakeholder    Institutional                               Enhance agency
  Initiative                                          Border      Coordination   coordination and                            coordination and
  Assessment                                                                     cooperation barriers                        cooperation through
                                                                                 remain                                      cooperative
                                                                                                                             agreements between
                                                                                                                             agencies, unified
                                                                                                                             operations and
                                                                                                                             management at ports
                                                                                                                             of entry.

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   Stakeholder    Coordination and                            \"Unify\" operations
  Initiative                                          Border      Coordination   cooperation among                           at each POE. Create
  Assessment                                                                     federal and state                           joint working groups
                                                                                 agencies does not                           and cooperative
                                                                                 always occur.                               agreements among
                                                                                                                             agencies. Require
                                                                                                                             centralized
                                                                                                                             administration or
                                                                                                                             unified port
                                                                                                                             management.

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   Stakeholder    Insufficient                                Improve and enhance
  Initiative                                          Border      Coordination   data/understanding                          data gathering,
  Assessment                                                                     regarding magnitude                         understanding of
                                                                                 of border delays and                        causation of delay,
                                                                                 impacts                                     and the economic
                                                                                                                             costs associated with
                                                                                                                             it.

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   Stakeholder    Multiple stops       Inefficient and        EPIC would eliminate
  Initiative                                          Border      Coordination                        time-consuming stop    the need for
  Assessment                                                                                          required for permit    commercial vehicle
                                                                                                      purchase or            operators to stop at
                                                                                                      verification at ADOT   the Arizona DOT
                                                                                                      facility.              office within the
                                                                                                                             compound to verify
                                                                                                                             trip permits by
                                                                                                                             offering service at
                                                                                                                             \"superbooths.\"
                                                                                                                             Average time saved
                                                                                                                             could be expected to
                                                                                                                             be between 8.8 and
                                                                                                                             12.9 minutes/truck.

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   Technology     Operational                                 Use of broadcast
  Initiative                                          Border                     improvements at POEs                        announcements, reader
  Assessment                                                                     not fully utilized                          boards, Internet to
                                                                                                                             announce lane
                                                                                                                             closures, waiting
                                                                                                                             times, updates of
                                                                                                                             laws in
                                                                                                                             English/Spanish.

  Border Efficiency Dye Management Group   1999       Southwest   Technology     New technology has                          Improved marketing of
  Initiative                                          Border                     been deployed only                          new technologies.
  Assessment                                                                     at a limited number                         Implement identified
                                                                                 of POEs                                     and available
                                                                                                                             operational
                                                                                                                             improvements. Improve
                                                                                                                             ITS applications at
                                                                                                                             border.

  Expedited         The Western Highway    1998       Nogales     General        There was a lack of                          
  Processing at     Institute, SAIC                               Planning       hazardous materials                         
  International                                                                  containment area at                         
  Crossings (EPIC)                                                               POEs in Arizona                             
  Field Operational                                                                                                          
  Test (FOT) --                                                                                                              
  Evaluation Final                                                                                                           
  Report                                                                                                                     

  Expedited         The Western Highway    1998       Nogales     Preclearance   Sub-optimal                                 The preclearance of
  Processing at     Institute, SAIC                               Programs       participation in                            vehicles to use the
  International                                                                  pre-clearance and                           superbooth reduced
  Crossings (EPIC)                                                               \"superbooth\"                              the average
  Field Operational                                                              program                                     approximate travel
  Test (FOT) --                                                                                                              time through the
  Evaluation Final                                                                                                           compound by over 80%
  Report                                                                                                                     (25 minutes).

  FHWA ITS -        FHWA                   2001       Southwest   Border         Unfit/overloaded     Vehicle weight and     Reconfigure roadway
  Intelligent                                         Border      Crossing       vehicles creating    inspection modules are geometry so that
  Transportation                                                  Facilities     congestion in        located within or      trucks will pass
  Systems at                                                                     customs compound     after POE.             through both a weigh
  International                                                                                                              station and
  Borders: A                                                                                                                 inspection facility
  Cross-cutting                                                                                                              before entering the
  Study                                                                                                                      U.S.

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  FHWA ITS -        FHWA                   2001       Southwest   Border         Inadequate POE       Space constraints      Encourage possible
  Intelligent                                         Border      Crossing       facilities           (limiting or           development of joint
  Transportation                                                  Facilities                          precluding POE         compounds.
  Systems at                                                                                          facility improvements  
  International                                                                                       and repairs).          
  Borders: A                                                                                                                 
  Cross-cutting                                                                                                              
  Study                                                                                                                      

  FHWA ITS -        FHWA                   2001       Southwest   NAFTA Trucking Continuation of                              
  Intelligent                                         Border                     complex trailer                             
  Transportation                                                                 transfer process at                         
  Systems at                                                                     southern border                             
  International                                                                                                              
  Borders: A                                                                                                                 
  Cross-cutting                                                                                                              
  Study                                                                                                                      

  FHWA ITS -        FHWA                   2001       Southwest   NAFTA Trucking Safety concerns      Disparate laws,        Leverage ITS
  Intelligent                                         Border                     regarding Mexican    limits, regulations    technologies, improve
  Transportation                                                                 trucks               and enforcement in the inspector training
  Systems at                                                                                          Mexican and U.S.       and a focus on the
  International                                                                                       trucking industries    development and
  Borders: A                                                                                                                 employment of
  Cross-cutting                                                                                                              efficient, effective
  Study                                                                                                                      inspection selection
                                                                                                                             practices that ensure
                                                                                                                             that safe, legal
                                                                                                                             trucks entering the
                                                                                                                             U.S. are not delayed.

  FHWA ITS -        FHWA                   2001       Southwest   Preclearance   Long waiting times   Peak-hour congestion   Greater participation
  Intelligent                                         Border      Programs       for compliant                               in preclearance
  Transportation                                                                 vehicles                                    programs, dedicated
  Systems at                                                                                                                 lanes for precleared
  International                                                                                                              vehicles
  Borders: A                                                                                                                 
  Cross-cutting                                                                                                              
  Study                                                                                                                      

  FHWA ITS -        FHWA                   2001       Southwest   Stakeholder    Lack of cofunding    Non-traditional         
  Intelligent                                         Border      Coordination   for binational       relationships among    
  Transportation                                                                 technology           border stakeholders    
  Systems at                                                                     initiatives          (different roles,      
  International                                                                                       agendas, schedules,    
  Borders: A                                                                                          areas of focus)        
  Cross-cutting                                                                                                              
  Study                                                                                                                      

  FHWA ITS -        FHWA                   2001       Southwest   Stakeholder    Institutional        Inconsistent policies, Strengthen local and
  Intelligent                                         Border      Coordination   barriers impeding    rules, regulations,    international
  Transportation                                                                 border efficiency    funding regimes        alliances in order to
  Systems at                                                                                          affecting border       improve commercial
  International                                                                                       efficiency             vehicle movement at
  Borders: A                                                                                                                 border.
  Cross-cutting                                                                                                              
  Study                                                                                                                      

  FHWA ITS -        FHWA                   2001       Southwest   Technology     Slow progress toward Competing,              
  Intelligent                                         Border                     interoperability of  incompatible           
  Transportation                                                                 technologies         border-crossing        
  Systems at                                                                                          technologies under     
  International                                                                                       development            
  Borders: A                                                                                                                 
  Cross-cutting                                                                                                              
  Study                                                                                                                      

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  FHWA ITS -        FHWA                   2001       Southwest   Technology     Inadequate           Resource constraints   ITS technologies must
  Intelligent                                         Border                     technology /         limit or preclude POE  continue to be
  Transportation                                                                 equipment            facility improvements  explored to ensure
  Systems at                                                                                          and repairs.           that there is
  International                                                                                                              connectivity and
  Borders: A                                                                                                                 interoperability
  Cross-cutting                                                                                                              among local, state
  Study                                                                                                                      and federal
                                                                                                                             stakeholders.

  Overview of the   Center for             1994       Texas       Border         Congestion, traffic  Lack of signage,       Use a system of
  Texas-Mexico      Transportation                    Border      Crossing       crossing at primary  advisories indicating  red-green lights on
  Border:           Research                                      Facilities     inspection booths    which booths are open. top of the toll and
  Background                                                                                                                 primary inspection
                                                                                                                             booths to indicate to
                                                                                                                             vehicles which both
                                                                                                                             are staffed.

  Overview of the   Center for             1994       Texas       General        Border agency        Too many crossings for Concentrate agency
  Texas-Mexico      Transportation                    Border      Planning       resources spread too commercial traffic,    services at fewer
  Border: The       Research                                                     thinly               limited border agency  locations that are
  Assessment of                                                                                       funding.               equipped with
  Traffic Flow                                                                                                               state-of-the-art
  Patterns                                                                                                                   inspection
                                                                                                                             technology. These
                                                                                                                             \"super-crossings\"
                                                                                                                             would expedite
                                                                                                                             existing traffic and
                                                                                                                             encourage pre-cleared
                                                                                                                             traffic on dedicated
                                                                                                                             lanes.

  Reorganization    Congressional Research 1999       Southwest   Stakeholder    Duplication of       A lack of coordination Reorganize border
  Proposals for     Service                           Border      Coordination   effort;              and cooperation among  management structure
  U.S. Border                                                                    fragmentation of     the numerous agencies  to better coordinate
  Management                                                                     authority and        involved in border     and carry out
  Agencies                                                                       responsibility;      management             objectives (5
                                                                                 rivalries among                             possible
                                                                                 agencies and                                reorganizations
                                                                                 inconsistent,                               outlined).
                                                                                 conflicting, or                             
                                                                                 overburdening agency                        
                                                                                 missions                                    

  State Functions   Texas Comptroller of   2001       Texas       Border         Constraints on       Several of the urban   Identify
  at the            Public Accounts                   Border      Crossing       expanding,           international bridges  infrastructure needs
  Texas-Mexico                                                    Facilities     reconfiguring,       are land-constrained,  of existing border
  Border and                                                                     retrofitting of POE  and expansion of the   stations.
  Cross-Border                                                                   facility             border station         
  Transportation                                                                                      facilities would be    
                                                                                                      difficult.             

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  State Functions   Texas Comptroller of   2001       Texas       NAFTA Trucking Complex,             Border crossing        Implement NAFTA
  at the            Public Accounts                   Border                     time-consuming       process involves       trucking provisions.
  Texas-Mexico                                                                   drayage and trailer  changes of equipment;  
  Border and                                                                     transfer process     separate freight       
  Cross-Border                                                                                        forwarders and customs 
  Transportation                                                                                      brokers, and drayage   
                                                                                                      between separate       
                                                                                                      warehouses and         
                                                                                                      terminals. Significant 
                                                                                                      volume of empties      
                                                                                                      crossing contributes   
                                                                                                      to delays.             

  State Functions   Texas Comptroller of   2001       Texas       Private Sector Mexican Customs      Mexican customs         
  at the            Public Accounts                   Border      Practice       Broker practices     brokers contribute to  
  Texas-Mexico                                                                                        congestion by          
  Border and                                                                                          releasing vehicles in  
  Cross-Border                                                                                        batches rather than as 
  Transportation                                                                                      documentation is       
                                                                                                      completed.             

  State Functions   Texas Comptroller of   2001       Texas       Private Sector Documentation        The majority of         
  at the            Public Accounts                   Border      Practice       deficiencies causing referrals to the       
  Texas-Mexico                                                                   delays               secondary inspection   
  Border and                                                                                          stop are for           
  Cross-Border                                                                                        deficiencies in entry  
  Transportation                                                                                      documentation.         

  State Functions   Texas Comptroller of   2001       Texas       Staffing/                           Personnel shortages at  
  at the            Public Accounts                   Border      Scheduling                          U.S. primary result in 
  Texas-Mexico                                                                                        an additional delay    
  Border and                                                                                          before reaching the    
  Cross-Border                                                                                        U.S. POE.              
  Transportation                                                                                                             

  State Functions   Texas Comptroller of   2001       Texas       Staffing/      Insufficient U.S.    All inspection booths  Increase staffing
  at the            Public Accounts                   Border      Scheduling     Customs and INS      are not staffed - line levels at border.
  Texas-Mexico                                                                   inspectors           ups form at peak       
  Border and                                                                                          periods.               
  Cross-Border                                                                                                               
  Transportation                                                                                                             

  State Functions   Texas Comptroller of   2001       Texas       Technology     Multiple stops       During pre-border      Automate information
  at the            Public Accounts                   Border                                          crossing activities in about the cargo,
  Texas-Mexico                                                                                        Mexico, commercial     commercial carrier,
  Border and                                                                                          vehicles stop to       commercial vehicle,
  Cross-Border                                                                                        prepare entry          and the driver in the
  Transportation                                                                                      documentation. All     pre-crossing stages,
                                                                                                      trucks stop to         and thus be able to
                                                                                                      manually pay tolls     charge and clear the
                                                                                                      before they are        commercial vehicle
                                                                                                      allowed on the bridge. for release before it
                                                                                                                             arrives at the
                                                                                                                             border. Assess border
                                                                                                                             agency staffing
                                                                                                                             allocation and needs.
                                                                                                                             Automate toll
                                                                                                                             collection.

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Traffic           Center for Highway     2000       El Paso     Technology     Congestion and       Tollbooth closes for    
  Simulation at the Materials Research                                           spillback prior to   personnel changes.     
  International                                                                  U.S. primary                                
  Ports of Entry:                                                                inspection booth                            
  El Paso-Mexico                                                                                                             
  Case Study                                                                                                                 

  Understanding the USDA Foreign           1999       Southwest   NAFTA Trucking                      There are a number of   
  U.S./Mexico       Agricultural Service              Border                                          truck/trailer and      
  Border Crossing                                                                                     bobtail movements      
  Process                                                                                             associated with each   
                                                                                                      shipment.              

  Understanding the USDA Foreign           1999       Southwest   Private Sector Freight not          Stevedoring delays for Shipper should
  U.S./Mexico       Agricultural Service              Border      Practice       palletized           inspected shipments    palletize loads.
  Border Crossing                                                                                                            
  Process                                                                                                                    

  Understanding the USDA Foreign           1999       Southwest   Private Sector Lack of              Customs brokers do not Improve communication
  U.S./Mexico       Agricultural Service              Border      Practice       communication        always give advance    between Customs
  Border Crossing                                                                between shippers and notice of all          broker and shipper
  Process                                                                        customs brokers      information required   (detail and accuracy
                                                                                                      from shipper including of information).
                                                                                                      when carrier should    
                                                                                                      have shipment at       
                                                                                                      border.                

  Understanding the USDA Foreign           1999       Southwest   Private Sector Peak demand          Forwarding and banking  
  U.S./Mexico       Agricultural Service              Border      Practice       schedules and        practices result in    
  Border Crossing                                                                inefficient crossing peak hours for         
  Process                                                                        process              commercial border      
                                                                                                      crossings.             

  U.S.- Mexico      General Accounting     2000       Southwest   Border         Inadequate POE       Lack of land to expand  
  Border: Better    Office                            Border      Crossing       access               port of entry access.  
  Planning,                                                       Facilities                          Lack of inspection     
  Coordination                                                                                        space.                 
  Needed to Handle                                                                                                           
  Growing                                                                                                                    
  Commercial                                                                                                                 
  Traffic                                                                                                                    

  U.S.- Mexico      General Accounting     2000       Southwest   General        Inefficient          Inefficient             
  Border: Better    Office                            Border      Planning       distribution of      distribution of        
  Planning,                                                                      traffic among POEs   traffic among POEs.    
  Coordination                                                                                                               
  Needed to Handle                                                                                                           
  Growing                                                                                                                    
  Commercial                                                                                                                 
  Traffic                                                                                                                    

  U.S.- Mexico      General Accounting     2000       Southwest   General        Duplication of       Differences exist in    
  Border: Better    Office                            Border      Planning       effort               U.S. and Mexican       
  Planning,                                                                                           customs classification 
  Coordination                                                                                                               
  Needed to Handle                                                                                                           
  Growing                                                                                                                    
  Commercial                                                                                                                 
  Traffic                                                                                                                    

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  U.S.- Mexico      General Accounting     2000       Southwest   NAFTA Trucking Large volume of      Large volume of empty   
  Border: Better    Office                            Border                     empty trucks         drayage trucks         
  Planning,                                                                      crossing the border  crossing border.       
  Coordination                                                                                        Complex and            
  Needed to Handle                                                                                    inefficient drayage    
  Growing                                                                                             system utilized to     
  Commercial                                                                                          move most freight      
  Traffic                                                                                             between the U.S. and   
                                                                                                      Mexico.                

  U.S.- Mexico      General Accounting     2000       Southwest   Staffing/      Insufficient primary Inspection agency       
  Border: Better    Office                            Border      Scheduling     booths open          staffing shortages at  
  Planning,                                                                                           some border crossings. 
  Coordination                                                                                        Staffing levels often  
  Needed to Handle                                                                                    too low to keep all    
  Growing                                                                                             primary inspection     
  Commercial                                                                                          lanes open.            
  Traffic                                                                                                                    

  U.S.- Mexico      General Accounting     2000       Southwest   Stakeholder    Documentation        Customs brokers should  
  Border: Better    Office                            Border      Coordination   deficiencies causing provide more advance   
  Planning,                                                                      delays               notice/clarification   
  Coordination                                                                                        of information         
  Needed to Handle                                                                                    required from shipper. 
  Growing                                                                                                                    
  Commercial                                                                                                                 
  Traffic                                                                                                                    

  U.S.- Mexico      General Accounting     2000       Southwest   Stakeholder    Peak demand          Hours of operation at   
  Border: Better    Office                            Border      Coordination   schedules            POEs and Mexican banks 
  Planning,                                                                                           influence cross-border 
  Coordination                                                                                        traffic patterns,      
  Needed to Handle                                                                                    congestion levels, and 
  Growing                                                                                             POE asset utilization. 
  Commercial                                                                                                                 
  Traffic                                                                                                                    

  U.S.- Mexico      General Accounting     2000       Southwest   Stakeholder    Congestion created   Multiple checks exist   
  Border: Better    Office                            Border      Coordination   by multiple          at the border by       
  Planning,                                                                      inspections requires various federal and    
  Coordination                                                                   several stops for    state agencies.        
  Needed to Handle                                                               trucks                                      
  Growing                                                                                                                    
  Commercial                                                                                                                 
  Traffic                                                                                                                    

  U.S.-Mexico       General Accounting     2000       Southwest   Stakeholder    Lack of binational                          Promote an
  Border: Better    Office                            Border      Coordination   coordination                                inter-agency effort
  Planning,                                                                      regarding POE                               to establish
  Coordination                                                                   operations and                              facility, resource
  Needed to Handle                                                               planning                                    and equipment
  Growing                                                                                                                    requirements, goals
  Commercial                                                                                                                 for queue waiting
  Traffic                                                                                                                    times, commercial
                                                                                                                             vehicle processing
                                                                                                                             times, hours of
                                                                                                                             operation, and
                                                                                                                             technology and
                                                                                                                             infrastructure
                                                                                                                             improvements that
                                                                                                                             facilitate commercial
                                                                                                                             crossings.

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  US-Mexico Border: General Accounting     2000       Southwest   Stakeholder    POE congestion       \"Batch\" release       
  Better Planning,  Office                            Border      Coordination                        customs clearance      
  Coordination                                                                                        protocol in Mexico for 
  Needed to Handle                                                                                    shipments spread over  
  Growing                                                                                             many trucks            
  Commercial                                                                                                                 
  Traffic                                                                                                                    

  US-Mexico Border: General Accounting     2000       Southwest   Technology     Inadequate                                   
  Better Planning,  Office                            Border                     technology /                                
  Coordination                                                                   equipment                                   
  Needed to Handle                                                                                                           
  Growing                                                                                                                    
  Commercial                                                                                                                 
  Traffic                                                                                                                    

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Staffing/      Unnecessary delay    Insufficient staffing  Monitor and staff
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Scheduling     approaching border   to meet demand         inspection lanes to
  Association -                                                                  station primary      patterns; insufficient meet demand.
  Border Congestion                                                              inspection booths    monitoring to          
  Study                                                                                               establish staffing     
                                                                                                      needs                  

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Border         Bottleneck at U.S.   Too few primary        Provide additional
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Crossing       primary inspection   inspection lanes at    commercial vehicle
  Association -                                                   Facilities                          some POEs              inspection lanes.
  Border Congestion                                                                                                          
  Study                                                                                                                      

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Border         Pre-cleared vehicles Rapid enforcement      Add at least one
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Crossing       delayed in primary   lanes (REL) not        Rapid Enforcement
  Association -                                                   Facilities     inspection queue     available for trucks   Lane (REL - formerly
  Border Congestion                                                                                   at most POEs           North American Trade
  Study                                                                                                                      Automation Prototype
                                                                                                                             lane) at major
                                                                                                                             commercial crossings
                                                                                                                             and encourage
                                                                                                                             preclearance.

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Border         Insufficient         Insufficient land to   Provide a new
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Crossing       physical capacity    accommodate crossing,  commercial vehicle
  Association -                                                   Facilities     results in excessive queuing, and/or border border crossing.
  Border Congestion                                                              congestion and       station needs          
  Study                                                                          delays.                                     

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Customer       Lack of customer     No official goal for   Establish hourly
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Service        service objectives   total time to process  average maximum time
  Association -                                                                  exist among agencies vehicles through       (e.g., 20 minutes) as
  Border Congestion                                                              at POEs.             primary inspection,    official goal for
  Study                                                                                               including wait time.   commercial vehicle
                                                                                                                             crossings.

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Customer       Inefficient          Inspection regulations Simplify regulations
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Service        inspections and      too difficult to       and better
  Association -                                                                  processing result in understand             disseminate
  Border Congestion                                                              congestion.                                 information on
  Study                                                                                                                      requirements and
                                                                                                                             changes.

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   General                             Some vehicles cross    Establish
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Planning                            border without having  international trade
  Association -                                                                                       to                     centers straddling
  Border Congestion                                                                                                          border; integrate
  Study                                                                                                                      inspection facilities
                                                                                                                             into trade center.

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   General        Border crossing      Free border crossings  Use similar tolls at
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Planning       demands peak and     near tolled crossings  nearby adjacent
  Association -                                                                  exceed crossing      attract traffic and    crossings.
  Border Congestion                                                              capacity; results in result in congestion   
  Study                                                                          increased                                   
                                                                                 congestion.                                 

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   General        Congestion and       All inspections are    Move inspections away
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Planning       delays are due to    concentrated at border from immediate border
  Association -                                                                  inefficient and/or                          crossing zone.
  Border Congestion                                                              circuitous access.                          Complete or improve
  Study                                                                                                                      direct access roads.

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   General        Inspection and       Federal and state      Develop strategy to
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Planning       transportation       agency headquarters do implement border
  Association -                                                                  agencies lack        not fully understand   operational and
  Border Congestion                                                              sufficient funding   local problems and     infrastructure
  Study                                                                          for many of the      needs and/or lack      improvements and
                                                                                 desired operational  sufficient funding.    increase funding
                                                                                 and infrastructure                          among inspection
                                                                                 improvements.                               agencies; federal
                                                                                                                             facilities, agencies,
                                                                                                                             and transportation
                                                                                                                             agencies.

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   NAFTA Trucking Dead heading trucks  NAFTA provision to     Implement NAFTA
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border                     produce congestion   permit return load     provision.
  Association -                                                                  and unnecessary      from alternate         
  Border Congestion                                                              emissions.           location not yet       
  Study                                                                                               implemented            

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Private Sector                      Commercial vehicle     Dispatch more trucks
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Practice                            crossings peak due to  to reach crossings at
  Association -                                                                                       dispatch platooning    off-peak times. Vary
  Border Congestion                                                                                   and shipping           tolls to encourage
  Study                                                                                               schedules.             crossings during
                                                                                                                             off-peak periods.

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Western           Parsons                1999       Southwest   Staffing/      Some commercial      Operating hours do not Extend operating
  Governors'        TransportationGroup,              Border      Scheduling     border stations      fit shipping           schedules by two
  Association -     Suma Sinergia                                                operating schedules  schedules.             hours.
  Border Congestion                                                              result in delays.                           
  Study                                                                                                                      

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Stakeholder    Inconsistent         Bank hours are         Improve
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Coordination   operating schedules  inconsistent with      inter-stakeholder
  Association -                                                                  exist among          trade schedules.       coordination and
  Border Congestion                                                              stakeholders.                               cooperation.
  Study                                                                                                                      

  Western           Parsons                1999       Southwest   Stakeholder    No one agency is                             
  Governors'        TransportationGroup,              Border      Coordination   responsible for                             
  Association -     Suma Sinergia                                                coordinating                                
  Border Congestion                                                              inspection process                          
  Study                                                                                                                      

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Stakeholder    Unnecessary delays   Some supplemental      Conduct all
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Coordination   occur approaching    inspections            inspections
  Association -                                                                  primary inspection   temporarily block      "off-line" in
  Border Congestion                                                              booths.              primary inspection     secondary inspection.
  Study                                                                                               lanes.                 

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Stakeholder    Some commercial      Different operating    Coordinate U.S. and
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Coordination   border stations      exist hours for        Mexican border
  Association -                                                                  operating schedules  adjacent U.S. and      station operating
  Border Congestion                                                              result in delays.    Mexican border         hours.
  Study                                                                                               stations.              

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Stakeholder    Lack of              Significant variation   
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border      Coordination   standardization and  in documents extend    
  Association -                                                                  consolidation of     preparation,           
  Border Congestion                                                              documents causes     inspection times.      
  Study                                                                          excess delay                                

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Technology     Inadequate                                  Encourage use of
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border                     technology exists                           underutilized
  Association -                                                                  for information                             crossings through
  Border Congestion                                                              dissemination.                              improved information
  Study                                                                                                                      dissemination
                                                                                                                             (broadcast wait
                                                                                                                             times, queue
                                                                                                                             lengths).

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Technology     Inefficient          Automated Customs      Actual inspection
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border                     inspections and      Entry system lacks     processes are not
  Association -                                                                  processing result in funding.               included in this
  Border Congestion                                                              congestion.                                 study.
  Study                                                                                                                      

  **Publication**   **Source**             **Year**   **POE**     **Issue        **Problem / Issue    **Problem / Issue      **Recommendations /
                                                                  Category**     Description**        Cause**                Opportunities**

  Western           Parsons Transportation 1999       Southwest   Technology     Antiquated           Inspection agencies    Increase funding to
  Governors'        Group, Suma Sinergia              Border                     technologies are     lack sufficient funds  permit installation
  Association -                                                                  employed at POEs.    to keep current with   of current
  Border Congestion                                                                                   technology.            technologies, such as
  Study                                                                                                                      Automated Customs
                                                                                                                             Entry (ACE)
                                                                                                                             implementation X-ray
                                                                                                                             machines, laser
                                                                                                                             visas, palm-print
                                                                                                                             readers, license
                                                                                                                             plate readers, and
                                                                                                                             technology
                                                                                                                             connectivity between
                                                                                                                             agencies, brokers,
                                                                                                                             shippers.
  ----------------- ---------------------- ---------- ----------- -------------- -------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------