ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS HANDBOOK

[CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND]{.underline}

[Section 1.0 Historical Background]{.underline}

The statutory mission of the Department of Commerce (DOC) is \"to
foster, promote, and develop foreign and domestic commerce, the mining,
manufacturing, and fishing industries of the United States\" ([15 U.S.C.
Sec. 1512](http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/15/1512.html)). Since its
establishment in 1903, the Department has been comprised of a variety of
organizations, many having entirely unrelated missions and programs
([see](http://www.commerce.gov/DOCOrg_Chart2005.pdf) [Exhibit
2-1](#Exhibit_2_1)). Thus the combination of a wide variety of
activities, which are not directly related, presents the Department with
a special requirement for a broad range of accounting and related
financial management techniques to properly administer the diverse
programs for which the Department is responsible.

[Section 2.0 Program Summary]{.underline}

The major organizations of the Department are as follows:

> .01 [The Office of the Secretary](http://www.commerce.gov/OSOrgs.htm)
> (O/S) provides policy direction and general supervision of the
> Department. Activities include executive direction and staff
> assistance in budget, finance, emergency preparedness, and
> information; legal, management and organization, motor vehicle,
> personnel, procurement, program planning, property, publications,
> records, safety, security, and space management. The Office of the
> Inspector General provides independent audit and investigative
> assistance.
>
> .02 [The National Oceanic and Atmospheric
> Administration](http://www.noaa.gov/)[\'s]{.underline} (NOAA)
> activities include weather, marine, river and flood forecasts and
> warnings; earth and marine description, mapping and charting;
> telecommunications and space disturbance forecasting; and related
> research. Weather facilities are operated in the United States, at
> overseas stations and from ships at sea and satellites. Oceanographic
> and hydrographic survey vessels, aircraft, and a system of magnetic
> observatories, seismograph stations, tide stations, and related
> facilities are operated to survey and chart the coastal waters of the
> United States, produce nautical and aeronautical charts, and process
> and publish oceanographic and geophysical data. Fisheries management
> and related research, including ecological studies, are other
> important activities of this organization.
>
> .03 [The International Trade
> Administration](http://trade.gov/index.asp) (ITA) promotes world trade
> and works to strengthen the international trade and investment
> position of the United States. ITA achieves this by staging overseas
> trade promotions; providing Government, business, and the public
> timely information on commodity, industry, and marketing developments,
> both international and domestic; and overseeing Federal participation
> in U.S. Expositions. ITA\'s U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service play
> an important role in fostering U.S. trade overseas.
>
> .04 [The Bureau of Industry and Security](http://www.bis.doc.gov/)
> (BIS) advances U.S. national security, foreign policy, and economic
> interests. BIS\'s activities include regulating the export of
> sensitive goods and technologies in an effective and efficient manner;
> enforcing export control, antiboycott, and public safety laws;
> cooperating with and assisting other countries on export control and
> strategic trade issues; assisting U.S. industry to comply with
> international arms control agreements; and monitoring the viability of
> the U.S. defense industrial base and seeking to ensure that it is
> capable of satisfying U.S. national and homeland security needs.
>
> .05 [The Economics and Statistics
> Administration](https://www.esa.doc.gov/) (ESA) provides data and
> analysis on economic and demographic subjects fundamental to the
> advancement of the Nation\'s economy and to the resolution of its
> social and economic problems. The major components of Economic Affairs
> are the Bureau of the Census and the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
>
> a\. [The Bureau of the Census](http://www.census.gov/) (Census Bureau)
> conducts periodic censuses on population, housing, agriculture,
> governments, manufacturing, construction, transportation, mineral
> industries, and the distribution and service trades. Census Bureau
> publishes this information as well as estimates and projections of
> trends based on its surveys.
>
> b\. [The Bureau of Economic Analysis](http://www.bea.gov/) (BEA)
> compiles month, quarterly, and annual data of manufacturing and trade
> output, construction and housing, consumer income, foreign trade,
> population characteristics, and state and local government employment
> and financing. National economic accounts are developed and maintained
> on national income and product, input-output data by industry,
> balance-of-payments, and regional economic accounts.
>
> .06 [The Technology Administration](http://www.technology.gov/) (TA)
> helps to build the Nation\'s overall technological capability and
> assures maximum application of the advances of technology in industry
> and commerce. The major components of the Technology Administration
> are the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the
> National Technical Information Service. TA was abolished in August,
> 2007, but accounts will exist until expired funds are cancelled.
>
> a\. [The National Institute of Standards and
> Technology](http://www.nist.gov/) (NIST) assures maximum application
> of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of
> technology in industry and commerce through programs to develop,
> maintain, and make available for use basic measurements and standards,
> material measurements and standards, and technological measurements
> and standards. Calibration and tests are performed, and standard
> reference materials are developed for Government and industry.
>
> b\. [The National Technical Information Service](http://www.ntis.gov/)
> (NTIS) acts as a self-supporting clearinghouse for scientific,
> technical, and engineering information. This clearinghouse provides
> American firms with access to U.S. and foreign government-sponsored
> research and development and applied engineering studies.
>
> .07 [The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office](http://www.uspto.gov/)
> (USPTO) administers the U.S. patent and trademark laws to promote
> industrial and technological progress in the United States and
> strengthen the national economy. This mission is accomplished by:
> examining patent and trademark applications, issuing patents, and
> registering trademarks; disseminating patent and trademark information
> to the public; and encouraging a domestic and international climate in
> which intellectual property can flourish. The USPTO is responsible for
> collecting; assembling, cataloging, publishing, and distributing
> technical information disclosed in patent grants and, by so doing,
> have created the world\'s largest scientific and technical information
> center.
>
> .08 [The Minority Business Development Agency](http://www.mbda.gov/)
> (MBDA) assists minority businesses by providing management and
> technical assistance to minority firms. MBDA also coordinates
> opportunities for minority firms in the private sector and promotes
> the participation of business and Federal, State, and local
> governments in directing resources to develop strong minority
> businesses. The MBDA does not make loans, but MBDA centers and staff
> can make referrals or provide information on the various funding
> sources. This information can be accessed through the Capital Resource
> Locator, which contains contact information on micro lenders,
> intermediaries, financial institutions and other funding sources. Each
> financial institution or funding source has its own credit criteria
> and guidelines to underwrite (make) the loan. MBDA\'s role is to make
> referrals. The Agency is not responsible for approval of the loans.
>
> .09 [The Economic Development Administration](http://www.eda.gov/)
> (EDA) promotes the creation and protection of jobs and income in areas
> of substantial and persistent unemployment. This is accomplished by
> providing grants and loan guarantees for planning assistance,
> technical assistance, research and coordination, and providing grants
> and loan guarantees for development facilities and industrial
> development. EDA also leads the federal economic development agenda by
> promoting innovation and competitiveness, preparing American regions
> for growth and success in the worldwide economy.
>
> .10 [The National Telecommunications Information and
> Administration](http://www.ntia.doc.gov/) (NTIA) defines policies
> which support the development and growth of telecommunications,
> information, and related industries; furthers the efficient
> development and use of telecommunications and information services;
> provides policy and management for Federal use of the electromagnetic
> spectrum; and furnishes telecommunications facilities grants to public
> service users.
>
> .11 [Emergency Oil and Gas and Steel Loan Guarantee
> Programs]{.underline} (ELGP) were established by the Emergency Steel
> Loan Guarantee and Emergency Oil and Gas Guarantee Loan Act of 1999
> (P.L. 106-51) to provide emergency authority for guarantees of loans
> to qualified steel and iron ore companies and to qualified oil and gas
> companies by private banking and investment institutions, and for
> other purposes. The programs are both directed by a board composed of
> the Secretary of Commerce, the Chairman of the Board of Governors of
> the Federal Reserve System (chairman), and the Chairman of the
> Securities and Exchange Commission. The Board's authority to make
> commitments to guarantee loans terminated on December 31, 2001.

[Section 3.0 Financial Management Concepts]{.underline}

The Budget and Accounting Procedures Act of 1950, as amended, requires
the head of each executive agency to establish and maintain systems of
accounting and internal control designed to provide the following:

> a\. Full disclosure of financial results of the agency\'s activities;
>
> b\. Adequate financial information for the agency\'s management
> purposes; and
>
> c\. Control and accountability of assets\--effective control over, and
> accountability for, all funds and assets.

The Department\'s varied programs and supporting activities give rise to
a number of financial management requirements. The Department\'s
financial systems and operations must therefore be implemented so as to
cost-effectively satisfy these varied requirements. Among these are the
following:

> .01 [Accommodation and Support of Sources and Methods of
> Financing]{.underline}
>
> While much of the Department\'s funding is obtained from annual
> appropriations, bureaus also obtain funds from multi-year and no-year
> appropriations, revenues from sales of documents and services to the
> public, and work for other Government agencies. The bureaus also
> administer a variety of trust funds, such as for managing combined
> Federal-State programs and gifts and bequests to the Department.
>
> Methods of financing include the use of contract authorizations,
> management funds, intra-governmental and public enterprise revolving
> funds, consolidated working capital funds, and franchise funds for the
> distribution of overhead and joint service costs between Department
> appropriations as well as for the performance of work for other
> Government agencies.
>
> .02 [Standardization of Accounting Classification Coding Structure(s)
> and Other Needed Common Classifications]{.underline}
>
> Common classifications will also permit the evaluation of performance
> against plans at all levels of management, permit roll up of codes to
> higher levels (i.e., activity, sub-activity, line item, and/or major
> object class), and enhance internal controls.
>
> .03 [Design and Implementation of Needed Financial
> Controls]{.underline}
>
> Financial control is achieved primarily through planning of expected
> performance, execution under the plan, as well as accounting,
> reporting, and review.

a.  [Planning, programming, and budgeting]{.underline} are coordinated
    techniques consisting of correlated long-range planning, planning of
    annual budgets, and the planning and programming of internal
    operations and procurement for the current fiscal year.

> b\. [Accounting]{.underline} furnishes the essential financial
> information to ensure that management can make informed decisions on
> its daily operations and provides financial control over the
> organization\'s assets. Accounting also consists of recording,
> classifying and summarizing transactions of a financial nature and
> interpreting the results. Accounting systems provide information at
> appropriate levels on disbursements, outlays, accrued expenditures,
> obligations, and commitments.
>
> c\. [Financial reports]{.underline} are prepared and consolidated
> directly from the accounting records at a level of detail consistent
> with the levels of management to which the reports are addressed and
> fulfill the reporting requirement established under the Chief
> Financial Officers Act of 1990.
>
> d\. [Reviews and evaluations]{.underline} are carried out continuously
> at all levels of operation and management using programmed and
> exception techniques.
>
> .04 [Specifications and Establishment of Control Levels]{.underline}
>
> Control levels are established to prevent violations of laws and to
> promote the economical and efficient use of resources.
>
> a\. [Fund control]{.underline} is the chief method of control, and is
> based on relating elements of operating budgets to related elements of
> commitments and obligations incurred.
>
> b\. [Supplemental devices of control]{.underline} include the
> following:

1.  Personnel ceilings and staffing patterns are incorporated into
    budgeting and reporting processes which, when summarized, provide
    information for the budget justifications.

> 2\. Commitments are used for the administrative control of funds for
> those classes of expenditures where funds must be reserved to assure
> their availability for future obligations.

3.  Pre-validation is used where planning cannot assure administrative
    control, or where a comparison of budgets against obligations
    indicates a critical situation.

    4.  Procurement of property is coordinated with property management
        to assure that acquired property is properly recorded and that
        excess property is used whenever possible. Periodic physical
        counts performed in conjunction with other property maintenance
        systems, such as the bar code system, are current procedures
        being used to monitor addition and deletion of assets.

[Section 4.0 Core Financial System]{.underline}

DOC implemented Commerce Business Systems (CBS), a core financial system
from the late 1990's trough the mid-2000's. DOC is currently planning to
consolidate CBS within one server for all bureaus using CBS.

[Section 5.0 Existing Accounting Systems]{.underline}

Currently, the Department operates several separate accounting systems,
which were acquired off-the-shelf, developed in-house, or provided
through cross servicing.

National Institute of Standards and Technology Financial Services Group
provides accounting services for the following bureaus/reporting
entities:

> Economic and Statistics Administration (excluding Census
> Bureau)/Bureau of Economic Analysis
>
> Economic Development Administration - Salaries and Expenses

Emergency Oil and Gas Loan Guarantee Program

Emergency Steel Loan Guarantee Program

Herbert C. Hooever Building Modernization

> International Trade Administration
>
> Minority Business Development Agency

National Intellectual Property Law Enforcement Coordination Council

National Telecommunications and Information Agency

Office of the Inspector General

> Office of the Secretary
>
> Technology Administration

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration provides accounting
services for the following bureau:

Bureau of Industry and Security

[Section 6.0 Financial Transactions]{.underline}

The bureau\'s accounting systems are considered the official financial
records for that bureau. The bureau systems are generally the original
entry system.

The Department has its payroll cross-serviced by the National Finance
Center. The Coast Guard cross-services the payroll function for the NOAA
Corps. This was done so that the Department could take advantage of the
Coast Guard\'s experience with military pay regulations and procedures.
Most foreign payments are made by the State Department and interfaced
into the bureau accounting systems.

[]{#Exhibit_2_1 .anchor}**Exhibit 2-1**

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