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United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

**Importation of fresh highbush and rabbit-eye blueberry (*Vaccinium
corymbosum* L *& V. virgatum* Aiton) fruit into the Continental United
States from Uruguay**

![](media/image3.png){width="4.383333333333334in" height="3.2875in"}

**A Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment**

**April 2007**

**Agency Contact:**

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

Center for Plant Health Science and Technology

Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory

1730 Varsity Dr., Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153326643 .anchor}**Executive Summary**

The Dirección General de Servicios Agrícolas (DGSA) in Uruguay prepared
this qualitative pest risk assessment to examine the plant pest risks
associated with the importation of fresh blueberry fruit (*Vaccinium
corymbosum* L. and *Vaccinium virgatum* Aiton) from Uruguay into the
continental United States. The *Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest
Risk Assessment* (v. 5.02; USDA, 2000) were followed in the preparation
of this risk assessment. For this risk assessment, we assumed that any
blueberry fruits imported into the continental United States would
undergo minimal postharvest fruit processing, which includes culling,
packing, and forced air cooling, but no washing or other treatment. A
pest survey in a blueberry production site in Uruguay did not reveal any
quarantine significant pests likely to follow the pathway; however, a
search of print and electronic resources did suggest the following
quarantine pests may be associated with blueberry fruit and consequently
follow the pathway:

> *Anastreapha fraterculus* (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
>
> *Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

*Anstrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata* had high pest risk
potentials. Four risk mitigation options were identified that may reduce
the risk of this pest being introduced into the continental United
States.

**Table of Contents**

[**Executive Summary** 2](#__RefHeading___Toc153326643)

[I. Introduction 4](#i.-introduction)

[II. Risk Assessment 6](#ii.-risk-assessment)

[2.1 Initiating Event: Proposed Action
6](#initiating-event-proposed-action)

[2.2 Assessment of Weediness Potential of *Vaccinium* spp.
6](#assessment-of-weediness-potential-of-vaccinium-spp.)

[2.3 Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions
8](#decision-history-current-status-and-pest-interceptions)

[2.4 Pest Categorization -- Identification of *Vaccinium* spp. Pests in
Uruguay
14](#pest-categorization-identification-of-vaccinium-spp.-pests-in-uruguay)

[2.5 Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway
27](#quarantine-pests-likely-to-follow-the-pathway)

[2.6 Consequences of Introduction -- Economic / Environmental Importance
28](#consequences-of-introduction-economic-environmental-importance)

[2.7 Likelihood of Introduction 31](#likelihood-of-introduction)

[2.8 Conclusion: Pest Risk Potential and Pests Requiring Phytosanitary
Measures
33](#conclusion-pest-risk-potential-and-pests-requiring-phytosanitary-measures)

[III. Authors and Reviewers 34](#iii.-authors-and-reviewers)

[IV. Literature Cited. 34](#iv.-literature-cited.)

[Appendix A. Final report: pest and disease survey in blueberry crop
(*Vaccinium* spp.) in Uruguay, August 2004- June 2005
43](#appendix-a.-final-report-pest-and-disease-survey-in-blueberry-crop-vaccinium-spp.-in-uruguay-august-2004--june-2005)

[Appendix B. Risk mitigation options
54](#appendix-b.-risk-mitigation-options)

# I. Introduction

This risk assessment was prepared by the Division de Proteccion
Agricola, Direccion General de Servicios Agricolas (DGSA) in Uruguay for
Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA) to examine potential plant pest risks associated with
the importation of fresh blueberry fruit (*Vaccinium corymbosum* L. and
*Vaccinium virgatum* Aiton) from Uruguay into the continental United
States. (Hereafter, the use of the term blueberry(s) will refer to the
above-mentioned species unless otherwise noted.) Following submission to
PPQ, this risk assessment was reviewed and finalized by PPQ risk
analysis staff.

This is a qualitative pest risk assessment which expresses risk in
qualitative terms of High, Medium or Low rather than in numerical terms,
such as probabilities or frequencies. The details of methodology and
rating criteria are in the Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk
Assessment, Version 5.02 (USDA, 2000), which are based on the standards
provided by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) of the
United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Phytosanitary
terms conform to the IPPC's Glossary of Phytosanitary Terms (IPPC,
2006).

This risk assessment is one component of a complete pest risk analysis,
which the IPPC (IPPC, 2004) describes as having three stages: Stage 1,
Initiation, Stage 2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This
document satisfies IPPC (IPPC, 2004) requirements for Stages 1 and 2.

Blueberries belong to the genus *Vaccinium* L. (Ericaceae), which
contains between 150 to 450 species (Van Steenis, 1972). In addition to
blueberries, this genus includes cranberries, bilberries, and
lingonberries (Caruso and Ramsdell, 1995). *Vaccinium* occur worldwide,
with the highest biodiversity in the Himalayas, New Guinea, and the
Andean Region of South America. The largest fruited cranberries and
blueberries are native to North America (Caruso and Ramsdell, 1995).
Within the United States, four species of blueberries are cultivated:
*V. corymbosum*, *V. myrtilloides*, *V. angustifolium* and *V. virgatum*
(Caruso and Ramsdell, 1995). The two blueberry species proposed for
import in this risk assessment are native to the United States
(USDA-NRCS, 2005).

In the 1900s, cultivated blueberries were introduced to the Netherlands,
Germany, New Zealand, Poland, Japan, United Kingdom, Chile, southeastern
Europe, and China from North America. In most of these countries it took
some time for blueberry production to move from test plots to a
commercial level. For example, blueberries were introduced to South
America in the early 1980's to evaluate their production potential. By
1993, following 10 years of cultivation, blueberries yielded significant
production with 575 hectares planted in Chile and less than four
hectares in Argentina. In some countries, including China, Mexico,
Brazil, Uruguay and Thailand, commercial production is at the initial
experimental or early commercial production stages (Strik, 2005). The
four blueberry species described above are cultivated in Europe,
Australia, Chile, and New Zealand (Caruso and Ramsdell, 1995).

In 2003, North America accounted for about 75% of the planted area and
82% of the total highbush blueberry (*V. corymbosum*) production in the
world (Strik, 2005). Currently, more than 30 U.S. States and Eastern
Canada produce blueberries. In 2003, South America accounted for about
11% of the world's blueberry production area, with 65% of the South
American portion occurring in Chile, where blueberry production first
began. At this time, there were an estimated 1200 hectares of
blueberries planted in Argentina and 25 hectares in Brazil (Strik,
2005).

Recent commercial production of blueberries in Uruguay is limited to
highbush (*V. corymbosum* L.) and rabbiteye (*V. virgatum* Aiton). The
first blueberry plantations were initiated in 2000. By 2003 there were
eight hectares in production, while in 2004, 100 hectares were planted.
It is expected that an additional 100 hectares will be planted by 2005
(MGAP, 2005a). Blueberry plantations are located in Salto, Paysandú,
Colonia, San José, Canelones, Montevideo, Maldonado, Lavalleja and Rocha
departments. The majority of the plants used in blueberry plantations
are micro-propagated plants that come from laboratories in Argentina and
Uruguay (70%). The other 30% are propagated through traditional nursery
operations (*e.g*., cuttings, bare-rooted plants). All of the blueberry
stock originated in the United States.

Blueberries are planted in the autumn or spring. Planting is made on
ridges at a distance of 2.8 -- 3 m between rows and from 0.7 to 1 m
between plants, resulting in a density of 3,300 to 5,400 plants per
hectare. Ridges are covered with pine-chip or bark mulch to maintain
adequate soil ph and humidity, favor root growth, and prevent weed
development. Plastic mulch is also used. Plants are irrigated by drip
irrigation systems in the soil/mulch. In Uruguay, blueberry plants are
deciduous, remaining dormant during winter and actively growing during
the spring and autumn (MGAP, 2005a).

Highbush blueberry (*Vaccinium corymbosum*) is the primary species
cultivated in Uruguay, particularly the varieties: O'Neil, Misty, and
Georgiagem. Leaf and flower phenology of these varieties differ
slightly, affecting the harvest periods. In general, flowering occurs
from the mid-July to mid-September (winter to early spring in Uruguay).
The fruit harvest peaks from the last week of October to the first week
of December. Uruguay proposes to export fresh blueberry fruits to the
continental United States from mid-October to mid-December.

The main cultural problems associated with blueberry production in
Uruguay include late frosts, poor soil drainage, undesirable soil pH,
and excessive rainfall in the spring. Thus far, pests have not been
problematic in blueberry crops. A national pest survey was conducted
between 2004-2005 to identify the pests of blueberries in Uruguay. A
total of 23 pests and pathogens were identified (Appendix A), none of
which cause major economic damage. Thus, up to now, insect and pathogen
management strategies have not been necessary for this crop, although
specific blueberry cultural practices (e.g., pruning) and preventive
fungicide treatments are used to maintain a healthy crop. Fungicide
treatments include a winter treatment with captan to prevent wounds and
cankers, and two to four spring treatments at flowering, fruit setting
and pre-harvest also with captan. When conditions are favorable for the
development of *Botrytis*, a preventive treatment with iprodione, at
flowering, is applied, in addition to three post-harvest treatments of
captan.

Blueberries are harvested when they turn approximately three quarters
blue. Farmers recommend watering the rows between blueberry bushes right
before harvest to minimize dust that may be stirred during harvest.
Blueberries are hand-picked in the early morning to avoid high
temperatures and are directly placed in plastic boxes, which are
protected from the sun, and can hold approximately four kilograms of
fruit. From the field, boxes are taken to a packing facility where the
high quality fruit is selected and packed in the shell packs (125-175
grams) in which they will be sold. Fruit is not washed or treated. Shell
packs are placed in containers that hold 8 to 12 shell packs each.
Within six hours after harvest, these containers are forced air-cooled
at production sites to lower field temperatures down to 6-8°C, and then
are stored in cooled chambers at 1°C, until export. From the production
sites to the export points, fruit containers are loaded onto
refrigerated trucks that maintain a storage temperature of 1°C. Prior to
exportation, the fruit is inspected for a phytosanitary certificate.
Fruit pallets are then hermetically sealed with a thermal blanket that
maintains the temperature during transport (Monteiro, 2005). Gel packs
are also kept on the pallets to help keep the commodity cool.

For this risk assessment, we assumed that any blueberry fruits imported
into the Continental United States would undergo minimal postharvest
fruit processing, which includes culling, packing, and forced air
cooling, but no washing or other treatment.

In 2003 and 2004, blueberries were exported to the European Union via
air under the conditions described above (Monteiro, 2005). 353 kg of
blueberries were exported in 2003 (Belgium), and 2675 kg were exported
in 2004 (Belgium, Germany, Spain, France and Italy). Based on current
production rates, it is estimated that Uruguay will be able to export 15
tons in 2005 and 40 tons in 2006 (MGAP, 2005a).

# II. Risk Assessment

## 2.1 Initiating Event: Proposed Action

This risk assessment was developed by the Direccion General de Servicios
Agricolas as part of its request to the USDA for authorization to import
fruit of two species of blueberries (*Vaccinium corymbosum* and *V.
virgatum*) into the continental United States. Entry of this commodity
into the continental United States establishes a potential pathway for
the entry of plant pests. Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations
319, Part 56 (7CFR **§** 319.56) provides regulatory authority for the
importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign sources into the
United States.

## 2.2 Assessment of Weediness Potential of *Vaccinium* spp.

The potential of *Vaccinium corymbosum* and *V. virgatum* to become
weeds after they enter the continental United States was assessed.
Overall, this assessment found these species to not be invasive. Because
they are native to the United States, a formal weed risk assessment was
not required (Table 1) (USDA, 2000).

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| of *V. |                                                        |    |
| vir    |                                                        |    |
| gatum* |                                                        |    |
| (USDA  |                                                        |    |
| -NRCS, |                                                        |    |
| 2005). |                                                        |    |
| B      |                                                        |    |
| ecause |                                                        |    |
| most   |                                                        |    |
| of the |                                                        |    |
| pest   |                                                        |    |
| lite   |                                                        |    |
| rature |                                                        |    |
| refers |                                                        |    |
| to *V. |                                                        |    |
| a      |                                                        |    |
| shei*, |                                                        |    |
| it is  |                                                        |    |
| nec    |                                                        |    |
| essary |                                                        |    |
| to do  |                                                        |    |
| a      |                                                        |    |
| lite   |                                                        |    |
| rature |                                                        |    |
| review |                                                        |    |
| using  |                                                        |    |
| both   |                                                        |    |
| names  |                                                        |    |
| when   |                                                        |    |
| com    |                                                        |    |
| piling |                                                        |    |
| the    |                                                        |    |
| pest   |                                                        |    |
| list.  |                                                        |    |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------------+----+
|        |                                                        |    |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------------+----+
| *      | Distribution in the United States: *Vaccinium          |    |
| *Phase | corymbosum* is native to the eastern and north central |    |
| 1:**   | United States (USDA-NRCS, 2005). *Vaccinium virgatum*  |    |
|        | is native to the southeastern United States            |    |
|        | (USDA-NRCS, 2005).                                     |    |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------------+----+
|        |                                                        |    |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------------+----+
| *      | Invasive / Weed Status: Listing as weed                |    |
| *Phase |                                                        |    |
| 2:**   |                                                        |    |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------------+----+
|        |                                                        |    |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------------+----+
| [No]   | (Ho*lm et a*l., 1977; Reed, 1977; Gunn and Ritchie,    |    |
| {.unde | 1988; Ho*lm et a*l., 1991; Ho*lm et a*l., 1997; Weber, |    |
| rline} | 2003; Skinn*er et a*l., 2005; Swearingen, 2005; WSSA,  |    |
|        | 2005; 7 CFR § 360, January 1, 2005).                   |    |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------------+----+
| [Yes]  | A Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2005).          |    |
| {.unde |                                                        |    |
| rline} |                                                        |    |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------------+----+
| [No]   | Other scientific literature.                           |    |
| {.unde |                                                        |    |
| rline} |                                                        |    |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------------+----+
|        |                                                        |    |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------------+----+
| *      | Summary and Conclusions: *Vaccinium corymbosum* is     |    |
| *Phase | listed as a weed in New Zealand by the Global          |    |
| 3:**   | Compendium of Weeds; however, no other information was |    |
|        | found to confirm or describe the status of this plant  |    |
|        | in New Zealand. Regardless of its status in New        |    |
|        | Zealand, it is native to the continental United        |    |
|        | States. It is recommended that fresh fruits of         |    |
|        | *Vaccinium corymbosum* and *V. virgatum* be considered |    |
|        | for importation following an appropriate pest risk     |    |
|        | assessment.                                            |    |
+--------+--------------------------------------------------------+----+

## 2.3 Decision History, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions

Over the last 80 years, the United States has received approximately 30
requests for the importation of blueberries and other *Vaccinium*
species. During the first part of the twentieth century (1924-1937), the
United States received and approved numerous requests from European
countries for the importation of blueberries and other *Vaccinium*
species (Table 2). Then between 1951 and 1989, the United States denied
importation requests from several countries because there was no
acceptable treatment for medfly (*Ceratitis capitata*). These requests
typically came from countries located entirely within tropical climates.
Because medfly was either not found in Chile and Tasmania (Australia) or
had a restricted distribution, these countries were allowed to export
blueberries into the United States, provided that agricultural
inspection at U.S. ports did not reveal any flies. Then, beginning in
1992, the United States began to approve the import of blueberries from
tropical countries because an acceptable treatment for medfly (methyl
bromide fumigation) had been developed.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Table 2.                                                             
  Prior                                                                  
  decisions the                                                          
  United States                                                          
  has made                                                               
  regarding                                                              
  requests to                                                            
  import                                                                 
  blueberries                                                            
  and other                                                              
  *Vaccinium*                                                            
  species.**                                                             
  ------------- --------------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------------
  **Year**      **Commodity**               **Country**   **Decision**   **Reasons /
                                                                         Conditions**

  1924          Cranberries                 Sweden        Approved       

  1924          Bilberry (*V. myrtillus*)   Norway        Approved       

  1924          Cowberries (*V.             Finland       Approved       
                vitis-idaea*)                                            

  1925          *Vaccinium* sp.             Norway        Approved       
                (blueberries,                                            
                huckleberries, cranberries,                              
                lingonberries)                                           

  1925          *Vaccinium* sp.             Sweden        Approved       
                (blueberries,                                            
                huckleberries, cranberries,                              
                lingonberries)                                           

  1926          *Vaccinium* sp.             Finland       Approved       
                (blueberries,                                            
                huckleberries, cranberries,                              
                lingonberries)                                           

  1927          *Vaccinium* sp.             Poland        Approved       
                (blueberries,                                            
                huckleberries, cranberries,                              
                lingonberries)                                           

  1928          Blueberries, cranberries,   Russia        Approved       
                lingonberries, partridge                                 
                berries, whortleberries,                                 
                huckleberries                                            

  1932          Cranberries                 Estonia       Approved       

  1936          Cranberries                 Japan         Approved       

  1936          Cranberries                 Latvia        Approved       

  1937          Lingonberries, cranberries, Demark        Approved       
                blueberries,                                             
                whortleberries, etc.                                     

  1951          Blueberries                 Australia     Denied         No treatment for
                                                                         medfly

  1951          *Vaccinium*                 New Zealand   Approved       

  1953          *Vaccinium*                 Iceland       Approved       

  1980          *Vaccinium* sp.             Australia     Denied         No treatment for
                (blueberries)                                            medfly

  1982          Blueberries *(Vaccinium*    Chile         Approved       Inspect & treat if
                sp.*)*                                                   warranted

  1984          Blueberries                 Tasmania      Approved       With inspection
                                            (Australia)                  

  1988          Blueberries                 France        Denied         No acceptable
                                                                         treatment for
                                                                         medfly

  1988          Blueberries                 Guatemala     Denied         No acceptable
                                                                         treatment for
                                                                         medfly

  1988          Blueberries                 Argentina     Denied         No acceptable
                                                                         treatment for
                                                                         medfly

  1988          Blueberries                 Colombia      Denied         No acceptable
                                                                         treatment for
                                                                         medfly

  1989          Blueberries                 South Africa  Denied         Due to
                                                                         Comprehensive
                                                                         Anti-Apartheid Act
                                                                         of 1986 (Embargo)

  1992          Blueberries                 Mexico        Approved       Subject to
                                                                         inspection

  1992          Blueberries                 Bolivia       Approved       Subject to
                                                                         inspection and
                                                                         fumigation for
                                                                         medfly

  1993          Blueberries                 Peru          Approved       Fumigate for medfly

  1993          Blueberries                 Ecuador       Approved       Fumigate for medfly

  1994          Blueberries                 Argentina     Approved       Fumigate for medfly
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Since the United States started conducting risk assessments in the mid
1990's, following the recommended procedures of the International Plant
Protection Convention, only one risk assessment, for blueberries from
Colombia, has been conducted. The risk assessment did not identify any
quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway on fresh blueberries from
Colombia.

Currently, blueberries are authorized entry into the United States from
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru (USDA-APHIS, 2005a).
*Vaccinium spp*. are authorized from Armenia, Australia (Tasmania only),
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
Georgia, Iceland, Japan (except from Amami, Bonin, Ryukyu, Tokara and
Volcano Islands), Kazakhstan, Krygyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova,
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Russian Federation, Sweden,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and Uzbekistan
(USDA-APHIS, 2005a).

APHIS-PPQ maintains a database (Port Information Network database or
PIN-309) of all the interceptions of pests and pathogens on commodities
entering the United States. The database includes interceptions on
permit cargo, general cargo, ship's quarters, ship's holds, passenger
baggage, ship stores, mail and other pathways. This database was
examined to determine which pests and pathogens have been intercepted on
*Vaccinium* fruit. According to the database, between 1985 and 2005
(PIN-309 query November 1, 2005), the United States intercepted 1119
pests and pathogens on *Vaccinium* spp. (Table 3). The majority of these
interceptions (986) occurred on fruit.

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Table 3. Organisms                                              
  intercepted on                                                    
  *Vaccinium* spp. at                                               
  U.S. ports-of entry                                               
  (1985 -- 2005)**                                                  
  -------------------- --------------- ------------ --------------- ---------------
  **Organism**         **Reported      **Imported   **Where         **Frequency**
                       Origin**        As**         Intercepted**   

  Acanthosomatidae sp. Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Acari sp.            New Zealand     Fruit        Baggage         1

  Acrididae sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Agrotis* sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    4

  Aleyrodidae sp.      Russian Federat Plant        Permit Cargo    1

  *Anacampsis* sp.     Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Aphididae sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Aphididae sp.        Russian Federat Plant        Permit Cargo    1

  *Apion* sp.          Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    7

  *Apion* sp.          Jamaica         Fruit        Baggage         1

  Arctiidae sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Arhyssus            Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1
  tricostatus*                                                      

  *Athlia rustica*     Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    4

  *Bergallia* sp.      Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Blapstinus          Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1
  punctulatus*                                                      

  *Botryosphaeria* sp. New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Brachycerinae sp.    New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Bufomibcrus* sp.    Honduras        Leaf         Baggage         1

  *Calpodes* sp.       Honduras        Leaf         Permit Cargo    1

  Chrysomelidae sp.    Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Cicadellidae sp.     Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    6

  Coccidae sp.         Italy           Fruit        Baggage         1

  Coccidae sp.         Russian Federat Cutting      Baggage         1

  Coccidae sp.         Singapore       Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  *Colletotrichum* sp. Indonesia       Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  *Coniothyrium* sp.   Indonesia       Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  *Conoderus           Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1
  rufangulus*                                                       

  *Conotrachelus* sp.  Honduras        Leaf         Permit Cargo    2

  *Copitarsia* sp.     Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    27

  Coreidae sp.         Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Coreidae sp.         Chile           Leaf         Permit Cargo    1

  Cosmopterigidae sp.  Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  Cosmopterigidae sp.  New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Crambidae sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Ctenopseustis       New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    2
  obliquana*                                                        

  Curculionidae sp.    Honduras        Leaf         Permit Cargo    1

  Delphacidae sp.      Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    28

  *Dexicrates          Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    2
  robustus*                                                         

  Diaspididae sp.      Indonesia       Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  Diptera sp.          New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Eoreuma* sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Epiphyas            New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    7
  postvittana*                                                      

  Eumolpinae sp.       New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Fiorinia* sp.       Singapore       Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  *Frankliniella       Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    31
  australis*                                                        

  *Frankliniella       Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    8
  cestrum*                                                          

  *Frankliniella* sp.  Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    6

  Gelechiidae sp.      Bosnia          Plant        Baggage         1

  Gelechiidae sp.      Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    20

  Gelechiidae sp.      Ecuador         Fruit        Baggage         1

  Gelechiidae sp.      New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  Geometridae sp.      Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Geometridae sp.      New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Gonocerus           Netherlands     Cut Flower   Permit Cargo    1
  acuteangulatus*                                                   

  Gracillariidae sp.   Norway          Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  Gracillariidae sp.   Unknown         Leaf         Quarters        5

  *Grammophorus minor* Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Gryllidae sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Gryllus* sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    4

  Hadeninae sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Heliothinae sp.      Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  Hesperiidae sp.      Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Hoplosphyrum        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    8
  griseus*                                                          

  *Hylamorpha elegans* Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    4

  *Kuschelina          Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    61
  decorata*                                                         

  *Kuschelina* sp.     Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Lepidoptera sp.      Hawaii          Fruit        Baggage         1

  Lepidoptera sp.      New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Leptoglossus        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    63
  chiliensis*                                                       

  *Lexiphanes* sp.     Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Ligyrus villosus*   Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Listroderes* sp.    Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Lithraeus egenus*   Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Lycaenidae sp.       Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Lygaeidae sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  Lygaeoidea sp.       Honduras        Leaf         General Cargo   2

  *Microgryllus        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    8
  pallipes*                                                         

  Miridae sp.          New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Naupactus           Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    2
  xanthographus*                                                    

  *Nematus desantisi*  Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Nematus             Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1
  oligospilus*                                                      

  Noctuidae sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    12

  Noctuidae sp.        Honduras        Leaf         General Cargo   1

  Nodonota sp.         Honduras        Leaf         General Cargo   1

  *Nomophila* sp.      Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    4

  *Nycterinus* sp.     Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Nymphalidae sp.      Honduras        Leaf         General Cargo   1

  *Nysius huttoni*     New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Nysius* sp.         Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    4

  Olethreutinae sp.    Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Olethreutinae sp.    India           Fruit        Baggage         1

  Olethreutinae sp.    Indonesia       Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  Olethreutinae sp.    New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  Olethreutinae sp.    Russian Federat Cutting      Baggage         1

  *Orthotomicus* sp.   Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Pentatomidae sp.     Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Pentatomidae sp.     Guatemala       Fruit        Baggage         1

  Pentatomoidea sp.    Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Pestalotiopsis* sp. New Zealand     Fruit        General Cargo   3

  Phlaeothripidae sp.  Japan           Seed         Baggage         1

  Phlaeothripidae sp.  New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Phoma* sp.          New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Phoma* sp.          Norway          Seed         Permit Cargo    1

  *Phyllophaga* sp.    Honduras        Leaf         Permit Cargo    1

  *Plagiognathus* sp.  Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Planotortrix        New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    2
  excessana*                                                        

  *Platynota* sp.      Ecuador         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Polydrusus* sp.     Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Porotermes          Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    8
  quadricollis*                                                     

  *Prietocella         New Zealand     Cut Flower   Permit Cargo    1
  barbara*                                                          

  *Prietocella         New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    4
  barbara*                                                          

  *Proeulia* sp.       Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Pseudaonidia        Puerto Rico     Leaf         Baggage         1
  trilobitiformis*                                                  

  Pseudococcidae sp.   Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    242

  Pseudococcidae sp.   Indonesia       Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  Pseudococcidae sp.   New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    13

  Pseudococcidae sp.   Nicaragua       Fruit        Baggage         1

  Pseudococcidae sp.   Philippines     Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  Pseudococcidae sp.   Spain           Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  *Pseudococcus* sp.   Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    52

  *Pseudococcus* sp.   New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Psychidae sp.        New Zealand     Fruit        General Cargo   1

  Psyllidae sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Pterophoridae sp.    Canada          Plant        Mail            1

  *Pucciniastrum* sp.  Norway          Leaf         Permit Cargo    1

  *Pucciniastrum* sp.  Norway          Seed         Permit Cargo    1

  *Pucciniastrum* sp.  Unknown         Leaf         Permit Cargo    1

  Pyralidae sp.        New Zealand     Cut Flower   Permit Cargo    1

  Pyralidae sp.        United Kingdom  Fruit        Baggage         1

  Pyraustinae sp.      Honduras        Leaf         General Cargo   1

  Rhopalidae sp.       Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Riodinidae sp.       Honduras        Leaf         Permit Cargo    2

  *Selenomphalus       Indonesia       Cutting      Permit Cargo    1
  euryae*                                                           

  *Septoria* sp.       Hawaii          Leaf         Baggage         1

  *Septoria* sp.       Indonesia       Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  *Sericoides* sp.     Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Sibinia             Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    3
  albovittata*                                                      

  *Sibinia* sp.        Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Sitona* sp.         Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    9

  Sminthuridae sp.     Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Tarsonemus* sp.     Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Tetralopha* sp.     Honduras        Leaf         Permit Cargo    2

  Thripidae sp.        New Zealand     Fruit        Baggage         1

  Thripidae sp.        New Zealand     UNKNOWN      Permit Cargo    4

  *Thrips obscuratus*  New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Thrips* sp.         New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Thysanoptera sp.     New Zealand     Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Tineidae sp.         Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Tortricidae sp.      Canada          Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Tortricidae sp.      Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    8

  Tortricidae sp.      Netherlands     Cut Flower   Permit Cargo    1

  Tortricidae sp.      New Zealand     Cut Flower   Permit Cargo    1

  Tortricidae sp.      New Zealand     Fruit        Baggage         2

  Tortricidae sp.      New Zealand     UNKNOWN      General Cargo   1

  Tortricidae sp.      New Zealand     UNKNOWN      Permit Cargo    44

  Tortricinae sp.      Chile           Fruit        Permit Cargo    222

  Tortricinae sp.      Ireland         Cutting      Mail            1

  Tortricinae sp.      New Zealand     Fruit        Baggage         1

  Tortricinae sp.      New Zealand     UNKNOWN      General Cargo   2

  Tortricinae sp.      New Zealand     UNKNOWN      Permit Cargo    20

  Tortricinae sp.      New Zealand     UNKNOWN      Permit Cargo    1

  Tortricinae sp.      Peoples Republi Cutting      Baggage         1

  Tortricinae sp.      Sweden          Plant        Baggage         1

  Grand Total                                                       1119
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

## 2.4 Pest Categorization -- Identification of *Vaccinium* spp. Pests in Uruguay

The first step in categorizing quarantine pests is the development of a
comprehensive list of pests associated with the commodity and known to
occur in the country or region from which the commodity is to be
exported. All pests on such a list are considered to be "of potential
economic importance" because they are either associated with the plant
species or can become associated with it (IPPC, 1996). To identify and
categorize the pests of *Vaccinium corymbosum* and *V. virgatum*,
multiple data sources were consulted, including, but not limited to,
major abstract databases (*e.g.*, CAB Abstracts, and Biological
Abstracts), relevant texts and treatises, electronic databases (*e.g.,*
The Crop Protection Compendium, ECOPORT, PIN-309 interception records),
and primary literature. For each pest, the literature was consulted to
determine if it is present in the continental United States, the type of
association it has with its host, its quarantine status with respect to
the continental United States, and its ability to follow the pathway on
imported fruits of *Vaccinium*.

PPQ adheres to the accepted international definition of a quarantine
pest, as "a pest of potential economic importance to the area endangered
thereby and not yet present there, or present but not widely distributed
and being officially controlled" (IPPC, 2006). Following the
International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC, 2006), a quarantine
pest is a pest that is not present in the United States, or if present,
it has a limited distribution and is under official control. Pests that
have a limited distribution in the United States and are being
considered for official control (as determined by the USDA's National
Identification Services) are also considered as a quarantine pest; these
pests are indicated with a pair of brackets (*i.e*., \[Yes\]) in Table
4.

For a pest to be able to follow the pathway on commercial shipments of
blueberry fruits, it must remain associated with the fruit from the
foreign field, where it is harvested, to the United States, where it is
consumed. A pest is generally likely to follow the pathway when it is an
internal pest (*e.g*., a fruit fly larvae), microscopic and uneasily
seen (*e.g*., a fungal pathogen), or when it is small and relatively
immobile (*e.g*., a scale). There are many pests that attack fruits and
would not remain associated with the fruits as a result of their size
and visibility (*e.g*., an external caterpillar), or because they are
relatively mobile and would be readily dislodged from the fruit during
handling and processing (*e.g*., a winged insect).

Pests that have been intercepted by USDA agricultural inspectors on
*Vaccinium* in any type of pathway (*e.g*., commercial shipments,
passenger baggage, *etc*.) and that are present in Uruguay were included
in the pest list table, even if they were not listed in the literature
as a pest of *Vaccinium*. These pests were included because
interceptions demonstrate a possible pathway for entry into the United
States. Generally, not all pests that have been intercepted on
*Vaccinium* fruits (Table 3) are considered likely follow the pathway in
commercial shipments because many of these fruits did not go through
commercial fruit processing. Furthermore, some of the pest interceptions
that are listed in Table 3 probably represent rare hitchhikers or
contaminants of commercial shipments. Only interceptions that occur
regularly, especially on permitted cargo, are considered as potential
pests of *Vaccinium* species likely to follow the pathway. Intercepted
pests that were identified to only the family level were not included in
the pest list.

+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| **Table 4.    |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| Pests         |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| associated    |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| with          |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| commodity (in |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| any country)  |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| and present   |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| in Uruguay**  |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+===============+===============+=========+======+===+======+============+
| **Pest**      | **Geographic  | **Plant | *    |   | *    | **Host     |
|               | Distr         | Part    | *Qua |   | *Fol | ass        |
|               | ibution**[^1] | Ass     | ran- |   | lows | ociation** |
|               |               | ociatio | tine |   | P    |            |
|               |               | n**[^2] | Pe   |   | athw |            |
|               |               |         | st** |   | ay** |            |
|               |               |         | [^3] |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| ARTHROPODS    |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| ACARINA       |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Tarsonemus*  | US, UY (CPC,  | L, S,   | No   |   | Yes  | PIN309,    |
| sp.           | 2004;         | Fl, F   | [^4] |   |      | 2005.      |
|               | Bentancourt   |         |      |   |      |            |
| Acarina /     | and Scatoni,  | (CPC,   |      |   |      |            |
| Tarsonemidae  | 1999)         | 2004;   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | PIN309, |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Bryobia      | US, UY        | L, Fl   | No   |   | No   | USDA-      |
| praetiosa*    |               |         |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
| Koch          | (Jeppson et   | (       |      |   |      | 2004;      |
|               | al., 1975;    | Jeppson |      |   |      | Bolland et |
| Acarina /     | Bentancourt   | et al., |      |   |      | al.,       |
| Tetranychidae | and Scatoni,  | 1975)   |      |   |      | 1998[^5]   |
|               | 1999);        |         |      |   |      |            |
|               | Bolland et    |         |      |   |      |            |
|               | al., 1998     |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Tetranychus* | US, UY        | L       | No   |   | No   | Casals,    |
| *urticae*     |               |         |      |   |      | 2004; Koch |
| (Koch)        | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | Bentancourt   | 2004)   |      |   |      | 2000, SAG, |
| Acarina /     | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
| Tetranychidae | 1999);        |         |      |   |      | USDA-      |
|               | Bolland et    |         |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               | al., 1998     |         |      |   |      | 2004       |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| DIPTERA       |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Anastrepha   | UY, US (TX)   | F       | \[Y  |   | Yes  | (Vaccaro   |
| fraterculus*  |               |         | es\] |   |      | and        |
| (Wiedemann)   | (CPC, 2005)   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | Bouvet,    |
|               |               | 2005)   |      |   |      | 2006)      |
| Diptera /     |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| Tephritidae   |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Ceratitis    | UY            | F       | Yes  |   | Yes  | (Vaccaro   |
| capitata*     |               |         |      |   |      | and        |
| (Wiedemann)   | (CPC, 2004)   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | Bouvet,    |
|               |               | 2004)   |      |   |      | 2006)      |
| Diptera /     |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| Tephritidae   |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| COLEOPTERA    |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Apion* sp.   | US; UY        | L, Fl,  | Yes  |   | Yes  | USDA-      |
|               |               | F       |      |   | [^6] | APHIS-PPQ, |
| Coleoptera /  | (CPC, 2004;   |         |      |   |      | 2004;      |
| Curculionidae | Bentancourt   | (Bent   |      |   |      | PIN309,    |
|               | and Scatoni,  | ancourt |      |   |      | 2005       |
|               | 1999, Ross,   | and     |      |   |      |            |
|               | 1997)         | S       |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | catoni, |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 1999;   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | PIN309, |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *C            | US; UY[^7]    | L, F    | Yes  |   | Yes  | PIN309,    |
| onotrachelus* |               |         |      |   | [^8] | 2005       |
| sp.           | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      |            |
|               | Bentancourt   | 2004;   |      |   |      |            |
| Coleoptera /  | and Scatoni,  | PIN309, |      |   |      |            |
| Curculionidae | 1999, Ross,   | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
|               | 1997)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Listroderes* | US, UY        | R, L,   | Yes  |   | Yes  | PIN309,    |
| sp.           |               | S, F    |      |   | [^9] | 2005       |
|               | (CPC, 2004;   |         |      |   |      |            |
| Coleoptera /  | Bentancourt   | (CPC,   |      |   |      |            |
| Curculionidae | and Scatoni,  | 2004;   |      |   |      |            |
|               | 1999, Ross,   | PIN309, |      |   |      |            |
|               | 1997)         | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Naupactus*   | US, UY        | R, L    | No   |   | No   | Casals,    |
| *leucoloma*   |               |         |      |   |      | 2004,      |
| Boheman       | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | Devotto et |
|               | Bentancourt   | 2004)   |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| Coleoptera /  | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      | Hepp,      |
| Curculionidae | 1999)         |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | INIA,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Instituto  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | de         |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Inves      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | tigaciones |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Agr        |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | opecuarias |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | (INIA),    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2003; Koch |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2000; SAG, |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005.      |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Naupactus*   | UY            | R, S,   | Yes  |   | No[  | Casals,    |
| *x            |               | L, F    |      |   | ^10] | 2004;      |
| anthographus* | (CPC, 2004;   |         |      |   |      | Devotto et |
| (Germar)      | Bentancourt   | (       |      |   |      | al., 2005, |
|               | and Scatoni,  | Casals, |      |   |      | Hepp,      |
| Coleoptera /  | 1999)         | 2004;   |      |   |      | 2005;      |
| Curculionidae |               | PIN309, |      |   |      | PIN309,    |
|               |               | 2005;   |      |   |      | 2005       |
|               |               | CPC,    |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 2004)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Diabrotica*  | UY            | R, L,   | Yes  |   | No[  | Gonzalez   |
| *speciosa*    |               | S, F    |      |   | ^11] | et al.,    |
| (Germar)      | (Bentancourt  |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               | and Scatoni,  | (CPC,   |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
| Coleoptera    | 1999)         | 2004)   |      |   |      | 2005a      |
| /             |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| Chrysomelidae |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Conoderus    | UY (CPC,      | R, S,   | Yes  |   | No[  | (PIN309,   |
| rufangulus*   | 2005)         | L, F    |      |   | ^12] | 2005)      |
| (Gyllenhal)   |               |         |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | (       |      |   |      |            |
| Coleopte      |               | PIN309, |      |   |      |            |
| ra/Elateridae |               | 2005;   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | Koch et |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | al.,    |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 2000)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | UY            | R       | Yes  |   | No   | Rocca et   |
| Cyclocephala* |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2005  |
| *s            | (Bentancourt  | (Rocca  |      |   |      |            |
| ignaticollis* | and Scatoni,  | et al., |      |   |      |            |
| Burmeister    | 1999)         | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| Coleoptera /  |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| Scarabaeidae  |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Blapstinus*  | US (FL, TX);  | S, L,   | \[Y  |   | No[  | PIN309,    |
| *punctulatus* | UY            | F, C,   | es\] |   | ^13] | 2005       |
| Solier        |               | Sl      |      |   |      |            |
|               | (www.co       |         |      |   |      |            |
| Coleoptera /  | leoptera.org; | (       |      |   |      |            |
| Tenebrionidae |               | PIN309, |      |   |      |            |
|               | Bentancourt   | 2005;   |      |   |      |            |
|               | and Scatoni,  | Agro    |      |   |      |            |
|               | 1999)         | Impulso |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 2000;   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | Bent    |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | ancourt |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | and     |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | S       |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | catoni, |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 1999)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| HEMIPTERA     |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Dialeurodes* | US, UY        | L       | No   | N |      | CPC, 2003: |
| *citri*       |               |         |      | o |      | CPC, 2004; |
| (Ashmead)     | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | USDA-      |
|               | Miller et     | 2005)   |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
| Hemiptera /   | al., 2000;    |         |      |   |      | 2004       |
| Aleyrodidae   | Bentancourt   |         |      |   |      |            |
|               | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      |            |
|               | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | US, UY        | L       | No   | N |      | Casals,    |
| Trialeurodes* |               |         |      | o |      | 2004;      |
| *             | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
| vaporariorum* | Miller et     | 2004)   |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| (Westwood)    | al., 2000;    |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               | Bentancourt   |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
| Hemiptera /   | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      | 2005a      |
| Aleyrodidae   | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Aphis*       | US, UY        | S, L,   | No   | N |      | Gonzalez   |
| *gossypii*    |               | Fl      |      | o |      | et al.,    |
| Glover        | (CPC, 2004;   |         |      |   |      | 2005, Koch |
|               | Bentancourt   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| Hemiptera /   | and Scatoni,  | 2004)   |      |   |      | 2000,      |
| Aphididae     | 1999)         |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a,     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | SAG, 2005  |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Myzus*       | US, UY        | L, S    | No   | N |      | Buzeta,    |
| *persicae*    |               |         |      | o |      | 1997;      |
| (Sulzer)      | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | Casals,    |
|               | Bentancourt   | 2004)   |      |   |      | 2004;      |
| Hemiptera /   | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      | USDA-      |
| Aphididae     | 1999)         |         |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2004       |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Ceroplastes* | US, UY        | L, S, F | No   | Y |      | Polavarapu |
| *sinensis*    |               |         |      | e |      | et al.,    |
| (Linneo)      | (Bentancourt  | (S      |      | s |      | 2000       |
|               | and Scatoni,  | timmel, |      |   |      |            |
| Hemiptera/    | 1999;         | J.,     |      |   |      |            |
| Coccidae      | Polavarapu et | 1998;   |      |   |      |            |
|               | al., 2000;    | PIN309, |      |   |      |            |
|               | Stimmel, J.   | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
|               | F., 1998)     |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Coccus*      | US, UY        | L, S    | No   | N |      | CPC, 2003; |
| *hesperidum*  |               |         |      | o |      | CPC, 2004; |
| Linneo        | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | Koch et    |
|               | Polavarapu et | 2004)   |      |   |      | al., 2000; |
| Hemip         | al., 2000;    |         |      |   |      | Polavarapu |
| tera/Coccidae | Bentancourt   |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      | 2000;      |
|               | 1999)         |         |      |   |      | USDA-      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2004       |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Saissetia*   | US, UY        | L, S    | No   | N |      | Polavarapu |
| *oleae*       |               |         |      | o |      | et al.,    |
| (Olivier)     | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | 2000,      |
|               | Polavarapu et | 2004)   |      |   |      | USDA-      |
| Hemiptera /   | al., 2000;    |         |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
| Coccidae      | Bentancourt   |         |      |   |      | 2004       |
|               | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      |            |
|               | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | UY            | L       | Yes  | N |      | Casals,    |
| Leptoglossus* |               |         |      | o |      | 2004,      |
| *impictus*    | (Bentancourt  | (G      |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
| (Stal)        | and Scatoni,  | onzalez |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | 1999)         | et al., |      |   |      | 2005;      |
| Hemiptera     |               | 2005)   |      |   |      | Hepp,      |
| /Coreidae     |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a      |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Aspidiotus*  | US, UY        | L, B, F | No   | Y |      | Polavarapu |
| *nerii*       |               |         |      | e |      | et al.,    |
| Bouché        | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      | s |      | 2000; SAG, |
|               | Polavarapu et | 2004)   |      |   |      | 2005;      |
| Hemiptera /   | al., 2000;    |         |      |   |      | USDA-      |
| Diaspididae   | Bentancourt   |         |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      | 2004       |
|               | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Diaspidiotus | US, UY        | L, S, F | No   | Y |      | CPC, 2003; |
| perniciosus*  |               |         |      | e |      | CPC, 2004; |
| (Comstock)    | (CPC, 2005;   | (CPC,   |      | s |      | CPC, 2005  |
| *Cockerell,*  | Polavarapu et | 2004)   |      |   |      | Polavarapu |
|               | al., 2000;    |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| Hemiptera /   | Bentancourt   |         |      |   |      | 2000       |
| Diaspididae   | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      |            |
|               | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | US, UY        | L, S, F | No   | Y |      | CPC, 2003; |
| Hemiberlesia* |               |         |      | e |      | Koch et    |
| *rapax*       | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      | s |      | al., 2000; |
| (Comstock)    | Bentancourt   | 2004)   |      |   |      | SAG, 2005; |
|               | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      | USDA-      |
| Hemiptera /   | 1999)         |         |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
| Diaspididae   |               |         |      |   |      | 2004       |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | US, UY        | L, S    | No   | N |      | CPC, 2003; |
| Lepidosaphes* |               |         |      | o |      | CPC, 2004; |
| *ulmi*        | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | Polavarapu |
| (Linneo)      | Polavarapu et | 2004    |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | al., 2000;    |         |      |   |      | 2000;      |
| Hemiptera /   | Bentancourt   | U       |      |   |      | USDA-      |
| Diaspididae   | and Scatoni,  | SDA-APH |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               | 1999)         | IS-PPQ, |      |   |      | 2004       |
|               |               | 2004)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Pse          | US, UY        | R, L, S | No   | N |      | Polavarapu |
| udaulacaspis* |               |         |      | o |      | et al.,    |
| *pentagona*   | (Polavarapu   |         |      |   |      | 2000;      |
| (Targi        | et al., 2000; |         |      |   |      | USDA-      |
| oni-Tozzetti) | Bentancourt   |         |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      | 2004       |
| Hemiptera /   | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
| Diaspididae   |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Nysius* sp.  | US, UY[^14]   | L, F    | Yes  | Y |      | PIN309,    |
|               |               |         |      | e |      | 2005       |
| Hemiptera /   | (CPC, 2004;   | (       |      | s |      |            |
| Lygaeidae     | Jubb et al.,  | PIN309, |      | [ |      |            |
|               | 1979;         | 2005)   |      | ^ |      |            |
|               | Bentancourt   |         |      | 1 |      |            |
|               | and Scatoni,  |         |      | 5 |      |            |
|               | 1999)         |         |      | ] |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Icerya*      | US, UY        | L, S    | No   | N |      | Casals,    |
| *purchasi*    |               |         |      | o |      | 2004;      |
| Maskell       | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | Silva et   |
|               | Bentancourt   | 2004)   |      |   |      | al., 2005  |
| Hemiptera /   | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      |            |
| Margarodidae  | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | US, UY        | R, S,   | No   | Y |      | Koch et    |
| Pseudococcus* |               | L, B, F |      | e |      | al., 2000; |
| *             | (CPC, 2004;   |         |      | s |      | SAG, 2005  |
| calceolariae* | Bentancourt   | (CPC,   |      | [ |      |            |
|               | and Scatoni,  | 2004;   |      | ^ |      |            |
| Hemiptera /   | 1999)         | SAG,    |      | 1 |      |            |
| P             |               | 2005)   |      | 6 |      |            |
| seudococcidae |               |         |      | ] |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | US, UY        | R, S, B | No   | N |      | SAG, 2005  |
| Pseudococcus* |               |         |      | o |      |            |
| *viburni*     | (CPC, 2004;   | (SAG,   |      |   |      |            |
| (Signoret)    | Laflin et     | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
|               | al., 2004     |         |      |   |      |            |
| Hemiptera /   | Bentancourt   |         |      |   |      |            |
| P             | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      |            |
| seudococcidae | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| LEPIDOPTERA   |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | UY            | L       | Yes  |   | No   | Gonzalez   |
| Mallocephala* |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| *deserticola* | (Bentancourt  | G       |      |   |      | 2005;      |
| (Berg).       | and Scatoni,  | onzalez |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
| Lepidopt      | 1999)         | et al., |      |   |      | 2005a      |
| era/Arctiidae |               | 2005    |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Anacampsis*  | US, UY[^17]   | L, F    | Yes  |   | Yes  | PIN309,    |
| sp*.*         |               |         |      |   |      | 2005       |
|               | (CPC, 2004;   | (Bent   |      |   |      |            |
| Lepidoptera / | Bentancourt   | ancourt |      |   |      |            |
| Gelechiidae   | and Scatoni,  | and     |      |   |      |            |
|               | 1999)         | S       |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | catoni, |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 1999;   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | PIN309, |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Agrotis      | US, UY        | L, S    | No   |   | No   | Buzeta,    |
| ipsilon*      |               |         |      |   |      | 1997;      |
| (Hufnagel)    | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC    |      |   |      | Casals,    |
|               | Bentancourt   | 2004)   |      |   |      | 2004;      |
| Lepidoptera / | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
| Noctuidae     | 1999)         |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Hepp,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005; Koch |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2000;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | SAG, 2005. |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Agrotis* sp. | US; UY        | L, S    | Yes  |   | No   | PIN309,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
| Lepidopt      | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | USDA-      |
| era/Noctuidae | Bentancourt   | 2004)   |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      | 2004       |
|               | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Helicoverpa  | US, UY        | L, Fl,  | No   |   | Yes  | Casals,    |
| zea* (Boddie) |               | F       |      |   |      | 2004; Koch |
|               | (CPC, 2004;   |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| Lepidoptera / | Bentancourt   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | 2000;      |
| Noctuidae     | and Scatoni,  | 2004)   |      |   |      | USDA-      |
|               | 1999)         |         |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2004       |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Peridroma    | US, UY        | L, S,   | No   |   | No   | CPC, 2003; |
| saucia*       |               | Fl      |      |   |      | USDA-      |
| (Hubner)      | (CPC, 2004;   |         |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               | Bentancourt   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | 2004       |
| Lepidoptera / | and Scatoni,  | 2004)   |      |   |      |            |
| Noctuidae     | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Rachiplusia  | UY            | L       | Yes  |   | No   | Gonzalez   |
| nu* (Guenée). |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| Lepidoptera / | (Bentancourt  | (G      |      |   |      | 2005;      |
| Noctuidae     | and Scatoni,  | onzalez |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               | 1999)         | et al., |      |   |      | 2005a      |
|               |               | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Spodoptera*  | US, UY        | L, F    | No   |   | No[  | CPC, 2003; |
| *eridania*    |               |         |      |   | ^18] | USDA-      |
| (Cramer)      | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               | Bentancourt   | 2004)   |      |   |      | 2004       |
| Lepidoptera / | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      |            |
| Noctuidae     | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Spodoptera*  | US, UY        | L, F    | No   |   | No[  | CPC, 2003; |
| *frugiperda*  |               |         |      |   | ^19] | USDA-      |
| (J. E. Smith) | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               | Bentancourt   | 2004)   |      |   |      | 2004       |
| Lepidoptera / | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      |            |
| Noctuidae     | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Oiketicus*   | UY            | L       | Yes  |   | No   | Gonzalez   |
| *platensis*   |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| (Berg).       | (Bentancourt  | (G      |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               | and Scatoni,  | onzalez |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
| Lepidopt      | 1999;         | et al., |      |   |      | 2005a      |
| era/Psychidae | Gonzalez et   | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
|               | al., 2005)    |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Nomophila*   | UY            | L, F    | Yes  |   | Yes[ | PIN309,    |
| *sp*.         |               |         |      |   | ^20] | 2005       |
|               | (Bentancourt  | (       |      |   |      |            |
| Lepidoptera / | and Scatoni,  | PIN309, |      |   |      |            |
| Pyralidae     | 1999)         | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| ORTHOPTERA    |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Gryllus*     | US, UY[^21]   | L, F    | Yes  |   | No[  | USDA,      |
| *sp*.         |               |         |      |   | ^22] | 2004;      |
|               | (CPC, 2004;   | (       |      |   |      | PIN309,    |
| Orthoptera /  | Walker, 1999; | PIN309, |      |   |      | 2005       |
| Gryllidae     | Bentancourt   | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
|               | and Scatoni,  |         |      |   |      |            |
|               | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| THYSANOPTERA  |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *F            | US, UY        | L, Fl   | No   |   | No   | Scherm et  |
| rankliniella* |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1999, |
| *             | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | USDA-      |
| occidentalis* | Bentancourt   | 2004;   |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
| (Pergande)    | and Scatoni,  | Scherm  |      |   |      | 2004       |
|               | 1999)         | et. al, |      |   |      |            |
| Thysanoptera  |               | 1999)   |      |   |      |            |
| / Thripidae   |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *F            | US, UY        | L, Fl,  | Yes  |   | Yes[ | PIN309,    |
| rankliniella* |               | F       |      |   | ^23] | 2005       |
| sp.           | (CPC, 2005)   |         |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | (CPC,   |      |   |      |            |
| Thysanoptera  |               | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
| / Thripidae   |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Thrips*      | US, UY        | L, F    | Yes  |   | Yes[ | PIN309,    |
| *sp*.         |               |         |      |   | ^24] | 2005       |
|               | (CPC, 2004;   | (       |      |   |      |            |
| Thysanoptera  | Bentancourt   | PIN309, |      |   |      |            |
| / Thripidae   | and Scatoni,  | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
|               | 1999)         |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| BACTERIA[^25] |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Burkholderia | US, UY        | S, L,   | No   |   | No   | CPC, 2005  |
| andropogonis* |               | Fl, Sl  |      |   |      |            |
| (Smith)       | (CPC, 2005)   |         |      |   |      |            |
| *Gillis*      |               |         |      |   |      |            |
|               |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| Bu            |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| rkholderiales |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| /             |               |         |      |   |      |            |
|               |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| Bur           |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| kholderiaceae |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Pseudomonas  | US, UY        | L, S,   | No   |   | Yes  | Bradbury,  |
| syringae* pv. |               | Fl, F   |      |   |      | 1986;      |
| *syringae*    | (Caruso et    |         |      |   |      | Caruso et  |
| van Hall 1902 | al., 1995;    | (CPC,   |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
|               | CPC, 2004)    | 2004)   |      |   |      | CPC, 2003; |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | CPC, 2004; |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Guerrero,  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2000;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Hepp,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005; SAG, |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Strik,     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005       |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Rhizobium*   | US, UY        | R       | No   |   | No   | Bradbury,  |
| *radiobacter* |               |         |      |   |      | 1986;      |
| (Beijerinck & | (CPC, 2004;   | (CPC,   |      |   |      | Buzeta,    |
| van Delden)   | Caruso et.    | 2004;   |      |   |      | 1997;      |
| Young et al.  | al, 1995;     | G       |      |   |      | Caruso et  |
|               | Farr et al.,  | onzalez |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
| (Syn:         | 2005)         | et al., |      |   |      | CPC, 2004; |
| *             |               | 2005;   |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| Agrobacterium |               | SAG,    |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| tumefaciens*  |               | 2005)   |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
| (E. F. Smith  |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| & Towsend)    |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
| Conn)         |               |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a      |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| FUNGI[^26]    |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Alternaria*  | US, UY        | L, FL,  | No   |   | Yes  | CPC, 2004; |
| *alternata*   |               | F       |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| (Fr.) Keissl  | (Betucci, L.  |         |      |   |      | al, 1989;  |
|               | et al., 2004; | (CPC,   |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| Ascomycetes:  | CPC, 2004;    | 2004)   |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| Pleosporales  | Farr et al.,  |         |      |   |      | Guerrero   |
|               | 2005;         |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | Gonzalez et   |         |      |   |      | 1993,      |
|               | al., 2005)    |         |      |   |      | Guerrero,  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2000;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | et al,     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a.     |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Alternaria*  | US, UY        | L, F    | No   |   | Yes  | Caruso et  |
| *tenuissima*  |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
| (Kunze)       | (CPC, 2004;   | (Caruso |      |   |      | Cline et   |
| Wiltshire     | Farr et al.   | et al., |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
|               | 2005;         | 1995;   |      |   |      | CPC, 2004; |
| Ascomycetes:  | Gonzalez et   | Mil     |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| Pleosporales  | al., 2005;    | holland |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
|               | MGAP, 2005a)  | et al., |      |   |      | Fernandez  |
|               |               | 1984)   |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Fernández  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005b;     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Garcia     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Salazar,   |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2002;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Strik,     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005.      |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Bo           | US, UY        | L, S, B | No   |   | No   | Caruso et  |
| tryosphaeria* |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
| *dothidea*    | (Betucci L.   | (Caruso |      |   |      | Cline,     |
| (Moug.) Ces.  | et al., 2004; | et al., |      |   |      | 1997;      |
| & de Not.     | CPC, 2004;    | 1995;   |      |   |      | Cline et   |
| (anamorph     | Farr et al.,  | Mil     |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| *Fusicoccum*  | 2005;         | holland |      |   |      | Cuevas et  |
| *aesculi*     | Monteiro,     | et al., |      |   |      | al., 2003; |
| Corda)        | 2005)         | 1984)   |      |   |      | CPC, 2004; |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| Ascomycetes/  |               |         |      |   |      | al. 2005;  |
| Dothideales   |               |         |      |   |      | Johnson et |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2003; |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | SAG, 2004; |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | SAG, 2005; |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Strik,     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005       |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Bo           | US, UY        | L, S,   | Yes  |   | Yes[ | Farr et    |
| tryosphaeria* |               | B, F    |      |   | ^27] | al., 1989; |
| *sp*.         | (Farr et al., |         |      |   |      | Farr et    |
|               | 2005;         | (Caruso |      |   |      | al., 2005, |
| Ascomycetes/  | Gonzalez et   | et al., |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
| Dothideales   | al., 2005;    | 1995;   |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | MGAP, 2005a)  | Mil     |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               | holland |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               | et al., |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
|               |               | 1984,   |      |   |      | USDA-      |
|               |               | PIN309, |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               |               | 2005)   |      |   |      | 2004;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | PIN309,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005       |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Botrytis*    | US, UY        | L, S,   | No   |   | Yes  | Andrade et |
| *cinerea*     |               | B, Fl,  |      |   |      | al., 1993; |
| Pers.: Fr     | (CPC, 2004;   | F       |      |   |      | Bell et    |
| \[anamorph\]  | Caruso et     |         |      |   |      | al., 1999; |
|               | al., 2005;    | (CPC,   |      |   |      | Buzeta,    |
| Ascomycetes:  | Farr et al.,  | 2004;   |      |   |      | 1997;      |
| Helotiales    | 2005,         | Wein    |      |   |      | Caruso et  |
|               | Gonzalez et   | gartner |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
| *Botryotinia  | al., 2005;    | and     |      |   |      | Cline et   |
| fuckeliana*   | MGAP, 2005a;  | Klos,   |      |   |      | al., 2005, |
| (de Bary)     | Weingartner   | 1974)   |      |   |      | CPC, 2004; |
| Whetzel       | and Klos,     |         |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| \[telomorph\] | 1974)         |         |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;;     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 20         |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 05a;Smith, |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 1998;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Wright et  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2005  |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Cercospora*  | US, UY        | S       | Yes  |   | No   | Caruso et  |
| *sp*.         |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
|               | (Altier, N.,  | (Caruso |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| Asc           | 1994; Caruso  | et al., |      |   |      | al., 1989; |
| omycetes/Myco | et al., 1995; | 1995;   |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| sphaerellales | Farr et al.,  | Milh    |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
|               | 2005;         | olland, |      |   |      | Milholland |
|               | Milholland,   | 1984)   |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | 1984)         |         |      |   |      | 1984;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Scherm,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 1999,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | USDA-      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2004       |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | US, UY        | L, S,   | Yes  |   | Yes[ | Andrade et |
| Cladosporium* |               | Fl, F   |      |   | ^28] | al., 1993, |
| *sp*.         | (Altier, N.,  |         |      |   |      | Farr et    |
|               | 1994; CPC,    | (Caruso |      |   |      | al., 1989; |
| Ascomycetes/  | 2004;Caruso   | et al., |      |   |      | Farr et    |
|               | et al., 1995; | 1995)   |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| Myco          | Farr et al.,  |         |      |   |      | Gonzalez,  |
| sphaerellales | 2005)         |         |      |   |      | 2005,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a      |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Co           | US, UY        | L, B, F | No   |   | Yes  | Caruso et  |
| lletotrichum* |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
| *acutatum*    | (Altier, N.,  | (Caruso |      |   |      | Cline,     |
| Simmonds ex   | 1994; CPC,    | et al., |      |   |      | 1997;      |
| Simmonds      | 2004; Farr et | 1995)   |      |   |      | Cline et   |
|               | al., 2005)    |         |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| Ascomycetes / |               |         |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| P             |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| hyllachorales |               |         |      |   |      | USDA-      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2004       |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Co           | US, UY        | L, B, F | No   |   | Yes  | Buzeta,    |
| lletotrichum* |               |         |      |   |      | 1997;      |
| *glo          | (Betucci, L.  | (Caruso |      |   |      | Caruso et  |
| eosporioides* | et al., 2004; | et al., |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
| (Penz.) Penz. | CPC, 2004;    | 1995;   |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| &             | Caruso et     | Mil     |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| Sacc          | al., 1995;    | holland |      |   |      | Fernandez  |
| .\[anamorph\] | Farr et al.,  | et al., |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| (=            | 2005)         | 1984)   |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
| *Glomerella   |               |         |      |   |      | Garcia     |
| cingulata*)   |               |         |      |   |      | Salazar,   |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2002;      |
| Ascomycetes / |               |         |      |   |      | Johnson et |
| P             |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2003; |
| hyllachorales |               |         |      |   |      | Midwest    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Small      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Fruit Pest |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Management |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Handbook,  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2004; SAG, |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Strik,     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Wright et  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2005  |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Col          | US, UY        | L, B,   | Yes  |   | Yes[ | USDA-      |
| letothrichum* |               | F[^29]  |      |   | ^30] | APHIS-PPQ, |
| *sp*.         |               | (Horst, |      |   |      | 2004,      |
|               |               | 2001)   |      |   |      | PIN309,    |
| Ascomycetes / |               |         |      |   |      | 2005       |
| P             |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| hyllachorales |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | US, UY        | L, S    | Yes  |   | No   | Farr et    |
| Coniothyrium* |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| *sp*.         | (Farr et al., | Wein    |      |   |      | PIN309,    |
|               | 2005;         | gartner |      |   |      | 2005;      |
| Ascomycetes/  | Weingartner   | and     |      |   |      | USDA-      |
|               | and Klos,     | Klos,   |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
| Pleosporales  | 1974)         | 1974    |      |   |      | 2004,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | W          |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | eingartner |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | and Klos,  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 1974       |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Epicoccum*   | US, UY        | L,      | No   |   | Yes  | Guerrero   |
| *nigrum.*     |               | F[^31]  |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| Link          | (Betucci, L.  |         |      |   |      | 1993;      |
|               | et al., 2004; | (G      |      |   |      | Guerrero,  |
| Anamorphic    | CPC, 2004;    | uerrero |      |   |      | 2000       |
| Ascomycetes   | Farr et al.,  | et al., |      |   |      |            |
|               | 2005)         | 1993;   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | Gu      |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | errero, |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 2000;   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | Horst,  |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 2001)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Epicoccum*   | US, UY        | L, S,   | No   |   | Yes  | Farr et    |
| *sp*.         |               | F[^32]  |      |   |      | al., 1989; |
|               | (Farr et al., |         |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| Anamorphic    | 2005;         | (G      |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| Ascomycetes   | Gonzalez et   | onzalez |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
|               | al., 2005;    | et al., |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | Weingartner   | 2005,   |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               | and Klos,     | MGAP,   |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               | 1974 )        | 2005a;  |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
|               |               | Horst,  |      |   |      | W          |
|               |               | 2001;   |      |   |      | eingartner |
|               |               | Wein    |      |   |      | and Klos,  |
|               |               | gartner |      |   |      | 1974       |
|               |               | and     |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | Klos,   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 1974)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Fusarium*    | US, UY        | R, S    | Yes[ |   | No   | SAG, 2005  |
| *oxysporum*   |               |         | ^33] |   |      |            |
| S             | (CPC, 2004)   | (SAG,   |      |   |      |            |
| chlechtendahl |               | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| Ascomycetes / |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| Hypocreales   |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Fusarium*    | US, UY        | R, S,   | Yes  |   | Yes[ | Andrade et |
| *sp*.         |               | L, F,   |      |   | ^34] | al., 1993; |
|               | (CPC, 2004;   | Sd      |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| Ascomycetes / | Farr et al.,  |         |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| Hypocreales   | 2005;         | (Horst, |      |   |      | Fernandez  |
|               | Weingartner   | 2001;   |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | and Klos,     | Farr et |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
|               | 1974)         | al.,    |      |   |      | Guerrero   |
|               |               | 2005;   |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               |               | Wein    |      |   |      | 1993;      |
|               |               | gartner |      |   |      | Guerrero,  |
|               |               | and     |      |   |      | 2000;      |
|               |               | Klos,   |      |   |      | W          |
|               |               | 1974)   |      |   |      | eingartner |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | and Klos,  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 1974;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Wright et  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1998; |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Wright and |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Rivera,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Wright et  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2005  |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Glomerella*  | US, UY        | R, S,   | No   |   | Yes  | Bell et    |
| *cingulata*   |               | Fl, F   |      |   |      | al., 1999; |
| (Stonem.)     | (CPC, 2004,   |         |      |   |      | Caruso et  |
| Spauld. &     | Farr et al.,  | (Caruso |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
| Schrenk       | 2005,         | et al., |      |   |      | CPC, 2004; |
| \             | Milholland et | 1995;   |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| [teleomorph\] | al., 1984)    | CPC,    |      |   |      | al., 1989; |
|               |               | 2004;   |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| *Co           |               | Mil     |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| lletotrichum* |               | holland |      |   |      | SAG, 2005, |
| *glo          |               | et al., |      |   |      | USDA-      |
| eosporioides* |               | 1984)   |      |   |      | APHIS-PPQ, |
| (Penz.) Sacc. |               |         |      |   |      | 2004,      |
| \[anamorph\]  |               |         |      |   |      | Wright et  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2005  |
| Ascomycetes / |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| P             |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| hyllachorales |               |         |      |   |      |            |
|               |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| Incertae      |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| sedis         |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Hainesia*    | US; UY        | L       | No   |   | No   | Cuevas et  |
| *lythri*      |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2003; |
| (Desm.)       | (Farr et al., | (Cuevas |      |   |      | SAG, 2004; |
| Höhnel        | 2005)         | et al., |      |   |      | SAG, 2005  |
|               |               | 2003;   |      |   |      |            |
| Ascomycetes / |               | SAG,    |      |   |      |            |
| Helotiales    |               | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Penicillium* | US, UY        | F[^35]  | No   |   | Yes  | CPC, 2003; |
| *expansum*    |               |         |      |   |      | CPC 2004   |
| Link          | (Pianzolla,   | (CPC,   |      |   |      |            |
|               | M. J. et al.  | 2004)   |      |   |      |            |
| Ascomycetes / | 2004; CPC,    |         |      |   |      |            |
| Eurotiales    | 2004; Farr et |         |      |   |      |            |
|               | al., 2005)    |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Penicillium* | US, UY        | F[^36]  | No   |   | Yes  | Andrade et |
| *sp*.         |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1993; |
|               | (Farr et al., | (CPC,   |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| Ascomycetes / | 2005)         | 2004)   |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| Eurotiales    |               |         |      |   |      | Guerrero   |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 1993;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Guerrero,  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2000; SAG, |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005       |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Pestalotia*  | US, UY        | S, L    | No   |   | No   | Caruso et  |
| *vaccinii*    |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
| (Shear) Guba  | (Caruso et    | (Cuevas |      |   |      | Cuevas et  |
| (syn.         | al., 1995;    | et al., |      |   |      | al., 2003; |
| *Pestalotia*  | Farr et al.,  | 2003;   |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| *guepinii*    | 2005;         | G       |      |   |      | al., 1989; |
| Desmaz. var.  | Gonzalez et   | onzalez |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| *vaccinii*    | al., 2005)    | et al.  |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| Shear)        |               | 2005)   |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
| Ascomycet     |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| es/Xylariales |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | SAG, 2004; |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | SAG, 2005  |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Pe           | US, UY        | L       | No   |   | No   | Fernandez  |
| stalotiopsis* |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| *guepinii*    | (Betucci, L.  | (G      |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
| (Desm.) Stey. | et al., 2004; | onzalez |      |   |      | Fernandez  |
| Syn           | Farr et al.,  | et al., |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| *Pestalotia   | 2005;         | 2005;   |      |   |      | 2005b;     |
| guepinii*     | Gonzalez et   | MGAP,   |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
| Desm.         | al., 2005;    | 2005a)  |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | MGAP, 2005a)  |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
| Ascomycet     |               |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
| es/Xylariales |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Wright et  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2005  |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Pe           | US, UY        | L, F    | Yes  |   | Yes[ | PIN309,    |
| stalotiopsis* |               |         |      |   | ^37] | 2005       |
| *sp*.         | (Farr et al., | (       |      |   |      |            |
|               | 2005)         | PIN309, |      |   |      |            |
| Ascomycet     |               | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
| es/Xylariales |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Phoma* *sp*. | US, UY        | L, S,   | Yes  |   | Yes[ | Farr et    |
|               |               | F, Sd   |      |   | ^38] | al., 2005; |
| Ascomycetes/  | (Farr et al., |         |      |   |      | PIN309,    |
|               | 2005;         | (Farr   |      |   |      | 2005;      |
| Pleosporales  | Weingartner   | et al., |      |   |      | W          |
|               | and Klos,     | 2005;   |      |   |      | eingartner |
|               | 1974)         | PIN309, |      |   |      | and Klos,  |
|               |               | 2005;   |      |   |      | 1974)      |
|               |               | Wein    |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | gartner |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | and     |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | Klos,   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 1974)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Phyllosticta | US, UY        | L       | No   |   | No   | Caruso et  |
| elongata* G.  |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
| J. Weidemann  | (Farr et al., | (Farr   |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| (teleomorph   | 2005;         | et al., |      |   |      | al., 1989; |
| B             | Gonzalez et   | 2005;   |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| otryosphaeria | al., 2005;    | G       |      |   |      | al. 2005;  |
| vaccinii      | MGAP, 2005a)  | onzalez |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
| (Shear) Barr) |               | et al., |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| Ascomycetes/  |               | 2005)   |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
| Dothideales   |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a      |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Phyllosticta | US, UY        | L       | No   |   | No   | Caruso et  |
| vaccinii*     |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
| Earle         | (Caruso et    | (Caruso |      |   |      | Cline,     |
|               | el., 1995;    | et al., |      |   |      | 1997; Farr |
| Ascomycetes/  | Gonzalez et   | 1995;   |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | al., 2005;    | Farr et |      |   |      | 1989; Farr |
| Dothideales   | MGAP, 2005a)  | al.,    |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               |               | 2005;   |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               | G       |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
|               |               | onzalez |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               |               | et al., |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               | 2005)   |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a      |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | US, UY        | R       | Yes  |   | No   | Fernandez  |
| Phytophthora* |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| sp.           | (Farr et al., | (Wright |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
|               | 2005)         | et al., |      |   |      | Northwest  |
| Oomyce        |               | 2005;   |      |   |      | Berry &    |
| tes/Pythiales |               | Wright  |      |   |      | Grape      |
|               |               | and     |      |   |      | Network;   |
|               |               | Rivera, |      |   |      | Scherm     |
|               |               | 2005;   |      |   |      | 1999, SAG, |
|               |               | No      |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               | rthwest |      |   |      | Wright et  |
|               |               | Berry & |      |   |      | al., 1998; |
|               |               | Grape   |      |   |      | Wright and |
|               |               | N       |      |   |      | Rivera,    |
|               |               | etwork) |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Wright et  |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2005. |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | US, UY        | L       | No   |   | No   | Caruso et  |
| Pucciniastrum |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| vaccinii* (G. | (Caruso et    | (Caruso |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| Wint) Jorst   | al. 1995;     | et al., |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| (syn. P.      | Farr et al.,  | 1995;   |      |   |      | Fernandez  |
| myrtilli      | 2005;         | G       |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| Arth.)        | Gonzalez et   | onzalez |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
| Ur            | al., 2005;    | et al.  |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
| ediniomycetes | MGAP, 2005a)  | 2005)   |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| Uredinales    |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Hepp,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Strik,     |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Wright and |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | Rivera,    |
|               |               |         |      |   |      | 2005.      |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Rhizoctonia  | US, UY        | R       | No   |   | No   | Farr et    |
| solani*       |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1989; |
| \[anamorph\]  | (CPC, 2004;   | (SAG,   |      |   |      | Farr et    |
|               | Farr et al.   | 2005)   |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| *             | 2005)         |         |      |   |      | SAG, 2005. |
| Thanatephorus |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| cucumeris*    |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| (Frank) Donk  |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| \             |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| [teleomorph\] |               |         |      |   |      |            |
|               |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| B             |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| asidiomycetes |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| /             |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| Cer           |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| atobasidiales |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Rhizopus*    | US, UY        | F[^39]  | No   |   | Yes  | Andrade et |
| sp.           |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1993; |
|               | (CPC, 2004;   | (       |      |   |      | Guerrero   |
| Zygomycetes / | Farr et al.,  | Andrade |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| Mucorales     | 2005)         | et al., |      |   |      | 1993       |
|               |               | 1993;   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | G       |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | uerrero |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | et al., |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 1993)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Rhizopus     | US, UY        | Fl, F   | No   |   | Yes  | Guerrero,  |
| stolonifer*   |               |         |      |   |      | 2000; SAG, |
| (Ehrenb.)     | (CPC, 2004;   | (Gu     |      |   |      | 2005       |
| Vuill.        | Farr et al.,  | errero, |      |   |      |            |
|               | 2005)         | 2000;   |      |   |      |            |
| Zygomycetes / |               | SAG,    |      |   |      |            |
| Mucorales     |               | 2005;   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Stemphylium  | US, UY        | L, S,   | No   |   | Yes  | Guerrero   |
| botryosum*    |               | FL, F   |      |   |      | et al.,    |
| Wallr.        | (CPC, 2004;   |         |      |   |      | 1993;      |
|               | Farr et al.,  | (G      |      |   |      | Guerrero,  |
| Ascomycetes/  | 2005;         | onzalez |      |   |      | 2000;      |
|               | Gonzalez et   | et al., |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
| Pleosporales  | al., 2005;    | 2005;   |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | MGAP, 2005a)  | G       |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               |               | uerrero |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               |               | et al., |      |   |      | 2005a      |
|               |               | 1993;   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | Gu      |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | errero, |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 2000)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Stemphylium* | US, UY        | S, F    | Yes  |   | Yes[ | Andrade et |
| sp.           |               |         |      |   | ^40] | al., 1993; |
|               | (CPC, 2004;   | (       |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| Ascomycetes/  | Farr et al.,  | Andrade |      |   |      | al., 1989; |
|               | 2005)         | et al., |      |   |      | Farr et    |
| Pleosporales  |               | 1993;   |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
|               |               | Fe      |      |   |      | Fernandez  |
|               |               | rnandez |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               |               | et al., |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
|               |               | 2005a;  |      |   |      | Wright et  |
|               |               | Wright  |      |   |      | al., 2005  |
|               |               | et al., |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 2005)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Ulocladium*  | US, UY        | L       | Yes  |   | No   | Gonzalez   |
| sp.           |               |         |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | (CPC, 2004;   | (G      |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               | Farr et al.,  | onzalez |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               | 2005;         | et al., |      |   |      | 2005a      |
|               | Gonzalez et   | 2005;   |      |   |      |            |
|               | al., 2005;    | MGAP,   |      |   |      |            |
|               | MGAP, 2005a)  | 2005a)  |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *             | US; UY        | R, S    | Yes  |   | No   | Farr et    |
| Verticillium* |               |         |      |   |      | al., 2005; |
| sp.           | (CPC, 2004;   | (Farr   |      |   |      | Gonzalez   |
|               | Farr et al.,  | et al., |      |   |      | et al.,    |
|               | 2005;         | 2005;   |      |   |      | 2005;      |
|               | Gonzalez et   | G       |      |   |      | MGAP,      |
|               | al., 2005;    | onzalez |      |   |      | 2005a;     |
|               | MGAP, 2005a;  | et al., |      |   |      | SAG, 2005; |
|               | Weingartner   | 2005;   |      |   |      | W          |
|               | and Klos,     | SAG,    |      |   |      | eingartner |
|               | 1974)         | 2005;   |      |   |      | and Klos,  |
|               |               | Wein    |      |   |      | 1974)      |
|               |               | gartner |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | and     |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | Klos,   |      |   |      |            |
|               |               | 1974)   |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| N             |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| EMATODES[^41] |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Pratylenchus | US, UY        | R       | No   |   | No   | Caruso et  |
| penetrans*    |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
| Filipjev &    | (Caruso et    | (CPC,   |      |   |      | CPC, 2004  |
| Schuurmans    | al., 1995;    | 2004)   |      |   |      |            |
| Steckhoven    | CPC, 2004)    |         |      |   |      |            |
|               |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| P             |               |         |      |   |      |            |
| ratylenchidae |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+
| *Xiphinema    | US, UY        | R       | No   |   | No   | Caruso et  |
| americanum*   |               |         |      |   |      | al., 1995; |
| Cobb          | (Caruso et    | (CPC,   |      |   |      | CPC, 2004  |
|               | al., 1995;    | 2004)   |      |   |      |            |
| X             | CPC, 2004)    |         |      |   |      |            |
| iphinematidae |               |         |      |   |      |            |
+---------------+---------------+---------+------+---+------+------------+

No viruses appeared in Table 4 because there are no viruses attacking
blueberries in Uruguay. The principal viruses that attack blueberries
(Brunt et al., 2006), blueberry leaf mottle virus, blueberry scorch
virus, blueberry shoestring virus and tomato ringspot virus, are
quarantine pests in Uruguay (MGAP, 2005b)

## 2.5 Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway

A literature review identified 85 pests and pathogens of blueberries
that either are or may potentially be associated with blueberries in
Uruguay. Not all of these pests are quarantine pests with respect to the
United States. Furthermore, not all of these pests are likely to follow
the pathway on fresh blueberries from Uruguay under the conditions
described at the beginning of this document. Quarantine pests not
expected to follow the pathway were not further considered; however,
should any of these pests be intercepted in shipments of the commodity,
quarantine action may be taken at the port-of-entry, and additional risk
analyses may be conducted.

Pest categorization identified 17 quarantine pests likely to follow the
pathway. Of these 17 pests, 15 were identified to only the genus level.
Although the United States considers unidentified species as potentially
quarantine species, these taxa were not further analyzed due to limited
taxonomic and/or ecological knowledge about those pests. The lack of
species identification may indicate limited taxonomic knowledge about
that group, inappropriate life stage for full identification, or poor
quality of the specimen. This lack of biological information on any
given insect or pathogen should not be equated with low risk. By
necessity, pest risk assessments focus on those organisms for which
biological information is available and for which effective mitigation
procedures may be developed (IPPC, 2004). Agricultural inspectors at the
port-of-entry will continue to take action against pests not identified
to the species level if other species in the same taxa are quarantine
pests. After eliminating those pests for which there was insufficient
biological or taxonomic information (Table 5), *Ceratitis capitata* (the
Mediterranean fruit fly or Medfly) and *Anastrepha fraterculus* (the
South American fruit fly) remained as quarantine pests that could
reasonably follow the pathway on commercial shipments of blueberries
from Uruguay. Until recently, there was no conclusive evidence that
*Vaccinium* was a host for fruit flies; most references indicated there
was an association, but did not provide field or laboratory infestation
data. Recent research, however, has demonstrated and quantified
infestation of *Vaccium* by *C. capitata* and *A. fraterculus* (Vaccaro
and Bouvet, 2006). Thus, these pests were further analyzed below.

**Table 5**. Quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway.

  ----------------------- ---------------------------------- --------------
  **Species**             **Order / Family**                 **Analyzed**

  *Anacampsis* sp.        Lepidoptera / Gelechiidae          No

  *Anastrepha             Diptera / Tephritidae              Yes
  fraterculus*                                               

  *Apion* sp.             Coleoptera / Curculionidae         No

  *Botryosphaeria* *sp*.  Ascomycetes / Dothideales          No

  *Ceratitis capitata*    Diptera / Tephritidae              Yes

  *Cladosporium* *sp*.    Ascomycetes / Mycosphaerellales    No

  *Colletothrichum* *sp*. Ascomycetes / Phyllachorales       No

  *Conotrachelus* sp.     Coleoptera / Curculionidae         No

  *Frankiniella* sp.      Thysanoptera / Thripidae           No

  *Fusarium* *sp*.        Ascomycetes / Hypocreales          No

  *Listroderes* sp.       Coleoptera / Curculionidae         No

  *Nomophila* *sp*.       Lepidoptera / Pyralidae            No

  *Nysius* sp.            Hemiptera / Lygaeidae              No

  *Pestalotiopsis* *sp*.  Ascomycetes / Xylariales           No

  *Phoma* *sp*.           Ascomycetes / Pleosporales         No

  *Stemphylium* sp.       Ascomycetes / Pleosporales         No

  *Thrips* *sp*.          Thysanoptera / Thripidae           No
  ----------------------- ---------------------------------- --------------

## 2.6 Consequences of Introduction -- Economic / Environmental Importance

The ability of a pest to become established, spread and cause economic
and environmental harm was evaluated in this section using five Risk
Elements: climate-host interaction, host range, dispersal potential,
economic impact and environmental impact. Pests were assigned a rating
of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) for each Risk
Element (Table 6); a Cumulative Risk Rating was calculated by summing
all Risk Elements for each pest analyzed (Table 7; USDA, 2000).

+---------------------------------------------------------------+------+
| **Consequences of Introduction: *Anastrepha fraterculus*      | **   |
| Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae)**                            | Risk |
|                                                               | Rati |
|                                                               | ng** |
+===============================================================+======+
| **Risk Element #1: Climate-Host Interaction**                 | Me   |
|                                                               | dium |
| *Anastrepha*. *fraterculus* most likely represents a species  | (2)  |
| complex that has not been well studied (CABI, 2005). This     |      |
| group ranges from the south of Texas to Argentina (Foo*te et  |      |
| a*l., 1993), including Uruguay where it is widespread (CABI,  |      |
| 2005). These areas generally correspond to US Plant Hardiness |      |
| Zones 9+. The continental United States spans a wide climatic |      |
| range from Zone 1 in Fairbanks, Alaska to Zone 10 in Miami,   |      |
| Fl.[^42] It is estimated that *A*. *fraterculus* could        |      |
| establish in two Plant Hardiness Zones in the continental     |      |
| U.S. (9 & 10). One or more of its potential hosts occurs in   |      |
| these zones (USDA-NRCS, 2007). This pest should be able to    |      |
| survive in areas of the United States corresponding to Plant  |      |
| Hardiness Zones 9-10.                                         |      |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+------+
| **Risk Element #2: Host Range**                               | High |
|                                                               | (3)  |
| *Anastrepha fraterculus* is extremely polyphagous. Preferred  |      |
| hosts are Myrtaceae, including *Eugenia* and *Syzygium* spp.  |      |
| (CABI, 2005). A few of the species' many other hosts are      |      |
| *Terminalia catappa* (Combretaceae), *Malus pumila* and       |      |
| *Prunus* spp. (Rosaceae), *Annona* spp. (Annonaceae),         |      |
| *Citrus* spp. (Rutaceae), *Coffea* spp. (Rubiaceae), *Ficus   |      |
| carica* (Moraceae), *Juglans* spp. (Juglandaceae), *Diospyros |      |
| kaki* (Ebenaceae), *Manilkara zapota* (Sapotaceae), *Persea   |      |
| americana* (Lauraceae), *Solanum* *quitoense* (Solanaceae),   |      |
| *Theobroma cacao* (Sterculiaceae), *Olea europaea*            |      |
| (Oleaceae), and *Vitis vinifera* (Vitaceae) (CABI, 2005).     |      |
| Recent research indicates that blueberries (Vaccinium spp.)   |      |
| are also hosts of *A. fraterculus* (Vaccaro and Bouvet, 2006) |      |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+------+
| **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential**                      | High |
|                                                               | (3)  |
| Females deposit from 200 to 400 eggs in host fruits (White &  |      |
| Elson-Harris, 1992). The species is multivoltine, there being |      |
| several generations per year (CABI, 2005). Long-distance      |      |
| dispersal has not been reported for adults of *A*.            |      |
| *fraterculus*, however, another member of the genus was       |      |
| trapped a 135 km away from its origin (Fletcher, 1989). The   |      |
| major means for introducing the species to previously         |      |
| uninfested areas is the transport, in international trade, of |      |
| fruit containing larvae; for most regions, the most important |      |
| fruits liable to carry this species are mango and guava       |      |
| (CABI, 2005). By all indications, *A*. *fraterculus* exhibits |      |
| high reproductive and dispersal potentials.                   |      |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+------+
| **Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**                          | High |
|                                                               | (3)  |
| *Anastrepha fraterculus* is the most economically important   |      |
| species of *Anastrepha* in Brazil and other South American    |      |
| countries because of its broad host range (Foo*te et a*l.,    |      |
| 1993). In Brazil, where it causes severe yield losses in      |      |
| apple, the pest is of major concern to growers, and           |      |
| represents a significant constraint to fresh fruit export     |      |
| into countries with quarantine barriers (Sugaya*ma et a*l.,   |      |
| 1996). The insect also is an important pest of guava and      |      |
| mango, and to some extent of *Citrus* and *Prunus* spp.       |      |
| (CABI, 2005). Even if eggs are not deposited in guava fruit,  |      |
| or do not hatch, the oviposition punctures ("stings") may     |      |
| render fruit unmarketable (Gould and Raga., 2002).            |      |
| *Anastrepha* *fraterculus* is a quarantine pest for several   |      |
| countries and regions including Europe (EPPO, 2007); thus,    |      |
| its introduction could result in a loss of foreign markets    |      |
| for American-grown commodities, such as citrus. Establishment |      |
| of *A. fraterculus* in the United States would increase       |      |
| production costs in susceptible commodities (EPPO, 2007).     |      |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+------+
| **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact**                     | High |
|                                                               | (3)  |
| Because it is polyphagous, *A. fraterculus* can potentially   |      |
| impact numerous species listed as Threatened and Endangered   |      |
| (T&E) in 50 CFR § 17.12. In places where it could establish   |      |
| in the continental United States (Zones 9-10), *A.            |      |
| fraterculus* could impact a T&E congener of a current host:   |      |
| *Prunus geniculata* in Florida (USFWS, 2007). If potential    |      |
| T&E plants are considered at the family level, then *A.       |      |
| fraterculus* could impact an additional 30 taxa.              |      |
| Establishment of *A. fraterculus* in the United States may    |      |
| necessitate the use of control measures such as pesticide     |      |
| applications (CABI, 2005).                                    |      |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+------+

+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| **Consequences of Introduction: *Ceratitis capitata*        | **Risk |
| Wiedemann**                                                 | V      |
|                                                             | alue** |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| **Risk Element 1: Climate-Host Interaction**                | High   |
|                                                             | (3)    |
| *Ceratitis capitata* is widely distributed in the           |        |
| Mediterranean, South and Central America, west Asia (CPC,   |        |
| 2003) and northern Australia (Hassan, 1977). Based on this  |        |
| distribution and the geographic range predicted by Vera *et |        |
| al*. (2002), it is estimated that *C*. *capitata* could     |        |
| establish in U.S. Plant Hardiness Zones 8-11. One or more   |        |
| of its potential hosts occur in these Zones (USDA-NRCS,     |        |
| 2002).                                                      |        |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| **Risk Element 2: Host Range**                              | High   |
|                                                             | (3)    |
| *Ceratitis capitata* has been recorded on hosts from        |        |
| numerous plant families, including Anacardiaceae,           |        |
| Arecaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Ebenaceae,      |        |
| Lauraceae, Longaniaceae, Malpighiaceae, Meliaceae,          |        |
| Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Oleaceae, Podocarpaceae, Rosaceae,     |        |
| Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapotaceae, Solanaceae and             |        |
| Sterculiaceae (CABI, 2003; Weems, 1981; White and           |        |
| Elson-Harris, 1992).                                        |        |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| **Risk Element 3: Dispersal Potential**                     | High   |
|                                                             | (3)    |
| Female *C*. *capitata* can mature and deposit up to 800     |        |
| eggs during their life (Weems, 1981); there can be several  |        |
| overlapping generations each year (Hassan, 1977). Adult     |        |
| *C*. *capitata* can fly up to 20km during their two month   |        |
| life, and larvae can be transported over long distances in  |        |
| infested fruit (CABI, 2003).                                |        |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| **Risk Element 4: Economic Impact**                         | High   |
|                                                             | (3)    |
| In some Mediterranean countries, *C*. *capitata* infests    |        |
| approximately 100% of stone fruits (Weems, 1981). In        |        |
| addition to substantial yield reductions, *C*. *capitata*   |        |
| lowers crop values by requiring controls; its establishment |        |
| in the continental United States would cause a loss in      |        |
| foreign and domestic markets (Weems, 1981). *Ceratitis      |        |
| capitata* is listed by EPPO as an A2 quarantine pest for    |        |
| Europe (Smith *et al*., 1997).                              |        |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| **Risk Element 5: Environmental Impact**                    | High   |
|                                                             | (3)    |
| Because *C. capitata* is a polyphagous pest, there are many |        |
| closely related native Threatened and Endangered species    |        |
| (T&E) (USFWS, 2005) within the same host genera and         |        |
| families that it may also attack. The following T&E species |        |
| are congeners of known hosts of *C. capitata*: *Eugenia     |        |
| haematocarpa*, *Eugenia koolauensis*, *Eugenia              |        |
| woodburyana*, *Flueggea neowawraea*, *Juglans jamaicensis*, |        |
| *Opuntia treleasei*, *Prunus geniculata*, *Santalum         |        |
| freycinetianum* var. *lanaiense*, *Scaevola coriacea*,      |        |
| *Solanum drymophilum*, *Solanum incompletum*, *Solanum      |        |
| sandwicense*, and *Ziziphus celata*. If potential hosts are |        |
| considered at the family level, then there are an           |        |
| additional 174 Threatened and Endangered species that *C.   |        |
| capitata* may negatively impact across the United States    |        |
| and its territories (USFWS, 2005); however, not all of      |        |
| these may occur within its climatic range. Because of its   |        |
| potential to harm endangered taxa and economically          |        |
| important plants, conservation managers, farmers and        |        |
| horticulturalists would likely need to use chemical and/or  |        |
| biological control programs to control populations of *C.   |        |
| capitata* (Weems, 1981).                                    |        |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+--------+

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Table 7. Risk                                                                          
  Rating for                                                                               
  Consequences of                                                                          
  Introduction**                                                                           
  ---------------- ---------------- --------- ------------- ------------ ----------------- --------------
  **Pest**         **Climate-Host   **Host    **Dispersal   **Economic   **Environmental   **Cumulative
                   Interaction**    Range**   Potential**   Impact**     Impact**          Risk
                                                                                           Rating^1^**

  *Anastrepha      Medium (2)       High (3)  High (3)      High (3)     High (3)          High (14)
  fraterculus*                                                                             

  *Ceratitis       High (3)         High (3)  High (3)      High (3)     High (3)          High (15)
  capitata*                                                                                
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

^1^ Low is 5-8 points; Medium is 9-12 points; and High is 13-15 points

## 2.7 Likelihood of Introduction

The likelihood of a pest being introduced and establishing a
reproductive population is dependent on six independent criteria: 1) the
quantity of the commodity imported, 2) the ability of the pest to
survive post-harvest treatment, 3) the ability of the pest to survive
shipment, 4) the probability the pest will not be detected at the port
of entry, 5) the likelihood that it will be moved to a suitable habitat,
and 6) the probability that it will come into contact with suitable host
material (USDA, 2000). These six sub-elements of the Likelihood of
Introduction were evaluated.

**Quantity of Commodity Imported Annually**

The likelihood that an exotic pest will be introduced into the United
States depends on the quantity of the potentially-infested product
imported. For qualitative pest risk assessments, the amount of commodity
imported is estimated in units of standard 40-foot long shipping
containers. According to APHIS's Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest
Risk Assessments (USDA, 2000), if the number of containers is less than
10 per year, the risk is considered to be Low; if the number of
containers is 10 to 100, inclusively, the risk is considered to be
Medium; whereas, if the number of containers is more than 100, the risk
is deemed High.

Based on current production rates, it is estimated that Uruguay will be
able to export 15 tons of blueberries in 2005 and 40 tons in 2006 (MGAP,
2005). Based on a conversion factor of approximately 20 tons per 40-foot
shipping container (FAS, 2006), 40 tons translates to a predicted volume
of approximately two standard 40-foot shipping containers annually. As
the quantity of the commodity will be less than 10 containers annually,
this risk sub-element was rated Low.

###### Survive Post-harvest Treatment

Post-harvest treatment refers to any manipulation, handling or specific
phytosanitary treatment to which the commodity is subjected. As
described in the introduction of this document, blueberry fruit is taken
from the field to a packing facility where high quality fruit is
selected and packed in the shell packs in which they will be sold. Fruit
is not washed or treated. Shell packs are placed in containers which are
forced air cooled to low field temperatures in a maximum of six hours
after harvest; packs are then stored in cooled chambers at 1ºC. Prior to
exportation, gel packs are kept on the fruit pallets that are
hermetically sealed with a thermal blanket that maintains the
temperature during transport.

Generally, internally feeding arthropods are expected to survive minimal
post-harvest treatment, such as washing and culling. Because *Ceratitis
capitata* and *Anastrepha fraterculus* are internal feeders, they are
expected to survive post-harvest culling in host fruits, resulting in a
High risk rating.

**Survive Shipment**

Survival of pests and pathogens during shipment is dependent on several
factors, including duration of shipment period, ambient conditions
during shipment and application of any particular mitigation procedures.
Because this risk assessment considers only unmitigated risk, the latter
factor is not relevant. Guidelines have been developed for the optimal
shipment conditions that will maintain high product quality for most
commodities (*e.g*., McGregor, 1987). If exported to the continental
United States, blueberries would be shipped via air on pallets that are
hermetically sealed and maintained cool with ice packs (Monteiro, 2005,
pers. comm.). Air shipment of blueberries under cold conditions for 12
hours would not affect fruit fly survival based on current treatment
schedules for medfly on other commodities that require treatment for
several days (USDA-APHIS, 2006). Therefore, *C. capitata* and *A.
fraterculus* have a High risk of surviving shipment.

**Not be Detected at the Port-of-Entry**

The likelihood that a pest will not be detected at a port-of-entry is
dependent on several factors including pest size, mobility, and degree
of concealment. In general, internal pests of fruits are highly likely
to escape detection, while externally feeding pests are less likely.
Because fruit flies are internal pests, it is expected that most
infestations would pass unnoticed at U.S. ports, resulting in a High
risk rating.

**Imported or Moved Subsequently to an Area with an Environment Suitable
for Survival**

The likelihood that a pest will be moved to an area with a suitable
environment for survival is dependent on the potential distribution of
markets for the host commodity throughout the country and the presence
of suitable habitats for the pest/pathogen. Blueberries have a wide
market acceptance throughout the United States. Thus, fruit potentially
contaminated with fruit flies will be moved to areas suitable for their
survival. Consequently, the risk associated with this sub-element is
estimated to be High.

**Come into Contact with Suitable Host Material for Reproduction.**

Even if the final destination of infested commodities is suitable for
pest survival, pests must still come in contact with suitable host
material. This process is dependent on two factors, the pest's potential
for dispersal, and the presence of host material in the region. Adult
fruit flies are winged insects that can disperse relatively far away.
Furthermore, they are highly polyphagous and would be expected to find a
suitable host nearby. Consequently, the risk associated with this
sub-element is estimated to be High.

**Cumulative Risk Rating**

A Cumulative Risk Rating for the Likelihood of Introduction was obtained
by summing the six sub-elements together. Overall, *Ceratitis capitata*
has a High likelihood of being introduced into the continental United
States and establishing permanent reproductive populations.

+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+
| *      |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| *Table |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| 8:     |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| Risk   |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| Rating |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| for    |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| Like   |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| lihood |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| of     |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| In     |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| troduc |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| tion** |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
+========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=========+
| **     | *     | *     | *     | *     | **R   | **R   | **Cum   |
| Pest** | *Risk | *Risk | *Risk | *Risk | isk** | isk** | ulative |
|        | El    | El    | El    | El    |       |       | Risk    |
|        | ement | ement | ement | ement | **El  | **El  | Rati    |
|        | 1     | 2     | 3     | 4 Not | ement | ement | ng^1^** |
|        | Qua   | Su    | Su    | Detec | 5     | 6     |         |
|        | ntity | rvive | rvive | ted** | Moved | Co    |         |
|        | Imp   | Post  | Shipm |       | to    | ntact |         |
|        | orted | -harv | ent** |       | Sui   | with  |         |
|        | Annua | est** |       |       | table | Host  |         |
|        | lly** |       |       |       | A     | Mater |         |
|        |       |       |       |       | rea** | ial** |         |
+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+
| *      | Low   | High  | High  | High  | High  | High  | High    |
| **Anas | (1)   | (3)   | (3)   | (3)   | (3)   | (3)   | (16)    |
| trepha |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| fr     |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| atercu |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| lus*** |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+
| ***Cer | Low   | High  | High  | High  | High  | High  | High    |
| atitis | (1)   | (3)   | (3)   | (3)   | (3)   | (3)   | (16)    |
| capit  |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
| ata*** |       |       |       |       |       |       |         |
+--------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---------+

^1^Low is 6-9 points; Medium is 10-14 points; and High is 15-18 points

## 2.8 Conclusion: Pest Risk Potential and Pests Requiring Phytosanitary Measures

Pest Risk Potential is an estimation of the risk associated with
importation in the absence of mitigation. The overall Risk Potential of
a pest is the summation of the Consequences of Introduction and
Likelihood of Introduction values for that pest. According to the
*Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5*.*02*
(USDA, 2000), port of entry inspection provides sufficient phytosanitary
security for pests assigned Low pest risk potentials, while specific
phytosanitary measures may be necessary for pests assigned Medium pest
risk potentials and are strongly recommended for pests assigned High
pest risk potentials.

Overall, *Anastrepha fraterculus* and *Ceratitis capitata* had High risk
ratings for Consequences of Introduction and Likelihood of Introduction,
resulting in a High Pest Risk Potential (Table 9). A list of potential
risk mitigation options are listed in Appendix B.

PPQ will continue to inspect all commodities that are shipped to U.S.
ports. Should inspectors detect any quarantine pests following the
pathway on blueberry fruit, appropriate mitigation measures may be used
to prevent the introduction of those pests into the United States.
Depending on the species intercepted and the frequency of interception,
future risk analyses may need to be conducted.

+----------+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| **Table  |                      |                   |                |
| 9: Pest  |                      |                   |                |
| Risk     |                      |                   |                |
| Pot      |                      |                   |                |
| ential** |                      |                   |                |
+==========+======================+===================+================+
| **Pest** | **Consequences of    | **Likelihood of   | **Pest Risk    |
|          | Introduction**       | Introduction**    | Potential^1^** |
|          |                      |                   |                |
|          | **Cumulative Risk    | **Cumulative Risk |                |
|          | Rating**             | Rating**          |                |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| ***An    | High (14)            | High (16)         | High (30)      |
| astrepha |                      |                   |                |
| frater   |                      |                   |                |
| culus*** |                      |                   |                |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+
| ***C     | High (15)            | High (16)         | High (31)      |
| eratitis |                      |                   |                |
| cap      |                      |                   |                |
| itata*** |                      |                   |                |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------+----------------+

^1^Low is 11-18 points; Medium is 19-26 points; and High is 27-33 points

# III. Authors and Reviewers

[Author]{.underline}:

Beatriz Melcho, Ingeniero Agronoma, Plant Protection Division, General
Direction of Agricultural Services.

[Collaborators]{.underline}:

Phytopathology Unit and Entomology Unit -- Faculty of Agronomy,
University of the Republic

[Reviewers]{.underline}:

María Ines Ares,, Ingeniero Agrónoma. Plant Protection Division, General
Direction of Agricultural Services.

Koop, Anthony L. (Ph.D.) USDA - APHIS - PPQ - CPHST - PERAL

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> Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

Blueberries: *Vaccinium spp*.
[www.uga.edu/fruit/bluberi.htm](http://www.uga.edu/fruit/bluberi.htm).

Bolland, H. R.; Gutierrez, J. and Flechtmann, C.H.W. (1998). World
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Bradbury, J. F. (1986). Guide to Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. CAB
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# Appendix A. Final report: pest and disease survey in blueberry crop (*Vaccinium* spp.) in Uruguay, August 2004- June 2005 

**FINAL REPORT**

**Project: *Pests and diseases Survey in Blueberry crop
([Vaccinium]{.underline} spp.) in Uruguay***

##### *AUGUST 2004 -- JUNE 2005* {#august-2004-june-2005 .unnumbered}

Responsible Faculty of Agronomy: Lic. Carlos Bentancourt

Ing. Agr. Pablo González

Responsible DGSSAA: Ing. Agr. Ma. Inés Ares

**1. [Introduction]{.underline}**

Blueberry crop has increased in the country in the last 4 years,
estimating more than 200 hectares for 2005 (Méndez 2004, Monteiro 2004)
looking for alternative crops intended for export. Prices of fresh fruit
in Northern Hemisphere markets, mainly USA and Europe, with increasing
demand, allow to estimate a promising income of the investment in
blueberry crop for export. This crop implies an investment of more than
12.000 American dollars per hectare, covering crop installation which
associated with high requirements of labor for installation and
production make evident its great potential of socio-economical impact
in the country.

Pest risk analysis is an essential step in order to establish
phytosanitary requirements by importing countries to allow the import of
fresh fruit. On the other hand from an agronomical point of view the
knowledge of phytosanitary behavior of the varieties under our
conditions determines crop success and will allow to implement
appropriate techniques for their prevention and control.

**2. [General Objective ]{.underline}**

To survey the presence of pests and diseases in Blueberry crop
(*Vaccinium spp)* in Uruguay.

**3. [Specific Objectives]{.underline}**

\- To evaluate phytosanitary behavior of blueberries during the complete
phenological cycle in Uruguay

\- To identify observed pathogens and insects at genus and species
level, using classical techniques and supported by keys.

\- To quantify relevant phytosanitary problems in the evaluated
varieties.

**[4. Materials and Methods]{.underline}**

1.  A pilot crop was selected in the farm of Mr. Jorge Moizo located in
    Peñarol Viejo, Montevideo department within fruit production area in
    the southern part of the country. Crop monitoring was weekly between
    August and January and monthly between February and June.

2.  Phytosanitary status of the crop of 1800 plants (plantation density
    3 x 1), composed by O´Neal and Bluejay varieties of 4 years old, was
    observed with the aim of quantify different problems. Crop was
    divided in 30 layers (two per row) with 60 plants each one.
    Observations were made in three levels. First level of systematic
    observation was performed in 10 plants at random. Second observation
    level was performed in 10 layers at random, less rigorous than the
    first. Third level was a general observation of the plot.

3.  In all cases samples with symptoms from different plant organs were
    taken and present arthropods were collected for further diagnostic.
    Along with that in September a battery of traps consisting in a
    Jackson and a MacPhail trap was installed in order to detect fruit
    flies. Phenological stage of the crop was recorded in all visits.

4.  Besides observations performed in the pilot crop, two visits were
    made in October and December to the farms of Mr. Jorge Casella
    located in Rocha department; Mr. Longo located in Maldonado
    department; and Irurtia S.A. located in Colonia department. Farm in
    Rocha department is located in an agriculture-forestry zone where
    there are apple and pear crops. The farm in Maldonado department, is
    a Citrus production farm and the farm in Colonia department is
    located in a grapevine production area.

5.  Samples received in the diagnostic clinic of Faculty of Agronomy
    were also processed, which belonged to crops located in the
    following departments: Paysandú; Montevideo; San José, as well as
    samples received in the DGSA diagnostic clinic, mainly from crops of
    Paysandú and Maldonado departments, which results are considered in
    this report.

6.  Sample processing was made in the Laboratories of the Phytopathology
    Unit of the Faculty of Agronomy, through techniques differing
    according the suspected causal agent: isolation in growing media:
    water agar and potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungi and nutrient
    agar dextrose (NAD) for bacteria. Microorganisms were identified by
    traditional techniques. Laboratory of Mycology of the Faculty of
    Sciences under the responsibility of Lina Betucci provided support
    for the identification of *Alternaria alternata* and *Pestalotiopsis
    guepinii*

7.  For insect identification the reference collection of the Entomology
    Unit of Faculty of Agronomy was checked. Aphids identification was
    performed by Ing. Agr. Roberto Carballo.

**5. [Description of phenological cycle of O´Neal and Bluejay varieties.
]{.underline}**

Blueberry crop (*Vaccinium spp*) under our climatic conditions has a
deciduous cycle common to fruit species in template zones. This implies
a dormant period during winter and a growing and development cycle
during spring and autumn. Depending on the variety, bud break in Spring
can be more o less early determining flowering and harvest periods.

Varieties evaluated in this Project, O´Neal and Bluejay, are varieties
of Southern Highbush type, with low chilling requirements. O´Neal
variety is more early, having a long flowering period from middle July
to middle September. Harvest concentrated from last week of October to
first week of December. For Bluejay variety, reproductive and vegetative
bud break is later, and its flowering period is from the end of
September to the end of October. Harvest period is from last week of
December lasting until last week of January.

**[6. Survey Results and Disease Quantification]{.underline}**

Analyzing the list of found fungi, shown in Table 1, it can be seen that
the majority of them have a wide host range with the exception of
*Pucciniastrum vaccinii* and *Phyllosticta elongata*.

Fungi with higher incidence were *Botrytis cinerea* and *Botryosphaeria
sp*. These results agree with works performed in different blueberry
producing countries. Both species are polyphagous which makes highly
likely their presence in all producing areas (Ballinton *et al* (1993),
Milanca and Ciampi (2002).

**TABLE 1:** Fungi associated to a symptom and relative importance in
the season.

+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| **Fungus**           | **Plant part | **Symptom**   | **Relative**  |
|                      | affected**   |               |               |
|                      |              |               | **Importance  |
|                      |              |               | (\*)**        |
+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| *Alternaria          | Leaf         | Spot          | 1             |
| alternata*           |              |               |               |
+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| *Botrytis cinerea*   | Flower,      | Blight, Spot  | 4             |
|                      | Branch, Leaf |               |               |
+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| *Botryosphaeria sp*  | Branch       | Blight        | 3             |
+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| *Cladosporium sp*    | Leaf         | Spot          | 1             |
+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| *Pucciniastrum       | Leaf         | Spot          | 2             |
| vaccinii*            |              |               |               |
+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| *Ulocladium sp*      | Leaf         | Spot          | 1             |
+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| *Epicoccum sp*       | Leaf         | Spot          | 1             |
+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| *Pestalotiopsis      | Leaf         | Spot          | 1             |
| guepinii*            |              |               |               |
+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| *Phyllosticta        | Leaf         | Spot          | 2             |
| elongata*            |              |               |               |
+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| *Stemphylium         | Leaf         | Spot          | 1             |
| botryosum*           |              |               |               |
+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+
| *Verticillium sp*    | Root         | Plant death   | 1             |
+----------------------+--------------+---------------+---------------+

(\*) Scale: (1) with low incidence (4) with high incidence

Results show that 75% of symptoms correspond to foliar spots. Among the
nine genera we found: *Alternaria* *alternata*, *Cladosporium* sp*,
Ulocladium* sp and *Epicoccum* sp., which are cited in the bibliography
as opportunistic, and not as primary causal agents of these symptoms.

Low incidence observed agrees with the observation performed by
blueberry technicians and growers.

In all observations only one genera of bacteria was found:
*Agrobacterium tumefaciens* causing root galls. This was registered in
the farm located in Colonia department, where crop was not well managed
(weedy crop, without organic matter incorporation, minimum pruning).

Table 2 shows affected plant organs, symptoms, associated microorganisms
and incidence along the season. It must be considered that when a new
crop is introduced into a production zone, pests as well as diseases, at
the beginning can be found at low levels (Strong *et al* 1984). This
agrees with results obtained for 2004-2005 season when pests as well as
diseases were not relevant to the crop.

**TABLE 2**: Observed symptoms, plant organ affected, associated
microorganism found and average percentage of affected plants in the
whole season.

+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| ***Or  | ***Symptom***          | ***Associated         | ***       |
| gan*** |                        | Microorganism***      | Incidence |
|        |                        |                       | (\*)***   |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| Branch | Branch end burning     | *Botrytis cinerea*    | 32.78     |
|        | with black color       |                       |           |
|        |                        | ####                  |           |
|        |                        | ### Botryosphaeria sp |           |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| Fruit  | Broken corolla, with   | *Alternaria           | 24.81     |
|        | black mycelium         | alternata*            |           |
|        |                        |                       |           |
|        |                        | *Stemphylium          |           |
|        |                        | botryosum*            |           |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| Flower | Blight                 | *Botrytis cinerea*    | 24.05     |
|        |                        |                       |           |
|        |                        | *Alternaria alternata |           |
|        |                        | Stemphylium           |           |
|        |                        | botryosum*            |           |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| Leaf   | Circular Spot, less    | *Alternaria alternata | 20.37     |
|        | than 2 mm of red color | Stemphylium           |           |
|        | with diffuse margin.   | botryosum*            |           |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| Leaf   | Red circular spot,     | *Alternaria           | 10.56     |
|        | less than 2 mm         | alternata*            |           |
|        | surrounded by a        |                       |           |
|        | chlorotic halo         | *Pucciniastrum        |           |
|        |                        | vaccinii*             |           |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| Flower | Corolla turns to black | *Alternaria           | 10.33     |
|        | color with white       | alternata*            |           |
|        | sporulation, flower    |                       |           |
|        | blight.                | *Cladosporium sp*     |           |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| Leaf   | Burning of leaf distal | *Alternaria           | 9.44      |
|        | margin                 | alternata*            |           |
|        |                        |                       |           |
|        |                        | *Stemphylium          |           |
|        |                        | botryosum*            |           |
|        |                        |                       |           |
|        |                        | *Ulocladium sp*       |           |
|        |                        |                       |           |
|        |                        | *Epicoccun sp*        |           |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| Leaf   | Red spot with intense  | *Alternaria           | 8.15      |
|        | red margin, well       | alternata*            |           |
|        | delimited less than 3  |                       |           |
|        | mm.                    | *Pucciniastrum        |           |
|        |                        | vaccinii*             |           |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| Leaf   | Spot on the underside  | *Phyllosticta         | 4.00      |
|        | of the leaf, red,      | elongata*             |           |
|        | small, with eruptions  |                       |           |
|        |                        | *Pucciniastrum        |           |
|        |                        | vaccinii*             |           |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| Leaf   | Circular red spot with | *Pestalotiopsis       | 3.52      |
|        | well defined margin,   | guepinii*             |           |
|        | light center           |                       |           |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| Leaf   | Red spot, bigger,      | *Alternaria           | 2.67      |
|        | bigger than 5 mm.      | alternata*            |           |
|        |                        |                       |           |
|        |                        | *Stemphylium          |           |
|        |                        | botryosum*            |           |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+
| Plant  | Plant death            | *Botryosphaeria sp*   | 0.56      |
|        |                        |                       |           |
|        |                        | *Verticillium sp*     |           |
+--------+------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+

(\*) Average Incidence observed in the hole season.

Almost all symptoms detailed in Table 2 had low severity, finding very
few affected organs in each plant.

![](media/image4.wmf){width="3.5375in" height="2.1659722222222224in"}

**FIGURE 1:** Incidence of flower blight along the season

Figure 1 shows incidence of flower blight along the season. Higher
incidence is observed during August-September when crop was at flowering
stage. Blueberry crop has a long flowering period coinciding with
periods when temperature and relative humidity are adequate for
*Botrytis cinerea* development, which favors the incidence of this
fungus.

Besides fungi observed in this survey, the following were detected in
the Diagnostic Clinic of DGSA/MGAP: *Alternaria tenuissima, Pestalotia
vaccinii* (syn. *Pestalotia guepinii* var. *vaccinii*) and
*Phylloscticta vaccini.*

Table 3 shows symptoms that were not associated to any pathogenic agent.

**TABLE 3. Symptoms found, plant organ affected and average percentage
of affected plants during the whole season.**

  ------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------
  ***Organ***   ***Symptom***                                  ***Incidence
                                                               (\*)***

  Fruit         Wart in the skin, with chlorotic halo of corky 24.81
                texture                                        

  Leaf          Over growth, deformation," dent\"              16.44

  Plant         Dwarfism, rosetted, little development of      11.85
                fruits.                                        

  Leaf          Yellow spot bigger than 5 mm, circular,        11.11
                diffuse, center turns reddish.                 

  Fruit         Crack or dehydratation, caused by lack or      10.56
                excess of water                                

  Leaf          Spot on the underside, diffuse, black color.   9.44

  Branch        Brown to black canker, with lighter center,    2.04
                circular.                                      
  ------------- ---------------------------------------------- --------------

**7[. Survey Results and Arthropod Quantification ]{.underline}**

Table 4 shows the list of found insects, which were identified by
traditional methodology.

**TABLE 4:** Surveyed insects

  ----------------------- ------------ ------------------- ----------------
  **Specie**              **Plant part **Trophic Group     **Relative
                          attacked**   (\*)**              Importance
                                                           (\*\*)**

  *Aphis gossypi*         Leaf         Polyphagous         2

  *Diabrotica* *speciosa* Leaf         Polyphagous         1

  *Mallocephala           Leaf         Polyphagous         1
  deserticola*                                             

  *Oiketicus platensis*   Leaf         Polyphagous         1

  *Trialeurodes           Leaf         Polyphagous         1
  vaporariorum*                                            
  ----------------------- ------------ ------------------- ----------------

(\*) According to Gómez-Bustillo (1979) (\*\*) Scale: (1) with low
incidence (4) with high incidence

All species found are polyphagous, cited in a wide host range. These
results agree with that found by Molina (1998) in Spain. At present are
of low economic importance, because blueberry is a crop of recent
introduction and the quantified populations are minimum. Strong *et al.*
(1984) mention that plants in order to serve as insect food require of
metabolic adjustments. The introduction of blueberry to food spectrum
can vary insect populations in the following seasons.

![](media/image5.wmf){width="3.5180555555555557in"
height="2.1534722222222222in"}

**FIGURE 2**. Percentage of plants with presence of *Aphis gossypi.*

*Aphis gossypi* was observed with certain frequency as it is observed in
Figure 2. They appear with higher frequency at the beginning of Spring,
reducing their presence at the end of the season.

Traps installed to detect fruit flies, did not register presence during
the evaluated period.

The following insects were identified in the samples analyzed in the
DGSA/MGAP Diagnostic Clinic: *Agrotis ipsilon, Rachiplusia nu* and
*Leptoglossus impictus.*

**[8. Conclusions]{.underline}**

1.  Microorganisms found were: *Alternaria alternata; Alternaria
    tenuissima; Botrytis cinerea; Botryosphaeria sp; Cladosporium sp;
    Pucciniastrum vaccinii; Ulocladium sp; Epicoccun sp; Pestalotiopsis
    guepinii; Pestalotia vaccinii; Phyllosticta elongata; Phyllosticta
    vaccinii; Stemphylium botryosum and Verticillium* sp. and the
    bacteria *Agrobacterium tumefaciens.*

2.  Diseases with higher incidence in the evaluated year were *Botrytis
    cinerea* and *Botryosphaeria sp*.

3.  Identified insects were: *Mallocephala deserticola; Trialeurodes
    vaporariorum; Oiketicus platensis; Diabrotica* *speciosa; Aphis
    gossypi; Agrotis ipsilon, Rachiplusia nu and Leptoglossus impictus
    .*

4.  There were not detected pests of economic importance. All pests are
    polyphagous, occasional and defoliating.

5.  It was not registered presence of fruit flies in the evaluated
    period.

**[9.Bibliography]{.underline}**

**BALLINGTON, J; ROOKS, D; MILHOLLAND, R; CLINE, W; MEYERS, J.** 1993.
Breeding Blueberries for Pest Resistance In North Carolina. *Acta
Hort***.** 346:87-94

**CARUSO, F; RAMSDELL, D**. 1995. Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry
Diseases. APS Press. St. Paul, MN. 87 p.

**MENDEZ, H. 2004**. Asociación Nacional de Productores de arándanos de
Uruguay (ANPAU). Com. Pers.

**MILANCA, J.; CIAMPI, L.** (2002) Estudio del desarrollo de *Botrytis
cinerea,* en plantas de arandano cv. O´neal y Patriot, y su relación con
algunos factores ambientales. *Fitopatología* v.37 (1): 67-108

**MOLINA, J.** 1998. Lepidopteros asociados al cultivo de Arándano en
Andalucía Occidental. *Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal. Plagas*. Volumen 24 N
4 763-772

**OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY** (2005) Blueberry Diseases -- Overview
<http://berrygrape.oregonstate.edu/fruitgrowing/berrycrops/blueberry/dintro.htm>

**STRONG, D; LAWTON, J; SOUTHWOOD, R.** 1984. Insects on Plant.
Community Patterns and Mechanisms. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Oxford. UK 313. Pp.

**SUMMARY**

Survey of pests and diseases in blueberry crop (*Vaccinium* spp.) in
Uruguay

[González, Pablo^1^]{.underline}; Rauduviniche, Luciana^1^; Vivienne
Gepp^1^; Bentancour, Carlos^2^; Arias, Mercedes; ^3^; Ares, María
Inés^4^ ; Chiffet, Madelaine^4^

1.  Unidad de Fitopatología, Departamento de Protección Vegetal,
    Facultad de Agronomía.

2.  Unidad de Entomología, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Facultad
    de Agronomía.

3.  Departamento de Producción Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía.

4.  Dirección General de Servicios Agrícolas

```{=html}
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```
6.  Implantation of commercial blueberry crops in Uruguay is very
    recent. Older plants are in their fourth growing cycle. For 2005 it
    is expected to have 200 has of blueberry plantations in response to
    the search of alternate crops intended for export. Because is a crop
    of recent introduction, there is not knowledge about the
    phytosanitary behavior under our conditions. This work was made
    within the framework of the Agreement signed between the General
    Direction of Agricultural Services and the Faculty of Agronomy. The
    objective was to perform a survey of pests and diseases present in
    the crop during the hole phenological cycle in the southern part of
    Uruguay. Phytopathology analysis were made and the isolated
    microorganisms were identified by traditional techniques. Pests were
    identified by traditional methodology. The following microorganisms
    were identified: *Alternaria alternata; Alternaria tenuissima;
    Botrytis cinerea; Botryosphaeria sp; Cladosporium sp; Pucciniastrum
    vaccinii; Ulocladium sp; Epicoccun sp; Pestalotiopsis guepinii;
    Pestalotia vaccinii; Phyllosticta elongata; Phyllosticta vaccinii;
    Stemphylium botryosum* and *Verticillium sp.* and *Agrobacterium
    tumefaciens.* Identified insects were: *Mallocephala deserticola;
    Trialeurodes vaporariorum; Oiketicus platensis; Diabrotica*
    *speciosa; Aphis gossypi; Agrotis ipsilon, Rachiplusia nu* and
    *Leptoglossus impictus .*

**ANNEX 1**

**Symptoms of Fungi of Higher Incidence:**

***Botrytis cinerea***

  ---------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image6.jpeg){width="2.946527777777778in"   ![](media/image7.jpeg){width="2.84375in"
  height="2.089583333333333in"}                        height="2.098611111111111in"}

  **Fruit and Flower Blight**. Photos show signs of    
  fungus (gray mold).                                  
  ---------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------

***Botryosphaeria spp.***

  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image8.jpeg){width="2.8333333333333335in"   ![](media/image9.jpeg){width="2.786111111111111in"
  height="2.214583333333333in"}                         height="2.19375in"}

  **Stem Blight**. Dead branches with attached leaves.  Vascular tissue affected on the basis of the branch.
  There is no leaf wilting or premature leaf fall.      Brown or tan discoloration on affected tissues
                                                        colonized by the fungus.
  ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

Pucciniastrum vaccinii

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image10.jpeg){width="2.941666666666667in"   ![](media/image11.jpeg){width="2.879166666666667in"
  height="2.0631944444444446in"}                        height="2.0208333333333335in"}

  Circular, brown spots on the upper surface of the     
  leaf. Orange spots on the lower side beneath spots on 
  the upper side (pustules), which are the fungus       
  uredospores.                                          
  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

#### **Pestalotiopsis guepinii**

  ---------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image12.jpeg){width="3.5in"    ![](media/image13.jpeg){width="2.567361111111111in"
  height="2.2430555555555554in"}           height="2.1875in"}

  Spot with well-defined border of reddish Conidia of *Pestalotiopsis* under microscopy.
  color. The spot's center is lighter with 
  black points; these black points         
  correspond to the fungus acervuli,       
  asexual fungal fruiting body.            
  ---------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------

# Appendix B. Risk mitigation options

**Introduction**

According to the IPPC's standard on principles of plant quarantine,
countries have the sovereign right to use risk mitigation strategies
that minimize pest risks to a scientifically justified level (IPPC,
1996). The appropriate level of protection for an imported commodity can
be achieved by the application of a single phytosanitary measure, such
as inspection or a quarantine treatment, or a combination of measures
through a systems approach (IPPC, 2002). Specific mitigations may be
selected from a range of pre-harvest and post-harvest options, and may
include other safeguarding measures. While developing these strategies,
it is important to understand that risk can never be eliminated, but it
can be reduced and managed. Selection of the appropriate risk management
options must consider not only the efficacy of the various risk
management strategies, but also the potential impact that such
strategies would have to both the importing and exporting countries.
Risk management strategies must also minimize impacts on the
international movement of people, commodities and conveyances (IPPC,
1996). IPPC standards outline two steps in risk management: 1)
identification of risk management options and 2) analysis of the
efficacy and impact of the different options (IPPC, 1996). This appendix
provides the first step in risk management, i.e., the identification of
phytosanitary options.

**Phytosanitary Options**

The pest risk assessment for fresh blueberries (*Vaccinium corymbosum*
and *V. virgatum*) for consumption from Uruguay identified two fruit
flies, *Anastrepha fraterculus* and *Ceratitis capitata* as quarantine
pests likely to follow the pathway. Further analysis indicated these
pests represent a high risk potential to the \[continental\] United
States. Numerous different treatments have been developed to kill fruit
infestations of fruit flies, but only four of these may be effective in
blueberries without adversely affecting the fruit. These options are
briefly discussed below.

[Pest Free Sites of Production.]{.underline} Maintenance of pest free
areas and/or pest free sites of production is a mitigation option
recognized by the IPPC (IPPC, 1999). *Ceratitis* *capitata* is present
in Uruguay (CPC, 2004); however, evidence indicates it may be possible
to establish pest free sites of production. For the 2004-2005 crop
seasons, Uruguay conducted a national survey for pests and pathogens of
blueberries to inform and develop management strategies. The survey
explicitly installed traps in blueberry fields to detect fruit flies,
but none were ever detected (Appendix A) (Gonzalez *et al*., 2005).
Blueberry fruit were also sampled to detect fruit fly larvae, but again,
they were not detected (MGAP, 2005a). Thus, it may be possible to
establish pest free sites of production as a mitigation option (IPPC,
1999).

[Methyl bromide fumigation]{.underline}. Methyl bromide (CH3Br) is a
colorless, odorless fumigant with relatively low solubility in water
(USDA-APHIS, 2006). It is very effective at treating a wide variety of
pests on a variety of different hosts. It can also be used to devitalize
plants at higher concentrations. Methyl bromide fumigation involves
exposing the commodity to the fumigant in a somewhat enclosed space over
a relatively short period of time (e.g., a few hours). Following
treatment, sufficient time must be given to allow the fumigant to
diffuse from the commodity. APHIS has already developed and approved a
particular treatment schedule for *C. capitata* on blueberries
(USDA-APHIS, 2006); a similar schedule should be effective against *A.
fraterculus*.

[Irradiation]{.underline}. Irradiation consists of exposing the
commodity to gamma-emitting isotopes (such as Cobalt-60 or Cesium-137)
or to electron beams produced by linear accelerators (USDA-APHIS, 1997).
Irradiation has been demonstrated to be effective in killing or
devitalizing organisms that may contaminate commodities and yet pose no
significant danger to human health or the environment (USDA-APHIS,
1997). APHIS has approved irradiation as a treatment for *Ceratitis
capitata* infestations in fruit (USDA-APHIS, 2006), however, it is
unknown how irradiation treatment would affect the quality of
blueberries.

[Cold Treatment]{.underline}. Cold treatment for medfly, which involves
maintaining fruit near freezing conditions for an extended period, has
been developed for various fruit commodities (USDA-APHIS, 2006) and has
recently been approved for blueberries (Klag, 2006). The optimum
condition for blueberry storage is between -0.5 and 0 °C, with 90 -- 95%
humidity (Blatt *et al*., 1989). Under these conditions, blueberries
have an acceptable storage life of 2 -- 4 weeks (Blatt *et al*., 1989).
Thus, cold treatment should prove effective in destroying *C. capitata*
larvae in blueberries.

**Table Ab1. Mitigation options for two fruit fly pests (*Anastrepha
fraterculus* and *Ceratitis capitata*) of blueberries (*Vaccinium* spp.)
from Uruguay**.

  -------------- -------------- -----------------------------------------------------
  **Mitigation   **Pests**      **Efficacy**
  Option**                      

  **Pest Freedom                
  and Areas of                  
  Low Pest                      
  Prevalence**                  

  Pest free      Fruit flies    Both *Ceratitis capitata* and *Anastrepha
  production                    fraterculus* are present in Uruguay (CPC, 2005); yet
  sites or                      a pest survey of a blueberry production site did not
  places of                     reveal any fruit flies (Gonzalez *et al*., 2005).
  production                    Thus, establishment of a pest free production site or
                                place of production may be efficacious with
                                appropriate routine surveys and control programs.
                                Such a mitigation option satisfies requirements for
                                appropriate level of protection

  **Quarantine                  
  Treatments**                  

  Methyl Bromide *C. capitata*  Methyl bromide treatment is approved for *C.
                                capitata* on blueberries (T101-i-1-1) (USDA-APHIS,
                                2006).
                                ![](media/image14.jpeg){width="4.134027777777778in"
                                height="0.9583333333333334in"}

                 *A.            A methyl bromide treatment for *A. fraterculus* on
                 fraterculus*   blueberries has not been approved, however, a
                                schedule, similar to the one for *C. capitata*,
                                should be effective.

  Irradiation    *A.            Irradiation is already approved for use on these two
                 fraterculus* & fruit flies at 150 Gy (USDA-APHIS, 2006).
                 *C. capitata*  

  Cold Treatment *A.            Cold treatments for *Ceratitis capitata* and
                 fraterculus* & *Anastrepha fraterculus* on various commodities have
                 *C. capitata*  been approved by APHIS (T107-a-1; USDA-APHIS, 2006).
                                Specific research for the optimal treatment schedule
                                for these flies in blueberries is required.
  -------------- -------------- -----------------------------------------------------

**Conclusions**

Four risk mitigations options for medfly in blueberries were identified.
A detailed examination and choice of appropriate phytosanitary measures
to mitigate pest risk is undertaken as part of the pest risk management
phase in consultation with the exporting country and is not discussed in
this document. The specification and implementation of phytosanitary
measures, as would be present in an operational work plan, is beyond the
scope of this document.

[^1]: Geographic Distribution: US (United States), UY (Uruguay)

[^2]: Abbreviations to indicate plant parts: R (Roots), L (Leaves), B
    (Branches), S (Stem), Fl (Flowers), F (Fruit), C (Cotyledons), Sl
    (Seedlings), Sd (Seed)

[^3]: For organisms identified only to the genus level: PPQ considers
    these organisms as potentially quarantine species if there are
    species in the genus that are quarantine pests with respect to the
    United States, even if the genus in question occurs in the United
    States.

[^4]: The only *Tarsonemus* species present in Uruguay is *Tarsonemus
    latus* (Bentancourt and Scatoni, 1999); thus, we assumed the
    *Tarsonemus* species intercepted on blueberry from Uruguay was *T.
    latus*, which is already present in the United States (CPC, 2004)
    and, therefore, is not a quarantine pest.

[^5]: Bolland *et al*. (1998) cited this pest on *V. myrtillus*

[^6]: The species present in Uruguay is *Apion simplex* attacking
    *Trifolium polimorphum* flowers and developing seeds (Bentancourt
    and Scatoni, 1999). Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5,
    which follows this table.

[^7]: Species present in Uruguay: *Conotrachelus cristatus*, attacking
    celery (Bentancourt and Scatoni, 1999).

[^8]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^9]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^10]: *Naupactus xanthographus* larvae feed on roots; adults feed on
    leaves (CPC, 2005). Its association with blueberry fruit is based on
    only two interceptions in commercial blueberry shipments (Table 3).
    U.S. port inspectors have intercepted *N. xanthographus* 109 times
    on fruits of various species (PIN309, 2005); however, in these cases
    this pest probably contaminated the commodity during harvest or
    packaging. CPC (2005) reports it as "a potential contaminant of
    fruit while it is being picked or standing in open bins." *Naupactus
    xanthographus* adults are flightless and readily drop when disturbed
    (CPC, 2005). It is unlikely that *N. xanthographus* will contaminate
    blueberry cartons in the field because adults are similar in size to
    blueberries (1.2 -- 1.5 cm; Bayer, 2004) and, thus, would be easily
    noticed. Furthermore, blueberry shipping boxes would not be directly
    underneath foliage from which adults can fall, because blueberry
    plants are small to medium sized bushes, (1-6 meters; Caruso and
    Ramsdell, 1995); cultivated blueberry plants in Uruguay are 1.2 --
    1.6 meters (Monteiro, C., 2005). Based on this evidence, we consider
    *N. xanthographus* unlikely to follow the pathway of imported
    commercial blueberries.

[^11]: Adults of this chrysomelid feed on the foliage, flowers and fruit
    of a variety of plants during the day. Adults are capable of flight
    (CPC 2003). The larvae are pests on roots, especially maize (CPC,
    2004). Only one study has shown an association between this pest and
    blueberries (Gonzalez et al., 2005). This pest is unlikely to follow
    the pathway on fresh blueberry fruit because adults would be
    disturbed during harvest and fly off the fruit. *Diabrotica
    speciosa* has been intercepted only two times by U.S. port
    inspectors (PIN309, 2004 ). Based on this evidence, we consider this
    species unlikely to follow the pathway of imported commercial
    blueberries.

[^12]: Association with *Vaccinium* is based on a single interception of
    *Conoderus rufangulus* on blueberries (PIN309, 2005). Because no
    other literature records indicated an association between
    *Vaccinium* and this pest, the single interception most likely
    represents a rare contaminant; consequently, *C. rufangulus* is not
    expected to follow the pathway on *Vaccinium* on a regular basis.

[^13]: *Blapstinus* *punctulatus* occasionally attacks the seedlings of
    sunflower crops in Uruguay. Larvae live underground and surface
    during the night to feed on seedling stems, cotyledons and young
    leaves (Bentancourt and Scatoni, 1999; AgroImpulso 2000). This
    species has been intercepted 326 times on fruit of various
    commodities (PIN309, 2005); however, based on its terrestrial
    biology, these interceptions probably represent contamination of
    fruit at night during packing / processing. Blueberries from Uruguay
    are picked, packed and force-cooled during the day in the field and
    then kept in refrigerated chambers during transport to the importing
    country. *Blapstinus* *punctulatus* has only been intercepted a
    single time on blueberry shipments at U.S. ports-of-entry (PIN309,
    2005); this is insufficient evidence that it will follow the pathway
    on fresh blueberry fruit on a regular basis .

[^14]: The species of Nysius present in Uruguay,is *Nysius simulans*,
    which lives on potato, maize and Lucerne crops (Bentancourt and
    Scatoni, 1999).

[^15]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^16]: References of its occurrence on blueberries from Chile indicate
    that it occurs on branches (SAG, 2005); references of it on other
    species indicate that it can occur on fruit (CPC, 2004).

[^17]: There are species of this genera present in both countries. In
    Uruguay, the species, *A. humilis,* is present on *Trifolium*, and
    attacks leaves (Bentancourt and Scatoni, 1999)

[^18]: *Spodoptera eridania* is mainly a defoliating insect. Leaf-eating
    and skeletonization is the main damage caused to the host plant by
    *Spodoptera eridania*, and in extreme cases complete defoliation may
    occur. Larvae are not normally observed because they are nocturnal
    feeders, but the first two instars are gregarious and can be seen in
    clusters on the foliage. Based on this evidence, we concluded it is
    unlikely that this pest will follow the pathway.

[^19]: This pest is a large external feeder that mostly feeds on leaves,
    but does attack the fruit of corn (Capinera, 2005); thus, it is
    unlikely to follow the pathway.

[^20]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^21]: Species present in Uruguay is *Gryllus assimilis*

[^22]: *Gryllus* species are large, mobile species that readily jump
    when disturbed, and therefore would be unlikely to remain with the
    fruit through standard harvest and postharvest handling.

[^23]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^24]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^25]: Bacterial Taxonomic Classification (CPC, 2003).

[^26]: Fungal Taxonomic Classification (9^th^ Edition of the Dictionary
    of Fungi,
    [www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp](http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp)).

[^27]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^28]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^29]: Association with host plant organs was evaluated at the genus
    level.

[^30]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^31]: *Epicoccum nigrum* may be a secondary invader (Horst, 2001). On
    fruits it causes post-harvest decay, acting as a saprophyte
    (Guerrero et al., 1993; Guerrero, 2000; Horst, 2001).

[^32]: Association with host plant organs was evaluated at the genus
    level. These pests cause post-harvest rot.

[^33]: Some pathovars of *Fusarium oxysporum* are present in the U.S.,
    while others are not and are considered quarantine pests. As with
    pests identified to only the genus level, this pathogen will be
    considered a quarantine pest because the particular pathovar that
    was attacking blueberries may not be in the U.S.

[^34]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^35]: *Penicillium,* in general, causes post-harvest decay (Horst
    2001).

[^36]: *Penicillium,* in general, causes post-harvest decay (Horst
    2001).

[^37]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^38]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^39]: *Rhizopus,* in general, causes post-harvest rot (Horst 2001).

[^40]: Not analyzed further, see text in Section 2.5, which follows this
    table.

[^41]: Nematode taxonomic classification as in CPC (2004)

[^42]: (<http://www.usna.usda.gov/Hardzone/ushzmap.html>).