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**UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY**

WASHINGTON D.C., 20460

OFFICE OF

PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND

TOXIC SUBSTANCES

April 25, 2006

DP Barcodes: 327645, 313161

**MEMORANDUM**

SUBJECT: Memorandum Describing the Environmental Fate and Effect
Division's Ecological Risk Assessment on Aliphatic Oils (PC Codes 063502
and 063503) in Support of Reregistration Eligibility Decision

FROM: Brian Anderson, Biologist

> Stephen Carey, Biologist
>
> Mark Corbin, Senior Environmental Scientist

ERB III

Environmental Fate and Effects Division, 7507 C

TO: Mark Perry

> Bentley Gregg
>
> Special Review and Re-registration Division 7505C

THRU: Daniel Rieder, Branch Chief

ERB III

Environmental Fate and Effects Division 7507 C

Attached is EFED's ecological risk assessment on aliphatic oils.
Although there is much uncertainty in this assessment, the results
suggest that there are potential acute risks to aquatic invertebrates
and risks to eggs of egg-laying animals in or adjacent to the treated
field. The high application rates do not allow for a definitive
conclusion with respect to potential risks to terrestrial animals
because the estimated concentrations on food items for some application
rates is higher than levels tested in submitted studies in birds and
mammals. In addition, no chronic or reproduction toxicity data in
terrestrial or aquatic animals have been submitted, and no plant
toxicity data have been submitted; therefore, definitive risk
conclusions cannot be made at this time with respect to these surrogate
species.

One issue EFED faced in trying to assess runoff with these products is
that they are oils, and as such are not single molecule active
ingredients like other pesticides. As a first tier approach, EFED made
conservative assumptions about how much might move off with runoff and
modeled the products as a whole in a water body using GENEEC in this
assessment. This is a relatively conservative approach that assumes the
products move as a unit with runoff. However, because mineral oil and
other similar petroleum products used as pesticides are composed of
mixtures of various length carbon chain molecules, it is recognized that
once applied the product will not behave as one molecule. As soon as the
product reaches the environment, it will be begin to undergo
differential degradation, and each chemical within the mixture will
behave independently. To simulate this behavior, a method presented by
Foster et al, 2003 was explored called the block method. Generally this
approach allows for the assessment of individual components and
considers the risk each block represents in a receiving water body
separately. The method further explored the potential to add the risks
from the various components together once each has moved into the
receiving water body.

The basis for the block approach was that representative chemicals
within a given block would be expected to behave similarly to other
chemicals in that block in the environment because of the similarity in
structure and number of carbon atoms. The chemical properties and
characteristics (log Kow, Koc, halftimes, acute toxicity and chronic
toxicity) for each chemical in a given block could be derived using
structural activity relationship (SAR). The environmental fate of the
**block** can then be based on the fate of the chemicals in that group.
The likely components and their proportions for each mixture were
determined by analyzing the petroleum refinement process by which each
would have been produced, and identifying the various chemicals that
were likely to form.

This method was not used in this chapter to assess these products
because of the uncertainties inherent in it. The uncertainties with this
method are:

1\) Not knowing the constituents of the products that are applied and
their relative proportions.

2\) Basing all fate and effects on structural activity relationship
analysis without corroboration of actual testing.

This assessment could be refined if this information was available.

**Number range CHAPTER**

**I. Problem Formulation Summary**

This assessment summarizes potential risks to non-target surrogate
aquatic and terrestrial organisms identified for the currently labeled
uses of aliphatic oils (PC Codes 063502 and 063503) using screening
level methodologies. The available toxicity and environmental fate data
are limited; therefore, assumptions were necessary to allow for a
completion of an ecological risk assessment as outlined in Table I-1
below. Based on the limitations in the available data, a finding with
respect to the likelihood of adverse effects to endangered species may
not be possible for some of the assessed surrogate species.

  -------------------------------- --------------------------------------
  **Table I-1. Effects of data     
  limitations on the screening     
  level risk assessment of         
  aliphatic oils.**                

  **Problem Formulation Issue**    **Effect of Issue on Risk
                                   Assessment.**

  Twelve CAS RNs representing      Based on the broad descriptions of the
  numerous formulated products are CAS RNs outlined in Table I-2 below,
  included in this assessment.     it appears that the composition of the
  However, toxicity data were only oils are similar across the two PC
  available for a small subset of  Codes. Therefore, the toxicological
  substances included in these PC  and fate properties may be similar.
  Codes                            However, the data are insufficient to
                                   definitively support this conclusion.

  Aquatic toxicity data are        Limitations in the aquatic toxicity
  limited and have previously been data exist. However, EFED believes
  considered invalid.              that the data provides a weight of
                                   evidence regarding the toxicity of
                                   aliphatic oils and approximate drift
                                   and direct application to water
                                   exposures.

  Composition of aliphatic oils is Number range CHAPTERComposition of six
  uncertain Number range CHAPTER   aliphatic oils was estimated based on
                                   the best available information.
                                   Composition information is
                                   particularly important to allow for an
                                   estimation of the relative risks of
                                   the various aliphatic oils and
                                   potential aquatic exposures and risks
                                   from runoff scenarios. Also, EFED
                                   notes that these oils may have
                                   polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
                                   present, which could be persistent,
                                   bioaccumulative, and toxic, and may
                                   pose different additional risks than
                                   the aliphatic constituents. Therefore,
                                   clarification of the PAH content for
                                   all of the aliphatic oils included in
                                   this analysis is critical to
                                   ecological risk assessment.

  Toxicity studies in aquatic and  These endpoints cannot be fully
  terrestrial plants, reproduction evaluated.
  toxicity data in birds and       
  mammals, and chronic studies in  
  aquatic organisms have not been  
  submitted.                       

  Submitted environmental fate     Aquatic EECs from runoff are uncertain
  data are not available           and are not used to calculate risk
                                   quotients.
  -------------------------------- --------------------------------------

**A. Chemicals Included in the Aliphatic Oils PC Codes**

Aliphatic oils are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons obtained from
refinement of crude oil. Twelve CAS numbers are included under
"Aliphatic Oils" (PC Codes 063502 and 063503). These substances are
described in Table I-2.

+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| *      |       |                                                    |
| *Table |       |                                                    |
| I-2.   |       |                                                    |
| Descr  |       |                                                    |
| iption |       |                                                    |
| of     |       |                                                    |
| Ali    |       |                                                    |
| phatic |       |                                                    |
| Oils   |       |                                                    |
| In     |       |                                                    |
| cluded |       |                                                    |
| in PC  |       |                                                    |
| Codes  |       |                                                    |
| 063502 |       |                                                    |
| and    |       |                                                    |
| 06     |       |                                                    |
| 3503** |       |                                                    |
+========+=======+====================================================+
| **     | **CAS | **Description**                                    |
| Name** | No.** |                                                    |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **PC   |       |                                                    |
| Code   |       |                                                    |
| 06     |       |                                                    |
| 3502** |       |                                                    |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| M      | 8     | In general, mineral oil and paraffin liquid are    |
| ineral | 012-9 | considered synonymous and can be characterized as  |
| oil,   | 5-1\* | containing primarily (\>60%) paraffinic            |
| and    |       | hydrocarbons with low volatility (\>C12) and low   |
| pa     | 8020  | melting points (\<C30 and liquid at ambient        |
| raffin | -83-5 | temperatures) (TPH Criteria Working Group 1998b;   |
| liquid |       | CONCAWE 1997).                                     |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| White  | 8042  | A highly refined petroleum mineral oil consisting  |
| m      | -47-5 | of a complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained  |
| ineral |       | from the intensive treatment of a petroleum        |
| oil,   |       | fraction with sulfuric acid and oleum, or by       |
| pet    |       | hydrogenation, or by a combination of              |
| roleum |       | hydrogenation and acid treatment. Additional       |
|        |       | washing and treating steps may be included in the  |
|        |       | processing operation. It consists of saturated     |
|        |       | hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominantly   |
|        |       | in the range of **C15 through C50**.               |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Lubri  | 72623 | A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by  |
| cating | -84-8 | treating light vacuum gas oil, heavy vacuum gas    |
| oils,  |       | oil, and solvent deasphalted residual oil with     |
| petr   |       | hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in a two    |
| oleum, |       | stage process with dewaxing being carried out      |
| C15-30 |       | between the two stages. It consists predominantly  |
|        |       | of saturated hydrocarbons having carbon numbers    |
|        |       | predominantly in the range of **C15 through C30.** |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Lubri  | 72623 | A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by  |
| cating | -86-0 | treating light vacuum gas oil and heavy vacuum gas |
| oils,  |       | oil with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in |
| petr   |       | a two stage process with dewaxing being carried    |
| oleum, |       | out between the two stages. It consists            |
| C      |       | predominantly of saturated hydrocarbons having     |
| 15-30, |       | carbon numbers predominantly in the range of **C15 |
| hydrot |       | through C30**.                                     |
| reated |       |                                                    |
| n      |       |                                                    |
| eutral |       |                                                    |
| oil    |       |                                                    |
| -based |       |                                                    |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Lubri  | 72623 | A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by  |
| cating | -87-1 | treating light vacuum gas oil, heavy vacuum gas    |
| oils,  |       | oil and solvent deasphalted residual oil with      |
| petr   |       | hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in a two    |
| oleum, |       | stage process with dewaxing being carried out      |
| C      |       | between the two stages. It consists predominantly  |
| 20-50, |       | of saturated hydrocarbons having carbon numbers    |
| hydrot |       | predominantly in the range of **C20 through C50**. |
| reated |       |                                                    |
| n      |       |                                                    |
| eutral |       |                                                    |
| oil    |       |                                                    |
| -based |       |                                                    |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| **PC   |       |                                                    |
| Code   |       |                                                    |
| 06     |       |                                                    |
| 3503** |       |                                                    |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Sol    | 64741 | Primarily saturated hydrocarbons from **C20 to     |
| vent-r | -88-4 | C50;** Solvent refining indicates a lower          |
| efined |       | concentration of polyaromatic and unsaturated      |
| heavy  |       | hydrocarbons when compared to mineral oil (which   |
| para   |       | is true for all solvent refined substances in this |
| ffinic |       | assessment). This mixture includes a higher        |
| dist   |       | composition of high molecular weight **(\>C30)**   |
| illate |       | hydrocarbons than the solvent-refined light        |
|        |       | paraffinic petroleum distillates (TPH Criteria     |
|        |       | Working Group 1998b; CONCAWE 1997).                |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Sol    | 64741 | The EPA substance registry system definition for   |
| vent-r | -89-5 | the CAS number is primarily saturated hydrocarbons |
| efined |       | from **C15 to C30.** This mixture includes a       |
| light  |       | higher composition of low molecular weight         |
| para   |       | **(\<C15)** hydrocarbons than the solvent-refined  |
| ffinic |       | heavy paraffinic petroleum distillates (TPH        |
| dist   |       | Criteria Working Group 1998b; CONCAWE 1995, 1997). |
| illate |       |                                                    |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| H      | 64    | Primarily saturated hydrocarbons from **C20 to     |
| ydro-t | 742-5 | C50;** The primary difference in this mixture as   |
| reated | 4-7\* | compared to mineral oil is the reduced proportion  |
| heavy  |       | of elemental sulfur. Furthermore, hydro-treated    |
| para   |       | distillates can be distinguished from other        |
| ffinic |       | mixtures based on the slightly higher              |
| dist   |       | concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons versus  |
| illate |       | solvent-refined products. Finally, this mixture    |
|        |       | includes a higher composition of high molecular    |
|        |       | weight hydrocarbons than the hydro-treated light   |
|        |       | paraffinic petroleum distillates (TPH Criteria     |
|        |       | Working Group 1998b; CONCAWE 1995).                |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| H      | 64    | This mixture is similar to the description under   |
| ydro-t | 742-5 | hydro-treated heavy paraffinic distillates except  |
| reated | 5-8\* | that the composition of these mixtures is **C15 to |
| light  |       | C30 hydrocarbons.** Also, this mixture includes a  |
| para   |       | higher composition of low molecular weight (\<C15) |
| ffinic |       | hydrocarbons than the hydro-treated heavy          |
| dist   |       | paraffinic petroleum distillates (TPH Criteria     |
| illate |       | Working Group 1998b; CONCAWE 1995, 1997). This     |
|        |       | mixture contains a higher composition of low       |
|        |       | molecular weight hydrocarbons than the             |
|        |       | hydro-treated heavy paraffinic petroleum           |
|        |       | distillates                                        |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Distil | 64742 | A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by  |
| lates, | -56-9 | removal of normal paraffins from a petroleum       |
| petr   |       | fraction by solvent crystallization. It consists   |
| oleum, |       | predominantly of hydrocarbons having carbon        |
| sol    |       | numbers predominantly in the range **of C15        |
| vent-d |       | through C30** and produces a finished oil with a   |
| ewaxed |       | viscosity of less than 100 SUS at 100 degrees F    |
| light  |       | (19cSt at 40 degrees C).                           |
| para   |       |                                                    |
| ffinic |       |                                                    |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Distil | 64742 | A complex combination of hydrocarbons obtained by  |
| lates, | -65-0 | removal of normal paraffins from a petroleum       |
| petr   |       | fraction by solvent crystallization. It consists   |
| oleum, |       | predominantly of hydrocarbons having carbon        |
| sol    |       | numbers predominantly in the range **of C20        |
| vent-d |       | through C50** and produces a finished oil with a   |
| ewaxed |       | viscosity not less than 100 SUS at 100.degree.F.   |
| heavy  |       |                                                    |
| para   |       |                                                    |
| ffinic |       |                                                    |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Defin  |       |                                                    |
| itions |       |                                                    |
| and    |       |                                                    |
| descri |       |                                                    |
| ptions |       |                                                    |
| were   |       |                                                    |
| ob     |       |                                                    |
| tained |       |                                                    |
| from   |       |                                                    |
| ChemID |       |                                                    |
| Plus   |       |                                                    |
| ([[htt |       |                                                    |
| p://ch |       |                                                    |
| em.sis |       |                                                    |
| .nlm.n |       |                                                    |
| ih.gov |       |                                                    |
| /chemi |       |                                                    |
| dplus/ |       |                                                    |
| ]{.und |       |                                                    |
| erline |       |                                                    |
| }](../ |       |                                                    |
| (http: |       |                                                    |
| //chem |       |                                                    |
| .sis.n |       |                                                    |
| lm.nih |       |                                                    |
| .gov/c |       |                                                    |
| hemidp |       |                                                    |
| lus/)) |       |                                                    |
|        |       |                                                    |
| \*     |       |                                                    |
| D      |       |                                                    |
| enotes |       |                                                    |
| subs   |       |                                                    |
| tances |       |                                                    |
| for    |       |                                                    |
| which  |       |                                                    |
| to     |       |                                                    |
| xicity |       |                                                    |
| data   |       |                                                    |
| are    |       |                                                    |
| ava    |       |                                                    |
| ilable |       |                                                    |
+--------+-------+----------------------------------------------------+

**B. Use Patterns Modeled in this Assessment**

Aliphatic oils may be applied at extremely variable rates using diverse
methods including foliar spray (ground or aerial), air blast, and direct
application to water. Terrestrial applications rates are as high 477 lbs
a.i./Acre. Additional description of the use patterns is in Appendix C.
Based on the high variability in the application rates and methods, EFED
estimated exposure concentrations of aliphatic oils to nontarget
terrestrial and aquatic organisms using a range of labeled application
rates (i.e., single applications of 10, 50, 150, and 477 lb/A using
airblast applications). Potential risks to aquatic organisms from direct
application to water were also evaluated. Single applications were
modeled. However, if multiple applications are used at high application
rates such that the total amount of aliphatic oils applied exceeds 477
lbs a.i./Acre, then risk may be underestimated in this assessment. In
addition, use of multiple applications would likely result in higher
longer-term (chronic) average exposure concentrations. Therefore, when
chronic toxicity data are obtained by EFED, modeling of multiple
application rates may be needed.

The Biological and Economic Analysis Division (BEAD) provided data
indicating that most applications are less than 60 lbs a.i./Acre; 0.1%
of the applications were \>100 lbs a.i./Acre.

II. **Effects Characterization Summary**

This effects characterization discusses studies that have been submitted
to the Agency in support of pesticide registration. EFED acknowledges
that data have been submitted to U.S. EPA's High Production Volume
Challenge Program. These data were not included in this assessment for
reasons outlined in Appendix A.

Number range CHAPTERTwelve petroleum mixtures are included in the
aliphatic oils category. However, toxicity data were not available on
all of the mixtures to allow for an adequate assessment of risk. If the
composition of the aliphatic oils with fate or toxicity data is not
representative of the 12 oils included in PC Codes 063502 and 063503,
then the risks presented in this assessment may not be representative of
the aliphatic oils category as a whole. However, based on the broad
descriptions of aliphatic oils in Table I-2, it appears that the
composition of the oils that have been tested in toxicity studies may be
representative of the aliphatic oils group. Table II-1 below summarizes
the substances for which toxicity data has been submitted, and Table
II-2 summarized the toxicity data used in risk estimation.

No chronic toxicity studies in any species have been submitted to EFED
for use in this risk assessment, and no aquatic plant toxicity studies
have been submitted to the Agency.

+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| **Table    |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| II-1.      |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| Summary of |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| aliphatic  |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| oils with  |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| toxicity   |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| data**     |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+============+======+========+=======+=======+======+=======+=======+
| *          | *    |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| *Aliphatic | *Eff |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| Oil CAS    | ects |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| No.**      | Da   |        |       |       |      |       |       |
|            | ta** |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|            | **F  | **Dap  | **    | **Oys | *    | **Bi  | *     |
|            | ish, | hnids, | Mysid | ter** | *Aqu | rds** | *Mamm |
|            | acu  | a      | shr   |       | atic |       | als** |
|            | te** | cute** | imp** |       | Plan |       |       |
|            |      |        |       |       | ts** |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
|            |      |        |       |       |      | **    | **Ac  |
|            |      |        |       |       |      | Acute | ute** |
|            |      |        |       |       |      | or    |       |
|            |      |        |       |       |      | subac |       |
|            |      |        |       |       |      | ute** |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| **PC Code  |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| 063502**   |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| 8012-95-1; | S    | S      |       |       |      | A     | A     |
| 90 Neutral |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| Oil        |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| N65DW      | S    |        |       |       |      | A     |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| VHVI-4     | S    | S      |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| 8020-83-5  | No   |        |       |       |      |       |       |
|            | data |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| 8242-47-5  | No   |        |       |       |      |       |       |
|            | data |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| 72623-84-8 | No   |        |       |       |      |       |       |
|            | data |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| 72623-86-0 | No   |        |       |       |      |       |       |
|            | data |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| 72623-87-1 | No   |        |       |       |      |       |       |
|            | data |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| **PC Code  |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| 063503**   |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| 64741-97-5 |      |        |       |       |      |       | A     |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| 6          | S    | S      |       |       |      |       | A     |
| 4742-54-7; |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| 100        |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| Paraffin   |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| Oil        |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| 6          |      | S      |       |       |      |       | A     |
| 4742-55-8; |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| 70-Orchard |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| spray      |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| GB-1111    | S    | S      |       | S     |      | A     |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| 64741-88-4 | No   |        |       |       |      |       |       |
|            | data |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| 64741-89-5 | No   |        |       |       |      |       |       |
|            | data |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+
| A =        |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| Acceptable |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| study      |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| exists     |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
|            |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| S =        |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| Su         |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| pplemental |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| study      |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| exists.    |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| Most       |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| aquatic    |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| studies    |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| are        |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| currently  |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| being      |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| upgraded   |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| from       |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| invalid to |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| sup        |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
| plemental. |      |        |       |       |      |       |       |
+------------+------+--------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+

+-----------+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| **Table   |                   |                       |             |
| II-2.     |                   |                       |             |
| Summary   |                   |                       |             |
| of        |                   |                       |             |
| toxicity  |                   |                       |             |
| values    |                   |                       |             |
| used in   |                   |                       |             |
| the       |                   |                       |             |
| aliphatic |                   |                       |             |
| oils      |                   |                       |             |
| screening |                   |                       |             |
| level     |                   |                       |             |
| e         |                   |                       |             |
| cological |                   |                       |             |
| risk      |                   |                       |             |
| asse      |                   |                       |             |
| ssment.** |                   |                       |             |
+-----------+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| **        | **Acute Toxicity  | **Comment**           | **Data      |
| Surrogate | Value Used in     |                       | Source for  |
| Species** | Assessment^a^**   |                       | toxicity    |
|           |                   |                       | value used  |
|           |                   |                       | in          |
|           |                   |                       | a           |
|           |                   |                       | ssessment** |
+-----------+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| Fish      | None used         | No effects were       | Weight of   |
|           |                   | observed in multiple  | evidence    |
|           |                   | studies at the limit  | was used to |
|           |                   | concentrations for    | estimate    |
|           |                   | these types of        | potential   |
|           |                   | studies.              | risks.      |
+-----------+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| Daphnia   | 0.02 mg/L         | LC50s were 0.02, 0.1, | 41902803    |
|           |                   | \<0.9, 0.41, and 2.4  |             |
|           |                   | mg/L. The lowest      |             |
|           |                   | value of 0.02 was     |             |
|           |                   | used in risk          |             |
|           |                   | estimation.           |             |
+-----------+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| Oysters   | 6 mg/L            | EC50: 6 mg/L          | Number      |
|           |                   |                       | range       |
|           |                   |                       | CHAP        |
|           |                   |                       | TER44762002 |
+-----------+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| Aquatic   | No data           | None                  | N/A         |
| Plants    |                   |                       |             |
+-----------+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| Mammals   | 22 g/kg-bw        | Data obtained from    | NIOSH, 2004 |
|           |                   | secondary literature; |             |
|           |                   | no chronic or         |             |
|           |                   | reproduction toxicity |             |
|           |                   | studies were          |             |
|           |                   | submitted.            |             |
+-----------+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| Birds     | LD50: \>2250      | No chronic or         | 4460800     |
|           | mg/kg-bw          | reproduction toxicity | 1;41793202; |
|           |                   | studies were          | 41742101;   |
|           | LC50: \>5620 ppm  | submitted.            | 4780903;    |
|           |                   |                       | 44780902    |
+-----------+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| Te        | No data           | None                  | N/A         |
| rrestrial |                   |                       |             |
| Plants    |                   |                       |             |
+-----------+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------+
| a No      |                   |                       |             |
| chronic   |                   |                       |             |
| or        |                   |                       |             |
| rep       |                   |                       |             |
| roduction |                   |                       |             |
| studies   |                   |                       |             |
| have been |                   |                       |             |
| submitted |                   |                       |             |
| to the    |                   |                       |             |
| Agency.   |                   |                       |             |
+-----------+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------+

**A. Aquatic Species**

> **1. Fish**

Nine 96-hour acute studies in various fish species have been submitted
to the Agency (summarized in Table II-3 below). No study alone was
considered adequate for risk estimation due primarily to the low
solubility of the oils and the lack of analytical confirmation of the
test solutions; however, collectively, the data suggests that loading of
the aliphatic oils at levels that approximate the limit concentration
for acute fish toxicity studies (100 mg/L) is not expected to cause
mortality in fish. Studies using N65DW did not observe mortality at up
to a 50% mixture (500,000 mg/L; MRID 44637335). The available acute fish
toxicity studies are summarized below.

  ------------------ ----------------- ----------------- ------------------
  **Table II-3.                                          
  Summary of                                             
  submitted fish                                         
  studies for                                            
  aliphatic oils**                                       

  **Chemical**       **CAS RN**        **EC50**          **MRID**

  100 Paraffine Oil  64742-54-7        \>100 mg/L        41368834 (2
                                                         studies)

  Number range       Number range      \>120 mg/L        Number range
  CHAPTERGB-1111     CHAPTERNone                         CHAPTER44708201;
                                                         44762003

  90 Neutral Oil     8012-95-1         \>100 mg/L        41902801; 41902802

  VHVI-4             None              \>76 mg/L         44637336

  N65DW              None              \>500,000 mg/L    44637335; 44660001
  ------------------ ----------------- ----------------- ------------------

**2. Aquatic Invertebrates**

Five 48-hour acute studies in daphnids using five different aliphatic
oils have been submitted to the Agency (summarized in Table II-3 below).

All of the submitted studies in daphnids were previously considered
invalid primarily because the test concentrations were not measured and
evidence of dissolution (presence of oily sheen on the water surface)
was observed. Although no study alone was considered adequate for risk
assessment purposes, collectively, EFED believes that they inform the
risk assessment because the studies generally reported consistent
results and suggest that the 48-hour EC50 in daphnids is likely less
than 1 mg/L. Therefore, even though limitations in the aquatic toxicity
data exist, EFED believes that the data provides a weight of evidence
regarding the toxicity of aliphatic oils and that these studies
approximate drift and direct application to water exposures. Therefore,
the studies were upgraded to supplemental and were considered useful for
risk assessment purposes. The lowest reported EC50 from these studies
was 0.02 mg/L (MRID 41902803).

  ---------------- -------------- ------------------------- -----------------
  **Table II-3.                                             
  Summary of                                                
  submitted                                                 
  aquatic                                                   
  invertebrate                                              
  studies for                                               
  aliphatic oils**                                          

  **Chemical**     **CAS RN**     **EC50**                  **MRID**

  90 Neutral Oil   8012-95-1      0.02 mg/L                 41902803

  Number range     Number range   0.1 mg/L                  Number range
  CHAPTERGB-1111   CHAPTERNone                              CHAPTER44769301
                   reported                                 

  100 Paraffine    64742-54-7     0.41 mg/L                 41368835
  Oil                                                       

  VHVI-4           None reported  \<0.9 mg/L (100%          44637337
                                  mortality occurred at all 
                                  concentrations)           

  70 Orchard Spray 64742-55-8     2.4 mg/L                  41368833
  ---------------- -------------- ------------------------- -----------------

It is uncertain if the effects observed in the daphnid toxicity studies
submitted to the Agency were caused by physical effects resulting from
coating the organism or from a different mode of action. In some of the
studies (e.g., MRID 44637337), daphnids were observed floating on top of
the containers within an oily sheen on the surface. Therefore, it would
appear that some daphnids may have been trapped in the oils. However,
some daphnids were also reportedly immobile on the bottom or in the
middle of the containers. Therefore, a mode of action distinct from
physical coating appears possible. EFED notes that risk would be of
concern regardless of the mode of toxicity; however, oily sheens are
less likely to occur in turbid waters. Therefore, entrapment in surface
oil slicks would be less likely to occur in turbid waters such as
streams and rivers, and oil slicks would be a higher concern in
quiescent waters such as wetlands and stagnant lakes.

In addition, a supplemental static acute study in Eastern oysters
produced an EC50 of 6 mg/L and an acute NOAEC of 3 mg/L. This study
suggests that aliphatic oils are moderately toxic to oysters.

B.  **Terrestrial Species**

    Based on submitted studies, the mixtures included in this assessment
    do not appear to be acutely toxic to birds or mammals when orally
    exposed. No mortality occurred at the limit dose for acute oral and
    subacute dietary studies in birds as demonstrated in Table II-4
    below. However, subacute studies in birds have shown effects
    including reduced reaction to external stimuli and increased
    incidence of toe picking in bobwhite quail at 1000 ppm 90 Neutral
    Oil. No signs of toxicity were observed in similar studies using the
    two other oil products tested (Table II-4). Data have not been
    submitted to allow for a characterization of the acute toxicity of
    each of the oils included in this category. If the composition is
    different across the various oils included in the aliphatic oils PC
    Codes, then their toxicological properties may also be different.

    The mammalian LD50 used in this assessment was 22,000 mg/kg-bw.
    However, the high dosing volumes needed to achieve this dose may
    have contributed to the toxicity observed in this study.

    Sufficient data are not available to determine if these substances
    may affect reproduction in either birds or mammals. No reproduction
    studies in birds or mammals and no terrestrial plant studies have
    been submitted to OPP or were located in EPA's ECOTOX database. Six
    incidents involving aliphatic oils (063503) are in EFED's EIIS
    (Ecological Incidents Information System) database. All incidents
    involve plant damage (Appendix D). In addition, labels currently
    carry phytotoxicity warnings. These data support a concern for
    potential risks to terrestrial plants.

+-------------+-----------+------------+------------------+-----------+
| **Table     |           |            |                  |           |
| II-4.       |           |            |                  |           |
| Terrestrial |           |            |                  |           |
| Toxicity    |           |            |                  |           |
| Profile for |           |            |                  |           |
| Aliphatic   |           |            |                  |           |
| Oils**      |           |            |                  |           |
+=============+===========+============+==================+===========+
| **Test      | **Test    | **Value    | **Comments**     | **MRID**  |
| Type**      | Su        | Used in    |                  |           |
|             | bstance** | Risk       |                  |           |
|             |           | As         |                  |           |
|             |           | sessment** |                  |           |
+-------------+-----------+------------+------------------+-----------+
| Rat acute   | **PC Code | 22,000     | At 22,000        | No MRID   |
| oral LD50   | 063502**  | mg/kg      | mg/kg-bw, it is  | a         |
|             |           |            | uncertain if     | vailable. |
|             | 8012-95-1 | (\>5000 to | toxic effects    | Data from |
|             |           | 22,000     | are caused by    | NIOSH,    |
|             | **PC Code | mg/kg-bw). | the test         | 2004,     |
|             | 063503**  |            | substance or the | provided  |
|             |           |            | high dosing      | by the    |
|             | 6         |            | volume needed to | Special   |
|             | 4742-55-8 |            | achieve this     | Review    |
|             |           |            | dose. RQs will   | and       |
|             | 6         |            | not be           | Rereg     |
|             | 4742-54-7 |            | calculated from  | istration |
|             |           |            | this study.      | Division  |
|             | 6         |            |                  | (SRRD).   |
|             | 4741-97-5 |            |                  |           |
+-------------+-----------+------------+------------------+-----------+
| Rat         | No data   | Not        | In the absence   | None      |
| 2           |           | available  | of data, risk    | available |
| -generation |           |            | estimation       |           |
| r           |           |            | cannot be        |           |
| eproduction |           |            | performed, and   |           |
|             |           |            | risk cannot be   |           |
|             |           |            | precluded.       |           |
|             |           |            | However, some of |           |
|             |           |            | these substances |           |
|             |           |            | are applied      |           |
|             |           |            | directly to farm |           |
|             |           |            | animals;         |           |
|             |           |            | therefore, some  |           |
|             |           |            | of these oils    |           |
|             |           |            | are not likely   |           |
|             |           |            | potent           |           |
|             |           |            | reproduction     |           |
|             |           |            | toxicants.       |           |
+-------------+-----------+------------+------------------+-----------+
| Bird acute  | GB-1111   | \>2250     | Acceptable       | 44608001  |
| oral LD50   | PC Code   | mg/kg-bw   | study. No        |           |
|             | (063503)  |            | mortality or     | 41793202  |
| (Mallard    |           |            | signs of         |           |
| Duck,       | 90        |            | toxicity were    |           |
| Bobwhite    | Neutral   |            | observed.        |           |
| Quail)      | oil       |            |                  |           |
|             | (063502)  |            |                  |           |
+-------------+-----------+------------+------------------+-----------+
| Bird        | 90        | \>5620 ppm | NOAEC for        | 41742101  |
| dietary     | Neutral   |            | sublethal        |           |
| LC~50~      | oil and   |            | effects was 1000 | 44780903  |
|             | N65DW     |            | ppm for 90       |           |
| (Mallard    | (063502)  |            | Neutral oil      | 44780902  |
| duck and    |           |            | based on reduced |           |
| Bobwhite    | GB-1111   |            | reaction to      |           |
| quail)      | (063503)  |            | external stimuli |           |
|             |           |            | and increased    |           |
|             |           |            | incidence of toe |           |
|             |           |            | picking. No      |           |
|             |           |            | effects were     |           |
|             |           |            | observed in      |           |
|             |           |            | other dietary    |           |
|             |           |            | subacute studies |           |
|             |           |            | at any           |           |
|             |           |            | concentration.   |           |
+-------------+-----------+------------+------------------+-----------+
| R           | No data   | Not        | In the absence   | None      |
| eproductive |           | available  | of data, a risk  |           |
| Toxicity    |           |            | estimation       |           |
| NOAEL       |           |            | cannot be        |           |
|             |           |            | performed, and   |           |
| (Bobwhite,  |           |            | risk cannot be   |           |
| mallard     |           |            | precluded.       |           |
| duck)       |           |            |                  |           |
+-------------+-----------+------------+------------------+-----------+
| Honey Bee   | GB-1111   | \>25       | No               | 44683301  |
| Contact     | (063503)  | ug/bee     | t                |           |
| LD~50~      |           |            | reatment-related | 41793201  |
|             | 90        | \>100      | effects were     |           |
|             | Neutral   | ug/bee     | observed in any  | 44676701  |
|             | Oil       |            | of these         |           |
|             | (063502)  | \>1830     | studies.         |           |
|             |           | ug/bee     |                  |           |
|             | N65DW     |            |                  |           |
|             | (063502)  |            |                  |           |
+-------------+-----------+------------+------------------+-----------+
| Terrestrial | No Data   | Not        | In the absence   | None      |
| Plants      |           | available  | of data, a risk  |           |
|             |           |            | estimation       |           |
| (Tier I)    |           |            | cannot be        |           |
|             |           |            | performed, and   |           |
|             |           |            | risk cannot be   |           |
|             |           |            | precluded.       |           |
+-------------+-----------+------------+------------------+-----------+

**III. Exposure Summary**

**A. Aquatic Systems**

**1. Aquatic Exposure Estimates from Spray Drift**

EFED performed preliminary modeling to bracket the potential exposures
resulting from spray drift alone assuming 9.7% of the mass applied to a
10 hectare field drifts into a 20,000,000 L water body (standard drift
assumption in GENEEC2 for orchard airblast applications, and EFED's
standard ecological water body volume). The results of this analysis are
in Table III-1 below. These EECs assume no runoff and therefore are
likely to under-estimate total exposure. Runoff exposure estimates are
presented in Table III-2. It is uncertain if the runoff EECs are
toxicologically comparable to the drift only EECs, the direct
application to water EECs, and the available toxicity data because the
various components within the oil mixtures are expected to degrade and
partition in such a manner that would preclude the oil mixture from
running off as an intact substance. Therefore, the composition of the
individual components in surface water from runoff is expected to be
different than the composition of the aliphatic oils applied to
terrestrial environments.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Table III-1. Preliminary   
  Aquatic EECs from Drift Into 
  a Standard Ecological Pond** 
  ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------
  **Application Rate**         **Preliminary EEC Only from 9.7% Drift**

  477 lbs a.i./Acre            2.6 mg/L

  150 lbs a.i./Acre            0.82 mg/L

  50 lbs a.i./Acre             0.27 mg/L

  10 lbs a.i./Acre             0.05 mg/L
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

An important uncertainty is that several of the components of the
mixtures included in this assessment are expected to be volatile.
However, the overall mixtures of the aliphatic hydrocarbons are expected
to be generally dominated by the longer chain hydrocarbons that tend to
be less volatile. Therefore, exposure to some of the components may be
lower than the screening level drift only EECs would suggest although
this is not expected to be significant. Also, volatilization would also
suggest that inhalation exposure could be an important exposure route
for terrestrial organisms, and potential risk from inhalation exposure
cannot be estimated unless inhalation toxicity information is available.

**2. Direct Application to Water**

For registered aliphatic hydrocarbon products (both aliphatic and
mineral oil registrations) there are labeled uses for direct application
to water bodies. In order to address this use, EFED has assumed the
maximum labeled application rate (37 lbs/acre) of petroleum product will
be applied directly to the treated water body. In order to estimate an
EEC for the ecological risk assessment, EFED has assumed the application
will occur to EFED\'s standard EXAMS water body of 20,000,000 L. As
such, the acute concentration, assuming instantaneous equilibrium, for
petroleum when applied directly to the water body is 2.1 ppm. This is
obtained by converting the pounds applied per acre to kilograms per
hectare (1 lb/acre is equivalent to 1.12 kg/ha), which yields an
application rate of 41.4 kg/ha. Thus, the total pesticide load to the
pond is 41.4 kilograms per 20,000,000 liters (the standard pond has a
one hectare surface area) which yields a concentration of 2.1 ppm. The
equation follows:

((37 lbs per acre x (1.12 kg per hectare/1 lb per acre)) x 1,000 g/kg x
1,000 mg/g) / 20,000,000 liters = **2.1 mg/liter (ppm).**

There are a number of uncertainties and assumptions inherent in the
direct application scenario that may influence the interpretation of
risk associated with this use pattern. For example, the conceptual model
of this exposure scenario assumes that the application occurs to the
standard water body that has a one hectare surface area and is two
meters deep. While the surface area does not influence model prediction
(because of an assumption that the pesticide is applied to the entire
surface area) the depth of the water body does impact the results. For
example, a similar application (maximum label rate) to a water body of
similar geometry but which is only one meter deep will yield an EEC
twice the number calculated for a 1 meter depth. Conversely, an
application to a water body twice as deep will yield an EEC half the EEC
derived above. More information about typical use sites other than that
provided on the label analysis is needed to determine what is an
appropriate receiving water body. However, given the screening level
nature of this assessment and the nature of the exposures resulting from
the agricultural uses assessed (477 lbs/acre to orchards) these
estimates for the direct application to water seem reasonable, but the
nature of the uncertainty cannot be assessed as to whether exposures are
overestimating or underestimating risk.

In addition, there is an assumption of instantaneous and uniform mixing
in this scenario. It is possible that the application of a petroleum
product to the surface of a water body could result in a separation of
phases. In other words, it is possible that the petroleum may not mix
within the water column and exposures could be restricted to a higher
concentration of a film, or layer, of petroleum on the surface of the
water that would yield a higher exposure but to a smaller proportion of
the water body.

Finally, as with the standard runoff and drift estimates, it is expected
that some amount of volatility will occur. However, it is also expected,
based on the assumed physical-chemical properties described above, that
the products included in this assessment tend to be heavier petroleum
products with longer carbon chains and therefore, volatilization of the
product is less likely. Regardless, it is expected that some proportion
of the applied product will be lost due to drift and volatility and that
is not captured in this estimate.

3.  **Aquatic Exposure Estimates from Runoff**

    In order to qualitatively evaluate the contribution of runoff to
    overall exposure, EFED conducted a simple screening level analysis
    using GENEEC. In this instance, GENEEC was run assuming aliphatic
    hydrocarbons would be applied by granular application (not a labeled
    use) as a convenience to minimize spray drift in the model run to
    zero. In lieu of any available environmental fate data EFED assumed
    that the relevant processes in GENEEC (aerobic soil and aquatic
    metabolism, hydrolysis and photolysis) were all stable. GENEEC was
    then run by varying the Koc across the potential range of Koc that
    might be expected for any of the various constituents within the
    aliphatic hydrocarbons. Table III-2 presents the results of this
    analysis which suggests that even with the dramatic variation in Koc
    used in this screen the predicted EEC at the highest application
    rate (477 lbs/acre) varies by only a factor of 20. Interestingly,
    the analysis indicates that between a Koc of 0.001 and 100 there is
    very little difference in resulting EEC. As Koc increases beyond
    this range a dramatic drop in EEC is noted when moving from a Koc of
    100 to Koc of 1000. This is significant because it is expected that
    most of the components which make up the aliphatic hydrocarbons will
    be in the high Koc range. Therefore, if the Koc of the majority of
    the constituents is \>1000, then the contribution to the EEC from
    runoff would not be expected to exceed 10 ppm from a single
    application of 477 lbs a.i./Acre.

Number range CHAPTERThe Horticultural Spray Oil Task Force (HSOTF)
recently submitted two studies which support EFED's assessment of risk
with the aliphatic hydrocarbons. First, the HSOTF submitted a summary of
available data from the open literature (MRID 45945301) which reported
that the aliphatic oils in general are relatively immobile. However, of
the three studies cited, only the study by Nudelman et al (2002)
reported a Koc, which ranged between 900 and 6600. In addition to the
open literature studies, the HSOTF study estimated adsorption/desorption
using physicochemical parameters. In this exercise the authors reported
a single estimated Koc of 47860. There were no actual analytical data
presented in this summary and therefore the data can only be considered
supplemental. However, the weight of evidence of these summaries
suggests that for aliphatic hydrocarbons a reasonable estimate of Koc
for these complex mixtures is between 1000 and 100000. Thus, comparing
these estimated Koc with the GENEEC estimates provided above suggest
that the higher Koc EEC approximated by 10000 may be a reasonable
assumption of exposure due to runoff.

Also the HSOTF submitted a spray drift exercise (MRID 46042801) intended
to confirm that the application of aliphatic hydrocarbons will not pose
a risk to aquatic organisms and thus no spray drift data are needed to
support this registration. Unfortunately, the exercise relies on unknown
assumptions of application rate (57 lbs per acre) as well as degradation
rates which are unsupported by data. The authors also compare the
predicted EEC estimated in this exercise with aquatic toxicity data
which excludes the most sensitive value available. In addition, in
determining that there is no risk to aquatic species the authors rely
only on the Acute Risk Level of Concern while ignoring the Acute
Restricted Use LOC and the Endangered Species LOC. Interestingly, the
exercise does provide EEC, which, if it had been is modeled at the
maximum label rate (477 lbs/acre) used in EFED's assessment, would
generally confirm that magnitude of exposure predicted in EFED's
modeling. Because this study represents a non-GLP exercise the data can
only be considered supplemental and the analysis does not support the
contention of no risk.

Number range CHAPTERBoth of these studies are under review and Data
Evaluation Records (DER) will be created for each study separate from
this assessment.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Table III-2. EECs                                
  Predicted Using GENEEC                             
  Assuming No Spray Drift                            
  and Stability to All                               
  Dissipation Processes**                            
  ----------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------
  **Application Rate**    **Koc**                    **EEC (ppm)**

  477 lbs a.i./Acre       0.001                      26.79

  477 lbs a.i./Acre       0.01                       26.79

  477 lbs a.i./Acre       0.1                        26.79

  477 lbs a.i./Acre       1                          26.76

  477 lbs a.i./Acre       10                         26.35

  477 lbs a.i./Acre       100                        22.79

  477 lbs a.i./Acre       1000                       10.04

  477 lbs a.i./Acre       10000                      2.51

  477 lbs a.i./Acre       100000                     1.41
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------

B.  **Terrestrial Systems**

Number range CHAPTEREstimated environmental concentrations (EECs) on
terrestrial systems were calculated using the application rates of 10,
50, 150, and 477 lbs/acre (single application) using the Tier I exposure
model, T-REX (Version 1.2.3.). This analysis indicates that aliphatic
oils may be found on dietary food items at extremely high concentrations
(up to 114,000 ppm). The resulting EECs used in risk assessment are in
Table III-3. These dietary concentrations were converted to doses
(mg/kg-bw) for 15-, 35-, and 1000-gram mammals and 20-, 100-, and
1000-gram birds. Body weight adjusted EECs for 10, 150, and 477 lbs/acre
applications for birds and mammals are in Appendix B.

  --------------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
  **Table III-3.                                                  
  Estimated Aliphatic                                             
  Oil Concentrations on                                           
  Selected Terrestrial                                            
  Animal Food Items                                               
  After Applications of                                           
  10 to 477 lbs                                                   
  a.i./Acre.**                                                    

  **Food Item**         **EEC (ppm)                               
                        from                                      
                        application                               
                        rates of 10                               
                        to 477 lbs                                
                        a.i./Acre**                               

                        **10 lbs      **50 lbs      **150 lbs     **477 lbs
                        a.i./Acre**   a.i./Acre**   a.i./Acre**   a.i./Acre**

  Short grass           2400          12,000        36,000        114,000

  Tall grass            1100          5500          17,000        52,000

  Broadleaf forage,     1350          6800          20,000        64,000
  small insects                                                   

  Fruits, seeds, pods,  150           750           2300          7200
  large insects                                                   
  --------------------- ------------- ------------- ------------- -------------

In addition to contamination of potential food items of terrestrial
species, aliphatic oils may be deposited onto eggs of terrestrial
organisms. Potential risks from this exposure route are further
discussed in Section IV.

**IV. Preliminary Risk Estimation**

A.  **Aquatic Systems**

Table IV-1 below presents preliminary risk quotients for aquatic
invertebrates based on the drift only and direct application to water
EECs and the lowest EC50 in daphnids of 0.02 mg/L. Contribution of
runoff to the EEC is discussed qualitatively because the composition of
the runoff component may or may not be toxicologically similar to the
composition of oils that enters water via spraydrift or that were used
in the available toxicity studies.

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Table IV-1. Preliminary                                  
  Aquatic Invertebrate                                       
  (daphnids) EECs from Drift                                 
  Into a Standard Ecological                                 
  Pond**                                                     
  ---------------------------- -------------- -------------- --------------
  **Application Rate**         **Drift EEC    **Daphnid RQ   **Oyster RQ
                               from 9.7%      based on an    based on an
                               Drift into a   EC50 of 0.02   EC50 of 6
                               20,000,000 L   mg/L**         mg/L**
                               ecological                    
                               pond**                        

  477 lbs a.i./Acre            2.6 mg/L       130            0.43

  150 lbs a.i./Acre            0.82 mg/L      41             0.14

  50 lbs a.i./Acre             0.27 mg/L      14             0.045

  10 lbs a.i./Acre             0.05 mg/L      2.5            \<0.01

  Direct Application EEC       2.1 mg/L       105            0.35
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------

EFED has conducted a simple analysis of the extent of a spray drift
buffer that would be needed to reduce the EEC at the various *single*
application rates to below the most sensitive level of concern (1 ppb
for endangered aquatic invertebrates; lowest EC50 of 0.02 mg/L x
endangered species LOC of 0.05 = 0.001 mg/L = 1 ppb). Using the Tier I
module within AgDrift for orchard airblast applications, EFED has
determined that for the range of application rates allowable on current
labels the buffers needed to reduce drift to levels below the endangered
species LOC are either at or beyond the limits of the model and is 177
feet at the lowest modeled application rate of 10 lbs/acre. This
analysis is based on a single application rate; the effect of multiple
applications was not evaluated. The results of this analysis are
presented in Table IV-2. This analysis is not applicable to the direct
application to water scenario.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Table IV-2. Spray drift    
  buffer distances needed to   
  reduce the EECs in Table     
  IV-1 to 1 ppb, which is the  
  highest level that would not 
  exceed the Aquatic           
  Invertebrate Endangered      
  Species Level of Concern     
  (LOC) based on the currently 
  available data.**            
  ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------
  **Application Rate**         **Buffer Distance**

  477 lbs a.i./Acre            \>1000 feet\*

  150 lbs a.i./Acre            \>1000 feet\*

  50 lbs a.i./Acre             902 feet

  10 lbs a.i./Acre             177 feet
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

\* - 1000 feet equals the limit of the Tier I model within AgDrift

As noted above, the estimates for spray drift only EEC and the estimate
of buffer width to reduce EEC are both limited in that the spray drift
only estimates do not account for the potential impact of runoff.
However, given the high expected Koc, buffer zones expected to reduce
EECs to levels that are protective from drift exposure are expected to
be protective from runoff exposures as well.

B.  **Terrestrial Animals**

    The available data for acute risk to terrestrial organisms is
    difficult to use because no mortality was observed at the limit dose
    in acute and subacute bird studies. However, the test levels were
    not as high as the potential exposures from the high application
    rates. For example, the avian LC50 is \>5620 ppm. Any applications
    at 23 lb ai/acre or higher will result in estimated residues on food
    items greater than 5620 ppm. Ground spray, air blast, chemigation,
    or aerial applications may apply up to 477 lbs a.i./Acre. At that
    rate, concentrations on terrestrial organism food items were
    estimated at up to 114,000 ppm, which is well above any
    concentration tested in the available toxicity studies. Table IV-3
    below presents application rates associated with key toxicity
    endpoints in terrestrial organisms.

  --------------- ------------------------------------- ---------------------
  **Table IV-3.                                         
  Application                                           
  rates                                                 
  associated with                                       
  key toxicity                                          
  endpoints in                                          
  terrestrial                                           
  organisms**                                           

  **Application   **Toxicity Endpoint**                 **Comment**
  Rate**                                                

  **Birds**                                             

  4 lbs a.i./Acre Application rate associated with      Toxic effects
                  lowest dietary concentration that     included reduced
                  produced a toxic effect in birds      reaction to external
                  (1000 ppm; MRID 1742101).             stimuli and increased
                                                        incidence of toe
                                                        picking in bobwhite
                                                        quail.

  6 lbs a.i./Acre Application rate associated with      No mortality occurred
                  highest body weight adjusted dose     at this dose.
                  tested in available acute oral gavage 
                  bird studies (1620 mg/kg-bw; adjusted 
                  from 2250 mg/kg-bw for a 20-gram      
                  bird).                                

  23 lbs          Application rate associated with      No mortality occurred
  a.i./Acre       highest dietary concentration tested  at this
                  in available bird studies (5620 ppm). concentration.

  **Mammals**                                           

  10 lbs          Application rate associated with      Data from NIOSH, 2004
  a.i./Acre       concentrations on short grass that is 
                  1/10th of the LD50 in mammals of      
                  22,000 mg/kg-bw.                      
  --------------- ------------------------------------- ---------------------

In addition, oils such as corn oils and mineral oils are used to prevent
hatching of undesirable birds by applying the oils directly onto the
eggs. The oils may block pores in the eggshells, which prevents oxygen
from entering the egg. Therefore, the developing embryo effectively
suffocates. Limited dose-response data are available to allow for an
estimation of the proportion of unhatched eggs associated with a given
amount of applied oil; however, APHIS (2003) indicates that 2 mL of egg
oil causes nearly 100% prevention of hatching birds in gulls and that 7
mL/egg is effective for goose egg treatment. In addition, Hoffman et al.
(2003) estimated an LD50 for GB-1111, which is a pesticide within the PC
Code 063503, of approximately 10 gallons/acre (approximately 75
lbs/Acre, assuming a specific gravity 0.875 to 0.905 for mineral oil; as
cited in <http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro.html>). This rate reportedly
corresponds to approximately 20 uL/egg. Aliphatic oils may be applied at
rates considerably higher than 75 lbs a.i./Acre; therefore, there is
presumably risk to bird eggs either on or adjacent to the treated field.
There would also presumably be risk to other terrestrial organisms that
lay eggs on or near treated fields.

Some oils, such as crude oil, have been shown to be considerably more
potent than oils used to prevent hatching of pest birds. Literature data
suggests that treatment of an egg with 1 to 5 microliters prevents
hatching, which suggests that some oils have a mode of action other than
coverage of an egg to prevent gas exchange (Hoffman, 1979). Because the
composition of the oils being assessed is uncertain, it is possible that
the oils included in this assessment may also possess additional modes
of action.

1.  Number range CHAPTER**Risk to Endangered and Threatened Species**

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a.  **Potential Direct Effects to Aquatic Organisms**

Endangered species LOCs were exceeded for aquatic invertebrates.
Toxicity data were not available to allow for an assessment of risk to
aquatic plants or chronic risk to fish or aquatic invertebrates.
Therefore, a finding of not likely to adversely affect endangered
species is not possible for these surrogate species at this time.

**b. Potential Risk to Endangered and Threatened Birds and Mammals**

Risks to endangered birds and mammals remain uncertain. Aliphatic oils
do not appear to be acutely toxic to birds or mammals; however, the high
application rates of these oils would result in potential exposure
levels that exceed the highest doses tested in the available toxicity
studies. No reproduction studies in birds or mammals were available for
use in risk assessment. However, direct deposition of oils onto eggs in
close proximity to the use area would presumably put them at risk
because coating of eggs by oils can result in suffocation of the
developing organism (Hoffman et al., 2004; Albers et al., 2003).

c.  **Potential Risk to Endangered and Threatened Plants in Terrestrial
    and Semi-aquatic Environments**

    Potential risks to terrestrial plants were not assessed because no
    toxicity data were available for use in risk assessment. Six
    incidences of plant damage are in EFED's Ecological Incidence
    Information System (EIIS) database for PC Code 063503 at the time
    this analysis was prepared, which would support a concern for
    potential risks to non-target plants.

d.  **Indirect Effect Analyses**

    The Agency acknowledges that pesticides have the potential to exert
    indirect effects upon the listed organisms by, for example,
    perturbing forage or prey availability, altering the extent of
    nesting habitat, etc. In conducting a screen for indirect effects,
    direct effect LOCs for each taxonomic group are used to make
    inferences concerning the potential for indirect effects upon listed
    species that rely upon non-endangered organisms in these taxonomic
    groups as resources critical to their life cycle. Based on the data
    limitations, this analysis suggests that risk of direct effects from
    use of aliphatic oils cannot be precluded for any of the surrogate
    species considered in this assessment, although acute risk to fish
    was presumably lower than the Agency's concern level. Therefore,
    there may be a potential concern for indirect effects to organisms
    that depend on species at risk for survival, habitat, or
    reproduction.

    The Agency uses the dose-response relationship from the toxicity
    studies used for calculating the RQ to estimate the probability of
    acute effects associated with an exposure equivalent to the
    endangered species LOC. However, based on limitations of the
    toxicity data, EFED did not calculate probabilities of acute effects
    based on the dose-response from the available toxicity studies.
    However, using EFED's default probit slope of 4.5 with lower and
    upper ranges of 2 to 9, the range of estimates of probabilities of
    individual effects would be extremely variable.

    This information serves as a guide to establish the need for and
    extent of additional analysis that may be performed using
    Services-provided "species profiles" as well as evaluations of the
    geographical and temporal nature of the exposure to ascertain if a
    "not likely to adversely affect" determination can be made. The
    degree to which additional analyses are performed is commensurate
    with the predicted probability of adverse effects from the
    comparison of the dose-response information with the EECs. The
    greater the probability that exposures will produce effects on a
    taxa, the greater the concern for potential indirect effects for
    listed species dependent upon that taxa, and therefore, the more
    intensive the analysis on the potential listed species of concern,
    their locations relative to the use site, and information regarding
    the use scenario (e.g., timing, frequency, and geographical extent
    of pesticide application).

e.  **Critical Habitat**

    In the evaluation of pesticide effects on designated critical
    habitat, consideration is given to the physical and biological
    features (constituent elements) of a critical habitat identified by
    the U.S Fish and Wildlife and National Marine Fisheries Services as
    essential to the conservation of a listed species and which may
    require special management considerations or protection. The
    evaluation of impacts for a screening level pesticide risk
    assessment focuses on the biological features that are constituent
    elements and is accomplished using the screening-level taxonomic
    analysis (risk quotients, RQS) and listed species levels of concern
    (LOCs) that are used to evaluate direct and indirect effects to
    listed organisms.

    The screening-level risk assessment has identified potential
    concerns for indirect effects for all surrogate species. Further
    analysis on potential impacts on critical habitat is not possible
    until uncertainty in this assessment is addressed. If additional
    data are submitted, and the Agency's LOCs remain exceeded, then the
    next step for EPA and the Service(s) would be to identify which
    listed species and critical habitat are potentially implicated.
    Analytically, the identification of such species and critical
    habitat can occur in either of two ways. First, the agencies could
    determine whether the action area overlaps critical habitat or the
    occupied range of any listed species. If so, EPA would examine
    whether the pesticide\'s potential impacts on non-endangered species
    would affect the listed species indirectly or directly affect a
    constituent element of the critical habitat. Alternatively, the
    agencies could determine which listed species depend on biological
    resources, or have constituent elements that fall into, the taxa
    that may be directly or indirectly impacted by the pesticide. Then
    EPA would determine whether use of the pesticide overlaps the
    critical habitat or the occupied range of those listed species. At
    present, the information reviewed by EPA does not permit use of
    either analytical approach to make a definitive identification of
    species that are potentially impacted indirectly or critical
    habitats that is potentially impacted directly by the use of the
    pesticide. EPA and the Service(s) are working together to conduct
    the necessary analysis.

    This screening-level risk assessment for critical habitat provides a
    listing of potential biological features that, if they are
    constituent elements of one or more critical habitats, would be of
    potential concern. These correspond to the taxa identified above as
    being of potential concern for indirect effects and include all
    surrogate species assessed. This list should serve as an initial
    step in problem formulation for further assessment of critical
    habitat impacts outlined above, should additional work be necessary.

f.  **Co-occurrence Analysis**

    The goal of the analysis for co-location is to determine whether
    sites of pesticide use are geographically associated with known
    locations of listed species. A co-occurrence analysis was not
    performed at this time due to the large amount of uncertainty
    identified in this assessment. Based on the risks currently
    identified in this assessment and the large number of labeled uses
    of aliphatic oils, the co-occurrence analysis would include
    virtually all endangered species.

g.  **Summary of Taxa Potentially at Risk**

    Potential risks to endangered species are summarized in Table IV-4
    below.

Table IV-4. Listed species risks associated with direct or indirect
effects due to applications of aliphatic solvents for terrestrial uses.

+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| **Listed Taxon**      | # Direct Effects     | **Indirect Effects** |
+=======================+======================+======================+
| Terrestrial and       | Yes^1^               | Yes ^1,7^            |
| semi-aquatic plants   |                      |                      |
| -- monocots and       |                      |                      |
| dicots                |                      |                      |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Insects               | Yes^2^               | Yes ^2,7^            |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Birds                 | Reproduction^3^      | Yes^1,2,3,6,8^       |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Terrestrial phase     | Yes^4^               | Yes^1,2,3,4,5,8,9^   |
| amphibians            |                      |                      |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Reptiles              | Yes^4^               | Yes^1,2,3,4,5,6,8^   |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Mammals               | None identified^10^  | Yes^1,2,3,4,5,6,8^   |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Aquatic vascular      | Yes^5^               | Yes^5,7^             |
| plants                |                      |                      |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Freshwater fish       | None identified^11^  | Yes^5,6^             |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Aquatic phase         | None identified^11^  | Yes^5,6^             |
| amphibians            |                      |                      |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Freshwater            | Yes^6^               | Yes^5,6^             |
| crustaceans           |                      |                      |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Mollusks              | Yes^6^               | Yes^5,6^             |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Marine/estuarine fish | None identified^11^  | Yes^5,6^             |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+
| Marine/estuarine      | Yes^6^               | Yes^5,6^             |
| crustaceans           |                      |                      |
+-----------------------+----------------------+----------------------+

1 No terrestrial plant data available, effects to terrestrial plants are
unknown. However, aliphatic solvent labels indicate phytotoxic effects
to plants, and incidences have been reported of crop damage from use of
aliphatic oils.

2 Aliphatic solvents are registered as an insecticide and miticide, some
risk to nontarget insects is anticipated.

3 Oils such as mineral oils are used to prevent hatching of undesirable
egg-laying animals by applying the oils directly onto the eggs, there is
presumably risk to eggs either on or adjacent to the treated field.

4 Birds are used as surrogate for terrestrial-phase reptiles and
amphibians.

5 Effects to aquatic plants are unknown; aliphatic solvent labels
indicate phytotoxic effects to plants.

6 Endangered species LOCs were exceeded for aquatic invertebrates.

7 Potential concerns for indirect effects on plants that require birds
or insects as pollinators or seed dispersers.

8 Potential concerns for indirect effects on animals that eat birds.

9 Potential concerns for indirect effects on animals that require
reptile burrows as habitat.

10 Residue levels may be higher than levels tested in acute studies, and
risk of reproduction effects were not quantified due to lack of
available toxicity data. Therefore, potential risks to mammals could not
be precluded.

11 Chronic studies were not submitted; therefore, a chronic risk
assessment was not conducted.

Number range CHAPTER**References**

Albers P.H., D.J. Hoffman, D.M. Buscemi, M.J. Melancon. 2003. Effects of
the mosquito larvicide GB-1111 on red-winged blackbird embryos.
Environmental Pollution 125 (2003) 447--451.

CONCAWE. 1995. Product Dossier No. 94/106, Kerosines/Jet Fuels. Prepared
by European Oil Company Organization for Environment, Health and Safety
(Belgium). Report dated April 1995.

CONCAWE. 1996. Report No. 96/52, Environmental Risk Assessment of
Petroleum Substances: The Hydrocarbon Block Method. Prepared by European
Oil Company Organization for Environment, Health and Safety (Belgium).
Report dated February 1996.

CONCAWE. 1997. Product Dossier No. 97/108, Lubricating Oil Basestocks.
Prepared by European Oil Company Organization for Environment, Health
and Safety (Belgium). Report dated June 1997.

CONCAWE. 1999. Product Dossier No. 99/110, Petroleum Waxes and Related
Products. Prepared by European Oil Company Organization for Environment,
Health and Safety (Belgium). Report dated December 1999.

CONCAWE. 2001. Report No. 01/54, Environmental Classification of
Petroleum Substances - Summary Data and Rationale. Prepared by CONCAWE
Petroleum Products Ecology Group (Belgium). Report dated October 2001.

Foster K, Mackay D, Milford L, and Webster E. 2003. Multimedia Modeling
and Exposure Assessment for Gasoline. Canadian Environmental Modelling
Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. Report dated
July 2003.

Foster K, Mackay D, Parkerton TF, Webster E, and Milford L. 2005.
Five-Stage Environmental Exposure Assessment Strategy for Mixtures:
Gasoline as a Case Study. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39: 2711-2718.

GENEEC. 2001. Generic Estimated Environmental Concentrations, Version
2.0. August 1, 2001. Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of
Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D.C. Available at:
<http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/geneec2_description.htm>

Hoffman D.J., P.H. Albers, M.J. Melancon, A.K. Miles. 2004. Effects of
the mosquito larvicide GB-1111 on bird eggs. Environmental Pollution 127
(2004) 353--358.

Hoffman D.J. 1979. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of crude oil on
mallard embryos on day one of development. Bull Env Contam Toxicol 22:
632-637.

TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) Criteria Working Group. 1997a. Volume
3: Selection of

Representative TPH Fractions Based on Fate and Transport Considerations.
Report dated July 1997. Amherst Scientific Publishers, Amherst,
Massachusetts.

TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) Criteria Working Group. 1997b. Volume
4: Development of Fraction Specific Reference Doses (RfDs) and Reference
Concentrations (RfCs) for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Amherst
Scientific Publishers, Amherst, Massachusetts.

TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) Criteria Working Group. 1998a. Volume
1: Analysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Environmental Media. Report
dated March 1998. Amherst Scientific Publishers, Amherst, Massachusetts.

TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) Criteria Working Group. 1998b. Volume
2: Composition

of Petroleum Mixtures. Report dated May 1998. Amherst Scientific
Publishers, Amherst, Massachusetts.

TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) Criteria Working Group. 1999. Volume
5: Human Health Risk-Based Evaluation of Petroleum Release Sites:
Implementing the Working Group Approach. Report dated June 1999. Amherst
Scientific Publishers, Amherst, Massachusetts.

U.S. EPA/ORD (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Research
and Development). 2000. Supplementary Guidance for Conducting Health
Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. Office of Research and
Development, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC. EPA/630/R-00/002. Report dated
August2000. Available at
[[www.epa.gov/ncea.]{.underline}](http://www.epa.gov/ncea.)

Appendix A. Rationale for not including High Production Volume summary
aquatic toxicity data in this ecological risk assessment

-   Most studies were conducted using water accommodated fractions
    (WAFs). WAFs are prepared by loading the test system with a nominal
    concentration that is above the solubility of the test substance,
    mixing the solution, then allowing the mixture to equilibrate. The
    resulting aqueous fraction is the WAF. Results of analytical
    confirmation of the concentrations in the WAF were not reported;
    therefore, the concentration or the composition of the WAF is
    uncertain.

-   Original study reports were not submitted to the Agency; therefore,
    EFED has not performed an independent evaluation of data adequacy.
    In some cases, LC50 and EC50 values were reported that did not have
    accompanying robust summaries; therefore, data quality could not be
    independently verified by EFED.

-   Water hardness in the daphnid studies was high and ranged from 174
    to 274 mg CaCO~3~/L. High water hardness reduces solubility of
    petroleum oils. Therefore, exposure to daphnids in these studies may
    have been lower relative to potential environmental concentrations.

-   Although aquatic toxicity tests with aliphatic oils with the same
    CAS Nos. or with similar descriptions as those included in PC Codes
    063502 and 063503 were conducted, it is uncertain if the substances
    tested were equivalent to the substances used as biocides.

For these reasons, the summaries submitted to the HPV program were not
used quantitatively in this assessment. Nonetheless, numerous studies
were reported that produced apparently consistent results; therefore,
together with the studies submitted to EFED, they may provide some
insight into the toxicity of aliphatic oils from nominal loading (e.g.,
direct application to water and drift) into an aqueous environment.

**Appendix B-1. Methodology used to convert dietary concentration to
dose (mg/kg-day).**

Number range CHAPTEREECs (mg/kg-bw) for various size classes of mammals
and birds may be calculated based on the dietary residue concentrations
derived using the methods described above. To allow for this type of
analysis, the EECs and toxicity values are adjusted based on food intake
and body weight differences so that they are comparable for a given
weight class of animal. Size classes assessed include 20-, 100-, and
1000- gram birds and 15-, 35-, and 1000-gram mammals. Dietary
concentrations presented in Table III-5 above along with estimated food
intake levels are used to calculate daily doses for the size of bird or
mammal being assessed. These calculations are presented below.

Daily food intake (g/day) is assumed to correlate with body weight using
the following empirically derived equation (U.S. EPA, 1993):

Avian food consumption (g/day)

![](media/image2.wmf)

> where:
>
> F = food intake in grams of fresh weight per day (g/day)
>
> BW = body mass of animal (g)
>
> W = mass fraction of water in the food (EFED value = 0.8 for birds and
> herbivorous mammals)

Based on this equation, a 20-gram bird would consume 22.8 grams of food
daily (114% of its body weight), a 100-gram bird would consume 65 grams
of food daily (65% of its body weight daily), and 1000-gram bird would
consume 290 grams of food daily (29% of its body weight). These data,
together with the dietary residue concentrations (mg/kg-food item) on
selected food items (Table III-5), are used to estimate the dose
(mg/kg-bw) of residue consumed by the three size classes of birds
assessed. Using a small (20-gram) bird as an example, a dietary
concentration of 100 mg/kg-diet (ppm) x 1.14 kg diet/kg bw (114%) would
result in an equivalent dose-based EEC of 114 mg/kg-bw.

A similar relationship between body weight and food intake has been
derived for mammals (U.S. EPA 1993):

Mammalian food consumption (g/day)

![](media/image3.wmf)

> where:
>
> F = food intake in grams of fresh weight per day (g/day)
>
> BW = body mass of animal (g)
>
> W = mass fraction of water in the food (EFED value = 0.8 for
> herbivorous mammals, 0.1 for granivorous mammals)

The scaling factors result in the following percent body weight consumed
for each weight class of mammal:

-   15-gram mammal: 14 grams of food consumed daily (95% of its body
    weight)

-   35-gram mammal: 23 grams of food consumed daily (66% of its body
    weight daily)

-   1000-gram mammal: 150 grams of food consumed daily (15% of its body
    weight).

    These values are used in the same manner described for birds to
    calculate dose-based EECs (mg/kg-bw). Using a small (15-gram) mammal
    as an example, aliphatic oil concentrations on a dietary food item
    of 100 mg/kg-diet (ppm) x 0.95 kg diet/kg bw (95%) would result in
    an equivalent dose-based EEC of 95 mg/kg-bw. Dose based EECs are
    presented in Tables III-6 and III-7 below for birds and mammals,
    respectively.

**Appendix B-2. Dose based EECs from application of 10, 150 and 477 lbs
a.i./Acre in birds and mammals**

**477 lbs/Acre, mammals**

  ------------------------------- ---------------- -------------- --------------
  **Dose-Based EECs\              **Mammalian                     
  (mg/kg-bw)**                    Classes and Body                
                                  weight**                        

                                  **Herbivores/                   
                                  insectivores**                  

                                  **15 g**         **35 g**       **1000 g**

  **Short Grass**                 **109147.91**    **75435.81**   **17490.06**

  **Tall Grass**                  **50026.13**     **34574.75**   **8016.28**

  **Broadleaf plants/sm Insects** **61395.70**     **42432.64**   **9838.16**

  **Fruits/pods/seeds/lg          **6821.74**      **4714.74**    **1093.13**
  insects**                                                       
  ------------------------------- ---------------- -------------- --------------

**477 lbs/Acre, birds**

  ----------------------------- --------------- -------------- --------------
  **Dose-based EECs\            **Avian Classes                
  (mg/kg-bw)**                  and Body                       
                                Weights**                      

                                **small**       **mid**        **large**

                                **20 g**        **100 g**      **1000 g**

  **Short Grass**               **130381.26**   **74348.91**   **33287.00**

  **Tall Grass**                **59758.08**    **34076.59**   **15256.54**

  **Broadleaf plants/sm         **73339.46**    **41821.26**   **18723.94**
  Insects**                                                    

  **Fruits/pods/seeds/lg        **8148.83**     **4646.81**    **2080.44**
  insects**                                                    
  ----------------------------- --------------- -------------- --------------

**150 lbs/Acre, mammals**

  ----------------------------- ---------------- -------------- -------------
  **Dose-Based EECs\            **Mammalian                     
  (mg/kg-bw)**                  Classes and Body                
                                weight**                        

                                **Herbivores/                   
                                insectivores**                  

                                **15 g**         **35 g**       **1000 g**

  **Short Grass**               **34323.24**     **23721.95**   **5500.02**

  **Tall Grass**                **15731.49**     **10872.56**   **2520.84**

  **Broadleaf plants/sm         **19306.82**     **13343.60**   **3093.76**
  Insects**                                                     

  **Fruits/pods/seeds/lg        **2145.20**      **1482.62**    **343.75**
  insects**                                                     
  ----------------------------- ---------------- -------------- -------------

**150 lbs/Acre, birds**

  ----------------------------- -------------- -------------- --------------
  **Dose-based EECs\            **Avian                       
  (mg/kg-bw)**                  Classes and                   
                                Body Weights**                

                                **small**      **mid**        **large**

                                **20 g**       **100 g**      **1000 g**

  **Short Grass**               **41000.40**   **23380.16**   **10467.61**

  **Tall Grass**                **18791.85**   **10715.91**   **4797.65**

  **Broadleaf plants/sm         **23062.72**   **13151.34**   **5888.03**
  Insects**                                                   

  **Fruits/pods/seeds/lg        **2562.52**    **1461.26**    **654.23**
  insects**                                                   
  ----------------------------- -------------- -------------- --------------

**10 lbs/Acre, mammals**

  ------------------------------ ---------------- --------------- ------------
  **Dose-Based EECs\             **Mammalian                      
  (mg/kg-bw)**                   Classes and Body                 
                                 weight**                         

                                 **Herbivores/                    
                                 insectivores**                   

                                 **15 g**         **35 g**        **1000 g**

  **Short Grass**                **2288.22**      **1581.46**     **366.67**

  **Tall Grass**                 **1048.77**      **724.84**      **168.06**

  **Broadleaf plants/sm          **1287.12**      **889.57**      **206.25**
  Insects**                                                       

  **Fruits/pods/seeds/lg         **143.01**       **98.84**       **22.92**
  insects**                                                       
  ------------------------------ ---------------- --------------- ------------

**10 lbs/Acre, birds**

  ----------------------------- -------------- -------------- ------------
  **Dose-based EECs\            **Avian                       
  (mg/kg-bw)**                  Classes and                   
                                Body Weights**                

                                **small**      **mid**        **large**

                                **20 g**       **100 g**      **1000 g**

  **Short Grass**               **2733.36**    **1558.68**    **697.84**

  **Tall Grass**                **1252.79**    **714.39**     **319.84**

  **Broadleaf plants/sm         **1537.51**    **876.76**     **392.54**
  Insects**                                                   

  **Fruits/pods/seeds/lg        **170.83**     **97.42**      **43.62**
  insects**                                                   
  ----------------------------- -------------- -------------- ------------

Number range CHAPTER**Appendix C. Summary of Registered Aliphatic oils
Uses**

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Table C-1.         
  Overview of          
  Aliphatic oil Uses** 
  -------------------- --------------------------------------------------
  **Crop Grouping**    **Representative Use**

  Terrestrial food and Acerola (West Indies Cherry), alfalfa, almond,
  feed crop            amaranth-Chinese, apple, apricots,
                       artichoke-Chinese, asparagus, atemoya, avocado,
                       balm, banana, basil, beans, beans-succulent
                       (lima), beans-succulent (snap), beets,
                       blackberries, blueberries, boysenberries,
                       broccoli, broccoli-Chinese, brussels sprouts,
                       bushberries, cabbage, cabbage-Chinese,
                       caneberries, carambola (jalea), cauliflower,
                       celery, cherry, citron (citrus), citrus, citrus
                       hybrids, coffee, cole crops, collards, corianders,
                       corn (general), field corn, sweet corn, popcorn,
                       cotton, cranberries, cucumber, cucurbit
                       vegetables, currant, deciduous fruit trees,
                       dewberries, eggplant, fig, flavoring/spice crops,
                       ginger, ginseng (medicinal), gourd (wax)-Chinese,
                       grapefruit, grapes, grasses grown for seed,
                       honeycomb, hops, kiwi fruit, lemon, lettuce, lime,
                       loganberry, macadamia nut (bushnut), mango,
                       marjoram/oregano, melons, melons-bitter (balsam
                       pear), melons-cantaloupe, melons-citron,
                       melons-water, mint/peppermint/spearmint, mustard,
                       nectarines, okra, olives, onions, oranges, papaya,
                       pastures, peas-southern, peach, peanuts, pear,
                       pecan, pepper, pepper (chili type), persimmon,
                       pineapple, pistachio, plantains, plum,
                       potato-white/irish, prune, pumpkin, radish,
                       radish-Chinese, rambutan, raspberries, small
                       fruits, sorghum, soybean, spinach, squash, stone
                       fruits, strawberry, sugar beets (include tops),
                       sweet potato, tangelo, tangerines, taro, tomato,
                       turnips and walnut (black/English).

  Terrestrial non-food Christmas tree plantations, non-agricultural
  crop                 right-of-way/ fence rows / hedgerows,
                       non-agricultural uncultivated areas, ornamentals,
                       shade trees, herbaceous plants, woody shrubs and
                       vines, recreational areas, tobacco, urban areas,
                       wide areas/general outdoor treatment (public
                       health use), citrus, commercial / institutions /
                       industrial premises/equipments (outdoor),
                       deciduous fruit trees and pears.

  Aquatic non-food     Drainage systems, lakes/ponds/reservoirs (without
  industrial           human/wildlife use) and sewage systems.

  Aquatic non-food     Intermittently flooded areas, salt water sites,
  outdoors             swamps, marshes, wetlands and stagnant water
                       areas.

  Aquatic food crop    Agricultural drainage systems, intermittently
                       flooded areas, salt water sites, swamps, marshes,
                       wetlands, stagnant water areas and
                       lakes/ponds/reservoirs (without human/wildlife
                       use).

  Greenhouse non-food  Ornamentals, shade trees, herbaceous plants,
                       non-flowering plants, woody shrubs and vines and
                       tobacco.

  Greenhouse food crop Asparagus, balm, basil, beans, beets, cabbage,
                       cauliflower, corn, citrus, cucurbit vegetables,
                       eggplant, fig, flavoring/spice crops, grapefruit,
                       lettuce, marjoram/oregano, melons,
                       mint/peppermint/spearmint, pepper,
                       potato-white/irish, radish, squash, sweet potato,
                       tomato, cole crops, popcorn, sweet corn, cotton,
                       cucumber, lemon, macadamia nut (bushnut), mango,
                       nectarine, onions, oranges, peach, pears, pecans,
                       plum, prunes, pumpkins, strawberry, sugar beets
                       and walnuts (black/English).

  Outdoor residential  Household/domestic dwelling contents/outdoor
                       premises, ornamentals, shade trees, herbaceous
                       plants, woody shrubs and vines and urban areas.

  Indoor residential   Ornamentals, shade trees, herbaceous plants,
                       non-flowering plants, woody shrubs and vines,
                       dogs/canines, household/domestic dwelling
                       contents/indoor premises, human
                       bedding/mattresses, human clothing (for
                       mildew/mold control) and pets living/sleeping
                       quarters.

  Indoor non-food      Ornamentals, shade trees, herbaceous plants,
                       non-flowering plants, woody shrubs and vines,
                       animal kennels/sleeping quarters (commercial),
                       birdseed (processed), commercial storage/warehouse
                       premises, commercial / institutions / industrial
                       premises/equipments (indoor), eating
                       establishments, horses, pets and specialized
                       animals.

  Indoor food          Agricultural/farm premises, barley, barns,
                       barnyards, auction barns, beef/range/feeder cattle
                       (meat), buckwheat, commercial storage/warehouse
                       premises, commercial transportation
                       facilities-feed/food-empty, corn (unspecified),
                       dairy cattle, dairy farm milk handling
                       facilities/equipments, dairy farm milk storage
                       rooms/houses/sheds, dairy farm milking
                       stalls/parlors, eating establishments, food
                       handling areas, egg handling areas, feed/food
                       treatment-storage/processing/handling equipments,
                       food and feed products (processed), food
                       processing plant premises/equipments, food
                       stores/markets/supermarket premises,
                       food/grocery/marketing/storage/distribution
                       facility premises, fruits (dried/dehydrated),
                       grain/cereal/flour bins-empty or full,
                       grain/cereal/flour elevators-empty or full,
                       grain/cereal/flour storage areas-full,
                       hog/pig/swine (meat), household/domestic dwelling
                       indoor food handling areas, meat processing plants
                       premises, poultry (egg/meat), poultry processing
                       plants premises, rice, rye and seeds.

  Indoor medicinal     Hospitals/medicinal institutions premises.
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| *      |         |          |                 |       |              |
| *TABLE |         |          |                 |       |              |
| C-2.   |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Se     |         |          |                 |       |              |
| lected |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Regi   |         |          |                 |       |              |
| stered |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Uses   |         |          |                 |       |              |
| of     |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Ali    |         |          |                 |       |              |
| phatic |         |          |                 |       |              |
| oils** |         |          |                 |       |              |
+========+=========+==========+=================+=======+==============+
| *      | **Pr    | **Formu  | **Application   | **Max | *            |
| *Use** | oduct** | lation** | Rate**          | \#**  | *Application |
|        |         |          |                 |       | Methods**    |
|        |         | **Descr  |                 | *     |              |
|        |         | iption** |                 | *Appl |              |
|        |         |          |                 | /Yr** |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | PU      | Oil      | 0.1103 lb/gal - | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | RESPRAY |          | 469.2 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | Spray   | (98%     |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| Crop / | Oil 10E | p        |                 |       | spray        |
|        |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
| Gree   |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| nhouse |         |          |                 |       |              |
| /      |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         |          |                 |       |              |
| O      |         |          |                 |       |              |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       |              |
| ential |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
|        | Spray   | Oil      | 0.1103 lb/gal - | Not   | Ground,      |
|        | Oil 13E |          | 469.2 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
|        |         | (98%     |                 | ified | and aerial   |
|        |         | p        |                 |       | spray        |
|        |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       | Mist blower  |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
|        | Spray   | Oil      | 0.1103 lb/gal - | Not   | Ground,      |
|        | Oil 15E |          | 469.2 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
|        |         | (98%     |                 | ified | and aerial   |
|        |         | p        |                 |       | spray        |
|        |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
|        | Spray   | Oil      | 0.1103 lb/gal - | Not   | Ground,      |
|        | Oil 22E |          | 469.2 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
|        |         | (98%     |                 | ified | and aerial   |
|        |         | p        |                 |       | spray        |
|        |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       | Dip tank     |
|        |         |          |                 |       | treatment    |
|        |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         |          |                 |       | Mist blower  |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Red-Top | Oil      | 7.0191 lb/100   | Not   | Ground and   |
| strial | S       |          | gal - 14.04     | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | uperior | (99%     | lb/100 gal      | ified | spray        |
| O      | Spray   | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| utdoor | Oil     |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | N.W.    |          |                 |       |              |
| ential |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Red-Top | Emul     | 14.04 - 84.23   | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | S       | sifiable | lb/A            | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | uperior | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
|        | Spray   | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
|        | Oil     |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (99%     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | Summit  | Emul     | 0.0685 - 0.274  | When  | Ground and   |
| trial, | Hortic  | sifiable | lb/gal          | nece  | air-blast    |
| I      | ultural | con      |                 | ssary | spray.       |
| ndoors | Spray   | centrate |                 |       |              |
| and    | Oil     |          |                 |       |              |
| Gree   |         | (98.8%   |                 |       |              |
| nhouse |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Britz   | Emul     | 3.47 lb/A -     | Not   | Ground and   |
| strial | Citrus  | sifiable | 41.64 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | Supreme | con      |                 | ified | spray.       |
|        | Oil     | centrate |                 |       |              |
|        | Spray   |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (99%     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | G       | Emul     | 50.24 lb/A -    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | avicide | sifiable | 57.42 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | Super   | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
|        | 90 New  | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
|        | S       |          |                 |       |              |
|        | uperior | (99%     |                 |       |              |
|        | Spray   | oil)     |                 |       |              |
|        | for     |          |                 |       |              |
|        | De      |          |                 |       |              |
|        | ciduous |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Fruits  |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | First   | Emul     | 0.7 - 50 gal/A  | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Choice  | sifiable |                 | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | Narrow  | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
|        | Range   | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
|        | 415     |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Spray   | (98%     |                 |       |              |
|        | Oil     | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | Sup     | Oil      | 2.5 - 7.5 Tbsp  | Not   | Ground and   |
| trial, | er-Fine |          | (L)             | spec  | air-blast    |
| Gree   | Spray   | (98.8%   |                 | ified | spray        |
| nhouse | Oil     | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| and    |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Indoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | BAC HI  | Emul     | 6.958 lb/100    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Supreme | sifiable | gal - 139.16    | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | Spray   | con      | lb/A            | ified | and aerial   |
|        | Oil     | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
|        |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (98%     |                 |       | Mist sprayer |
|        |         | p        |                 |       |              |
|        |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | Volck   | Emul     | 1 Tbsp/L -      | Not   | Ground,      |
| trial, | Oil     | sifiable | 0.2856 lb/gal   | spec  | air-blast    |
| In     | Spray   | con      | (spray)         | ified | and aerial   |
| door/O |         | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         |          | and 0.0268      |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (97%     | lb/gal (tank)   |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| and    |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Gree   |         |          |                 |       |              |
| nhouse |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Supreme | Emul     | 7.0191 - 56.15  | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Oil     | sifiable | lb/A            | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    |         | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      |         | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (99%     |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Supreme | Emul     | 13.9 lb/100     | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Oil 98  | sifiable | gal - 55.59     | spec  | air-blast    |
|        |         | con      | lb/A            | ified | and aerial   |
|        |         | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
|        |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (98%     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | S       | Emul     | 7.018 lb/100    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | im-Chem | sifiable | gal - 35.09     | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | S       | con      | lb/A            | ified | and aerial   |
| O      | uperior | centrate |                 |       | spray.       |
| utdoor | Spray   |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | oil     | (98.84%  |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Gav     | Emul     | 10.12 lb/100    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | icide-C | sifiable | gal -           | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | Narrow  | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
|        | Range   | centrate | 216.8 lb/A      |       | spray.       |
|        | 440     |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Spray   | (99.7%   |                 |       |              |
|        | Oil for | mineral  |                 |       |              |
|        | Citrus  | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | B       | Oil      | 0.1397 lb/gal - | Not   | Ground,      |
| trial, | ioCover |          | 475.8 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
| O      | SS      | (98%     |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| utdoor |         | p        |                 |       | spray        |
| Resid  |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       | Dip tank     |
| and    |         |          |                 |       | treatment    |
| Gree   |         |          |                 |       |              |
| nhouse |         |          |                 |       | Mist blower  |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
|        | B       | Oil      | 0.1397 lb/gal - | Not   | Ground,      |
|        | ioCover |          | 475.8 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | UL      | (98%     |                 | ified | and aerial   |
|        |         | p        |                 |       | spray        |
|        |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       | Dip tank     |
|        |         |          |                 |       | treatment    |
|        |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         |          |                 |       | Mist blower  |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | Glacial | Oil      | 0.1122 lb/gal - | When  | Ground,      |
| trial, | Spray   |          | 477.7 lb/A      | nece  | air-blast    |
| Gree   | Fluid   | (98.4%   |                 | ssary | and aerial   |
| nhouse |         | p        |                 |       | spray        |
| and    |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
| Indoor |         | oil)     |                 |       | Mist blower  |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Indoor | He      | Pre      | 1 - - (L)       | When  | Ground spray |
| Resid  | artland | ssurized |                 | nece  | (automatic   |
| ential | Au      | Liquid   |                 | ssary | aerosol      |
|        | to-Mist |          |                 |       | dispenser)   |
|        | 3       | (13.12%  |                 |       |              |
|        | Insect  | oil)     |                 |       |              |
|        | Killer  |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Indoor | He      | Pre      | 1 - (L)         | When  | Ground spray |
| Resid  | artland | ssurized |                 | nece  | (automatic   |
| ential | Au      | Liquid   |                 | ssary | aerosol      |
|        | to-Mist |          |                 |       | dispenser)   |
|        | 2       | (13.66%  |                 |       |              |
|        | Insect  | oil)     |                 |       |              |
|        | Killer  |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Indoor | He      | Pre      | 2 - 3 sec 1K    | Not   | Sprayer      |
|        | artland | ssurized | cu.ft/L and 1 - | spec  |              |
|        | Farm &  | Liquid   | 5 sec animal    | ified | Enclosed     |
|        | Dairy   |          |                 |       | premise      |
|        | Inse    | (2% oil) |                 |       | treatment    |
|        | cticide |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         |          |                 |       | Animal       |
|        |         |          |                 |       | treatment    |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | S       | Oil      | 7.0148 lb/100   | Not   | Ground,      |
| trial, | unspray |          | gal - 168.4     | spec  | air-blast    |
| In     | 6E Plus | (98.8%   |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| door/O |         | pa       |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         | raffinic |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | oil with |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | emu      |                 |       |              |
| and    |         | lsifier) |                 |       |              |
| Gree   |         |          |                 |       |              |
| nhouse |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Helen   | Emul     | 6.39 lb/99      | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Flor    | sifiable | gal - 38.34     | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | ida-FLO | con      | lb/A            | ified | and aerial   |
| O      | 90 Oil  | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor | E       |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | mulsion | (90%     |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Supreme | Emul     | 10.437 lb/100   | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Spray   | sifiable | gal - 55.664    | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | Insect  | con      | lb/A            | ified | and aerial   |
| O      | icide-M | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor | iticide |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | Liquid  | (98%     |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Drexel  | Emul     | 1.7395 lb/100   | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Damoil  | sifiable | gal - 42.22     | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    |         | con      | lb/A            | ified | and aerial   |
| O      |         | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (98%     |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Volck   | Oil      | 6.925 lb/100    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Supreme |          | gal - 103.9     | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | Spray   | (97.95%  | lb/A            | ified | and aerial   |
| O      |         | p        |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | oil)     |                 |       | Mist blower  |
| ential |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | Oil     | Emul     | 11.92 lb/100    | Not   | Ground and   |
| trial, | -I-Cide | sifiable | gal             | spec  | air-blast    |
| O      | Spray   | con      |                 | ified | spray        |
| utdoor | Oil     | centrate |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | E       |          |                 |       |              |
| ential | mulsion | (80%     |                 |       |              |
| and    |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| Gree   |         |          |                 |       |              |
| nhouse |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | JMS     | Emul     | 0.1612 lb K     | Not   | Ground and   |
| trial, | Sty     | sifiable | sq.ft - 30.67   | spec  | air-blast    |
| O      | let-Oil | con      | lb/A            | ified | spray        |
| utdoor |         | centrate |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | (97.1%   |                 |       |              |
| and    |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| Gree   |         |          |                 |       |              |
| nhouse |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Dragon  | Emul     | 2.4 Tbsp/L -7.5 | Not   | Ground and   |
| strial | Hortic  | sifiable | Tbsp/L          | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | ultural | con      |                 | ified | spray        |
|        | Spray   | centrate |                 |       |              |
|        | Oil     |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (98%     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Lilly   | Emul     | 7.029 lb/100    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | /Miller | sifiable | gal - 70.29     | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | S       | con      | lb/A            | ified | and aerial   |
| O      | uperior | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor | Type    |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | Spray   | (99%     |                 |       |              |
| ential | Oil     | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | S       | Oil      | 21.6 lb/A       | Not   | Chemigation  |
| strial | unspray |          |                 | spec  |              |
|        | 11C     | (100%    |                 | ified | Sprinkler    |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       | irrigation   |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Sunoco  | Oil      | 14.17 lb/A -    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | S       |          | 157 lb/A        | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | unspray | (98.8%   |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      | 11E     | refined  |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         | p        |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | di       |                 |       |              |
|        |         | stillate |                 |       |              |
|        |         | with     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | emu      |                 |       |              |
|        |         | lsifier) |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | S       | Oil      | 3 gal/L - 155.7 | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | unspray |          | lb/A            | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | 6E      | (98.8%   |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      |         | refined  |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         | p        |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | di       |                 |       |              |
|        |         | stillate |                 |       |              |
|        |         | with     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | emu      |                 |       |              |
|        |         | lsifier) |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | S       | Oil      | 21.3 lb/A       | Not   | Chemigation  |
| strial | unspray |          |                 | spec  |              |
|        | 6C      | (100%    |                 | ified | Sprinkler    |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       | irrigation   |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | S       | Oil      | 6 gal/L - 82.65 | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | unspray |          | lb/A            | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | 7E      | (98.8%   |                 | ified | and aerial   |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       | spray        |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | S       | Oil      | 2 gal/L - 70.54 | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | unspray |          | lb/A            | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | 9E      | (98.8%   |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      |         | oil)     |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       |              |
| ential |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | S       | Oil      | 21.6 lb/A       | Not   | Chemigation  |
| strial | unspray |          |                 | spec  |              |
|        | 9C      | (100%    |                 | ified | Sprinkler    |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       | irrigation   |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | S       | Oil      | 0.0685 lb/gal - | Not   | Ground and   |
| trial, | unspray |          | 52.611 lb/gal   | spec  | air-blast    |
| O      | Ult     | (98.8%   |                 | ified | spray        |
| utdoor | ra-Fine | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | Year    |          |                 |       |              |
| ential | Round   |          |                 |       |              |
| and    | Pes     |          |                 |       |              |
| Gree   | ticidal |          |                 |       |              |
| nhouse | Oil     |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | S       | Oil      | 7.0148 lb/100   | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | unspray |          | gal - 210.4     | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | 6E      | (98.8%   | lb/A            | ified | and aerial   |
|        | Western | pa       |                 |       | spray        |
|        |         | raffinic |                 |       |              |
|        |         | p        |                 |       |              |
|        |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil with |                 |       |              |
|        |         | emu      |                 |       |              |
|        |         | lsifier) |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Leff    | Emul     | 13.73 - 304.4   | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | ingwell | sifiable | lb/A            | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | Supreme | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
|        | 415 Oil | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
|        |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (96.7%   |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Par F   | Emul     | 9.951 lb/100    | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | 70      | sifiable | gal - 28.15     | spec  |              |
|        | Soluble | con      | lb/A            | ified |              |
|        | Oil     | centrate |                 |       |              |
|        |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (99%     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | 415 OIL | Emul     | 6.958 lb/A -    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | 98      | sifiable | 20.874 lb/A     | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    |         | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      |         | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (98%     |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | p        |                 |       |              |
|        |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | 415 OIL | Emul     | 7.0148 lb/A -   | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | 98.8    | sifiable | 105.2 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    |         | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      |         | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (98.8%   |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | 435 OIL | Emul     | 7.056 lb/A -    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | 98      | sifiable | 70.56 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
|        |         | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
|        |         | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
|        |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (98%     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | 435 OIL | Oil      | 10.67 lb/A -    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | 98.8    |          | 106.7 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
|        |         | (98.8%   |                 | ified | and aerial   |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       | spray        |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | 455 OIL | Emul     | 7.056 lb/A      | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | 98      | sifiable | -70.56 lb/A     | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    |         | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      |         | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (98%     |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | 455 OIL | Oil      | 10.67 lb/A -    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | 98.8    |          | 71.136 lb/A     | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    |         | (98.8%   |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      |         | oil)     |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       |              |
| ential |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | Drexel  | Oil      | 11.2 lb/A       | Not   | Ground,      |
| trial, | 8020 I  |          |                 | spec  | air-blast    |
| O      |         | (80%     |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| utdoor |         | oil)     |                 |       | spray        |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       |              |
| ential |         |          |                 |       |              |
| and    |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Gree   |         |          |                 |       |              |
| nhouse |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Drexel  | Oil      | 1.5 gal/L - 12  | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | F0-70   |          | gal/L           | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    |         | (98%     |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      |         | oil)     |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       | Mist blower  |
| ential |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Dormant | Emul     | 12.224 lb/100   | Not   | Ground and   |
| strial | F       | sifiable | gal - 87.31     | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | lowable | con      | lb/A            | ified | spray        |
|        | E       | centrate |                 |       |              |
|        | mulsion |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (80%     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Niagara | Emul     | 14.82 lb/100    | Not   | Ground and   |
| strial | Dormant | sifiable | gal - 85.49     | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | Q       | con      | lb/A            | ified | spray        |
|        | uik-Mix | centrate |                 |       |              |
|        | Heavy   |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (98%     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Niagara | Emul     | 8.8935 lb/98.5  | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Supreme | sifiable | gal - 56.92     | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | Oil     | con      | lb/A            | ified | and aerial   |
| O      | Code    | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor | 30497   |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (98%     |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Summer  | Oil      | 8.76 lb/100     | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | F       |          | gal - 11.68     | spec  |              |
|        | lowable | (80%     | lb/100 gal      | ified |              |
|        | E       | oil)     |                 |       |              |
|        | mulsion |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Light   |          |                 |       |              |
|        | -Medium |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Insect  |          |                 |       |              |
|        | icide-M |          |                 |       |              |
|        | iticide |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Niagara | Oil      | 10.731 - 17.885 | Not   | Ground spray |
| strial | Summer  |          | lb/A            | spec  |              |
|        | Quik    | (98%     |                 | ified |              |
|        | Mix;    | oil)     |                 |       |              |
|        | Light   |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Medium  |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Code    |          |                 |       |              |
|        | R-292   |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Niagara | Emul     | 14.14 lb/ 100   | Not   | Ground spray |
| strial | Citrus  | sifiable | gal - 70.7 lb/A | spec  |              |
|        | Soluble | con      |                 | ified | Sprayer      |
|        | Oil     | centrate |                 |       |              |
|        | (Heavy  |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Medium) | (99.3%   |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Niagara | Emul     | 7.2489 lb/100   | Not   | Ground spray |
| strial | Citrus  | sifiable | gal             | spec  |              |
| and    | Sol Oil | con      |                 | ified | Dip tank     |
| O      | Light   | centrate |                 |       | treatment    |
| utdoor | Medium  |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | Code    | (99.3%   |                 |       |              |
| ential | 30390   | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Super   | Oil      | 9.7412 lb/ 100  | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | 94      |          | gal - 69.58     | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | Spray   | (98%     | lb/A            | ified | and aerial   |
|        | Oil     | oil)     |                 |       | spray        |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | 415     | Oil      | 9.931 lb/100    | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | Spray   |          | gal - 113.3     | spec  |              |
| and    | Oil     | (98%     | lb/A            | ified |              |
| O      |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       |              |
| ential |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | B       | Oil      | 7.154 lb/100    | Not   | Ground spray |
| trial, | ioCover |          | gal - 125       | spec  |              |
| Gree   | LS      | (98%     | lb/100 gal      | ified | Sprayer      |
| nhouse |         | p        |                 |       |              |
| and    |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
| O      |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       |              |
| ential |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | Fasco   | Emul     | 0.137 lb/gal -  | Not   | Ground,      |
| trial, | Fasc    | sifiable | 141.2 lb/80 gal | spec  | air-blast    |
| Green  | ocol-97 | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| house, | Prod.   | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| In     | No. 908 |          |                 |       |              |
| door/O |         | (99%     |                 |       |              |
| utdoor |         | p        |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | SK      | Oil      | 6.831 lb/100    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Enspray |          | gal - 453.3     | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | 99      | (99%     | lb/A            | ified | and aerial   |
| O      |         | p        |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | oil with |                 |       | Mist blower  |
| ential |         | sur      |                 |       |              |
|        |         | factant) |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Indoor | P       | Liquid-  | 3.131E-04 -     | When  | Enclosed     |
| Resid  | erfumed | Ready To | 0.0534 lb 1K    | nece  | premise      |
| ential | Up and  | Use      | cu.ft/L         | ssary | treatment    |
|        | At EM   |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Water   | (0.48%   |                 |       | Ground spray |
|        | Based   | oil)     |                 |       |              |
|        | Inse    |          |                 |       |              |
|        | cticide |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Indoor | B       | Emul     | 1 part/L        | When  | Ground spray |
| Resid  | ear-Cat | sifiable |                 | nece  |              |
| ential | Conc    | con      |                 | ssary | Animal       |
|        | entrate | centrate |                 |       | t            |
|        |         |          |                 |       | reatment/Dip |
|        |         | (12%     |                 |       | tank         |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
|        |         |          |                 |       | Fogger/Mist  |
|        |         |          |                 |       | blower       |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | R       | Emul     | 2.6 fl.oz/L - 1 | Not   | Hose-end     |
| strial | ockland | sifiable | gal/L           | spec  | sprayer      |
| and    | "       | con      |                 | ified |              |
| O      | Dormant | centrate |                 |       | Sprayer      |
| utdoor | Oil     |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | Spray"  | (98.8%   |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Parsons | Emul     | 28.652 lb/100   | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Dormant | sifiable | gal             | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | Oil     | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      | Spray   | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor | E       |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | mulsion | (98.8%   |                 |       |              |
| ential | for     | oil)     |                 |       |              |
|        | Fruit   |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Trees   |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Supreme | Emul     | 1 gal/L - 2     | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | Oil 70  | sifiable | gal/L and 1     | spec  |              |
| and    |         | con      | quart/L         | ified |              |
| O      |         | centrate |                 |       |              |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (98%     |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Pratt's | Emul     | 2 gal/L - 3     | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | 6N      | sifiable | gal/L           | spec  |              |
| and    | S       | con      |                 | ified |              |
| O      | uperior | centrate |                 |       |              |
| utdoor | Oil     |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (98.75%  |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | A       | Emul     | 10.437 - 20.874 | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | grisect | sifiable | lb/ 50 gal      | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | S       | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      | uperior | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor | Oil     |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (98%     |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | S A 50  | Emul     | 0.0551 lb/gal - | Not   | Sprayer      |
| trial, | Brand   | sifiable | 0.2205 lb/gal   | spec  |              |
| In     | Soluble | con      |                 | ified | Wipe-on      |
| door/O | Oil     | centrate |                 |       | treatment    |
| utdoor | Spray   |          |                 |       | (c           |
| Resid  |         | (98%     |                 |       | loth/sponge) |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
|        |         |          |                 |       | Wiper        |
|        |         |          |                 |       | treatment    |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Green   | Oil      | 0.1353 lb/gal - | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | Light   |          | 0.2705 lb/gal   | spec  |              |
| and    | Dormant | (97%     |                 | ified |              |
| O      | Spray   | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| utdoor | also    |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | Summer  |          |                 |       |              |
| ential | Spray   |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | Unico   | Emul     | 14.17 lb/100    | Not   | Ground and   |
| trial, | S       | sifiable | gal - 0.0553    | spec  | air-blast    |
| O      | uperior | con      | lb/gal          | ified | spray        |
| utdoor | M       | centrate |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | iscible |          |                 |       |              |
| ential | Spray   | (98.8%   |                 |       |              |
| and    | Oil 60  | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| Gree   | Seconds |          |                 |       |              |
| nhouse | Vi      |          |                 |       |              |
|        | scosity |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Supreme | Emul     | 7.0148 lb/99    | Not   | Ground and   |
| strial | Oil     | sifiable | gal, 21.04      | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | Inse    | con      | lb/97 gal or    | ified | spray        |
| O      | cticide | centrate | 14.03 lb/98 gal |       |              |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (98.8%   |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Royal   | Emul     | 2 Tbsp/L - 4    | Not   | Ground and   |
| strial | 70      | sifiable | Tbsp/L          | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | S       | con      |                 | ified | spray        |
| I      | uperior | centrate |                 |       |              |
| ndoor/ | Spray   |          |                 |       |              |
| O      | Oil     | (97%     |                 |       |              |
| utdoor |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       |              |
| ential |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Fer     | Oil      | 0.0824 lb/gal - | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | ti-Lome |          | 0.1647 lb/gal   | spec  |              |
| and    | Dormant | (99%     |                 | ified |              |
| O      | Spray   | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| utdoor | and     |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | Summer  |          |                 |       |              |
| ential | Oil     |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Spray   |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Ferti   | Oil      | 1 quart/L       | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | Lome    |          |                 | spec  |              |
| and    | Scale   | (97%     |                 | ified |              |
| O      | Insect  | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| utdoor | Spray   |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       |              |
| ential |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | H       | Oil      | 0.0807 lb/gal - | Not   | Ground and   |
| strial | i-Yield |          | 0.1614 lb/gal   | spec  | air-blast    |
|        | Dormant | (97%     |                 | ified | spray        |
|        | Spray   | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terres | Sc      | Emul     | 2.5 fl.oz/L -   | Not   | Ground and   |
| trial, | alecide | sifiable | 3.8 fl.oz/L     | spec  | air-blast    |
| O      |         | con      |                 | ified | spray        |
| utdoor |         | centrate |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | (98.8%   |                 |       |              |
| and    |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| Gree   |         |          |                 |       |              |
| nhouse |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Ri      | Emul     | 14.03 lb/A -    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | verside | sifiable | 21.04 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | Dormant | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      | Oil     | centrate | and 7.0148 lb/4 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         |          | gal             |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (98.8%   |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Tropic  | Emul     | 7.228 lb/A -    | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Supreme | sifiable | 21.68 lb/A      | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | Oil     | con      |                 | ified | and aerial   |
| O      |         | centrate |                 |       | spray        |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         | (90%     |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Lesco   | Emul     | 44.19 lb/A -    | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | Hortic  | sifiable | 107.92 lb/A     | spec  |              |
| and    | ultural | con      |                 | ified |              |
| O      | Oil     | centrate |                 |       |              |
| utdoor | Inse    |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | cticide | (98.8%   |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | refined  |                 |       |              |
|        |         | p        |                 |       |              |
|        |         | etroleum |                 |       |              |
|        |         | dis      |                 |       |              |
|        |         | tillate) |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | S       | Oil      | 3 Tbsp/L - 9    | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | ecurity |          | Tbsp/L          | spec  |              |
| and    | Orn     | (98%     |                 | ified |              |
| O      | amental | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| utdoor | and     |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | Fruit   |          |                 |       |              |
| ential | Spray   |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Oil     |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Acme    | Emul     | 0.5 cup/L to 1  | Not   | Hose-end     |
| strial | Dormant | sifiable | cup/L           | spec  | sprayer /    |
| and    | Oil     | con      |                 | ified | sprayer      |
| O      | Spray   | centrate |                 |       |              |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (97%     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | S       | Oil      | 20.66 lb/100    | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | uperior |          | gal - 10.33     | spec  |              |
| and    | 70 Oil  | (97%     | lb/A            | ified | Mist blower  |
| O      |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
| utdoor |         |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       |              |
| ential |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Amoco   | Emul     | 21.32 lb/97     | Not   | Mist blower  |
| strial | S       | sifiable | gal, 14.22      | spec  |              |
| and    | uperior | con      | lb/98 gal and   | ified | Ground spray |
| O      | Dormant | centrate | 28.43 lb/96 gal |       |              |
| utdoor | Spray   |          |                 |       |              |
|        | Oil     | (99%     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | S       | Emul     | 0.2155 lb/gal   | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | tandard | sifiable | to 68.967 lb/A  | spec  |              |
| and    | Brand   | con      |                 | ified |              |
| O      | 435     | centrate |                 |       |              |
| utdoor | Soluble |          |                 |       |              |
| Resid  | Oil     | (97%     |                 |       |              |
| ential |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Indoor | Ford's  | Dust     | 1 (L) - 0.57    | When  | D            |
| and    | Py      |          | lb/A and 0.004  | nece  | uster/Shovel |
| Terre  | re-Dust | (1.9%    | lb cwt          | ssary |              |
| strial | Roach   | oil)     |                 |       | Seed         |
|        | Powder  |          |                 |       | treatment    |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Indoor | Ford's  | Pre      | 1 sec 1K        | Not   | Ground spray |
|        | Multi   | ssurized | cu.ft/L, 6 sec  | spec  |              |
|        | purpose | Liquid   | animal/L, 1 sec | ified |              |
|        |         |          | 1K cu.ft/L to   |       |              |
|        | Aerosol | (4.3%    | 10 sec 1K       |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     | cu.ft/L         |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Indoor | Un      | Liquid-  | 7 fl. oz. 1K    | Not   | Fogger/ Mist |
|        | iversal | Ready to | cu.ft/L         | spec  | blower       |
|        | Qu      | Use      |                 | ified |              |
|        | ick-Tox |          |                 |       | Enclosed     |
|        | Fog     | (10%     |                 |       | premise      |
|        | Spray   | oil)     |                 |       | treatment    |
|        |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         |          |                 |       | Surface      |
|        |         |          |                 |       | treatment    |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Indoor | Me      | Pre      | 2 sec 1K        | Not   | Ground spray |
|        | rcomist | ssurized | cu.ft/L to 20   | spec  |              |
|        | Aerosol | Liquid   | sec 100 sq.     | ified |              |
|        | Insect  |          | ft/L            |       |              |
|        | Killer  | (12.5%   |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Black   | Emul     | 2 Tbsp/L,       | Not   | Ground,      |
| strial | Leaf    | sifiable | 0.0829 lb/gal   | spec  | air-blast    |
| and    | Dormant | con      | to 0.2763       | ified | and aerial   |
| I      | Spray   | centrate | lb/gal          |       | spray        |
| ndoor/ |         |          |                 |       |              |
| O      |         | (98.8    |                 |       | Greenhouse   |
| utdoor |         | oil)     |                 |       | treatment    |
| Res    |         |          |                 |       |              |
| idence |         |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Citrus  | Oil      | 14.14 lb/100    | Not   | Ground spray |
| strial | Soluble |          | gal - 70.7 lb/A | spec  |              |
|        | Oil -   | (99.3%   |                 | ified |              |
|        | Medium  | oil)     |                 |       |              |
|        | Code    |          |                 |       |              |
|        | 30143   |          |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Growers | Emul     | 69.937 - 70.713 | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | 455     | sifiable | lb/A            | spec  |              |
|        | Soluble | con      |                 | ified |              |
|        | Oil     | centrate |                 |       |              |
|        |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (97%     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| Terre  | Tide    | Emul     | 24.6 lb/100     | Not   | Sprayer      |
| strial | Citri   | sifiable | gal - 56.232    | spec  |              |
|        | Oil     | con      | lb/A            | ified |              |
|        |         | centrate |                 |       |              |
|        |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         | (99%     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oil)     |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| A      | Bonide  | Oil      | 27.28 (aerial)  | When  | Direct to    |
| quatic | M       |          |                 | nece  | water        |
| and    | osquito | (98%     | 34.104 (ground) | ssary | (ground and  |
| Indu   | La      | mineral  |                 |       | aerial       |
| strial | rvicide | oil with |                 |       | spray)       |
|        |         | emu      |                 |       |              |
|        |         | lsifier) |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| A      | M       | Oil      | 36.67 lb/A      | When  | Direct to    |
| quatic | osquito |          |                 | nece  | water        |
| and    | La      | (98.7%   |                 | ssary | (ground and  |
| Terre  | rvicide | oil with |                 |       | aerial       |
| strial |         | sur      |                 |       | spray)       |
|        | GB-1111 | factant) |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| A      | B.A. 2  | Liqu     | 34.435 lb/A     | When  | Direct to    |
| quatic | La      | id-ready |                 | nece  | water        |
|        | rvicide | to use   |                 | ssary | (ground and  |
|        |         |          |                 |       | aerial       |
|        |         | (97% oil |                 |       | spray)       |
|        |         | with     |                 |       |              |
|        |         | sur      |                 |       |              |
|        |         | factant) |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| A      | K       | Emul     | 0.3684 lb/A     | When  | Direct to    |
| quatic | amikaze | sifiable | (sprayer), 1.0  | nece  | water        |
| and    | Inse    | con      | part/L (ground) | ssary | (ground and  |
| Indoor | cticide | centrate | and             |       | aerial       |
| Resid  |         |          |                 |       | spray)       |
| ential |         | (94%     | 0.2462 lb 1K    |       |              |
|        |         | p        | cu.ft (ultra    |       | Animal       |
|        |         | etroleum | low volume)     |       | treatment    |
|        |         | dis      |                 |       |              |
|        |         | tillate, |                 |       | Fogger       |
|        |         | 1%       |                 |       |              |
|        |         | py       |                 |       | Vaporizer    |
|        |         | rethrin, |                 |       |              |
|        |         | 2% piper |                 |       | Enclosed     |
|        |         | only but |                 |       | premise      |
|        |         | oxide    |                 |       | treatment    |
|        |         | and      |                 |       |              |
|        |         | 2.94%    |                 |       |              |
|        |         | n-octal  |                 |       |              |
|        |         | bicycl   |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oheptene |                 |       |              |
|        |         | dicarb   |                 |       |              |
|        |         | oximide) |                 |       |              |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+
| A      | Ins     | Emul     | 0.001 lb1K sq   | When  | Direct to    |
| quatic | ectaway | sifiable | ft to 0.0416    | nece  | water        |
| /Terre | Multi-  | con      | lb1K sq.ft,     | ssary | (ground      |
| strial | Purpose | centrate |                 |       | spray)       |
| and    | Inse    |          | 0.0017 lb1K     |       |              |
| In     | cticide | (5% oil, | cu.ft,          |       | Fogger       |
| door/O | II      | 12.5%    |                 |       |              |
| utdoor |         | P        | 0.4 lb/11.5 gal |       | Ground       |
| Res    |         | iperonyl | and 0.0005      |       | broadcast    |
| idence |         | but      | lb/animal       |       |              |
|        |         | oxide    |                 |       | Animal       |
|        |         | and      |                 |       | treatment    |
|        |         | 1.25%    |                 |       |              |
|        |         | Py       |                 |       | Spot         |
|        |         | rethrin) |                 |       | treatment    |
|        |         |          |                 |       |              |
|        |         |          |                 |       | Surface      |
|        |         |          |                 |       | treatment    |
+--------+---------+----------+-----------------+-------+--------------+

**Appendix D. Summary of Ecological Incidence.**

To comply with 6(a)2 regulations, Sunoco reported a controversy
regarding some deleterious effects of SUN SPRAY ULTRA-FINE YEAR ROUND
PESTICIDAL OIL. A resident of Idaho Springs, CO, wrote a letter to the
publication \"\"Hobby Greenhouse\"\" alleging that the product killed
all the cucmber plants and several varieties of tomatoes, and damaged or
outright killed several greens. Sunoco responded to the letter and,
according to a researcher at Cornell U., foliar burn may have occurred
but he questioned the fact that the product killed the plants.

Homeowner had arborist perform routine maintenance on 2 very large, old
ornamental beech trees in fall 1993. The trees were sprayed with dormant
oil product (Scalecide) which allegedly caused tree damage and death.
According to the report the MI Ag. Dept. stated that dormant oil should
not be used on beech trees, but registered sites did include ornamental
shade and deciduous trees. Analysis of the tree leaves and branches
revealed no detectable disease.

To comply with 6(a)2 regulations, Sunoco reported a complaint from
Venice, FL, that Sunspray 6E Plus had ruined 21 rosebushes. It was the
first time that the complainant had used this product. Allegedly, the
temperature and relative humidity appeared OK for spraying.

\"The California Dept. of Pesticide Regulations reported an incident in
which a total of 380 acres of kiwifruits were damaged. One firm owns the
kiwifruits but they are located in several areas and were not all
sprayed at the same time. Dormex was applied during January and
February, 2004, as was Valent Volck Supreme Oil Spray more than three
weeks apart. A burning of buds was observed on the kiwi vines where both
products were applied. Damage amounted to about a 20% loss of crop. A
label for Dormex use on kiwifruit in Australia states \"\"dormant sprays
containing oil should not be made closer than 14 days before or after
Dormex application.\"\" This would suggest that the combination of the
two products is potentially harmless.\",\"USA\",\"I016036-

To comply with 6(a)2 regulations, Sunoco reported a complaint it
received from Dundee, FL alleging that there had been burn on leaves and
twigs, and fruit drop, on 50-year old early mid-round oranges. This was
allegedly the result of using Sunspray 9E.

To comply with 6(a)2 regulations, Sunoco reported an incident in
California in which an olive grove exhibited problems of pitting, slight
burn, and leaf drop. The application was made from August 19 to 31,
1999. The rate used was 1.5 gallons Sunspray 6E/100 gallons water, and 9
1/3 lb. Sevin 80W/acre applied dilute.