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| ## Forage kochia {#forage-kochia .Title-Header}                       |
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| *Kochia prostrata* (L.) Schrad.                                       |
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| Plant Symbol = KOPR80                                                 |
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Contributed by: USDA NRCS Idaho State Office

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="2.9895833333333335in"
height="4.03125in"}Forage kochia

Photo by Derek J. Tilley.

##### Alternate Names {#alternate-names .Header-3}

*Bassia prostrata* (L.) A.J. Scott, prostrate summer cypress, perennial
summer cypress

##### Uses {#uses .Header-3}

*Range/livestock:*

Forage kochia is highly nutritious to cattle and is most commonly used
for standing fall and winter forage as an alternative to harvested hay.
Crude protein levels range from 7 to 14% during fall and winter months
(August to March) with higher protein levels than perennial cool season
grasses, forbs and legumes during that period. Forage kochia plants do
not develop nitrate accumulation or oxalate toxicity (Koch & Asay 2001).
For the best nutritional benefits, a combination of forage kochia and
dormant grass during fall and winter months is recommended (ZoBell et al
2004).

*Range Rehabilitation:*

Forage kochia was originally introduced into the U.S. to compete with
halogeton (*Halogeton glomeratus*). It has since been shown to compete
well against other aggressive, exotic annual weeds such as cheatgrass,
Russian thistle and medusahead. (Koch & Asay 2001; Young and Clements
2004). Studies have shown that forage kochia begins growth at very cool
temperatures and thus photosynthesizes at the same time of year as
cheatgrass providing direct competition for limited water resources
(Monaco 2004). Plantings of forage kochia can decrease densities of
annual weeds, thus decreasing fire intervals of degraded rangelands
while providing valuable forage to livestock and forage and cover for
wildlife and upland game birds.

![](media/image3.jpeg){width="2.9895833333333335in"
height="2.2395833333333335in"}

Antelope grazing on forage kochia in fall-winter.

Photo by Burke Davenport.

*Greenstrip Plantings:*

Forage kochia has been successfully used for greenstrip plantings in the
Intermountain West for several reasons. Forage kochia is well adapted to
the very dry areas of the region and establishes easily. Plants are
competitive against annual weeds, thus decreasing the fine fuel load and
fire interval. Forage kochia forms open stands, with individual plants
having an open canopy. Forage kochia is fire tolerant and remains green
through the fire season. (Pellant 1994). The evaluated fuel moisture
content of species commonly used in greenstrip plantings following a
wildfire including forage kochia was estimated at 40

percent as compared to crested wheatgrass (10 percent) and cheatgrass (1
percent). Forage kochia plants will burn with sufficient fuel but the
plants quickly recover (Monsen and Kitchen 1999). Studies show that
forage kochia reduces flame intensity and can suppress or even stop
wildfires (Harrison et al 2002).

![](media/image4.jpeg){width="3.0in"
height="2.0104166666666665in"}Forage kochia firebreak

Photo by Mike Pellant.

#####  {#section .Header-3}

##### Status {#status .Header-3}

Consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural
Resources for this plant's current status (e.g. state noxious status).

#####  {#section-1 .Header-3}

##### Description {#description .Header-3}

*General*:

Goosefoot Family (Chenopodiaceae). Forage kochia is an introduced,
semi-evergreen, half-shrub. Plants are 0.3 to 1 m (1 to 3 ft) tall with
a deep tap root and an extensive fibrous root system, and it may live up
to 10 to15 years. Although it is commonly only medium-lived, it readily
re-establishes from seed. Leaves are linear, 3 to 12 mm long (0.1 to 0.5
inches) and hairy. Flowers are clustered on a spicate to paniculate
inflorescence in the upper stems. Seed stalks and upper stems turn red
in late summer and fall, while the lower branches retain a green
appearance year round. (Harrison et al 2000). Flowers bloom from July to
September (McArthur and Monsen 2004).

Forage kochia should not be confused with its weedy relative, *Kochia
scoparia*. Forage kochia differs in that it is a perennial shrub and not
an annual herb.

*Distribution*:

This species has been successfully seeded in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah, Washington and Wyoming
at elevations ranging from 490 to 2,200 meters (1,600 to 7,300 ft). For
current distribution, consult the Plant Profile page for this species on
the PLANTS Web site.

*Habitat*:

Forage kochia is well adapted to a broad range of growing conditions
found in the Intermountain West. Plants are commonly found in
shadscale-saltbush, (saline desert and desert shrub), sagebrush steppe
and piñon-juniper communities where it has been planted as a greenstrip
species or for rangeland rehabilitation.

##### Adaptation {#adaptation .Header-3}

Forage kochia is well suited to rangelands receiving 15 to 40 cm annual
precipitation (6 to 16 inches), and is adapted to a wide range of soil
textures including sands, gravels, clays, silts and loams. Plants do
best in medium-textured soils. Forage kochia is highly saline and sodic
tolerant. Plants perform well and will spread in high saline sites
including slick spots (Harrison et al 2000). Stevens et al (1984)
reported that forage yields were not reduced when forage kochia plants
were grown in soil salinity of 17.0 mmho/cm^2^.

##### Establishment {#establishment .Header-3}

##### Best establishment comes from dormant fall or winter seedings which allow the seed to germinate and begin growth very early in the spring. Seed should be broadcast, aerially seeded, or drilled onto the soil surface which have been lightly disturbed by harrowing or spread directly onto snow. Seed drilled and pressed into soil to depths more than 1/16 inches (1.5 mm) will rarely germinate or establish. Burning prior to seeding has positively affected establishment (Monaco et al 2003). Aerial seeding should be performed at altitudes from 50 to 70 meters (165 to 230 ft) with wind velocities less than 13 feet per second (Harrison et al 2000).  {#best-establishment-comes-from-dormant-fall-or-winter-seedings-which-allow-the-seed-to-germinate-and-begin-growth-very-early-in-the-spring.-seed-should-be-broadcast-aerially-seeded-or-drilled-onto-the-soil-surface-which-have-been-lightly-disturbed-by-harrowing-or-spread-directly-onto-snow.-seed-drilled-and-pressed-into-soil-to-depths-more-than-116-inches-1.5-mm-will-rarely-germinate-or-establish.-burning-prior-to-seeding-has-positively-affected-establishment-monaco-et-al-2003.-aerial-seeding-should-be-performed-at-altitudes-from-50-to-70-meters-165-to-230-ft-with-wind-velocities-less-than-13-feet-per-second-harrison-et-al-2000. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-2 .Header-3}

##### For wildlife plantings, forage kochia should be used as part of a seed mixture. Seeding rates range from 0.025 to 0.25 lb PLS per acre depending on conditions and objectives. Planting 0.025 lb PLS per acre as a seed mixture component provides approximately 400 plants per acre (Ogle et al 2006).  {#for-wildlife-plantings-forage-kochia-should-be-used-as-part-of-a-seed-mixture.-seeding-rates-range-from-0.025-to-0.25-lb-pls-per-acre-depending-on-conditions-and-objectives.-planting-0.025-lb-pls-per-acre-as-a-seed-mixture-component-provides-approximately-400-plants-per-acre-ogle-et-al-2006. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-3 .Header-3}

##### For greenstrip plantings, where forage kochia is planted as a monoculture with a drill and seed is pressed into soil, higher seeding rates (2.0 -- 3.0 lb/acre or 18 to 27 seeds/ft^2^) are recommended to create a thick stand of kochia with smaller, lower-growing plants, which provide little fuel for wildfires and reduces annual weed production. Under greenstrip conditions, when seed is broadcast planted, seeding rates should be increased to 3.0- 4.0 lb/acre or 27 to 36 seeds/ft^2^. {#for-greenstrip-plantings-where-forage-kochia-is-planted-as-a-monoculture-with-a-drill-and-seed-is-pressed-into-soil-higher-seeding-rates-2.0-3.0-lbacre-or-18-to-27-seedsft2-are-recommended-to-create-a-thick-stand-of-kochia-with-smaller-lower-growing-plants-which-provide-little-fuel-for-wildfires-and-reduces-annual-weed-production.-under-greenstrip-conditions-when-seed-is-broadcast-planted-seeding-rates-should-be-increased-to-3.0--4.0-lbacre-or-27-to-36-seedsft2. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-4 .Header-3}

##### Forage kochia seed loses viability quickly, even when processed and stored under proper conditions. Always use current year's seed that has received a recent germination test to ensure the best chances for establishment success.  {#forage-kochia-seed-loses-viability-quickly-even-when-processed-and-stored-under-proper-conditions.-always-use-current-years-seed-that-has-received-a-recent-germination-test-to-ensure-the-best-chances-for-establishment-success. .Header-3}

##### Management {#management .Header-3}

Forage kochia can be used as year-round forage under proper management.
Spring grazing can be more detrimental to forage production than fall or
winter grazing; however, it is rarely grazed during the spring when
green grass is available. The earliest grazing occurs in late June to
mid July when the grasses have gone dormant. Its "preference" increases
throughout the summer and early fall. Plants grazed to less than two
inches will show reduced growth the following year. In one study in Box
Elder County, Utah, forage yields ranged from 500 to 700 lbs per acre
(ZoBell et all 2004).

#####  {#section-5 .Header-3}

##### Pests and Potential Problems {#pests-and-potential-problems .Header-3}

Although forage kochia does not appear to be affected by insect pests,
it may serve as a host for lygus bugs (Harrison et al 2000).

##### Environmental Concerns {#environmental-concerns .Header-3}

##### There is concern that forage kochia could become invasive similar to the herbaceous kochia, *K. scoparia*, but this is mostly unwarranted. Studies indicate that plants will spread under favorable conditions into bare or disturbed sites where competition is limited. Forage kochia competes with and establishes readily into sites dominated by annual weeds, but it does not seem to reduce the density of stands of established perennials. Spread of forage kochia has been found to be related to the following: soil disturbance, predominant wind direction, lack of vegetative competition and open space near established plants (Harrison, 2000). {#there-is-concern-that-forage-kochia-could-become-invasive-similar-to-the-herbaceous-kochia-k.-scoparia-but-this-is-mostly-unwarranted.-studies-indicate-that-plants-will-spread-under-favorable-conditions-into-bare-or-disturbed-sites-where-competition-is-limited.-forage-kochia-competes-with-and-establishes-readily-into-sites-dominated-by-annual-weeds-but-it-does-not-seem-to-reduce-the-density-of-stands-of-established-perennials.-spread-of-forage-kochia-has-been-found-to-be-related-to-the-following-soil-disturbance-predominant-wind-direction-lack-of-vegetative-competition-and-open-space-near-established-plants-harrison-2000. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-6 .Header-3}

##### One source of concern is its ability to invade slick spot communities in southern Idaho. These sites are habitat for the state-listed sensitive species, slickspot peppergrass (*Lepidium papilliferum*) (Pellant 2004). {#one-source-of-concern-is-its-ability-to-invade-slick-spot-communities-in-southern-idaho.-these-sites-are-habitat-for-the-state-listed-sensitive-species-slickspot-peppergrass-lepidium-papilliferum-pellant-2004. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-7 .Header-3}

##### It has been shown that forage kochia is only distantly related to annual kochia and Grey Molly (*Kochia americana*), and will not hybridize with either species (Lee et al 2005). {#it-has-been-shown-that-forage-kochia-is-only-distantly-related-to-annual-kochia-and-grey-molly-kochia-americana-and-will-not-hybridize-with-either-species-lee-et-al-2005. .Header-3}

**Weediness**

This plant may become weedy or invasive in some regions or habitats and
may displace desirable vegetation if not properly managed. Consult your
local NRCS Field Office, Cooperative Extension Service office, state
natural resource, or state agriculture department regarding its status
and use. Weed information is also available from the PLANTS Web site at
plants.usda.gov. Consult the Related Web Sites on the Plant Profile for
this species for further information.

##### Control  {#control .Header-3}

##### Forage kochia can be effectively controlled with  {#forage-kochia-can-be-effectively-controlled-with .Header-3}

##### 2,4-D (Harrison et al 2000). Contact your local agricultural extension specialist or county weed specialist to determine the best control methods in your area and how to use it safely. Always read and follow label and safety instructions for each chemical control method. Trade names and control measures appear in this document only to provide specific information. USDA NRCS does not guarantee or warranty the products and control methods named, and other products may be equally effective. {#d-harrison-et-al-2000.-contact-your-local-agricultural-extension-specialist-or-county-weed-specialist-to-determine-the-best-control-methods-in-your-area-and-how-to-use-it-safely.-always-read-and-follow-label-and-safety-instructions-for-each-chemical-control-method.-trade-names-and-control-measures-appear-in-this-document-only-to-provide-specific-information.-usda-nrcs-does-not-guarantee-or-warranty-the-products-and-control-methods-named-and-other-products-may-be-equally-effective. .Header-3}

##### Seeds and Plant Production {#seeds-and-plant-production .Header-3}

##### Seed production fields should be planted at a rate of 1.5 lb PLS per acre or planted with transplants with 12 inch in-row plant spacing and three feet between-row spacing (Harrison et al 2000; Cornforth et al 2001). Seed production fields produce between 400 and 600 pounds per acre of clean seed (Cornforth et al 2001). Stevens et al 1984 reported production as high as 1500 pounds per acre during one production year, however seed production rates this high should not be expected under normal circumstances.  {#seed-production-fields-should-be-planted-at-a-rate-of-1.5-lb-pls-per-acre-or-planted-with-transplants-with-12-inch-in-row-plant-spacing-and-three-feet-between-row-spacing-harrison-et-al-2000-cornforth-et-al-2001.-seed-production-fields-produce-between-400-and-600-pounds-per-acre-of-clean-seed-cornforth-et-al-2001.-stevens-et-al-1984-reported-production-as-high-as-1500-pounds-per-acre-during-one-production-year-however-seed-production-rates-this-high-should-not-be-expected-under-normal-circumstances. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-8 .Header-3}

##### Seed requires hard fall frost before it will mature. Seed fields in areas with a tendency to early to mid fall snowfall have resulted in complete seed production failure because the snow caused seed to drop before seed harvest could occur. Seed production begins to decline after plants are approximately 5 to 6 years old.  {#seed-requires-hard-fall-frost-before-it-will-mature.-seed-fields-in-areas-with-a-tendency-to-early-to-mid-fall-snowfall-have-resulted-in-complete-seed-production-failure-because-the-snow-caused-seed-to-drop-before-seed-harvest-could-occur.-seed-production-begins-to-decline-after-plants-are-approximately-5-to-6-years-old. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-9 .Header-3}

##### There are an estimated 395,000 PLS per pound. (Koch & Asay 2001; Harrison et al 2000). Seed needs to be dried to less than 7 percent moisture and stored in cool, dry conditions, 36 to 50º F (2.2 to 10º C). {#there-are-an-estimated-395000-pls-per-pound.-koch-asay-2001-harrison-et-al-2000.-seed-needs-to-be-dried-to-less-than-7-percent-moisture-and-stored-in-cool-dry-conditions-36-to-50º-f-2.2-to-10º-c. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-10 .Header-3}

##### Cultivars, Improved, and Selected Materials (and area of origin) {#cultivars-improved-and-selected-materials-and-area-of-origin .Header-3}

'Immigrant' forage kochia was released in 1984 by the USDA Forest
Service, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Utah Division of
Wildlife Resources and the Idaho, Nevada, Oregon and Utah Agriculture
Experiment Stations. The original collection was from the Stravopol
Botanical Gardens, USSR, in May 1966. Immigrant was released for use as
forage and soil erosion control on rangelands in the Intermountain West
(Stevens et al 1984). Breeder and Foundation seed is maintained by Utah
Crop Improvement Association.

Use of 'Immigrant' forage kochia for winter grazing is limited due to
the plant's fairly low stature. Currently numerous accessions collected
by USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) are being evaluated by the
ARS and Utah State University to identify ecotypes of taller plants with
forage extending above snow levels (Harrison et al 2000).

Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service office for
more information. Look in the phone book under, "United States
Government". The Natural Resources Conservation Service will be listed
under the subheading "Department of Agriculture."

##### References {#references .Header-3}

Cornforth, B., L. St. John and D.G. Ogle. 2001. Technical Note 14: Seed
production standards for conservation plants in the Intermountain West.
USDA-NRCS, Boise, ID. 13 p.

Harrison, R.D., N.J. Chatterton, B.L.Waldron, B.W. Davenport, A.J.
Palazzo, W.H. Horton and K.H. Asay. 2000. Forage kochia-its
compatibility and potential aggressiveness on intermountain rangelands.
Utah Agricultural Experiment Station. Utah State University. Research
Report 162. 66 p.

Harrison, R.D., B.L. Waldron, K.B. Jensen, R. Page, T.A. Monaco, W.H.
Horton and A.J. Palazzo. 2002. Forage kochia helps fight range fires.
Rangelands 24(5): 3-7.

Koch, D.W. and W. Asay. 2001. Forage kochia-a forage with fall and
winter grazing potential. University of Wyoming Cooperative Extension
Service. B-1122.5. 4p.

Lee, B.S., M.Y. Kim, R.R.-C. Wang, and B.L. Waldron. 2005. Relationships
among 3 *Kochia* species based on PCR-generated molecular sequences and
molecular cytogenetics. Genome. 48:1104-1115.)

##### McArthur, E.D. and S.B. Monsen. 2004. Chenopod Shrubs. In: S.B. Monsen, R. Stevens, and N.L. Shaw \[compilers\]. Restoring western ranges and wildlands. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-136-vol-2. p. 467-491. {#mcarthur-e.d.-and-s.b.-monsen.-2004.-chenopod-shrubs.-in-s.b.-monsen-r.-stevens-and-n.l.-shaw-compilers.-restoring-western-ranges-and-wildlands.-fort-collins-co-usda-forest-service-rocky-mountain-research-station.-general-technical-report-rmrs-gtr-136-vol-2.-p.-467-491. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-11 .Header-3}

##### Monaco, T.A. 2004. Photosynthesis and water relations of the salt desert shrub *Kochia prostrata*. p. 19-21. *In:* Proceedings-Forage Kochia Workshop and Tour. 9-10 Nov 2004. Logan, UT. URL: http://www.advs.usu.edu/people/dzobell/Forage%20Kochia%20Proceedings/ (accessed 10 Feb 2006). Utah State University. {#monaco-t.a.-2004.-photosynthesis-and-water-relations-of-the-salt-desert-shrub-kochia-prostrata.-p.-19-21.-in-proceedings-forage-kochia-workshop-and-tour.-9-10-nov-2004.-logan-ut.-url-httpwww.advs.usu.edupeopledzobellforage20kochia20proceedings-accessed-10-feb-2006.-utah-state-university. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-12 .Header-3}

##### Monaco, T.A. 2006. Personal communication. 10 February 2006. {#monaco-t.a.-2006.-personal-communication.-10-february-2006. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-13 .Header-3}

##### Monaco, T.A., B.L. Waldron, R.L. Newhall and W.H. Horton. 2003. Re-establishing perennial vegetation in cheatgrass monocultures-planting prostrate kochia in 'greenstrips' may be a viable option to decrease cheatgrass dominance. Rangelands 25(2): 26.29. {#monaco-t.a.-b.l.-waldron-r.l.-newhall-and-w.h.-horton.-2003.-re-establishing-perennial-vegetation-in-cheatgrass-monocultures-planting-prostrate-kochia-in-greenstrips-may-be-a-viable-option-to-decrease-cheatgrass-dominance.-rangelands-252-26.29. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-14 .Header-3}

##### Monsen, S.B. 1994. Selection of plants for fire suppression on semi-arid sites. p. 363-373. *In:* S.B. Monsen and S.G. Kitchen (comps.). Proceedings-Symposium on ecology and management of annual rangelands. 18-21 May 1992. Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-313. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 351 p. {#monsen-s.b.-1994.-selection-of-plants-for-fire-suppression-on-semi-arid-sites.-p.-363-373.-in-s.b.-monsen-and-s.g.-kitchen-comps..-proceedings-symposium-on-ecology-and-management-of-annual-rangelands.-18-21-may-1992.-boise-id.-gen.-tech.-rep.-int-gtr-313.-usda-forest-service-intermountain-research-station-ogden-ut.-351-p. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-15 .Header-3}

##### Monsen, S.B. and S.G. Kitchen. 1999. Variation in burning tolerance among forage kochia accessions. p. 92-100. *In:* Cooperative research studies 1989-1998. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Shrub Sciences Lab., Provo, UT. Report submitted to U.S. Dept. of Interior, Intermountain Greenstripping Program. Boise, ID. 285 p. {#monsen-s.b.-and-s.g.-kitchen.-1999.-variation-in-burning-tolerance-among-forage-kochia-accessions.-p.-92-100.-in-cooperative-research-studies-1989-1998.-usda-forest-service-rocky-mountain-research-station-shrub-sciences-lab.-provo-ut.-report-submitted-to-u.s.-dept.-of-interior-intermountain-greenstripping-program.-boise-id.-285-p. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-16 .Header-3}

Ogle, D. G., L. St. John, M. Stannard and L. Holzworth. 2006. Technical
Note 24: Grass, grass-like, forb, legume, and woody species for the
intermountain west. USDA-NRCS, Boise, ID. 42p.

#####  {#section-17 .Header-3}

##### Pellant, M. 1994. History and applications of the intermountain greenstripping program. p. 63-68*. In:* S.B. Monsen and S.G. Kitchen (comps.). Proceedings-Symposium on ecology and management of annual rangelands. 18-21 May 1992. Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-313. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT. 351 p. {#pellant-m.-1994.-history-and-applications-of-the-intermountain-greenstripping-program.-p.-63-68.-in-s.b.-monsen-and-s.g.-kitchen-comps..-proceedings-symposium-on-ecology-and-management-of-annual-rangelands.-18-21-may-1992.-boise-id.-gen.-tech.-rep.-int-gtr-313.-usda-forest-service-intermountain-research-station-ogden-ut.-351-p. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-18 .Header-3}

##### Pellant, M. 2004. Greenstripping with forage kochia. p. 52-56. *In:* Proceedings-Forage Kochia Workshop and Tour. 9-10 Nov 2004. Logan, UT. URL: http://www.advs.usu.edu/people/dzobell/Forage%20Kochia%20Proceedings/ (accessed 10 Feb 2006). Utah State University. {#pellant-m.-2004.-greenstripping-with-forage-kochia.-p.-52-56.-in-proceedings-forage-kochia-workshop-and-tour.-9-10-nov-2004.-logan-ut.-url-httpwww.advs.usu.edupeopledzobellforage20kochia20proceedings-accessed-10-feb-2006.-utah-state-university. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-19 .Header-3}

Pyankov, V.I., E.G. Artyusheva, G.E. Edwards, C.C. Black Jr. and P.S.
Soltis. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of tribe Salsoleae
(*Chenopodiaceae*) based on ribosomal ITS sequences: Implications for
the evolution of photosynthesis types. American Journal of Botany
88:1189-1198.

##### Stevens. R., K.R. Jorgensen, E.D. McArthur, S.B. Monsen, J.N. Davis and J.R. George. 1984. Naming and release of Immigrant forage kochia for commercial production and marketing of seed. USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA-NRCS and Utah State Division of Wildlife Resources. Wildlife Restoration Project, W-82-R. {#stevens.-r.-k.r.-jorgensen-e.d.-mcarthur-s.b.-monsen-j.n.-davis-and-j.r.-george.-1984.-naming-and-release-of-immigrant-forage-kochia-for-commercial-production-and-marketing-of-seed.-usda-forest-service-intermountain-forest-and-range-experiment-station-usda-nrcs-and-utah-state-division-of-wildlife-resources.-wildlife-restoration-project-w-82-r. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-20 .Header-3}

##### Young, J.A. and C.D. Clements. 2004. The place of forage kochia in rangeland environments. p. 14-15. *In:* Proceedings-Forage Kochia Workshop and Tour. 9-10 Nov 2004. Logan, UT. URL: http://www.advs.usu.edu/people/dzobell/Forage%20Kochia%20Proceedings/ (accessed 10 Feb 2006). Utah State University. {#young-j.a.-and-c.d.-clements.-2004.-the-place-of-forage-kochia-in-rangeland-environments.-p.-14-15.-in-proceedings-forage-kochia-workshop-and-tour.-9-10-nov-2004.-logan-ut.-url-httpwww.advs.usu.edupeopledzobellforage20kochia20proceedings-accessed-10-feb-2006.-utah-state-university. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-21 .Header-3}

##### ZoBell, D.R., B.L. Waldron, K.C. Olson, R.D. Harrison, K. Jensen and H. Jensen. 2004. The use of forage kochia by beef cows for fall/winter grazing p. 30-34. *In:* Proceedings-Forage Kochia Workshop and Tour. 9-10 Nov 2004. Logan, UT. URL: http://www.advs.usu.edu/people/dzobell/Forage%20Kochia%20Proceedings/ (accessed 10 Feb 2006). Utah State University. {#zobell-d.r.-b.l.-waldron-k.c.-olson-r.d.-harrison-k.-jensen-and-h.-jensen.-2004.-the-use-of-forage-kochia-by-beef-cows-for-fallwinter-grazing-p.-30-34.-in-proceedings-forage-kochia-workshop-and-tour.-9-10-nov-2004.-logan-ut.-url-httpwww.advs.usu.edupeopledzobellforage20kochia20proceedings-accessed-10-feb-2006.-utah-state-university. .Header-3}

#####  {#section-22 .Header-3}

##### Prepared By {#prepared-by .Header-3}

*Derek J. Tilley*, Range Conservationist (Plants) USDA NRCS Plant
Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID

*Dan Ogle*, Plant Materials Specialist

USDA NRCS Idaho State Office, Boise, ID

*Loren St. John*, Manager

USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID

*Blair L. Waldron*, Research Geneticist

USDA ARS Forage and Range Research Lab,

Logan, UT

*R. Dean Harrison,* (retired) USDA NRCS and ARS Forage and Range
Research Lab, Logan, UT

##### Species Coordinator {#species-coordinator .Header-3}

*Dan Ogle*, Plant Materials Specialist

USDA NRCS Idaho State Office, Boise, Idaho

##### Edited: 18may06djt; 20feb06lsj; 18may06dgo; 07mar06blw; 13mar06rdh; 19may06jsp {#edited-18may06djt-20feb06lsj-18may06dgo-07mar06blw-13mar06rdh-19may06jsp .Header-4}

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your
local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS
Web site\<[http://plants.usda.gov](http://plants.usda.gov/)\> or the
Plant Materials Program Web site
\<[http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov](http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov/)\>

*The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in
all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national
origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual
orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases
apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require
alternative means for communication of program information (Braille,
large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA\'s [TARGET
Center](http://www.usda.gov/oo/target.htm) at 202-720-2600 (voice and
TDD).*

*To file a complaint of discrimination write USDA, Director, Office of
Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence
Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call 202-720-5964 (voice or
TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.*

*Read about [Civil Rights at the Natural Resources Convervation
Service](http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/about/civilrights/).*