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| ## western dogwood {#western-dogwood .Title-Header}                   |
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| *Cornus sericia* L. ssp. *occidentalis* (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg        |
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| Plant Symbol = COSEO                                                  |
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## *Contributed By: USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center & Carlinville (IL) Field Office*

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="2.9881944444444444in"
height="1.9368055555555554in"}

Robert H. Mohlenbrook

USDA, NRCS, Wetland Science Institute

@ PLANTS

## Alternative Names

Red willow, redstem dogwood, redosier dogwood

## Uses

*Ethnobotanic*: Native Americans smoke the inner bark of redosier
dogwood in tobacco mixtures used in the sacred pipe ceremony. Dream
catchers, originating with the Potawotami, are made with the stems of
the sacred redosier dogwood. Some tribes ate the white, sour berries,
while others used the branches for arrow-making, stakes, or other tools.
In California, peeled twigs were used as toothbrushes for their
whitening effect on teeth (Strike 1994). Bows and arrows were made from
*Cornus* shoots. The inner bark is used for tanning or drying animal
hides.

The Apache, Cheyenne, Dakota, Montana Indians, Ojibwa, Potawatomi,
Omaha, Ponca, and Thompson Indians all use the inner bark in a tobacco
mixture for smoking the sacred pipe (Moerman 1986). The leaves and/or
inner bark of redosier dogwood are also used as a smoking mixture by the
Okanagan-Colville, the Flathead, the Kootenay, and the Blackfeet peoples
in the western United States and Canada

(Hellson 1974, Hart 1976, Turner 1978, Turner et al. 1980, Johnston
1987). The Navaho-Kayentaf and Navaho-Ramah used the plant ceremonially
as a Mountain-top-way emetic (Moerman 1986). An infusion of redosier
dogwood bark was used as an anti-diarrheal by the Chippewa and the
Potawatomi, an antidote for weak kidneys by the Shuswap, and a pediatric
aid for children who wet the bed by the Shuswap. The Chippewa used an
infusion of the bark for eruptions caused by poison ivy. The Chippewa
and the Micmac used a decoction of redosier dogwood root for sore eyes
and catarrh. The Okanagan and the Thompson Indians took a decoction of
the leaves. Other remedies treated by redosier dogwood included
headaches, sore throats, a wash for ulcers, a substitute for "larb", and
a decoction of bark was taken as an antidote for weakness.

The Maidu of Northern California used redosier dogwood as a tonic, a
laxative, emetic, and cathartic (Strike 1994). Maidu women took a
dogwood decoction after childbirth.

The fruits were eaten by the Indians of the Missouri region (Densmore
1974). The berries are known to be tart and bitter, but were nonetheless
eaten by all of the southern Interior peoples of British Columbia,
including the Nlaka'pamux, Lillooet, Okanagan-Colville, Shuswap,
Kootenay, Blackfeet, and the Flathead of Alberta and Montana (Kuhnlein
and Turner 1991). The fruits were gathered from August to October and
eaten fresh, a few at a time, or, more commonly, were pounded and mixed
with other fruits, such as chokecherries (*Prunus virginiana*) or
Saskatoons (*Amelanchier almifolia*). Some people mashed the berries and
dried them in cakes; others dried and stored them. Eating a few raw
fruits was considered to be a good tonic among the Nlaka'pamux and the
Okanagan-Colville, who ate them raw as a kind of "relish" (Turner 1978;
Turner et al. 1990).

Redosier dogwood is used for basket weaving. Sometimes called red
willow, both *Salix* species and *Cornus sericea* are used
interchangeably. Differences in stem color create a multi-hued design
element. Indian people from the mid-Columbia River used redosier dogwood
to make "ribbons" for basket decorations (Schlick 1994). If gathered in
the early spring, the bark will retain its deep red color when dried and
could be mistaken for cherry. The Hidatsa, Arikara, and Mandan made
twill plaited burden baskets with two-toned dark and light designs;
these baskets were made of willow (*Salix nigra*), redosier dogwood, and
boxelder (*Acer negundo*) splints (Turnbaugh et al. 1986, Hart 1976).
Willow and redosier dogwood were used by the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa,
Pawnee, and Teton Sioux to make a coarsely coiled gambling basket for
dice.

The Ojibwa and the Chippewa used redosier dogwood bark as a dye. The
inner bark was mixed with other plants or minerals and used to make a
red dye, a light red dye, a black dye, and an ecru or "khaki" colored
dye (Densmore 1974).

*Wildlife*: The fleshy fruits of dogwoods are very valuable to wildlife,
particularly in the Northeast (Martin et al. 1951). The fruit ripens in
late summer, and besides being available through the fall, some of the
berries may persist on the plants into the winter months. Wildlife
browse the twigs, foliage, and fruits. Birds known to eat the fruit
include: wood ducks, eastern bluebirds, cardinals, catbirds, long-tailed
chats, crows, purple finches, yellow-shafted flickers, crested
flycatchers, grosbeaks, kingbirds, American magpies, mockingbirds,
crested mynah birds, orioles, robins, yellow-bellied sapsuckers,
European starlings, tree swallows, scarlet tanagers, brown thrashers,
thrushes, vireos, pine warblers, cedar waxwings, and woodpeckers.
Gamebirds who eat both the fruits and buds include grouse, ring-necked
pheasants, band-tailed pigeons, greater prairie chickens, bobwhite
quail, and wild turkeys. The shrubs provide excellent nesting habitat
for songbirds. Mammals that eat the fruit and foliage include black
bear, beaver, mountain beaver, cottontail rabbits, raccoons, eastern
skunks, squirrels, chipmunks, mice, and rats. Deer, elk, Mountain goat,
and moose browse the twigs and foliage.

*Landscaping & ornamental*: Redosier dogwood is often planted as an
ornamental, both to beautify the landscape and to attract birds. Dogwood
is often used for landscaping and as a secondary plant in windbreaks.

## Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural
Resources for this plant's current status, such as, state noxious status
and wetland indicator values.

## Description

*General*: Dogwood Family (Cornaceae). Redosier dogwood is a woody
deciduous shrub generally 1.4-6 m (4.6-20 ft) tall. The bark and twigs
are reddish to purple and fairly smooth from autumn to late spring;
after the leaves have fallen, the deep burgundy branches add color to
the winter landscape. The bark, twigs, and leaves are bright green in
spring through summer. The simple, opposite leaves are 5-10 cm (2-4 in)
long, dark green above and hairy and lighter-colored below, with smooth
margins, rounded bases, pointed tips, and falsely parallel veins.
Flowering occurs from June to August. The inflorescence is a cyme, with
2-3 mm (0.08-0.12 in) white to cream-colored flowers. The white berries
are smooth on the faces, furrowed on the sides.

## Distribution

For current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this
species on the PLANTS Web site. Redosier dogwood has a wide distribution
from California north to Alaska and throughout the country to the
eastern United States south to Mexico. It generally grows at elevations
below 2500 m.

## Establishment

## *Adaptation:* Redosier dogwood grows in soils that are saturated for at least a portion of the growing season. Redosier dogwood is common on the edges of lakes, ponds, within wetlands, and along streams. Not as tolerant of long-term root saturation as are some other shrubs, dogwood seems to prefer wetland margins where soils are nitrogen-rich, saturated, and shallowly inundated in the spring, and may be completely dry by late summer. It is tolerant of fluctuating water tables. The "osier" in redosier dogwood is derived from French, meaning "willow-like"; it is often called red willow because of its red stems.

# *Propagation from cuttings:* Redosier dogwood can be started easily by division, French layering, and hardwood cuttings. To propagate suckers by division:

-   Lift a root with suckers on it without disturbing the parent plant.
    Check that there are fibrous roots at the base of the suckers.

-   Remove the suckering roots by cutting it off close to the parent
    plant. Firm the soil around the parent plant.

-   Cut the main root back to the fibrous roots, then divide the suckers
    so that each has its own roots. Cut back the top-growth by about
    half.

-   Treat each sucker or hardwood cutting at the base with IBA at 20,000
    ppm liquid formulation to promote rooting. Alternatively, treatment
    with 2 percent IBA talc; this will promote rooting on both suckers
    and stem cuttings.

-   Replant the suckers in open ground in prepared holes with good
    potting soil. Firm the soil around the suckers and water.

-   Before growth starts in the spring, lift the plant. Break the clump
    into sections, retaining those with vigorous shoots and
    well-developed roots.

-   Prune any damaged roots, and cut back the top-growth by one-third to
    a half to reduce water loss. Replant the divisions in the open and
    water in dry weather.

-   Ultimately, simply lift a suckering root, sever it from the parent
    plant, and then replant it in the open.

To ensure survival of cuttings or suckers through the following winter
in cold climates, the potted cuttings should be kept in heated cold
frames or poly-houses to hold the temperature between 0-7°C (32-45°F).
Rooted cuttings that had shoot growth in the fall, but were not given
nitrogen, had the best over-winter survival in a cold frame with
microfoam.

*French layering*: Layering is a method where a stem is encouraged to
develop roots before being removed from the parent plant.

-   In spring, plant a rooted layer or young plant, label it, and grow
    it for a season. Then, in the dormant season, cut back the stem to
    within 3 inches (8 cm) of the ground.

-   In the following spring, apply a balanced fertilizer at the rate of
    2-4-oz/sq yd (60-110 g/sq m). Space the stems evenly again; dropping
    each into a 2-inch (5-cm) deep trench. Peg down each stem and cover
    with soil, leaving the shoot tips exposed. Hill up all but 2-3
    inches (5-8 cm) of the new shoots as they develop, until the mound
    is 6 inches (15 cm) high. Water as needed.

-   After leaf fall, carefully fork away the soil from around the new
    shoots until the stems that were laid horizontally are exposed. Cut
    these flush with the basal area of the stems. Then cut the stems to
    separate the rooted sections. Pot these or plant them out in the
    open garden, and label them. The same redosier dogwood basal area
    may be used to propagate further layers.

*Propagation by seed*: Redosier dogwood is established easily from seed.
The best germination is obtained if the seeds are gathered as soon as
the fruit starts to color or ripen, from August to October. If the seeds
are allowed to dry out, it is best to remove seeds from the fruit and
soak in water.

The best results are obtained from fall sowing of freshly harvested
seeds. Fruits collected too late to sow in the fall should be stored,
pre-chilled until the next season, and sown outdoors the following fall.
To effectively condition the seed for germination, store for two months
in moist sand at 5ºC for 90 days. After pre-chilling, expose the seeds
to fluctuating temperatures from 12/72ºC for 10 days (Young and Young
1992). With some species, the warm stratification period may be replaced
by mechanical scarification or soaking in sulfuric acid. Seeds sown in
nursery beds should be covered with 0.25-0.5 in (0.6-1.25 cm) of soil.
Fall-sown beds should be mulched during the winter.

## Management

Redosier dogwood is often coppiced in late fall after the leaves turn
brown and fall off the stem. Cut all stems to approximately 2-3 in (5-8
cm) from the base before growth begins in spring. Apply fertilizer
around the shrub to promote new growth, then apply mulch around the
base. Coppicing stimulates the growth of new, vigorous stems whose deep
burgundy color is especially vivid.

*Traditional resource management*: Redosier dogwood was traditionally
tended by pruning or burning to produce long straight stems.

-   Often basket weavers will prune many redosier dogwood stems,
    sometimes replanting the stems, so there will be nice straight
    basketry material the following year.

-   Before gathering, offerings of thanks and prayers for permission to
    gather are given. Often tobacco or sage or other offerings are given
    before beginning to gather.

-   Basket weavers process materials with their hands and mouths.
    Herbicides sprayed along streams have a much higher health risk for
    humans when they are processed and used for traditional materials.

Overgrazing, especially by livestock and big game, frequently changes
plant species composition and growth form, density of stands, vigor,
seed production of plants, and insect production. Livestock grazing can
cause the replacement of bird and mammal species requiring the vertical
vegetation structure of riparian habitat to species, which are
ubiquitous in their habitat preferences. Previous heavy cattle grazing
changed the bird and small mammal community composition in riparian
areas through reduction of shrub and herbaceous cover.

## Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

*Cultivars*: 'Alman's Compacta', 'Allamans', 'Bailey', 'Cardinal',
'Coloradensis', 'Flaviromea', 'Isanti', 'Kelseyi', 'Lutea', 'Ruby',
'Silver' and 'Gold', and 'White Gold' have been planted in the growing
range of redosier dogwood.

## Consult your local nurseries to choose the right cultivar for your specific landscape. 

## References

Beichel, C., E. McDonald, & T. Cole (eds.) 1993. *Encyclopedia of
gardening*. Dorling Kindersley. London, New York, Stuttgart. 648 pp.

Densmore, F. 1974. *How Indians use wild plants for food, medicine, and
crafts*. Dover Publications, Inc. New York, New York. 397 pp.

Farley, G.H., L.M. Ellis, J.N. Stuart, & N.J. Scott, Jr. 1994. *Avian
species richness in different-aged stands of riparian forest along the
middle Rio Grande, New Mexico*. Conservation Biology 8: 1098-1108.

Fleishner, T.L. 1994. *Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western
North America*. Conservation Biology 8: 629-644.

Gilmore, M. 1977. *Uses of the plants by the Indians of the Missouri
River Region*. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Grinnel, G.B. 1962. *The Cheyenne Indians*. 2 vols. Cooper Square
Publishers. New York, New York.

Hart, J.A. 1976. *Montana: native plants and early peoples*. Montana
Historical Society, Helena, Montana.

Hartmann, H. T., D. E. Kester, & F. T. Davies, Jr. 1990*.* *Plant
propagation principles and practices*. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey. 647 pp.

Hellson, J.C. 1974. *Ethnobotany of the Blackfeet Indians*. National
Museum of Man, Mercury Series, Canadian Ethnology Service Paper No. 19.

Hutchens, A.R. 1991. *Indian herbalogy of North America*. Shambhala,
Boston and London. pp. 113-117.

Isaacson, R. T. 1993. *Anderson horticultural library\'s source list of
plants and seeds*. Anderson Horticultural Library. University of
Minnesota Libraries. Minnesota Landscape Arboretum. 261 pp.

Johnston, A. 1970*.* *Blackfeet Indian utilization of the flora of the
northwestern Great Plains.* Economic Botany 24:301-24.

Kinscher, K. 1992. *Medicinal wild plants of the prairie. An
ethnobotanical guide*. University Press of Kansas. pp. 84-94.

Kunlein, H.V. & N. J. Turner 1991. *Traditional plant foods of Canadian
indigenous peoples.* *Nutrition, botany, and use.* *Food and Nutrition
in History and Anthropology Volume 8*. Gordon and Breach Science
Publishers. 632 pp.

Martin, A.C., H. S. Zim, & A.L. Nelson 1951. *American wildlife and
plants.* *A guide to wildlife food habits*. Dover Publications, Inc. New
York, New York. 500 pp.

M^c^Clintock, W. 1909. *Materia medica of the Blackfeet*. Zeitschrift
fur Ethnologie: 273-279.

M^c^Gregor, R.L. T.M. Barkley, R.E. Brooks, E.K. Schofield (eds.) 1991.
*Flora of the Great Plains*. University Press of Kansas. 1402 pp.

M^c^Gregor, R.L. 1968. *The taxonomy of the genus Echinacea
(Compositae)*. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 48(4): 113-142.

Moerman, D.E. 1986. *Medicinal plants of native America*. *Research
reports in ethnobotany, Contribution 2*. University of Michigan Museum
of Anthropology. Technical Reports, Number 19. Ann Arbor, Michigan. pp.
156-158.

Schlick, M.D. 1994. *Columbia River Basketry*. *Gift of the ancestors,
gift of the earth.* A Samuel and Althea Strowm Book. University of
Washington Press, Seattle and London. 232 pp.

Smith, H.H. 1928. *Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians*. Bulletin of the
Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4(2): 175-326.

Stephens, H.A. 1973. *Woody plants of the North Central Plains*. The
University Press of Kansas. 530 pp.

Stevens, L.E., B.T. Brown, J.M. Simpson, & R.R. Johnson 1977. *The
importance of riparian habitat to migrating birds*. pp. 156-164. In:
Johnson, R.R. & D.A. Jones (tech. coords.). *Importance, preservation
and management of riparian habitat: a symposium*. USDA Forest Service
Gen. Tech. Report RM-43. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. 217 pp.

Strike, S.S. 1994. *Ethnobotany of the California Indians*. Koeltz
Scientific Books. USA/Germany. 210 pp.

Turner, N.J. 1978. *Food plant of British Columbia Indians.* *Part II.
Interior Peoples.* B.C. Provincial Museum Handbook No. 36, Victoria,
B.C., Canada.

Turner, N.J., L.C. Thompson, M.T. Thompson & A.Z. York 1990*.* *Thompson
ethnobotany: Knowledge and usage of plants by the Thompson Indians of
British Columbia*. Royal British Columbia Museum Memoirs No. 3,
Victoria, B.C., Canada.

Turner, N.J., R. Bouchard, & D.I.D. Kennedy 1980. *Ethnobotany of the
Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington.* B.C.
Provincial Museum Occasional Paper No. 21. 179 pp.

Turnbaugh, S.P., & W.A. Turnbaugh 1986. *Indian baskets*. Schiffer
Publishing Ltd., West Chester, Pennsylvania. 260 pp.

Young, A.J. & C.G. Young 1992. *Seeds of woody plants in North America*.
Dioscorides Press, Portland, Oregon.

USDA, NRCS 2000. *The PLANTS database*. Version: 000328.
\<http://plants.usda.gov\>. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana.

## Prepared By

# *Michelle Stevens*

Formerly USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center

*Ivan* *Dozier*

USDA, NRCS, Carlinville, Illinois

## Species coordinator

# *M. Kat Anderson*

USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center

c/o Plant Science Department, University of California, Davis,
California

###### Edited 05dec00 jsp; 01may03 ahv; 24may06jsp

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your
local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS
Web site\<[http://plants.usda.gov](http://plants.usda.gov/)\> or the
Plant Materials Program Web site
\<[http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov](http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov/)\>

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