![](media/image1.png){width="4.614583333333333in"
height="0.7395833333333334in"}

**[Questionnaire]{.smallcaps}**

User Guide

> ![](media/image2.png){width="1.5479166666666666in"
> height="1.0715277777777779in"}

**Remi Coulon**

PricewaterhouseCoopers

Ecobalance, Inc.

**Barbara Lippiatt**

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Institute of Standards and Technology

**With Support From:**

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

and

White House Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing

OMB NO: 0693-0036 Expires 08/31/2004. The BEES Please information
collection is authorized by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.
Your response is voluntary. Public reporting for this collection of
information is estimated to average 80 hours per response, including the
time of reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources,
gathering the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection
of information. Send comments regarding this estimate or any other
aspects of this collection of information, including suggestions for
reducing the length of this questionnaire, to the National Institute of
Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 3220, Gaithersburg, MD
20899-3220 and the U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Office of
Information and Regulatory Affairs, Washington, D.C. 20503.

CONTENTS

Foreword

SECTION I - Basic concepts

1 Definition of the System Boundaries
[3](#definition-of-the-system-boundaries)

2 Allocation Rules [3](#allocation-rules)

SECTION II - Understanding the questionnaire

3 Site Questionnaire [5](#site-questionnaire)

3.1 Information Requested [5](#information-requested)

3.2 Possible Sources of On-site Information
[6](#possible-sources-of-on-site-information)

3.3 Principles Applicable to the Site Questionnaire
[6](#principles-applicable-to-the-site-questionnaire)

3.3.1 Principle 1: Some Flows may be Neglected
[6](#principle-1-some-flows-may-be-neglected)

3.3.2 Principle 2: General Site Operations are Excluded
[6](#principle-2-general-site-operations-are-excluded)

3.3.3 Principle 3: Only Flows that Cross the Site Boundaries are
Recorded
[7](#principle-3-only-flows-that-cross-the-site-boundaries-are-recorded)

3.3.4 Principle 4: Input/Output Reporting Rules
[8](#principle-4-inputoutput-reporting-rules)

3.4 General Organization of the Site Questionnaire
[8](#general-organization-of-the-site-questionnaire)

4 Use Phase Questionnaire [9](#use-phase-questionnaire)

SECTION III - COMPLETING THE questionnaire

5 Site Questionnaire [10](#site-questionnaire-1)

5.1 Column C: Units [11](#column-c-units)

5.2 Column D: Quantity [11](#column-d-quantity)

5.3 Columns E, F and G : Data Quality
[11](#columns-e-f-and-g-data-quality)

5.3.1 Column E: Data Source [12](#column-e-data-source)

5.3.2 Column F: Data Type [12](#column-f-data-type)

5.3.3 Column G: Collection Date [12](#column-g-collection-date)

5.3.4 Data Quality Summary [12](#data-quality-summary)

5.4 Column H: On-Site Utility Quantities
[13](#column-h-on-site-utility-quantities)

5.5 Columns I, J and K: Data Quality
[13](#columns-i-j-and-k-data-quality)

5.6 Column X and Y: Transport of Materials to Site
[14](#column-x-and-y-transport-of-materials-to-site)

6 Use Phase Questionnaire [14](#use-phase-questionnaire-1)

6.1 General Questions [14](#general-questions)

6.2 Installation and Maintenance Data
[15](#installation-and-maintenance-data)

Foreword

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Building and
Fire Research Laboratory is gathering data to develop environmental
profiles for building products. The goal is to help manufacturers and
designers develop and select cost-effective green building products. The
data gathered from this questionnaire will be incorporated into the NIST
BEES (Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability) software
product for your review before publication.

Please return your completed questionnaire to blippiatt@nist.gov. If
email is not possible, please copy the completed questionnaire to a
blank diskette and mail to:

> Barbara C. Lippiatt
>
> Office of Applied Economics
>
> Building and Fire Research Laboratory
>
> 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8603
>
> National Institute of Standards and Technology
>
> Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8603

For assistance in completing the questionnaire, contact Barbara Lippiatt
at <blippiatt@nist.gov> or (301) 975-6133.

SECTION I

Basic Concepts

BEES quantifies environmental performance using the increasingly
popular, multi-disciplinary approach known as life-cycle assessment
(LCA). LCA is a "cradle-to-grave," systems approach for measuring
environmental performance currently being standardized by the
International Standards Organization (ISO).[^1] The approach is based on
the belief that all stages in the life of a product generate
environmental impacts and must therefore be analyzed, including raw
materials acquisition, product manufacture, transportation,
installation, operation and maintenance, and ultimately recycling and
waste management. An analysis that excludes any of these stages is
limited because it ignores the full range of upstream and downstream
impacts of stage-specific processes.

The strength of environmental life-cycle assessment is its
comprehensive, multi-dimensional scope. Many green building claims and
strategies are now based on a single life-cycle stage or a single
environmental impact. A product is claimed to be green simply because it
has recycled content, or claimed not to be green because it emits
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during its installation and use. These
single-attribute claims may be misleading because they ignore the
possibility that other life-cycle stages, or other environmental
impacts, may yield offsetting impacts. For example, the recycled content
product may have a high embodied energy content, leading to resource
depletion, global warming, and acid rain impacts during the raw
materials acquisition, manufacturing, and transportation life-cycle
stages. LCA thus broadens the environmental discussion by accounting for
shifts of environmental problems from one life-cycle stage to another,
or one environmental medium (land, air, water) to another. The benefit
of the LCA approach is in implementing a trade-off analysis to achieve a
genuine reduction in overall environmental impact, rather than a simple
shift of impact.

The general LCA methodology involves four steps.[^2] The *goal and scope
definition* step spells out the purpose of the study and its breadth and
depth. The *inventory analysis* step identifies and quantifies the
environmental inputs and outputs associated with a product over its
entire life-cycle. Environmental inputs include water, energy, and other
resources; outputs include releases to air, land, and water. However, it
is not these inputs and outputs, or *inventory flows,* that are of
direct interest. We are most interested in their consequences, or
impacts on the environment. Thus, the next LCA step, *impact
assessment*, characterizes these inventory flows in relation to a set of
environmental impacts. For example, the impact assessment step might
relate carbon dioxide emissions, a *flow*, to global warming, an
*impact*. Finally, the *interpretation* step combines the environmental
impacts in accordance with the goals of the LCA study.

We need you help with the second LCA step, inventory analysis. During
this step, a life cycle inventory is compiled which records material and
energy flows into and out of a product system. Based on your completed
questionnaire, NIST will compile a draft life-cycle inventory for your
product for review by your firm and validation by experts. With your
permission, the final life-cycle inventory for your product will be
included in the BEES software, which conducts a life-cycle impact
assessment to estimate the *impacts* of your *inventory* flows. Finally,
BEES facilitates the LCA interpretation step by permitting the user to
synthesize impact scores into an aggregate environmental performance
score for your product.

This section defines the scope of the BEES LCA to give context to our
request for your help with inventory analysis.

# Definition of the System Boundaries

Life-cycle assessment evaluates environmental impacts across all stages
in the life of a product: raw materials acquisition, product
manufacture, transportation, use, and end of life. Since you are not
likely to have detailed environmental performance data for the
extraction and production of the raw materials you consume, we are not
asking for these data. Rather, this questionnaire includes data mainly
on the product manufacturing step you control, from raw materials
entering your plant to the finished products ready to be shipped from
your plant. The questionnaire also contains optional questions on the
use phase of your product (including product installation and
maintenance), as well as questions on its disposition at the end of its
useful life (including recyclability and product density for solid waste
concerns).

The final life-cycle inventory NIST will compile for your product will
include all life-cycle stages, with raw material acquisition data
collected from standard databases, and any missing use and end-of-life
stage data based on published sources and industry interviews.

# Allocation Rules

We are asking for data related to the environmental inputs and outputs
of your product's manufacturing process. It is understood that a process
*may* produce two or more products at the same time (co-products). If
so, the inputs and outputs for the process need to be split, or
allocated, to indicate the flows specific to the building product in
question. This allocation will be done by NIST once your completed
questionnaire is received. Therefore, report information for the entire
production process, including the building product in question and any
other products produced by the same process.

Your manufacturing process may use some on-site utilities that are
shared by the entire plant and, therefore, by other products that the
plant may produce. Examples of on-site utilities include:

-   a site power plant generating steam, electricity, compressed air, or
    hot water which is consumed by the whole site,

-   a general wastewater treatment plant which treats effluents coming
    from the entire site.

In an LCA study, since on-site utilities usually serve several
processes, their input and output quantities are allocated among
processes, as shown in Figure 1. You need to make this allocation. For
example, suppose the on-site utility consumes 100 lb of coal per year
and produces 50 kWh of electricity per year. Processing the building
product in question consumes 25 kWh of electricity per year, or half the
production of the on-site utility. In this case, half the coal use, or
50 lb of coal, would be allocated to the specific building product
process per year. No allocation is necessary if there are no other
production processes sharing these utilities.

![](media/image3.wmf)

Figure 1: Example of Data Required in Questionnaire

SECTION II

Understanding the Questionnaire

The questionnaire is divided into two main parts as described in the
following sections:

-   Site Questionnaire

-   Use Phase Questionnaire (Optional)

# Site Questionnaire

## Information Requested

The site questionnaire asks for the following information:

Inflows

-   The quantities of [raw materials]{.underline} or intermediary
    products consumed, including water, during the processing or
    manufacturing of the product. For recycled materials, specify the
    percentage of recycled content.

```{=html}
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```
-   The quantities of [purchased energy]{.underline} and [purchased
    fuels]{.underline}, itemized by energy or fuel type (e.g.,
    electricity, natural gas, fuel oil), consumed during the processing
    or manufacturing of the product.

-   The distances and modes of [transport]{.underline} corresponding to
    the raw materials, intermediary products, and purchased fuels
    consumed.

Outflows

-   The [product]{.underline} data we need to allocate on a per product
    basis all entered quantities. For example, if consumption of a raw
    material is reported in units of pounds per year, then the annual
    production of the product should be reported here. Production
    quantities for co-products must also be reported here.

-   The [solid]{.underline} waste, [recovered matter]{.underline} (e.g.,
    cardboard, metals) [air emissions]{.underline}, and [water
    effluents]{.underline} resulting from the production process.

This questionnaire is meant to be exhaustive and some entries may not be
relevant to the production of your product.

## Possible Sources of On-site Information 

The following table identifies the business units most likely to have
the information necessary to provide the data requested in this
questionnaire.

+------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| **Flow Category**      | **Business Unit**                           |
+------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Raw materials and      | Purchasing Department, Production           |
| energy                 | Department                                  |
|                        |                                             |
| On-site utilities      | Energy Department for power plant           |
| (power plants, etc.)   |                                             |
|                        | Environmental Department for wastewater     |
|                        | treatment plant                             |
+------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Air emissions          | Environmental Department                    |
+------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Water effluents        | Environmental Department                    |
+------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Solid Waste            | Environmental Department                    |
|                        |                                             |
| -   production process | Production department                       |
|                        |                                             |
| -   on-site utilities  |                                             |
|     (power plants,     |                                             |
|     etc.)              |                                             |
+------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

Table 1: Possible Sources of On-Site Information

## Principles Applicable to the Site Questionnaire

### Principle 1: Some Flows may be Neglected

**Inflows**

It is impossible and of little use to try to record ***all*** the
inflows to a building product production process. Many inputs are
consumed in such small quantities that their contribution to the final
LCA results would be negligible. Decision rules have been established,
as follows, to restrict data collection to significant inputs:

1.  **All energy inputs**, including electricity, steam, and compressed
    air, must be recorded;

2.  **99.9 percent** (by weight) of total production process inputs are
    recorded;

3.  The omitted inputs are thought not to have an important
    environmental burden; and

4.  Input flows are always recorded when data are available. Typical
    criteria for the importance of an environmental burden include: (a)
    **the material contains a highly toxic compound** such as cyanide,
    phenol, hexavalent chromium, or any other significant hazardous
    compounds, or (b) **the cost is high**, since this may indicate
    scarce resources or high energy consumption.

**Solid Waste and Co-products**

Solid waste or co-products for which the accumulated tonnage represents
less than 1% (by weight) of the total waste or co-product tonnage for
the production process need not be recorded, unless it contains highly
toxic compounds.

### Principle 2: General Site Operations are Excluded

Flows that are not directly related to industrial activities are not
taken into account, such as cafeteria inflows and waste, building heat,
and restroom operations. These specific flows related to people and
offices, for which data may be readily available, are not registered in
the questionnaires because they are not unique to the building product
production process. In addition, flows attributable to people and
offices which are difficult to separate from production process flows,
such as electricity, are usually small in comparison to the production
process flows, so may be left aggregated and allocated to the production
process if necessary. The capital equipment associated with the site
facility may also be excluded. Capital equipment is often found to be a
minor contributor to environmental performance

### Principle 3: Only Flows that Cross the Site Boundaries are Recorded

Internal flows for a building product production process should not be
reported in the questionnaire. This principle applies to both inflows
(materials and energy) and outflows. For example, as indicated by its
depiction in red in Figure 2, the amount of steam energy entering the
production process should not be reported because it is an internal flow
subject to double counting. If the steam is produced in a boiler, its
use is already accounted for through the allocated boiler inputs (e.g.,
heavy fuel oil) and emissions which *are* recorded in the questionnaire.

![](media/image4.wmf)

Figure 2: Example of Internal and External Flow (energy input)

An example of an internal outflow is shown in Figure 3. In this example,
wastewater produced by the production process is sent to an on-site
wastewater treatment plant. In this case, only the net water effluents,
or treated effluents leaving the site, should be recorded, together with
the allocated inputs to the wastewater treatment plant.

![](media/image5.wmf)

Figure 3: Example of Internal and External Flow (water effluents)

Another example of an internal flow that should not be reported is
process water. Process water could be used and recycled within the
plant; only record the amount of makeup water in the questionnaire.

### Principle 4: Input/Output Reporting Rules

Enter the chemical composition for reagents and other chemical
consumables rather than their commercial names or their functions. The
environmental burden of reagents and other chemical consumables (e.g.
degreasing agents, solvents, etc.) is based on the chemical composition
of the compound. Further, the chemical composition is necessary to
connect upstream production data to the BEES system.

For example, assume 10 lb of a coagulating agent with a commercial name
"CO-2000" is consumed in a wastewater treatment plant. The coagulating
agent consists of, by weight, 60% ferric chloride, 30% water, and 10%
other products (which can be neglected according to Principle 1). In
this case, enter 6 lb of ferric chloride rather than 10lb of "CO-2000."

When chemical composition is not available, enter the consumable under
its function name followed by the term "unspecified" (e.g. coagulating
agent: unspecified, anti-corroding agent: unspecified).

Chemical products are frequently supplied either diluted with water or
in an amorphous material. Their consumption must be reported in pure
terms, that is, 100% of weight, such as in the example of ferric
chloride above.

## General Organization of the Site Questionnaire

Table 2 explains the significance of the color coding in the BEES
questionnaire. All flows relevant for your product are not necessarily
specified in the questionnaire. Each table contains white fields below a
row of light gray cells entitled "please specify". Enter your additional
flows into these white fields.

+----------+-------------+------------------------+------------------+
| **Field  | **Character | **Field                | **Protection**   |
| Color**  | Color**     | Characteristics**      |                  |
|          |             |                        | (data entry      |
|          |             |                        | prevented?)      |
+----------+-------------+------------------------+------------------+
| White    | Black       | > Fields where the     | No               |
|          |             | > data should be       |                  |
|          |             | > entered directly     |                  |
+----------+-------------+------------------------+------------------+
| White    | Blue        | > Fields where         | No               |
|          |             | > allocated data       |                  |
|          |             | > should be entered    |                  |
+----------+-------------+------------------------+------------------+
| Light    | Black/Blue  | > Fields containing    | Yes              |
| Green    |             | > fixed information    |                  |
+----------+-------------+------------------------+------------------+
| Light    | no          | > Empty fields         | Yes              |
| Gray     | characters  |                        |                  |
+----------+-------------+------------------------+------------------+

Table 2: Questionnaire Color-Coding

Only fill the white fields. Additional columns or rows can be added if
space is needed for more inputs, co-products, or additional on-site
utilities. No rows should be added for air emissions or water effluents.

# Use Phase Questionnaire

The optional use phase questionnaire begins with general questions about
the building product:

-   The useful life of the product, for calculating the number of
    product replacements over the use phase of the product life cycle.

-   The weight of the product per functional unit, for calculating
    emissions and raw material use per functional unit.

-   The density of the product, for conversion of product weight to
    product volume for solid waste computations. Additionally, whether
    the product is considered recyclable, and if so, the percentage of
    the product currently being recycled at the end of its useful life.

-   Transportation distances and modes of transportation for transport
    of the finished product to the building site. The average load
    transported and the maximum capacity of the vehicle are also
    requested. For truck transportation these are important parameters
    used to calculate the fuel consumption of the truck.

-   The manufacturer's suggested retail price is used for economic
    performance calculations.

The use phase questionnaire also asks about installation and maintenance
practices for the product:

-   Any installation energy or other manufacturer-recommended
    installation materials (e.g., bonding agent for floor tiles, nails
    for roofing materials).

-   Product maintenance schedule and requirements (e.g., floor wax for
    quarterly waxing of floor coverings).

SECTION III

Completing the Questionnaire

The BEES questionnaire consists of three sections: "General Data", "Site
Data" and "Use Phase Data". The General Data section gives basic
information on your company, contact person, and product. Once NIST
receives your completed questionnaire, our expert consultants will
review your data for completeness, accuracy, and consistency, and may
have questions for your contact person.

Detailed instructions for completing the "Site Data" and "Use Phase
Data" sections follow.

# Site Questionnaire

Figure 4 displays the structure of the Site Data Questionnaire. The
columns for data input will be described in turn.

**Column: C D E F G H I J K X Y**

![](media/image6.png){width="5.992361111111111in" height="3.9125in"}

Figure 4: Site Data Questionnaire Structure

## Column C: Units

The "Units" column requests the units corresponding to the quantity
reported in column D. It is important that units be used that permit
conversion to inflow and outflow quantities per functional unit of
product. For example, if consumption of a raw material is reported in
pounds per year, then yearly production of the product should also be
reported. If pollutants are reported as concentrations (e.g., SOx in
ppmv), then the corresponding volume should also be indicated (a row for
volume of flue gas and wastewater is included in the questionnaire).

For energy flows, please indicate if the quantity represents Net Caloric
Value (NCV) or Gross Caloric Value (GCV)[^3].

## Column D: Quantity

Column D: Quantity needs to be filled with values corresponding to the
product's production process (see Figure 1). The white cells in column D
must be filled for all listed air and water pollutant outflows even if
no figure is available. There are three possible entry types:

1.  **The pollutant outflow is relevant** and its quantity known.

2.  **The outflow is not applicable ("N/A")**, that is, it cannot exist
    because the input it comes from is not consumed. For example, no SOx
    could be released to the air if the fuels that are combusted do not
    contain any sulfur compounds.

3.  **Ouflow quantity data are not available ("?")**, that is, the flow
    may exist but has never been measured, or it cannot be calculated or
    assessed precisely.

In column D, enter the quantity (in the units specified in column C),
"N/A," or "?". For the first possibility, a zero quantity may be valid
if:

-   the flow has been measured but is under the detection limit,

-   the flow has been calculated and found equal to zero,

-   the flow is cited in a bibliographic reference as being equal to
    zero.

Some outflows are repeated because they contribute to more than one
environmental impact. Fill all the cells, with repetitive values entered
if applicable.

## Columns E, F and G : Data Quality

Columns E, F and G contain white cells which must be filled with coded
information on data quality for each inflow and outflow for which a
quantity has been entered in column D. When a flow is not applicable or
its quantity not available, its data quality cells may be left blank.
The data quality coding system is explained below.

### Column E: Data Source

Three types of sources are defined as:

-   **Literature**

-   **Factory**, i.e. site specific

-   **Other,** e.g. from other sites

In column E, enter either "L" for literature, "F" for factory, or "O"
for other. Any character other than L, F or O is not permitted in column
E.

### Column F: Data Type

Five types of data are defined as:

> **Measured**: the flow quantity is based on continuous measurement.
> For instance, electricity consumption is readily available from
> electric meters. Coal consumption is continuously measured with scales
> or other forms of stock accountability.
>
> **Calculated**: the flow quantity has been calculated using emission
> factors, mass balance, or other indirect methods. For instance, SOx
> emissions may have been measured for several years, and an emission
> factor determined and used for subsequent years. Another example is
> CO~2~ air emissions calculated from the carbon balance.
>
> **Averaged** **Value**: the flow quantity has been extrapolated from
> spot measurements. For instance, VOCs may be measured three times per
> year, one day each time; from these values the annual quantity may be
> calculated.
>
> **Estimated**: the flow quantity has been established based on
> approximations. For instance, the transportation distance for a given
> raw material may be estimated due to lack of better information.
>
> **Unknown**: This data type is only appropriate for data from the
> literature when the information provided is insufficient to classify
> the data as one of the previous types.

In column F, enter either "M" for measured, "C" for calculated, "A" for
averaged, "E" for estimated, or "U" for unknown. Any character other
than M, C, A, E or U is not valid in column F.

### Column G: Collection Date

The collection date is the year when the measurement, calculation, or
estimation was actually made.

The collection date is identified by the **last two digits** of the
year. Any characters other than two digits are not valid in column G. In
principle, 2000 data are requested in this questionnaire.

### Data Quality Summary

Table 3 summarizes the data quality codes to be used in the three data
quality columns.

+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+----------------+
| ** |                     | ** |                     | **Collection   |
| Da |                     | Da |                     | Date,**        |
| ta |                     | ta |                     |                |
| S  |                     | T  |                     | **Column G**   |
| ou |                     | yp |                     |                |
| rc |                     | e, |                     |                |
| e, |                     | ** |                     |                |
| ** |                     |    |                     |                |
|    |                     | ** |                     |                |
| ** |                     | Co |                     |                |
| Co |                     | lu |                     |                |
| lu |                     | mn |                     |                |
| mn |                     | F  |                     |                |
| E  |                     | ** |                     |                |
| ** |                     |    |                     |                |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+----------------+
| *  | **L**iterature      | *  | **M**easured        |                |
| *L |                     | *M |                     |                |
| ** |                     | ** |                     |                |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+----------------+
| *  | **F**actory, site   | *  | **C**alculated      | last two       |
| *F | specific            | *C |                     | digits         |
| ** |                     | ** |                     |                |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+----------------+
| *  | **O**ther           | *  | **A**veraged        | of year        |
| *O |                     | *A |                     |                |
| ** |                     | ** |                     |                |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+----------------+
|    |                     | *  | **E**stimated       | (e.g., 00 for  |
|    |                     | *E |                     | 2000)          |
|    |                     | ** |                     |                |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+----------------+
|    |                     | *  | **U**nknown\        |                |
|    |                     | *U | (only for           |                |
|    |                     | ** | **L**iterature )    |                |
+----+---------------------+----+---------------------+----------------+

Table 3: Data Quality Coding

**Data quality indicators are one of the most important data elements in
LCA studies** since poor data quality seriously handicaps the validity
and credibility of the results. The data quality information you record
for each flow will permit NIST to qualify the use of the subsequent
results. For example, NIST may report that:

-   80% of data were measured on site

-   10% were calculated from literature

-   10% were estimated

## Column H: On-Site Utility Quantities

Column H: On-Site Utility Quantities must be filled with allocated
quantities from an on-site utility process if applicable (see Figure 1
and Section 2). The same rules outlined above for completing Column D
apply to Column H. There are four columns available for inputting
on-site utility data, and others may be added if necessary. As mentioned
above, the outflow rows record flows crossing the site boundaries. Thus,
for example, the reporting for an on-site wastewater treatment plant
would include:

1)  In the inflow rows, the allocated consumption of raw materials
    (e.g., reagents and energy) at the wastewater treatment plant.

2)  In the water outflow rows, the water emissions released to nature.
    Only the flows allocated to the building product production process
    are reported.

3)  In the outflow rows, solid waste and by-products from the wastewater
    treatment plant, namely the sewage sludge and waste oils. Types of
    sewage sludges are not differentiated.

Both treated effluents and untreated effluents, i.e. effluents which are
directly released to the environment without treatment, are recorded.

## Columns I, J and K: Data Quality

Columns I, J, and K seek information on data quality for the on-site
utility data. The same rules as for completing columns E, F and G apply.
The additional on-site utility columns also have corresponding data
quality columns.

## Column X and Y: Transport of Materials to Site

Columns X and Y ask for information on transportation of the raw
material and fuel inputs to the site, with corresponding data quality
columns. The distance the material is transported and the mode of
transportation are requested for each material transported to the site.

# Use Phase Questionnaire

## General Questions

The Use Phase Questionnaire asks general questions regarding the use
phase of the finished product as shown in Figure 5.

**Column: B C D E F G**

![](media/image7.png){width="4.833333333333333in"
height="4.104166666666667in"}

Figure 5: Use Phase Questionnaire: General Questions

Enter the "Units" (column C) and "Quantity" (Column D) for the items
listed in Column B. These items are described in more detail in Section
4. Coded information on data quality is entered in columns E, F and G
for each completed item. When an item is not relevant or its quantity
not available, the data quality fields need not be completed. The data
quality coding is explained in Section 5.3.

## Installation and Maintenance Data

The Use Phase Questionnaire also contains questions regarding the
installation and maintenance of the final product as shown in Figure 5.

**Column: B C D E F G H I J K**

![](media/image8.png){width="5.993055555555555in"
height="5.096527777777778in"}

Figure 6: Use Phase Data Questionnaire: Installation and Maintenance

Enter the "Units" (column C) and "Quantity" (Columns D and H) for the
items listed in column B. Coded information on data quality is entered
in columns E, F, and G and I, J, and K for each completed item. When an
item is not relevant or its quantity not available, the data quality
fields need not be completed. The data quality coding is explained in
Section 5.3.

[^1]: International Standards Organization, *Environmental
    Management\--Life-Cycle Assessment\--Principles and Framework,*
    Draft International Standard 14040, 1996; ISO *Environmental
    Management\--Life-Cycle Assessment---Goal and Scope Definition and
    Inventory Anslysis,* Committee Draft International Standard 14041.2,
    1996; and ISO *Environmental Management\--Life-Cycle
    Assessment---Life Cycle Impact Assessment,* Committee Draft
    International Standard 14042.1, 1997; and ISO *Environmental
    Management\--Life-Cycle Assessment---Life Cycle Interpretation,*
    Committee Draft International Standard 14043.1, 1996.

[^2]: International Standards Organization, *Environmental
    Management\--Life-Cycle Assessment\--Principles and Framework,*
    Draft International Standard 14040, 1996.

[^3]: NCV or Low Heat Value is the energy recoverable by the combustion
    of a unit quantity of fuel when the combustion product (the exhaust)
    is not brought back to the ambient temperature and pressure. GCV or
    High Heat Value is the total quantity of energy released by the
    combustion of a unit quantity of fuel, as measured by a bomb
    calorimeter. The difference between GCV and NCV is the vaporization
    latent heat of the water contained in the exhaust and the exhaust
    sensible heat.