**Unit 3:**

**IDENTIFYING**

**HAZARDOUS MATERIALS**

**In this unit, you will learn about:**

-   Clues that indicate the presence of hazardous materials

-   How to identify where hazardous materials are located in your
    community

-   Common problems and remedies for hazardous materials sites

-   How to use a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) to learn more about
    acutely toxic substances

How do you know where hazardous materials exist in your community, and
whether or not they pose a threat to public health? In some cases,
lengthy testing of samples from numerous locations is required to prove
that a threat does (or may) exist. In others, the danger is clear and
immediate. As a concerned citizen, you need to be aware of where hazards
may exist and know how to recognize and report a possible problem.

**DETECTING THE PRESENCE OF A HAZARD**

The ability to detect a hazard and take corrective action can save
lives. In Roseburg, Oregon a number of years ago, several people
observed a truck with an "explosives" placard on it parked by a
lumberyard. Later that night, a fire broke out in a dumpster in the
lumberyard, igniting the explosives. Eighteen city blocks were
destroyed; 13 people were killed, and 125 others were injured. Had
someone recognized that this location was a questionable one for a truck
with this placard and called the police or fire department, this
disaster could have been averted.

*Thousands of communities across the country are knowingly or
unknowingly affected by hazardous waste sites.*

Sometimes there are ***sensory*** clues that indicate the presence of
hazardous materials. However, sensory clues are the least dependable and
potentially most dangerous method of identification. Many materials do
not have such warning signals as smell or taste. If you notice that an
area has a terrible smell, your eyes water, your skin is irritated, or
you begin to cough or feel nauseous, ***leave*** immediately and
telephone your local police or fire department. If you encounter a
suspicious substance, do ***not*** try to dispose of it yourself. You
might only add to the problem.

Sometimes no sign reveals that hazardous chemicals exist beneath the
surface of the ground, but occasionally unusual circumstances suggest
its presence. Water that has an oily appearance, unusual algae growth,
or white froth may be contaminated. Discolored soil, bare spots in the
ground where vegetation has died off, dead animals, and the presence of
metal drums or other specially designed containers also signal a
potential problem. Should you ever actually ***see*** someone dumping
what appears to be a hazardous material in a place not designed to
receive it, note the identifying features of the person and vehicle and
call the police immediately. "Midnight dumping," whether by individuals
or corporations, is a growing threat to public health that requires
prompt correction.

Some State and local areas offer programs to help the public identify
hazardous materials problems. The New Jersey Attorney General's Office,
for example, has a program to sensitize people to evidence of illegal
waste disposal. You may wish to inquire about similar programs in your
area.

Your Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) should be able to give
you precise information about where reportable quantities of extremely
hazardous materials are stored or released from fixed sites in your
community. (Or, you can use the Toxic Release Inventory database to find
this out for yourself.) Remember, however, that ***all*** the hazardous
materials that might pose a problem may not be known to the LEPC.
Hazardous materials of a type not on the list or stored at levels just
below the reportable quantity may still cause a serious incident.
Undocumented waste, sites or underground storage tanks may exist, or
large quantities of toxic materials may be regularly transported through
your community.

In identifying where hazardous materials are found in your community,
consider the five phases of a hazardous material's "life"---production,
transportation, storage, use, and disposal. At ***each*** phase, the
possibility exists either for controlled, careful use or for
short-sighted mismanagement.

**HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PRODUCTION AND STORAGE**

Hazardous materials are stored before and after they are transported to
their intended use. For example:

-   Service stations store gasoline and diesel fuel in underground tanks

-   Hospitals store radioactive materials, flammable materials and other
    hazardous substances

-   Manufacturers, processors, distributors, and recycling plants for
    chemical industries store a variety of chemicals on site

In addition to the LEPC, your local police and fire departments should
maintain specific information on industries in your community that use,
store, or generate hazardous materials. Your local codes are a critical
element in protecting community health, for they determine what
handling, reporting, and emergency preparedness practices are considered
"safe." It is usually the local fire department's role to inspect
facilities to ensure code compliance. A fire department with a strong
prevention emphasis may require businesses to document a hazardous
material s management plan that indicates how materials are stored, how
compatible substances are separated, where they are disposed of, and
other pertinent information. Of particular interest is the existence of
underground storage tanks, which can present a significant groundwater
contamination hazard. (Old tanks are often overlooked in inspections or
not known to exist.) Small volunteer fire departments often lack the
personnel and skills required to inspect and maintain records on
hazardous materials stored locally; some train citizen volunteers to
assist them in these tasks.

*The likelihood of the accidental release of a toxic substance from a
fixed site such as a factory can be prevented by regular local
inspections of facilities to ensure compliance with hazardous materials
storage and handling regulations. Should a release occur, the cloud
would contain areas of greater and lesser concentration (depicted here
as solid and striped).*

At the local level, citizens can often express their concern about a
local industry's safe manufacture and storage of hazardous materials by
conducting a neighborhood inspection. If approached in an atmosphere of
cooperation and concern, businesses may respond positively, for they
have a great deal to gain by being "good neighbors." Wherever possible,
the inspection team should be accompanied by an industrial hygienists
specialist trained in industrial health and safety issues. In one such
neighborhood inspection in Massachusetts, a potentially dangerous
situation was noted where hundreds of chemicals were stored in
alphabetical order. As a result of the inspection, the storage system
was altered to separate chemicals that could react with one another. The
discovery of this problem may well have prevented a serious accident in
which neighborhood residents could have been injured or killed.

**READING A MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS)**

Hazardous materials are common in the modern workplace, and it is
clearly important that workers know when they are handling these
materials to ensure adequate protection and compliance with the proper
safety procedures. Fortunately, the Hazard Communication Standard
created by OSHA requires that employers who use hazardous substances
must make Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) available for employee use
and reference, and provide appropriate warning labels on containers of
hazardous substances within the facility.

The MSDS is usually prepared by the manufacturer or distributor of a
hazardous substance. MSDS forms are found in a wide variety of formats,
but regardless of the format must contain certain key information for
employee reference. In many cases, more information is provided on the
MSDS than is required by law. The Hazard Communication Standard
***requires*** that the following categories of information be written
in English on an MSDS form. (A sample MSDS is found at the end of this
unit; you can refer to it when reading this section.)

**The Identity of the Substance**

This category features required information on the identity of the
material as given on the product label. If the material is a single
hazardous substance, its chemical and any common names that it is known
by must be given. If the material is a mixture which has been tested as
a whole to determine its hazards, the chemical and common name(s) of the
ingredients which contribute to these known hazards will be listed. If
the product is a mixture and has not been tested as a whole, the
hazardous ingredients which comprise 1% or greater of the mixture must
be given. If the hazardous ingredient is a carcinogen, those contents
which comprise greater than 0.1% must be listed.

*A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) provides important information on a
substance's composition, potential hazards, and specific first aid
procedures required in the event of an emergency.*

An example of this information can be found in Section I of the sample
MSDS at the end of this unit. This MSDS is for hydrofluoric acid---a
mixture of hydrogen fluoride gas in water, whose properties vary with
its concentration.

**Physical and Chemical Characteristics**

This category includes the physical and chemical characteristics of the
hazardous substance---such as whether it is a liquid, gas, or solid, and
data pertaining to characteristics such as vapor pressure and flash
point.

The physical data may provide information on how the product will act
under a variety of temperatures and conditions. You may learn from this
category of information if the material has an odor (and at what level
the odor becomes noticeable), the color of the material, and other items
about the material's behavior.

This information can be found in Sections III, IV, and VI of the sample
MSDS at the end of this unit.

**Physical Hazards**

The physical hazards of the material must be noted on the MSDS,
including the potential for fire, explosions, or reactions and the
conditions under which they may occur. The recommended extinguishing
media (water, foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, graphite, etc.) for
fires can be found here---this information is of great value to
community emergency responders.

Some chemicals are ***stable*** by nature---that is, they are unlikely
to undergo a chemical reaction or change that may result in a dangerous
situation, such as an explosion, fire, or toxic release. On the other
hand, some chemicals are ***unstable*** and are likely to react either
alone or in combination with other chemicals and substances. This
knowledge can be of great value when selecting storage locations for the
product.

This information can be found in Sections IV and V of the sample MSDS
form at the end of this unit.

**Health Hazards**

The health hazards of the hazardous substance must be given, including
the signs and symptoms of exposure (such as a rash or burning of the
eyes and throat) and any medical conditions which are generally
recognized as being aggravated by exposure to the material. For example,
people with respiratory problems should avoid the inhalation of solvent
vapors from paint since these vapors may bring on breathing
difficulties.

This information can be found in Section VI of the sample MSDS form at
the end of this unit.

**Routes of Entry**

Potential routes of entry into the body for a hazardous substance must
be noted on its MSDS. For example, our sample MSDS indicates that the
routes of exposure for hydrofluoric acid include eye contact, skin
contact, inhalation, and ingestion.

This information can be found in Section VI of the sample MSDS form at
the end of this unit.

**Permissible Exposure Limits**

The OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), ACGIH Threshold Limit Value
(TLV), and any other exposure limit recommended by the manufacturer,
distributor, or employer preparing the MSDS must be given if such values
are available.

If such values are listed, they may indicate the maximum exposure a
worker should have to the substance during an eight-hour working day, as
expressed in parts per million (ppm) in air. The PEL is set by OSHA and
is a mandated exposure level. However, some PELs have not been updated
recently and a number of employers follow exposure limits based on TLVs.

The TLV is the recommended level set by the Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists. TLVs are advisory guidelines that are revised
each year as more information becomes available for different chemicals.

This information can be found in Section II of the sample MSDS form at
the end of this unit.

**Carcinogens**

If the material is listed in the National Toxicology Program (NTP)
Annual Report on Carcinogens or has been found to be a potential
carcinogen by OSHA or the International Agency for Research on Cancer,
this information must be noted on the MSDS.

The product used for the sample MSDS at the end of this unit is not a
carcinogen. Had it been, this information might have been found in
Sections II or VII.

**Safe Handling**

This category of required information includes any generally applicable
precautions for safe handling and use of the product which are known to
the preparer of the MSDS, including appropriate hygienic practices,
protective measures during repair and maintenance of contaminated
equipment, and procedures for spills and leaks of the material.

This information can be found in Section VII of the sample MSDS form at
the end of this unit.

**Control Measures**

Any generally applicable control measures which are known to the
preparer of the MSDS, such as appropriate engineering controls, work
practices, or personal protective equipment that is needed to safely
handle the material, are included in this category.

This information can be found in Section IX of the sample MSDS form at
the end of this unit.

**First Aid Procedures**

The first aid procedures that are to be used on a person who is exposed
to the product must be listed for the various routes of exposure and
noted on the MSDS.

On some MSDS forms, this category may be expanded to include procedures
that should be followed by medical authorities treating those who have
been exposed to the material. In all cases of suspected overexposure,
medical advice should be sought.

This information can be found in Section VI of the sample MSDS form at
the end of this unit.

**Date of Preparation**

The date that the MSDS was prepared, and the date that the information
was last updated, if applicable, must be noted on the MSDS.

This lets you know exactly how current an MSDS is. Some MSDS forms may
be updated once or twice a year, while others, such as those for steel,
do not require frequent updating. A call to the manufacturer or supplier
can determine if you have the most recent update of the MSDS form that
is available.

This information can be found in the header of the sample MSDS form at
the end of this unit.

**Manufacturer Information**

The name, address and telephone number of the chemical manufacturer or
responsible party who prepared the MSDS and can provide additional
information on the hazardous chemicals and appropriate emergency
procedures to be followed, if necessary, must be listed on the form.

This information can be found in the header of the sample MSDS form at
the end of this unit.

If no relevant information can be located for a required category, the
MSDS will be marked to indicate that no applicable information has been
found for that entry.

**THE NFPA 704M SYSTEM**

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has devised a voluntary
marking system to alert firefighters to the characteristics of hazardous
materials stored in stationary tanks and facilities. This system, known
as NFPA 704M, can also assist citizens visiting a site in identifying
the hazard presented by the stored substance. Use of the system is
voluntary, unless specified by local codes.

*The NFPA 704M labeling system for hazardous materials was devised to
provide at-a-glance information to response personnel on how a substance
could be expected to react in the event of an emergency.*

The NFPA 704M label is diamond-shaped, and is divided into four parts,
or quadrants.

The left quadrant is ***blue***, and contains a numerical rating of the
substance's health hazard. Ratings are made on a scale of 0 to 4, with a
rating of 4 indicating a danger level so severe that a very short
exposure could cause serious injury or death. A zero, or no code at all
in this quarter, means that no unusual hazard would result from the
exposure.

The top quadrant of the NFPA symbol contains the substance's fire hazard
rating. As you might expect, this quadrant is ***red***. Again, number
codes in this quadrant range from 0 to 4, with 4 representing the most
serious hazard.

The NFPA label's right quadrant, colored ***yellow***, indicates the
substance's likelihood to explode or react. As with the health and fire
hazard quadrants, ratings from 0 to 4 are used to indicate the degree of
danger. If a 4 appears in this section, the chemical is extremely
unstable, and even under ***NORMAL*** conditions may explode or react
violently. A zero in this quadrant indicates that the material is
considered to be stable even in the event of a fire.

The bottom quadrant is ***white***, and contains information about any
special hazards that may apply. There are three possible codes for the
bottom quarter of the NFPA symbol:

-   OXY means this material is an oxidizer. It can easily release oxygen
    to create or worsen a fire or explosion hazard.

-   The symbol W indicates a material that reacts with water to release
    a gas that is either flammable or hazardous to health.

-   If the material is radioactive, the usual tri-blade "propeller"
    symbol for radioactivity will appear.

It is important to the remember that the system is chemical-specific.
***No*** chemical identification system can accurately assess the
synergistic effects of one chemical combining with another, or the
possible effects of combining unknown amounts of several chemicals.

*The Department Transportation (DOT), in cooperation with the United
Nations, has devised an international classification system which tags
hazardous materials in transit with color-coded, symbolic warning
placards.*

**HAZARDOUS MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION**

Hazardous materials are transported daily in the United States by air,
water, road, rail, and pipeline. Of the 1.5 billion tons of hazardous
materials transported in this country each year, more than half move by
tankers along the Nation's highways.

Highway transport of hazardous materials is so common that it is
doubtful that any area of the country could be considered free of the
threat of an accident. Sound State and local policies to regulate this
transportation safely, and to ensure that firefighters and others who
would respond to an incident are well-prepared, are essential.

The Department of Transportation, working with the United Nations, has
developed an international classification system for hazardous
materials. A substance is classified as hazardous if it "poses an
unreasonable risk to public health and safety" when transported. Federal
legislation requires that cargo tanks and railroad tank cars which are
carrying regulated hazardous contents between States bear a four-digit
code number. This code, called a North American (NA) or United Nations
(UN) number, is located on placards placed on all four sides of the
vehicle. If you are concerned about what sort of hazardous materials are
passing through your community, you can use these UN numbers to
categorize the transport vehicles by load. Interpretations of these
codes are found in DOT's *Emergency Response Guidebook*, which may be
obtained through DOT. You can also contact your LEPC to determine the
stationary locations of chemicals in your area, and ask the companies
involved where their chemicals originate and where they go.

Some placards also have a hazard class number at the bottom corner which
indicates the substance's particular class. These numbers are
standardized throughout the U.N. participant countries using the system,
and are as follows:

  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------
  **Number**      **Class**

                  

  1               Explosives

  2               Gases

  3               Flammable Liquids

  4               Flammable Solids

  5               Oxidizers

  6               Poisons

  7               Radioactives

  8               Corrosives

  9               Miscellaneous Dangerous Substances
  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------

Each of these classes is then broken down into specific subsets. For
example, gases may be poisonous, flammable, or nonflammable. Oxygen and
chlorine are gases that have their own individual labels. Each class has
a symbol that suggests the ***primary*** type of hazard it poses. (A
single chemical may pose several hazards, only one of which is on the
placard.)

Most transportation accidents involve ***flammable or combustible
liquids***. These are substances that have low flash points, and include
the frequently transported fuel, gasoline. The ***flash point*** of a
liquid is the point at which sufficient vapor is produced to cause it to
flash in the presence of an ignition source. The ***lower*** the flash
point, the more volatile the substance.

The second most frequent type of incident involves ***corrosives***,
defined by DOT as "any liquid or solid that can destroy human skin
tissue, or any liquid that has a severe corrosion rate on steel." This
class includes acids (such as sulfuric acid, used in chemical
processing; and nitric acid, commonly used in the manufacture of
fertilizers, explosives, and synthetic fibers) and bases (such as sodium
hydroxide, used to purify petroleum products and in the manufacture of
soap, pulp, and paper).

How can your community lessen the likelihood of a serious accident
involving a hazardous material? One good way is to be sure that existing
regulations are enforced. This can require a ***substantial***
commitment in human resources. Another community responsibility is to
ensure that the area has a good emergency plan for handling this type of
incident, and that confusion over jurisdiction ("who's in charge?" and
"who's in charge of what?") will not hinder an effective response.

Finally, each community needs to carefully examine its own hazardous
materials traffic and ensure that routes, assigned lanes, and other
restrictions are used conscientiously to regulate the flow of
potentially dangerous substances. In addition to analyzing highway
traffic, you will want to know more about hazardous cargo traveling by
rail and water if this applies to your community.

The ability to detect an immediate hazard and take corrective action can
save your life.

Excellent data on rail traffic can be obtained from the Federal Railroad
Administration and the individual railway lines serving your area. Many
individual rail lines can provide detailed information on the hazardous
materials shipments in your area. In addition, State regulatory agencies
can tell you which hazardous materials travel most frequently by rail in
your State.

For water transportation facts, the Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S.
Coast Guard are most likely to be of assistance, while the Federal
Aviation Administration is the best source for data on air traffic.

**HAZARDOUS MATERIALS WASTE SITES**

Thousands of communities across the country are affected by hazardous
waste sites. These include abandoned dumpsites, municipal landfills,
industrial, ponds, storage piles, military base waste sites, and
similarly designated areas. Sites that are ***inactive*** (not receiving
hazardous waste) are generally listed and ranked for cleanup under the
Federal Superfund legislation or State cleanup programs, while
***active*** sites are regulated under the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA).

Only the most dangerous sites are eligible for Superfund, which ranks
qualified sites on the ***National Priorities List (NPL).*** A site is
placed on the NPL after a ***preliminary assessment*** and a more
thorough ***site investigation*** demonstrate that a potentially serious
health threat exists. While approximately 22,000 hazardous waste sites
are identified in EPA's inclusive Emergency Response and Remedial
Information System (ERRIS), ***less than 1% of this number are included
on the NPL.***

The NPL ranking is usually determined by a score assigned to the site by
the State and reviewed by EPA. The score reflects the severity of the
contamination, and the vulnerability of residents and the environment to
damage from any of the pathways of exposure. Careful testing is required
to establish concentrations of pollutants at various points.

State and local officials have been taking an active role in the
hazardous waste discovery process. Many local officials have actively
sought out these sites with the aid of local citizens. Ideally, the
"responsible party" who left the waste assists in cleanup, but in some
cases the polluting company no longer exists or responsibility cannot be
proven. The State or local area may be left with extremely large cleanup
costs in such cases---which is why ***prevention*** of poor waste
disposal practices is by far the best option.

Unfortunately, "cleanup" is not as "clean" a process as the name
implies. There are basically three approaches to cleaning contaminated
soil:

1.  ***Containment.*** The objective of this approach is to leave the
    waste in place and try to keep it from moving into the soil, air, or
    groundwater. Unfortunately, natural forces have triumphed in many
    landfills to date, and systems expected to last decades have made it
    only a few years before leaking.

2.  ***Off-Site Disposal.*** Under this approach, hazardous materials
    are removed to a RCRA site. Often, risks are transferred rather than
    eliminated; a number of RCRA landfills have begun to leak and have
    been added to the NPL for cleanup.

3.  ***Treatment.*** Numerous technologies are available or are
    currently being explored to chemically treat waste so that it is no
    longer harmful. The best method varies according to the waste. Some
    waste can be ***biodegraded*** by adding micro-organisms
    specifically bred to "eat up" the chemicals; organic chemicals can
    sometimes be forced to break down when high temperatures are
    applied.

Decontaminating, groundwater is an even lengthier process. Since
groundwater moves slowly through the soil, as long as 20 years may be
needed to complete decontamination once pollution has occurred. Three
water treatment approaches are currently in use:

1.  ***Air Stripping/Aeration.*** Water is brought to the surface and
    agitated or sprayed into the air to accelerate the evaporation of
    organic compounds. Citizens near a site using this method need to
    ask questions about the rate at which toxic elements are released
    into the atmosphere, particularly if residential areas are located
    near the stripping tower.

2.  ***Activated Carbon.*** This treatment passes water through columns
    containing activated carbon, leaving many chemicals attached to the
    carbon particles. A sensitive issue in this type of treatment is how
    to dispose of the contaminated carbon.

3.  ***Chemical Precipitation.*** In this approach, primarily used to
    remove metals such as lead and arsenic, chemicals are added which
    can convert metals to insoluble particles. These particles then
    settle out of the water as sludge. The controversial issue with this
    method is the disposal of the toxic sludge.

**HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN RURAL AREAS**

Even rural areas face hazardous materials problems. In addition to the
ever-present possibility of a hazardous materials transportation
accident, or storage problems associated with small businesses such as
agricultural chemical dealers, threats exist which are unique to the
rural environment.

Since wells are a primary water supply in most rural areas, a major
concern is the introduction of contaminants into groundwater. A serious,
and fortunately infrequent, hazard is that of flammable gas in wells.
Small volumes of naturally occurring methane gas can enter wells that
are drilled into carbonate or shale rock, causing explosions and fire.
This hazard may be lessened by venting the wellhead and other areas of
the house where gas can be trapped. Another source of concern is the
common farming practice of applying fertilizers and pesticides to crops
next to the a barnyard or farmyard, where many can be drawn into a
well---a problem that can be reduced by decreasing the use of pesticides
in that general area.

*Groundwater contamination is a major concern in rural areas, which must
deal with pollutants such as livestock waste and pesticide runoff in
addition to the problems found in more heavily populated environments.*

Farmers sometimes use sewage sludge as a source of plant nutrients.
However, some industrial sludge contains heavy metals that may be toxic
to crops, humans, and other animals. Because tolerance levels for heavy
metals depend on the soil's physical and chemical characteristics,
farmers should work with a professional to determine their soil's
tolerance and stay within its limits.

Phosphate fertilizer can also cause problems. If you notice that fish
are dying in an area where phosphates can reach the water from farm
runoff, it is possible that phosphates are promoting the growth of algae
and other aquatic plants that deplete oxygen. Reduced use of phosphates
and runoff control can reduce this problem. Similarly, excessive use of
nitrogen can contaminate groundwater and surface water, particularly
when fertilizer is applied far in advance of the crop or to improve poor
soils.

Accidents involving excessive use of pesticides have resulted in fish
kills, human illness, and even death. Pesticides have been known to
contaminate groundwater, particularly in very permeable soils or at
sinkholes in limestone; once these substances are introduced into the
groundwater supply, they can also be carried to surface waters.
Developing other pest control procedures to reduce pesticide use and
avoiding applications to permeable soils can reduce contamination.
Protective clothing is also important whenever pesticides are applied.

Agricultural runoff can carry soil particles, pesticides, bacteria, and
other pollutants directly into estuaries and coastal waters, or into
rivers that flow into these waters. Control of runoff by each farmer is
extremely important in limiting the spread of harmful products.

**SUMMARY**

It is not possible to rely on the senses to detect the presence of
hazardous materials---such clues as pungent odors or a feeling of nausea
may or may not be present. (Radon, the second leading cause of lung
cancer in the United States, is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas.)
To find out whether you are exposed to hazardous materials is,
therefore, a matter of research. Federal laws require disclosure and
identification of hazardous materials in specific circumstances. For
example, hazardous materials shipments crossing State lines and many
hazardous materials used in the workplace must be labeled. For such
substances a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is often available that
provides detailed information on the material's attributes and required
self-protection. State laws often "close loopholes" in Federal
legislation (such as transportation of hazardous materials within State
lines) to provide further citizen protection.

To identify the presence of hazardous materials in your community,
consider all five phases of the material's "life"---production,
transportation, storage, use, and disposal. Thoughtful policies are
needed at each phase to protect local residents from unnecessary health
risks.

**HAZ MAT TEASER**

(answers on page A-2)

Consider the five phases of the life cycle of a hazardous
material-production, transportation, storage, use, and disposal. Based
on the map shown below, where in this community do you see a potential
for a hazard to develop? A map is needed for this exercise. If you are
visually impaired, please have a sighted person assist with this
exercise.

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="6.295138888888889in"
height="4.5777777777777775in"}

1.  During production?

2.  During transportation?

3.  During storage?

4.  During use?

5.  During disposal?

> **A Material Safety Data Sheet is needed for the following exercise.
> If you are visually impaired, please have a sighted person assist with
> this exercise.**

+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| MATERIAL SAFETY |                    | ![](m |        | No.   |    |
| DATA SHEET      |                    | edia/ |        | [\_\  |    |
|                 |                    | image |        | _\_\_ |    |
| GENIUM          |                    | 2.png |        | \_\_\ |    |
| PUBLISHING      |                    | ){wid |        | _\_\_ |    |
| CORPORATION     |                    | th="1 |        | \_]{. |    |
|                 |                    | .3020 |        | under |    |
| 1145 CATALYN    |                    | 83333 |        | line} |    |
| STREET          |                    | 33333 |        |       |    |
|                 |                    | 33in" |        | HY    |    |
| SCHENECTADY, NY |                    | heig  |        | DROFL |    |
| 12303-1836 USA  |                    | ht="0 |        | UORIC |    |
|                 |                    | .7812 |        | ACID  |    |
| \(518\)         |                    | 5in"} |        | AQ    |    |
| 377-8855        |                    |       |        | UEOUS |    |
|                 |                    |       |        | (47   |    |
|                 |                    |       |        | -70%) |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        | [Rev  |    |
|                 |                    |       |        | ision |    |
|                 |                    |       |        | B]{.  |    |
|                 |                    |       |        | under |    |
|                 |                    |       |        | line} |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        | Date  |    |
|                 |                    |       |        | May   |    |
|                 |                    |       |        | 1981  |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| SECTION I.      |                    |       |        |       |    |
| MATERIAL        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| IDENTIFICATION  |                    |       |        |       |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| MATERIAL NAME:  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| HYDROFLUoric    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| acid, aqueous   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| (47-70%)        |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| DESCRIPTION: A  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| solution        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| hydrogen        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| fluoride gas in |                    |       |        |       |    |
| water.          |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Properties vary |                    |       |        |       |    |
| with            |                    |       |        |       |    |
| concentration.  |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| OTHER           |                    |       |        |       |    |
| DESIGNATIONS:   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| GE Material     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| D4A7, CAS #007  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| 664 393         |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| MANUFACTURER:   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Available from  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| many suppliers, |                    |       |        |       |    |
| including       |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Harshaw         |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Chemical        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Company, and    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| E.I. duPont de  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Nemours Co.,    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Inc.            |                    |       |        |       |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| SECTION II.     |                    | **%** |        | H     |    |
| INGREDIENTS AND |                    |       |        | AZARD |    |
| HAZARDS         |                    |       |        | DATA  |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| Hydrogen        |                    | 47-70 |        | 8-hr  |    |
| fluoride (HF)   |                    |       |        | TWA   |    |
|                 |                    | Ba    |        | 2mg   |    |
| Water           |                    | lance |        | /m^3^ |    |
|                 |                    |       |        | or 3  |    |
| \*Current OSHA  |                    |       |        | ppm\* |    |
| Standard and    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| ACGIH (1980)    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| TLV (as HF).    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| NIOSH has       |                    |       |        |       |    |
| recommended     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| 10-hr TWA of    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| 2.5 mg (as      |                    |       |        |       |    |
| F)/m^3^ and a   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| [ceiling        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| lev             |                    |       |        |       |    |
| el]{.underline} |                    |       |        |       |    |
| of 5.0 mg/m^3^  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| (15 min.        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| sample). TLV    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| set at level to |                    |       |        |       |    |
| minimize        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| irritation of   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| eyes and nose   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| and to prevent  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| fluorosis.      |                    |       |        |       |    |
| DuPont          |                    |       |        |       |    |
| recommends that |                    |       |        |       |    |
| this level be   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| treated as a    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| ceiling limit.  |                    |       |        |       |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| SECTION III.    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| PHYSICAL DATA   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| [48%            |                    |       |        |       |    |
| ac              |                    |       |        |       |    |
| id]{.underline} |                    |       |        |       |    |
| [70%            |                    |       |        |       |    |
| ac              |                    |       |        |       |    |
| id]{.underline} |                    |       |        |       |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| Boiling point,  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| 1 atm           |                    |       |        |       |    |
| \-\-\-\-\-\-\-- |                    |       |        |       |    |
| 225 F (107 C)   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| 152 F (66C)     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Volatiles, %    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| \-- ca 100      |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Weight % HF in  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| vapor at BP \-- |                    |       |        |       |    |
| ca 80 ca 98     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Water           |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Solu            |                    |       |        |       |    |
| bility-Complete |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Vapor pressure  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| at 20 C, mm Hg  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| -- ca 25 ca 125 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| pH              |                    |       |        |       |    |
| \-\-\-\-\-      |                    |       |        |       |    |
| \-\-\-\-\-\-\-- |                    |       |        |       |    |
| \<2             |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Specific        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| gravity (0/4 C) |                    |       |        |       |    |
| \-\-\-\-\--     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| 1.18 1.27       |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Freezing point  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| \-\-\-\-\-\-\-  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| \-\-\-\-\-\-\-- |                    |       |        |       |    |
| ca --35 F ca -- |                    |       |        |       |    |
| 95 F            |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Appearance &    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Odor:           |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Colorless, or   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| nearly          |                    |       |        |       |    |
| colorless,      |                    |       |        |       |    |
| fuming liquid   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| with a pungent, |                    |       |        |       |    |
| irritating odor |                    |       |        |       |    |
| above 5 ppm.    |                    |       |        |       |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| SECTION IV.     |                    |       |        | LOWER | U  |
| FIRE AND        |                    |       |        |       | PP |
| EXPLOSION DATA  |                    |       |        |       | ER |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| Flash Point and | Autoignition Temp. | Fl    |        |       |    |
| Method          |                    | ammab |        |       |    |
|                 |                    | ility |        |       |    |
|                 |                    | L     |        |       |    |
|                 |                    | imits |        |       |    |
|                 |                    | In    |        |       |    |
|                 |                    | Air   |        |       |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| N/A             | N/A                | N/A   |        |       |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| Extinguishing   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Media: Water or |                    |       |        |       |    |
| carbon dioxide. |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Keep upwind of  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| fire.           |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| This material   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| is              |                    |       |        |       |    |
| nonflammable;   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| however,        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| flammable and   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| explosive       |                    |       |        |       |    |
| hydrogen gas    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| may be formed   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| when HF reacts  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| with certain    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| metals.         |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Dangerous when  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| heated; emits   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| toxic corrosive |                    |       |        |       |    |
| fumes. Avoid    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| getting water   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| into tanks or   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| drums, can      |                    |       |        |       |    |
| cause           |                    |       |        |       |    |
| generation of   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| heat and        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| possible        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| spattering.     |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Firefighters    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| should wear     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| self-contained  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| breat           |                    |       |        |       |    |
| hing-apparatus, |                    |       |        |       |    |
| eye protection, |                    |       |        |       |    |
| and complete    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| body protection |                    |       |        |       |    |
| equipment when  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| fighting an HF  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| fire.           |                    |       |        |       |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| SECTION V.      |                    |       |        |       |    |
| REACTIVITY DATA |                    |       |        |       |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| Hydrofluoric    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| acid is a       |                    |       |        |       |    |
| stable chemical |                    |       |        |       |    |
| when used and   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| stored under    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| proper          |                    |       |        |       |    |
| conditions.     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| This acidic     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| material will   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| attack glass,   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| concrete,       |                    |       |        |       |    |
| certain metals, |                    |       |        |       |    |
| si              |                    |       |        |       |    |
| lica-containing |                    |       |        |       |    |
| materials,      |                    |       |        |       |    |
| natural rubber, |                    |       |        |       |    |
| leather, and    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| many organics.  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| It reacts with  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| silica to       |                    |       |        |       |    |
| produce SiF~4~, |                    |       |        |       |    |
| a hazardous     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| colorless gas.  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Reaction with   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| cyanides or     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| sulfides may    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| cause release   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| of poisonous    |                    |       |        |       |    |
| cyanide or      |                    |       |        |       |    |
| hydrogen        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| sulfide gas.    |                    |       |        |       |    |
|                 |                    |       |        |       |    |
| Keep 50% acid   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| in tightly      |                    |       |        |       |    |
| closed          |                    |       |        |       |    |
| polyethylene,   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| TEFLON, lead,,  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| wax, or         |                    |       |        |       |    |
| paraffin coated |                    |       |        |       |    |
| containers.     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| \>60% HF        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| concentrations  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| can be handled  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| in passivated   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| steel           |                    |       |        |       |    |
| containers and  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| piping of       |                    |       |        |       |    |
| appropriate     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| design.         |                    |       |        |       |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+
| **Copyright ©   |                    |       | ***    |       |    |
| 1984 Genium     |                    |       | GENIUM |       |    |
| Publishing      |                    |       | P      |       |    |
| Corporation**   |                    |       | UBLISH |       |    |
|                 |                    |       | ING*** |       |    |
| **Any           |                    |       |        |       |    |
| commercial use  |                    |       |        |       |    |
| without         |                    |       |        |       |    |
| publisher's     |                    |       |        |       |    |
| specific        |                    |       |        |       |    |
| permission is   |                    |       |        |       |    |
| prohibited.**   |                    |       |        |       |    |
+-----------------+--------------------+-------+--------+-------+----+

+-----------------------------------+-----------+---------------------+
| SECTION VI. HEALTH HAZARD         |           | TLV 3 ppm or 2      |
| INFORMATION                       |           | mg/m^3^ (as HF)     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+---------------------+
| HF is not detected by smell at 3  |           |                     |
| ppm but is immediately irritating |           |                     |
| to mucous membranes at over 5     |           |                     |
| ppm. Inhalation of vapors can     |           |                     |
| cause extreme irritation of       |           |                     |
| respiratory tract, pulmonary      |           |                     |
| edema, congestion, and fluorosis. |           |                     |
| Breathing 50 ppm for 30-60 min.   |           |                     |
| may be fatal. Eye contact can     |           |                     |
| cause permanent damage. Skin      |           |                     |
| contact causes severe burns,      |           |                     |
| which may not be immediately      |           |                     |
| painful or visible;               |           |                     |
| concentrations below 50% may not  |           |                     |
| produce symptoms for 8 hours or   |           |                     |
| longer. Ingestion can cause       |           |                     |
| throat burns and severe swelling  |           |                     |
| of windpipe.                      |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| [FIRST AID:]{.underline}          |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| [Eye Contact]{.underline}:        |           |                     |
| Immediately flush with water for  |           |                     |
| 15 min. or more, including under  |           |                     |
| eyelids.\*                        |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| [Skin Contact]{.underline}: Wash  |           |                     |
| acid from the skin. Remove        |           |                     |
| contaminated clothing. Continue   |           |                     |
| washing 2-4 hours with water; or  |           |                     |
| preferably if available, soak in  |           |                     |
| iced zephiran (0.13%), Epsom      |           |                     |
| salt, or 70% denatured ethyl      |           |                     |
| alcohol solution for 1-4 hours,   |           |                     |
| depending on severity of burns.\* |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| [Inhalation]{.underline}:         |           |                     |
| Immediately remove to fresh air.  |           |                     |
| Admin. 100% 0~2~ and repeat ½ hr  |           |                     |
| intervals.\*                      |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| [Ingestion]{.underline}: [Do not  |           |                     |
| induce vomiting]{.underline}.     |           |                     |
| Give large quantities of milk or  |           |                     |
| water with milk of magnesia.\*    |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| \*Get medical attention promptly  |           |                     |
| for all affected persons. First   |           |                     |
| aid procedures should be planned  |           |                     |
| before beginning work with HF.    |           |                     |
| Consider hospitalization          |           |                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+---------------------+
| SECTION VII. SPILL, LEAK, AND     |           |                     |
| DISPOSAL PROCEDURES               |           |                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+---------------------+
| Notify safety personnel, provide  |           |                     |
| adequate ventilation, and remove  |           |                     |
| ignition sources since hydrogen   |           |                     |
| may be generated by reactions     |           |                     |
| with metals. Use protective       |           |                     |
| clothing & equipment.             |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| HF vapor should be passed through |           |                     |
| a packed tower scrubber. Spills   |           |                     |
| should be covered with lime to    |           |                     |
| form a slurry. Do not flush to    |           |                     |
| sewers or waterways.              |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| [DISPOSAL]{.underline}: The       |           |                     |
| neutralized slurry can be scraped |           |                     |
| up for disposal in an approved    |           |                     |
| landfill. Liquid wastes may be    |           |                     |
| neutralized in a trench with lime |           |                     |
| in a remote location away from    |           |                     |
| buildings and people. Then fill   |           |                     |
| the trench with earth and cover   |           |                     |
| with lumber or sheet metal until  |           |                     |
| the earth settles. Follow         |           |                     |
| Federal, State, and local         |           |                     |
| regulations.                      |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| [NOTE]{.underline}: Porous        |           |                     |
| materials (concrete, wood,        |           |                     |
| plastic, etc.) will absorb HF and |           |                     |
| become a hazard for an indefinite |           |                     |
| time. Such spills to be cleaned   |           |                     |
| and neutralized immediately.      |           |                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+---------------------+
| SECTION VIII. SPECIAL PROTECTION  |           |                     |
| INFORMATION                       |           |                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+---------------------+
| Exhaust hoods should be a         |           |                     |
| noncorroding construction, with a |           |                     |
| face velocity minimum of 100 lfm. |           |                     |
| Respirators should be available   |           |                     |
| for nonroutine and emergency use  |           |                     |
| above the TLV. An air-supplied    |           |                     |
| respirator or a self-contained    |           |                     |
| breathing apparatus with full     |           |                     |
| facepiece is recommended when     |           |                     |
| vapors/fumes are above exposure   |           |                     |
| limits, up to 20 ppm.             |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| Wear protective clothing,         |           |                     |
| including boots or safety shoes   |           |                     |
| with polyvinyl chloride (PVC),    |           |                     |
| neoprene or composition soles;    |           |                     |
| chemical goggles and/or a full    |           |                     |
| face shield; coveralls with long  |           |                     |
| sleeves; gauntlets and gloves of  |           |                     |
| PVC or neoprene. A high degree of |           |                     |
| protection obtained with an       |           |                     |
| air-inflated suit with mask and   |           |                     |
| safety belt. Protective clothing  |           |                     |
| not to be worn or carried beyond  |           |                     |
| operation areas. Use protection   |           |                     |
| suitable for conditions.          |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| Chemical showers and eyewash      |           |                     |
| stations to be readily available  |           |                     |
| to areas of use. Immediately      |           |                     |
| shower with copious amounts of    |           |                     |
| water [within]{.underline}        |           |                     |
| seconds after contact, and        |           |                     |
| completely remove all clothing    |           |                     |
| while in shower.                  |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| Contact with dilute HF solutions  |           |                     |
| (below 20% in water) may not      |           |                     |
| produce immediate pain or visible |           |                     |
| damage; but after several hours,  |           |                     |
| the burns will manifest.          |           |                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+---------------------+
| SECTION IX. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS   |           |                     |
| AND COMMENTS                      |           |                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+---------------------+
| Maintain adequate ventilation.    |           |                     |
| Use forced draft ventilation and  |           |                     |
| scrubbers for fume control. Keep  |           |                     |
| containers tightly closed.        |           |                     |
| Storage facilities to be          |           |                     |
| constructed for containment and   |           |                     |
| dilution/neutralization of        |           |                     |
| spills.                           |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| Use nonsparking tools around      |           |                     |
| tanks & pipes where hydrogen gas  |           |                     |
| may collect.                      |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| Handling and storage of HF        |           |                     |
| requires special materials        |           |                     |
| technology for containers, pipes, |           |                     |
| valves, gaskets, etc., which is   |           |                     |
| available from suppliers. Teflon  |           |                     |
| TFE or FEP fluorocarbon resins    |           |                     |
| are resistant to all conc. Of HF  |           |                     |
| up to 500 F and 400 F             |           |                     |
| respectively.                     |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| Do not inhale HF mists or vapors! |           |                     |
| Preclude from exposure workers    |           |                     |
| with kidney disease,              |           |                     |
| osteofluorosis, or impaired       |           |                     |
| pulmonary function.               |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| DOT Classification -- CORROSIVE   |           |                     |
| MATERIAL I.D. No. UN1790          |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| 1-11, 17, 20, 26, 31, 37, 38,     |           |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
| DATA SOURCE(s) CODE: 43, MSDS #6  |           |                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+---------------------+
| Judgments as to the suitability   | ![](      |                     |
| of information herein for         | media/ima |                     |
| purchaser's purposes are          | ge3.wmf)A |                     |
| necessarily purchaser's           | PPROVALS: |                     |
| responsibility. Therefore,        | MIS       |                     |
| although reasonable care has been |           |                     |
| taken in the preparation of such  | CRD       |                     |
| information, Genium publishing    |           |                     |
| Corporation extends no            |           |                     |
| warranties, makes no              |           |                     |
| representations and assumes no    |           |                     |
| responsibility as to the accuracy |           |                     |
| or suitability of such            |           |                     |
| information for application to    |           |                     |
| purchaser's intended purposes or  |           |                     |
| for consequences of its use.      |           |                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+---------------------+
|                                   | ![](      |                     |
|                                   | media/ima |                     |
|                                   | ge4.wmf)I |                     |
|                                   | ndustrial |                     |
|                                   | Hygiene   |                     |
|                                   |           |                     |
|                                   | and       |                     |
|                                   | Safety    |                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+---------------------+
|                                   | MEDICAL   |                     |
|                                   | REVIEW:   |                     |
|                                   | 14 May    |                     |
|                                   | 1981      |                     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------+---------------------+

> ***GENIUM PUBLISHING***
>
> **CHECK YOUR MEMORY**

(answers on page A-4)

1.  The best source for information on where hazardous materials are
    stored or released from fixed sites in your community is usually:

    a.  The mayor's office

    b.  Your Congressional representative

    c.  The LEPC

    d.  Individual manufacturers

2.  Which of the following can ***not*** be learned from an MSDS?

    a.  The dangerous ingredients in a substance

    b.  Recommended first aid for overexposure

    c.  Firefighting recommendations

    d.  How to adapt the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) to your age,
        weight, gender, and sensitivity

3.  On which of the following might you find an NFPA 704M label?

    a.  A truck

    b.  A storage tank

    c.  A train

    d.  A package

4.  You find on an NFPA label that the left side of the quadrant, which
    is blue, has a rating of 4. This means that:

    a.  The material offers no unusual health hazard

    b.  A very short exposure to the substance could cause serious
        injury or death

    c.  The chemical is unstable, and may explode or react

    d.  In four minutes of exposure to this substance you will lose
        consciousness

5.  The symbol W on an NFPA label means that:

    a.  The substance will not dissolve in water

    b.  The substance is slippery when wet

    c.  You should not add water to the substance

    d.  You should keep the substance wet at all times

6.  DOT requires highway cargo tanks and railroad tank cars with
    regulated hazardous contents to bear a four-digit number identifying
    the load if they are:

    a.  In high-hazard areas

    b.  Moving in interstate commerce

    c.  Listed as extremely hazardous

    d.  Acutely toxic

7.  Which of the following is ***not*** an approach to cleaning
    contaminated ***soil***?

    a.  Containment

    b.  Off-site disposal

    c.  Treatment

    d.  Air stripping