**Physics of Sports Outline**

Draft based on Valerio/Harding 11/06 ppt

**Introduction**

**Who are we, and what is Fermilab?**

Particles and forces control our world

*Physics explains the very small, the very large, and what is right in
front of us every day.*

(Slides 1-5)

**What do these forces have to do with sports?**

Use sports equipment to demonstrate these laws as you talk briefly about
them.

**Newton's First Law**

Objects at rest remain at rest -- Objects in motion remain in motion

(Slide 6)

**Newton's Second Law**

F = ma

(Slide 7)

# Newton's Third Law

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

(Slide 10)

# Potential/Kinetic energy cycle

(Slide 11)

# Conservation of momentum

(Slide 12, 13)

Briefly explain golf swing and transfer of energy (conservation of
momentum) with actual club.

Show golf clip and repeat main ideas as they occur (talk over music).

Add that ball is going 150 MPH.

End of clip shows follow-through. Explain why this is necessary. (longer
contact time = maximum force transmitted)

# Can physics explain why sports equipment is designed differently for each game? 

(Slides 14)

Discuss why basketball, soccer ball, volleyball, and football all have
different features and compare to each other.

Examples:

Soccer ball tough (gets kicked a lot) and not especially bouncy (want to
keep it near you when you stop it)

Volleyball seams help make ball harder to return ("dances" in flight
path if hit right)

Basketball especially bouncy (bounce passes, dribbling, shooting off
backboard)

Be sure to mention grip texture for basketball and football.

Shape of football: enables spiral pass - by reducing air resistance,
able to throw farther. Also discuss also conservation of spin -- easier
to catch spiral pass than wobble ball, though must cradle to keep from
spinning off sloppy catch. Final note, keeps ball from rolling too far
when dropped (because yards must be measured)

Discuss conservation of spin -- ball wants to keep spinning.

Catch football between body and arms to keep from spinning away (and
keeps opponents from getting it).

Golf ball is dimpled -- helps air flow around ball (reduces air
resistance -- link to Newton's third law) and keeps flight path
straight.

Seams on baseball allow pitcher to throw difficult pitches.

Tennis ball deflects easily -- spreads force onto larger area of racket

Puck is flat to glide along ice rather than roll (things don't roll well
on ice)

Stress that every feature has a function.

***Simple way to make this section more fun:*** ask what happens when
equipment mixed (such as trying to put a football through a basketball
hoop, or try throwing a volleyball down a football field.)

**So, if:**

*Physics explains the very small, the very large, and what is right in
front of us every day.*

**Then, sports are controlled by physics because of the environment it's
played in, the equipment it's played with and how we play it, our
bodies, right?**

**Air Resistance (drag)**

(Slide 16)

Look at photos of cycling, swimming, and speed skating.

What is in common? (Tight clothes and postures reduce forward surface
area)

Done to reduce air/water resistance to motion, also known as drag.

If drag is reduced, then more of the athlete's energy goes toward
forward motion.

Drag increases with surface area and speed.

This is a factor in all sports, but especially important for speed
sports like these.

Swimming -- Speedo studied sharkskin to produce special fabric. Suit has
less drag than human skin/hair.

Cycling -- helmet protects head but also reduces drag. Discuss how
helmet protects in crash.

Speed skating -- wear helmet or hood to streamline head.

Also note trail in ice behind blade. For all types of skating, ice has
very thin film of "liquid-like" material that acts as low-friction
lubricant. It is so thin it re-freezes after skater passes.

# Friction

(Slide 17, 18)

Again, important factor in all sports.

Especially important in rock-climbing.

Powder used to absorb moisture and increase friction of skin (opposite
of swimming)

Powder also used in gymnastics.

Still to absorb moisture, but reduces friction of skin so it moves
freely over equipment

If done without chalk, hands turn red and hurt -- energy going into body
instead of toward motion.

# Resistance and Friction

(Slide 19)

Sprinters -- drag and friction both important

Starting blocks -- imagine vector motion mostly horizontal at start

Newton's 3^rd^ law again: blocks point body toward finish line so first
few steps more horizontal than vertical.

Also, less drag if body not upright.

Friction: remind class how walking works.

Sprinters exert much more force, and danger of slipping if friction not
great enough.

Use spikes to grip track, no wasted energy.

Marathon runners use more traditional gym shoes (usually on pavement,
and less force exerted). Long term cushioning is more important than for
sprinters.

# Rotational motion

Revisit principles in football spin (conservation of spin - wants to
keep spinning)

Imagine how much force it takes to stop spin of larger mass, like body
in martial arts.

Show martial arts clip.

Figure skating.

Discuss how location of mass relative to spinning axis affects speed of
spin.

Also discuss position of hands at start, in air, and prior to landing of
spinning jump.

Show gif files in motion.

Get volunteer to demonstrate with turntable and weights.

(Slide 20, 21)

# Reaction time

(Slide 22-26)

Tennis: Venus Williams serves 127 MPH. Must react quickly.

Show tennis clip.

Skiing, around 80 MPH.

Must react quickly if unexpected object in path or collide with
rock/tree.

Baseball.

May seem slow at times (compared to other sports), but not really.

400 ms between release of pitch to over home plate.

Go through details shown on slide.

Get volunteer to test reaction time with ruler drop -- keep elbow on
table. Show table and compare to timing required to hit fastball pitch
in baseball.

**Summary:**

Repeat main point: Laws of physics apply to all sports.

Can use this to improve skills.

Can also make career of designing sports equipment, sports medicine.

Invite them to visit Fermilab for both recreation and science.

Ask for questions and offer for teacher to contact if questions later.

**Approximate time: 40-45 minutes**

**Tips:**

If possible, give rulers to all volunteers as "gift" when they are
finished.

If passing out rulers to all members of class, do so at very end of
presentation and put calculation table up again.

**Approximate time guideline:**

short intro to soccer clip:  5-6 minutes\
soccer clip:  35 seconds\
equipment #1:  2-3 minutes\
golf (including clip):  2-3 minutes\
baseball clip (plays automatically): 20 seconds\
baseball, tennis, hockey:  5 minutes\
hockey clip: 15 seconds\
equipment #2:  3 minutes\
drag/equipment #3:  4 minutes\
friction in rock climbing/gymnastics: 1-2 minutes\
friction + drag in sprinting:  2-3 minutes\
spinning intro + clip:  1 minute\
spinning in skating + demo: 3-4 minutes\
reaction time intro + tennis clip: 1-2 minutes\
reaction time skiing/baseball + demo: 6 minutes\
summary:  1 minute

Total before questions:  40-45 minutes

Science of sports reference sites:

<http://www.exploratorium.edu/sports/>