> **Sessions No. 17, 18 & 19**

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**Course Title: Coastal Hazards Management**

**Session Title: Coastal Disaster Case Studies**

**Author: Katherine Eschelbach, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill**

**Time: 150 minutes**

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**Objectives**

1.  Become familiar with several notable coastal disasters in recent
    history

2.  Understand impact of coastal disasters on mitigation strategies and
    disaster prevention policy

3.  Recognize changes in impact of coastal disasters on human life in
    last century

4.  Recognize potential natural hazards impacts based on historical
    disasters and present vulnerability due to increase population
    trends in coastal regions

5.  Understand that natural hazards vulnerability can be managed through
    the built environment and that disasters occur when natural hazards
    intersect with the human coast

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**Scope**

**Session 17** (*50 minutes*) introduces students to several coastal
disasters as case studies in order to understand several disasters in
more depth. The disasters chosen for the case studies include: the
Galveston Hurricane of 1900, the Loma Prieta Earthquake, Hurricane
Andrew, and Hurricane Floyd. Descriptions of the events, their resulting
impacts and lessons learned will be discussed in each case. The focus on
case examples provides students with a greater understanding of the
relationship between hazards and disasters and how the intersection of
the two in the built environment can have devastating effects. Each case
example had lasting effects on hazards management strategy and national
policy. The session will end with a 15-minute video, "Guiding Principles
for the Quality Redevelopment of Eastern North Carolina" to show an
example of how state and local level policy was encouraged to change
after Hurricane Floyd.

**Session 18 and Session 19** (*50 minutes each*) will be reserved for
student presentations on a coastal disaster of their choice. The
instructions for the student presentations are listed in Handout 17.1,
available for copying and distribution to the students. All handouts can
be found in Appendix A.

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**Supplemental Considerations:**

The internet is a tremendous resource for background information on
coastal disasters. Many of the federal government websites are reliable
and provide large amounts of information for students and the public.
The students should become familiar with several of the websites as
powerful resources of information. For their assigned presentations,
they should be encouraged to explore the resources available on the
internet. However, they should also be warned to be cautious of the
reliability of their sources, as some web sites are more reliable than
others.

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**Readings:**

*Instructor and Student Required Reading:*

Moore, R. and J. Barnes. 2004. *Faces From The Flood: Hurricane Floyd
Remembered.* Chapel

Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

*Additional Background Reading:*

######### Abbott, P.L. 1996. Natural Disasters. Dubuque, IA: Wm C Brown Publishers.

Brennan, Kristine. 2002. *The Galveston Hurricane (Great Disasters,
Reforms and*

*Ramifications).* Chelsea House Publications.

Coch, Nicholas K. 1995. Geohazards: Natural and Human. Englewood Cliff,
NJ: Prentice

Hall. Pp. 436-442: "Hurricanes Andrew, Omar and Iniki".

Godschalk, D., T. Beatley, E. Kaiser, P. Berke, et al. 1999. Natural
Hazard Mitigation:

> Recasting Disaster Policy and Planning. Washington DC: Island Press.
> Pp. 103: "Hurricane Andrew", pp. 231: "Loma Prieta", pp. 277:
> "Hurricane Bob."

National Research Council. 1994. *Practical Lessons from the Loma Prieta
Earthquake: Report*

> *from a Symposium Sponsored by the Geotechnical Board and the Board on
> Natural Disasters of the National Research Council.* National Academy
> Press.

Peacock, W.G., B.H. Morrow, and H. Gladwin. 1997. Hurricane Andrew:
Ethnicity, Gender and

the Sociology of Disasters. Routledge.

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**PowerPoint slides:**

**Session 17**

\[**PowerPoint 17.1** Lecture Outline\]

\[**PowerPoint 17.2** Introduction: Coastal Disaster Case Studies\]

\[**Power Point 17.3** Case Study: Galveston Hurricane\]

\[**PowerPoint 17.4** Case Study: Loma Prieta Earthquake\]

\[**PowerPoint 17.5** Case Study: Hurricane Andrew\]

\[**PowerPoint 17.6** Case Study: Hurricane Floyd\]

> \[**PowerPoint 17**.**7** Lessons Learned: Galveston\]

\[**PowerPoint 17**.**8** Lessons Learned: Loma Prieta\]

> \[**PowerPoint 17.9** Lessons Learned: Andrew\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 17**.**10** Lessons Learned: Floyd\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 17.11** Learning from the Past\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 17.12** Preparing for the Future\]

**Handouts:**

\[**Handout 17.1** Case Study Presentation Instructions\]

### 

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**General Requirements:**

The Instructor should review some of the additional background reading
and prepare copies of handouts (*provided as Appendix A)* based on the
accompanying PowerPoint presentation.

The content of Session 17 should be presented as a lecture. Class
discussion can be encouraged throughout the course of the lecture
period. Those students who have been through a coastal disaster may have
valuable insight and experience to share with class members. The
instructor should informally poll the class to elicit "real life"
stories of disaster experiences to enhance lecture and discussion.
Students should read the required readings before class and can also use
the additional readings as resources for further investigation. The end
of the session will use a video, "Guiding Principles for the Quality
Redevelopment of Eastern North Carolina", to illustrate state and local
efforts to learn from a disaster and apply that knowledge to mitigation.
(The instructor should obtain the video from the North Carolina Division
of Emergency Management Hazard Mitigation Section:
<http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/contact_us>
[.htm]{.underline}). Sessions 18 and 19 will be reserved for student
presentations on a selected coastal disaster of their choice. The
instructions for the presentation assignment can be found in Appendix A
as Handout 17.1.

The following slides will be used for the lecture outline:

> \[**PowerPoint 17.1** Lecture Outline\]

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**Objective 17.1:** Become familiar with several notable coastal
disasters in recent history

**Requirements:**

The content should be presented as lecture, supported by PowerPoint
slides.

The following slides will be used during this objective:

> \[**PowerPoint 17.2** Introduction: Coastal Disaster Case Studies\]
>
> \[**Power Point 17.3** Case Study: Galveston Hurricane\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 17.4** Case Study: Loma Prieta Earthquake\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 17.5** Case Study: Hurricane Andrew\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 17.6** Case Study: Hurricane Floyd\]

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**Remarks:**

**I. Introduction: Coastal Disaster Case Studies**

> \[**PowerPoint 17.2** Introduction: Coastal Disaster Case Studies\]

1.  A natural hazard is a natural process that occurs under certain
    extreme environmental

> conditions in the atmosphere, on the earth's surface, or under the
> ground.

2.  There are many different types of natural hazards, such as
    tornadoes, blizzards, drought,

> wildfire, volcanoes and earthquakes. ***Coastal hazards are those
> natural hazards that occur at the interface between the ocean and the
> shoreline.*** The hazards that are most uniquely tied to the coastal
> zone were presented in Sessions 6 and 7. Meteorological and geological
> hazards that are not as unique to the coastal zone were introduced in
> Sessions 8 and 9.

3.  Coastal disasters occur when natural hazards occur in the coastal
    zone where there is

> human settlement. There have been many coastal disasters in the past,
> including some very destructive disasters in other countries.

4.  This session will discuss four US disasters in more detail. These
    disasters include:

    -   Galveston Hurricane of 1900

    -   Loma Prieta Earthquake

    -   Hurricane Andrew

    -   Hurricane Floyd

**II. Case Study: Galveston Hurricane**

> \[**PowerPoint 17.3** Case Study: Galveston Hurricane\]

A.  **Description of the Event**

    1.  Unnamed Galveston Hurricane (September 8, 1900)

    -   Affected states: Texas

    -   The hurricane that hit Galveston, TX was the 6^th^ most intense
        to hit the United States mainland from 1900 -- 2000.

    -   This hurricane was at category 4 strength on the Saffir-Simpson
        Scale at landfall and had a minimum central pressure of 931mb
        (27.49 inches).

    -   The 20 foot storm surge completely inundated the city of
        Galveston.

    -   Wind speeds reached an estimated 125 mph, with actual recorded
        measurements at 102 mph when the cities' sole anemometer broke.

B.  **What were the Impacts**

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1.  This hurricane has been deemed the **deadliest** hurricane to ever
    hit the United

> States and the worst coastal disaster in United States history.

-   Over 8,000 (maybe up to 10,000-12,000 including the entire island of
    Galveston) people died from this catastrophic event primarily from
    the storm surge.

-   One third of the city was destroyed including 2,636 houses and a
    loss of 300 feet (1500 acres) of shoreline.

-   An estimated \$26.619 Billion in damages (normalized to 1995 dollars
    by inflation, personal property increases and coastal county
    population changes) were incurred.

**III. Case Study: Loma Prieta Earthquake**

> \[**PowerPoint 17.4** Case Study: Loma Prieta Earthquake\]

A.  **Description of the Event**

    1.  Loma Prieta Earthquake (October 17, 1989)

-   Affected states: California

-   At 5:04 PM Tuesday, October 17, 1989 a magnitude 7.1 earthquake
    struck the San Francisco area.

    -   It took place during the 86^th^ World Series Game between the
        Oakland A's and the San Francisco Giants, and

    -   during the beginning of rush hour traffic

-   The quake lasted a total of twenty seconds and was centered 60 miles
    south of San Francisco along a dangerous stretch of the San Andreas
    Fault.

-   More than 7,000 aftershocks between magnitudes of 1.0 and 5.4 were
    felt within one year of the quake.

B.  **What were the Impacts**

-   Over 62 people died and 3,700 injuries occurred. Most of the deaths
    were from a collapse of highway overpasses.

-   Over 18,000 homes were damages and 963 destroyed. Over 2,500 other
    buildings were damaged and 147 were destroyed.

-   12,000 people were displaced.

-   Damage and business interruption estimates reached as high as \$10
    billion, with direct damage estimated at \$6.8 billion.

-   Seven surrounding counties were declared disaster areas by President
    Bush.

-   San Francisco had 22 structural fires and over 500 reported
    incidents during the seven hours after the quake hit. These ranged
    from rupture of gas mains to fuel spills. Damages to water supply
    lines caused problems with fire response.

**IV. Case Study: Hurricane Andrew**

> \[**PowerPoint 17.5** Case Study: Hurricane Andrew \]

A.  **Description of the Event**

    1.  Hurricane Andrew (August 24, 1992)

-   Affected states: Florida, Louisiana

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-   A small but ferocious hurricane, named Andrew, slammed into southern
    Florida. Andrew also then made landfall on the Louisiana coast a few
    days later

-   The hurricane had a central pressure (922 mb), which is the third
    lowest this past century for a hurricane at landfall in the United
    States.

-   Andrew was upgraded to a Category 5 hurricane by NOAA\'s Tropical
    Prediction Center on August 22, 2002. Primarily a wind event,
    NOAA\'s National Hurricane Center had a peak gust of 164
    mph---measured 130 feet above the ground---while a 177 mph gust was
    measured at a private home.

B.  **What were the Impacts**

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1.  Hurricane Andrew was the **costliest** US disaster

-   This hurricane caused \$27 billion dollars worth of destruction and
    61 deaths.

-   Over 125,000 homes and businesses were damaged or totally destroyed
    mainly due to high winds.

-   The unprecedented economic devastation was along a path through the
    northwestern Bahamas, the southern Florida peninsula, and
    south-central Louisiana. Florida, especially hard, with violent
    winds and storm surges.

-   In Dade County (FL.) alone, the forces of Andrew resulted in 15
    deaths and up to one-quarter million people left temporarily
    homeless. An additional 25 lives were lost in Dade County from the
    indirect effects of Andrew.

-   The direct loss of life was remarkably low considering the
    destruction caused by this hurricane.

**V. Case Study: Hurricane Floyd**

> \[**PowerPoint 17.6** Case Study: Hurricane Floyd\]

A.  **Description of the Event**

    1.  Hurricane Floyd Inland Flooding (September 1999)

-   Affected states: North Carolina, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida,
    Maine, Maryland, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
    South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia

-   "Floyd was a large and intense Cape Verde hurricane that pounded the
    central and northern Bahama islands, seriously threatened Florida,
    struck the coast of North Carolina and moved up the United States
    east coast into New England. It neared the threshold of category
    five intensity on the Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale as it
    approached the Bahamas, and produced a flood disaster of immense
    proportions in the eastern United States, particularly in North
    Carolina."[^1]

-   As Floyd neared the North Carolina coast late on the 15th, its
    maximum winds decreased below category three status. Hurricane Floyd
    made landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina on September 16th as a
    category two hurricane with estimated maximum winds near 90 knots.
    Floyd was losing its eyewall structure as it made landfall. ^1^

-   Floyd then weakened to a tropical storm and moved swiftly along the
    coasts of the Delmarva peninsula and New Jersey on the afternoon and
    early evening of the 16th, reaching Long Island by September 17th.
    The system decelerated as it moved into New England. ^1^

-   "Heavy rainfall preceded Floyd over the mid-Atlantic states. Hence,
    even though the tropical cyclone was moving fairly quickly,
    precipitation amounts were very large.

    -   Rainfall totals as high as 15 to 20 inches were recorded in
        portions of eastern North Carolina and Virginia. At Wilmington,
        North Carolina, the storm total of 19.06 inches included a
        24-hour record of 15.06 inches.

    -   Totals of 12 to 14 inches were observed in Maryland, Delaware,
        and New Jersey. New records were set in Philadelphia for the
        most amount of rain in a calendar day, 6.63 inches. In
        southeastern New York, rainfall totals were generally in the 4
        to 7 inch range but there was a report of 13.70 inches at
        Brewster. Totals of nearly 11 inches were measured in portions
        of New England." ^1^

-   Storm surge values as high as 9 to 10 feet were reported along the
    North Carolina coast.

B.  **What were the Impacts**

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1.  A total of 13 states were issued federal disaster declarations --
    **the most declarations** for a single event than ever before. This
    disaster also holds the record for the **largest** (peacetime)
    **evacuation** in US history.

-   FEMA funding = \$725.7 million

-   "There were 57 deaths that were directly attributable to Floyd, 56
    in the United States and 1 in Grand Bahama Island.

    -   The death toll by state is as follows: ***North Carolina 35***,
        Pennsylvania 6, New Jersey 6, Virginia 3, Delaware 2, New York
        2, Connecticut 1, and Vermont 1. Most of these deaths were due
        to drowning in freshwater flooding. Floyd was the deadliest
        hurricane in the United States since Agnes of 1972." ^1^

-   "In the United States, the Property Claims Services Division of the
    Insurance Services Office reports that insured losses due to Floyd
    totaled 1.325 billion dollars.

    -   Ordinarily this figure would be doubled to estimate the total
        damage. However, in comparison to most hurricane landfalls, in
        the case of Floyd there was an inordinately large amount of
        freshwater flood damage, which probably alters the two to one
        damage ratio.

    -   ***Total damage estimates range from 3 to over 6 billion
        dollars***." ^1^

-   "According to preliminary information provided to the Federal
    Emergency Management agency, **over 2 million people were evacuated
    for Floyd** in the United States. This is probably the largest
    evacuation in U.S. history." ^1^

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-   The flooding was made even worse due to the already saturated soils
    from Hurricane Dennis two weeks prior to Hurricane Floyd. Hurricane
    Dennis took place from September 4-6, 1999

    -   "In Princeville, under 12 feet of water, rescue choppers roared
        over the town of 1,600. The nearby Tar River, already 13 feet
        above flood stage, was expected to rise another 2 feet."[^2]

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    -   "For example, rainfall at Clayton was 5.0 inches during Sept.
        4-6 and 7.33 inches during Sept. 14-16. At Whiteville, rainfall
        was 1.51 inches during Sept. 4-6 and 16.76 inches during Sept.
        14-16. **Rocky Mount received 7.02 inches during Sept. 4-6 and
        16.18 inches during Sept. 14-16,** or nearly half the annual
        average rainfall in just two 3-day periods."^3^

    -   Preliminary assessments indicate that flood levels in much of
        the Tar River Basin (NC) were at the 500-year recurrence
        interval. (500-year flood flow has a 0.2-percent chance of being
        equaled or exceeded during any given year at a particular
        location.) [^3]

    -   "In addition to the extreme flooding in the Tar River Basin,
        previously unsurpassed flooding also occurred in the Cashie,
        Northeast Cape Fear, and Waccamaw River Basins." [^4]

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-   "Flooding caused massive damage to Eastern North Carolina\'s highway
    infrastructure, closing numerous local routes, as well as such major
    highways as Interstate 40, Interstate 95, and U.S. 70, 64 and 264.
    These U.S. highways are vital evacuation routes and also serve as
    alternate routes to Interstate 40. Many communities became
    inaccessible by land. Airports closed temporarily, and all 23
    airports east of Interstate 95 sustained damage. NCDOT recorded over
    2,100 damage sites to its 78,000-mile highway infrastructure.
    Flooding made recovery efforts difficult and dangerous."^5^

-   After Hurricane Fran in 1996, the sewage treatment plants in the
    Raleigh/Durham area of NC (Orange, Wake, and Durham counties) dumped
    120 million gallons of raw sewage into local streams and river. Two
    weeks after Hurricane Floyd came through the state, 14 sewage
    treatment plants remained under water.^4^

-   "Similarly, 50 hog lagoons were flooded after Hurricane Floyd. The
    rapid expansion of intensive livestock operations in the eastern
    part of NC has created environmental problems with stormwater
    runoff. Waste from NC\'s 9 million hogs is stored in open pit
    lagoons. The heavy rains from recent hurricanes caused several waste
    lagoons to overflow and spill nitrates and coliform bacteria into
    nearby creeks and streams. These waste by-products are harmful to
    marine life and to humans when they seep into streams and well
    water."^4^

-   \"Shorebird migration is no doubt being seriously disrupted by
    Hurricane Floyd, and it is even possible that many coastal species
    will be pushed to far-inland sites. Perhaps many sandpipers,
    plovers, knots, and others will end up feeding and roosting in
    agricultural fields in eastern Tennessee or Kentucky.\" Also of
    concern is the endangered Northeast breeding population of roseate
    terns. ^3^

    -   "Stewart reported that hurricanes have the ability to massively
        change wildlife habitats of barrier islands, coastal marshes and
        forests. He said some of these habitats such as beaches and
        dunes initially change rapidly but in time sometimes return to
        their former structure. 'But sometimes changes from hurricanes
        result in permanent loss of upland and marsh habitat. Hurricanes
        are important elements that shape these truly dynamic coastal
        systems.'" ^3^

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**Objective 17.2** Understand the impact of coastal disasters on
mitigation strategies and disaster

> prevention policy

**Requirements:**

The content should be presented as lecture, supported by PowerPoint
slides.

The following slides will be used during this objective:

> \[**PowerPoint 17**.**7** Lessons Learned: Galveston\]

\[**PowerPoint 17**.**8** Lessons Learned: Loma Prieta\]

> \[**PowerPoint 17.9** Lessons Learned: Andrew\]
>
> \[**PowerPoint 17**.**10** Lessons Learned: Floyd\]

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**Remarks:**

**VI. Lessons Learned: Galveston**

> \[**PowerPoint 17**.**7** Lessons Learned: Galveston\]

1.  The aftermath of this hurricane resulted in important changes to the
    city of Galveston

-   These changes included:

    -   raising the elevation of the city by some 17 feet by pumping in
        sediment from the Gulf of Mexico,

    -   raising over 2000 buildings, and

    -   constructing a six mile long seawall to protect the city.

2.  Changes in the way America viewed storms also occurred.

-   These changes included:

    -   The importance of weather observations and awareness to such
        hazards as storm surge became more evident.

    -   The Galveston example has been used as a worst case scenario
        that forecasters, planners, and emergency managers try to avoid
        at all costs.

    -   Much emphasis has been placed on the storm surge threat from
        hurricanes in the last century. It is still considered to be the
        largest potential hazard associated with a hurricane, thus many
        resources in the area of hurricane planning and mitigation have
        centered on storm surge probability and vulnerability.

**VII. Lessons Learned: Loma Prieta**

> \[**PowerPoint 17**.**8** Lessons Learned: Loma Prieta\]

1.  This earthquake ended decades of tranquility in the San Francisco
    Bay region. It was a wakeup call to prepare for the potentially even
    more devastating shocks that are inevitable in the future.

2.  Since 1989, the work of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and other
    organizations has improved understanding of the seismic threat in
    the Bay region, promoted awareness of earthquake hazards, and
    contributed to more effective strategies to reduce earthquake
    losses. These efforts will help reduce the impact of future large
    quakes in the San Francisco Bay region.

3.  Much has been written about the fact that there were \"no real
    surprises\" in the Loma Prieta event. Well-designed and
    well-constructed buildings performed well, while poorly designed and
    constructed structures did not.

-   Implicit in this statement is the thought that someone can define
    \"poorly designed and constructed.\" We can place unreinforced
    masonry buildings in this category, and they have long been
    identified as a problem.

-   It is not as easy to identify other hazardous buildings as a class
    of structures. Some insight into what might be hazardous can be
    found by looking at damage statistics, which show that of the over
    27,000 structures damaged, only 900 were reported to be of
    unreinforced masonry.

-   The overwhelming majority of the damaged structures, classified by
    type, were wood-frame residential, a classification long ignored and
    presumed not to be potentially dangerous or the source of economic
    loss.

4.  Since the Loma Prieta Earthquake, greater attention has been focused
    on the Nation\'s urban regions threatened by strong earthquakes,
    because these areas have the most people at risk, the largest
    inventory of structures, and the densest and most complex
    infrastructure.

-   Communication of earthquake-hazard information to the public and to
    those in business and government responsible for decisions and
    actions has also been strengthened.

5.  In a published USGS report "Probabilities of Large Earthquakes in
    San Francisco Bay Region, California", experts projected 2-in-3 odds
    for one or more destructive earthquakes (\>magnitude 7) to strike
    the Bay region from 1990 to 2020.

6.  The 1971 San Fernando Earthquake was the original impetus for
    revising California building codes as well as infrastructure
    retrofitting, especially bridges. However, seismic retrofitting made
    great strides after the Loma Prieta Earthquake.

-   The California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS) developed a
    procedure for evaluating and ranking risk of the more than 20,000
    bridges in California. Research conducted by several universities
    after the Loma Prieta quake have gone into a bridge design and
    retrofitting plan that is still in the process of being implemented.

7.  Scientists changed the way they think about earthquakes in the U.S.
    as well following the Loma Prieta quake.

-   The quake revealed the vulnerability of urban areas, especially
    areas that were built on unconsolidated sediments and/or fill. These
    areas are more vulnerable to liquefaction an will shake more
    violently during a quake of the same magnitude as surrounding areas
    with harder substrates.

-   Loma Prieta forced U.S. scientists to focus more attention on
    mitigation instead of prediction. Therefore funding sources have
    shifted to working on mitigation strategies such as seismic design
    and retrofitting than on earthquake prediction. It was realized that
    there was more dollar for dollar return for mitigation than for a
    few more seconds of earthquake warnings.

**VIII. Lessons Learned: Andrew**

> \[**PowerPoint 17.9** Lessons Learned: Andrew\]

1.  The result of the damage caused by Hurricane Andrew caused a change
    in building code policy in south Florida. Building codes established
    in South Florida after Hurricane Andrew are the toughest in the
    nation.

-   Fourteen years later, one thing is clear: If you are buying a newly
    constructed home, it will cost you thousands of dollars more because
    of Andrew-prompted building code changes.

    -   The new codes add about \$4,000 to \$6,000 to the typical
        three-bedroom, two-bath, 1,500 square foot home: an increase of
        4 to 5 percent.

-   The state used to have 467 separate building codes. Now one code is
    in place that has many interpretations.

-   The new code, through stricter requirements for siding and roof
    shingles, is supposed to reduce the amount of flying debris and make
    it less likely that a piece of your neighbor\'s roof will smash
    through your window.

2.  The costliest coastal disaster in U.S. history touched every
    homeowner in Florida when insurance companies scrambled to cover
    losses.

-   The effects can still be felt. Insurance premiums doubled and even
    tripled for many south Florida homeowners because of Andrew.

-   This storm caused cost-conscious insurance companies to redefine
    what they consider risk and what a cost-conscious homeowner expects
    as an annual premium.

-   But the storm also exposed serious flaws in the Florida insurance
    market. Premiums were too low. Insurers did not have enough capital.
    Everyone underestimated the devastation a major storm could wreak on
    the state\'s aging, wind-sensitive housing stock.

-   For nearly a decade, Andrew was the disaster by which all others
    were measured.

**IX. Lessons Learned: Floyd**

> \[**PowerPoint 17.10** Lessons Learned: Floyd\]

1.  Many policy changes occurred after this disaster at the federal,
    state, and local levels based on what was learned from Floyd.
    Several are as follows:

    -   A large realization to come from Floyd was that the floodplain
        maps were outdated. FEMA began floodplain Q3 mapping as well as
        management policy changes, such as restrictions of the location
        of certain facilities in floodplain.

    -   NC became the first Cooperating Technical State to participate
        in the floodplain mapping initiative and has a flourishing
        Floodplain Mapping Program that has been updating each FEMA
        floodplain map by riverbasin

    -   NOAA evaluated the lessons learned for the use of spatial data
        and Geographic Information Systems Analysis during Floyd. This
        report can be found at: <http://www.csc.noaa.gov/hfloyd/>

2.  The importance of taking a proactive role through planning for
    hazard mitigation (rather than reaction) came to the forefront of
    policy making after Floyd, especially in North Carolina. At the end
    of this session, a short video will go in depth as to the
    recommended strategies for the redevelopment of flooded areas after
    Floyd.

3.  Changes also occurred in state policy for evacuation plans based on
    new clearance time calculations across multiple state boundaries.

-   For example, Floyd resulted in the creation of the ETIS (evacuation
    transportation information system)

-   The NC DOT composed new Action Items that contain a comprehensive
    list of specific tasks to improve operations in evacuation
    situations. These Action Items can be summarized into the following
    recommendations.

> "\* Create a Statewide Operations Center
>
> \* Develop Provisions for Emergency Food and Lodging
>
> \* Complete the Emergency Operations and Procedures Manual and Provide
>
> Training
>
> \* Improve Emergency Traveler Information
>
> \* Optimize Emergency Procurement and Deployment of Materials,
>
> Equipment, and Personnel
>
> \* Improve Emergency Communications Resources
>
> \* Complete Evacuation Planning and Develop Operations Procedures
>
> \* Continually Update Policies and Procedures for Emergency Road
> Repair and Debris Removal
>
> \* Optimize Federal Emergency Reimbursement Documentation Procedures
>
> Including Automation
>
> \* Improve Inter-and Intra-Agency Emergency Coordination"^5^

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Objective 17.3** Recognize changes in impact of coastal disasters on
human life in last century

**Objective 17.4** Recognize potential natural hazards impacts based on
historical disasters and

> present vulnerability due to increase population trends in coastal
> regions

**Requirements:**

The content should be presented as lecture, supported by PowerPoint
slides.

The following slides will be used during this objective:

> \[**PowerPoint 17.11** Learning from the Past\]

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Remarks:**

**X**. **Learning from the Past**

> \[**PowerPoint 17.11** Learning from the Past\]

1.  Overall, each of these disasters taught us valuable lessons. Several
    major realizations that translated into policy changes include:

-   Building code improvements are necessary

-   National Flood Insurance Policies need revision

-   Red Cross Shelter Policy changed

    -   ex: to no shelters in a Category 4 surge zone

2.  The changes since the Galveston Hurricane have shown that changes in
    policy and technology have drastically changed over the last
    century, dramatically reducing the number of deaths from coastal
    disasters in the coastal zone despite increasing populations.

    -   Due to the lack of prediction and notification of the coming
        storm, people were simply caught off guard. No evacuations took
        place and the majority of the people that were killed drowned in
        their homes.

    -   This storm has long been used as an example of how far the
        United States has come in weather forecasting and prediction,
        especially in the area of hurricanes.

    -   Today satellite imagery, sophisticated modeling, large
        observation networks, and public warning systems will prevent
        this type of catastrophe from happing again. But it makes us
        realize how serious a threat a hurricane can be to a coastal
        city that is not prepared.

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3.  In the more short term, Hurricane Andrew demonstrated the present
    vulnerability due to increase population trends in coastal regions.

    -   In terms of Hurricane climatology, ***Andrew proved the idea
        that it doesn't matter how many hurricanes or tropical storms
        are predicted in a given year, it only takes one major
        landfalling storm to cause major devastation.***

    -   1992 was climatologically supposed to be a hurricane season with
        a relatively low number of predicted storms due to the influence
        of the El Nino Southern Oscillation dampening effect on Atlantic
        hurricanes. Andrew was also was the first named storm in 1992
        and it is fairly rare for early storms to be as intense as
        Andrew was.

    -   This being said, Andrew is still used as the example of how
        vulnerable the populated coast is to a landfalling category 5
        and that it really one takes one storm to change the course of
        history, policy, and lives.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Objective 17.5** Understand that natural hazards vulnerability can be
managed through the

> built environment and that disasters occur when natural hazards
> intersect with the human coast

**Requirements:**

The content should be presented as a brief introductory lecture,
supported by PowerPoint slides, and then followed with a short video,
"Guiding Principles for the Quality Redevelopment of Eastern North
Carolina".

The following slide will be used during this objective:

> \[**PowerPoint 17.12** Preparing for the Future\]

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**Remarks:**

**XI. Preparing for the Future**

> \[**PowerPoint 17.12** Preparing for the Future\]

1.  In learning from historic and recent disasters, it is important to
    attempt to manage the built environment to reduce vulnerability to
    future disasters.

-   Disasters as devastating as Galveston, Loma Prieta, Andrew and Floyd
    show that the worst disasters occur where natural hazards meet the
    human coast.

-   The natural hazard cannot be managed, but in order to reduce the
    risk to those natural hazards and thus disaster, the human coast can
    be managed.

-   In order to prepare for the future, will be necessary to manage
    growth and development in the coastal zone.

2.  The following video provides an example of the mitigation efforts in
    North Carolina that came as a result of Hurricane Floyd.

-   *Note to Instructor: Session 17 will end with the viewing of the
    video, "Guiding Principles for the Quality Redevelopment of Eastern
    North Carolina", by the North Carolina Division of Emergency
    Management. If there is time left in the session after the
    completion of the video, the Instructor is encouraged to discuss the
    content of the video with the students to panel their reactions.*

> *After the video, the assignment of a presentation should be explained
> (after the distribution of Handout 17.1). Time should be properly
> allocated at the end of the session to allow for clear instruction of
> the assignment and for answering questions.*

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Appendix A: Handouts**

**Handout 17.1: Case Study Presentation Instructions**

1.  Each student must present a case study of a coastal hazard to the
    class.

2.  The presentation must not be shorter than 6 minutes or last longer
    than 8 minutes, with approximately 2 minutes for questions.

3.  PowerPoint slides, overhead slides, or handouts are all acceptable
    formats for the presentations.

4.  The presentation must cover (but is not limited to) the following
    topics:

-   A short description of the hazard

-   A description of the event

-   What happened/what were the impacts?

    -   Ex: human, environmental, structural, infrastructure, etc.

-   What can be learned in general?

-   Were there policy outcomes as a result of the disaster?

    -   Ex: changes in local, state or national policy

5.  The following are examples of disasters that may be selected for a
    presentation.

-   *If a student has a particular interest in presenting a disaster
    that is not on this list, that student should be encouraged to do
    so.*

I.  Hurricanes and other Meteorological

    a.  Hurricane Camille -- 1969

    b.  Great Midwest Flood -- 1993

    c.  El Nino -- 1982/83 and 1997/98

    d.  New England Hurricane -- 1938

    e.  Storm of the Century -- 1993

    f.  Great Okeechobee flood and hurricane -- 1923

    g.  Florida Keys Hurricane (labor day) -- 1935

    h.  New England blizzard -- 1978

    i.  East Coast blizzard -- 1888

    j.  Hurricane Hugo -- 1989

    k.  Hurricane Georges -- 1998

    l.  Hurricane Fran -- 1996

    m.  Ash Wednesday Storm - 1962

II. Earthquake

    a.  San Francisco -- 1906

    b.  Northridge -- 1994

III. Fire

     a.  California Fires -- 2003

IV. Avalanche

    a.  Wellington, WA -- 1910

V.  Oil Spill

    a.  Exxon Valdez -- 1989

VI. Volcano

    a.  Mt. St Helens - 1980

**Appendix B: Course Developer References**

Alesch, Daniel J. and Petak, William J. 1986. The politics and economics
of earthquake hazard mitigation : unreinforced masonry buildings in
Southern California. TH1095 .A43 1986.

Bryant, Edward. 1991. Natural Hazards. Cambridge University Press,
London, 294 pages. GB5014.B79 1991.

Burkhart, Ford N. 1991. Media, Emergency Warnings, and Citizen Response.
Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 152 pages. HV551.3.B87 1991.

Burton, Ian. 1980. Environmental risk assessment. TD194.6 .E65

Burton, Ian, (et al.). 1993. The Environment as Hazard. Oxford
University Press, New York, 290 pages. GB5014.B87 1993.

Chapman, David. 1994 Natural hazards. GB5014 .C47 1994.

Cheng, Franklin Y. and Sheu, Maw Shyong. (eds.) 1995. Urban disaster
mitigation. TA654.6 U73 1995.

Circum-Pacific Map Project. 1990. Natural hazards map of the
Circum-Pacific region, Pacific basin sheet. G9231.C1 1990 C5.

Drabek, Thomas E. 1994. Disaster evacuation and the tourist industry.
G155.U6 D73 1994.

Drabek, Thomas E. 1983. Earthquake mitigation policy : the experience of
two states

Drabek, Thomas E. 1986. Human System Responses to Disaster: An Inventory
of Sociological Findings. Springer - Verlag, New York, 509 pages.
HN16.D73 1986.

Drabek, Thomas E. 1991. Emergency management : principles and practice
for local government. HV551.3 .E44 1991.

Ebert, Charles. 1988. Disasters: Violence of Nature and Threats by Man.
Kendall/Hunt Publ. Co., Dubuque, IA, 274 pages. GB5014.E24 1988 .

El-Sabh, M. I. & T. S. Murty. 1987. Natural and Man-made Hazards. Reidel
Publ. Co., Boston, MA, 894 pages. GB5001.N36 1987 (EMS - Due 12/10/92).

El-Sabh, Mohammed I., et al. 1996. Land-based and marine hazards :
scientific and management issues. GB500 .L36 1996

FitzSimmons, Ann R. 1984 Natural hazards and land use planning : an
annotated bibliography. GB5020Z .F57 1983

Gist, Richard & Bernard Lubin. 1989. Psychosocial Aspects of Disaster.
John Wiley & Sons, New York, 357 pages. RC451.4.D57P79 1989.

Good, James W. 1995. Tsunami Education Planning Workshop findings and
recommendations (microform). Fiche C 55.13/2: ERL PMEL-106.

Hewitt, Kenneth, (ed.). 1983. Interpretations of Calamity: from the
viewpoint of human ecology. Allen & Unwin, Boston, MA, 304 pages.
HC79.D45I57 1983.

Hewitt, Kenneth & Ian Burton. 1971. The hazardousness of a place: a
regional ecology of damaging events. University of Toronto Press,
Toronto, Ontario, 154 pages. GF85.H4.

Hodgkinson, Peter E. & Michael Stewart. 1991. Coping with Catastrophe: A
Handbook of Disaster Management. Routledge Press, New York, 230 pages.
HV553.H64 1991.

Lane, Frank. 1986. The Violent Earth. Croom Helm, London, England, 224
pages. GB5014.L36 1986.

Lindell, Michael K. & Ronald W. Perry. 1992. Behavioral Foundations of
Community Emergency Planning. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation,
Washington, DC, 309 pages. HV551.3.L56 1992.

Maybury, Robert. 1986. Violent Forces of Nature. Lomond Publications,
Mt. Airy, MD, 337 pages. GB5014.V56 1986 (EMS - Due 10/12/92).

Miller, John A. 1994. Practitioner\'s guide to natural disasters. LAW
LIBRARY - HG9970.D52 M86 1994 .

Mittler, Elliott. 1989. Natural hazard policy setting : identifying
supporters and opponents of nonstructural hazard mitigation. HV555.U6
.M578 1989

Munasinghe, Mohan, and Clarke, Caroline L.. (eds). 1995. Disaster
prevention for sustainable development : economic and policy issues.
HC59.72.D45 D57 1995.

National Research Council. 1987. Confronting Natural Disasters: An
International Decade for Natural Hazards Reduction. National Academy
Press, Washington, DC, 60 pages. GB5001.N35 1987.

National Research Council. 1991. A Safer Future: Reducing the Impacts of
Natural Disasters. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 67 pages.
GB5005.U5 1991.

Palm, Risa. 1990. Natural Hazards: An Integrative Framework for Research
and Planning. Johhs Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, 184 pages.
GB5014.P35 1990.

Perry, Ronald W., et al. 1981. Evacuation planning in emergency
management. HV554 .P47.

Perry, Ronald W. and Michael W. Lindell. 1990. Living with Mount St.
Helens : human adjustment to volcano hazards. QE523.S23 P47 1990.

Petak, William J. & Arthur A. Atkisson. 1982. Natural Hazard Risk
Assessment and Public Policy: Anticipating the Unexpected. Springer -
Verlag, New York, 489 pages. GB5014.P47 1982.

Rossi, Peter H., James D. Wright, & Eleanor Weber-Burdin. 1982. Natural
Hazards and Public Choice: The State and Local Politics of Hazard
Mitigation. Academic Press, New York, 337 pages. HV555.U6R67 1982.

Rossi, Peter H., James D. Wright, Eleanor Weber-Burdin & Joseph Pereira.
1983. Victims of the Environment: Loss from Natural Hazards in the
United States, 1970 - 1980. Plenum Press, New York, 238 pages.
HV555.U6.V52 1983.

Rubin, Claire B. , et al. 1986. Summary of major natural disaster
incidents in the U.S. 1965-85. HV553 .S85 1986.

Smith, Keith. 1992. Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Averting
Disaster. Routledge Press, New York, 324 pages. GB5014.S6 1992.

Stratton, Ruth M. 1989. Disaster Relief: The Politics of
Intergovernmental Relations. University Press of America, Lanham, MD,
204 pages. HV555.U6S73 1989.

U. S. Geological Survey. 1995. Natural hazards potential map of the
circum-Pacific region. G9231 C5 svar C5 CP-43.

VandenBos, Gary R. & Brenda K. Bryant. 1987. Cataclysms, Crises, and
Catastrophes: Psychology in Action. American Psychological Association,
Washington, DC, 235 pages. HV553.C27 1987.

Waltham, Tony. 1978. Catastrophe: the Violent Earth. Macmillan London
Ltd., London, England, 170 pages. GB5018.W34 1978b.

White, Gilbert F. (ed.). 1974. Natural Hazards: Local, National, Global.
Oxford University Press, New York, 288 pages. GB70.W45.

Whittow, John. 1979. Disasters: The Anatomy of Environmental Hazards.
University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA, 411 pages. GB5018.W48.

Wright, James D. and Rossi, Peter Henry. (eds.). 1981. Social science &
natural hazards. HV555.U6 S63

**Appendix C: Power Point Graphics Citations**

**Session 17**

**PowerPoint 17.1**

-   (Source: NC Division of Emergency Management)

**PowerPoint 17.2**

-   (Source:
    http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/whatsnew/article2.cfm?id=1105)

-   (Source:http://www-ed.fnal.gov/lincon/w01/projects/earthquakes/earthquake%20photo4.jpg)

**PowerPoint 17.3**

-   (Source:
    http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/hurricane/images/wea00590a.gif )

-   (Source: <http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/s496.htm>)

**PowerPoint 17.4**

-   (Source: Red Cross )

-   (Source: USGS)

-   (Source:
    http://www.exploratorium.edu/faultline/engineering/damagemap.html)

-   (Source: <http://www.seismo.berkeley.edu/seismo/faq/1989_0.html>)

**PowerPoint 17.5**

-   (Source: http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Andrew-figures.html)

-   (Source: http://www.chron.com/cs/CDA/story.hts/nation/1544102)

-   (Source: NOAA)

**PowerPoint 17.6**

-   (Source: NCSU)

-   (Source: http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/photos1.htm)

**PowerPoint 17.7**

-   (Source:http://www.cnn.com/interactive/space/0309/explainer.hurricanes/gal.storm.surge.OLD.jpg)

-   (Source:http://www.islandnet.com/\~see/weather/events/1900hurr.htm)

**PowerPoint 17.8**

-   (Source: USGS)

-   (Source:
    http://www.goldengatebridge.org/projects/seismicsummary.html)

**PowerPoint 17.9**

-   (Source: http://www.newcomerinfo.com/building-codes.htm)

-   (Source: http://www.stormsmart.com/bb1gdoor.html)

-   (Source:http://orpermits.homestead.com/Newsletter.html)

**PowerPoint 17.10**

-   (Source: <http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/photos2.htm>)

**PowerPoint 17.11**

-   (Source: NOAA)

**PowerPoint 17.12**

-   (Source: http://www.gu.edu.au/centre/gccm/content01.html)

-   (Source: http://www.wb2020.qld.gov.au/rgmf/rgmf_map.htm)

**Lecture References:**

[^1]: <http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999floyd_text.html>

[^2]: <http://www.usatoday.com/weather/huricane/1999/atlantic/wfrescue.htm>

[^3]: <http://www.usgs.gov/public/press/public_affairs/press_releases/pr1043m.html>

    ^4^
    <http://www.common-sense.org/?fnoc=/common_sense_says/99_october>

[^4]: <http://www.usgs.gov/public/press/public_affairs/press_releases/pr1043m.html>

    ^4^
    <http://www.common-sense.org/?fnoc=/common_sense_says/99_october>

    ^5^ <http://www.doh.dot.state.nc.us/operations/FloydLessons/5.html>