EXOTIC PLANT MANAGEMENT PLAN

and

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Redwood National Park

California

December 1994

![](media/image1.wmf){width="0.44513888888888886in"
height="0.5416666666666666in"}

United States Department of the Interior / National Park Service

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....
1

EXOTIC PLANT MANAGEMENT
PLAN\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
2

Program Objectives 2

General Management Strategy 3

Responsibilities for Exotic Plant Management 5

EXOTIC SPECIES THREAT
ASSESSMENT\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
7

Exotic Species Checklist 7

Prioritization and Determination of Innocuous or Potentially Disruptive
Status 7

SPECIAL ECOLOGICAL
AREAS\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....
8

Definition and Management Objectives 8

Selection of Sites 8

GENERAL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
12

No Action 12

Mechanical Control 12

Cultural Control 13

Biological Control 14

Chemical Control 14

Monitoring 14

MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR HIGH PRIORITY
SPECIES\...\...\...\...\...\..... 16

*Ammophila arenaria* (European Beachgrass) 16

*Arrhenatherum elatius* (Tall Oat Grass) 19

*Carpobrotus chilensis* (Sea Fig) 22

*Cortaderia jubata* (Pampas Grass) 24

*Cytisus scoparius* (Scotch Broom) 27

*Genista monspessulana* (French Broom) 32

*Hedera helix* (English Ivy) 35

*Hypericum perforatum* (Klamath Weed) 37

*Lupinus arboreus* (Yellow Bush Lupine) 39

*Oenothera glazioviana* (Evening Primrose hybrid) 41

*Rubus discolor* (Himalaya Berry) 43

*Senecio jacobaea* (Tansy Ragwort) 45

*Senecio mikanioides* (German-Ivy) 47

ENVIRONMENTAL
COMPLIANCE\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....
51

ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
52

Purpose and Need

Affected Environment

Alternatives

Environmental Consequences

Impact Matrix

REFERENCES\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
69

LIST OF PREPARERS AND
CONSULTANTS\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\....
72

LIST OF TABLES

1\. Characteristics of Redwood National Park Special Ecological
Areas\...\...\...\...\..... 10

2\. Summary of Control Technique
Options\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
49

3\. Exotic Plant Management Plan Impact
Matrix\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 68

LIST OF FIGURES

1\. Map of Special Ecological Area (SEA)
Locations\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 11

2\. Location of Redwood National and State Parks in northwestern
California\...\...\... 53

3\. Location of State Parks within established National Park
Boundaries\...\...\...\...\.... 54

LIST OF APPENDICES

A. Exotic Plant Species of Redwood National
Park\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 73

B. Family, Scientific and Common Names of REDW
Exotics\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 75

C. Exotic Species Threat
Characteristics\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
81

D. Exotic Plant Control
Priority\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
83

E. High Priority Species and Significant
Characteristics\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.... 84

F. Exotic Plant Watch
List\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...
89

G. Rare, Threatened or Endangered Plant Species in or near
Park\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 90

H. Rare, Threatened or Endangered Animals in or near
Park\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\... 94

I. Finding of No Significant
Impact\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\...\.....
100

INTRODUCTION

The flora of Redwood National Park includes at least 190 exotic species,
most of which entered the park and became established within the past
150 years. (The term \"exotic\" is defined as \"a species occurring in a
given place as a result of direct or indirect, deliberate, or accidental
actions by humans\" (USDI 1991) and is used synonymously with \"alien\",
\"non-native\" and \"introduced\".) There is potential for many more
exotic plant species to enter the park in the future, and for present
populations to increase in number, area covered and density.

Many exotic plants are ecologically harmful. They can alter the natural
and/or historic scene and impair the natural function of many native
plant communities. The presence and spread of exotic plant species is a
significant concern to park management. The National Park Service is
mandated to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects
and the wildlife therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in
such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the
enjoyment of future generations. Furthermore, the natural resources
policies of the park service are \"\...to maintain, rehabilitate, and
perpetuate their inherent integrity\" (USDI, 1991).

Exotic plant management is a necessary part of each park\'s
responsibility to protect our natural heritage. An exotic plant
management program requires both a guiding plan and long-term, steadfast
commitment. Short-term lapses can allow populations of invasive species
to expand quickly and to negate previous control efforts. The threat of
exotic species will not disappear. The keys to successful control are a
systematic approach and consistent follow-up. Anything less will only
provide the park with knowledge of an increasing problem.

EXOTIC PLANT MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Redwood National Park (REDW) Exotic Plant Management Plan was
developed following National Park Service (NPS) guidelines for natural
resource management and integrated pest management (IPM) procedures.
According to the guidelines, \"Management of populations of exotic plant
and animal species, up to and including eradication, will be undertaken
wherever such species threaten park resources or public health and when
control is prudent and feasible\" (USDI 1988). Managers will take action
whenever such species interfere with natural processes and the
perpetuation of natural features or native species, especially those
that are endangered, threatened, or otherwise unique. IPM procedures
have been and will continue to be used to determine when to control the
exotic plants and whether to use mechanical, physical, chemical,
cultural, or biological means, or a combination of these.

[Program Objectives:]{.underline}

1\. Complete and maintain a checklist of all known exotic plant species
within the park.

2\. Categorize the checklist according to the potential ecological and
biological threat that each species represents. Specifically identify
each species as either [innocuous]{.underline} (\"\...does not
significantly harm park resources and does not require management\"),
[disruptive]{.underline} (\"\...has species-level, community-level, or
ecosystem-level effects significantly altering natural processes\...\"),
or [potentially disruptive]{.underline} (will develop species-level,
community-level, or ecosystem-level effects if present populations are
not controlled).

3\. Prioritize and select species to be considered for management action
based on their disruptive nature, distribution and the feasibility of
successful control.

4\. Complete field surveys and distribution maps of each exotic species
identified as a high priority for control. Estimate individual numbers,
population centers, and spreading centers. Incorporate distribution
information into the park GIS.

5\. Recommend specific control methods for selected species based on
current knowledge of their biology and ecology, habitat, and the
economic feasibility of control.

6\. Identify zones within REDW to be designated as \"Special Ecological
Areas\". These areas will be managed to allow natural ecological
processes to occur without the presence of exotic species.

7\. Cooperate with other government agencies (California State Parks,
California Department of Transportation, California Department of Food
and Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service), private land management
organizations (The Nature Conservancy), public interest groups
(California Native Plant Society, California Exotic Pest Plant Council),
and universities (Humboldt State University) to coordinate exotic plant
control on a larger scale. Exchange information and support research
where controls methods are still costly or unknown.

8\. Provide public information on the control program to ensure public
understanding, and to encourage involvement and support in the park\'s
efforts.

9\. Develop and maintain a comprehensive information base about each
disruptive and potentially disruptive exotic species.

10\. Establish a monitoring system, and consistently monitor populations
of disruptive and potentially disruptive species to determine population
growth trends, possible range expansions, and the effectiveness of
control programs. Monitoring will be repeatable and quantitative, and
will include map and GIS updates when necessary.

11\. Identify priority species and control areas, and initiate control
actions. Initiate pilot projects to refine the effectiveness of control
techniques. Revise control actions as new information becomes available
on effective and efficient methods for total control and/or eradication
of each species.

12\. Coordinate exotic removal efforts with prescribed fire, vegetation
management, and general resources management projects whenever possible.

[General Management Strategy]{.underline}

In accordance with NPS policy, \"\...high priority will be given to the
management of exotic species that have a substantial impact on park
resources and that can reasonably be expected to be successfully
controlled\" (USDI 1988). Prioritization depends upon two independent
factors: 1) the degree and kind of biological/ecological/management
threat; and 2) the cost and expectation of control, based on the current
population distribution of the exotic species. Each factor must be
considered in planning a suitable course of action.

A list of the biological/ecological/management threats for a given
exotic plant species can be developed based on the collective experience
of park staff, and from information acquired from scientific and special
interest group literature. Numbers and locations of plants change with
time, requiring consistent inventory and monitoring. Early removal of
isolated individuals and small populations minimizes seed dispersal and
adverse impacts to native plant communities. Prevention is far less
costly than massive eradication and restoration efforts at a later date.
If massive eradication is necessary, projects must be well-planned to
include follow-up to avoid re-infestation. Park staff should be kept
informed and alerted to all potentially disruptive species.

The feasibility of managing or controlling each species has to be
considered. Given limited resources, the most cost effective methods
must be selected. However, although labor and equipment costs are taken
into account, they should not deter management of exotics posing a
critical threat, such as displacement of a sensitive species. Many
exotic species have become naturalized in native plant communities, and
function as native species without obviously altering ecosystem
functions. These species are widespread throughout the region, and
attempts to control them in REDW would be impractical due to constant
reintroduction from surrounding lands. Therefore, unless such plants
pose a particular threat (as described under threats assessment), they
are considered innocuous and are monitored to assess future potential
for impact to the ecosystem. These naturalized species would be
controlled if and when effective control methods become available.

Exotic plants posing major biological/ecological/management threats are
identified in this plan, and the most disruptive have been designated as
high priority species for management action. An appropriate course of
action for each high priority species is determined by the number and
location of plants in REDW and the region. This plan has four categories
of population distribution/density with corresponding management
actions:

1\. *Present in region but not in park*. Contact cooperating agencies
and landowners. Track spread if near park. Prevention of species
establishment inside the park eliminates the need for control actions
(Appendix F).

2\. *Present in park as individuals or small, localized populations*.
Remove by hand, and maintain a record of actions. Monitor the removal
sites, following up with additional removal as needed. This kind of
diligence keeps control costs low.

3\. *Present as large infestations in parts of park. Native plant
communities are disrupted and native species displaced from infested
areas*. Remove outliers first. If possible, eliminate the exotic seed
bank in outlier areas after mature plants have been removed to deter
re-establishment. Map large infestations. Plan larger attack projects.
Resources permitting, implement one or more large-scale projects, aimed
as follows:

a\. Contain spread to within infested areas.

b\. Reduce the number and size of infestations, restore native species
to bared sites, and follow a strategy that minimizes dispersal and
re-infestation. In general, treat the smallest, furthest outlying areas
first.

c\. Eliminate the larger infestations, moving from the fringes toward
the source of seed dispersal.

4\. *Present as continuous infestations within and beyond park
boundaries. Displaces many or all native plants in areas of
infestation*. Complete control may be possible, but only by a
coordinated, comprehensive effort between REDW and neighboring agencies
and land managers. Extensive planning and provision for public comment
will be needed. New and applied research may be required before control
is possible or cost effective. Ways to share costs of eradication on a
regional scale will be pursued. If costs are unreasonable, it may be
possible only to restore and protect certain critical park areas from
infestation. Control steps will be similar to 3.

Exotic species will be monitored by quadrat and line-point sampling
(USDI 1991, 1994) to follow trends in prairies and oak woodlands, right
along with native species. Photo documentation will be used both to
follow rates of spread and the effectiveness of management actions.
Ground level photographs will be used to document growth or eradication
of individual plants and groups of plants and to illustrate control
actions. Aerial photographs will be used to locate and track
infestations over larger areas. Distributions of priority species will
be systematically mapped and tracked using the GIS.

A clear knowledge of the locations, areal extent, and rate of spread of
exotics is needed to plan and carry out effective controls. Records of
all monitoring, project planning, control and follow-up actions and
costs will be maintained for review, and project and control treatments
will be evaluated for effectiveness.

[Responsibilities for Exotic Plant Management]{.underline}

The Vegetation Management Branch of the Research and Resources
Management Division has primary responsibility for the overall direction
and coordination of the Exotic Plant Management program. Successful
implementation of the program requires intra- and interdivisional
cooperation. Key responsibilities of the Exotic Plant Management program
are listed below:

1\. Public Information and Education Interpretation

Protection

2\. Employee Education and Information Administration

Interpretation

Protection

Maintenance

Research and Resources Management

3\. Planning, Coordination, and Implementation Research and Resources
Management

of Major Exotic Plant Control Efforts - Management Support Branch

\- Vegetation Management Branch

4\. Prevention and Maintenance of Exotic Plant Spread Maintenance

\- Roads and Trails

\- Custodial and Grounds

5\. Reporting Individual Offices

Park Residents

Research and Resources Management

\- Vegetation Management Branch

[Summary of specific responsibilities:]{.underline}

Public Information and Education

All staff should be able to explain the basic purpose, goals of the
program to the public. All staff should know where to refer the public
for further information. In addition, Interpretation and Protection
personnel should be familiar with the ecological purpose of the program
during public contacts.

Employee Information and Education

All park employees, concessionaires, and volunteers will receive a brief
introduction to the exotic plant management program. Presentations will
be given at seasonal orientation and new employee orientation to insure
a knowledge and understanding of the importance of exotic plant
management in REDW. A brief description of the program will be included
in the new employee orientation packet, including a notebook detailing
the most noxious species in the park, their appearance and management,
and method for documenting new populations and individual control
activities.

Implementation of Control Activities

The Resources Management Support branch will be responsible for primary
implementation of control activities, with direction from Vegetation
Management staff. Preferred techniques, timing, and other aspects of
these activities will be outlined by Vegetation Management staff.
Control activities directly related to routine maintenance, such as
roadside and trailside brushing, will be the responsibility of the Roads
and Trails branch. Revegetation activities which either reduce or
eliminate exotic species will also continue to be the responsibility of
the Vegetation Management branch. Maintenance standards for vehicle
cleanliness will be developed and implemented by the Maintenance
division to prevent the spread of exotic seeds and plant materials into
uninfected areas. The Administration division will check all pertinent
contract specifications to prevent the establishment and spread of
existing and new exotic plant species into REDW.

EXOTIC SPECIES THREAT ASSESSMENT

[Exotic Species Checklist]{.underline}

The Redwood National Park plant species list and herbarium specimens
were reviewed and the native or exotic status of each species was
determined using The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California
(Hickman, 1993). This search identified over 190 exotic plant species
representing 25 percent of the total number of plant species found
within the park (Appendix A and B). The number of exotic species and
dominance by exotics varies widely by plant community within REDW. So
far, less than 1 percent of the plant coverage within the old-growth
redwood forests is from exotic species. In contrast, the Bald Hills
prairies have an extensive list of exotic plant species, with a relative
cover of 50 to 75 percent (USDI, 1992). Therefore, priorities for
control differ in separate sections of the park, and are based on the
general management strategies outlined on page 4.

[Prioritization and Determination of Innocuous or Disruptive
Status]{.underline}

Management threats posed by each of the 190 exotic plant species were
determined by park staff based on each species\' existing park
distribution and the availability of habitat for future invasion. The
potential biological and ecological threats to the park were determined
by reviewing pertinent literature regarding life form, reproductive
patterns, methods of spread, etc. (Appendix C). The exotics with the
highest management threat (totalling 38 species) were then listed with
their corresponding threat characteristics (Appendix D). The remaining
species are considered to be **innocuous** at this time.

Exotic species that pose a critical threat because of their ability to
displace rare, threatened, or park sensitive species (Threat #1) or can
cross-pollinate and produce viable offspring with native species (Threat
#2) were automatically delineated as **disruptive**. The remaining
species were then classified as either disruptive or potentially
disruptive based on a) the number of threat characteristics each
exhibited, b) their ability to rapidly displace native species in areas
that have remained relatively exotics free, and c) they can be
controlled through long-term efforts. The fact that certain species are
selected does not exclude other species from consideration or eventual
management. What it means simply is that efforts will be budgeted and
directed toward the most immediate threats and potential future threats
addressable through management actions.

Four species (Appendix E) have been selected for immediate action. These
*high priority* species have one or both of the following
characteristics of particular concern to REDW:

1\. Displacement of rare, endangered, or sensitive species. This is a
critical threat with action mandated by the Endangered Species Act.

2\. Cross-pollinates with native species, producing viable offspring.
This is in direct conflict with NPS management policies regarding the
preservation of genetic integrity.

SPECIAL ECOLOGICAL AREAS

[Definition and Management Objectives]{.underline}

In order to more effectively manage areas of REDW that are still
relatively intact in terms of vegetation communities and native species
interactions, the park proposes to use a Special Ecological Area
approach. These Special Ecological Areas (SEAs) are useful for
intensively managing specific areas within the park for the control and
removal of exotic species. Hawaii Volcanoes National Park adopted this
approach to exotic plant management in 1985, and found that \"the most
intact, diverse, unique, and valuable research and interpretive sites in
the park can be protected from the impacts of exotic plant species\"
(Tunison and Stone, 1993). SEAs should be representative of ecosystem
function, natural (unimpaired) processes including hydrology and
geomorphology, and native wildlife (because of their inherent resource
value). These areas will be officially designated by a Superintendent\'s
Order under 36 CFR section 1.5.

The SEA approach is particularly effective where exotic species are
widely distributed, making parkwide control impossible without marked
funding increases. In these situations, areas are selected that are
manageable, have a high native species diversity, and low numbers of
exotic species. Management efforts begin with the removal of high
priority species (disruptive species), followed by lower priority
(potentially disruptive and innocuous) species

as time/labor/funding allows. SEAs can be expanded as control is
attained in the original area, which should be at least 10 acres in
size. This approach only works if re-invasion rates are manageable and
the park has human resources committed to permanent control efforts. As
each SEA becomes exotics-free, it may be expanded to encompass more
area. Additional zones in the park may be added to the SEA list as labor
becomes available to manage and maintain them.

[Selection of Sites]{.underline}

The designation of appropriate Special Ecological Areas in Redwood
National Park is based on the following selection criteria:

1\. Representativeness and/or rarity of vegetation.

2\. Vegetation integrity.

3\. Plant species diversity/richness.

4\. Manageability.

5\. Presence of rare flora and, to the extent known, rare fauna.

6\. Interior to edge ratio / preserve design criteria.

7\. Degree of immediacy of threats of exotic biota.

8\. Research and interpretive values.

Based on these criteria, the following areas are proposed as SEAs for
REDW (see Figure 1):

[Little Lost Man Creek]{.underline}

1\. Highly representative of old growth redwood vegetation

2\. Low density of exotic species overall; native vegetation is
relatively intact

3\. High degree of plant species diversity and richness

4\. Reasonably manageable - accessible from basin bottom and top, fairly
intact, large

5\. No known rare flora, rare fauna (spotted owl, murrelet) present

6\. Has a good buffer zone with relatively intact vegetation

7\. Small populations of exotic species (road corridor area)

8\. High research and interpretive value

[Tall Trees Grove]{.underline}

1\. Superlative alluvial flat coast redwood grove, with the tallest
individual trees measured in the world.

2\. Low density of exotic species overall; native vegetation is
relatively intact

3\. Moderate degree of plant species diversity and richness.

4\. Reasonably manageable, depending on the boundaries we delineate

5\. No known rare flora, probable rare fauna (spotted owl, murrelet)

6\. Minimal buffer zone of intact vegetation

7\. Small populations of exotic species; effective management possible

8\. High research and interpretive value

[Lady Bird Johnson Grove]{.underline}

1\. Highly representative of old growth redwood vegetation

2\. Low density of exotic species overall; native vegetation is
relatively intact

3\. High degree of plant species diversity and richness, with ecotonal
changes in species composition between the foggy coastal slope and drier
ridgetop areas.

4\. Reasonably manageable, depending on the boundaries we delineate

5\. No known rare flora, probable rare fauna (spotted owl, murrelet)

6\. Moderate buffer zone of intact vegetation (Little Lost Man RNA)

7\. Small populations of exotic species; effective management possible

8\. High interpretive value

[Little Bald Hills]{.underline}

1\. Representative of serpentine and uplifted marine terrace vegetation
\-- this is a unique type in REDW, and is fairly limited in distribution
throughout the region.

2\. Native vegetation above Murphy Ranch fairly intact as a result of
soil limitations.

3\. High degree of plant species diversity and richness.

4\. Good access from trail system, easy maneuverability around area.

5\. No known rare flora or fauna.

6\. Minimal buffer zone of intact vegetation \-- dependant on final
defined boundaries.

7\. Threats from exotic grasses invading from Murphy Ranch and horse
trail.

8\. High research and interpretive value.

TABLE 1. Characteristics of Redwood National Park Special Ecological
Areas.

══════════════════════════════════════════════════════

**Special**

**Ecological Area**

Little Lost Man

Creek

Tall Trees Grove

Lady Bird Johnson Grove

Little Bald Hills

**Proposed/**

**Managed**

Proposed

Proposed

Proposed

Proposed

**Area**

**(hec)**

800

45

75

140

**Ecological**

**Zone**

Intact old growth

Intact old growth

Intact old growth

Intact serpentine

association

**Plant Community**

**Vegetation Type**

Full range of redwood forest types from low to high elevation

Alluvial flat redwood forest

Upland coastal redwood forest

Serpentine/

uplifted marine terrace vegetation with Jeffrey Pines

**Selection**

**Criteria**

Intactness

Representativeness

Potential for

Interpretation

Plant species

richness

Intactness

Representativeness

Potential for

Interpretation

Plant species

richness

Potential for

Interpretation

(about vegetation

management and

exotics control

techniques

Plant species

richness

Rare flora

Research value

**Management**

**Threats**

Exotic plants along road edges, on landslides and rock outcrops

Exotic plants along Redwood Creek, in adjacent second-growth forests

Exotic plants along Bald Hills road moving into the grove area

Exotic grasses encroaching from the trail and campsite (old Murphy Ranch
site)

GENERAL MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

All control techniques described by REDW, The Nature Conservancy, and
other resource management agencies were surveyed for each high priority
species. The most promising control techniques are being tested and
developed for use at REDW.

Following IPM guidelines, the following classes of control techniques
are options in REDW\'s exotic plant control plan:

[NO ACTION]{.underline}:

The threat of the species is found to be insignificant (the species is
considered to be innocuous), or no further action is needed to achieve
or maintain control of the species.

[MECHANICAL CONTROL:]{.underline}

[Heavy equipment:]{.underline} Machinery such as bulldozers, backhoes,
cable yarders and loaders may be used in areas where exotic plant
density is high, native species are absent, and impacts to other natural
or cultural resources are negligible.

[Power tools:]{.underline} Chain saws, weed whips.

[Hand tools:]{.underline} Shovels, pulaskis, loppers, weed wrenches,
grip hoists, machetes.

[Manual removal:]{.underline} Manual removal of herbaceous and
shallowly-rooted exotic species (i.e. foxglove \[*Digitalis purpurea*\])
is cost effective and can control some species.

[Draught animals:]{.underline} Mules, horses can be used for plowing or
pulling out large individual plants.

[Prescribed Fire:]{.underline} Prescribed burns are used for controlling
exotic plants in a variety of vegetation communities throughout the
United States. Control of fire frequency, time, duration, and intensity
provide opportunities for control of exotic species. The composition of
the native flora may also be manipulated to re-establish and support its
natural resistance to invasion by non-natives. In REDW, prescribed
burning plans and techniques are being developed for the management of
oak woodlands and prairie grasslands (USDI 1992, 1994).

As with all exotic species control activities, the potential for the use
of prescribed fire as a tool depends upon a consistent, long term
commitment by management personnel to initiate and complete control
activities. For example, infrequent or inconsistent burns risk
increasing the distribution and dominance of Scotch broom (*Cytisus
scoparius*). Therefore, the prescribed fire program will continue to be
closely coordinated with the exotic plant management program to achieve
overall vegetation management objectives.

The vegetation management objectives of each prescribed burn will
include an assessment of potential effects on exotic species present
within each burn, and these exotics will be monitored to determine
effectiveness of the burns. Burn plans will be revised following
assessment if this is deemed necessary to improve control of exotic
species. Personnel working in exotic plant management will work closely
with prescribed burn staff to accomplish the multiple objectives of each
burn. In addition, rehabilitation of fires and firelines within REDW
will be planned carefully to avoid the establishment and spread of
exotic species from surrounding areas.

[Cautions for mechanical control methods:]{.underline} Some exotic
species, such as Scotch broom, deposit long lived seeds into the soil
and these seeds may be in mud from infested locations. Before departing
an infested worksite, crews will be directed to clean their boots,
tools, tires and machinery in order to prevent seed dispersal.

People, equipment, noise and smoke may disturb rare, threatened and
endangered wildlife, including the spotted owl, marbled murrelet and
snowy plover. Therefore, all plans to use mechanical controls will be
reviewed and carefully timed to avoid any adverse impacts to sensitive
species, in compliance with NPS policy and the Endangered Species Act.

[CULTURAL CONTROL]{.underline}:

Human activities will be planned and supervised, insofar as possible and
considering other needs, to minimize opportunities for colonization by
exotics, by appropriate techniques. For example, changing the time of
year of activities that disturb soil may alter species composition after
the disturbance.

[Cleanliness:]{.underline} Vehicles and equipment have the potential to
disperse exotic seeds great distances. There may be long lived seeds of
species, such as Scotch broom, in mud, debris and crops from infested
locations. If just one seed germinates and the plant matures to
reproductive age, it can start a new population. Before working in a
vulnerable ecosystem, such as the Bald Hills prairies, earth moving
equipment used for any purpose, including road construction, maintenance
and watershed rehabilitation, will be thoroughly cleaned and inspected
by park staff to prevent seed dispersal.

[Disposal of Plant Debris:]{.underline} Exotic plants that have been
removed from the ground will either be left on site for consumption
during a prescribed burn, or will be carefully moved to another area for
pile burning at a later date. Efforts will be made to avoid adding a
burden to the park\'s solid waste management by either burning or
mulching the plant debris. Extra care will be taken in cases where the
material is moved off-site to avoid contaminating additional areas with
seed or rhizomatous materials.

[Information:]{.underline} Information will be provided to the public
and park employees in the form of signs, interpretive displays,
brochures, and programs on the threat of exotic species and the need to
control them. This will help to limit the spread of exotics to and from
other lands. These will include information on how to differentiate
exotics from native species with the same general appearance.

[Developments and Cultural Landscapes:]{.underline} If exotic species
are features of park developments or National Register eligible cultural
landscapes, staff will determine the ecological risk of these species
(i.e. will they spread into adjacent landscapes or create undesirable
wildlife/human interactions) and the cost of maintaining the cultural
landscape and preventing their spread outside this boundary. Exotics
judged to pose no significant threat or nuisance in surrounding natural
areas will be exempt from control efforts within the boundaries of
developments and cultural landscapes. Exotic species judged to pose a
threat or nuisance will be managed as appropriate, taking cultural and
historic resource needs into account, to prevent further natural
resources management problems.

[BIOLOGICAL CONTROL]{.underline}:

[Biological Enemies:]{.underline} Certain insects or pathogens (e.g.,
fungus, bacteria) attack specific species and limit their growth or
reproduction. Introductions will be carefully controlled so as not to
harm other native species or species of economic importance, and will
only be introduced after several years of scientific evaluation.

[Vegetation succession:]{.underline} Canopy closure by native evergreens
and/or hardwoods will suppress or eliminate shade-intolerant exotic
species. Succession can be encouraged.

[CHEMICAL CONTROL]{.underline}:

[Soil chemistry:]{.underline} Soils will be managed to restore
particular conditions needed by native plant communities, or to
selectively target exotics within a plant community when the native
plants are genetically adapted to tolerate naturally varying levels of
chemical constituents (e.g. salinity or acidity), and the exotics are
not.

[Herbicides:]{.underline} Herbicide applications will be considered for
control of exotics following evaluation of alternative mechanical,
physical, cultural, or biological means. If it is determined that these
options are either not acceptable or not feasible, chemical herbicides
might be approved for use.

Herbicides will not be considered for control of exotics in natural
vegetation unless other control techniques prove ineffective. If
herbicides are used, they will be applied in strict accordance with IPM
guidelines under the supervision of the park IPM coordinator (USDI,
1991). To the extent possible, herbicides will be used only as a last
resort.

[MONITORING]{.underline}

The effect of all control activities, including \"no action,\" will be
monitored to determine the need for changes in control techniques (e.g.,
initiation, re-initiation, or refinement). Monitoring techniques,
control objectives, and success criteria will be developed specific to
each species being managed. Subsequent control efforts should require
only the survey of the area by one individual who can maintain control
without any additional support.

Monitoring techniques may include any or all of the following:

\-- Aerial surveys and photography. Permanent photopoints will be
established and photographs will be taken so that the physiological and
morphological stage of the species of greatest concern is the same each
time.

\-- Roadside and trail surveys for exotics.

\-- Mapping of the distribution and acreage of exotics. Mapping and
tracking of high priority species will be performed on the park GIS in
order to analyze and communicate the problem, and to determine funding
and effort required for control.

\-- Quadrat and line-point sampling will be used to follow trends in
REDW prairies, oak woodlands and other native plant communities. This
information will serve multiple management objectives.

The re-establishment of native species will complement the control
efforts by supporting control of the habitat to the exclusion of
exotics. Once control techniques are refined and exotic species are
under control, areas will be revegetated with native species, if
necessary, to restore original ecological function and to impart
resistance to re-invasion of exotics.

*Ammophila arenaria*

(European Beachgrass)

[THREATS:]{.underline}

Native coastal sand dune ecosystems around the world are threatened by
the introduction and establishment of *Ammophila arenaria*. *Ammophila*
forms a dense, expanding mat of grass, rhizomes, and roots which
displaces and prevents the establishment of native dunemat species. It
alters physical processes in foredunes, capturing sand, steepening sand
slopes and preventing adequate sand movement from beach to interior
dunes (Barbour and Johnson, 1977). In Oregon, it has severely reduced
the sand supply from beach to large inland dune communities. Along the
mid-­Atlantic coast of the United States it greatly alters beach profiles
and subsequently changes the impact and effect of storms on the
coastline (Dolan et al., 1973).

In REDW, there are large stands of *Ammophila* along the beaches. Stands
on Freshwater Spit threaten present populations and habitat of two
candidate sensitive plants, Wolf\'s evening primrose (*Oenothera
wolfii*) and pink sand verbena (*Abronia umbellata* ssp. *breviflora*).
The dense grass eliminates areas of open sand which can be used as
nesting sites by the western snowy plover, a federally listed threatened
species.

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:]{.underline}

**No Action:**

Loss of habitat for the native dunemat community, and consequent loss of
native plant species, including two sensitive species; loss of nesting
sites for the western snowy plover.

**Mechanical Control:**

[Manual removal (digging):]{.underline} This has been effective in
controlling the spread of small stands of *Ammophila*, but is labor
intensive. In 1988, lines were dug out of *Ammophila* patches on
Freshwater Spit in REDW using various hand tools. The lines were four
feet wide and two feet deep, and rhizomes and roots were sifted out of
the sand by hand afterward. As of May 1994, *Ammophila* had not
reestablished in these sites.

[Heavy Equipment (plowing):]{.underline} In 1992, a 2.5 cubic yard
loader was used experimentally to plow up *Ammophila* in REDW. This
technique tended to mix large amounts of sand with the grass. Removal of
the mixed material became difficult because of the increased volume and
weight, and the mixture has grown into a healthy population away from
the beach. Mixing also made subsequent removal by other manual
techniques more difficult. It was noted, however, that the *Ammophila*
in the loader\'s bucket was easily removed from the sand, unlike removal
from undisturbed sand dunes. As a result of this observation a wide
blade 8-10 inches wide could be pulled below the mats of *Ammophila*,
which would release the roots. The blade could be pulled by a mule or
small bulldozer, and the stems would be pulled out by hand by a crew of
laborers following the plow. This would have to be followed up by
additional removal or chemical treatments in order to be effective.

**Chemical Control:**

Sea water is a potential control for *Ammophila*. It crosses the coastal
strand from time to time via wave action. Sea water contains
approximately 3.5 percent salt. According to Huiskes (1979), *Ammophila*
tolerates salt concentrations no greater than 1.5-2.0 percent, whereas
the native dunegrass, *Elymus mollis*, can withstand concentrations of
12 percent or more. Baye (1990) found this technique to be successful in
both eliminating spread and killing stands of *Ammophila*. In REDW, sea
water has been applied to stands of *Ammophila* on a trial basis, with
limited results due to lack of appropriate equipment. Further
experimentation will include timing the applications in late spring to
coincide with the end of the rainy season and the onset of the growing
season for *Ammophila* (this technique is not effective during the
dormant winter months). The intent will be to replace fresh water deep
within the root zone with a column of sea water. If sea water prevents
or slows growth of *Ammophila*, it would facilitate removal and gradual
elimination of stands by chemical or mechanical means. The sea water may
be pumped from the surf line with pumps designed for marine use.

Other herbicides have been used on small populations of *Ammophila* on
the Mendocino coast, but these have been found to be ineffective for
broadscale use over the long term, due to frequent resprouting from
rhizomes.

**Cultural Control:**

None.

**Biological Control:**

None.

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

Emphasis should be placed on removing outlier populations at all
locations, and quiet sandy areas of the coast which are potential
nesting habitat for snowy plover, from about April to August. Quiet
locations with small colonies of *Ammophila* must be treated to avoid
loss of this habitat, and treatment methods should be used to avoid
disturbing the birds during the nesting season.

The technique of cutting with a wide, sub-surface blade (winged
subsoiler) should be tested, and developed further, if effective.
Application of sea water should be evaluated further as a way to slow or
prevent reestablishment of *Ammophila* and to supplement mechanical
follow-up techniques. Large populations should be removed following
treatment of the outliers, and the smaller populations can be removed
using hand tools and manual labor forces. These techniques are flexible
enough to allow protection of sensitive species and to prevent
disturbance of the native dunemat community.

The Nature Conservancy (TNC) recommends that monthly treatments in
manual removal areas be conducted in the first year, followed by
decreased frequency in subsequent years. Control activities must be
continued until no sprouts can be found for three years. Baye (1990)
recommends treatment with sea water twice in the first year, followed by
a third treatment during the second summer.

REDW\'s *Ammophila* management and monitoring should be closely
coordinated with the California State Parks. *Ammophila* is a serious
problem of mutual concern. If *Ammophila* is to be controlled throughout
REDW and the State Parks, it will require a coordinated, comprehensive
effort between the agencies, with ample project planning, funding and
public review. Due to the scale of infestations, development and use of
mechanized technology for large-scale removal is warranted.

**Monitoring:**

Each year, after control is established, the whole coast of REDW and all
adjoining California State Parks must be surveyed to prevent the spread
and reestablishment of *Ammophila*. Surrounding beach strand areas will
continue to contribute to the spread of this species into the parks.

*Ammophila* distributions and densities will be mapped annually and
entered into the park GIS. The GIS will be used to track trends and to
develop cost estimates for control projects.

*Arrhenatherum elatius*

Tall Oatgrass

[THREATS:]{.underline}

*Arrhenatherum elatius* (tall oatgrass) is a tall, tussock-forming,
perennial bunchgrass native to the Mediterranean region. Probably
introduced into the Bald Hills in the late 1800\'s or early 1900\'s, it
was primarily used for hay production, and became a permanent part of
the \"new\" flora in the Bald Hills. However, *Arrhenatherum* is not
very tolerant of intense grazing, so was suppressed in many areas and
unable to invade and spread into the prairies and oak woodlands. When
cattle were removed from the park in 1982, and in the absence of other
types of disturbance ( i.e. fire), tall oatgrass began to spread
rapidly.

One of the stated management goals for the Bald Hills is to maintain the
diversity of plants and animals that prevailed when the area was first
visited by Europeans (USDI, 1992). Although there are many naturalized,
non-native species in the Bald Hills, *Arrhenatherum* is of special
concern because of its ability to invade and possibly out-compete and
suppress other species, especially native grasses such as California
oatgrass (*Danthonia californica*) in the prairies, and *Melica*,
*Festuca*, and *Bromus* species in the oak woodlands. Permanent
monitoring plots in the prairies have shown increases in percent cover
of tall oatgrass, while California oatgrass has simultaneously
decreased. Within the oak woodlands, a distinct plant community exists
that is dominated by *Arrhenatherum*. Studies on tall oatgrass show it
to be a late successional species in abandoned fields or waste places
that can be highly competitive, locally abundant, and long-lived (Grubb,
1982; Mahmoud and Grime, 1976).

Further problems associated with the spread of *Arrhenatherum* concerns
its unpalatability to the resident elk herds (*Cervus elaphus* ssp.
*roosevelti*). The Bald Hills provide one of the few examples of a
healthy, endemic Roosevelt elk population in California. Since cattle
were removed from the park in 1982, the herd has been increasing in
number. A study on elk movement patterns and habitat use in the area
showed that elk use the prairies extensively and in greater proportion
than expected. It is anticipated that as second growth forests mature
and ground forage in these areas decreases, elk will use the forests
less, increasing the already high use of the prairies and oak woodlands.
An analysis of the Bald Hills elk diet through pellet analysis showed
that the elk were not eating tall oatgrass (Grenier et al., 1991). If
*Arrhenatherum* is allowed to increase and spread, preferred elk forage
may become further limited.

It would be impractical and impossible to extirpate tall oatgrass from
the Bald Hills. Management concerns should focus on preventing its
spread into new areas, and devising strategies to reduce its dominance
in heavily invaded areas. For example, cattle were removed from Coyote
Creek basin in the fall of 1991. Sampling conducted in the summer of
1992 indicated that *Arrhenatherum* was not present in significant
numbers (\< 7% cover in 13 sites sampled) (unpublished data, 1993). Its
presence, however, in 8 of 13 sites suggest that if some form of
disturbance is not returned to the area, tall oatgrass may begin to
spread as rapidly here as it has in the rest of the Bald Hills.

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:]{.underline}

**No Action:**

*Arrhenatherum* will probably become the dominant grass species
throughout the Bald Hills. Native grasses will continue to decline in
dominance. Preferred elk forage may be reduced. Redwood National Park\'s
management goals for the Bald Hills will not be met.

**Mechanical Control:**

[Prescribed Fire:]{.underline} Prescribed burning in Childs Hill prairie
has shown fall burning every 3 years to be effective in reducing the
spread of tall oatgrass. In plots burned four times since 1982, tall
oatgrass cover never exceeded 3.25%. In unburned plots, tall oatgrass
cover has increased to 31.14%, indicating that fall burning can be
effective in controlling the establishment and spread of
*Arrhenatherum*. The prescribed burn program at Redwood National Park
has currently targeted burning the Coyote Creek addition by 1995.

In areas where *Arrhenatherum* has already become established, the
emphasis should be on reducing its\' cover and promoting native species
dominance. Prescribed burn results from a Master thesis study indicate
that there is no change in the percent cover of tall oatgrass one year
after fall burning (Arguello 1994). Spring burning was also tested with
similar results, no effect (Arguello 1994). The frequency of burns
needed to control tall oatgrass should be investigated. Reseeding or
transplanting natives should also be investigated as ways to promote
native species.

[Other techniques]{.underline}: Other techniques are available to
promote native grasses in *Arrhenatherum* dominated areas. Mowing,
discing to a depth of six inches, hand-hoeing, scraping off the
vegetation with a D-4 bulldozer followed by reseeding or transplanting
have been discussed as possible alternatives to burning. These
alternatives could only be used on a limited basis and are not practical
over large areas of *Arrhenatherum* dominated areas.

**Chemical Control:**

Tall oatgrass is sensitive to herbicides. Several studies conducted in
Europe have demonstrated dramatic results from the use of non-selective
herbicide, glyphosate. If this herbicide is used as a control method, it
would have to be applied on *Arrhenatherum* only. Wick applicators are
available that are designed to deliver an herbicide to a specific plant,
and tall oatgrass, because of its height (up to 6 feet tall) could be
targeted easily by these applicators. Wick applicators can be hand held
or mounted on machines for faster application.

**Cultural Control:**

None.

**Biological Control:**

Selective grazing of areas with *Arrhenatherum* may be effective in
reducing the high percent cover of this species, making re-establishment
of native grass species more likely. Grazing (by cattle) would have to
be carefully timed and monitored to reduce impacts caused by trampling
and erosion. Grazing could be followed up by seeding with native grass
species to insure preferred species composition changes over time.

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

Prescribed burning in the fall may be sufficient to prevent further
establishment of *Arrhenatherum*. If so, chemical control would be
unnecessary except where tall oatgrass is presently established.

Prescribed burning and reseeding or transplanting with native species
should be investigated in areas where tall oatgrass dominates. Reseeding
over large areas would be costly. Investigations should be made of the
frequency of burning needed to control tall oatgrass so that burns can
be scheduled frequently enough to meet control objectives. Herbicide use
and selective grazing should also be investigated to determine their
effectiveness as a control method.

*Carpobrotus chilensis*

(Sea Fig, Ice Plant)

[THREATS:]{.underline}

*Carpobrotus chilensis* forms dense mounds covering dunes along the
coastal strand. These mounds crowd out native plant species, causing a
decline in native species diversity. *C. chilensis*, along with other
species in the Aizoaceae family, are extremely salt tolerant and can
utilize salt water for metabolic function. The salt is absorbed into the
plants\' tissues and exuded into the sand around the plant, making the
site unavailable for native plant species. *C. chilensis*, in
conjunction with *Ammophila arenaria* and *Lupinus arboreus*, can
completely overtake the coastal strand and dune mat plant communities of
REDW. *C. chilensis* populations on Freshwater Spit threaten populations
and habitat of two candidate sensitive plants, Wolf\'s evening primrose
(*Oenothera wolfii*) and pink sand verbena (*Abronia umbellata* ssp.
*breviflora*).

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:]{.underline}

**No Action**:

Loss of native sand dune species diversity and habitat, including park
sensitive species.

**Mechanical Control:**

Hand pulling is very effective for pulling out the entire plant. The
root system must be removed as well as the above-ground portions of the
plant.

**Chemical Control:** None.

**Cultural Control:**

Visitors, park staff, and Caltrans personnel should be educated about
REDW\'s efforts to control this plant and prevent its spread along the
coastal strand. They may inadvertently introduce this plant from other
areas.

**Biological Control:** None.

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

All existing plants were pulled out along Freshwater Spit in the summer
of 1994. Other populations in the park will be identified and removed as
discovered. The entire beach strand of REDW is a potential site for the
establishment of this and other coastal exotic species, making annual
surveys a priority. This is particularly important because many of the
beach strand exotic species are spread during winter storms, making
widespread establishment likely without constant diligence.

**Monitoring:**

Spring surveys of susceptible coastal habitats will be made annually,
and newly discovered individuals will be removed at that time.

*Cortaderia jubata*

(Pampas Grass)

[THREATS:]{.underline}

*Cortaderia jubata* plants can develop seeds without pollination, so
that nearly all of the ovules produced can develop into viable seeds
(Costas-Lippmann, 1979). This results in a huge seed output of millions
of seeds per plant (Cowan, 1976) and is the chief reason for
*Cortaderia*\'s success as an invader. Even a few, widely dispersed
plants can achieve rapid spread because the seeds are light and easily
wind‑dispersed.

*Cortaderia* is an aggressive colonizer which competes with native
plants and alters the aesthetic character of REDW\'s vegetation
communities. It establishes rapidly on open, bare ground and in several
open plant communities. It is most conspicuous on roadsides, cutbanks,
rock outcrops, landslide and earthflow scars, coastal dunes and bare
alluvium throughout north coastal California, including REDW. It also
colonizes newly logged forest and persists for a time in openings in the
second growth. However, it is intolerant of deep shade, so diminishes as
the forest matures. *Cortaderia* will not affect ecological processes
within mature forests, but it takes refuge in openings and colonize new
landslide scars as they occur. *Cortaderia* does not actively colonize
the Bald Hills prairies. It may pose the greatest long-term ecological
threat to coastal dune and shrub communities where shaded conditions
will not develop over time.

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:]{.underline}

**No Action:**

*Cortaderia* will continue to spread along roadsides and river corridors
and onto adjacent park and private lands where soil disturbance and
canopy elimination has occurred. However, *Cortaderia* is only
successful in areas where sunlight is available, and mortality of mature
plants occurs quickly following tree canopy closure. Watershed
rehabilitation and second growth site canopies usually close within
10-20 years of disturbance, and the *Cortaderia* stands within these
areas are greatly diminished by this natural process without
intervention.

**Mechanical Control:**

[Wire:]{.underline} Large individuals and large numbers of small plants
can be eliminated using a thin wire line wrapped around the base of the
plant or clump, which removes both the above-ground and root portions of
the plant at the same time. The line should be pulled taught and kept
taught, until the line is pulled - preferably quickly with a vehicle.

[Heavy equipment:]{.underline} Dense stands of *Cortaderia* have been
successfully removed from the Golden Gate National Recreation Area using
heavy equipment (Nelson, 1991). The entire root crown must be removed to
avoid subsequent sprouting, although it is not necessary to dig up all
lateral roots.

[Mowing:]{.underline} *Cortaderia* plants and flowers are conspicuous
along sunny road corridors. Their height and spread are minimized by
mowing during routine road maintenance. Roadsides should be mowed at
least twice per year, with mowing timed in late spring and early winter.
This timing effectively prevents both flowering and seed dispersal.

[Manual method:]{.underline} Plumes of plants along road edges can be
cut off to avoid seed dis­persal into surrounding disturbed sites. Small
plants can be pulled or dug out. Large plants can be dug out with a
pulaski and shovel. The leaves can cause cuts; tops of large plants
should be wrapped up and out of the way for a safe and easy approach to
the roots, before the plants are dug out.

**Chemical Control:**

*Cortaderia jubata* populations in the Golden Gate National Recreation
Area have been effectively controlled by using herbicide applications
(Nelson, 1992). Both foliar and stump applications were made with a
diluted herbicide, resulting in mortality of 80% of the individuals
within one month of treatment. Following mortality, the dead stumps were
removed by hand. This method will only be used if other methods prove
ineffective or prohibitively expensive.

**Cultural Control:**

[Roadside maintenance:]{.underline} *Cortaderia* is shade intolerant. It
can be discouraged by managing road corridors so as to speed closure of
a tree canopy. Thinning roadside trees helps encourage height and
diameter growth and contributes stability to the remaining trees. Long
term costs will be less, both for road and forest maintenance and exotic
plant control, if this procedure is followed.

**Biological Control:**

None.

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

Every opportunity should be taken to control *Cortaderia* before it
becomes well‑established. Control of *Cortaderia* should be considered
in all road maintenance activities, including experimentation with
appropriate herbicides. REDW should encourage the California State
Parks, California Department of Transportation and County Road
Maintenance Divisions to utilize maintenance techniques unfavorable to
*Cortaderia*.

*Cortaderia* plants should be removed as soon as possible, while plants
are few and small, from alluvial flats such as along Redwood Creek and
the Tall Trees Grove. It is not possible to eliminate colonization and
spread of *Cortaderia* to and from the many landslides bordering Redwood
Creek. Therefore, a long-term need exists to maintain and protect the
ecological and visual integrity of alluvial flats by removing
*Cortaderia*.

**Monitoring:**

*Cortaderia* will be surveyed and distribution maps prepared in
potentially sensitive coastal communities, including dunes and coastal
shrub. Alluvial flat and roadside surveys will be continued throughout
the park, and satellite populations of *Cortaderia* will be eliminated.

*Cytisus scoparius*

(Scotch Broom)

[THREATS:]{.underline}

*Cytisus scoparius* endangers open grasslands and hillsides throughout
California (Mountjoy, 1979). In REDW, it is a major threat to the
ecology of the Bald Hills because it displaces most of the native
plants, grows rapidly and produces prolific seed crops annually. Its
seeds may remain dormant and viable for several decades, and are
stimulated to germinate by fire or soil disturbance, and it causes a
visual intrusion by contrasting in color and growth form with native
vegetation. Consequently, removal of *Cytisus* is a high priority in
REDW. Scotch broom is also a C-rated pest species by the California
Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA, 1993).

*Cytisus* colonizes bare ground areas and open plant communities. It is
most conspicuous in flower along roadsides. Its common presence there
may be because vehicles convey seed in mud and debris, and these sites
are repeatedly disturbed. As a nitrogen-fixing legume, *Cytisus* is at a
great advantage along roadsides because soils are poor and there is
little competition. *Cytisus* poses a great threat to the Bald Hills
prairies, into which it may gradually spread from roadsides, farm and
logging trails and other avenues of traffic and disturbance. It also
colonizes newly logged forests and persists for a time in the second
growth. However, it is intolerant of shade, so diminishes in size and
vigor as forests mature. *Cytisus* will not likely affect ecological
processes in mature forests once the seed pool decays.

*Cytisus*\' reserve of buried seed, prolonged seed dormancy, and release
from dormancy are difficult challenges for long term management. Bossard
(1993a), investigating *Cytisus* seeds, reported 98 percent viability,
but more than 65 percent of seeds had an impervious coat that delayed
germination for months or years. On germination, she observed that
seedlings emerged most successfully from the upper 2 cm of soil, and
none emerged from seed buried below 8 cm. Heating to 150C or more for
two minutes killed the seed. Temperatures greater than 100C for one
minute increased susceptibility to fungal pathogens. Temperatures
greater than 65C for two minutes increased seed germination without
decreasing fungal resistance.

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:]{.underline}

**No Action:**

*Cytisus* will eventually take over all open areas along roadsides and
in grasslands. The plants will continue to produce substantial numbers
of seeds, which remain viable for up to 80 years in the soil seed bank.
The aesthetic character and biological integrity of the Bald Hills
prairies and other infested areas will be lost.

**Mechanical Control:**

Possible mechanical controls include pulling the plants and prescribed
burning. Extracting the plants prevents reproduction but leaves buried
seed. Prescribed burning may either kill the seeds or stimulate
germination. It is anticipated that burning will both diminish the seed
pool and produce additional plants to be extracted. Other physical
methods, including girdling (with a blade or flame thrower) and
above-ground cutting (with pruners, chainsaw or mower), have proven
ineffective in REDW. With these latter methods, basal sprouting occurs
making later removal more difficult with thickened stem growth at ground
level.

[Manual removal:]{.underline} Plants may be pulled up by a variety of
means, depending on their size. The smallest plants can be pulled by
hand. The larger a plant becomes, the larger the tool and the more time
is required to extract it. Weed wrenches are quick and effective for
pulling out small to medium-sized individuals, with the assistance of
shovels and pulaskis for large plants. Large individuals have also been
successfully removed by cinching rope around the base of plants and
attaching the line to a vehicle or winch, and then pulling out the plant
and roots.

[Grip Hoist:]{.underline} In 1994, a grip hoist was used to remove very
large plants (basal diameter \> 8\") from Elk Camp and lower Dolason
prairies. The hoist removes the root system by slowly pulling on the
stem base, and is quite effective on large isolated patches where other
methods will not work. An \"old-growth\" *Cytisus* patch 30\' x 150\' in
size was removed in two days using two grip hoists. (This patch would
have taken at least two months to remove with one person using hand
tools), so is obviously an excellent method for the central infestation
areas in the Bald Hills.

[Draught animals:]{.underline} A small mule was used in REDW in 1992.
The mule removed large *Cytisus* plants using a 6-foot tall \"A\" frame
which allowed the force on the plant to be closer to vertical. The frame
was set over individual shrubs and a haul line was run from the mules\'
tackle up over the frame to the base of the shrub. A block and tackle
was also useful for pulling up the larger shrubs with smaller mules.
Larger mules may be able to remove plants without the help of any
mechanical device. This is a time-consuming method because of the need
to rig up each individual plant, but the mule took less time removing
large plants than weed wrenching.

[Heavy equipment:]{.underline} A front-end loader was used
experimentally in REDW in 1994 to ascertain the value of using
mechanization to remove large stands of *Cytisus*, and was found to be
extremely effective. Large plants were removed along the Bald Hills and
C-Line road corridors using a clam-shell bucket. The bucket was
carefully lowered down over a group of plants until the jaws touched the
ground. Then the clam shell was closed, and the plants and attached root
systems were lifted vertically out of the ground. Removed plants were
piled for later burning. These methods cause a certain amount of soil
disturbance, which causes subsequent germination of *Cytisus* seeds.
There is a risk in moving soil, because the buried seed may be spread to
uninfected areas. When heavy equipment is used safeguards must be taken,
such as cleaning off tires after work is completed, to avoid this
possibility.

[Timing:]{.underline} It is most cost effective to remove plants when
they are small. Small plants are most easily spotted from about December
to April, after the rain and snow have flattened the surrounding grass.
Removal at this time is relatively easy because the soils are moist and
soft. Larger plants can be spotted at any time, but removal should be
done during winter or spring, up through about June (the end of the
rainy season) so the soil is still soft. Later in the season as soils
dry out, the plants become difficult to remove without breaking the stem
from the roots. The roots can resprout many times after the above-ground
portion of the plant has been removed, so care must be taken to remove
the entire plant the first time.

[Prescribed Fire:]{.underline} *Cytisus* is a high priority species that
occurs in areas where prescribed burning occurs. The control and
eradication of this species has been incorporated into the vegetation
management goals of the REDW\'s Fire Management Plan, and prescriptions
are being developed that specifically address the management of this
species.

Fuel loadings in *Cytisus* stands will not support fire unless the
mature plants are first pulled out and allowed to dry, and live fuel
moistures in *Cytisus* do not support high enough fire intensities to
kill the plant. Fires do, however, stimulate sprouting from the base
which makes later removal more difficult. Therefore, the strategy at
REDW is to remove the mature plants, followed by burning and subsequent
control of seedlings and root sprouts.

For the Sierra Nevada, Bossard (1993a) concluded that prescribed burns
of areas infested with *Cytisus* could greatly decrease the number of
seeds on and in the soil. She suggested timing burns in late spring so
that soil heating flushes germination just prior to summer drought, with
consequent high drought mortality. This idea will be tested. However, in
REDW, experimental spring burns have proven disadvantageous to the
native bunchgrass, *Danthonia californica* (Arguello 1994). Any testing
or wider use of spring burning will be constrained in REDW by the need
to preserve this native species.

**Chemical Control:**

Herbicide application may be effective as a follow-up and in conjunction
with other techniques to deplete the buried seed pool. Following
mechanical removal or a prescribed burn, there is increased germination
of *Cytisus* seeds. One possibility for dealing with the *Cytisus*
seedlings may be to apply herbicide as part of a follow-up, perhaps in
conjunction with grass seeding. On sites where *Cytisus* suppresses the
native plants, grass seed could be applied in fall, following a
prescribed burn. The seeded grass and/or released natives would compete
with *Cytisus* and provide fuel for follow-up burns. A broadleaf
selective herbicide applied locally in late spring would kill the
*Cytisus* seedlings. Alternating repeated burning and herbicide
applications might prove effective in depleting the buried seed pool.

Herbicide application has also proven effective in treating stumps of
*Cytisus* immediately after cutting at the Golden Gate National
Recreation Area (Nelson, 1992). The stumps died completely with no
resprouting, which was beneficial in areas where soil disturbance had to
be minimized to protect native plant species or cultural sites.

**Cultural Control:**

[Cleanliness:]{.underline} *Cytisus* seeds can be transported great
distances in mud and debris stuck to vehicles and equipment. Before
working in a vulnerable ecosystem, such as the Bald Hills prairies,
earth moving and surveying equipment used for any purpose, including
road construction, maintenance and watershed rehabilitation, should be
thoroughly cleaned and inspected by park staff to prevent seed
dispersal.

[Road maintenance:]{.underline} *Cytisus* can spread rapidly along sunny
road corridors. This spread can be minimized by removing *Cytisus*
plants while managing the road edge so as to speed closure of a tree
canopy along forested sections. Thinning roadside trees helps encourage
height and diameter growth of the remaining trees, and contributes to
their stability. Long term costs will be less, both for road and forest
maintenance and exotic plant control, if this procedure is followed.

**Biological Control:**

[Insects:]{.underline} Twig mining moths (*Leucoptera spartifoliella*)
have been found on plants in REDW. The small white moth is 1/4‑1/2\"
long and can be seen flying around the broom at dusk in May and June
when it lays its eggs on the new vegetative growth. The *Leucoptera*
larvae mine directly from the eggs into the stems, tunnel throughout the
stem and complete development in April or May the following year.
Emerging from their tunnels, they spin white silken cocoons on the
underside of twigs (Andres, 1979). Moth‑infested broom plants bear a
number of dead and dying twigs, but the moth has not solved the Scotch
broom problem (Andres, 1979).

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

As part of the exotic plant control strategy for *Cytisus*, management
activities will focus first on eliminating small individuals and outlier
populations to minimize seed production and dispersal. This will be
followed by eradication of main populations and control of germinated
seedlings.

All extraction techniques are recommended, providing there is care and
attention to avoid seed dispersal. Entire plants can be uprooted during
the winter through early summer while soils are still moist and soft.
*Cytisus* can be removed by any mechanical technique that pulls the
shrub and roots from the ground, insuring elimination of the entire
plant. The sprouting ability of *Cytisus* creates a secondary threat, so
removal techniques must insure that the whole plant has been eliminated
in a single control operation to maximize cost effectiveness.

Germination of *Cytisus* seeds is stimulated by heat or soil
disturbance. Seeds within the soil will germinate after fire and after
opening a stand and exposing the soil to greater heating by the sun.
This increases the number and density of plants for future removal, but
will also begin to address the problem of a persistent viable seedbank.
Effects of the timing and intensity of prescribed burns should continue
to be investigated.

*Cytisus* deposits long-lived seeds into the soil which may be carried
in mud from infested worksites. Before departing an infested worksite,
crews should clean their boots, tools and machinery to prevent seed
dispersal. Other techniques for elimination of the seedbank will be
explored by park staff and by maintaining contact and cooperation with
other land managers and research scientists.

Control of *Cytisus* should be considered in all road maintenance
activities. REDW should encourage the California State Parks, California
Department of Transportation and County Road Maintenance Divisions to
utilize techniques of roadside vegetation management that maintain
safety while minimizing opportunities for survival and reproduction of
*Cytisus*.

**Monitoring:**

Surveys of *Cytisus* control sites will be conducted every spring or
early summer. Sprouting stumps must be removed with hand tools, and new
seedlings removed by hand.

Spread of *Cytisus* seed by vehicles, tools and feet is a continuing
possibility. All park staff will be alerted to report (and pull up, if
possible) any *Cytisus* observed along roads and trails in critical
locations, such as the Bald Hills prairies. Regular monitoring will
occur along roads, which are always vulnerable to infestation by
transported seed. In addition, gullies in prairies below roads will be
carefully checked, as seed can wash into them and start new infestations
out of range of vehicles and equipment.

*Cytisus* is a major problem that requires careful tracking and project
planning. Therefore, the distribution of *Cytisus* will be mapped and
tracked on the GIS. Permanent photopoints will be established along the
Bald Hills road and in areas presently infested with *Cytisus* to
provide long-term visual documentation of the occurrence and
spread/decline of this species.

*Genista monspessulana*

(French Broom)

[THREATS:]{.underline}

French broom came from the Mediterranean region and was sold in
California as early as 1871 as a landscaping plant (McClintock, 1985).
It has silky-hairy tri-foliate leaves and showy yellow flowers, and is
the most widespread exotic broom in the state. It is cited as a pest
species by the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA,
1993) because of its ability to form dense, impenetrable thickets which
eliminate any other vegetation. In REDW, *Genista monspessulana* occurs
along the Smith River corridor and adjacent river terraces, in a few
localized old pastures in Orick, and in isolated patches along the Bald
Hills Road. It grows in fairly dense shrub stands in open areas, and
thins out as the overstory density increases. It is also found
intermixed with *Cytisus scoparius* in open fields near Jedediah Smith
Redwoods State Park.

*Genista* poses a major threat to the REDW ecosystem because of its
potential to spread from river corridors and roadsides into grasslands
and disturbed open areas. Seeds can be carried in the mud on vehicles,
by birds, and can be transported within river sediments. There is a high
potential for the establishment of this species into Redwood Creek basin
and the Bald Hills prairies where soils and overstory integrity have
been altered by past land use practices. *Genista* forms heavy
infestations to the south of REDW along highway 101, so the spread of
this species can occur from the north and south into more areas of the
park.

Ecologically, *Genista* is very similar to *Cytisus scoparius* in habit
and control methods. It is considered to be [more]{.underline}
aggressive than scotch broom, so is a real concern due to the potential
for establishment. Fortunately, *Genista* does poorly once it is
overshadowed by a thick forest canopy, and dies out within a few years.
However, its seeds, like those of scotch broom, remain viable in the
soil seed bank for long periods of time, so that future forest canopy
disturbance through natural blowdown or possible prairie clearing can
result in the germination of these seeds many years after the original
infestations have been removed.

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:]{.underline}

**No Action:**

Continued spread and establishment along the Smith River corridor and
adjacent forested terraces. Further encroachment into Jedediah State
Park, undermining their active control program. Possible spread along
road corridors into the Redwood Creek basin and Bald Hills prairies. The
aesthetic character and biological integrity of these infested areas
will be lost.

**Mechanical Control:**

Possible mechanical methods include pulling the plants, prescribed
burning, mowing, weed-eating or otherwise decapitating seedlings
following removal of seed-producing plants, and manipulating soils to
remove the seed bank quickly and effectively.

[Manual removal:]{.underline} Like scotch broom, french broom has to be
pulled out roots and all to effectively kill it. Any roots or woody
stems left in the ground will resprout following a period a recovery,
which makes cutting at ground level impractical unless herbicides are
applied on the stumps. Weed wrenches are the tool of choice, but a
pulaski and/or shovel should also be available in case roots remain
after the main plant is removed. In other cases, the stem is too thick
or branches are growing too low on the stem to afford a good grip with a
wrench, so other tools can play a critical role in the removal of this
plant.

[Hand hoeing and weed-eating:]{.underline} Young seedlings can be
destroyed easily by hand hoeing or weed-eating which cuts off the plant
tops. Hoeing also stirs the surface soil, drying out the root systems.
These are relatively quick methods for eliminating dense seedling growth
in areas where mature plants have already been removed. These
techniques, like heavy equipment use, are non-selective and effect all
plants growing at the site, so should only be used in areas where broom
seedling densities are high in comparison to native vegetation. Again,
larger plants with the potential to resprout should be completely
removed with the root system intact.

[Heavy equipment:]{.underline} Heavy equipment has not yet been used in
REDW to manage *Genista*, but experimentation could occur in the future
to ascertain the value of using mechanization to remove large stands of
broom. Possibilities include using equipment with yarders for
extraction, or using a small bulldozer or backhoe to scrape up the
mature plants and roots. These methods would result in soil disturbance
and subsequent germination of *Genista* seeds, which would then be
pulled out by hand or cut off with a weed-eater. There is a risk in
moving soil, because the buried seed may be spread to uninfected areas.
If heavy equipment is used, techniques and safeguards must be developed
to avoid this possibility.

[Prescribed fire:]{.underline} *Genista* occurs in areas where
prescribed burning may be used as a vegetation management tool. The
control and eradication of this species will be incorporated into the
goals of each burn plan, and burn prescriptions in french broom infested
areas will specifically address the management of this species.

Fuel loadings in *Genista* stands may not support a hot enough fire to
kill the plants outright, but would stimulate sprouting from the base.
Therefore, all mature plants must be pulled out prior to broadcast
burning. As with *Cytisus*, fire could greatly decrease the number of
french broom seeds on and in the soil. Burns conducted in late spring
could cause seeds to germinate just prior to summer drought, with
consequent high drought mortality. These techniques will be tested to
determine overall effectiveness in reducing the seed bank.

**Chemical Control:**

The herbicide Garlon has been found to be effective in reducing numbers
of resprouting french broom plants after either cutting or burning
(Bossard, pers comm). Broadcast herbicide application has not been found
to be effective due to problems with non-specificity in spraying, and
variable herbicide transport depending on the time of the year.
Herbicide application may be effective in conjunction with other control
techniques.

**Cultural Control:**

[Cleanliness:]{.underline} *Genista* seeds can be transported great
distances in mud and debris stuck to vehicles and equipment. Earth
moving and surveying equipment being relocated to and from infested
areas should be thoroughly cleaned to avoid seed dispersal.

**Biological Control:**

[Vegetation succession:]{.underline} The overstory canopy in
second-growth forests should be encouraged to close so that limiting
light conditions will suppress french broom plants. This can be
accomplished by selective thinning of smaller, less healthy trees that
are competing with existing overstory trees. This option eliminates
habitat that could be utilized by french broom, but only if the forest
is expected to be managed toward old growth structure and function.

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

These control methods may be used in conjunction with each other in
heavily infested areas, or singly where simple treatment can be
effective in eliminating the problem. Regardless, areas will have to be
mapped and monitored vigilantly to prevent the re-establishment of this
noxious species on park lands. Contact should be maintained with the
CalEPPC french broom experimental control working group (Bossard, 1993b)
to learn of any results they get concerning multiple treatments of this
species at Jackson demonstration State Forest near Fort Bragg.

The extent of the current *Genista* population is unknown at this time.
Field surveys should be conducted to determine this species\' current
range, and this information should be transferred to the park GIS.
Control activities should be coordinated with ongoing management by the
California Department of Parks and Recreation. Park staff should remain
vigilant in preventing this species from becoming established in the
Redwood Creek drainage and Bald Hills prairies.

**Monitoring:**

All control sites should be photo-documented, and control activities
(time, labor costs, number of personnel, tools used, number and size of
plants removed) should all be documented to provide a long-term
assessment of the effectiveness of initial actions. Study plots could be
established if treatment effects were significantly different from those
found on the Marin Headlands at Golden Gate National Recreation Area and
at the Jackson Demonstration Forest near Fort Bragg.

*Hedera helix*

(English Ivy)

[THREATS:]{.underline}

*Hedera helix* forms a thick groundcover in forested areas, and vines
creep rapidly up trees into the canopy. English ivy, a perennial,
produces berries on an annual basis which are eaten by many bird
species. The birds then spread the plant further into forested areas by
defecating the seeds onto tree branches. The vines create the greatest
problem by weighing down branches, which can lead to branch/trunk
breakage on smaller diameter woody stems. Ivy can become established in
old growth forests, threatening the integrity of these relatively
exotics-free areas within REDW. If the above-ground portions are
removed, sprouts appear rapidly from the roots and produce flowers
within two years, making control difficult over the long term. *Hedera
helix* presents a threat to the aesthetic character of infested areas.

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:]{.underline}

**No Action:**

Continued spread and establishment, in sharp contrast with the native
flora and aesthetic character of REDW.

**Mechanical Control:**

[Cutting and Hand Removal:]{.underline} The above-ground portions of
*Hedera helix* plants should be removed by cutting with hand tools and
pulling the vines off trees. The exposed rooting stems should then be
dug out to prevent sprouting.

[Flaming:]{.underline} *Hedera helix* is controlled quite readily by
singing the leaves to the point of wilting. A kerosene flamer with
high-grade kerosene should be used, and the flamer should be held
parallel to the ground. The ivy should by flamed only to the point of
wilting, but does not need to be charred. Drawbacks to this method are
that it is difficult to be selective with the flamer when the vines are
inter-mixed with other vegetation, and the roots remain to sprout.
Flaming is useful for controlling the spread of *Hedera*, and for making
the root system more accessible for hand-removal or herbicide
application.

[Weed mat:]{.underline} Weed mat, a non-woven landscape fabric, has been
used to test the feasibility of mechanically inhibiting growth following
hand removal of the above-ground portions of *Hedera helix*. The fabric
is permeable to air and water but is strong enough to prevent
penetration by most herbaceous plant growth. Unfortunately, ivy has been
found to creep along the ground underneath the mat, sprouting out at
seams and edges. Eventually it can completely cover the mat.

**Chemical Control:**

Herbicides have been used to successfully eradicate *H. helix* in many
locations. Treatments are generally applied to the root system after the
plant has resprouted following flaming or hand-removal. Treatments are
applied two or three times as new sprouts appear. A broadleaf selective
herbicide applied locally in late spring should kill the *Hedera helix*
sprouts. The initial use of herbicide would be experimental, and applied
only on small test areas.

**Cultural Control:**

None.

**Biological Control:**

None.

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

Identify *Hedera helix* sites parkwide where populations are expanding
and/or where patches are altering the natural vegetation. Use a
combination of flaming and hand removal to control the spread of this
species (particularly the climbing vines). Remove roots by hand or with
herbicides when labor is available and as herbicides become approved for
this use. Again, herbicides will only be used as a last resort if other
methods prove to be ineffective in controlling and eliminating this
species.

**Monitoring:**

All sites where *Hedera* has been removed must be monitored for at least
three years, and any new growth should be removed immediately.

*Hypericum perforatum*

(Klamathweed)

[THREATS:]{.underline}

*Hypericum perforatum* is a slightly woody perennial growing from a
taproot that occurs throughout coastal and upland prairies, and along
roadsides and disturbed sites. *Hypericum* colonizes open, bare ground
and open plant communities, forming sparse stands which alter native
species composition and function. It is able to produce seeds without
fertilization, which makes isolated plants capable of spreading viable
seeds further into the ecosystem. Seeds in the soil can remain dormant
for at least a decade, and are stimulated to germinate by fire or soil
disturbance which poses a long-term threat to native species cover in
the prairies. The seeds are very small and are easily transported by
wind and in mud and debris into previously uninfested areas.

*Hypericum* is toxic to livestock. While this is not an issue for
Redwood National Park\'s wildlife, the park is obligated to reduce
klamathweed populations within its boundaries to prevent further
establishment onto adjacent private lands. *Hypericum* is conspicuous in
all locations because of its bright yellow flowerheads and contrasting
growth form, impacting the aesthetic qualities of the coastal and upland
prairies.

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS]{.underline}:

**No Action:**

*Hypericum* will continue to spread along park roadsides and throughout
the prairies. A substantial seed bank will develop in the soil, making
future eradication efforts more difficult than they presently are. The
aesthetic and biological character of the park\'s plant communities will
be diminished.

**Mechanical Control:**

Possible mechanical controls include pulling the plants, cutting them at
the base, and prescribed burning. Extracting the plants or cutting them
at the base prevents reproduction but leaves buried seed. Prescribed
burning may either kill the seeds or stimulate germination. It is
anticipated that burning will both diminish the seed pool and produce
additional plants to be extracted.

[Plant Extraction:]{.underline} Plants may be pulled up by hand or with
small weed wrenches, preferably when the soil is wet between December
and June.

[Prescribed Burning:]{.underline} The Bald Hills prairies, where the
majority of *Hypericum* is located, are scheduled to be burned on a
frequent (bi-annual) rotation. Burning kills adult plants and also
stimulates seeds to germinate, thereby reducing the long-term seed bank.
Frequent fire can reduce the *Hypericum* populations in these areas
significantly over time. Areas that are not scheduled to burn, such as
roadsides and coastal areas, will continue to become further infested
with this noxious species.

**Chemical Control:**

None.

**Cultural Control:**

[Cleanliness:]{.underline} *Hypericum* seeds can be transported great
distances in mud and debris stuck to vehicles and equipment. Before
working in a vulnerable ecosystem, such as the Bald Hills prairies,
earth moving and surveying equipment used for any purpose, including
road construction, maintenance and watershed rehabilitation, should be
thoroughly cleaned and inspected by park staff to prevent seed
dispersal.

[Road maintenance:]{.underline} *Hypericum* can spread rapidly along
sunny road corridors. This spread can be minimized by removing plants
while managing the road edge so as to speed closure of a tree canopy
along forested sections. Thinning roadside trees helps encourage height
and diameter growth of the remaining trees, and contributes to their
stability. Long term costs will be less, both for road and forest
maintenance and exotic plant control, if this procedure is followed.

**Biological Control:**

[Insects:]{.underline} Defoliating klamath beetles (*Chrysolina
quadrigemina*) have been found infrequently on plants in REDW. These
beetles are species-specific biological control agents, affecting
klamathweed only. *Chrysolina* larvae mine directly from the eggs into
the leaves, causing eventual foliage and plant death. In areas where the
beetles are established, they have been found to be 90%+ effective in
killing adult plants. This rapid die off causes rapid mortality of the
beetles, so that further eradication efforts need to be taken to remove
the final individuals.

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

*Chrysolina quadrigemina* beetles should be re-introduced into Redwood
National Park where heavy infestations of *Hypericum perforatum* exist
that will not be prescribed burned. These populations of *Hypericum*
should be monitored to evaluate effectiveness of the treatment. Beetle
populations should also be monitored to determine the extent of die-off
due to starvation as *Hypericum* numbers decrease. In areas where
prescribed burning is scheduled to occur, *Hypericum* populations should
be evaluated pre and post-burn. If klamathweed populations are expanding
in these units, beetles may be introduced to eliminate seed-producing
individuals between burn cycles. Hand removal should only be undertaken
in isolated areas where beetles and prescribed burning would not be
effective treatments.

**Monitoring:**

All sites where *Hypericum* has been removed must be monitored to
prevent future establishment and infestation of this pest species.

*Lupinus arboreus*

(Bush Lupine)

[THREATS:]{.underline}

*Lupinus arboreus* is an exotic species along the coastal strand of
northern California (it is native from the central California coast
southward). It was introduced into this region to stabilize shifting
sands, and forms dense shrub mounds bearing tall yellow flower spikes.
These mounds shade out native plant species and cause a rapid decline in
native species diversity and cover in infested areas. *L. arboreus*
hybridizes with native species of *Lupinus*, causing contamination of
the gene pool. The hybrids produce viable seeds which further disrupts
the genetic integrity of the native species. *L. arboreus*, in
conjunction with *Ammophila arenaria*, has completely overtaken the
coastal strand and dune mat plant communities south of REDW (Clam Beach,
Mad River Dunes Preserve), providing an excellent example of the
potential for habitat loss if this species is not controlled.

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:]{.underline}

**No Action**:

Probable loss of all native sand dune species and their habitat,
including park sensitive species. Loss of genetic integrity of native
*Lupinus* species.

**Mechanical Control:**

Hand pulling, weed wrenching or light cable yarding methods are very
effective for pulling out the entire plant. The root system must be
removed as well as the above-ground portions of the plant.

**Chemical Control:**

None.

**Cultural Control:**

Visitors, park staff, and Caltrans personnel should be educated about
REDW\'s efforts to control this plant from spreading. They may
inadvertently introduce this plant from other areas.

**Biological Control:**

None.

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

All existing plants have been pulled out with weed wrenches along
Freshwater Spit, the only known occurrence of this species in REDW.
Removal should continue annually. The hybrid *L. arboreus* x *L.
rivularis* hybrid is now prevalent along Freshwater Spit, and these
individuals should also be removed annually to prevent further
degradation of the gene pool. Seedlings should continue to sprout up
from the seed bank for approximately 10 years following complete removal
of the adults, making follow-up monitoring and maintenance a necessity
for now. REDW\'s *Lupinus arboreus* management and monitoring program
should also be coordinated with the California State Parks, as it is a
species of mutual concern.

**Monitoring:**

Spring surveys of susceptible coastal habitats will be made annually,
and newly discovered individuals will be removed at that time.

*Oenothera glazioviana and O. glazioviana x O. wolfii*

Cultivated Evening Primrose and Hybrid

[THREATS:]{.underline}

*Oenothera glazioviana* is a cultivar that occurs on private lands
adjacent to Redwood National Park. It is capable of cross-breeding and
producing a viable hybrid with Wolf\'s Evening Primrose, *Oenothera
wolfii*, a park sensitive species. *O. wolfii* is listed by CNPS as a
threatened species. It is also a candidate for listing by the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, and is expected to be listed as a threatened
species in the near future.

The *O. glazioviana x wolfii* hybrid occurs south and north of REDW. It
also occurs alongside U.S. 101 on the south side of the Klamath River
near the Coastal Drive exits. The hybrid appears to be more aggressive
than either parent, becoming established along roadsides and in
disturbed soils (Imper, 1987). At present neither the hybrid or *O.
glazioviana* occur within the boundaries of the park.

NPS Management Policies (USDI, 1988) dictates that \"The NPS will strive
to protect the full range of genetic types (genotypes) native to
plant\...populations in the parks\...\". In addition, the management of
exotic species that are \"interfering with natural processes and the
perpetuation of natural features or native species (especially those
that are endangered, threatened, or otherwise unique)\" is a high
priority.

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:]{.underline}

**No Action:**

*O. glazioviana* and its hybrid may expand into the park and hybridize
with the native *O. wolfii*, swamping out its native characteristics.
Hybridization with *O. wolfii* will also result in further habitat loss.

**Mechanical Control:**

[Manual removal:]{.underline} Individuals or populations of *O.
glazioviana* or the hybrid that are found in the park should be removed
immediately. Invaded sites should be monitored after eradication to
insure absence of future seedlings.

**Chemical Control:**

None.

**Cultural Control:**

Inform plant nurseries, landowners, and landscapers about the problem of
planting and maintaining populations of *O. glazioviana* in the vicinity
of *O. wolfii* populations.

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

Annual monitoring of all populations of *O. wolfii* while simultaneously
monitoring for *O. glazioviana* and/or the hybrid should continue.
Special attention should be given to detecting evidence of hybridization
in isolated pure stands of *O. wolfii*. Populations of hybrids
discovered within REDW should be removed immediately.

Cultural control should be implemented to avoid further encroachment of
*O. glazioviana* and the hybrid into areas currently populated by pure
stands of *O. wolfii*.

[Monitoring:]{.underline}

REDW should establish contacts with CalTrans and the adjoining
California State Parks and adjacent private landowners to cooperate in
removal of populations which may jeopardize the genetic integrity of *O.
wolfii* populations inside the park.

*Rubus discolor*

(Himalaya Berry)

[THREATS:]{.underline}

*Rubus discolor* forms impenetrable patches in grasslands, alluvial
terraces, and along fencelines throughout REDW, and can completely
dominate areas if left alone. The stems are heavily armed with thorns,
preventing natural biological or human activities from occurring. If the
above-ground portions are removed, sprouts appear rapidly from reserves
in the swollen base. These sprouts produce flowers within two years,
making control difficult over the long term. New shoots can also form
from roots near the ground surface, although they sprout less
vigorously. *Rubus discolor* presents a threat to the aesthetic
character and biological and human use of infested areas.

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:]{.underline}

**No Action:**

Continued spread and establishment, in sharp contrast with the native
flora and aesthetic character of REDW. Loss of the site for any other
purpose.

**Mechanical Control:**

[Hand Removal and/or Mowing:]{.underline} At the time of flowering, the
above-ground portion of the *Rubus discolor* plant should be removed
with hand tools and/or by mowing. The swollen base, and as many roots as
possible, should then be dug out to prevent sprouting.

[Prescribed Burning:]{.underline} *Rubus discolor* burns quite readily
because of the excessive buildup of fuel around the base of each plant.
Burning kills the above-ground portion, but the roots remain to sprout.
Burning can be used to make the root system more accessible for
hand-removal or herbicide treatments.

**Chemical Control:**

Herbicides have been used to successfully eradicate *R. discolor* in
many locations. Treatments are generally applied to the root system
after the plant has resprouted following burning or hand-removal.
Alternating repeated burning and herbicide applications might prove
effective in depleting the root system\'s capability of sprouting. The
initial use of herbicide would be experimental, and applied only on
small test areas.

**Cultural Control:**

None.

**Biological Control:**

None.

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

Identify priority sites parkwide where *Rubus discolor* populations are
expanding and/or where patches are altering the natural vegetation
beyond recognition. Determine the best possible method on a
site-specific basis. Prescribed burning in the Bald Hills is currently
scheduled to occur on a five-year rotation, which will control the
spread of this plant. Coastal prairies appear to be most susceptible to
becoming completely covered, and should be added to the prescribed
burning program. Isolated plants parkwide should be removed by hand.
Herbicides will only be used as a last resort if other methods prove to
be ineffective in controlling this species.

**Monitoring:**

All sites where *Rubus discolor* has been removed must be monitored for
at least three years, and any new growth should be removed immediately.

*Senecio jacobaea*

(Tansy Ragwort)

[THREATS:]{.underline}

*Senecio jacobaea* occupies coastal and upland prairie areas, occupies
native species habitat, and is highly toxic to cattle and horses. It
spreads easily from wind-blown seeds. Pressure was exerted upon REDW by
private, city and county representatives to control *S. jacobaea*
because of this species\' threat to adjacent private lands.

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:]{.underline}

**No Action:**

Populations may increase and spread beyond the influence of biological
control agents and invade private lands if no control measures are
taken.

**Mechanical Control:**

Hand removal of the entire plant and root system is very effective for
controlling small isolated populations. Flower stalks should be bagged
to prevent seed dispersal into uninfected areas.

**Chemical Control:**

None.

**Cultural Control:**

On active grazing lands, stock management can prevent the establishment
of *S. jacobaea*.

**Biological Control:**

REDW has been successful in controlling *S. jacobaea* with biological
control methods. Two biological control agents, the cinnabar moth
(*Tyria jacobaeae*) and the tansy flea beetle (*Longitarsus jacobaea*)
were introduced by U. S. Department of Agriculture agents on 115
hectares of coastal prairie in REDW. The flea beetle was found to be an
effective control but must be monitored to ensure its continued
effectiveness (Holden 1989).

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

Surveys should be made in June each year to determine the presence of
biocontrol agents for *S. jacobaea* in cooperation with the Del Norte
County Farm Advisor. In mid to late summer, new plants and populations
are most obvious and must be located and removed by hand.

**Monitoring:**

The primary control activity for *S. jacobaea* in REDW is to monitor the
tansy flea beetle and tansy ragwort populations throughout park. These
activities include sampling flea beetle larvae in ragwort petioles in
March. If flea beetle populations appear to be healthy and ragwort
populations are declining (or are stabilized at a tolerable level), then
no removal of the weed is warranted. If beetles are not present in
isolated locations of ragwort, the plants should be manually removed.

Biological control efforts will lose effectiveness as the ragwort
populations decrease over time, causing starvation of the beetle
population. At this time, the remaining plants should be manually
removed and the site should be monitored to assure complete population
eradication. If this is not possible, the beetles should be reintroduced
to prevent reestablishment of *S. jacobaea* populations on REDW lands.

Greater efforts must be made in educating park staff, environmental
school counselors, and grounds keepers about the need to remove *S.
jacobaea* plants. Plants collected at the Howland Hill School site were
in obvious locations and may have been left as ornamentals.

*Senecio mikanioides*

(German-Ivy)

[THREATS:]{.underline}

*Senecio mikanioides*, native to south Africa, is a perennial vine with
large, shiny, waxy leaves. It produces showy yellow flowers, making it
seem to be an attractive plant for landscaping around buildings.
Unfortunately, it is invasive, fast growing, and difficult to eradicate
due to its viny character and ability to root at [every]{.underline}
leaf node along the stem. This species is found along the trail leading
to Nickel Beach, and at the Davison Ranch. In other areas it grows in
brackish and freshwater wetland areas, forms dense ground mats in the
open sun, and climbs on and smothers other vegetation in the shade and
sun.

The adaptability of this species to many vegetation communities and the
difficulty of complete removal makes german-ivy a species that will be
extremely disruptive if allowed to become further established within
Redwood National Park. *S. mikanioides* only spreads vegetatively on the
north coast, so can be controlled by complete removal of existing
plants.

[MANAGEMENT OPTIONS:]{.underline}

**No Action:**

Populations may increase and spread beyond landscaped and old homestead
sites if control measures are not taken.

**Mechanical Control:**

Mechanical or hand removal of the entire plant and root system is
effective for controlling the spread of the park\'s small populations.
However, the ability of this species to root at all nodes makes it
imperative that [all]{.underline} live material be removed from the
soil. The root systems extend fairly deep into the soil, making this a
difficult if not impossible task. In addition, all plant materials
should be bagged before being disposed of to prevent establishment into
uninfected areas.

**Chemical Control:**

Control work at San Simeon State Park has included treatments with
various herbicides. It appears that permanent removal of german-ivy via
herbicide application cannot be accomplished due to the tenacious
tendency of the rooting nodes. However, glyphosate, oxyfluoren, and
triclopyr have been successful for initial control.

**Cultural Control:**

Vegetation used in landscaping around Redwood\'s buildings should
[not]{.underline} include this species, and existing plants should be
controlled to prevent spread.

**Biological Control:**

None.

[RECOMMENDATIONS:]{.underline}

Preliminary control should be attempted by manual removal. The known
locations of this species are fairly small, and labor time and costs
should be minimal. Following manual removal, the sites should be
monitored to determine the effectiveness of the treatment, and the
necessity of further treatment, possibly to include herbicide
applications.

**Monitoring:**

All known locations of this plant should be mapped and documented for
future monitoring. All sites should be monitored after manual removal.
Park staff (particularly buildings and grounds staff) should be made
aware of this species so that other sites infested with *Senecio
mikanioides* can be identified and treated.

TABLE II. SUMMARY OF CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR HIGH PRIORITY SPECIES

+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| CONTROL       | MECHANICAL   | CHEMICAL   | CULTURAL  | BIOLOGICAL |
| TECHNIQUE     |              |            |           |            |
|               | CONTROL      | CONTROL    | CONTROL   | CONTROL    |
| SPECIES       |              |            |           |            |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *Ammophila    | \- Manual    | \- Sea     | None      | None       |
| arenaria*     | removal      | water      |           |            |
|               | (digging &   | a          |           |            |
| (European     | pulling)     | pplication |           |            |
| beachgrass)   |              | to foliage |           |            |
|               | \- Heavy     | and root   |           |            |
|               | equipment    | system     |           |            |
|               | (plowing)    |            |           |            |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *             | \-           | \-         | None      | \-         |
| Arrhenatherum | Prescribed   | Herbicide  |           | Prescribed |
| elatius*      | fire every   | treatments |           | grazing by |
|               | 3-5 years    |            |           | livestock  |
| (Tall         |              |            |           |            |
| oatgrass)     | \- Mowing,   |            |           |            |
|               | discing, and |            |           |            |
|               | reseeding    |            |           |            |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *Carpobrotus  | \- Hand      | \- None    | \-        | None       |
| chilensis*    | pulling      |            | Education |            |
|               |              |            | of park   |            |
| (Sea-fig)     |              |            | visitors, |            |
|               |              |            | staff,    |            |
|               |              |            | and       |            |
|               |              |            | outside   |            |
|               |              |            | agency    |            |
|               |              |            | personnel |            |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *Cortaderia   | \-           | \-         | \-        | None       |
| jubata*       | Mechanical   | Herbicide  | Roadside  |            |
|               | removal with | treatments | ma        |            |
| (Pampas       | wire wrapped |            | intenance |            |
| grass)        | around the   |            | to        |            |
|               | base of each |            | encourage |            |
|               | plant        |            | canopy    |            |
|               |              |            | closure   |            |
|               | \- Mowing to |            |           |            |
|               | prevent      |            | \- Second |            |
|               | flowering    |            | growth    |            |
|               | stalks       |            | thinning  |            |
|               |              |            | to        |            |
|               | \- Manual    |            | promote   |            |
|               | removal with |            | better    |            |
|               | hand tools   |            | canopy    |            |
|               |              |            | closure   |            |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *Cytisus      | \- Hand      | \-         | \-        | \- Twig    |
| scoparius*    | removal      | Herbicide  | Vehicle   | mining     |
|               | using weed   | treatments | cl        | moths      |
| (Scotch       | wrenches,    | following  | eanliness | (*         |
| broom)        | pulaskis,    | prescribed |           | Leucoptera |
|               | shovels,     | burning or | \- Road   | sparti     |
|               | grip hoists  | mechanical | ma        | foliella*) |
|               |              | removal    | intenance | treatments |
|               | \- Draught   |            | to speed  |            |
|               | animals      |            | canopy    |            |
|               | pulling out  |            | closure   |            |
|               | plants       |            | along     |            |
|               |              |            | road      |            |
|               | \- Heavy     |            | corridors |            |
|               | equipment    |            |           |            |
|               | removal with |            |           |            |
|               | front-end    |            |           |            |
|               | loaders      |            |           |            |
|               |              |            |           |            |
|               | \-           |            |           |            |
|               | Prescribed   |            |           |            |
|               | burning      |            |           |            |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *Genista      | \- Hand      | \-         | \-        | \-         |
| m             | removal      | Herbicide  | Vehicle   | Vegetation |
| onspessulana* | using weed   | treatments | cl        | succession |
|               | wrenches,    | after      | eanliness | to         |
| (French       | pulaskis,    | prescribed |           | encourage  |
| broom)        | shovels      | burning or |           | shading    |
|               |              | mechanical |           |            |
|               | \- Hand      | removal    |           |            |
|               | hoeing and   |            |           |            |
|               | weed-eating  |            |           |            |
|               |              |            |           |            |
|               | \-           |            |           |            |
|               | Prescribed   |            |           |            |
|               | burning      |            |           |            |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *Hedera       | \- Cutting   | \-         | \-        | None       |
| helix*        | and hand     | Herbicide  | S         |            |
|               | removal of   | a          | ubstitute |            |
| (English ivy) | above-ground | pplication | native    |            |
|               | vines        | to kill    | species   |            |
|               |              | vines and  | of        |            |
|               | \- Flaming   | root       | similar   |            |
|               | leaves       | systems    | growth    |            |
|               |              |            | form for  |            |
|               |              |            | la        |            |
|               |              |            | ndscaping |            |
|               |              |            | around    |            |
|               |              |            | park      |            |
|               |              |            | buildings |            |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *Hypericum    | \- Hand      | None       | \-        | \-         |
| perforatum*   | removal      |            | Vehicle   | In         |
|               |              |            | cl        | troduction |
| (Klamathweed) | \-           |            | eanliness | and        |
|               | Prescribed   |            |           | m          |
|               | burning to   |            | \- Road   | aintenance |
|               | reduce       |            | ma        | of klamath |
|               | long-term    |            | intenance | beetles    |
|               | seed bank    |            | to speed  | (*         |
|               |              |            | closure   | Chrysolina |
|               |              |            | of tree   | quad       |
|               |              |            | canopy    | rigemina*) |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *Lupinus      | \- Hand      | None       | \-        | None       |
| arboreus*     | removal with |            | Education |            |
|               | weed         |            | of park   |            |
| (Yellow bush  | wrenches and |            | visitors, |            |
| lupine)       | pulaskis     |            | staff,    |            |
|               |              |            | and       |            |
|               |              |            | outside   |            |
|               |              |            | agency    |            |
|               |              |            | personnel |            |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *Oenothera    | \- Manual    | None       | \- Inform | None       |
| glazioviana*  | removal      |            | plant     |            |
|               |              |            | nurseries |            |
| (Cultivated   |              |            | and       |            |
| evening       |              |            | adjacent  |            |
| primrose)     |              |            | l         |            |
|               |              |            | andowners |            |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *Rubus        | \- Hand      | \-         | None      | None       |
| discolor*     | removal of   | Herbicide  |           |            |
|               | root systems | treatments |           |            |
| (Himalaya     |              | to kill    |           |            |
| berry)        | \- Mowing    | root       |           |            |
|               |              | systems    |           |            |
|               | \-           |            |           |            |
|               | Prescribed   |            |           |            |
|               | burning      |            |           |            |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *Senecio      | \- Hand      | None       | \-        | \-         |
| jacobaea*     | removal of   |            | M         | Monitoring |
|               | small        |            | anagement | and        |
| (Tansy        | isolated     |            | of        | m          |
| ragwort)      | populations  |            | grazing   | aintenance |
|               |              |            | stock     | of tansy   |
|               |              |            |           | flea       |
|               |              |            |           | beetles    |
|               |              |            |           | (*L        |
|               |              |            |           | ongitarsus |
|               |              |            |           | jacobaea*) |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+
| *Senecio      | \-           | \-         | \- Avoid  | None       |
| mikanioides*  | Mechanical   | Herbicide  | planting  |            |
|               | or hand      | treatments | or        |            |
| (German-ivy)  | removal of   | to kill    | ma        |            |
|               | entire       | root       | intaining |            |
|               | plants       | systems of | this      |            |
|               |              | larger     | species   |            |
|               |              | plants     | as a      |            |
|               |              |            | landscape |            |
|               |              |            | plant     |            |
|               |              |            | around    |            |
|               |              |            | park      |            |
|               |              |            | buildings |            |
|               |              |            | adjacent  |            |
|               |              |            | to        |            |
|               |              |            | natural   |            |
|               |              |            | areas     |            |
|               |              |            |           |            |
|               |              |            | \-        |            |
|               |              |            | S         |            |
|               |              |            | ubstitute |            |
|               |              |            | native    |            |
|               |              |            | species   |            |
|               |              |            | of        |            |
|               |              |            | similar   |            |
|               |              |            | growth    |            |
|               |              |            | form for  |            |
|               |              |            | la        |            |
|               |              |            | ndscaping |            |
|               |              |            | around    |            |
|               |              |            | park      |            |
|               |              |            | buildings |            |
+---------------+--------------+------------+-----------+------------+

ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE

The draft Exotic Plant Management Plan and Environmental Assessment will
be available for public review and comment. Any comments received will
be addressed during preparation of the final plan. This document will be
updated periodically to include new control techniques, new species
priorities, and new control projects.

Individual exotic species management projects or portions of projects
may be subject to internal park project clearance. This process allows
review of all projects to ensure that the project would have no adverse
effects on cultural resources, wetlands, floodplains, threatened,
endangered or sensitive species or critical habitat, and would not have
highly uncertain or potentially significant environmental effects or
involve unique or unknown environmental risks.

A Park Project Clearance form is completed by the project initiator and
circulated to Division Chiefs and staff specialists (Supervisory
Botanist, Fish and Wildlife Ecologist, Environmental Specialist,
Archeologist, Landscape Architect and Safety Officer). The latter review
the project and determine if resources may be impacted that would
necessitate an environmental assessment or impact statement. The
Superintendent or Deputy Superintendent makes a final determination
based on review of the project and resource specialists\' comments. Any
necessary mitigating measures or project modifications will occur prior
to initiation of a project, insofar as possible.

Plans for large-scale, mechanical exotic plant control projects in
locations where there may be sensitive wildlife will be planned and
reviewed normally at least two years in advance of when the project is
actually to be carried out. This advanced planning may be necessary in
order to complete biological surveys for rare, threatened and endangered
species. No other large scale approaches are anticipated.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

**PURPOSE AND NEED FOR ACTION**

The presence and spread of exotic (non-native) plant species in Redwood
National Park (REDW) is a significant concern to the park. It is the
policy of the National Park Service (NPS) \"\...to maintain,
rehabilitate, and perpetuate\" the integrity of park resources (USDI,
1988). NPS policy is to manage, control, and/or eradicate exotic species
that threaten native species to prevent resource degradation. This
resource degradation includes elimination of native plant and wildlife
species through competition, over-crowding, or interbreeding, changes in
ecological function with vegetation cover changes from grasslands to
shrublands, and changes in physical processes such as sand movement by
the presence of exotic species. Exotic plant species in REDW threaten
significant park resources through these processes, causing a gradual
decline in the ecological function and aesthetic value of once-pristine
areas of the park.

REDW proposes to undertake a program to manage, control, or eradicate
exotic plant species that threaten the integrity of native plant
populations and communities. This Environmental Assessment describes
alternative methods to control exotic plant species and evaluates the
impacts of an exotic plant management program.

**AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT**

[Location and Project Area]{.underline}

Redwood National Park, a World Heritage Site, is located in northwestern
California, between Crescent City in Del Norte County and Arcata in
Humboldt County (Figure 2). The 110,000 acre park includes about 35
miles of Pacific Ocean coastline. Three California State Parks, Jedediah
Smith, Del Norte Coast and Prairie Creek Redwoods lie within the
established national park boundaries (Figure 3).

[Natural Resources]{.underline}

Air Quality

Air quality within Redwood National Park is considered to be good to
excellent. The park is a Class I airshed. There are many natural factors
which reduce air quality (fog, clouds, rain, salt spray haze, natural
forest inversion haze). Occasional debris-pile burning, wood-stove
burning, prescribed burning, and vehicles on roads and highways are
human-caused sources of pollution in the park. None create resource
problems in the park at present levels.

Climate

The climate is characterized by rainy winters and rainless summers.
Summer coastal fog is common. Prevailing winds are westerly, coming in
directly from the Pacific Ocean. Snow falls infrequently at higher
elevations. Average annual rainfall is 70 inches in Crescent City, 87
inches in Klamath, and 69 inches in Orick. Rainfall often exceeds 100
inches per year in inland portions of the park such as the Bald Hills in
the Redwood Creek drainage. Temperatures in Crescent City vary from a
mean daily maximum of 60.4 to a mean daily minimum of 44.8F, and in
Orick from 61.1F mean maximum to 42.8F mean minimum temperature.

Geology

Geologically, the park lies on the Franciscan Formation. In the Redwood
Creek basin the west side consists of a quartz-mica schist, whereas the
east side lies on unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks including
sandstones, siltstones, and minor amounts of conglomerates. In the rest
of the park, there are also isolated exposures of volcanic greenstones
and cherts, serpentine, and small remnants of uplifted marine and river
sediments.

Topography

The topography is comprised of two distinctive physiographic
environments - the coastline, and the mountains of the Coast Range. The
coastline is rugged with stretches of steep, rocky cliffs broken by
rolling slopes. The tidal zone is generally rocky and difficult to
traverse, except for Gold Bluffs Beach, a seven-mile expanse of dunes
and sandy beach. Inland from the coast lies the dominating physiography
of the Coast Range. Major streams and ridge-lines trend northwest. The
gently rounded summits of the mountains contrast with the steep
side-slopes that have been deeply incised by streams. Elevations in the
park range from sea level to 3,267 feet at an unnamed summit above
Coyote Creek.

Soils

The soils in Redwood National Park are derived from the underlying
Franciscan Formation. Residual soils are confined mainly to patches on
sloping ridge crests, except for those developed on the Gold Bluffs
formation. There are also alluvial soils in the park that developed on
flood-plains, in alluvial valleys, and on stream terraces of major
streams and rivers. Variations in soil types are controlled by the
topography, kinds of rock types, ages of geomorphic surfaces, and
influences of vegetation. Local variations may result from microclimatic
differences influenced by slope aspect.

Water Resources and Hydrology

Redwood National Park has varied water resources that include
groundwater (springs), freshwater (streams and ponds), salt water
(Pacific Ocean), transitional areas (brackish lagoons), and seasonal
wetlands. Portions of five significant watersheds pass through parts of
Redwood National Park. They are, from north to south, the Smith River,
Mill Creek, the Klamath River, Prairie Creek, and Redwood Creek. Surface
water quality is strongly affected by previous land use practices and by
storm events. Hydrology and physical stream systems have been altered by
these uses, causing concentrations and/or the absence of sediments and
woody debris in drainages, obliteration and diversion of small drainages
with road building and logging practices, downstream landslides, higher
peak winter discharge, and lower peak summer discharge.

Vegetation

The park\'s varied vegetation types result from topographic relief and
differences in soils, aspect, and climate. There are six major
vegetation types in Redwood National Park:

[Coniferous forests]{.underline} - Sitka spruce forests dominated the
area immediately adjacent to the ocean. Most of these were logged prior
to 1940, and most spruce forests in the park are second-growth stands.
Old growth redwood forests consists of coast redwood trees with
Douglas-fir, western hemlock, grand fir, and tan oak as associates. With
increasing elevation and distance from the ocean, redwood becomes less
abundant and these associated species increase in importance.
Second-growth forests throughout the park are usually over-represented
by Douglas-fir trees, especially if aerially seeded due to timber
management by previous land owners. These stands vary in age throughout
the park, ranging from selective cuts dating from the 1850s to clearcuts
dating to 1978. Jeffrey pine woodlands are limited in distribution to
the thin, nutrient-poor serpentine soils in the Little Bald Hills. The
sparse overstory consists of Jeffrey pine, knobcone pine, and
Douglas-fir, with an understory of native perennial bunchgrasses and
forbs. Few exotic species occur within this community.

[Oak woodlands]{.underline} - Oregon white oak dominates the woodlands,
with scattered individuals of California black oak. California
bay-laurel and big-leaf maple are found on rock outcrops and stream
channels. Douglas-fir is a natural invader of both prairies and oak
woodlands.

[Prairies]{.underline} - Two areas of prairie exist in the park. The
Bald Hills prairies consist of a mosaic of native and exotic perennial
and annual grasses and forbs. Exotic species dominate the grassland
cover, and only two native grass species are found in significant
numbers. Prior to the introduction of livestock, the prairie vegetation
was primarily native bunchgrasses interspersed with annual and perennial
clovers. The Little Bald Hills prairies consist mostly of native
perennial bunchgrasses (fescues), with very few exotic species (mainly
herbs and forbs) scattered within the grassland areas.

[Coastal strand and prairies]{.underline} - Vegetation along the
coastline varies according to topography and exposure to ocean breezes.
The beach strand consists of low-lying herbaceous vegetation growing on
sand dunes and unstable sediments. This type is found from north to
south along the entire park coastline. Coastal prairies occur on bluffs,
and are a mosaic of native and exotic grassland species, with increasing
dominance of exotic species as time elapses.

[Northern Coastal Scrub]{.underline} - The scrub community is
interspersed with the coastal prairies, and consists of shrub species
such as coyote brush, poison-oak, salal, huckleberry, silk tassel, ocean
spray, and California blackberry. This community acts as an interface
between the coastal prairies and forests.

[Riparian]{.underline} - Riparian areas vary from alder forests to
spruce swamps, with many understory shrubs, forbs, and herbaceous
species. Disturbed riparian zones often consist of high numbers of
exotic species with significant cover.

Wetlands and Floodplains

These occur primarily near the coast and in broad valley bottoms within
the park. The largest, most conspicuous natural wetlands are the lagoons
and estuaries. There are also small ponds and water impoundments in the
park. Major drainages in the park have associated floodplains.
Hundred-year flood levels have been determined for developed areas. Some
exotic species occur within these zones, either growing within the water
or on the seasonally dry floodplains.

Wildlife and Fisheries

The wildlife of the park includes a broad spectrum of common species of
the Pacific states. Large mammals include Roosevelt elk, black-tailed
deer, coyote, American black bear, bobcat, and mountain lions. Other
residents are various reptiles (snakes, lizards) and amphibians (frogs,
newts, salamanders). Bird species are both resident and migratory. A
total of 402 vertebrate species are likely to occur within the park
boundaries. Provisional counts list 29 amphibian and reptile species,
279 bird species, and 58 mammal species. It is unknown how many
invertebrate species occur in the park. There are approximately 39
species of marine, freshwater, and anadromous fish in the park.

Threatened and Endangered species

[Plant Species]{.underline} - Rare, threatened and endangered plants are
listed in Appendix G. The park currently has no state or federally
listed threatened or endangered species. The National Park Service
manages candidate species (species currently under review for federal
listing as endangered or threatened) parallel to the management of
federally listed species (USDI, 1991). The coastal strand, bluffs, and
rock outcrops host the only candidate plant species of Redwood National
Park: Wolf\'s evening primrose and pink sand verbena. In comparison,
heavily forested areas contain no recognized sensitive plant species.

[Animal Species]{.underline} - Rare, threatened and endangered animals
are listed in Appendix H. Two federally listed threatened species, the
northern spotted owl and the marbled murrelet, are known to reside in
the park year round. Murrelets are dependent on old-growth forests, but
spotted owls can occur in older second- growth forests. The snowy
plover, a threatened coastal bird species, is known to occur along the
coast north and south of the park, but has not been found nesting within
the park to date. Several endangered bird species frequent the park
during the summer months (i.e. peregrine falcons, bald eagles), but
their breeding status is unknown.

[Cultural Resources]{.underline}

Prehistoric and Traditional Cultural Properties

During the first significant contact between Europeans and Native
Americans in northwestern California (around 1830 ‑ 1850), three
ethnographic groups occupied what is now Redwood National Park: the
Yurok, the Tolowa, and the Chilula. Prehistoric, and ethnographic
cultural resources associated with these groups and their ancestors
include major villages, temporary and seasonal camps, trail sites, and
ceremonial or power‑seeking places. These cultural resources are of
great importance, not only as part of Native American history but also
as places which are still in use.

Historic Resources

Historic resources distributed throughout Redwood National Park
represent the major stages of regional land use and social and economic
history. Items of early sea trade are present in some of the coastal
prehistoric/historic villages. Trails, roads, and stage stops associated
with early transportation networks are found in the northern part of
Redwood National Park and in the Redwood Creek basin. Mining settlements
were established along the coast. Landscaping, structures and equipment
associated with homesteading and early ranching are located within the
park boundaries as are buildings and support facilities associated with
the commercial industries of logging, fishing, and dairy ranching.
Military structures are also present.

National Register of Historic Places

Along the coast, three ethnographic/prehistoric village sites, a portion
of the Old Redwood Highway, and a World War II facility are all listed
on the National Register. The greatest concentration of cultural
resources is in the Bald Hills of the Redwood Creek basin. Twenty-six of
the archeological sites are included in the Bald Hills Archeological
District, listed on the National Register. Additional archeological
sites are eligible. Also located in the Bald Hills are the Lyons Ranches
which include the extant structures but also the prairies and oak
woodlands which were grazed and farmed. These properties are currently
being nominated to the National Register as a rural historic district.

[Socioeconomic Conditions]{.underline}

Visitor Use and Experience

Primary visitor use areas are Freshwater Lagoon Spit, the Bald Hills
Road and prairies, Enderts and Crescent City beaches, the Little Bald
Hills, the Tall Trees Grove and Redwood Creek basin, and the Lady Bird
Johnson Grove. Visitors gain access to park areas in vehicles, by
hiking, bicycling, and on horseback. All of these areas have some exotic
species as a component of the vegetation cover. Many visitors notice the
presence of exotic species, particularly the more showy species such as
Scotch broom, pampas grass, and foxglove. Park comment/complaint forms
are occasionally received by vegetation management staff complaining
about the presence of exotic species in areas such as the Tall Trees
Grove, Bald Hills, and Freshwater Beach area.

Visual Quality and Aesthetics

Visual quality is good to excellent due to the many long distance
unobstructed views of pristine and recovering forest areas throughout
the park. The park has many opportunities to experience nature and to
recreate, including old growth forests and the tallest redwood trees in
the world, coastal beaches, and prairies and oak woodlands in the Bald
and Little Bald Hills. There are many trails throughout the park provide
ample opportunities for exercise in an outdoor environment. The old
growth forests, streams and rocky coastlines and beaches provide
opportunities for solitude and to hear natural sounds away from human
influences. The park is dedicated to managing the natural area
vegetation as it was prior to the influence of Europeans, and exotic
plant species detract from the aesthetic qualities of native vegetation
by indicating the presence of outside influences on the land.

Park Operations

The Maintenance Division has primary responsibility for keeping park
roads, trail edges and landscaped areas free of overgrowing vegetation.
These activities include some management of exotic species where
present. The Vegetation Management branch in the Resources Management
Division works on direct management, control, and inventory of exotic
species throughout the park, and assists with coordination of
maintenance activities which may affect exotic species. All park staff
assist with exotic species management projects as these duties are
assigned.

**ALTERNATIVES**

ALTERNATIVE 1 - NO ACTION

Under this alternative, no management of exotic plant species would
occur. Exotic plants would not be removed by burning or mechanical
removal. No herbicides would be used to control exotic species. Exotic
plants would not be inventoried or monitored. Natural vegetation
associations would continue to be degraded.

ALTERNATIVE 2 - MECHANICAL CONTROLS

Under this alternative, exotic plant species would be controlled by
mechanical methods. Mechanical controls would include heavy equipment,
power tools, hand tools, manual removal, draught animals, and prescribed
fire. Personnel would receive training in the use of mechanical control
methods and timing. All plans to use mechanical controls would be
reviewed by vegetation and wildlife program managers, and projects would
be timed to avoid any adverse impacts to threatened, endangered, or
sensitive species.

Some exotic species, such as Scotch broom, deposit long-lived seeds into
the soil and these seeds may be in mud from infested locations. Before
departing an infested worksite, crews would be directed to clean their
boots, tools, tires and machinery in order to prevent seed dispersal.
Soil compaction would be minimized by restricting work to the season
when the soils are dry, and work would be planned and carried out in a
manner to minimize the number of passes over the ground. After work is
completed, the soil conditions would be evaluated. If there is
compaction, surface layers would be disced or ripped to restore
permeability.

Prescribed fire would be used in areas where fire occurred naturally,
such as in the Bald Hills prairies and oak woodlands. Prescribed fires
would be applied at a frequency to simulate natural fire frequencies,
and would be planned and implemented in accordance with the Redwood
National Park Fire Management Plan (USDI, 1994).

ALTERNATIVE 3 - CULTURAL CONTROLS

Under this alternative exotic plant species would be controlled by
attempting to change human activities and behaviors. The cultural
control alternative would take into consideration the effects humans
have on spreading and promoting the growth of exotic plants. Activities
of visitors, park personnel, and outside agencies could minimize
opportunities for colonization by exotics. These techniques include
vehicle cleanliness to reduce the possibility of spreading long lived
seeds of species, such as Scotch broom, in mud, debris and crops from
infested locations, information dissemination in the form of signs,
interpretive displays, brochures, and programs, and evaluation and
management of exotic species in cultural landscapes. Increased
inter-agency cooperation and cooperation with adjacent landowners would
be promoted to assist in control of species crossing political
boundaries, and to alert other landowners of potentially troublesome
species encroaching on their lands.

ALTERNATIVE 4 - BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS

Under this alternative, exotic plant species would be controlled by
biological means with pathogens or natural succession. These would
include insect and fungal or bacterial pathogens which attack specific
species and limit their growth or reproduction, such as the tansy flea
beetle for tansy ragwort and the Klamath beetle for Klamath weed
control. Introductions would be carefully controlled so as not to harm
other native species or species of economic importance, and would only
be introduced after several years of scientific evaluation. Canopy
closure by native evergreens and/or hardwoods through natural succession
would suppress or eliminate shade-intolerant exotic species. Natural
succession would be encouraged by limiting canopy clearing during
routine maintenance activities.

ALTERNATIVE 5 - CHEMICAL CONTROLS

Under this alternative, exotic plant species would be controlled either
through the use of herbicides or by altering the chemical environment.
Soil chemistry would be managed to restore particular conditions needed
by native plant communities, or to selectively target exotics within a
plant community. A constraint on managing soil chemistry is that the
soil chemistry which can support native plants would be reestablished
after elimination of the exotic species.

Herbicides would be used to control exotics in natural vegetation
[only]{.underline} if effective and other control techniques were
ineffective. If herbicides were used, they would be applied in strict
accordance with NPS Integrated Pest Management guidelines under the
supervision of the park IPM coordinator and in compliance with
applicable state regulations.

[PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE]{.underline}

The preferred alternative for exotic plant species management would be a
combination of Alternatives 2, 3, 4 and 5. The control techniques chosen
would vary depending on the target species, its location, and the
ecological changes it had caused. Some species would receive treatments
from a single alternative (i.e. mechanical control), whereas others
would receive treatments from two or more alternatives, such as
mechanical removal with cultural control. These multi-treatment species
include Scotch broom, pampas grass, English ivy, tansy ragwort, European
beach grass, and Himalayan blackberry. The preferred treatment for each
species could change as information becomes available about successful
control methods from other agencies and individuals working in exotic
species control. This alternative is consistent with U.S. Department of
the Interior and National Park Service IPM policies.

**ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES**

The environmental consequences of the No Action and Preferred
Alternative are discussed in the following text. The impact matrix on
page 67 shows the short- and long-term positive, negative, and neutral
consequences of each alternative (1 through 5) and the preferred
alternative (alternatives 2 through 5). Refer to the text for greater
detail of specific control method impacts.

NO ACTION

The no action alternative would have long-term repercussions to the park
ecosystem. Exotic plant species would be free to invade, establish,
grow, and reproduce throughout the park. Native flora and fauna
(including threatened, endangered, and candidate species) would be
displaced due to loss of habitat and loss of genetic integrity. The
appearance and ecological function of large areas would change as the
vegetation types changed (i.e. grassland to shrubland, low coastal
dunemat to tall mounding beach grass). There would be changes in
nutrient availability as exotic plant species draw on the existing
nutrient load of the ecosystem. Fire fuel loadings would change through
changes in the fuels (grass to shrub), altering the fire regime. Tall
dunes would form, obstructing ocean views and changing the natural
wind-beach processes from constantly blowing winds. The natural soil
chemistry would be altered by the addition of exotic plant tissues and
accumulated salts. The competition between plants for limited resources
such as nutrients, light, and pollinators would be altered, causing
displacement of native species. These changes would then result in
changes in the availability of natural food for wildlife.

PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE (Alternatives 2 through 5)

[Natural Resources]{.underline}

Air Quality

Air quality would be temporarily reduced by smoke from prescribed burns.
The timing of prescribed burns is controlled by the North Coast Unified
Air Quality Management District to minimize adverse impacts to air
quality. All prescribed burning would be in accordance with regulations
and an approved park Fire Management Plan. Mechanized equipment use
would result in a temporary slight decrease in air quality from diesel
fumes, dust, etc. Decomposing herbicides fumes would slightly decrease
air quality. All use of pesticides would be in accordance with EPA
regulations and NPS policy to avoid adverse effects on non-target
species from air-borne pesticides. There would be no significant adverse
long-term impacts to air quality from any of the alternatives.

Topography and Soils

No significant adverse impacts to soils are anticipated. The temporary
exposure of soils due to removal of plant cover would temporarily
increase erosion potential. In small areas surrounded by vegetation,
there would be no significant impact. In large areas, work would be
timed to avoid rain and park staff would use sterile or non-seeding
straw mulch or cloth erosion barriers as a temporary substitute for
plant cover. The removal of roots would reduce soil strength. In small
areas surrounded by vegetation, there would be no significant impact.
Most manual removal efforts only affect small areas, whereas heavy
equipment removal can affect larger areas and have greater impact
potential. The consequences of loss of root strength would be assessed
on a case by case basis for large areas, steep slopes and areas near
streams. If significant impacts are judged possible, the area would be
broken into smaller units and treated incrementally.

Heavy equipment operations compact soil surface layers. The soil surface
is most susceptible to compaction when wet and least susceptible when
dry. With continued heavy equipment operation, soil compaction is
progressive, in that the remaining pore space is decreased in each pass.
Once vegetation has become re-established on the site, compaction
gradually decreases over time to normal levels. Surface soil layers
would be temporarily or permanently displaced during removal of exotic
plants by heavy equipment. In some cases, the permanent relocation of
soil would visibly alter the micro-topography. However, permanent
displacement would only be allowed in areas needing recontouring.
Small-scale recontouring would be used to restore natural contours or to
recover topsoil displaced by previous land-use disturbances. Temporarily
moving soil would have no significant impact. The restoration of missing
topsoil and natural land contours would restore visual integrity,
encourage the return of a natural pattern of vegetation, and reduce the
potential for accelerated erosion. Long-term increased root strength
might result from the elimination of exotic annual species and the
re-establishment of native perennial grasses on the prairies, with
possible reductions in earthflow movement and gullying. These would
generally be interpreted as beneficial effects.

European beach grass traps sand, building steep dunes and restricting
the natural movement of wind and sand across the beach. Upon removal of
the beach grass, topographical changes would occur as winds gradually
lower the dunes. A natural pattern of wind and sand movement would
return. These conditions would favor either persistence or the return of
native plant communities and increase sites available for snowy plover
nesting to the coastal strand. All of these effects would generally be
interpreted as beneficial ones. There would also be an increase in
blowing sand, which could present maintenance and visitor problems in
areas where removal occurred adjacent to roads and visitor use sites
such as picnic areas and campgrounds. These could be considered negative
impacts.

Water Resources

Temporary, limited increases in sediments and turbidity would result
from destabilized and disturbed soils. Site-specific methods would be
adopted to avoid soil disturbance in critical areas along streams, or
straw mulch or other means of erosion control would be used if there
were a significant slope and area of disturbance adjacent to a stream.
Watershed rehabilitation staff would be consulted to review specific
projects. Over the long term, the re-establishment of native grasses
with their long fibrous root systems would increase soil stabilization,
improving water quality through decreased turbidity. Herbicides, if
used, would be chosen based upon minimum toxicity and leaching
capacities if designated for wet or drainage areas.

Floodplains and Wetlands

Suspended sediments and turbidity increase temporarily when plants are
removed from wet soils. Waterfowl can be disturbed and discouraged by
human activities during nesting and migration. These would be considered
negative impacts. To minimize increasing suspended sediments, in
seasonal wetlands, exotic plants would be removed only during the dry
season. In perennial wetlands, exotic plants would be removed by using
boats when water levels were high and in motion. Work would be timed to
avoid disturbance to nesting and migrating waterfowl. Over the long
term, removal of exotics would favor the re-establishment of native
wetland plants by reducing competition. Tall, dense stands of exotic
wetland plants, such as reed canary grass, trap suspended sediment,
gradually raising the ground level and diminishing wetland functions.
Removal of these exotic plants helps to preserve functioning wetlands.
The preservation of wetlands, wetland functions and native wetland
species by removal of exotic plants would be considered positive
impacts.

Vegetation

Exotic plant species removal would decrease the competition for habitat
and limited resources such as space, light, and nutrients between the
remaining native plants. Native species cover and vigor would increase
as a direct result of this release from competitive stress. The
expansion of exotic species populations would be prevented, and
available habitat for native species would be maintained. Fewer exotic
species would invade into and become established in the park because of
increased inter-agency cooperation and cooperation with neighboring
landowners. Native plant species would benefit from prescribed burning,
while many exotic species would decline in numbers and ability to
spread. Fire would be used to manipulate the vegetation to benefit the
native species at the exclusion of exotics species so they would be
unable to spread further into native plant communities, if not gradually
suppressed and killed off over time. Otherwise, many vegetation
communities susceptible to change (such as the prairies and coastal
strand) would become dominated by exotic plant species that are
currently found outside park boundaries but have not yet become
established within the park (i.e. yellow star-thistle, gorse).
Herbicides, if used, would be chosen for minimum toxicity and for
species specific and/or systemic modes of action.

The genetic integrity of some native plant populations (i.e. Wolf\'s
evening primrose, riverbank lupine) would be protected by the removal of
closely related exotic species. Hybridization and cross-pollination can
cause a decrease in seed production of the pure native species, and
removal of the exotics would eliminate this problem.

Control and management of exotic plant species would help REDW meet the
legislative and Park Service goals of preserving and protecting the
vegetation and ecosystem processes that were present in the area prior
to the influence of European humans.

Visual Quality and Aesthetics

The park \"natural scene\" would be enhanced for public enjoyment,
learning and interpretation, especially in open ecosystems such as the
prairies and coastal strand. Along the strand, species such as European
beach grass suppress natives to such an extent that the abundance and
diversity of native flowering plants is low and, consequently, the
diversity of flower types, color and foliage is also low. Removal of the
exotic species would enhance the diversity and aesthetic qualities of
these areas.

Exotic plant control would open and maintain views of the ocean and
prairies, providing a contrast to the thick vegetation within
second-growth forest stands and shrublands. European beach grass
accumulates sand, causing the creation of dunes tall enough to obstruct
a clear view of the beach and ocean, so the ocean would be more visible
with the removal of this species. Removal of large stands of scotch
broom would open vistas in the Bald Hills prairies. The aesthetic and
visual qualities of native vegetation cover throughout the park would be
guaranteed over time, so that future generations would be able to visit
naturally functioning old-growth forests, prairies, beaches, and wetland
areas.

Wildlife and Fisheries

Native wildlife habitat for breeding, nesting, and feeding would
increase due to an increase in native vegetation cover and vigor. Fewer
wildlife corridors would be affected by the impenetrable masses of vines
and spiny branches of such species as Himalaya berry, English holly, and
English ivy. Natural processes critical for creating and maintaining
wildlife habitat (such as fire in the prairies and natural sand movement
on the beaches) would be restored and maintained. Wildlife species would
be temporarily displaced during heavy equipment use. Heavy equipment
operations would be timed to minimize disruptions to wildlife and fish
populations. Extreme caution during herbicide applications, and
avoidance of wet areas, would eliminate the possibility of negative
impacts to invertebrates and aquatic species.

Threatened and Endangered Species

[Animal Species]{.underline}

There would be an increase in the availability of habitat for breeding,
nesting, and feeding activities for snowy plovers and other shorebirds,
due to an increase in unstabilized sand and low ground-hugging
vegetation. Heavy equipment operations, human presence, and prescribed
burning would be timed to avoid disturbance of T&E species during
nesting and other sensitive activities.

[Plant Species]{.underline}

There would be decreased plant competition for habitat and limited
resources. The genetic integrity of candidate listed species (Wolf\'s
evening primrose) would be maintained by limiting hybridization and
cross-pollination with exotic species.

[Cultural Resources]{.underline}

In general, the removal of exotic species would contribute to the
restoration and maintenance of the historic and ethnographic cultural
landscapes in the park, especially in the Bald Hills of the Redwood
Creek basin. Control of exotic, non-invasive vegetation associated with
these landscapes would not be considered unless other resource
management problems arose from their presence. Invasive exotic species
would be permanently removed, and if appropriate, replaced with native
non-invasive species with similar appearance in order to retain
landscaping functions. All treatments would be planned and implemented
in accordance with NPS-28 (USDI, 1993).

Prehistoric and historic archeological resources could be adversely
affected by heavy equipment use. Although prescribed burning would cause
some degradation of cultural artifacts through oxidation and heating, it
is assumed that low-intensity fires would not adversely effect
archeological resources. Surface surveys would be conducted prior to
prescribed burns to limit damage to exposed artifacts. Mechanical
disturbance to cultural sites would be avoided through consultation with
the park archeologist in conjunction with park project clearance
procedures, and other control methods would be used instead wherever
cultural artifacts were found. There are no anticipated adverse effects
to cultural resources from the use of biological or cultural control
methods. Where the use of chemical methods could affect soil chemistry
on archeological sites, the park archeologist would be consulted.

Proposed actions would be implemented in compliance with Section 106 of
the National Historic Preservation Act and the 1990 Programmatic
Agreement among the NPS, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation,
and the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Offices. For
all action alternatives involving ground disturbance, cultural resource
inventories would be completed prior to ground disturbance. If the
action would have no effects on archeological resources, a clearance
would be obtained from the Western Archeological and Conservation
Center. All efforts would be made to implement the proposed action
without disturbing cultural properties. Should it not be possible to
avoid a cultural resource through accommodation during the design phase,
mitigative measures would be developed in consultation with the
California State Historic Preservation Officer. If unrecorded
archeological resources were uncovered during any removal efforts, work
would cease and the archeologist would be contacted.

For all action alternatives, the park would consult with the appropriate
Native American Heritage Advisory committees and the Yurok Tribe in
order to determine whether or not traditional cultural properties are
present within the area of project impacts. To the extent possible,
recommendations of the consultants regarding the management of park
lands in the vicinity of these properties would be followed.

[Socioeconomic Conditions]{.underline}

Park Operations

Disruption of park operations would be minimized through careful
planning of the use of park staff and park equipment for removal
operations, monitoring, evaluation, and maintenance of these projects.
Application of mechanical controls would pose risks unless personnel
were trained properly. Staff time would also be used to increase
employee awareness of the need to integrate exotic plant control
operations with other research, resource management and maintenance
operations in the park.

Visitor Use and Experience

Visitors would gain an increased knowledge of the mission of REDW and
the National Park Service to protect and preserve the native vegetation
and ecosystem processes through the development and dispersal of
brochures, slide programs, and visitor center displays. The park\'s
environmental education schools and school outreach programs would
utilize slide shows and site visits to educate students about native
flora and exotic species management. Many visitors are aware of the
concept of exotic plants and their potential harm to the environment.
For these people, the presence of intrusive exotics detracts from the
park experience and perception that the National Park Service is a
steward of national treasures. Visits to the park would be enhanced by
this increased awareness of the complexities of resources management
issues, and the awareness that many attractive garden plants can escape
and become harmful in the wild, especially in parks such as REDW, which
have been established to preserve the natural, biological and scenic
heritage.

Furthermore, visitors would be given more of an opportunity to explore
the park as certain exotic species were removed, particularly those with
thorns, spines, or toxic characteristics. Outdoor user groups such as
horse groups would be able to enjoy the park without fear of their
horses consuming toxic exotic weeds such as tansy ragwort.

**TABLE III. EXOTIC PLANT MANAGEMENT PLAN IMPACT MATRIX**

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 16%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>Alternatives:</p>
<p>Resource:</p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p>ONE</p>
<p>No Action</p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p>TWO</p>
<p>Mechanical</p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p>THREE</p>
<p>Cultural</p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p>FOUR</p>
<p>Biological</p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p>FIVE</p>
<p>Chemical</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Impact Duration</td>
<td>Short</td>
<td>Long</td>
<td>Short</td>
<td>Long</td>
<td>Short</td>
<td>Long</td>
<td>Short</td>
<td>Long</td>
<td>Short</td>
<td>Long</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Air Quality</td>
<td>0<a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1"
role="doc-noteref"><sup>1</sup></a></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Topography and Soils</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>+</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Water</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Vegetation</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>++</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Wildlife and Fisheries</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>+</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Threatened, Endangered, and Sensitive Species</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>++</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Cultural Resources</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Socioeconomic</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>+</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Aesthetics and Visual Quality</td>
<td>-</td>
<td>--</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>++</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>+</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>+</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<aside id="footnotes" class="footnotes footnotes-end-of-document"
role="doc-endnotes">
<hr />
<ol>
<li id="fn1"><p>    <sup>?</sup> Symbols indicate the following:</p>
<p>++ highly positive effect; + positive effect; 0 neutral effect; -
negative effect; -- highly negative effect</p>
<p>See text of Environmental Assessment for specific factors interpreted
as positive, neutral or negative effects.<a href="#fnref1"
class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
</ol>
</aside>

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Radosevich, S. R. and J. S. Holt 1984. Weed ecology. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc. A Wiley-Interscience Publication.

Randall, J. 1988. Population dynamics and control of Bull Thistle,
*Cirsium vulgare*, in Yosemite Valley. Proceedings of the Symposium on
Exotic Pest Plants. Technical Report NPS/NREVER/NRTR-91/06.

Rees, N. E. 1978. Interactions of *Rhinocyllus conicus* and thistles in
the Gallatin valley. Biological Control of Thistles in the Genus
*Carduus* in the United States. A progress report; Rangeland Insect
Laboratory, Science and Education Administration, USDA, Bozeman, Montana
59717. pp.31-38.

Tunison, J.T. and C.P. Stone. 1992. Special ecological areas: an
approach to alien plant control in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. pp.
781-798 in Stone, C.P. C.W. Smith, and J.T. Tunison (Eds.). Alien plant
invasions in native ecosystems of Hawaii: management and research.
University of Hawaii, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, Hawaii.

U.S. Department of the Interior. 1985. Resources Management Plan.
Redwood National Park, Crescent City, California.

U.S. Department of the Interior. 1988. Management Policies. National
Park Service. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of the Interior. 1991. Natural Resources Management
Guideline (NPS-77). National Park Service. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of the Interior. 1992. Bald Hills Vegetation Management
Plan. Redwood National Park. Crescent City, California.

U.S. Department of the Interior. 1993. Draft Cultural Resources
Management Guideline (NPS-28). National Park Service. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of the Interior. 1994. Fire Management Plan and
Environmental Assessment (draft), Redwood National Park. National Park
Service, Redwood National Park. Crescent City, California.

Van Hook, S. S. 1985. European Beachgrass. Fremontia 12(4): 20-21.

LIST OF PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS

[Preparers]{.underline}

Susan L. Fritzke, Biological Technician (Plants)

Steven A. Harris, Biological Technician (Plants)

James H. Popenoe, Soil Scientist

[Illustrator]{.underline}

Susan L. Fritzke, Biological Technician (Plants)

[National Park Service Consultants]{.underline}

Art Eck - Deputy Superintendent, Redwood National Park

Terry Hofstra - Chief, Research and Resources Management, Redwood
National Park

Stephen Underwood - Supervisory Botanist, Redwood National Park

Carolyn Meyer - Wildlife Ecologist, Redwood National Park

Ann King Smith - Archaeologist, Redwood National Park

Terry Spreiter - Supervisory Geologist, Redwood National Park

Barry Hill - Supervisory Geologist, Redwood National Park

Aida Parkinson - Chief, Planning and Environment Compliance, Redwood
National Park

Laura Nelson - Botanist, Golden Gate National Recreation Area

Mary Hektner - Botanist, Yellowstone National Park

[Other Consultants]{.underline}

Greg Archbald - Golden Gate National Park Association

Carla Bossard - California Exotic Pest Plant Council

John Randall - The Nature Conservancy

The preparers wish to thank the many persons who reviewed this document
and provided comments. Their input has made the plan more readable,
balanced and complete.

Appendix A.

EXOTIC PLANT SPECIES OF REDWOOD NATIONAL PARK

(High priority species for control are underlined)

*Agrostis capillaris*

*Agrostis gigantea*

*Agrostis stolonifera*

*Aira caryophyllea*

*Aira praecox*

*[Ammophila arenaria]{.underline}*

*Anagallis arvensis*

*Anethum graveolens*

*Anthemis cotula*

*Anthoxanthum aristatum*

*Anthoxanthum odoratum*

*[Arrhenatherum elatius]{.underline}*

*Avena barbata*

*Avena fatua*

*Avena sativa*

*Bellis perennis*

*Brachypodium distachyon*

*Brassica nigra*

*Brassica rapa*

*Briza maxima*

*Briza minor*

*Bromus catharticus*

*Bromus diandrus*

*Bromus hordeaceus*

*Bromus inermis* ssp *inermis*

*Bromus stamineus*

*Bromus sterilis*

*Bromus vulgaris*

*Cakile maritima*

*Callitriche stagnalis*

*Cannabis sativa*

*Capsella bursa-pastoris*

*[Carpobrotus chilensis]{.underline}*

*Centaurea melitensis*

*Centaurium erythraea*

*Cerastium arvense*

*Cerastium glomeratum*

*Chamomilla suaveolens*

*Chenopodium album*

*Chenopodium botrys*

*Cichorium intybus*

*Cirsium arvense*

*Cirsium vulgare*

*Conium maculatum*

*Convolvulus arvensis*

*Coronopus didymus*

*[Cortaderia jubata]{.underline}*

*Cortaderia selloana*

*Cotoneaster franchetti*

*Cotoneaster pannosa*

*Cotula australis*

*Cotula coronopifolia*

*Crepis capillaris*

*Cupressus macrocarpa*

*Cynosurus cristatus*

*Cynosurus echinatus*

*[Cytisus scoparius]{.underline}*

*Dactylis glomerata*

*Danthonia pilosa*

*Datura stramonium*

*Daucus carota*

*Digitalis purpurea*

*Dipsacus fullonum*

*Egeria densa*

*Elytrigia repens*

*Erechtites glomerata*

*Erechtites minima*

*Erodium botrys*

*Erodium cicutarium*

*Festuca arundinacea*

*Filago gallica*

*Foeniculum vulgare*

*Galium divaricatum*

*Galium parisiense* var *leiocarpum*

*Gastridium ventricosum*

*[Genista monspessulana]{.underline}*

*Geranium carolinianum*

*Geranium dissectum*

*Geranium molle*

*Geranium pusillum*

*Gnaphalium collinum*

*Gnaphalium japonicum*

*[Hedera helix]{.underline}*

*Holcus lanatus*

*Hordeum marinum* ssp *gussoneanum*

*Hordeum murinum* ssp *leporinum*

*Hordeum vulgare*

*[Hypericum perforatum]{.underline}*

*Hypochoeris glabra*

*Hypochoeris radicata*

*Ilex aquifolium*

*Isatis tinctoria*

*Lapsana communis*

*Lactuca saligna*

*Lathyrus latifolius*

*Lathyrus sphaericus*

*Leontodon taraxacoides*

*Leucanthemum vulgare*

*Linum bienne*

*Lolium multiflorum*

*Lolium perenne*

*Lolium temulentum*

*Lotus corniculatus*

*Lotus uliginosus*

*[Lupinus arboreus]{.underline}*

*Lythrum hyssopifolium*

*Madia sativa*

*Malus sylvestris*

*Medicago arabica*

*Melilotus alba*

*Melilotus indica*

*Melissa officinalis*

*Mentha pulegium*

*Myosotis discolor*

*Myosotis latifolia*

*Myosotis micrantha*

*Narcissus psuedonarcissus*

*Oenanthe pimpinelloides*

*[Oenothera glazioviana]{.underline}*

*Parentucellia viscosa*

*Phalaris aquatica*

*Phalaris arundinacea*

*Phalaris paradoxa*

*Phleum pratense*

*Pinus radiata*

*Plantago coronopus*

*Plantago lanceolata*

*Plantago major*

*Poa annua*

*Poa compressa*

*Poa pratensis* ssp *pratensis*

*Poa trivialis*

*Polycarpon tetraphyllum*

*Polygonum cuspidatum*

*Polygonum polystachyum*

*Polypogon australis*

*Polypogon monspeliensis*

*Prunella vulgaris* var *vulgaris*

*Pyrus communis*

*Ranunculus muricatus*

*Ranunculus repens*

*Raphanus raphanistrum*

*Raphanus sativus*

*Robinia pseudo-acacia*

*[Rubus discolor]{.underline}*

*Rubus laciniatus*

*Rumex acetosella*

*Rumex crispus*

*Rumex obtusifolius* ssp *agrestis*

*Saponaria officinalis*

*Scandix pecten‑veneris*

*[Senecio jacobaea]{.underline}*

*[Senecio mikanioides]{.underline}*

*Senecio sylvaticus*

*Senecio vulgaris*

*Sherardia arvensis*

*Silene gallica*

*Silybum marianum*

*Sisymbrium altissimum*

*Sisymbrium officinale*

*Solidago canadensis* ssp *elongata*

*Sonchus arvensis*

*Sonchus asper* ssp *asper*

*Sonchus oleraceus*

*Spergula arvensis* ssp *arvensis*

*Spergularia rubra*

*Stellaria media*

*Taeniatherum caput‑medusae*

*Taraxacum officinale*

*Torilis arvensis*

*Torilis nodosa*

*Trifolium arvense*

*Trifolium dubium*

*Trifolium pratense*

*Trifolium repens*

*Trifolium subterraneum*

*Triticum aestivum*

*Ulex europaea*

*Verbascum thapsus*

*Verbascum blattaria*

*Veronica arvensis*

*Vicia benghalensis*

*Vicia disperma*

*Vicia hirsuta*

*Vicia sativa* ssp *nigra*

*Vicia sativa* ssp *sativa*

*Vicia tetrasperma*

*Vicia villosa* ssp *varia*

*Vinca major*

*Vulpia bromoides*

*Vulpia myuros* var *hirsuta*

APPENDIX B.

SCIENTIFIC AND COMMON NAMES OF REDWOOD N.P. EXOTICS

(High priority species for control are under lined)

[Family]{.underline} [Scientific Name]{.underline} [Common
Name]{.underline}

AIZOACEAE *[Carpobrotus chilensis]{.underline}* [Sea Fig]{.underline}

APIACEAE *Anethum graveolens* Dill

*Conium maculatum* Poison Hemlock

*Daucus carota* Wild Carrot

*Foeniculum vulgare* Sweet Fennel

*Oenanthe pimpinelloides* ‑

*Scandix pecten‑veneris* Venus\'s Needle

*Torilis arvensis* Japanese Hedge Parsley

*Torilis nodosa* Hedge Parsley

APOCYNACEAE *Vinca major* Periwinkle

AQUIFOLIACEAE *Ilex aquifolium* English Holly

ARALIACEAE *[Hedera helix]{.underline}* [English Ivy]{.underline}

ASTERACEAE *Anthemis cotula* Stinkweed, Dog-fennel

*Bellis perennis* English Daisy

*Centaurea melitensis* Tocalote

*Chamomilla suaveolens* Pineappleweed

*Cichorium intybus* Chicory

*Cirsium arvense* Canada Thistle

*Cirsium vulgare* Bull Thistle

*Cotula australis* -

*Cotula coronopifolia* Brass Buttons

*Crepis capillaris* Hawksbeard

*Erechtites glomerata* Fireweed

*Erechtites minima* Fireweed

*Filago gallica* Herba Impia

*Gnaphalium collinum* Cudweed, Everlasting

*Gnaphalium japonicum* Cudweed, Everlasting

*Hypochoeris glabra* Smooth Cats Ear

*Hypochoeris radicata* Rough Cat\'s Ear

*Lapsana communis* Nipplewort

*Leontodon taraxacoides* Hairy Hawkbit

*Leucanthemum vulgare* Ox-Eye Daisy

*Madia sativa* Coast Tarweed

*[Senecio jacobaea]{.underline}* [Tansy Ragwort]{.underline}

*[Senecio mikanioides]{.underline}* [German Ivy]{.underline}

*Senecio sylvaticus* Ragwort, Groundsel

*Senecio vulgaris* Ragwort, Groundsel

*Silybum marianum* Milk Thistle

*Solidago canadensis* ssp *elongata* Canada Goldenrod

*Sonchus arvensis* Perennial Sow Thistle

*Sonchus asper* ssp *asper* Prickly Sow Thistle

*Sonchus oleraceus* Common Sow Thistle

*Taraxacum officinale* Dandelion

BORAGINACEAE *Myosotis discolor* Forget-Me-Not

*Myosotis latifolia* Forget-Me-Not

*Myosotis micrantha* Forget-Me-Not

BRASSICACEAE *Brassica nigra* Black Mustard

*Brassica rapa* Field Mustard

*Cakile maritima* Sea Rocket

*Capsella bursa-pastoris* Shepherds Purse

*Coronopus didymus* Wartcress

*Isatis tinctoria* Dyer\'s Woad

*Raphanus raphanistrum* Jointed Charlock

*Raphanus sativus* Wild Radish

*Sisymbrium altissimum* Tumble Mustard

*Sisymbrium officinale* Hedge Mustard

CALLITRICHACEAE *Callitriche stagnalis* Water-Starwort

CANNABACEAE *Cannabis sativa* Marijuana, Pot

CARYOPHYLLACEAE *Cerastium arvense* Field Chickweed

*Cerastium glomeratum* Mouse‑Ear Chickweed

*Saponaria officinalis* Soapwort

*Silene gallica* Common Catchfly

*Spergula arvensis* ssp *arvensis* Starwort

*Spergularia rubra* Sand Spurrey

*Stellaria media* Common Chickweed

CHENOPODIACEAE *Chenopodium album* Pigweed

*Chenopodium botrys* Jerusalem-Oak

CONVOLVULACEAE *Convolvulus arvensis* Bindweed

CUPRESSACEAE *Cupressus macrocarpa* Monterey Cypress

DIPSACACEAE *Dipsacus fullonum* Fuller\'s Teasel

FABACEAE *[Cytisus scoparius]{.underline}* [Scotch Broom]{.underline}

*[Genista monspessulana]{.underline}* [French Broom]{.underline}

*Lathyrus latifolius* Perennial Sweet Pea

*Lathyrus sphaericus* Smooth Pod Pea

*Lotus corniculatus* Bird Foot Trefoil

*Lotus uliginosus* -

*[Lupinus arboreus]{.underline}* [Yellow Bush Lupine]{.underline}

*Medicago arabica* Spotted Burclover

*Melilotus alba* White Sweetclover

*Melilotus indica* Small Sweetclover

*Robinia pseudo-acacia* Black Locust

*Trifolium arvense* Clover

*Trifolium dubium* Shamrock

*Trifolium pratense* Red Clover

*Trifolium repens* White Clover

*Trifolium subterraneum* Subterranean Clover

*Ulex europaea* Gorse

*Vicia benghalensis* Purple Vetch

*Vicia disperma* Vetch

*Vicia hirsuta* -

*Vicia sativa* ssp *nigra* -

*Vicia sativa* ssp *sativa* Spring Vetch

*Vicia tetrasperma* -

*Vicia villosa* ssp *varia* Hairy Vetch

GENTIANACEAE *Centaurium erythrea* Centaury

GERANIACEAE *Erodium botrys* Longbeaked Filaree

*Erodium cicutarium* Red Stemmed Filaree

*Geranium carolinianum* -

*Geranium dissectum* Cut leaf Geranium

*Geranium molle* Cranesbill

*Geranium pusillum* Geranium

HYDROCHARITACEAE *Egeria densa* Brazilian Waterweed

HYPERICACEAE *[Hypericum perforatum]{.underline}* [Klamath
Weed]{.underline}

LAMIACEAE *Melissa officinalis* Bee Balm

*Mentha pulegium* Pennyroyal

*Prunella vulgaris* var *vulgaris* Selfheal

LILIACEAE *Narcissus psuedonarcissus* Daffodil

LINACEAE *Linum bienne* Flax

LYTHRACEAE *Lythrum hyssopifolium* Loosestrife

ONAGRACEAE *[Oenothera glazioviana]{.underline}* [Cultivated Evening
Primrose]{.underline}

PINACEAE *Pinus radiata* Monterey Pine

PLANTAGINACEAE *Plantago coronopus* -

*Plantago lanceolata* English Plantain, Ribgrass

*Plantago major* Common Plantain

POACEAE *Agrostis capillaris* Colonial Bentgrass

*Agrostis gigantea* Redtop, Bentgrass

*Agrostis stolonifera* Creeping Bentgrass

*Aira caryophyllea* Silver European Hairgrass

*Aira praecox* Hairgrass

*[Ammophila arenaria]{.underline}* [European Beachgrass]{.underline}

*Anthoxanthum aristatum* Vernal Grass

*Anthoxanthum odoratum* Sweet Vernal Grass

*[Arrhenatherum elatius]{.underline}* [Tall Oat Grass]{.underline}

*Avena barbata* Slender Wild Oat

*Avena fatua* Wild Oat

*Avena sativa* Cultivated Oat

*Brachypodium distachyon* -

*Briza maxima* Quaking Grass

*Briza minor* Small Quaking Grass

*Bromus catharticus* Rescue grass

*Bromus diandrus* Ripgut Grass

*Bromus hordeaceus* Soft Chess

*Bromus inermis* ssp *inermis* Brome

*Bromus stamineus* Thread Brome

*Bromus sterilis* Poverty Brome

*Bromus vulgaris* Narrow-flowered Brome

*[Cortaderia jubata]{.underline}* [Pampas Grass, Jubata
Grass]{.underline}

*Cortaderia selloana* Pampas Grass

*Cynosurus cristatus* Crested Dogtail

*Cynosurus echinatus* Hedgehog Dogtail

*Dactylis glomerata* Orchard Grass

*Danthonia pilosa* Australian Oatgrass

*Elytrigia repens* Quackgrass

*Festuca arundinacea* Reed Fescue, Tall Fescue

*Gastridium ventricosum* Nit Grass

*Holcus lanatus* Common Velvet Grass

*Hordeum murinum* ssp *gussoneanum* Mediterranean Barley

*Hordeum murinum* ssp *leporinum* Barley

*Hordeum vulgare* Barley

*Lolium multiflorum* Italian Ryegrass

*Lolium perenne* Perennial Ryegrass

*Lolium temulentum* Darnel

*Phalaris aquatica* Canary Grass

*Phalaris arundinacea* Reed Canary Grass

*Phalaris paradoxa* Canary Grass

*Phleum pratense* Cultivated Timothy

*Poa annua* Annual Bluegrass

*Poa compressa* Canadian Bluegrass

*Poa pratensis* ssp *pratensis* Kentucky Bluegrass

*Poa trivialis* Rough Bluegrass

*Polypogon australis* Chilean Beard Grass

*Polypogon monspeliensis* Annual Beard Grass

*Taeniatherum caput-medusae* Medusa Head

*Triticum aestivum* Cultivated Sterile Wheat

*Vulpia bromoides* Six Weeks Fescue

*Vulpia myuros* var *hirsuta* Rattail Fescue

POLYGONACEAE *Polygonum cuspidatum* Japanese Knotweed

*Polygonum polystachyum* Himalayan Knotweed

*Rumex acetosella* Sheep Sorrel

*Rumex crispus* Curly Dock

*Rumex obtusifolius* ssp *agrestis* Bitterdock

PRIMULACEAE *Anagallis arvensis* Scarlet Pipernel

RANUNCULACEAE *Ranunculus muricatus* Buttercup

*Ranunculus repens* Creeping Buttercup

ROSACEAE *Cotoneaster franchetti* Cotoneaster

*Cotoneaster pannosa* Cotoneaster

*Malus sylvestris* Common Apple

*Pyrus communis* Pear

*[Rubus discolor]{.underline}* [Himalayan Blackberry]{.underline}

*Rubus laciniatus* Cut-Leaved Blackberry

RUBIACEAE *Galium divaricatum* Lamarck\'s Bedstraw

*Galium parisiense* var *leiocarpa* Wall Bedstraw

*Sherardia arvensis* Field Madder

SCROPHULARIACEAE *Digitalis purpurea* Foxglove

*Parentucellia viscosa* Yellow Parentucellia

*Verbascum blattaria* Moth Mullein

*Verbascum thapsus* Woolly Mullein

*Veronica arvensis* Corn Speedwell

SOLANACEAE *Datura stramonium* Jimpson Weed

Appendix C.

EXOTIC SPECIES THREAT CHARACTERISTICS

1\) Displaces Rare, Endangered, or Sensitive species. This refers to
plants and animals listed as rare or threatened by the state or the
federal government. In addition, species identified as candidates for
listing by the California Native Plant Society are considered sensitive
in REDW, and are managed as listed species.

2\) Cross-pollinates with native species. NPS policy requires that the
genetic integrity of native species be maintained.

3\) Exists with other exotic plants of similar growth-form producing
broader control of biological/ ecological processes. Control efforts can
be implemented concurrently with those on other exotic plants.

4\) Shade tolerant, and successfully reproduces in the shade. These
species have the potential to move into old growth areas, which have
been relatively unimpacted by exotic species establishment up to now.

5\) Plant establishment and spread is encouraged by soil/vegetation
disturbance. Disturbance stimulates germination of seeds that have been
dispersed into the area, or from seeds in the soil seed bank.

6\) Clumping growth habit and rapid area coverage, causing eventual
domination of the site and alteration of the microenvironment.

7\) Large areas of habitat utilized by a particular exotic species exist
within the park, which increases the potential for these species to
displace natives.

8\) Biological control not available, or of little value, and other more
costly controls must be used.

9\) Evergreen. Alters the microclimate throughout the year.

10\) Perennial. A continuous threat due to ability to continuously
produce and disseminate seeds.

11\) Significant physical hazards, such as thorns, spines, and poisonous
attributes, that make removal difficult.

12\) Roadsides are the preferred habitat for establishment and
dispersal. Roadsides provide a corridor for dispersal and potential line
of advance into native plant communities. Plants may be dispersed in
cargo or soil by passing vehicles.

13\) Seeds are adapted for long-range dispersal (e.g. by wind via pappus
or feathery plume; or wildlife via ingestion of attractive, edible
fruits, or passive transport via sticky surfaces, awns, barbs, burs or
bristles).

14\) High seed longevity (\> 10 years). This is a potentially long-term
problem due to production of seeds which remain viable in the soil seed
bank for long periods, threatening reestablishment despite complete
removal of the existing plants.

15\) Seed germination stimulated by heat (exposure of the soil to
sunlight through removal of the mature exotic plants) or heat
scarification (prescribed burning).

16\) Sprouts from stumps, adventitious roots, and/or rhizome fragments.
The entire plant should be destroyed with the first control effort,
because sprouting changes the form or structure of the exotic plant
making additional attempts to remove the plant more difficult.

17\) Plant produces tap roots. The older the plant the greater
difficulty in removal, and the greater the possibility of leaving some
section of the tap root behind which may resprout after the adult is
removed.

18\) Listed as a State or Federal pest plant.

19\) Causes major scenic or aesthetic intrusion because it contrasts in
growth form and/or color with surrounding native vegetation.

20\) Extensively modifies geophysical processes, such as sand deposition
on beaches.

21\) Highly visible, and difficult and costly to remove, because height
exceeds 1 meter.

22\) Likely to form populations in isolated locations with difficult
access.

23\) Attractive as food to native wildlife. May foster adverse
wildlife-human interactions if located in or near developments
surrounded by natural areas.

APPENDIX D.

EXOTIC PLANT CONTROL PRIORITY

(\*\* Threat Status: D = Disruptive, PD = Potentially Disruptive)

[**Ammophila arenaria** + + + + + + + + + + + 11]{.underline}
**[D]{.underline}**

[**Arrhenatherum elatius** + + + + + + + + 8]{.underline}
**[D]{.underline}**

[Avena barbata + + + + + + 6]{.underline}

[Avena fatua + + + + + + 6]{.underline}

[Avena sativa + + + + + + 6]{.underline}

[**Carpobrotus chilensis** + + + + + + + + + + + 11]{.underline}
**[D]{.underline}**

[Cirsium arvense + + + + + + + + + + 10]{.underline} [PD]{.underline}

[Cirsium vulgare + + + + + + + + + + + 11]{.underline} [PD]{.underline}

[Conium maculatum + + + + + + + + + + 10]{.underline}

[**Cortaderia jubata** + + + + + + + + + + + + 12]{.underline}
**[D]{.underline}**

[Cotoneaster franchetti + + + + + + + + 8]{.underline} [PD]{.underline}

[Cotoneaster pannosa + + + + + + + + 8]{.underline} [PD]{.underline}

[Cupressus macrocarpa + + + + + + + + 8]{.underline} [PD]{.underline}

[Cynosurus echinatus + + + + + + 6]{.underline}

[**Cytisus scoparius** + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 14]{.underline}
**[D]{.underline}**

[Danthonia pilosa + + + + + + + + 8]{.underline}

[Digitalis purpurea + + + + + + + + + + + + + 13]{.underline}
[PD]{.underline}

**[Genista monspessulana]{.underline}**

[**Hedera helix** + + + + + + + + + + + + + 13]{.underline}
**[D]{.underline}**

[Holcus lanatus + + + + + + + + 8]{.underline}

[**Hypericum perforatum** + + + + + + + + + + + + 12]{.underline}
**[D]{.underline}**

[Ilex aquifolium + + + + + + + + + + 10]{.underline} [PD]{.underline}

[Leucanthemum vulgare + + + + + + 6]{.underline}

[Lolium perenne + + + + + + 6]{.underline}

[**Lupinus arboreus** + + + + + + + + + + + + + 13]{.underline}
**[D]{.underline}**

[Malus sylvestris + + + + + + + + + 9]{.underline}

[Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum + + + + + + + + 8]{.underline}

[**Oenothera glazioviana** + + + + + + + 7]{.underline}
**[D]{.underline}**

[Phalaris aquatica + + + + + + + + 8]{.underline} [PD]{.underline}

[Phalaris paradoxa + + + + + + + + 7]{.underline}

[Phleum pratense + + + + + + 6]{.underline}

[Pinus radiata + + + + + + + + + + 10]{.underline} [PD]{.underline}

[Robinia pseudo‑acacia + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 14]{.underline}
[PD]{.underline}

[**Rubus discolor** + + + + + + + + + + + + + 13]{.underline}
**[D]{.underline}**

[Rubus laciniatus + + + + + + + + + + + + 12]{.underline}

[**Senecio jacobaea** + + + + + + + + + + + + 12]{.underline}
**[D]{.underline}**

[**Senecio mikanioides** + + + + + + + + + + 10]{.underline}
**[D]{.underline}**

[Silybum marianum + + + + + + + + + + + 11]{.underline}

[Taeniatherum caput‑medusae + + + + + + 6]{.underline}

Appendix E.

HIGH PRIORITY SPECIES AND SIGNIFICANT CHARACTERISTICS

**Priority #1 - Exotic plants that threaten rare, endangered, or
sensitive species.**

*Ammophila arenaria* (European Beachgrass) - Shoreline habitats.

\(01\) Displaces park sensitive plants *Abronia umbellata* ssp.
*breviflora* (pink sand verbena) and *Oenothera wolfii* (Wolf\'s evening
primrose). Eliminates areas of open sand which could be used as nesting
sites by the snowy plover, a bird proposed for listing as an endangered
species.

\(03\) Grows with other invasive plants of the same growth form.

\(06\) Clumping distribution.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(08\) Biological control is not available.

\(10\) Perennial.

\(13\) Seed morphology is adapted for dispersal.

\(16\) Sprouts and spreads from rhizome fragments.

\(18\) Listed as a State or Federal pest plant.

\(20\) Alters physical processes in foredunes, capturing sand,
steepening slope, burying native dunemat community and blocking movement
of sand to beach interior.

\(22\) Becomes established along isolated coastlines with difficult
access for control activities.

*Carpobrotus chilensis* (Sea Fig) - Shoreline habitats.

\(01\) Displaces park sensitive species *Abronia umbellata* ssp.
*breviflora* (pink sand verbena) and *Oenothera wolfii* (Wolf\'s evening
primrose).

\(03\) Grows with other invasive plants of the same growth form.

\(06\) Clumping distribution.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(08\) Biological control is not available.

\(09\) Evergreen.

\(10\) Perennial.

\(13\) Seed morphology is adapted for dispersal.

\(16\) Sprouts and spreads from rhizome fragments.

\(19\) Contrasts with the color of surrounding coastal vegetation.

\(20\) Alters physical processes in foredunes, capturing sand,
steepening slope, burying native dunemat community and blocking movement
of sand to beach interior.

*Lupinus arboreus* (Yellow Lupine) - Shoreline habitats.

\(01\) Displaces park sensitive species *Abronia umbellata* ssp.
*breviflora* (pink sand verbena) and *Oenothera wolfii* (Wolf\'s evening
primrose).

\(02\) Cross pollinates with native species (*Lupinus latifolius*).

\(06\) Clumping distribution.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(08\) Biological control is not available.

\(10\) Perennial.

\(12\) Establishes and spreads readily along roadsides in coastal areas,
and seed is spread by humans travelling from infested to uninfested
areas along the coast.

\(14\) Seed longevity is high, adding to control problems from seed bank
sprouting.

\(15\) Seeds are encouraged to sprout by heat scarification from
exposure to sunlight.

\(16\) Sprouts from roots and stumps.

\(19\) Contrasts with the color of surrounding coastal vegetation.

\(20\) Height can be greater than 1 meter.

\(22\) Becomes established along isolated coastlines with difficult
access for control activities.

*Oenothera glazioviana* (Evening Primrose hybrid) - Coastal areas.

\(01\) Displaces park sensitive species *Abronia umbellata* ssp.
*breviflora* (pink sand verbena) and *Oenothera wolfii* (Wolf\'s evening
primrose).

\(02\) Cross pollinates with native species (*Lupinus latifolius*).

\(05\) Encouraged by soil disturbance.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(08\) Biological control is not available.

\(12\) Establishes and spreads readily along roadsides in coastal areas,
and seed is spread by humans travelling from infested to uninfested
areas along the coast.

\(17\) Tap roots.

**Priority #2 - Exotic plants that pose other high priority threats, and
exhibit the greatest number of characteristics that threaten specific
park resources. These species will be managed as opportunities arise and
personnel become available.**

*Arrhenatherum elatius* (Tall Oat Grass) - Grasslands, prairies.

\(03\) Grows with other invasive plants of the same growth form.

\(06\) Clumping distribution.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(08\) Biological control is not available.

\(10\) Perennial.

\(13\) Seed morphology is adapted for dispersal.

\(16\) Sprouts from roots and stumps.

\(21\) Height greater than 1 meter, making removal more difficult.

*Cortaderia jubata* (Pampas Grass) - Roadsides, alluvial deposits.

\(05\) Plant establishment and spread is encouraged by soil disturbance.

\(06\) Clumping distribution.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(08\) Biological control is not available.

\(09\) Evergreen.

\(10\) Perennial.

\(12\) Roadsides are the preferred habitat for establishment and
dispersal.

\(13\) Seed adapted for long-range dispersal by wind.

\(16\) Sprouts from roots and stumps.

\(19\) Contrasts with growth form and color of surrounding vegetation.

\(21\) Height greater than 1 meter, making removal more difficult.

\(22\) Becomes established in isolated areas where access for control
activities is difficult.

*Cytisus scoparius* (Scotch Broom) - Bald Hills Prairies, roadsides.

\(05\) Plant establishment and spread is encouraged by soil disturbance.

\(06\) Clumping distribution.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(08\) Biological control is not available.

\(09\) Evergreen.

\(10\) Perennial.

\(12\) Roadsides are the preferred habitat for establishment and
dispersal.

\(14\) Seed longevity is high, adding to control problems from seed bank
sprouting.

\(15\) Seeds are encouraged to sprout by heat scarification.

\(16\) Sprouts from roots and stumps.

\(18\) Listed as a State or Federal pest plant.

\(19\) Contrasts with the color of surrounding vegetation.

\(21\) Height greater than 1 meter, making removal more difficult.

\(22\) Becomes established in isolated areas where access for control
activities is difficult.

*Genista monspessulana* (French Broom) - Smith River corridor, disturbed
sites.

\(03\) Grows with other invasive plants of the same growth form.

\(04\) Shade tolerant in open forest understory.

\(05\) Plant establishment and spread is encouraged by soil disturbance.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(08\) Biological control is not available.

\(09\) Evergreen.

\(10\) Perennial.

\(11\) Physical hazard: poisonous.

\(12\) Roadsides are the preferred habitat for establishment and
dispersal.

\(14\) Seed longevity is high, adding to control problems from seed bank
sprouting.

\(15\) Seeds are encouraged to sprout by heat scarification.

\(16\) Sprouts from roots and stumps.

\(18\) Listed as a State or Federal pest plant.

\(21\) Height greater than 1 meter, making removal more difficult.

*Hedera helix* (English Ivy) - Forested sites, old homesteads.

\(03\) Grows with other invasive plants of the same growth form.

\(04\) Shade tolerant.

\(05\) Plant establishment and spread is encouraged by soil disturbance.

\(06\) Clumping distribution.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(08\) Biological control is not available.

\(09\) Evergreen.

\(10\) Perennial.

\(11\) Physical hazard: poisonous.

\(13\) Seed adapted for long-range dispersal by birds.

\(16\) Sprouts from roots and stumps.

\(17\) Tap roots.

\(19\) Contrasts with the growth form of surrounding vegetation.

*Hypericum perforatum* (Klamath Weed) - Prairies, roadsides and
disturbed areas.

\(03\) Grows with other invasive plants of the same growth form.

\(05\) Plant establishment and spread is encouraged by soil disturbance.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(10\) Perennial.

\(11\) Physical hazard: poisonous.

\(12\) Roadsides are the preferred habitat for establishment and
dispersal.

\(13\) Seed adapted for long-range dispersal by birds.

\(16\) Sprouts from roots and stumps.

\(17\) Tap roots.

\(18\) Listed as a State or Federal pest plant.

\(19\) Contrasts with the color of surrounding coastal vegetation.

\(22\) Becomes established in isolated areas where access for control
activities is difficult.

*Rubus discolor* (Himalaya Berry) - Grasslands, fencelines, alluvial
terraces.

\(04\) Shade tolerant.

\(05\) Plant establishment and spread is encouraged by soil disturbance.

\(06\) Clumping distribution.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(08\) Biological control is not available.

\(09\) Evergreen.

\(10\) Perennial.

\(11\) Physical hazard: thorns and spines.

\(13\) Seed adapted for long-range dispersal by wildlife, birds, and
creeks.

\(16\) Sprouts from roots and stumps.

\(19\) Contrasts with the growth form of surrounding vegetation.

\(21\) Height greater than 1 meter, making removal more difficult.

\(23\) Fruit is a food, attracting wildlife which may create adverse
wildlife-human interactions.

*Senecio jacobaea* (Tansy Ragwort) - Prairies, roadsides.

\(05\) Plant establishment and spread is encouraged by soil disturbance.

\(06\) Clumping distribution.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(10\) Perennial.

\(11\) Physical hazard: poisonous.

\(12\) Roadsides are the preferred habitat for establishment and
dispersal.

\(13\) Seed adapted for long-range dispersal by birds.

\(16\) Sprouts from roots and stumps.

\(17\) Tap roots.

\(18\) State listed as a pest plant.

\(19\) Contrasts with the growth form of surrounding vegetation.

\(21\) Height greater than 1 meter, making removal more difficult.

*Senecio mikanioides* (German-Ivy) - Old homestead sites.

\(03\) Grows with other invasive plants of the same growth form.

\(04\) Shade tolerant.

\(05\) Plant establishment and spread is encouraged by soil disturbance.

\(06\) Clumping distribution.

\(07\) Large area of available habitat and displace native species in
these areas.

\(09\) Evergreen.

\(08\) Biological control is not available.

\(10\) Perennial.

\(16\) Sprouts from roots and stumps.

\(19\) Contrasts with the growth form of surrounding vegetation.

This selection will be reviewed and updated as scientific knowledge is
acquired which redirects priorities and control efforts (e.g., the
timing of control efforts, control techniques, knowledge of the
ecology/biology of species), or if need for the control of a species
develops.

APPENDIX F.

EXOTIC PLANT WATCH LIST

Other exotic plant species known to occur in the vicinity of Redwood
National Park \*\*

[Family]{.underline} [Scientific Name]{.underline} [Common
Name]{.underline}

ASTERACEAE *Centaurea solstitialis* Star Thistle

ERICACEAE *Erica lusitanica* Spanish Heath

FABACEAE *Ulex europaeus* Gorse

\*\* This list will expanded as other exotic species are identified in
the vicinity of the park.

Appendix G.

RARE, THREATENED OR ENDANGERED VASCULAR PLANTS

IN OR NEAR REDWOOD NATIONAL PARK

[Status]{.underline}

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| Taxa            | USFW | Cali | CNP  | Habitat                      |
|                 | S^1^ | f^2^ | S^3^ |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Abronia        | C2   | \-   | 1B   | Coastal strand. Occurs on    |
| umbellata* Lam. |      |      |      | several beaches in the park. |
| ssp.            |      |      |      |                              |
| *breviflora*    |      |      |      |                              |
| (Standl.) Munz  |      |      |      |                              |
|                 |      |      |      |                              |
| Pink sand       |      |      |      |                              |
| verbena         |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Arctostaphylos | C2   | \-   | 4    | Occurs near the Little Bald  |
| nortensis*      |      |      |      | Hills in chaparral and lower |
| Wells           |      |      |      | coniferous forests.          |
|                 |      |      |      |                              |
| Del Norte       |      |      |      |                              |
| manzanita       |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Bensionella    | C2   | CR   | 1B   | Heads of streams, edges of   |
| oregana*        |      |      |      | wet meadows. May be          |
| (Abrams &       |      |      |      | restricted to fog belt       |
| Bucig) Morton.  |      |      |      | 2,000-5,000 feet. This       |
|                 |      |      |      | species is not known in the  |
| Bensionella     |      |      |      | park, but should not be      |
|                 |      |      |      | eliminated from              |
|                 |      |      |      | consideration.               |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Calamagrostis  | C2   | \-   | 2    | Swampy places, freshwater    |
| crassiglumis*   |      |      |      | marshes, coastal scrub;      |
| Thurb.          |      |      |      | Marin and Mendocino County   |
|                 |      |      |      | to Del Norte Co., Alaska.    |
| Thurber\'s reed |      |      |      | Status in park unknown.      |
| grass           |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Calamagrostis  | C3c  | CR   | 4    | Rocky places along the       |
| foliosa* Kearn. |      |      |      | coast. North coastal scrub;  |
|                 |      |      |      | Sonoma to Humboldt Co. Has   |
| Leafy reed      |      |      |      | been collected south of      |
| grass           |      |      |      | park.                        |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Cypripedium    | C2   | \-   | 4    | Occurs near the park in Del  |
| fasiculatum*    |      |      |      | Norte County.                |
| Wats.           |      |      |      |                              |
|                 |      |      |      |                              |
| Clustered       |      |      |      |                              |
| Lady\'s-slipper |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Erigeron       | \-   | \-   | 4    | Formally *E. delicatus*.     |
| cervinus*       |      |      |      | Rocky cliffs above rivers    |
| Greene          |      |      |      | and streams in old-growth    |
|                 |      |      |      | redwood and Douglas-fir      |
| Siskiyou Daisy  |      |      |      | forests. Known in the park.  |
|                 |      |      |      | Protected under CEQA.        |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
|                 |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Eriogonum      | \-   | \-   | 2    | Not known from within the    |
| nudum* Benth.   |      |      |      | park but does occur in       |
| var.            |      |      |      | coastal prairies and coastal |
| *paralinum*     |      |      |      | bluffs. Protected under      |
| Reveal.         |      |      |      | CEQA.                        |
|                 |      |      |      |                              |
| Del Norte       |      |      |      |                              |
| Buckwheat       |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Eriogonum      | C3c  | \-   | 2    | Dry serpentine slopes or     |
| pendulum* Wats. |      |      |      | ridgetops, along streams or  |
|                 |      |      |      | in disturbed areas,          |
| Waldo eriogonum |      |      |      | evergreen forests less than  |
|                 |      |      |      | 3,100 feet. Collected north  |
|                 |      |      |      | of the park.                 |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Lathyrus       | \-   | \-   | 2    | May occur in the northern    |
| palustris* L.   |      |      |      | sections of the park. Wet    |
|                 |      |      |      | areas, lower coniferous      |
| Marsh pea       |      |      |      | forest, and bogs or fens.    |
|                 |      |      |      | Protected under CEQA.        |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Lillium        | FE   | CE   | 1B   | Former range included park   |
| occidentale*    |      |      |      | lands. Collected north and   |
| Purdy           |      |      |      | south of the park in         |
|                 |      |      |      | northern coastal scrub,      |
| Western lily    |      |      |      | coastal prairie.             |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Lillium        | C3c  | \-   | 4    | Wet areas, serpentine. North |
| vollmeri*       |      |      |      | coastal coniferous forests.  |
| Eastw.          |      |      |      |                              |
|                 |      |      |      |                              |
| Vollmer lily    |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Listera        | \-   | \-   | 4    | Potentially endangered by    |
| cordata*        |      |      |      | logging. Occurs in the park, |
| (L.)R.Br.       |      |      |      | near the town of Orick.      |
|                 |      |      |      | Protected under CEQA.        |
| Heart-leaved    |      |      |      |                              |
| Twayblade       |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Oenothera      | C1   | \-   | 1B   | Coastal bluffs, gravel road  |
| wolfii* Raven,  |      |      |      | banks near the coast. Known  |
|                 |      |      |      | in the park.                 |
| Dietrich &      |      |      |      |                              |
| Stubbe          |      |      |      |                              |
|                 |      |      |      |                              |
| Wolf\'s evening |      |      |      |                              |
| primrose        |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Phacelia       | C2   | \-   | 1B   | Coastal strand, Del Norte    |
| argentea* Nels  |      |      |      | county to SW Oregon.         |
| & Macbr.        |      |      |      | Historically collected       |
|                 |      |      |      | within the present park      |
| Sand dune       |      |      |      | boundaries.                  |
| phacelia        |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Piperia        | \-   | \-   | 4    | Perennial herb that may      |
| candida* Morgan |      |      |      | occur near the Bald Hills.   |
| & Ackerman      |      |      |      | No collections have been     |
|                 |      |      |      | made within the park.        |
| White-flowered  |      |      |      | Sometimes occurs on          |
| Rein Orchid     |      |      |      | serpentine soils. Protected  |
|                 |      |      |      | under CEQA.                  |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Saxifraga      | \-   | \-   | 2    | Only one occurrence in       |
| nutallii* Small |      |      |      | California along the lower   |
|                 |      |      |      | portions of the Smith River. |
| Nuttall\'s      |      |      |      | Protected under CEQA.        |
| Saxifrage       |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Sidalcea       | \-   | \-   | 1B   | Known to occur historically  |
| malacroides*    |      |      |      | within the park. Coastal     |
| (H. & A.) Gray  |      |      |      | prairies. Protected under    |
|                 |      |      |      | CEQA.                        |
| Maple-leaved    |      |      |      |                              |
| Checkerbloom    |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Sidalcea       | C2   | \-   | 1B   | Only known from ten          |
| malvaeflora*    |      |      |      | occurrences in California, a |
| (DC.) Benth.    |      |      |      | few of the locations very    |
|                 |      |      |      | near the park.               |
| ssp. *patula*   |      |      |      |                              |
| C.L. Hitchc.    |      |      |      |                              |
|                 |      |      |      |                              |
| Siskiyou        |      |      |      |                              |
| Checkerbloom    |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Veratrum       | C1   | CC   | 4    | Occurs in forests east of    |
| insolitum*      |      |      |      | the park boundary. Has not   |
| Jeps.           |      |      |      | been collected in the park.  |
|                 |      |      |      |                              |
| Siskiyou        |      |      |      |                              |
| False-hellebore |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+
| *Viola          | C2   | \-   | 1B   | Wet areas, on and off        |
| primulifolia*   |      |      |      | serpentine, in mixed         |
| L. ssp.         |      |      |      | evergreen forests. Collected |
| *occidentalis*  |      |      |      | north of the park.           |
| (Gray) L.E.     |      |      |      |                              |
| Mckinney & R.J. |      |      |      |                              |
| Little          |      |      |      |                              |
|                 |      |      |      |                              |
| Western bog     |      |      |      |                              |
| violet          |      |      |      |                              |
+-----------------+------+------+------+------------------------------+

^1^ Federal status of species in 50 CFR Part 17.12, August, 1993. USFWS.
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Plant Taxa for
Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species; Notice of Review.

PFE = Proposed for federal listing as endangered

FE = Federally listed, endangered

FT = Federally listed, threatened

C1 = Candidate for federal listing, sufficient data exist to move
forward with proposed listing

C2 = Candidate for federal listing, need more information

C3c = Taxa no longer being considered for listing, more abundant or
widespread than was

previously believed and or those that are not subject to any
identifiable threat.

^2^ Species designated as endangered, threatened, or rare by the State
of California. 1994 Department of Fish and Game, Endangered Plant
Program, Sacramento, California.

CE = Endangered

CT = Threatened

CR = Rare

CC = Candidate for State Listing

^3^ Species listed as rare or endangered by the California Native Plant
society: Skinner, M.W. and B.M. Pavlik. 1994. Inventory of Rare and
Endangered Vascular Plants of California. February 1994 Special
Publication No. 1. Fifth Edition. CNPS. Berkeley. CA.

1B = Plants rare and endangered in California or elsewhere.

2 = Plants rare and endangered in California, but more common elsewhere.

3 = Plants for which more information is needed.

4 = Plants of limited distribution

Appendix H.

RARE, THREATENED OR ENDANGERED ANIMALS

IN OR NEAR REDWOOD NATIONAL PARK

[Status]{.underline}

  --------------------------- -------------- -------------- ----------------------------
  **Taxa**                    **USFWS^1^**   **Calif^2^**   **Habitat**

  --------------------------- -------------- -------------- ----------------------------

[BIRDS]{.underline}

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Gavia immer*             | \-   | CSC  | Coniferous lakes, open     |
|                           |      |      | lakes, bays, sea.          |
| Common Loon               |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Pelecanus occidentalis   | FE   | SE   | Coast and ocean.           |
| californicus*             |      |      |                            |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| California Brown Pelican  |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Phalacrocorax auritus*   | \-   | CSC  | Coast, bays, lakes,        |
|                           |      |      | rivers.                    |
| Double-crested Cormorant  |      |      |                            |
| (rookery sites)           |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Branta canadensis        | FT   | \-   | Stage and rest at Lake     |
| leucopareia*              |      |      | Earl/Tolawa during         |
|                           |      |      | migration.                 |
| Aleutian Canada Goose     |      |      |                            |
| (wintering)               |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Bucephala islandica*     | \-   | CSC  | Wooded lakes, beaver       |
|                           |      |      | ponds. In winter, coastal  |
| Barrow\'s Goldeneye       |      |      | waters.                    |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Pandion haliaetus*       | \-   | CSC  | Rivers, lakes, coasts.     |
|                           |      |      | Known to breed in park.    |
| Osprey                    |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Elanus caeruleus*        | \-   | SFP  | Open foothills,            |
|                           |      |      | grasslands, river valleys, |
| Black-shouldered Kite     |      |      | marshes. Known to breed in |
|                           |      |      | park.                      |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Haliaeetus               | FE   | SE   | Coast, lagoons, rivers and |
| leucocephalus*            |      | ,SFP | associated                 |
|                           |      |      | mature/old-growth forests. |
| Bald Eagle                |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Circus cyaneus*          | \-   | CSC  | Marshes, fields, prairies. |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Northern Harrier          |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Accipiter cooperii*      | \-   | CSC  | Broken woodlands, canyons, |
|                           |      |      | river groves.              |
| Cooper\'s Hawk            |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Accipiter striatus*      | \-   | CSC  | Forests, thickets.         |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Sharp-shinned Hawk        |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Buteo regalis*           | C2   | CSC  | Arid plains, open          |
|                           |      |      | rangelands.                |
| Ferruginous Hawk          |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Aquila chrysaetos*       | \-   | CSC  | Open mountains, canyons,   |
|                           |      | ,SFP | foothills, plains.         |
| Golden Eagle              |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Falco columbarius*       | \-   | CSC  | Open areas, coniferous     |
|                           |      |      | forests.                   |
| Merlin                    |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Falco peregrinus anatum* | FE   | SE   | Coastline.                 |
|                           |      | ,SFP |                            |
| American Peregrine Falcon |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Bonasa umbellus*         | \-   | CSC  | Mixed or deciduous         |
|                           |      |      | woodlands.                 |
| Ruffed Grouse             |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Charadrius alexandrinus  | FT   | CSC  | Beaches, coastal dunes.    |
| nivosus*                  |      |      | Several records from Lake  |
|                           |      |      | Tolawa and Stone Lagoon.   |
| Western Snowy Plover      |      |      |                            |
| (breeding)                |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Larus californicus*      | \-   | CSC  | Coast, beaches, lakes,     |
|                           |      |      | rivers.                    |
| California Gull           |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Brachyramphus            | FT   | SE   | Feeds offshore, nests in   |
| marmoratus*               |      |      | old-growth forests.        |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Marbled Murrelet          |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Cerorhinca monocerata*   | \-   | CSC  | Ocean.                     |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Rhinoceros Auklet         |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Strix occidentalis       | FT   | CSC  | Occurs in old-growth and   |
| caurina*                  |      |      | mature 2nd growth forests. |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Northern Spotted Owl      |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Strix nebulosa*          | FSS  | SE   | Dense forests and adjacent |
|                           |      |      | meadows. Three records in  |
| Great Gray Owl            |      |      | park. Transient.           |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Asio flammeus*           | \-   | CSC  | Prairies, marshes, dunes,  |
|                           |      |      | irrigated lands.           |
| Short-eared Owl           |      |      |                            |
| (breeding)                |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Athene cunicularia*      | \-   | CSC  | Prairies, seashore dunes.  |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Burrowing Owl (burrowing  |      |      |                            |
| sites)                    |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Progne subis*            | \-   | CSC  | Open or logged forests,    |
|                           |      |      | towns, farms.              |
| Purple Martin             |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Parus atricapillus*      | \-   | CSC  | Mixed & deciduous woods,   |
|                           |      |      | willow thickets.           |
| Black-capped Chickadee    |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Icteria virens*          | \-   | CSC  | Stream tangles, briars,    |
|                           |      |      | willow thickets, moist     |
| Yellow-breasted Chat      |      |      | canyons.                   |
| (breeding)                |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

[MAMMALS]{.underline}

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Antrozus pallidus*       | \-   | CSC  | Caves, mine tunnels,       |
|                           |      |      | crevices in rocks, old     |
| Pallid Bat                |      |      | buildings and hollow       |
|                           |      |      | trees.                     |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Plecotus townsendii      | C2   | CSC  | Caves, mine tunnels, old   |
| townsendii*               |      |      | buildings and hollow       |
|                           |      |      | trees.                     |
| Townsend\'s Western       |      |      |                            |
| Big-eared Bat             |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Arborimus longicaudus*   | \-   | CSC  | Spruce, hemlock, fir       |
|                           |      |      | forests.                   |
| Red Tree Vole             |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Arborimus albipes*       | C2   | CSC  | Dense forest near small    |
|                           |      |      | streams.                   |
| White-footed Vole         |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Martes pennanti          | C2   | CSC  | Mixed hardwood forests,    |
| pacifica*                 |      |      | cutover wilderness areas.  |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Pacific Fisher            |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Gulo gulo*               | C2   | ST   | High mountains. Several    |
|                           |      |      | unverified sightings in    |
| Wolverine                 |      |      | the area.                  |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Eumotopias jubatus*      | FT   | \-   | Marine and coastal.        |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Stellar Sea Lion          |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Physeter catodon*        | FE   | \-   | Ocean, migratory.          |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Sperm Whale               |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Balaena glacialis*       | FE   | \-   | Ocean, migratory.          |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Right Whale               |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Eschrichtius robustus*   | FE   | \-   | Ocean, migratory.          |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Gray Whale                |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Balaenoptera physalus*   | FE   | \-   | Ocean, migratory.          |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Finback Whale             |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Megaptera novaengliae*   | FE   | \-   | Ocean, migratory.          |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Humpback Whale            |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

[HERPETOFAUNA]{.underline}

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Clemmys marmota*         | C2   | CSC  | Heavily vegetated aquatic  |
|                           |      |      | habitats and nearby        |
| Western Pond Turtle       |      |      | forests, grasslands. Dead  |
|                           |      |      | juvenile found in Redwood  |
|                           |      |      | Creek estuary.             |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Rhyacotriton olympicus*  | \-   | CSC  | Well shaded springs,       |
|                           |      |      | streams and seeps in       |
| Olympic Salamander        |      |      | coastal forests.           |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Plethodon elongatus*     | C2   | CSC  | Rock rubble of riverbeds,  |
|                           |      |      | roadfills, moss-covered    |
| Del Norte Salamander      |      |      | talus.                     |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Ascaphus truei*          | \-   | CSC  | Cold, clear, rocky streams |
|                           |      |      | in humid forests.          |
| Tailed Frog               |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Rana aurora draytonii*   | C2   | CSC  | Humid forests, woodlands,  |
|                           |      |      | grasslands, streamsides.   |
| Red-legged Frog           |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Rana boylii*             | \-   | CSC  | Woodland, chapparal or     |
|                           |      |      | forest streams.            |
| Foothill Yellow-legged    |      |      |                            |
| Frog                      |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

[FISH]{.underline}

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Eucyclogobius newberryi* | C2   | CSC  | Estuarine. Recorded in     |
|                           |      |      | Redwood Creek estuary in   |
| Tidewater Goby            |      |      | 1981.                      |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Onchyrhynchus clarki     | \-   | CSC  | Streams, rivers, and       |
| clarki*                   |      |      | ocean.                     |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Coast Cutthroat Trout     |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Onchyrhynchus kisutch*   | \-   | CSC  | Streams, rivers, and       |
|                           |      |      | ocean.                     |
| Coho Salmon               |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Onchyrhynchus            | \-   | CSC  | Streams, rivers, and       |
| tshawytscha*              |      |      | ocean.                     |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Chinook Salmon (spring    |      |      |                            |
| run)                      |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Onchyrhynchus mykiss     | FS   | \-   | Streams, rivers. Known in  |
| gairdneri*                | S,C2 |      | Redwood Creek.             |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Summer Steelhead Trout    |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

[MOLLUSCS]{.underline}

+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+
| *Monadenia fidelis        | C2   | \-   | Rocky coastal shorelines.  |
| pronotis*                 |      |      |                            |
|                           |      |      |                            |
| Rocky Coat Sideband Snail |      |      |                            |
+---------------------------+------+------+----------------------------+

**^1^** Federal status of species in CFR 17.11 and 17.12, August 19,
1992, USFWS. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants.

FE Endangered

FT Threatened

FSS Sensitive Species

C2 Category 2 candidate for federal listing

FPL Proposed for federal listing as threatened

**^2^** California Department of Fish and Game Natural Diversity
Database, Special Animals, August 1991, and CDFG State and Federal
Endangered and Threatened Animals of California, revised October 1992.

SE Endangered

ST Threatened

CSC Species of Special Concern

SFP Fully Protected Species