Enhanced Fujita Scale

Damage Field Guide

**EF Scale**

  ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------
  **EF**           **Wind (MPH)**

  0                **Up to 85**

  1                **86-110**

  2                **111-135**

  3                **136-165**

  4                **166-200**

  5                **\>200**
  ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------

National Weather Service

April 25, 2007

**Table of Contents**

+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| **Damage Indicator**                                           | P   |
|                                                                | age |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+
| 1\. Small Barns or Farm Outbuildings (SBO)                     |     |
| [1](#small-barns-or-farm-outbuildings-sbo)                     |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 2\. One- or Two-Family Residences (FR12)                       |     |
| [3](#one--or-two-family-residences-fr12)                       |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 3\. Manufactured Home - Single Wide (MHSW)                     |     |
| [12](#manufactured-home---single-wide-mhsw)                    |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 4\. Manufactured Home - Double Wide (MHDW)                     |     |
| [18](#manufactured-home---double-wide-mhdw)                    |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 5\. Apartments, Condos, Townhouses \[3 stories or less\] (ACT) |     |
| [21](#apartments-condos-townhouses-3-stories-or-less-act)      |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 6\. Motel - Less than or equal to four stories (M)             |     |
| [24](#motel---less-than-or-equal-to-four-stories-m)            |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 7\. Masonry Apartment or Motel Building (MAM)                  |     |
| [26](#masonry-apartment-or-motel-building-mam)                 |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 8\. Small Retail Building \[Fast Food Restaurants\] (SRB)      |     |
| [29](#small-retail-building-fast-food-restaurants-srb)         |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 9\. Small Professional Building \[Branch Banks, etc.\] (SPB)   |     |
| [33](#small-professional-building-branch-banks-etc.-spb)       |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 10\. Strip Mall (SM) [35](#strip-mall-sm)                      |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 11\. Large Shopping Mall (LSM) [38](#large-shopping-mall-lsm)  |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 12\. Large Isolated Retail Building (LIRB)                     |     |
| [40](#large-isolated-retail-building-lirb)                     |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 13\. Automobile Showroom (ASR) [44](#automobile-showroom-asr)  |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 14\. Automobile Service Building (ASB)                         |     |
| [45](#automobile-service-building-asb)                         |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 15\. Elementary School (ES) [46](#elementary-school-es)        |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 16\. Junior or Senior High School (JHSH)                       |     |
| [50](#junior-or-senior-high-school-jhsh)                       |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 17\. Low-Rise Building: 1 - 4 Stories (LSB)                    |     |
| [51](#low-rise-building-1---4-stories-lsb)                     |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 18\. Mid-Rise Building: 5 - 20 Stories (MRB)                   |     |
| [52](#mid-rise-building-5---20-stories-mrb)                    |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 19\. High-Rise Building: Greater Than 20 Stories (HRB)         |     |
| [56](#high-rise-building-greater-than-20-stories-hrb)          |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 20\. Institutional Building (IB)                               |     |
| [58](#__RefHeading___Toc165263481)                             |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 21\. Metal Building Systems (MBS)                              |     |
| [60](#metal-building-systems-mbs)                              |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 22\. Service Station Canopy (SSC)                              |     |
| [63](#service-station-canopy-ssc)                              |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 23\. Warehouse Building (WHB) [64](#warehouse-building-whb)    |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 24\. Electrical Transmission Line (ELT)                        |     |
| [66](#electrical-transmission-line-elt)                        |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 25\. Free-Standing Towers (FST)                                |     |
| [67](#free-standing-towers-fst)                                |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 26\. Free-Standing Light, Luminary, Flag Poles (FSP)           |     |
| [68](#free-standing-light-luminary-flag-poles-fsp)             |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 27\. Trees: Hardwood (TH) [70](#trees-hardwood-th)             |     |
|                                                                |     |
| 28\. Trees: Softwood (TS) [73](#trees-softwood-ts)             |     |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+-----+

# 1. Small Barns or Farm Outbuildings (SBO)

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="5.998611111111111in"
height="4.113194444444445in"}

-   Less than 2500 sq ft

-   Wood or metal post and beam construction

-   Wood or metal roof trusses

-   Wood or metal panel siding

-   Metal or wood roof

-   Large doors

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- -------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB       UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **62**    **53**   **78**

  2      **Loss of wood or metal roof panels**          **74**    **61**   **91**

  3      **Collapse of doors**                          **83**    **68**   **102**

  4      **Major loss of roof panels**                  **90**    **78**   **110**

  5      **Uplift or collapse of roof structure**       **93**    **77**   **114**

  6      **Collapse of walls**                          **97**    **81**   **119**

  7      **Overturning or sliding of entire structure** **99**    **83**   **118**

  8      **Total destruction of building**              **112**   **94**   **131**
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- -------- ---------

SBO DOD 6

*MPH: 81 (EF0) - 97 (EF1) - 119(EF2)*

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.3152777777777778in"}

Collapse of walls

# 

# 

# Estimate should be on the very lowest end of DOD6 based on relative good roof condition. Est wind 80-85 mph (EF 0). 

# 2. One- or Two-Family Residences (FR12)

![](media/image3.jpeg){width="3.7555555555555555in"
height="2.816666666666667in"}

-   Asphalt shingles, tile, slate or metal roof covering

-   Flat, gable, hip, mansard or mono-sloped roof or combinations
    thereof

-   Plywood/OSB or wood plank roof deck

-   Prefabricated wood trusses or wood joist and rafter construction

-   Brick veneer, wood panels, stucco, EIFS, vinyl or metal siding

-   Wood or metal stud walls, concrete blocks or insulating-concrete
    panels

-   Attached single or double garage

+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| DOD | Damage description                           | EXP | LB  | UB  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 1   | **Threshold of visible damage**              | **6 | **5 | **8 |
|     |                                              | 5** | 3** | 0** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 2   | **Loss of roof covering material (\<20%),    | **7 | **6 | **9 |
|     | gutters and/or awning; loss of vinyl or      | 9** | 3** | 7** |
|     | metal siding**                               |     |     |     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 3   | **Broken glass in doors and windows**        | **9 | **7 | *   |
|     |                                              | 6** | 9** | *11 |
|     |                                              |     |     | 4** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 4   | **Uplift of roof deck and loss of            | **9 | **8 | *   |
|     | significant roof covering**                  | 7** | 1** | *11 |
|     |                                              |     |     | 6** |
|     | **material (\>20%); collapse of chimney;     |     |     |     |
|     | garage doors collapse inward; failure of     |     |     |     |
|     | porch or carport**                           |     |     |     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 5   | **Entire house shifts off foundation**       | *   | *   | *   |
|     |                                              | *12 | *10 | *14 |
|     |                                              | 1** | 3** | 1** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 6   | **Large sections of roof structure removed;  | *   | *   | *   |
|     | most walls remain standing**                 | *12 | *10 | *14 |
|     |                                              | 2** | 4** | 2** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 7   | **Exterior walls collapsed**                 | *   | *   | *   |
|     |                                              | *13 | *11 | *15 |
|     |                                              | 2** | 3** | 3** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 8   | **Most walls collapsed, except small         | *   | *   | *   |
|     | interior rooms**                             | *15 | *12 | *17 |
|     |                                              | 2** | 7** | 8** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 9   | **All walls**                                | *   | *   | *   |
|     |                                              | *17 | *14 | *19 |
|     |                                              | 0** | 2** | 8** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 10  | **Destruction of engineered and/or well      | *   | *   | *   |
|     | constructed residence; slab swept clean**    | *20 | *16 | *22 |
|     |                                              | 0** | 5** | 0** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+

FR12 DOD 2

*MPH: 63 - 79 (EF0) - 97 (EF1)*

![](media/image4.jpeg){width="6.001388888888889in"
height="3.6993055555555556in"}

Loss of roof covering material (\<20%), gutters and/or awning; loss of
vinyl or metal siding

FR12 DOD 4

*MPH: 81 (EF0) - 97 (EF1) - 116 (EF2)*

![](media/image5.jpeg){width="5.986111111111111in"
height="3.890277777777778in"}

Uplift of roof deck and loss of significant roof covering material
(\>20%); collapse of chimney; garage doors collapse inward; failure of
porch or carport

FR12 DOD 4

*MPH: 81 (EF0) - 97 (EF1) - 116 (EF2)*

![](media/image6.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in"
height="3.1041666666666665in"}

Uplift of roof deck and loss of significant roof covering material
(\>20%); collapse of chimney; garage doors collapse inward; failure of
porch or carport

FR12 DOD 6

*MPH: 104 (EF1) - 122 (EF2) - 142 (EF3)*

![](media/image7.jpeg){width="5.993055555555555in"
height="4.077083333333333in"}

Large sections of roof structure removed; most walls remain standing

FR12 DOD 6

*MPH: 104 (EF1) - 122 (EF2) - 142 (EF3)*

![](media/image8.jpeg){width="4.865972222222222in"
height="3.3180555555555555in"}

Large sections of roof structure removed; most walls remain standing

FR12 DOD 6

*MPH: 104 (EF1) - 122 (EF2) - 142 (EF3)*

![](media/image9.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in"
height="3.1041666666666665in"}

Large sections of roof structure removed; most walls remain standing

FR12 DOD 7

*MPH: 113 (EF2) - 132 (EF2) - 153 (EF3)*

![](media/image10.jpeg){width="5.997222222222222in"
height="4.206944444444445in"}

Exterior walls collapsed

FR12 DOD 7

*MPH: 113 (EF2) - 132 (EF2) - 153 (EF3)*

![](media/image11.jpeg){width="4.409027777777778in"
height="3.0340277777777778in"}

Exterior walls collapsed

FR12 DOD 8

*MPH: 127 (EF2) - 152 (EF3) - 178 (EF4)*

![](media/image12.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in"
height="3.076388888888889in"}

Most walls collapsed, except small interior rooms

FR12 DOD 8

*MPH: 127 (EF2) - 152 (EF3) - 178 (EF4)*

![](media/image13.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in" height="3.0625in"}

Most walls collapsed, except small interior rooms

FR12 DOD 8

*MPH: 127 (EF2) - 152 (EF3) - 178 (EF4)*

![](media/image14.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in" height="3.0625in"}

Most walls collapsed, except small interior rooms

FR12 DOD 9

*MPH: 142 (EF3) - 170 (EF4) - 198 (EF4)*

![](media/image15.jpeg){width="5.993055555555555in"
height="4.470138888888889in"}

All walls collapsed

FR12 DOD 9

*MPH: 142 (EF3) - 170 (EF4) - 198 (EF4)*

![](media/image16.jpeg){width="4.865972222222222in"
height="3.0479166666666666in"}

All walls collapsed

FR12 DOD 9

*MPH: 142 (EF3) - 170 (EF4) - 198 (EF4)*

![](media/image17.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in"
height="3.013888888888889in"}

All walls collapsed

FR12 DOD 10

*MPH: 165 (EF3) - 200 (EF5) - 220 (EF5)*

![](media/image18.jpeg){width="4.865972222222222in"
height="3.067361111111111in"}

Destruction of engineered and/or well constructed residence; slab swept
clean

FR12 DOD 10

*MPH: 165 (EF3) - 200 (EF5) - 220 (EF5)*

![](media/image19.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in"
height="2.9791666666666665in"}

Destruction of engineered and/or well constructed residence; slab swept
clean

# 3. Manufactured Home - Single Wide (MHSW)

![](media/image20.jpeg){width="5.997916666666667in"
height="4.258333333333334in"}

-   Steel undercarriage supported on concrete block piers

-   Metal straps and ground anchors (Frame and/or over-the-top strap
    anchors)

-   Asphalt shingles or one-piece metal roof covering

-   Wood roof joists

-   Metal, vinyl or wood siding

-   Wood stud walls and partitions

-   Better construction in post 1974 models in coastal areas

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **61**    **51**    **76**

  2      **Loss of shingles or partial uplift of        **74**    **61**    **92**
         one-piece metal roof covering**                                    

  3      **Unit slides off block piers but remains      **87**    **72**    **103**
         upright**                                                          

  4      **Complete uplift of roof; most walls remain   **89**    **73**    **112**
         standing**                                                         

  5      **Unit rolls on its side or upside down;       **98**    **84**    **114**
         remains essentially intact**                                       

  6      **Destruction of roof and walls leaving floor  **105**   **87**    **123**
         and undercarriage in place**                                       

  7      **Unit rolls or vaults; roof and walls         **109**   **96**    **128**
         separate from floor and undercarriage**                            

  8      **Undercarriage separates from unit; rolls,    **118**   **101**   **136**
         tumbles and is badly bent**                                        

  9      **Complete destruction of unit; debris blown   **127**   **110**   **148**
         away**                                                             
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

> MHSW DOD 3
>
> *MPH: 72 (EF0) - 87 (EF1) - 103 (EF1)*
>
> ![](media/image21.jpeg){width="5.997916666666667in"
> height="4.0680555555555555in"}
>
> Unit slides off block piers but remains upright
>
> MHSW DOD 3
>
> *MPH: 72 (EF0) - 87 (EF1) - 103 (EF1)*
>
> ![](media/image22.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in"
> height="2.9791666666666665in"}
>
> Unit slides off block piers but remains upright
>
> MHSW DOD 4
>
> *MPH: 73 (EF0) - 89 (EF1) - 112 (EF2)*
>
> ![](media/image23.jpeg){width="5.997916666666667in"
> height="4.076388888888889in"} Complete uplift of roof; most walls
> remain standing
>
> MHSW DOD 4
>
> *MPH: 73 (EF0) - 89 (EF1) - 112 (EF2)*
>
> ![](media/image24.jpeg){width="4.865972222222222in"
> height="1.8833333333333333in"}\
> Complete uplift of roof; most walls remain standing
>
> MHSW DOD 5
>
> *MPH: 84 (EF0) - 98 (EF1) - 114 (EF2)*
>
> ![](media/image25.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in"
> height="2.861111111111111in"}
>
> Unit rolls on its side or upside down; remains essentially intact
>
> MHSW DOD 5
>
> *MPH: 84 (EF0) - 98 (EF1) - 114 (EF2)*
>
> ![](media/image26.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.3333333333333335in"}
>
> Unit rolls on its side or upside down; remains essentially intact
>
> MHSW DOD 5
>
> *MPH: 84 (EF0) - 98 (EF1) - 114 (EF2)*
>
> ![](media/image27.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in"
> height="3.4305555555555554in"}
>
> Unit rolls on its side or upside down; remains essentially intact
>
> MHSW DOD 6
>
> *MPH: 87 (EF1) - 105 (EF1) - 123 (EF2)*
>
> ![](media/image28.jpeg){width="5.992361111111111in" height="4.025in"}
>
> Destruction of roof and walls leaving floor and undercarriage in place
>
> MHSW DOD 9
>
> *MPH: 110 (EF1) - 127 (EF2) - 148 (EF3)*
>
> ![](media/image29.jpeg){width="5.997916666666667in"
> height="3.9430555555555555in"}
>
> Complete destruction of unit; debris blown away

# 4. Manufactured Home - Double Wide (MHDW)

> ![](media/image30.jpeg){width="6.0in" height="3.725in"}

-   Steel undercarriage supported on concrete block piers

-   Multi-unit connection at roof, floor and end walls

-   Frame straps and ground anchors spaced at 10 - 12 ft apart

-   Flat, gable or hip roof shape

-   Asphalt shingles or metal roof panels

-   Plywood/OSB roof decking

-   Wood rafter or shallow joist construction

-   Metal, vinyl or wood siding

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **61**    **51**    **76**

  2      **Loss of shingles or other roof covering      **76**    **62**    **88**
         (\<20%)**                                                          

  3      **Damaged porches or carports**                **78**    **67**    **96**

  4      **Broken windows**                             **83**    **68**    **95**

  5      **Uplift of roof deck and loss of significant  **88**    **75**    **108**
         roof covering material (\>20%)**                                   

  6      **Complete uplift of roof; most walls remain   **93**    **77**    **110**
         standing**                                                         

  7      **Unit slides off CMU block piers**            **94**    **78**    **109**

  8      **Removal of entire roof structure leaving     **97**    **80**    **117**
         most walls standing**                                              

  9      **Complete destruction of roof and walls       **113**   **93**    **131**
         leaving undercarriage in place**                                   

  10     **Unit rolls, displaces or vaults**            **114**   **82**    **130**

  11     **Undercarriage separates from floor, rolls    **127**   **109**   **145**
         and tumbles, badly bent**                                          

  12     **Complete destruction of unit; debris blows   **134**   **119**   **154**
         away**                                                             
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

> MHDW DOD 5
>
> *MPH: 75 (EF0) - 88 (EF1) - 108 (EF1)*
>
> ![](media/image31.jpeg){width="5.997222222222222in"
> height="4.064583333333333in"}
>
> Uplift of roof deck and loss of significant roof covering material
> (\>20%)
>
> MHDW DOD 7
>
> *MPH: 78 (EF0) - 94 (EF1) - 109 (EF1)*
>
> ![](media/image32.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in"
> height="2.9791666666666665in"}
>
> Unit slides off CMU block piers
>
> MHDW DOD 11
>
> *MPH: 109 (EF1) - 127 (EF2) - 145 (EF3)*
>
> ![](media/image33.jpeg){width="5.998611111111111in"
> height="4.121527777777778in"}
>
> Undercarriage separates from floor, rolls and tumbles, badly bent

# 5. Apartments, Condos, Townhouses \[3 stories or less\] (ACT)

> ![](media/image34.jpeg){width="5.822916666666667in"
> height="4.333333333333333in"}

-   Flat, gable, hip or mansard roof

-   Asphalt shingles, tile, metal or BUR roof covering

-   Plywood/OSB roof decking

-   Light-framed wood or metal roof trusses

-   Wood, metal or vinyl panels, stucco brick veneer or EIFS wall
    covering; combinations of wall coverings

-   Wood or metal stud walls

-   Wood floor diaphragms

-   Sliding patio doors; balconies

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **76**    **63**    **95**

  2      **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**              **99**    **82**    **121**

  3      **Uplift of roof decking; significant loss of  **124**   **107**   **146**
         roof covering**                                                    

  4      **Uplift or collapse of roof structure leaving **138**   **120**   **158**
         most walls standing**                                              

  5      **Most top story walls collapsed**             **158**   **138**   **184**

  6      **Almost total destruction of top two          **180**   **155**   **205**
         stories**                                                          
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

ACT DOD 2

*MPH: 82 (EF0) - 99 (EF1) - 121 (EF2)*

![](media/image35.jpeg){width="5.996527777777778in"
height="3.7020833333333334in"}

Loss of roof covering (\<20%)

ACT DOD 4

*MPH: 120 (EF2) - 138 (EF3) - 158 (EF3)*

![](media/image36.jpeg){width="5.995138888888889in" height="4.075in"}

Uplift or collapse of roof structure leaving most walls standing

ACT DOD 4

*MPH: 120 (EF2) - 138 (EF3) - 158 (EF3)*

![](media/image37.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in" height="3.0in"}

Uplift or collapse of roof structure leaving most walls standing

ACT DOD 5

*MPH: 138 (EF3) - 158 (EF3) - 184 (EF4)*

![](media/image38.jpeg){width="5.9944444444444445in"
height="4.021527777777778in"}

Most top story walls collapsed

# 6. Motel - Less than or equal to four stories (M)

![](media/image39.jpeg){width="5.999305555555556in"
height="4.184027777777778in"}

-   Facility made up of one or more multi-story, rectangular buildings

-   Flat, gable, hip or mansard roof

-   Asphalt shingles, tile, slate or BUR roof covering

-   Plywood/OSB roof decking

-   Wood or metal prefabricated roof trusses

-   Wood floor diaphragms

-   Wood or metal stud walls

-   Stucco, EIFS, wood, metal or brick veneer wall cladding

-   Canopy over driveway at entrance

-   Exterior walkways or balconies

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **66**    **54**    **83**

  2      **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**              **80**    **67**    **99**

  3      **Broken windows or patio doors**              **89**    **74**    **107**

  4      **Uplift of roof decking; significant loss of  **95**    **80**    **116**
         roof covering (\>20%); loss of EIFS wall                           
         cladding**                                                         

  5      **Uplift or collapse of canopy over driveway** **99**    **81**    **118**

  6      **Uplift or collapse of roof structure leaving **123**   **103**   **143**
         most walls standing**                                              

  7      **Collapse of top story exterior walls**       **138**   **121**   **156**

  8      **Collapse of most top story walls**           **143**   **127**   **162**

  9      **Collapse of top two floors of three or more  **170**   **144**   **185**
         stories**                                                          

  10     **Total destruction of entire building**       **190**   **163**   **217**
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

> M DOD 8
>
> *MPH: 127 (EF2) - 143 (EF3) - 162 (EF3)*
>
> ![](media/image40.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in"
> height="3.2222222222222223in"}
>
> Collapse of most top story walls

# 7. Masonry Apartment or Motel Building (MAM)

> ![](media/image41.jpeg){width="5.998611111111111in"
> height="4.2027777777777775in"}

-   Less than or equal to four stories

-   Facility made up or one or more multi-story, rectangular buildings

-   Flat, gable, hip or mansard roof

-   Asphalt shingles, tile, slate or BUR roof

-   Light steel roof framing with metal deck and lightweight insulation

-   Pre-cast or hollow-core concrete roof and floor system

-   CMU non-bearing walls

-   CMU load-bearing walls

-   Stucco, EIFS, or brick veneer wall cladding

-   Exterior walkways or balconies

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **65**    **54**    **81**

  2      **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**              **80**    **67**    **101**

  3      **Uplift of lightweight metal roof decking**   **95**    **81**    **116**

  4      **Uplift of concrete roof decking**            **121**   **103**   **143**

  5      **Collapse of top story walls**                **133**   **115**   **150**

  6      **Collapse of top two floors of three or more  **156**   **132**   **180**
         stories**                                                          

  7      **Total destruction of a large section of      **180**   **160**   **205**
         building**                                                         
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

MAM DOD 5

*MPH: 115 (EF2) - 133 (EF2) - 150 (EF3)*

![](media/image42.jpeg){width="5.995138888888889in"
height="4.091666666666667in"}

Collapse of top story walls

MAM DOD 5

*MPH: 115 (EF2) - 133 (EF2) - 150 (EF3)*

![](media/image43.jpeg){width="4.865972222222222in"
height="3.3256944444444443in"}

Collapse of top story walls

MAM DOD 5

*MPH: 115 (EF2) - 133 (EF2) - 150 (EF3)*

![](media/image44.jpeg){width="5.99375in" height="4.191666666666666in"}

Collapse of top story walls

# 8. Small Retail Building \[Fast Food Restaurants\] (SRB)

![](media/image45.jpeg){width="5.998611111111111in"
height="4.172916666666667in"}

-   Best example is fast-food restaurant

-   Flat, hip, gable, mansard or monoslope roof

-   Asphalt shingles, metal panels, slate, tile, single-ply or BUR roof
    covering

-   Plywood/OSB roof decking

-   Wood or metal roof structure consisting of trusses or rafters and
    joists

-   Wood or metal stud walls

-   Typically have large areas of window glass and double entry doors

-   Canopies, covered walkways or porches

-   Wood, brick veneer, metal or vinyl siding, concrete blocks, EIFS or
    stucco wall cladding

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **65**    **54**    **81**

  2      **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**              **78**    **65**    **98**

  3      **Broken glass in windows and doors**          **86**    **72**    **103**

  4      **Uplift of roof decking; significant loss of  **98**    **81**    **119**
         roof covering (\>20%)**                                            

  5      **Canopies or covered walkways destroyed**     **98**    **83**    **114**

  6      **Uplift or collapse of entire roof            **119**   **101**   **140**
         structure**                                                        

  7      **Collapse of exterior walls; closely spaced   **138**   **120**   **159**
         interior walls remain standing**                                   

  8      **Total destruction of entire building**       **167**   **143**   **193**
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

SRB DOD 3

*MPH: 72 (EF0) - 86 (EF1) - 103 - EF1)*

![](media/image46.jpeg){width="5.995138888888889in"
height="4.334722222222222in"}

Broken glass in windows and doors

SRB DOD 4

*MPH: 81 (EF0) - 98 (EF1) - 119 (EF2)*

![](media/image47.jpeg){width="4.865972222222222in"
height="3.2006944444444443in"}

Uplift of roof decking; significant loss of roof covering (\>20%)

SRB DOD 4

*MPH: 81 (EF0) - 98 (EF1) - 119 (EF2)*

![](media/image48.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in"
height="3.2569444444444446in"}

Uplift of roof decking; significant loss of roof covering (\>20%)

SRB DOD 5

*MPH: 83 (EF0) - 98 (EF1) - 114 (EF2)*

![](media/image49.jpeg){width="5.993055555555555in"
height="4.186111111111111in"}

Canopies or covered walkways destroyed

SRB DOD 7

*MPH: 120 (EF2) - 138 (EF3) - 159 (EF3)*

![](media/image50.jpeg){width="4.861111111111111in"
height="3.2152777777777777in"}

Collapse of exterior walls; closely spaced interior walls remain
standing

# 9. Small Professional Building \[Branch Banks, etc.\] (SPB) 

![](media/image51.jpeg){width="5.833333333333333in"
height="4.364583333333333in"}

-   Flat, gable, hip, mansard or mono-slope roofs with or without
    parapet walls

-   Asphalt shingles, tile, slate, metal panels, single-ply or built-up
    roof covering

-   Light-frame steel construction, steel joists and formed metal
    decking

-   Load-bearing masonry construction with steel or wood roof structure

-   Timber post and beam construction

-   Wood or metal stud walls, non-bearing masonry walls

-   Metal or vinyl panels, stucco or EIFS cladding

-   Skylights and/or clearstories

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **65**    **54**    **81**

  2      **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**              **78**    **65**    **98**

  3      **Broken windows, including clear story        **89**    **74**    **107**
         windows or skylights**                                             

  4      **Exterior doors fail**                        **100**   **82**    **118**

  5      **Uplift of roof decking; significant loss of  **100**   **84**    **117**
         roof covering (\>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC                        
         equipment**                                                        

  6      **Collapsed façade or parapet walls**          **103**   **85**    **123**

  7      **Uplift or collapse of entire roof            **124**   **105**   **145**
         structure**                                                        

  8      **Collapse of exterior walls; closely spaced   **144**   **123**   **165**
         interior walls** **remain standing**                               

  9      **Total destruction of entire building**       **157**   **148**   **200**
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

SPB DOD 1

*MPH: 54 - 65 (EF0) - 81 (EF0)*

![](media/image52.jpeg){width="3.5in" height="2.495138888888889in"}

Threshold of visible damage

# 10. Strip Mall (SM)

![](media/image53.jpeg){width="6.497222222222222in"
height="4.621527777777778in"}

-   Large, rectangular single-story building with large surrounding
    parking lots

-   Flat roof with parapet wall

-   Built-up roofing or single-ply roof membrane with rigid insulation

-   Wood or metal deck, wood-fiber cement panels

-   Light-frame steel roof support with steel joists or joist girders

-   Brick or concrete block wall construction

-   Large window glass and glass entry doors

-   Covered walkway attached to building

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **65**    **54**    **81**

  2      **Uplift of roof covering at eaves and roof    **80**    **66**    **100**
         corners**                                                          

  3      **Broken windows or glass doors**              **88**    **72**    **105**

  4      **Uplift of roof decking**                     **101**   **84**    **122**

  5      **Collapsed façade or parapet walls**          **103**   **85**    **125**

  6      **Covered walkways uplifted or collapsed**     **103**   **86**    **125**

  7      **Uplift or collapse of entire roof            **122**   **103**   **143**
         structure**                                                        

  8      **Collapse of exterior walls; closely spaced   **140**   **117**   **165**
         interior walls remain standing**                                   

  9      **Complete destruction of all or a large       **171**   **147**   **198**
         section of building**                                              
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

SM DOD 3

*MPH: 72 (EF0) - 88 (EF1) - 105 (EF1)*

![](media/image54.jpeg){width="6.496527777777778in"
height="3.9444444444444446in"}

Broken windows or glass doors

SM DOD 3

*MPH: 72 (EF0) - 88 (EF1) - 105 (EF1)*

![](media/image55.jpeg){width="3.5in" height="2.2243055555555555in"}

Broken windows or glass doors

SM DOD 7

*MPH: 103 (EF1) - 122 (EF2) - 143 (EF3)*

![](media/image56.jpeg){width="6.496527777777778in"
height="3.786111111111111in"}

Uplift or collapse of entire roof structure

# 11. Large Shopping Mall (LSM)

![](media/image57.jpeg){width="6.501388888888889in" height="4.5in"}

-   Typically one or two stories

-   Flat roof; some areas with relatively large spans

-   Skylights and clear stories

-   Single-ply or BUR with or without roof gravel

-   Metal stud walls with brick veneer, stucco or EIFS cladding

-   Light steel structural framing with open web joists, light metal
    framing or 3-D space framing

-   Glass at entries

+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| DOD | Damage description                           | EXP | LB  | UB  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 1   | **Threshold of visible damage**              | **7 | **5 | **8 |
|     |                                              | 1** | 9** | 6** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 2   | **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**            | **8 | **6 | *   |
|     |                                              | 5** | 9** | *10 |
|     |                                              |     |     | 5** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 3   | **Broken skylights, clearstory windows and   | **9 | **7 | *   |
|     | atrium walls broken**                        | 2** | 5** | *11 |
|     |                                              |     |     | 4** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 4   | **Uplift of some roof decking; significant   | *   | **9 | *   |
|     | loss of roofing material (\>20%); loss of    | *10 | 2** | *12 |
|     | rooftop HVAC**                               | 8** |     | 8** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 5   | **Wall cladding stripped starting at corners | *   | **9 | *   |
|     | and progressing to**                         | *11 | 4** | *13 |
|     |                                              | 1** |     | 1** |
|     | **other areas**                              |     |     |     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 6   | **Roof structure uplifted or collapsed**     | *   | *   | *   |
|     |                                              | *12 | *10 | *15 |
|     |                                              | 8** | 8** | 0** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 7   | **Exterior walls in top story collapsed**    | *   | *   | *   |
|     |                                              | *14 | *12 | *16 |
|     |                                              | 4** | 4** | 6** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 8   | **Interior walls of top story collapse**     | *   | *   | *   |
|     |                                              | *16 | *13 | *18 |
|     |                                              | 0** | 9** | 5** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 9   | **Complete destruction of all or a large     | *   | *   | *   |
|     | section of the building**                    | *20 | *17 | *24 |
|     |                                              | 4** | 6** | 7** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+

LSR DOD 4

*MPH: 92 (EF1) - 108 (EF1) - 128 (EF2)*

![](media/image58.jpeg){width="6.495833333333334in"
height="4.536111111111111in"}

Uplift of some roof decking; significant loss of roofing material
(\>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC

# 12. Large Isolated Retail Building (LIRB)

![](media/image59.jpeg){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="4.872916666666667in"}

-   Flat roof with BUR and gravel or single-ply membrane roof; generally
    has a 2-3 ft parapet

-   Open web joists and steel girders or joist girders supported by tall
    pipe columns

-   Metal deck with rigid insulation or lightweight concrete fill slab

-   Large windows on front side of building

-   CMU walls, tilt-up concrete panels, metal stud walls covered with
    EIFS or combinations of these

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **68**    **57**    **83**

  2      **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**              **81**    **68**    **103**

  3      **Uplift of some roof decking; significant     **103**   **87**    **123**
         loss of roofing material (\>20%); loss of                          
         rooftop HVAC**                                                     

  4      **Long roof spans collapsed downward**         **122**   **103**   **144**

  5      **Uplift and removal of roof structure**       **134**   **114**   **157**

  6      **Inward or outward collapse of exterior       **137**   **118**   **158**
         walls**                                                            

  7      **Complete destruction of all or a large       **173**   **147**   **201**
         section of the building**                                          
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

LIRB DOD 2

*MPH: 68 (EF0) - 81 (EF0) - 103 (EF1)*

![](media/image60.jpeg){width="6.5in" height="4.302083333333333in"}

Loss of roof covering (\<20%)

LIRB DOD 6

*MPH: 118 (EF2) - 137 (EF3) - 158 (EF3)*

![](media/image61.jpeg){width="6.503472222222222in"
height="3.854861111111111in"}

Inward or outward collapse of exterior walls

LIRB DOD 7

*MPH: 147 (EF3) - 173 (EF4) - 201 (EF5)*

![](media/image62.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.2993055555555557in"}

Complete destruction of all or a large section of the building

LIRB DOD 7

*MPH: 147 (EF3) - 173 (EF4) - 201 (EF5)*

![](media/image63.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.1166666666666667in"}

Complete destruction of all or a large section of the building

LIRB DOD 7

*MPH: 147 (EF3) - 173 (EF4) - 201 (EF5)*

![](media/image64.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.125in"}

Complete destruction of all or a large section of the building

# 13. Automobile Showroom (ASR)

![](media/image65.jpeg){width="6.492361111111111in"
height="4.528472222222222in"}

-   Most showrooms are single-story buildings with flat roof

-   Roof system is BUR or single-ply membrane

-   Metal roof deck or plywood panels

-   Steel structural framing with open web steel joists

-   Metal stud walls with EIFS, stucco or tilt-up panels

-   Exterior walls on 2 or 3 sides have large glass windows

+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| DOD | Damage description                           | EXP | LB  | UB  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 1   | **Threshold of visible damage**              | **6 | **4 | **8 |
|     |                                              | 5** | 7** | 0** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 2   | **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**            | **8 | **6 | *   |
|     |                                              | 0** | 7** | *10 |
|     |                                              |     |     | 1** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 3   | **Broken glass in windows or doors**         | **8 | **7 | *   |
|     |                                              | 7** | 1** | *10 |
|     |                                              |     |     | 6** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 4   | **Uplift of some roof decking; significant   | *   | **8 | *   |
|     | loss of roofing**                            | *10 | 3** | *12 |
|     |                                              | 1** |     | 0** |
|     | **material (\>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC**   |     |     |     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 5   | **Cladding stripped off walls**              | *   | **9 | *   |
|     |                                              | *11 | 4** | *13 |
|     |                                              | 2** |     | 2** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 6   | **Uplift or collapse of roof structure**     | *   | **9 | *   |
|     |                                              | *11 | 8** | *14 |
|     |                                              | 8** |     | 0** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 7   | **Exterior walls collapsed**                 | *   | *   | *   |
|     |                                              | *12 | *10 | *14 |
|     |                                              | 6** | 6** | 8** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 8   | **Complete destruction of all or a large     | *   | *   | *   |
|     | section of the building**                    | *15 | *13 | *18 |
|     |                                              | 7** | 8** | 1** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+

# 14. Automobile Service Building (ASB)

![](media/image66.jpeg){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="4.882638888888889in"}

-   Single story building with flat roof and relatively tall walls with
    parapet

-   Roof coverings are typically BUR with gravel or single-ply membrane

-   Roof structure is light steel framing or open web steel joists and
    metal roof deck

-   Exterior walls are concrete masonry or precast tilt-up panels

-   Numerous large metal overhead doors

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **63**    **46**    **79**

  2      **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**              **78**    **65**    **99**

  3      **Failure of large overhead doors**            **91**    **77**    **110**

  4      **Uplift of some roof decking; significant     **98**    **80**    **119**
         loss of roofing material (\>20%); loss of                          
         rooftop HVAC**                                                     

  5      **Collapse of non-bearing masonry or tilt-up   **114**   **94**    **134**
         walls**                                                            

  6      **Uplift or collapse of roof structure**       **121**   **102**   **143**

  7      **Collapse of load-bearing walls**             **128**   **106**   **149**

  8      **Complete destruction of all or a large       **157**   **138**   **181**
         section of the building**                                          
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

#  15. Elementary School (ES)

![](media/image67.jpeg){width="6.495833333333334in"
height="3.4229166666666666in"}

-   These buildings are typically single story with flat roofs

-   Building may contain a small gym or cafeteria with moderately long
    spans between supports

-   Buildings have long interior hallways with bearing or non-bearing
    walls

-   BUR, single-ply membrane or metal standing seam roof panels

-   Metal or plywood roof decking supporting rigid insulation boards or
    a lightweight poured gypsum deck

-   Roof structure consists of open web steel joists bearing on exterior
    walls and steel interior girders

-   Exterior non-bearing walls constructed with CMUs, glass curtain
    walls or metal studs with brick veneer, stucco or EIFS cladding

-   CMU bearing walls with brick veneer, stucco or EIFS cladding

-   Walls can have a large percentage of window glass

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **65**    **47**    **80**

  2      **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**              **79**    **66**    **99**

  3      **Broken windows**                             **87**    **71**    **106**

  4      **Exterior door failures**                     **99**    **85**    **118**

  5      **Uplift of some roof decking; significant     **101**   **82**    **121**
         loss of roofing material (\>20%); loss of                          
         rooftop HVAC**                                                     

  6      **Damage to or loss of wall cladding**         **108**   **92**    **127**

  7      **Uplift or collapse of roof structure**       **125**   **108**   **148**

  8      **Collapse of non-bearing walls**              **139**   **117**   **162**

  9      **Collapse of load-bearing walls**             **153**   **130**   **180**

  10     **Total destruction of a large section of      **176**   **152**   **203**
         building or entire building**                                      
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

ES DOD 5

*MPH: 82 (EF0) - 101 (EF1) - 121 (EF2)*

![](media/image68.jpeg){width="6.503472222222222in"
height="4.2756944444444445in"}

Uplift of some roof decking; significant loss of roofing material
(\>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC

ES DOD 5

*MPH: 82 (EF0) - 101 (EF1) - 121 (EF2)*

![](media/image69.jpeg){width="6.486111111111111in"
height="3.8270833333333334in"}

Uplift of some roof decking; significant loss of roofing material
(\>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC

ES DOD 8

*MPH: 117 (EF2) - 139 (EF3) - 162 (EF3)*

![](media/image70.jpeg){width="6.492361111111111in"
height="4.410416666666666in"}

Collapse of non-bearing walls

ES DOD 8

*MPH: 117 (EF2) - 139 (EF3) - 162 (EF3)*

![](media/image71.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.125in"}

Collapse of non-bearing walls

ES DOD 9

*MPH: 130 (EF2) - 153 (EF3) - 180 (EF4)*

![](media/image72.jpeg){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="4.386805555555555in"}

Collapse of load-bearing walls

# 16. Junior or Senior High School (JHSH)

![](media/image73.jpeg){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="3.466666666666667in"}

-   Generally large one or two-story buildings with flat roofs

-   May contain gymnasiums, cafeteria and auditorium with large
    structural spans; may have a basement

-   Classroom wings have interior hallways with bearing or non-bearing
    interior walls

-   BUR or single-ply membrane roof covering with or without gravel

-   Structural system may consist of an all steel structure or an all
    reinforced concrete structure or a combination of both

-   Roof structure may be light steel construction with open web joists
    supported on steel beams; corrugated metal roof deck with rigid
    insulation or poured gypsum deck

-   Exterior walls constructed of concrete or clay blocks with brick
    veneer, stucco or EIFS; metal and glass curtain walls; walls may
    have more than 30% windows

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **68**    **55**    **83**

  2      **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**              **79**    **66**    **99**

  3      **Broken windows**                             **87**    **71**    **106**

  4      **Exterior door failures**                     **101**   **83**    **121**

  5      **Uplift of some roof decking; significant     **101**   **85**    **119**
         loss of roofing material (\>20%); loss of                          
         rooftop HVAC**                                                     

  6      **Damage to or loss of wall cladding**         **108**   **92**    **127**

  7      **Collapse of tall masonry walls at gym,       **114**   **94**    **136**
         cafeteria or auditorium**                                          

  8      **Uplift or collapse of light steel roof       **125**   **108**   **148**
         structure**                                                        

  9      **Collapse of exterior walls in top floor**    **139**   **121**   **153**

  10     **Most interior walls of top floor collapsed** **158**   **133**   **186**

  11     **Complete destruction of all or a large       **192**   **163**   **224**
         section of building**                                              
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

#  17. Low-Rise Building: 1 - 4 Stories (LSB)

![](media/image74.jpeg){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="4.844444444444444in"}

-   Generally consist of rectangular modules but can be \"odd shaped\"
    in plan

-   Most will have flat roofs but can have gable, hip or mansard shapes

-   Roofing materials include BUR, single-ply membrane, metal panels or
    standing seam

-   Roof deck is wood or metal deck, poured gypsum deck or concrete slab

-   Steel or reinforced concrete structural frame

-   Glass and metal curtain walls, metal studs with EIFS, non-bearing
    masonry walls with stucco or brick veneer

-   Examples are office buildings, medical facilities, and bank
    buildings.

+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| DOD | Damage description                           | EXP | LB  | UB  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 1   | **Threshold of visible damage**              | **6 | **5 | **8 |
|     |                                              | 8** | 5** | 3** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 2   | **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**            | **8 | **6 | *   |
|     |                                              | 0** | 7** | *10 |
|     |                                              |     |     | 3** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 3   | **Uplift of metal roof decking at eaves and  | *   | **8 | *   |
|     | roof corners;**                              | *10 | 3** | *12 |
|     |                                              | 1** |     | 0** |
|     | **significant loss of roofing material       |     |     |     |
|     | (\>20%)**                                    |     |     |     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 4   | **Broken glass in windows, entryways or      | *   | **8 | *   |
|     | atriums**                                    | *10 | 3** | *12 |
|     |                                              | 1** |     | 2** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 5   | **Uplift of lightweight roof structure**     | *   | *   | *   |
|     |                                              | *13 | *11 | *15 |
|     |                                              | 3** | 4** | 7** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 6   | **Significant damage to exterior walls and   | *   | *   | *   |
|     | some interior walls**                        | *14 | *12 | *16 |
|     |                                              | 3** | 2** | 7** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 7   | **Complete destruction of all or a large     | *   | *   | *   |
|     | section of building**                        | *18 | *16 | *22 |
|     |                                              | 8** | 1** | 1** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+

#  18. Mid-Rise Building: 5 - 20 Stories (MRB)

![](media/image75.jpeg){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="3.8722222222222222in"}

-   Generally consist of rectangular shapes but can have curved or
    triangular footprints

-   Roofs are generally flat; may have an elevator/mechanical penthouse;
    parapet walls

-   Structural frame is steel or reinforced concrete

-   Roofing materials are BUR or single-ply membrane with or without
    gravel

-   Penthouse is steel framing with metal panels, or metal studs with
    stucco or EIFS

-   Exterior cladding is glass or metal curtain walls; pre-cast concrete
    window wall panels or a combination of the two

-   Roof structure consists of metal deck, poured gypsum deck or
    concrete slab

-   Examples are office buildings, medical facilities, and residential
    buildings

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **70**    **58**    **86**

  2      **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**              **83**    **68**    **103**

  3      **Damage to penthouse roof and walls; loss of  **92**    **75**    **113**
         rooftop HVAC equipment**                                           

  4      **Damage to parapet walls or coping**          **99**    **83**    **118**

  5      **Broken glass in curtain walls; glass in      **101**   **83**    **120**
         entryways; significant damage to building                          
         interior**                                                         

  6      **Uplift of lightweight roof decking;          **119**   **98**    **140**
         significant loss of roofing material (\>20%)**                     

  7      **Broken curtain wall panel anchors**          **129**   **110**   **150**

  8      **Uplift or collapse of roof structure**       **136**   **118**   **158**

  9      **Significant damage to curtain walls and some **145**   **120**   **167**
         interior walls**                                                   

  10     **Permanent structural deformation**           **210**   **181**   **268**
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

MRB DOD 5

*MPH: 83 (EF0) - 101 (EF1) - 120 (EF2)*

![](media/image76.jpeg){width="6.492361111111111in"
height="4.555555555555555in"}

Broken glass in curtain walls; glass in entryways; significant damage to
building interior

MRB DOD 5

*MPH: 83 (EF0) - 101 (EF1) - 120 (EF2)*

![](media/image77.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.183333333333333in"}

Broken glass in curtain walls; glass in entryways; significant damage to
building interior

MRB DOD 5

*MPH: 83 (EF0) - 101 (EF1) - 120 (EF2)*

![](media/image78.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.3333333333333335in"}

Broken glass in curtain walls; glass in entryways; significant damage to
building interior

MRB DOD 5

*MPH: 83 (EF0) - 101 (EF1) - 120 (EF2)*

![](media/image79.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.388888888888889in"}\\

Broken glass in curtain walls; glass in entryways; significant damage to
building interior

MRB DOD 9

*MPH: 120 (EF2) - 145 (EF3) - 167 (EF4)*

![](media/image80.jpeg){width="6.495833333333334in"
height="4.527083333333334in"}

Significant damage to curtain walls and some interior walls

MRB DOD 9

*MPH: 120 (EF2) - 145 (EF3) - 167 (EF4)*

![](media/image81.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.3333333333333335in"}

Significant damage to curtain walls and some interior walls

# 19. High-Rise Building: Greater Than 20 Stories (HRB)

![](media/image82.jpeg){width="6.499305555555556in" height="4.075in"}

-   Generally consist of rectangular shapes but can have curved or
    triangle footprints

-   Roofs are generally flat but may have a more complex roof shape as
    part of esthetic statement

-   Roofing material single-ply membrane fully adhered, polyurethane
    foam roof, metal or copper clad roof covering

-   Penthouse is steel framing with metal panels

-   Structural frame is steel or reinforced concrete

-   Exterior cladding is glass or metal curtain walls or pre-cast
    concrete window panels

-   First floor often has very large glass areas that are susceptible to
    debris impact

-   Atriums with overhead glazing or tall window walls

-   Examples are hotels, office buildings, and condominiums

+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| DOD | Damage description                           | EXP | LB  | UB  |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 1   | **Threshold of visible damage**              | **7 | **5 | **8 |
|     |                                              | 0** | 8** | 6** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 2   | **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**            | **8 | **6 | *   |
|     |                                              | 6** | 9** | *10 |
|     |                                              |     |     | 7** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 3   | **Damage to penthouse roof and walls; loss   | **9 | **7 | *   |
|     | of rooftop HVAC**                            | 3** | 5** | *11 |
|     |                                              |     |     | 1** |
|     | **equipment**                                |     |     |     |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 4   | **Broken glass in exterior walls at 1st and  | *   | **8 | *   |
|     | 2nd floors; broken glass in entryways**      | *10 | 3** | *12 |
|     |                                              | 1** |     | 0** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 5   | **Damage to parapet walls or coping**        | *   | **8 | *   |
|     |                                              | *10 | 7** | *12 |
|     |                                              | 4** |     | 2** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 6   | **Broken curtain wall panel anchors**        | *   | *   | *   |
|     |                                              | *12 | *11 | *15 |
|     |                                              | 9** | 0** | 7** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 7   | **Significant loss of roofing material       | *   | *   | *   |
|     | (\>20%)**                                    | *14 | *11 | *16 |
|     |                                              | 3** | 5** | 5** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 8   | **Significant damage to curtain walls and    | *   | *   | *   |
|     | interior walls**                             | *14 | *12 | *17 |
|     |                                              | 5** | 3** | 2** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 9   | **Uplift or collapse of roof structure**     | *   | *   | *   |
|     |                                              | *15 | *12 | *18 |
|     |                                              | 9** | 3** | 3** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+
| 10  | **Permanent structural deformation**         | *   | *   | *   |
|     |                                              | *22 | *19 | *29 |
|     |                                              | 8** | 0** | 0** |
+-----+----------------------------------------------+-----+-----+-----+

HRB DOD 8

*MPH: 123 (EF2) - 145 (EF3) - 172 (EF4)*

![](media/image83.jpeg){width="6.490277777777778in"
height="4.666666666666667in"}

Significant damage to curtain walls and interior walls

HRB DOD 8

*MPH: 120 (EF2) - 145 (EF3) - 167 (EF4)*

![](media/image84.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.3333333333333335in"}

Significant damage to curtain walls and interior walls

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc165263481 .anchor}**20. Institutional Building
(IB)**

![](media/image85.jpeg){width="6.486805555555556in"
height="3.902083333333333in"}

-   Examples are hospitals, courthouses, university buildings, state and
    federal buildings, jails

-   Range in height from 1 - 10 stories

-   Roofing materials include fully adhered and mechanically fastened
    singleply membranes, polyurethane foam, copper clad domes

-   Structure is normally reinforced concrete

-   Walls are masonry with cut stone or precast panels - very ornate

-   Balcones, porches and porticos with heavy façade

-   Relatively small windows

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **72**    **59**    **88**

  2      **Loss of roof covering (\<20%)**              **86**    **72**    **109**

  3      **Damage to penthouse roof and walls; loss of  **92**    **75**    **111**
         rooftop HVAC equipment**                                           

  4      **Broken glass in windows or doors**           **95**    **78**    **115**

  5      **Uplift of lightweight roof deck and          **114**   **95**    **136**
         insulation; significant loss of roofing                            
         material (\>20%)**                                                 

  6      **Façade components torn from structure**      **118**   **97**    **140**

  7      **Damage curtain walls or other wall           **131**   **110**   **152**
         cladding**                                                         

  8      **Uplift of pre-cast concrete roof slabs**     **142**   **119**   **163**

  9      **Uplift of metal deck with concrete fill      **146**   **118**   **170**
         slab**                                                             

  10     **Collapse of some top story exterior walls**  **148**   **127**   **172**

  11     **Complete destruction of all or a large       **210**   **178**   **268**
         portion of building**                                              
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

IB DOD 5

*MPH: 95 (EF1) - 114 (EF2) - 136 (EF3)*

![](media/image86.jpeg){width="6.495833333333334in"
height="4.536111111111111in"}

Uplift of lightweight roof deck and insulation; significant loss of
roofing material (\>20%)

# 21. Metal Building Systems (MBS)

![](media/image87.jpeg){width="6.495833333333334in"
height="4.879166666666666in"}

-   Examples are warehouses, industrial facilities, small arenas

-   Metal panel walls and standing seam roof

-   Nearly always have a gable roof and relatively tall walls

-   Large overhead doors

-   Large-span single bay rigid frames

-   Z or C-shaped purlins and girts span between rigid frames

-   Lateral loads resisted by x-bracing in direction parallel to ridge

-   Relatively weak end-wall frames

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **67**    **54**    **83**

  2      **Inward or outward collapsed of overhead      **89**    **75**    **108**
         doors**                                                            

  3      **Metal roof or wall panels pulled from the    **95**    **78**    **120**
         building**                                                         

  4      **Column anchorage failed**                    **117**   **96**    **135**

  5      **Buckling of roof purlins**                   **118**   **95**    **138**

  6      **Failure of X-braces in the lateral load      **138**   **118**   **158**
         resisting system**                                                 

  7      **Progressive collapse of rigid frames**       **143**   **120**   **168**

  8      **Total destruction of building**              **155**   **132**   **178**
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

MBS DOD 3

*MPH: 78 (EF0) - 95 (EF1) - 120 (EF2)*

![](media/image88.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.375in"}

Metal roof or wall panels pulled from the building

MBS DOD 5

*MPH: 95 (EF1) - 118 (EF2) - 138 (EF3)*

![](media/image89.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.3541666666666665in"}

Buckling of roof purlins

MBS DOD 7

*MPH: 120 (EF2) - 143 (EF3) -168 (EF4)*

![](media/image90.jpeg){width="6.491666666666666in"
height="4.065277777777778in"}

Progressive collapse of rigid frames

MBS DOD 8

*MPH: 132 (EF2) - 155 (EF3) -178 (EF4)*

![](media/image91.jpeg){width="6.497222222222222in"
height="4.022222222222222in"}

Total destruction of building

# 22. Service Station Canopy (SSC)

![](media/image92.jpeg){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="4.559722222222222in"}

-   Modern service stations consist of a very large canopy covering the
    entire pump area and small building that houses cashier and retail
    space

-   Canopy structure constructed of steel beam framework supported on 4
    or more tall columns

-   Metal panels cover bottom side of the canopy

-   Light weight fascia materials, either metal or plastic, cover the
    perimeter of canopy

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **63**    **45**    **79**

  2      **Fascia material blown from canopy**          **78**    **64**    **96**

  3      **Metal roof panels stripped from canopy**     **92**    **74**    **113**

  4      **Columns bend or buckle under wind load**     **109**   **88**    **135**

  5      **Canopy collapsed due to column foundation    **114**   **90**    **144**
         failure**                                                          

  6      **Complete destruction of canopy**             **133**   **110**   **163**
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

# 23. Warehouse Building (WHB)

![](media/image93.jpeg){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="4.541666666666667in"}

-   This category includes all building systems except Metal Building
    Systems

-   Examples include warehouse, storage and industrial buildings

-   Buildings are generally rectangular in plan with flat, gable or hip
    roofs

-   Built-up roofs with gravel, single-ply membrane ballasted,
    mechanically attached or fully adhered

-   Light-frame steel construction with masonry bearing walls

-   Large overhead doors

-   Pre-cast concrete columns, beams and double tees with tilt-up wall
    panels

-   Heavy timber construction with stud walls and wood panels

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **68**    **55**    **83**

  2      **Loss of roofing material (\<20%)**           **83**    **69**    **105**

  3      **Inward or outward collapse of overhead       **88**    **75**    **107**
         doors**                                                            

  4      **Uplift of roof deck; significant loss of     **103**   **88**    **122**
         roofing material (\>20%); loss of rooftop HVAC                     
         equipment**                                                        

  5      **Collapse of other non-bearing exterior       **114**   **93**    **126**
         walls**                                                            

  6      **Collapse of pre-cast concrete tilt-up        **124**   **102**   **144**
         panels**                                                           

  7      **Total destruction of a large section of      **158**   **131**   **186**
         building or entire building**                                      
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

WHB DOD 5

*MPH: 93 (EF1) - 114 (EF2) - 126 (EF2)*

![](media/image94.jpeg){width="6.502083333333333in"
height="4.121527777777778in"}

Collapse of other non-bearing exterior walls

WHB DOD 7

*MPH: 131 (EF2) - 158 (EF3) - 186 (EF4)*

![](media/image95.jpeg){width="6.498611111111111in" height="4.0125in"}

Total destruction of a large section of building or entire building

# 24. Electrical Transmission Line (ELT)

![](media/image96.jpeg){width="6.489583333333333in"
height="4.186805555555556in"}

-   Single wood poles with wood cross arms

-   Single steel or concrete poles with metal cross arms

-   Metal trussed towers

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **83**    **70**    **98**

  2      **Broken wood cross member**                   **99**    **80**    **114**

  3      **Wood poles leaning**                         **108**   **85**    **130**

  4      **Broken wood poles**                          **118**   **98**    **142**

  5      **Broken or bent steel or concrete poles**     **138**   **115**   **149**

  6      **Collapsed metal truss towers**               **141**   **116**   **165**
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

#  25. Free-Standing Towers (FST)

![](media/image97.jpeg){width="6.497916666666667in"
height="4.8277777777777775in"}

-   Cell phone pole or tower

-   Microwave tower

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **92**    **76**    **113**

  2      **Collapsed cell-phone pole or tower**         **133**   **113**   **157**

  3      **Collapsed micro-wave tower**                 **136**   **116**   **160**
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

#  26. Free-Standing Light, Luminary, Flag Poles (FSP)

![](media/image98.jpeg){width="6.490277777777778in"
height="4.021527777777778in"}

-   Cantilevered metal pole

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- -------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB       UB

  1      **Threshold of visible damage**                **81**    **67**   **100**

  2      **Bent pole**                                  **102**   **85**   **120**

  3      **Collapsed pole**                             **118**   **99**   **138**
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- -------- ---------

FSP DOD 3

*MPH: 99 (EF1) - 118 (EF2) - 138 (EF3)*

![](media/image99.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.3333333333333335in"}

Collapsed pole

FSP DOD 3

*MPH: 99 (EF1) - 118 (EF2) - 138 (EF3)*

![](media/image100.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.3333333333333335in"}

Collapsed pole

# 27. Trees: Hardwood (TH)

![](media/image101.jpeg){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="4.531944444444444in"}

-   Hardwood: Oak, Maple, Birch, Ash

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Small limbs broken (up to 1" diameter)**     **60**    **48**    **72**

  2      **Large branches broken (1"-3" diameter)**     **74**    **61**    **88**

  3      **Trees uprooted**                             **94**    **76**    **118**

  4      **Trunks snapped**                             **107**   **93**    **134**

  5      **Trees debarked with only stubs of largest    **143**   **123**   **167**
         branches remaining**                                               
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

TH DOD 3

*MPH: 76 (EF0) - 94 (EF1) - 118 (EF2)*

![](media/image102.jpeg){width="6.498611111111111in"
height="4.565972222222222in"}

Trees uprooted

TH DOD 4

*MPH: 93 (EF1) - 107 (EF1) - 134 (EF2)*

![](media/image103.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.3333333333333335in"}

Trunks snapped

TH DOD 5

*MPH: 123 (EF2) - 143 (EF3) - 167 (EF4)*

![](media/image104.jpeg){width="6.493055555555555in"
height="4.580555555555556in"}

Trees debarked with only stubs of largest branches remaining

# 28. Trees: Softwood (TS)

![](media/image105.jpeg){width="6.5in" height="4.875in"}

-   Softwood: Pine, Spruce, Fir, Hemlock, Cedar, Redwood, Cypress

  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------
  DOD    Damage description                             EXP       LB        UB

  1      **Small limbs broken (up to 1" diameter)**     **60**    **48**    **72**

  2      **Large branches broken (1"-3" diameter)**     **75**    **62**    **88**

  3      **Trees uprooted**                             **87**    **73**    **113**

  4      **Trunks snapped**                             **104**   **88**    **128**

  5      **Trees debarked with only stubs of largest    **131**   **112**   **153**
         branches remaining**                                               
  ------ ---------------------------------------------- --------- --------- ---------

TS DOD 4

*MPH: 88 (EF1) - 104 (EF1) - 128 (EF2)*

![](media/image106.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.298611111111111in"}

Trunks snapped