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| National Park Service          |                |   |                 |
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| U.S. Department of the         |                |   |                 |
| Interior                       |                |   |                 |
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| Haleakalä National Park        |                |   |                 |
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## **Environmental Assessment** 

### *Kïpahulu Recreational Fee Demonstration Projects*

### *Kïpahulu District, Maui, Hawai'i*

Haleakalä National Park

P.O. Box 369

Makawao, HI 96768

January 2003

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# TABLE OF CONTENTS

# 

**1. Introduction** 1

**2. Purpose and Need**

**3. Background** 4

Issues Selected for Detailed Analysis

Issues Dismissed from Detailed Analysis 6

**4. Alternatives**

Description of Alternatives Selected for Analysis

> *Alternative One*

####  *Alternative Two* 8

*Alternative Three* 13

*Alternative Four*

*Alternative Five* 15

Alternatives Dismissed from Analysis 16

####  Environmentally Preferable Alternative 17

**5. Affected Environment**

Natural Resources

*Air Quality*

########  Threatened and Endangered Species 18

*Topography, Soils and Geology*

*Vegetation*

*Water Resources*

*Wetlands and Floodplains* 20

########  Wildlife 

Cultural Resources 21

*Archeological Resources*

*Cultural Landscapes* 22

*Historic Structures* 24 *Museum Objects*

Socioeconomic Resources

*Environmental Justice Issues*

> *Park Operations* 25

*Traffic*

*Visitor Use and Experience*

*Visual/Scenic Resources*

**6. Environmental Impacts**

Methodology

Natural Resources 26

########  Air Quality 27

*Threatened and Endangered Species* 28

*Topography, Soils and Geology* 29

*Vegetation* 30

*Water Resources* 31

*Wetlands and Floodplains* 33

*Wildlife* 35

##### Cultural Resources 

*Archeological Resources* 36

*Cultural Landscapes* 37

*Historic Structures* 38

*Museum Objects* 39

Socioeconomic Resources 40

*Environmental Justice Issues* 41

> *Park Operations*

*Traffic* 43 *Visitor Use and Experience* 44

*Visual/Scenic Resources* 45

Environmentally Preferable Alternative 46

**7. Consultation and Coordination**

Preparers

Contributors

Compliance with Federal and/or State Laws

Regulations 47

**8. References**

**9. Appendix 1:** Vascular Plant Species List for the Kïpahulu

Coastal Area of HALE 50

**10. Appendix 2:** List of Recipients of this EA 55

# FIGURES

**Figure 1.** The Kïpahulu Coastal Area and Project Area within

Haleakalä National Park 2

**Figure 2.** Existing Visitor Facilities within the Kïpahulu Coastal
Area,

Haleakalä National Park 3

**Figure 3.** Proposed Visitor Facilities for the Kïpahulu Coastal Area,

Haleakalä National Park 7

**Figure 4.** Interior of Proposed Restrooms for the Kïpahulu Coastal

Area, Haleakalä National Park 9

**Figure 5.** Proposed Septic Tank/Wetlands Wastewater Treatment and

Soil Absorption Field Disposal System for Alternatives 1 and 3 10

**Figure 6.** Proposed Expanded Day-Use Parking Lot for the Kïpahulu

Coastal Area, Haleakalä National Park 11

**Figure 7.** Proposed Upgrades to Campground and Campground Access

Road for the Kïpahulu Coastal Area, Haleakalä National Park 12

**Figure 8.** Proposed Septic Tank/Re-circulating Sand Filter Wastewater

Treatment and Soil Absorption Field Disposal System for

Alternatives 2 and 4 14

**Figure 9.** Area of Vegetation and Archeological Surveys and Project

Area within the Kïpahulu Coastal Area 19

**Figure 10.** The Kïpahulu Coastal Area, Project Area and the Cultural

Landscape within the Kïpahulu Historic District 23

# TABLES

**Table 1.** Summary of Alternatives for the Proposed Project 15

**Table 2.** Archeological Sites 22

**Table 3.** Historic Structures 24

**Table 4.** Summary of Impacts on Air Quality 27

**Table 5.** Summary of Impacts on TES 28

**Table 6.** Summary of Impacts on Topography, Soils and Geology 29

**Table 7.** Summary of Impacts on Vegetation 31

**Table 8.** Summary of Impacts on Water Resources 33

**Table 9.** Summary of Impacts on Wetlands and Floodplains 34

**Table 10.** Summary of Impacts on Wildlife 35

**Table 11.** Summary of Impacts on Archeological Resources 37

**Table 12.** Summary of Impacts on Cultural Landscapes 38

**Table 13.** Summary of Impacts on Historic Structures 39

**Table 14.** Summary of Impacts on Museum Objects 40

**Table 15.** Summary of Impacts on Environmental Justice Issues 41

**Table 16.** Summary of Impacts on Park Operations 43

**Table 17.** Summary of Impacts on Traffic 44

**Table 18.** Summary of Impacts on Visitor Use and Experience 45

**Table 19.** Summary of Impacts on Visual/Scenic Resources 46

# 

##### **1. [INTRODUCTION]{.underline}**

Located on the eastern portion of the island of Maui, Haleakalä National
Park (HALE) encompasses Haleakalä crater and portions its outer flanks;
an area of approximately 30,000 acres. The Kïpahulu coastal area of the
park is located on Haleakalä's southeast flank, about eight miles south
of Häna Town (Figure 1). The Kïpahulu community is located just west and
east of the park.

# 2. PURPOSE AND NEED FOR PROJECT

The purpose of this project is to fulfill plans to develop "limited,
informal, and necessary facilities" in the Kïpahulu coastal area of the
park as proposed in the 1977 Development Concept Plan (DCP) and 1995
General Management Plan (GMP). The GMP (1995:20) states proposed
facilities to accommodate visitors would provide:

-   expanded restrooms and potable water from well water;

-   limited day-use parking; and

-   informal camping to accommodate about 40 sites, some adjacent to
    parking and some designed as walk-in sites.

Currently visitor facilities in this area of the park include the
Kïpahulu Visitor Center (KVC), restrooms, day-use parking lot and
overflow parking area, campground with a vault toilet and campground
access road, all of which are located below the Hana Highway going
towards the ocean (Figure 2).

Over the past 20 years there have been large increases in visitation to
HALE with no major improvements or additions made to visitor facilities.
According to park records, in the year 2000, the Kïpahulu coastal area
of park received approximately 850,000 visitors. This equates to
approximately 2,300 visitors per day. It is anticipated that future
visitation will equal or exceed this figure. HALE has, therefore,
determined that the proposed improvements and additions to visitor
facilities in this area of the park are a critical need.

Existing visitor facilities do not adequately accommodate current
visitor use. The existing restrooms consist of eight composting toilets.
These toilets are designed to evaporate the majority of the liquid waste
while producing compost for annual disposal. Due to the number of
visitors to this area of the park, these toilets are used beyond the
capacity of the system and are unable to perform as composting toilets.
These units are performing instead as vault toilets, which require
biannual removal of sludge.

The existing gravel parking lot also does not adequately accommodate the
amount of day-use visitation to this area of the park, nor does it meet
the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) accessibility requirements.

Daily rain showers are common in this area of the park. The existing
campground is a large grassy field. Currently there is no defined road
within the campground or defined

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="8.051388888888889in"
height="5.855555555555555in"}

Figure 1. The Kïpahulu Coastal Area (orange-shaded) and Project Area
(red-shaded) within Haleakalä National Park (Source: U.S. Geological
Survey 1983 Kipahulu 7.5 Quad Map)

![](media/image3.jpeg){width="7.232638888888889in"
height="6.097222222222222in"}

######### Figure 2. Existing Visitor Facilities within the Kïpahulu Coastal Area, Haleakalä National Park

parking areas near campsites, thus visitors drive and park anywhere.
This becomes problematic when it rains because these vehicles tear up
the campground to avoid or escape from the mud. The dirt access road to
the campground also becomes muddy when it rains and impassable for
vehicles lacking 4-wheel drive.

There is only one existing plastic vault toilet in the campground. This
vault toilet has not been able to withstand environmental conditions in
this area of the park or accommodate the level of campground visitation.

# 3. BACKGROUND

The park is funding this project under the 80% Recreational Fee
Demonstration (Fee Demo) Program. Congress authorized the Recreational
Fee Demonstration Program to allow the National Park Service (NPS),
Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S.
Forest Service, to implement fees at up to 100 sites (per agency) that
they manage and retain all the revenues. Under the Fee Demo program,
HALE is allowed to retain 80% of the revenues collected at the park. The
remaining 20% of the revenues are transferred to a general NPS funding
source that distributes money to servicewide initiatives and parks that
are not part of the Fee Demo program. All NPS projects funded under the
Fee Demo program must be completed by September 30, 2007.

# a. Issues Selected for Detailed Analysis

During the internal scoping process, park staff identified a number of
potential issues that were kept for analysis under impact topics in this
Environmental Assessment (EA). Other potential issues had to be
considered as directed by various Executive Orders.

####### Air Quality

Air quality could be affected by dust and other particles generated by
the proposed project during construction.

####### Archeological Resources

Archeological sites and features located within this area of the park
could be affected by the proposed project.

######## Cultural Landscapes

A cultural landscape located within this area of the park could be
affected by the proposed project.

*Environmental Justice Issues*

Executive Order 12898, "Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice
in Minority Populations and Low-Income Populations," requires all
federal agencies to identify and address, as appropriate,
disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental
effects of its programs, policies and activities on minority and
low-income populations and Native Americans. Native Hawaiians and area
residents have traditionally used the Kïpahulu coastal area of the park
to access and gather marine resources for subsistence. The patterns of
subsistence consumption of marine resources in this area of the park
could be affected by the proposed project.

*Historic Resources*

Historic resources located within this area of the park could be
affected by the proposed project.

*Museum Objects*

Museum objects exhibited at the KVC could be affected by the proposed
project.

####### Park Operations 

The proposed project could affect the management of facilities and
utilities within this area of the park.

####### Threatened and Endangered Species

Threatened and Endangered (T&E) animals and plant species located within
this area of the park could be affected by the proposed project.

####### Topography, Soils and Geology

The topography, soils and geology within this area of the park could be
affected by the proposed project.

####### Traffic

The communities bordering this area of the park could be affected by the
traffic generated by construction activities.

####### Vegetation

Native and Polynesian-introduced plant species located in this area of
the park could be affected by the proposed project. The movement of
construction equipment and materials could result in the introduction of
additional non-native plant species into this area of the park and
elsewhere in the park.

####### Visitor Use and Experience 

The use of facilities in and the enjoyment of this area of the park by
visitors could be affected by the proposed project. The proposed project
could change the number of people visiting this area of the park.

####### Visual/Scenic Resources

The location and appearance of the proposed project could affect the
scenic viewsheds within this area of the park.

####### Water Resources

A well was drilled in 1980 and a distribution system developed in 1998
to provide a reliable, continuous source of potable water for this area
of the park. Currently there is limited use of this water. The quantity
of water needed to sustain the demands of the proposed project could
affect this water resource. The various onsite wastewater treatment and
disposal systems proposed by the project could affect the quality of
water at the shoreline in this area of the park.

[]{.mark}

####### Wetlands and Floodplains

Executive Order 11990, "Protection of Wetlands," requires all federal
agencies to avoid to the extent possible the long and short-term adverse
impacts associated with the destruction or modification of wetlands, and
to avoid new construction in wetlands wherever there is a practicable
alternative. Executive Order 11988, "Floodplain Management," requires
all federal agencies to avoid to the extent possible the long and
short-term adverse impacts associated with the occupancy and
modification of floodplain development wherever there is a practicable
alternative. Wetlands and floodplains are located within this area of
the park and could be affected by the proposed project.

*Wildlife*

Native and migratory wildlife located in this area of the park could be
affected by the proposed project. The movement of construction equipment
and materials could also result in the introduction of additional
non-native animal species, particularly invertebrates, into this area of
the park and elsewhere in the park.

# b. Issues Dismissed from Detailed Analysis

During the internal scoping process, park staff dismissed a number of
issues from further study in this EA.

####### 

####### Land Use

Since there will be no change to existing uses of park lands associated
with the proposed project, this topic was dismissed from further
consideration.

####### Prime and Unique Agricultural Lands

In 1980, the Council on Environmental Quality directed that federal
agencies must assess the effects of their actions on farmland soils
classified by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources
Conservation Service as prime or unique. There are no "prime or unique
farmlands" within this area of the park.

##### **4.** **[ALTERNATIVES]{.underline}** 

# a. Description of Alternatives Selected for Analysis

The following is a list of reasonable alternatives that were selected
for evaluation in this EA based upon the internal NPS scoping process.

**[Alternative One]{.underline}**: *Replace restrooms at the existing
location; construct a septic tank/wetlands wastewater treatment and soil
absorption disposal system; enlarge and hard-surface the day-use parking
lot and change the park entrance/exit; gravel a separate parking area
for commercial vehicles; and upgrade the visitor facilities at and the
access road into the campground* (Figure 3).

This alternative would involve demolishing the 1,200 square foot (SF)
restrooms and constructing a new building (approximately 1,600 SF) with
flush toilets at the same site.

![](media/image4.jpeg){width="6.963888888888889in"
height="5.940277777777778in"}

> \*WTDS = Wastewater Treatment and Disposal System, KVC = Kipahulu
> Visitor Center

######### Figure 3. Proposed Visitor Facilities for the Kïpahulu Coastal Area, Haleakalä National Park

The new restrooms would consist of---a Women's Room with six toilets,
three sinks and a changing area; and a Men's Room with three toilets,
three urinals, three sinks and a changing area (Figure 4). The new
building would also include a Utility Room with one service sink, and a
Family Room with one toilet and one sink.

Primary wastewater treatment would involve one underground 15,000-gallon
septic tank (about 348 SF in area and 9.5 feet in depth) and one
1,000-gallon septic tank (about 49 SF in area and 6.5 feet in depth)
constructed in a series south of the KVC (Figure 5). Septic tank
effluent would then flow from three dosing tanks (two - about 25 SF in
area and 5 feet in depth, and one -- about 54 SF in area and 6 feet in
depth) through three subsurface wetland cells (about 21,000 SF total
area and 2 feet in depth) constructed in a series for secondary
wastewater treatment. The treated effluent would then flow into a soil
absorption field (about 18,000 SF in area and 2.5 feet in depth) for
wastewater disposal. There would be no standing surface water in this
system. A 5-foot high fence would be constructed around the perimeter of
the wastewater treatment site.

To provide water, a trench (approximately 100 feet in length, 2 feet in
width and 2 feet in depth) would be dug from a water main located near
Pi'ilani Highway to the new restrooms. To connect the sewer line, a
trench (approximately 1300 feet in length, 2 feet in width and 1-3 feet
in depth) would be dug from the new restrooms to the wastewater
treatment and disposal system. A photovoltaic system to provide
electricity would be installed on the roof of the new restrooms.
[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

The existing 32,000 SF day-use parking lot would be expanded to about
48,400 SF (a 51% increase). The expanded lot would be hard-surfaced with
colored (i.e., non-black), patterned asphalt and have 81 delineated
parking spaces (75 regular spaces and 4 accessible spaces for visitors
and 2 spaces for Government vehicles; Figure 6). A new entrance/exit
into this area of the park would be created about 380 feet to the left
of the existing entrance/exit. The existing entrance/exit would be
sealed. The access road to the day-use parking lot would also be
hard-surfaced with colored (i.e., non-black), patterned asphalt. A
graveled road off this access road would lead to a separate graveled
parking area (approximately 3,600 SF) for commercial vehicles.

The existing access road to the campground would be resurfaced primarily
with gravel, except for a small portion that would be hard-surfaced with
colored (i.e., non-black), patterned asphalt. A graveled loop road with
21 parking spaces would be added within the existing campground (Figure
7). A pre-cast concrete two-seater vault toilet (above ground dimensions
-- about 150 SF in area and 9.5 feet in height; below ground dimensions
-- about 140 SF in area and 4.5 feet in depth) would replace the
existing vault toilet. A second pre-cast concrete two-seater vault
toilet would be added in the campground.

After the construction work is completed, areas within the day-use
parking lot and campground would be landscaped with native or
Polynesian-introduced plants.

**[Alternative Two]{.underline}**: *Replace restrooms at the existing
location; construct a septic tank/re-circulating sand filter wastewater
treatment and soil absorption disposal system; enlarge*

![](media/image5.png){width="7.950694444444444in"
height="5.663194444444445in"}

######### Figure 4. Interior of Proposed Restrooms for the Kïpahulu Coastal Area, Haleakalä National Park 

![](media/image6.png){width="7.645833333333333in"
height="6.143055555555556in"}

Figure 5. Proposed Septic Tank/Wetlands Wastewater Treatment and Soil
Absorption Field Disposal System for Alternatives 1 and 3

![](media/image7.png){width="9.3in" height="5.727083333333334in"}

Figure 6. Proposed Expanded Day-Use Parking Lot for the Kïpahulu Coastal
Area, Haleakalä National Park

![](media/image8.png){width="9.151388888888889in"
height="5.979166666666667in"}

Figure 7. Proposed Upgrades to Campground and Campground Access Road for
the Kïpahulu Coastal Area, Haleakalä National Park

*and hard-surface the day-use parking lot and change the park
entrance/exit; gravel a separate parking area for commercial vehicles;
and upgrade the visitor facilities at and the access road into the
campground*.

This alternative differs from Alternative One only in the proposed
wastewater treatment system. Primary wastewater treatment would involve
one underground 15,000-gallon septic tank (about348 SF in area and 9.5
feet in depth) and one 1,000-gallon septic tank (about 49 SF in area and
6.5 feet in depth) constructed in a series south of the KVC. Septic tank
effluent would then flow through a pump (about 25 SF in area and 6 feet
in depth) into a below ground filter area (approximately 2,000 SF in
area and 4 feet in depth) through another pump (about 25 SF in area and
6 feet in depth) into the filter area again for secondary treatment
(Figure 8). The filter area would consist of two layers of parallel PVC
pipes covered with sand; the top of the area would be open. A
freestanding photovoltaic system (approximately 18 feet in length and 12
feet in

height) would also be installed to power the pumps. The treated effluent
would then flow into a soil absorption field (about 18,000 SF in area
and 2.5 feet in depth) for disposal. There would be no standing surface
water in this system.

**[Alternative Three]{.underline}**: *Replace restrooms with restrooms
closer to the KVC and move the KVC; construct a septic tank/wetlands
wastewater treatment and soil absorption disposal system; enlarge and
hard-surface the day-use parking lot and change the entrance/exit;
gravel a separate parking area for commercial vehicles; and upgrade the
visitor facilities at and the access road into the campground* (Figure
3).

This is the preferred alternative. This alternative would involve
demolishing the 1,200 SF restrooms and constructing the new building
(approximately 1,600 SF) with flush toilets southwest of the KVC, and
moving the KVC approximately 85 feet north of its current position. The
existing pay phone next to Pi'ilani Highway would also be removed and a
new pay phone installed by the new restrooms. The phone line would be
placed in the waterline trench.

This alternative differs from Alternatives One and Two in the location
of the new restrooms and pay phone, the moving of the KVC, and the
length of the water and sewer line trenches (approximately 1440 feet and
400 feet respectively). This alternative also differs from Alternative
Two in the proposed wastewater treatment system.

**[Alternative Four]{.underline}**: *Replace restrooms with restrooms
closer to the KVC and move the KVC; construct a septic
tank/re-circulating sand filter wastewater treatment and soil absorption
disposal system; enlarge and hard-surface the day-use parking lot and
change the park entrance/exit; gravel a separate parking area for
commercial vehicles; and upgrade the visitor facilities at and the
access road into the campground*.

This alternative differs from Alternatives One and Two in the location
of the new restrooms and pay phone, the moving of the KVC, and the
length of the water and sewer line trenches (approximately 1440 feet and
400 feet respectively). This alternative differs from Alternatives Two
and Three in the proposed wastewater treatment and disposal system.

![](media/image9.png){width="6.096527777777778in"
height="8.095833333333333in"}

Figure 8. Proposed Septic Tank/Re-circulating Sand Filter Wastewater
Treatment and Soil Absorption Field Disposal System for Alternatives 2
and 4

**[Alternative Five]{.underline}**: *The existing visitor facilities
would be retained.*

This is the no action alternative. The restrooms would remain as eight
composting toilets. The park entrance/exit would remain in the current
location. The day-use parking lot would remain as a 32,000 SF gravel lot
with undesignated parking spaces. There would be no defined road or
parking areas within the campground, and access to the campground would
remain a dirt road. There would also be only one vault toilet within the
campground.

Table 1. Summary of Alternatives for the Proposed Project

  --------------- --------------- ---------------- --------------- ---------------- ---------------
                  **Alternative   **Alternative    **Alternative 3 **Alternative    **Alternative 5
                  1**             2**              (preferred)**   4**              (no action)**

  Restrooms       New flush       New flush        New flush       New flush        Existing
                  toilets at      toilets at       toilets located toilets located  composting
                  location of     location of      closer to the   closer to the    toilets
                  existing        existing toilets Kïpahulu        Kïpahulu Visitor retained
                  toilets                          Visitor Center  Center           

  Wastewater      Septic Tank/    Septic Tank/     Septic Tank/    Septic Tank/     \-
  Treatment and   Wetlands        Re-circulating   Wetlands        Re-circulating   
  Disposal System Treatment and   Sand Filter      Treatment and   Sand Filter      
                  Soil Absorption Treatment and    Soil Absorption Treatment and    
                  Disposal        Soil Absorption  Disposal        Soil Absorption  
                                  Disposal                         Disposal         

  Day-Use Parking Enlarged to     Enlarged to      Enlarged to     Enlarged to      Existing 32,000
  Lot             48,400 SF and   48,400 SF and    48,400 SF and   48,400 SF and    SF graveled lot
                  hard-surfaced   hard-surfaced    hard-surfaced   hard-surfaced    retained
                  with non-black  with non-black   with non-black  with non-black   
                  colored         colored          colored         colored          
                  patterned       patterned        patterned       patterned        
                  asphalt         asphalt          asphalt         asphalt          

  Park            Moved 380 feet  Moved 380 feet   Moved 380 feet  Moved 380 feet   Existing
  Entrance/Exit   left of         left of existing left of         left of existing entrance/ exit
                  existing        entrance/ exit.  existing        entrance/ exit.  retained
                  entrance/ exit. Access road from entrance/ exit. Access road from 
                  Access road     new entrance/    Access road     new entrance/    
                  from new        exit to day-use  from new        exit to day-use  
                  entrance/ exit  parking lot      entrance/ exit  parking lot      
                  to day-use      hard-surfaced    to day-use      hard-surfaced    
                  parking lot     with non-black   parking lot     with non-black   
                  hard-surfaced   colored          hard-surfaced   colored          
                  with non-black  patterned        with non-black  patterned        
                  colored         asphalt          colored         asphalt          
                  patterned                        patterned                        
                  asphalt                          asphalt                          

  Commercial      3,600 SF        3,600 SF         3,600 SF        3,600 SF         \-
  Vehicles        graveled area   graveled area    graveled area   graveled area    
  Parking Area    off graveled    off graveled     off graveled    off graveled     
                  road off access road off access  road off access road off access  
                  road to day-use road to day-use  road to day-use road to day-use  
                  parking lot     parking lot      parking lot     parking lot      

  Kïpahulu        \-              \-               Moved 85 feet   Moved 85 feet    \-
  Visitor Center                                   north of        north of current 
                                                   current         position         
                                                   position                         

  Campground      Two new         Two new pre-cast Two new         Two new pre-cast Existing vault
  Visitor         pre-cast        concrete         pre-cast        concrete         toilet retained
  Facilities      concrete        two-seater vault concrete        two-seater vault 
                  two-seater      toilets to       two-seater      toilets to       
                  vault toilets   replace existing vault toilets   replace existing 
                  to replace      vault toilet and to replace      vault toilet and 
                  existing vault  graveled loop    existing vault  graveled loop    
                  toilet and      road with 21     toilet and      road with 21     
                  graveled loop   parking spaces   graveled loop   parking spaces   
                  road with 21    added            road with 21    added            
                  parking spaces                   parking spaces                   
                  added                            added                            

  Campground      Resurfaced with Resurfaced with  Resurfaced with Resurfaced with  \-
  Access Road     gravel except   gravel except    gravel except   gravel except    
                  for a portion   for a portion    for a portion   for a portion    
                  that will be    that will be     that will be    that will be     
                  hard-surfaced   hard-surfaced    hard-surfaced   hard-surfaced    
                  with non-black  with non-black   with non-black  with non-black   
                  colored         colored          colored         colored          
                  patterned       patterned        patterned       patterned        
                  asphalt         asphalt          asphalt         asphalt          
  --------------- --------------- ---------------- --------------- ---------------- ---------------

# b. Alternatives Dismissed from Analysis

A number of other alternatives were initially considered during the
internal NPS scoping process, but eliminated from further evaluation in
this EA. These alternatives included different sizes and locations for
the day-use parking lot and new restrooms, different hard-surfaces for
the day-use parking lot, different types of and locations for the
on-site wastewater treatment and disposal system, and alternatives for
the access road into and visitor facilities at the campground.

Alternate locations for the day-use parking lot were determined not to
be technically, economically and logistically feasible due to site
topography, amount of grading needed to meet ADA accessibility
requirements and the potential for erosion, and ability to tie-in to the
KVC and existing trail system. The 1977 DCP for this area of the park
set the size limit for the day-use parking lot at a maximum capacity of
80 vehicles. A management decision was made by the park to follow the
recommendations of the 1977 DCP, therefore alternate sizes for the
parking lot were determined not to be reasonable.

Alternate locations for the new restrooms were determined not to be
logistically feasible due to distance from the day-use parking lot and
ability to tie-in to the KVC and existing trails system. Alternate sizes
for the restrooms were determined not to be economically feasible in
terms of operational efficiency and sustainability. The restrooms
fixture count was set using standard industry calculations for minimal
need based on visitation figures and ADA accessibility requirements.

Other alternatives considered for hard-surfacing the day-use parking lot
included "grasscrete" and "gravelpave." These alternatives were
determined not to be economically feasible in terms of operational
efficiency and sustainability. These alternatives were also determined
not be environmentally feasible because the gray water (i.e., storm
water mixed with oil and other vehicle fluids) runoff from the parking
lot cannot be controlled. For both of these alternatives the gray water
would seep directly into the ground and could not be channeled into a
filter system (e.g., oil/water separator) which would collect and store
the oil and other fluids and direct the water into a disposal system
(i.e., soil absorption field).

Other alternatives considered for the on-site wastewater treatment and
disposal system included a septic tank wastewater treatment and soil
absorption disposal system, a septic tank wastewater treatment and
evapotranspiration disposal system, and an activated sludge wastewater
treatment and soil absorption disposal system. The septic tank
wastewater treatment and evapotranspiration disposal system alternative
was determined to be technically infeasible because the system was
effected by seasonal climate conditions. The other alternatives were
determined to be environmentally infeasible because these systems did
not sufficiently remove nitrates and phosphates from the effluent that
could eventually reach the ground-water seeps located in this area of
the park and the ocean. Alternate locations for the on-site wastewater
treatment and disposal system were determined not to be technically,
economically or logistically feasible due to proposed locations for the
new restrooms, site topography, and the size of the area needed to
construct the system.

Other alternatives considered for the visitor facilities at the
campground and campground access road included not allowing vehicular
camping and eliminating the access road, and expanding visitor
facilities to included flush toilets, etc. A management decision was
made by the park in the 1995 GMP to continue to allowing camping,
therefore not allowing vehicular camping and eliminating the access road
was determined to be unreasonable. Expanding the visitor facilities at
the campground to include flush toilets, etc. was determined to be
economically and environmentally infeasible.

# c. Environmentally Preferable Alternative

NPS policy requires identification of the environmentally preferred
alternative. The environmentally preferred alternative is the
alternative/s that will promote the national environmental policy as
expressed in the National Environmental Policy Act (Section 101(b)).
This means the alternative/s that cause the least damage to the
biological and physical environment, and afford the most protection,
preservation and enhancement of the cultural and natural resources.

The environmentally preferred alternative will be identified at the
conclusion of the environmental impact analysis.

[]{.mark}

##### **5. [AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT]{.underline}**

The following is a description of the existing physical and
socioeconomic environment relevant to understanding the potential
impacts of the project alternatives.

# a. Natural Resources

####### Air Quality 

HALE has been designated a "class I" attainment area under the Clean Air
Act. Class I areas are national parks over 6,000 acres and national
wilderness areas over 5,000 acres that were in existence on August 7,
1977. The designation dictates the allowable increases in air pollution
that are permitted for the area to ensure that attainment is, in fact,
maintained.

HALE has been part of the NPS air quality monitoring network since May
1987 with the installation of a visibility camera on the inside slope of
Haleakalä Crater. A standard NPS air quality meterological station and
gaseous pollutant monitoring station was established at Olinda in July
1991. The visibility camera, meterological station and gaseous
monitoring equipment was removed in the mid-1990s and a single unit
IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments)
particulate sampler was installed. The IMPROVE sampler was upgraded to a
four unit system in November 2000 and continues.

However, neither the park nor the State of Hawaii Department of Health
monitors air quality in the Kïpahulu area. Based on the air quality
monitoring data (particulate monitoring only; gaseous pollutants ended
in the mid-1990s) and due to persistent trade winds, the air quality at
HALE is considered "excellent."

####### Threatened and Endangered Species

There is one plant and one animal located in the Kïpahulu coastal area
of the park currently listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(USFWS) as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act.
The grass, Hilo ischaemum (*Ischaemum byrone* (Trin.) Hitchc.), is found
growing between rocks at the mouth of 'Ohe'o Gulch near sea level
(Medeiros et al. 1998:47). The Hoary Bat or 'öpe'ape'a (*Lasiurus
cinerius*) roosts during the day in trees and rock shelters (Tomich
1986) and feed mostly on winged non-native invertebrates of small to
large size (Whitaker and Tomich 1983). The Hoary Bat is often observed
at the Resources Management/Maintenance baseyard after sunset (Hodges
2000). It is not known where the Hoary Bat roosts, or the types of
non-native invertebrates it consumes, within this area of the park.

One species of goby, 'o'opu 'alamo'o (*Lentipes concolor*), located in
this area of the park is currently listed by the USFWS as a species of
concern. This freshwater fish has been observed in Pïpïwai and Palikea
Streams and 'Ohe'o Gulch (Hodges 1994; Kinzie and Ford 1977).

####### Topography, Soils and Geology

The Kïpahulu coastal area of the park extends from below the Hana
Highway to the ocean and from Puhilele Point to 'Ohe'o Gulch; an area of
approximately 90 acres. The topography of this area ranges in elevation
from 20 to 160 feet (6 to 49 meters) above mean sea level and slopes
eastward towards the ocean. Based on a soils investigation conducted in
1979, the general geology of this area of the park can be characterized
as "an ancient mudflow deposit and underlying volcanic flows" (Dames and
Moore 1979:6). The mudflow deposit is characterized by large angular
boulders in a clay-like silt and may represent debris materials from the
upper part of the mountain that were at onetime set in motion by heavy
rains, strong earthquakes or both (Dames and Moore 1979). The deposit is
approximately 20 feet thick at Ka'ü Bay and thins out to the northeast
(Dames and Moore 1979). Beneath the mudflow deposit, basaltic 'a'ä flows
of the Hana Series of East Maui exist down to sea level (Dames and Moore
1979:7).

*Vegetation []{.mark}*

Although non-native vegetation such as java plum (*Syzygium cumini* (L.)
Skeels), christmas berry (*Schinus terebinthifolius* Raddi), elephant
grass (*Pennisetum purpureum* Schumach.) and california grass
(*Brachiaria mutica* (Forssk.) Stapf) dominate the landscape, HALE
botanists have identified 22 species of native plants during a November
2000 vegetation survey of approximately sixty acres within the Kïpahulu
coastal area of the park (Figure 9; Appendix 1). One of these plants,
ko'oko'olau (*Bidens hillebrandiana* (Drake) Deg. subsp. *polycephala*
Nagata and Ganders), has been designated by HALE as rare in the park.
This herb is localized on the lava, or 'a'ä, ledges near sea level on
the southern side of 'Ohe'o Gulch.

####### Water Resources

A well was drilled in 1980 and a distribution system developed in 1998
to provide a reliable, continuous source of potable water for this area
of the park. The mouth of the well drilled for this area of the park is
located above the Hana Highway at the 390-foot (119 meters) elevation
level. The 410-foot deep well taps an artesian aquifer; no other well is
known to be in the same aquifer. The well did not encounter a bottom to
the aquifer, so the lateral extent, thickness and exact nature of the
artesian system is not known (USGS 1983:22). Periodic sampling of the
water by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) during aquifer testing
established that the aquifer is

![](media/image10.jpeg){width="8.150694444444444in"
height="5.927777777777778in"}

Figure 9. Area of Vegetation and Archeological Surveys (orange-shaded)
and Project Area (red-shaded) within the Kïpahulu Coastal Area (Source:
U.S. Geological Survey 1983 Kipahulu 7.5 Quad Map)

not hydraulically connected with the ocean (USGS 1983). The low
temperature and pristine nature of the water indicates that the aquifer
gets recharge water from very high-level rainfall at the head of
Kïpahulu Valley (USGS 1983:16).

Based on the well pump tests conducted in 1980, the drawdown at a
discharge rate of 335 gallons per minute (gpm) was 11.75 feet with
almost instantaneous recovery (USGS 1983:13). The water distribution
system was designed not to exceed the minimum capacity of the aquifer
and consists of a solar-powered pump with a maximum pumping capacity of
17 gpm and two 8,000-gallon water storage tanks. Currently the pump runs
for a maximum of 8 hours per day and it takes approximately 2 days to
fill both storage tanks. Therefore, the minimum supply of water
currently available is 8,000 gallons per day (gpd) vice the potentially
available 16,000 gpd.

During a 1979 soils investigation, some small ground-water seeps were
noted on the cliffs in the Kïpahulu coastal area of the park (Dames and
Moore 1979:Plate 2). It is assumed these seeps represent very localized
accumulations of groundwater derived from downward percolation within
the boulder silt, and do not represent prolonged lateral migration
(Dames and Moore 1979:9). A spring is also visible at low tide in the
vicinity of the ground-water seeps seaward of the campground (Dames and
Moore 1979:Plate 2). It is assumed this spring represents leakage at the
shoreline of a relatively thin lens of basal fresh water generally found
in this type of formation (Dames and Moore 1979:10).

####### Wetlands and Floodplains

Based on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) 1978 national
wetlands inventory (Source: National Wetlands Inventory Center map and
digital data for Maui Island), there are palustrine wetlands associated
with 'Ohe'o Gulch and marine wetlands located off-shore within the
Kïpahulu coastal area of the park. However, because of the scale of
these maps and after receiving guidance from the NPS Water Resources
Division, it was necessary to conduct a site visit of the project area
to assure that no unmapped wetlands existed. Based on an examination of
plant communities and topographic and hydrologic characteristics
conducted on January 3, 2003, by a HALE botanist and local biologist
trained in wetlands identification, no unmapped wetlands were found to
exist within the project area.

[]{.mark}

Based upon the 100-year floodplains delineation for the Island of Maui
performed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency in April 2001
(Source: 2001 Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map for Maui County),
100-year floodplains are located within the Kïpahulu coastal area of the
park below the 20-foot elevation level and associated with 'Ohe'o Gulch,
a drainage area.

## *Wildlife*

Although non-native terrestrial vertebrates predominate, six native bird
species have been identified as present in the Kïpahulu coastal area of
the park (Hodges 2000; Stemmermann 1980). The white-tailed tropic bird
or koa'e kea (*Phaeton lepturus dorotheae*), black noddy or noio (*Anous
minutus melanogenys*) are seabirds that nest in cliffs and rocky ledges.
The great frigatebird or 'iwa (*Fregata minor palmerstoni*) can be
spotted flying inland over the pastured areas as well as in the coastal
areas. The wandering tattler or 'ülili (*Heteroscelus incanus*) and
ruddy turnstone or 'akekeke (*Arenia interpres*) are regular migrants to
the area commonly seen along the coast. The Pacific golden plover or
kolea (*Pluvialis fulva*) is also a regular migrant commonly seen along
the coast and in all grasslands in the area. All migratory birds are
protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.

A total of 195 species of invertebrates have been identified as present
in the Kïpahulu coastal area of the park (Gagne 1980; Takumi 2000). Only
14 percent (27 of the 195) of these species are native (Takumi 2000).

# b. Cultural Resources

######  

As defined by NPS Management Policies (2001) and Director's Order #28:
Cultural Resource Management, a cultural resource may be a tangible
entity or cultural practice. Tangible cultural resources are categorized
as archeological resources, cultural landscapes, historic structures,
museum objects, and ethnographic resources for NPS management purposes.

The Kïpahulu District of HALE has cultural and spiritual value to Native
Hawaiians. Kïpahulu was a moku (district) with rich and diverse, but
scattered agricultural resources (Handy and Handy 1972:507). Its great
valley and lower fringing forests nourished forest taro and other native
food plants, as did the lower kula lands above the sea, where the native
homes are today (Handy and Handy 1972:507). The Kïpahulu coastal area of
the park encompasses the ahupua'a or ancient land divisions of 'Alae
Iki, 'Alae Nui, and Kakalehale. This area of the park continues to be
used by Native Hawaiians for a variety of activities.

The Kïpahulu coastal area of the park is located within the Kïpahulu
Historic District (Hawaii State Inventory of Historic Places \[SIHP\]
Site \# 50-50-17-299; Figure 10) which has been formally determined
eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).

####### Archeological Resources

Based on an archeological survey (Dye et al. 2002; Figure 9) of sixty
acres of the Kïpahulu Historic District, there are 65+ surface features
grouped into 12 sites located within the Kïpahulu coastal area of the
park associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District (Table 2). These
sites are eligible for listing in the NRHP under criteria A, C and/or D
as set out in 36 CFR Part 60.4.

Criterion A applies to properties associated with events that have made
a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history, or are
significant to the cultural traditions of a community. Criterion C
applies to properties that embody the distinctive characteristics of a
type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a
master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a
significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack
individual distinction. Criterion D applies to properties that have
yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory
or history.

Several miscellaneous features were also relocated during archeological
survey. These include isolated, small features, modern or recently
reconstructed walls, and bulldozer mounds. These features are either not
eligible for listing in the NRHP or are not associated with or do not
contribute to the significant qualities of the nearest sites (Dye et al.
2002:25). These features have been recorded appear on the archeological
base map (Rosendahl 1975).

Table 2. Archeological Sites (based on Dye et al. 2002)

+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| *     | **Site         | **Site     | **C       | **P     | **NRHP |
| *SIHP | Description**  | Function** | alibrated | robable | Crit   |
| Site  |                |            | Ra        | Time    | eria** |
| \#**  | **(# of        |            | diocarbon | P       |        |
|       | features)**    |            | Date      | eriod** |        |
| **5   |                |            | Range\*** |         |        |
| 0-50- |                |            |           |         |        |
| 17-** |                |            |           |         |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 1088  | M              | Ceremonial | A.D.      | \-      | A, C,  |
|       | ulti-component |            | 1164-1384 |         | D      |
|       | complex (3)    |            |           |         |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 1089  | M              | Habitation | A.D.      | \-      | C, D   |
|       | ulti-component |            | 1625-1949 |         |        |
|       | complex (3)    |            |           |         |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 3560  | M              | H          | A.D.      | \-      | D      |
|       | ulti-component | abitation/ | 1486-1800 |         |        |
|       | complex (27+)  | A          |           |         |        |
|       |                | griculture |           |         |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 3570  | M              | H          | \-        | Prehis  | A, D   |
|       | ulti-component | abitation/ |           | toric/H |        |
|       | complex (8)    | Burial     |           | istoric |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 3572  | Enclosure (1)  | H          | \-        | Hi      | D      |
|       |                | abitation? |           | storic? |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 3577  | M              | Ceremonial | \-        | Prehis  | A, D   |
|       | ulti-component |            |           | toric/H |        |
|       | complex (6)    |            |           | istoric |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 3580  | M              | Habitation | A.D.      | \-      | D      |
|       | ulti-component |            | 1401-1632 |         |        |
|       | complex (5+)   |            |           |         |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 3581  | Platform with  | Unknown    | \-        | ?       | D      |
|       | abutting wall  |            |           |         |        |
|       | (2)            |            |           |         |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 3763  | M              | H          | \-        | H       | C, D   |
|       | ulti-component | abitation/ |           | istoric |        |
|       | complex (5+)   | A          |           |         |        |
|       |                | griculture |           |         |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 3766  | Remnant        | Unknown    | \-        | ?       | D      |
|       | enclosures (2) |            |           |         |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 3771  | Remnant        | Ranching   | \-        | H       | D      |
|       | features (1+)  |            |           | istoric |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+
| 5028  | Enclosure (1)  | H          | \-        | Hi      | D      |
|       |                | abitation? |           | storic? |        |
+-------+----------------+------------+-----------+---------+--------+

\* Date is from charcoal sample collected at the base of a feature from
the site

#### *Cultural Landscapes*

As defined by NPS Management Policies (2001) and Director's Order #28:
Cultural Resource Management, a cultural landscape is a geographic area,
including both cultural and natural resources and the wildlife or
domestic animals therein, associated with a historic event, activity, or
person, or exhibiting other cultural or aesthetic values. NPS has
classified cultural landscapes into four non-mutually exclusive types:
historic sites, historic designed landscapes, historic vernacular
landscapes, and ethnographic landscapes.

Based on Level 0 Cultural Landscape Inventory for HALE, one cultural
landscape is located within the Kïpahulu coastal area of the park
associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District that may be eligible for
listing in the NRHP (Figure 10). This landscape is listed on the NPS
Cultural Landscapes Automated Inventory Monitoring Systems (CLAIMS)
database as Cultural Landscape Inventory Identification #975094,
"Hawaiian Homesteads ('Ohe'o)". This landscape is associated with pä
hale (house lot, yard, fence) built after the Mahele (i.e., government

![](media/image11.jpeg){width="7.941666666666666in"
height="5.7756944444444445in"}

Figure 10. The Kïpahulu Coastal Area (orange-shaded), Project Area
(red-shaded) and the Cultural Landscape (blue-shaded) within the
Kïpahulu Historic District (Source: U.S. Geological Survey 1983 Kipahulu
7.5 Quad Map)

privatization of land ownership between 1848-1850). This landscape is
also listed as an archeological resource associated with the Kïpahulu
Historic District, SIHP Site \# 50-50-17-3763. This landscape also
contains four historic structures listed in the NPS List of Classified
Structures (LCS), LCS ID# 014016, 058299, 05839 and 058434.

######## Historic Structures

There are nine historic structures identified within the Kïpahulu
coastal area of the park associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District
that may be eligible for listing in the NRHP. Seven of the nine
structures are features of four archeological sites identified above.
These structures are listed in the NPS LCS (Table 3).

Table 3. Historic Structures (based on the LCS)

  --------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------
  **LCS ID \#**   **Structure Name**                 **Comments**

  006734          Early 'Ohe'o Gulch Bridge Supports \-

  006735          Kanalulu Tombs                     \-

  014016          Po'onika Homesite Foundations      Part of SIHP Site \#
                                                     50-50-17-3763

  014017          Ka'u Bay Site #2                   Part of SIHP Site \#
                                                     50-50-17-1088

  014023          Ka'u Bay Site                      Part of SIHP Site \#
                                                     50-50-17-1089

  058299          Po'onika Homestead Stone Walls     Part of SIHP Site \#
                                                     50-50-17-3763

  058389          Po'onika Homestead Animal Pens     Part of SIHP Site \#
                                                     50-50-17-3763

  058434          Po'onika Secondary Stone Walls     Part of SIHP Site \#
                                                     50-50-17-3763

  058512          Po'onika Tomb                      Part of SIHP Site \#
                                                     50-50-17-3570
  --------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------

######## Museum Objects

Seven ethnology objects associated with the park's museum collection are
on exhibit at the KVC located within the Kïpahulu coastal area of the
park.

# c. Socioeconomic Resources

*Environmental Justice Issues*

The ocean and coastline of Kïpahulu has been and continues to be used
traditionally by Hawaiians and members of the local community for
subsistence fishing and gathering of marine life. Although the State of
Hawaii, Department of Aquatic Resources has jurisdiction over the marine
life and from the ocean to the high water mark on shore, access to these
resources in the Kïpahulu coastal area of the park is from the
campground.

####### Park Operations

There are two districts of operations for the park: Summit and Kïpahulu
(Strategic Plan 2000:6). The Kïpahulu District is staffed by 9.9
employees from the following divisions: Interpretation, Maintenance,
Protection and Resource Management. The staff are supported by the
assistance of park cooperators such as the Hawaii Natural History
Association and the Research Corporation of the University of Hawai'i.

[]{.mark}

Facilities in this area of the park include: a day-use parking lot and
overflow parking area; visitor center with exhibits and interpretative
literature sales; composting and portable chemical toilets including one
vault toilet; campground and campground access road; trails and
pedestrian bridges; well and water distribution system; and employee
baseyard and shelter. Commercial power is not available in this area of
the park. Photovoltaic systems are the only alternative source of
renewable energy currently used in the area of the park. Phone lines run
underground from overhead lines on the Pi'ilani Highway to a pay phone
at day-use parking lot, the KVC, and the employee baseyard.

####### []{.mark}

####### Traffic

Vehicle access to this area of the park is via the Hana Highway, which
runs through the park as part of the island road system. Park visitors
in rental cars or commercial group van tours and East Maui residents
primarily travel this road. Vehicle circulation within this area of the
park is limited to the day-use parking lot and overflow parking area,
campground and campground access road.

[]{.mark}

####### Visitor Use and Experience

Visitor use of HALE is year-round. Approximately 95 percent of the use
is day use (GMP 1995:62). Based on the Spring 2000 Haleakalä National
Park Visitor Use Survey, the primary visitor reasons for visiting the
Kïpahulu coastal area of the park are "to sightsee/take scenic drive,
for the recreational opportunities (e.g., hike, swim, camp, etc.), and
to experience wilderness, Hawaiian culture, and solitude/quiet." From
the park's perspective, the desired visitor experiences for this area of
HALE are: 1) each visitor will understand, appreciate and respect the
scientific and cultural value of Kïpahulu, and 2) visitors will
understand and experience elements of an ahupua'a (2001 Draft Long Range
Interpretative Plan:29).

####### Visual/Scenic Resources

The scenic views identified as part of the park experience and worthy of
protection in the Kïpahulu coastal area of HALE are 1) the view of the
Kïpahulu Valley and the surrounding mountains and cliffs, and 2) the
view of the ocean as seen from the KVC (2001 Draft Long Range
Interpretative Plan:63).

##### **6. [ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS]{.underline}**

# []{.mark}

# a. Methodology

For the purposes of this EA, direct and indirect environmental impacts
of project alternatives are based upon known characteristics of the
affected environment, and analyzed in terms of geographical context
(e.g., site-specific, local, state or national), temporal duration
(i.e., short or long term) and intensity (i.e., negligible, minor and
major). Short-term impacts are defined as lasting only for the duration
of the project. Long-term impacts are defined as continuing in duration
after the project is completed. The thresholds of change for intensity
of an impact are defined under each resource topic below. Relevant laws,
regulation, and park or other policies affecting the analysis of impacts
are also briefly discussed under each resource topic below.

Cumulative impacts are the "additive" impacts on a particular resource
from the proposed action and past, present, and reasonably foreseeable
future actions. Other projects that could occur in or adjacent to the
Kïpahulu coastal area of HALE are: 1) construction of a traditional hale
(building) for cultural demonstrations (currently cultural
demonstrations take place at the KVC); 2) the relocation/restoration of
the Kïpahulu home of Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh, the
Argonauta, and nearby writer's cottage under the new name "Kïpahulu
Conservation Center"; and 3) a line item construction project to build
administrative/visitor protection and maintenance/resource management
facilities and staff residences.

For the purposes of this EA, cumulative environmental impacts of project
alternatives are also analyzed in terms of geographical context (e.g.,
site-specific, local, state, or national), temporal duration (i.e.,
short or long term) and intensity (i.e., negligible, minor and major).
The same definitions used to analyze direct and indirect impacts and
thresholds of change for intensity of an impact are used to analyze
cumulative impacts.

The NPS Organic Act mandates that park resources are passed onto future
generations "unimpaired". An impairment is an impact that would harm a
resource or value who conservation is: 1) necessary to fulfill specific
purposes identified in the establishing legislation or proclamation of
the park; 2) key to the natural or cultural integrity of the park or to
opportunities for enjoyment of the park; or 3) identified as a goal in
the park's GMP or other relevant planning document (NPS Management
Policies 2001:12).

# NPS Management Policies (2001) and Director's Order #12: Conservation Planning, Environmental Impact Analysis, and Decision-making require an impairment finding for each resource topic as part of the environmental analysis of project alternatives. While all impairments equal major impacts, not all major impacts equal impairments. For the purposes of this EA, impairment is defined as an adverse major impact.

# b. Natural Resources

In the absence of quantitative data, best professional judgement by the
NPS prevailed in defining the thresholds of change for analyzing the
intensity of an impact on natural resources, and are as follows:

> "Negligible impact" -- No natural resources are present or there are
> natural resources are the present, but the action will have no direct
> and/or indirect impacts or only temporary impacts are expected.
>
> "Minor impact" -- the action will have permanent direct and/or
> indirect impacts on natural resources, however, the impacts are not
> substantial and highly noticeable or conditions can be imposed that
> mitigate and/or avoids the impacts being substantial and highly
> noticeable.
>
> "Major impact" -- the action will have permanent direct and/or
> indirect impacts on natural resources that are substantial and highly
> noticeable.

####### Air Quality

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- Construction activities associated with
this alternative would temporarily generate particulate matter (e.g.,
dust, dirt, smoke, and liquid droplets) into the air within this area of
the park from the site work (e.g., clearing, grading, and utilities
installation) and construction equipment. Therefore, this alternative
would have a short-term negligible impact on air quality. This
alternative, if implemented, would not constitute an impairment on air
quality.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a
negligible impact on air quality. This alternative does not constitute
an impairment on air quality.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in or
adjacent to this area of the park are the hale, Kïpahulu Conservation
Center and line item construction projects that would temporarily
generate particulate matter (e.g., dust, dirt, smoke, and liquid
droplets) into the air from the site work (e.g., clearing, grading, and
utilities installation) and construction equipment. Cumulatively these
projects and Alternatives One through Four would have a short-term
negligible impact on air quality. Cumulatively these projects and
Alternatives One through Four, if implemented, would not constitute an
impairment on air quality. Alternative Five does not contribute to the
cumulative impact on air quality.

####### 

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on air quality are briefly summarized in Table 4.

Table 4. Summary of Impacts on Air Quality

  ----------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**   **Alternatives**                                          

              **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**

  *Air        Short-term         Short-term   Short-term   Short-term   Negligible
  Quality*    negligible direct, negligible   negligible   negligible   direct,
              indirect and       direct,      direct,      direct,      indirect and
              cumulative impacts indirect and indirect and indirect and cumulative
                                 cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   impacts
                                 impacts      impacts      impacts      
  ----------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

######## Threatened and Endangered Species

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- Construction activities associated with
this alternative would not directly or indirectly impact the endangered
Hilo ischaemum, designated critical habitat, and/or species of concern
(i.e., the 'o'opu 'alamo'o) located in this area of the park.
Construction activities associated with this alternative could
temporarily disturb where the endangered Hoary Bat roosts and the winged
non-native invertebrates of small to large size that the bat eats.
Therefore, this alternative would have a short-term negligible impact on
threatened and endangered species (TES). This alternative, if
implemented, would not constitute an impairment on TES.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a
negligible impact on TES. This alternative does not constitute an
impairment on TES.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in or
adjacent to the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects that would not
directly or indirectly impact the endangered Hilo ischaemum, designated
critical habitat, and/or species of concern (i.e., the 'o'opu 'alamo'o)
located within the park. Construction activities associated with this
alternative could temporarily disturb where the endangered Hoary Bat
roosts and the winged non-native invertebrates of small to large size
that the bat eats. Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One
through Four would have a short-term negligible impact on TES.
Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One through Four, if
implemented, would not constitute an impairment on TES. Alternative Five
does not contribute to the cumulative impact on TES.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on TES are briefly summarized in Table 5.

Table 5. Summary of Impacts on TES

  ----------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**   **Alternatives**                                          

              **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**

  *TES*       Short-term         Short-term   Short-term   Short-term   Short-term
              negligible direct, negligible   negligible   negligible   negligible
              indirect and       direct,      direct,      direct,      direct,
              cumulative impacts indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect and
                                 cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative
                                 impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts
  ----------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

####### Topography, Soils and Geology

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- Construction activities associated with
this alternative would disturb approximately 4 acres of soil out of the
total 90 acres or about 5% of the Kïpahulu coastal area of the park;
however, this impact would not be substantial and highly noticeable. The
soil would be reused as fill material on-site or for other projects
solely within the Kïpahulu coastal area of the park. Therefore, this
alternative would have a long-term minor impact on topography, soils and
geology. This alternative, if implemented, would not constitute an
impairment on topography, soils and geology.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a
negligible impact on topography, soils and geology. This alternative
does not constitute an impairment on topography, soils and geology.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} - Other projects that could occur in or
adjacent to this area of the park are the hale, Kïpahulu Conservation
Center and line item construction projects that would disturb an area of
approximately 600 square feet, 2,980 square feet, and 6 acres
respectively. The soils from these projects would be reused as fill
material on-site or for other projects solely within the Kïpahulu
coastal area of the park. Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives
One though Four would disturb approximately 5% of the Kïpahulu coastal
area (i.e., 4.08 acres out of a total of 90 acres), and 1% of the Lower
Kïpahulu Valley (i.e., 6 acres out of a total of 875 acres). This impact
would not be substantial and highly noticeable, therefore, cumulatively
these projects and Alternatives One through Four would have a long-term
minor impact on topography, soils and geology. Cumulatively these
projects and Alternatives One through Four, if implemented, would not
constitute an impairment on topography, soils and geology. Alternative
Five does not contribute to the cumulative impact on topography, soils
and geology.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on topography, soils and geology are briefly
summarized in Table 6.

Table 6. Summary of Impacts on Topography, Soils and Geology

  -------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**      **Alternatives**                                          

                 **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**

  *Topography,   Long-term minor    Long-term    Long-term    Long-term    Negligible
  Soils and      direct, indirect   minor        minor        minor        direct,
  Geology*       and cumulative     direct,      direct,      direct,      indirect and
                 impacts            indirect and indirect and indirect and cumulative
                                    cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   impacts
                                    impacts      impacts      impacts      
  -------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

####### Vegetation

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- Based on the November 2000 vegetation
survey, construction activities associated with this alternative would
not directly or indirectly impact native plant species or the rare
ko'oko'olu plant located in this area of the park. Landscaping within
the day-use parking lot and the campground after the construction work
is completed would add native or Polynesian-introduced plant species to
this area of the park; however, this impact would not be substantial and
highly noticeable. Reusing soils disturbed by construction activities as
fill on-site or for other projects solely within the predominately
non-native vegetated Kïpahulu coastal area of the park will limit the
potential spread of alien plants elsewhere in the park. Therefore, this
alternative would have a long-term minor impact on vegetation. This
alternative, if implemented, would not constitute an impairment on
vegetation.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a
negligible impact on vegetation. This alternative does not constitute an
impairment on vegetation.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} - Other projects that could occur in or
adjacent to the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects that that would
not directly or indirectly impact native plant species or the rare
ko'oko'olu plant located within the park. Landscaping the sites after
the construction work is completed would add native or
Polynesian-introduced plant species to this area of the park; however,
this impact would not be substantial and highly noticeable. Reusing
soils disturbed by these projects as fill on-site or for other projects
solely within the predominately non-native vegetated Kïpahulu coastal
area of the park will limit the potential spread of alien plants
elsewhere in the park. Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One
through Four would have a long-term minor impact on vegetation.
Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One through Four, if
implemented, would not constitute an impairment on vegetation.
Alternative Five does not contribute to the cumulative impact on
vegetation.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on vegetation are briefly summarized in Table 7.

Table 7. Summary of Impacts on Vegetation

+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| *        | **Alter   |           |           |           |           |
| *Topic** | natives** |           |           |           |           |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|          | **One**   | **Two**   | **Three** | **Four**  | **Five**  |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| *Veg     | []{.mark} | Long-term | Long-term | Long-term | N         |
| etation* |           | minor     | minor     | minor     | egligible |
|          | Long-term | direct,   | direct,   | direct,   | direct,   |
|          | minor     | indirect  | indirect  | indirect  | indirect  |
|          | direct,   | and       | and       | and       | and       |
|          | indirect  | c         | c         | c         | c         |
|          | and       | umulative | umulative | umulative | umulative |
|          | c         | impacts   | impacts   | impacts   | impacts   |
|          | umulative |           |           |           |           |
|          | impacts   |           |           |           |           |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

####### Water Resources

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- Once completed, the volume of well
water used by this project, an average daily use of 8,000 gpd, would be
substantial and highly noticeable on the 8,000 gpd supply of water
currently available. However, increasing the hours per day that the pump
runs would mitigate these impacts being substantial and highly
noticeable by increasing the supply of water to the potentially
available 16,000 gpd.

The two-step on-site wastewater treatment (i.e., septic tank into
subsurface wetland cells) associated with this alternative would produce
an effluent with less pollutants and harmful bacteria compared to the
effluent from the standard septic tank wastewater treatment that is
typically approved by the Hawaii State Department of Health. Constructed
wetlands are becoming a proven wastewater treatment technology in the
United States (Hammer 1989). Constructed wetlands recreate the complex
biological pollutant removal processes that occur in natural wetlands
with little or no energy usage, no chemical and very few operational and
maintenance requirements (New & Associates, Inc. 2001:7). Typical
constructed wetlands pollutant removal efficiencies are as follows:
50-95% for biochemical oxygen demand; 75-95% for total suspended solids;
50-90% for ammonia; 50-90% for nitrates, 10-50% for phosphorus; 50-90%
for zinc; 50-90% for copper; 70% for nickel; 50-90% for cadmium; 80-95%
for lead; 54-92% for oil and grease (New & Associates, Inc. 2001:9).

Treatment capabilities of constructed wetlands function in response to
their age, the climate they operate in, and the characteristics of the
pollutant load they receive (New & Associates, Inc. 2001:9). With
respect to age, wetland treatment efficiencies increase within the first
two years of operation as the plant communities within the wetlands
reach maturation (New & Associates, Inc. 2001:9). In terms of climate,
treatment efficiencies are generally dependent on air temperature and
are greatest during warm weather (New & Associates, Inc. 2001:9). Large
amounts of rainfall falling directly onto the wetland cells should cause
no direct harm to the system (New & Associates, Inc. 2001:8).
Constructed wetlands are designed for rainfall storage and slow release
into the disposal system through the use of flow control (New &
Associates, Inc. 2001:8). The wetland cells are also protected by berms
to prevent the introduction of stormwater runoff and associated
sediments into the system (New & Associates, Inc. 2001:7).

Wastewater under this alternative would be treated and disposed of in a
manner that would not have substantial and highly noticeable impacts on
ground-water seeps located at the shoreline in this area of the park or
the ocean. The Hawaii State Department of Health must also approve this
on-site wastewater treatment and disposal system. Therefore, this
alternative would have a long-term minor impact on water resources. This
alternative, if implemented, would not constitute an impairment on water
resources.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One for water
usage. The two-step on-site wastewater treatment (i.e., septic tank into
recirculating sand filter) associated with this alternative would also
produce an effluent with less pollutants and harmful bacteria compared
to the effluent from the standard septic tank wastewater treatment that
is typically approved by the Hawaii State Department of Health.
Recirculating sand filters are becoming a proven wastewater treatment
technology in the United States (Ball and Dean 1997). Typical
recirculating sand filter pollutant removal efficiencies are similar to
constructed wetlands pollutant removal efficiencies for biochemical
oxygen demand, total suspended solids, ammonia, and nitrates (Bounds et
al. 2000). Unlike constructed wetlands, the treatment capabilities of
recirculating sand filters are not effected by the climate they operate
in (Ball and Dean 1997). The filter area would be protected by berms to
prevent the introduction of stormwater runoff and associated sediments
into the system. The filter area would also have either a roof or
removable cover that would redirect rainfall that would otherwise enter
the system.

Wastewater under this alternative would be treated and disposed of in a
manner that would not have substantial and highly noticeable impacts on
ground-water seeps located at the shoreline in this area of the park or
the ocean. The Hawaii State Department of Health must also approve this
on-site wastewater treatment and disposal system. Therefore, this
alternative would have a long-term minor impact on water resources. This
alternative, if implemented, would not constitute an impairment on water
resources.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative Two.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} - Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park uses an average
of 300 gallons of well water per day. This water usage is not
substantial and highly noticeable on the 8,000 gpd supply of water
currently available. Therefore, this alternative has a long-term minor
impact on water resources. This alternative does not constitute an
impairment on water resources.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} - Other projects that could occur in the
vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects that would have
an estimated average daily use of 0 gpd, 60 gpd, and 900 gpd
respectively; a total average daily use of 960 gpd. The volume of well
water cumulatively used by these projects and Alternatives One through
Four, a total average daily use of 8,960 gpd, would be substantial and
highly noticeable on the 8,000 gpd supply of water currently available.
Increasing the hours per day that the pump runs would mitigate these
impacts being substantial and highly noticeable by increasing the supply
of water to the potentially available 16,000 gpd. The volume of well
water cumulatively used by these projects and Alternative Five, a total
average daily use of 1,260 gpd, would not be substantial and highly
noticeable on the 8,000 gpd supply of water currently available.

The wastewater from the Kïpahulu Conservation Center project would used
the same treatment and disposal system as proposed for this project
(i.e., Alternatives One through Four) and would not substantially and
highly noticeably impact ground-water seeps in this area of the park or
the ocean. The wastewater from the item construction project also would
be treated and disposed of in a manner approved by the Hawaii State
Department of Health and would not substantially and highly noticeably
impact ground-water seeps located at the shoreline in this area of the
park or the ocean.

Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One through Five would have
a long-term minor impact on water resources. Cumulatively these projects
and Alternatives One through Five, if implemented, would not constitute
an impairment on water resources.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on water resources are briefly summarized in Table
8.

Table 8. Summary of Impacts on Water Resources

  --------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**       **Alternatives**                                          

                  **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**

  *Water          Long-term minor    Long-term    Long-term    Long-term    Long-term
  Resources*      direct, indirect   minor        minor        minor        minor
                  and cumulative     direct,      direct,      direct,      direct,
                  impacts            indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect and
                                     cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative
                                     impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts
  --------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

####### Wetlands and Floodplains

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- All visitor facilities and construction
activities associated with this alternative would occur upslope and 50
to 75 feet away from the 100-year floodplains located within this area
of the park and more than 800 feet away from 'Ohe 'o Gulch, the nearest
drainage area. Therefore, this alternative would not directly or
indirectly impact floodplains.

All visitor facilities and construction activities associated with this
alternative would occur more than 340 feet away from marine wetlands and
more than 800 feet away from palustrine wetlands located in this area of
the park. Therefore, this alternative would not directly or indirectly
impact wetlands and further compliance with NPS Director's Order 77-1 or
Section 404 of the Clear Water Act will not be necessary.

Based on the above information this alternative would have a negligible
impact on wetlands and floodplains and if implemented, would not
constitute an impairment on wetlands and floodplains.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- The existing
visitor facilities occur upslope and 50-75 feet away from the 100-year
floodplains located within this area of the park and more than 800 feet
away from 'Ohe'o Gulch, the nearest drainage area. Therefore, retaining
the existing visitor facilities within this area of the park does not
directly or indirectly impact floodplains.

The existing visitor facilities occur more than 340 feet away from
marine wetlands and more than 800 feet away from palustrine wetlands
located in this area of the park. Therefore, retaining the existing
visitor facilities within this area of the park does not directly or
indirectly impact wetlands.

Based on the above information this alternative has negligible impact on
wetlands and floodplains. This alternative does not constitute an
impairment on wetlands and floodplains.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} - Other projects that could occur in or
adjacent to the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects. The facilities
and construction activities associated with these projects would occur
upslope and more than 300 feet away from the 100-year floodplains
located within this area of the park and more than 500 feet away from
'Ohe'o Gulch, the nearest drainage area. Therefore, these projects would
not directly or indirectly impact floodplains.

The facilities and construction activities associated with these
projects would occur more than 640 feet away from marine wetlands and
more than 500 feet away from palustrine wetlands located in this area of
the park. Therefore, these projects would not directly or indirectly
impact wetlands.

Based on the above information cumulatively these projects and
Alternatives One through Four would have a negligible impact on wetlands
and floodplains. Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One
through Four, if implemented, would not constitute an impairment on
wetlands and floodplains. Alternative Five does not contribute to the
cumulative impact on wetlands and floodplains.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on wetlands and floodplains are briefly summarized
in Table 9.

Table 9. Summary of Impacts on Wetlands and Floodplains

  -------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topics**     **Alternatives**                                          

                 **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**

  *Wetlands and  Negligible direct, Negligible   Negligible   Negligible   Negligible
  Floodplains*   indirect and       direct,      direct,      direct,      direct,
                 cumulative impacts indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect and
                                    cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative
                                    impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts
  -------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

####### Wildlife

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- The noise and work associated with
construction activities for this alternative could temporarily disturb
native bird species present within this area of the park. Site work
could also kill native insects present within this area of the park;
however, this impact would probably not be substantial and highly
noticeable. Therefore, this alternative would have a short-term minor
impact on wildlife. This alternative, if implemented, would not
constitute an impairment on wildlife.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a
negligible impact on wildlife. This alternative does not constitute an
impairment on wildlife.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} - Other projects that could occur in the
vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center, and line item construction projects that would
temporarily generate noise and work that could disturb native bird
species present within the park. The site work could also kill native
insects present within the park; however, this impact would probably not
be substantial and highly noticeable. Cumulatively these projects and
Alternatives One through Four would have a short-term minor impact on
wildlife. Cumulatively these projects and Alternative One through Four,
if implemented, would not constitute an impairment on wildlife.
Alternative Five does not contribute to the cumulative impact on
wildlife.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on wildlife are briefly summarized in Table 10.

Table 10. Summary of Impacts on Wildlife

+---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **T     | **Alter   |           |           |           |           |
| opics** | natives** |           |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|         | **One**   | **Two**   | **Three** | **Four**  | **Five**  |
+---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| *Wi     | []{.mark} | S         | S         | S         | N         |
| ldlife* |           | hort-term | hort-term | hort-term | egligible |
|         | S         | minor     | minor     | minor     | direct,   |
|         | hort-term | direct,   | direct,   | direct,   | indirect  |
|         | minor     | indirect  | indirect  | indirect  | and       |
|         | direct,   | and       | and       | and       | c         |
|         | indirect  | c         | c         | c         | umulative |
|         | and       | umulative | umulative | umulative | impacts   |
|         | c         | impacts   | impacts   | impacts   |           |
|         | umulative |           |           |           |           |
|         | impacts   |           |           |           |           |
+---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

**c. Cultural Resources**

Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires
Federal agencies to take into account the effects of their actions on
cultural resources listed or eligible for listing in the NRHP.
Therefore, the thresholds of change for analyzing the intensity of an
impact on cultural resources are defined in accordance with Section 106
of the NHPA, and are as follows:

> "Negligible impact" -- no historic properties affected (36 CFR Part
> 800.4). There are either no cultural resources present within the area
> of potential effect (APE) or there are cultural resources present but
> located more than 30 feet away and the action will have no direct
> and/or indirect impacts on them.
>
> "Minor impact" -- no historic properties adversely effected (36 CFR
> Part 800.5). There are cultural resources located within 30 feet of
> the APE, however, conditions can be imposed on the action that
> mitigate or avoids direct and/or indirect impacts on them.
>
> "Major impact" -- historic properties will be adversely effected (36
> CFR Part 800.5). The action will directly or indirectly alter
> characteristics of a cultural resource that qualify it for inclusion
> in the NRHP by either diminishing the integrity of its location,
> design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and/or association.

*Archeological Resources*

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- Based on site locations as depicted in
the archeological survey (Dye et al. 2002), three archeological
resources associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District are located
within 30 feet of the APE, SIHP Site #s 50-50-17-1088, 50-50-17-3580,
and 50-50-17-3766. This alternative would have a minor impact on
archeological resources if buffer zones were established around these
sites to ensure that construction activities avoid them. This
alternative, if implemented, would not constitute an impairment on
archeological resources.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a minor
impact on archeological resources associated with the Kïpahulu Historic
District. Based on site locations as depicted in the archeological
survey (Dye et al. 2002), three archeological resources, SIHP Site #s
50-50-17-1088, 50-50-17-3580, and 50-50-17-3766, are located within 30
feet of existing visitor-use facilities. However, existing vegetation
and walls create buffer zones between these facilities and the
archeological sites. This alternative does not constitute an impairment
on archeological resources.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in
the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects. Based on site
locations as depicted in the archeological survey (Dye et al. 2002),
there are archeological resources associated with the Kïpahulu Historic
District located within 30 feet of the APE for these projects. Buffer
zones will be established around these archeological resources to ensure
that construction activities associated with these projects avoid them.
Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One through Five would have
a minor impact on archeological resources. Cumulatively these projects
and Alternatives One through Five, if implemented, would not constitute
an impairment on archeological resources.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on archeological resources associated with the
Kïpahulu Historic District are briefly summarized in Table 11.

Table 11. Summary of Impacts on Archeological Resources

+-----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| **Topic** | **Altern |          |          |          |          |
|           | atives** |          |          |          |          |
+-----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|           | **One**  | **Two**  | *        | **Four** | **Five** |
|           |          |          | *Three** |          |          |
+-----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| *Arch     | [        | Minor    | Minor    | Minor    | Minor    |
| eological | ]{.mark} | direct,  | direct,  | direct,  | direct,  |
| R         |          | indirect | indirect | indirect | indirect |
| esources* | Minor    | and      | and      | and      | and      |
|           | direct,  | cu       | cu       | cu       | cu       |
|           | indirect | mulative | mulative | mulative | mulative |
|           | and      | impacts  | impacts  | impacts  | impacts  |
|           | cu       |          |          |          |          |
|           | mulative |          |          |          |          |
|           | impacts  |          |          |          |          |
+-----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+

######## Cultural Landscapes

[Alternative One]{.underline} - Construction activities associated with
this alternative would not directly or indirectly impact the one
cultural landscape associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District. This
cultural landscape is located is more than 30 feet away from the APE.
The visitor-use facilities associated with this alternative are also
obscured by topography and vegetation and not in the direct line of
sight of this landscape. Therefore, this alternative would have a
negligible impact on cultural landscapes. This alternative, if
implemented, would not constitute an impairment on cultural landscapes.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} - Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same As Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a
negligible impact on cultural landscapes associated with the Kïpahulu
Historic District. This alternative does not constitute an impairment on
cultural landscapes.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in
the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects. The Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects would not
directly or indirectly impact the one component cultural landscape
associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District. This component cultural
landscape is located is more than 30 feet away from the APE for these
projects. These projects are also not in the direct line of sight of
this component cultural landscape.

This component cultural landscape is, however, located within 30 feet of
the APE for the hale construction project. Therefore, a buffer zone will
be established around this landscape to ensure that construction
activity avoids it. Also, the hale is a traditional Hawaiian building
that is compatible with this landscape.

Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One through Four would have
at most a minor impact on cultural landscapes. Cumulatively these
projects and Alternatives One through Four, if implemented, would not
constitute an impairment on cultural landscapes. Alternative Five does
not contribute to the cumulative impact on cultural landscapes.

[Conclusion]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on cultural landscapes associated with the Kïpahulu
Historic District are briefly summarized in Table 12.

Table 12. Summary of Impacts on Cultural Landscapes

  ------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**     **Alternatives**                                          

                **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**

  *Cultural     Negligible direct  Negligible   Negligible   Negligible   Negligible
  Landscapes*   and indirect       direct and   direct and   direct and   direct,
                impacts and minor  indirect     indirect     indirect     indirect and
                cumulative impacts impacts and  impacts and  impacts and  cumulative
                                   minor        minor        minor        impacts
                                   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   
                                   impacts      impacts      impacts      
  ------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

######## Historic Structures

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- The closest historic structure
associated with the Kïpahulu Historic District, LCS ID# 014017, is
located within 30 feet of construction activities associated with this
alternative. This alternative would have a minor impact on historic
structures if a buffer zone was established around this structure to
ensure that construction activity avoids it. This alternative, if
implemented, would not constitute an impairment on historic structures.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} - Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a minor
impact on historic structures associated with the Kïpahulu Historic
District. The closest historic structure associated with the Kïpahulu
Historic District, LCS ID# 014017, is located within 30 feet of existing
visitor-use facilities. However, an existing wall and vegetation creates
a buffer zone between these facilities and the historic structure. This
alternative does not constitute an impairment on historic structures.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in
the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects. The Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects would not
directly or indirectly impact historic structures associated with the
Kïpahulu Historic District. These structures are located more than 30
feet away from the APE for these projects. These projects are also not
in the direct line of sight of these historic structures.

Four historic structures (LCS ID#s 014016, 058299, 058389 and 058434)
are, however, located within 30 feet of the APE for the hale
construction project. Therefore, buffer zones will be established around
these structures to ensure that construction activities avoid them.
Also, the hale is a traditional Hawaiian building that is compatible
with these historic structures.

Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One through Five would have
a minor impact on historic structures. Cumulatively these projects and
Alternatives One through Five, if implemented, would not constitute an
impairment on historic structures.

[Conclusion]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on historic structures associated with the Kïpahulu
Historic District are briefly summarized in Table 13.

Table 13. Summary of Impacts on Historic Structures

  ------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**     **Alternatives**                                          

                **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**

  *Historic     Minor direct,      Minor        Minor        Minor        Minor
  Structures*   indirect and       direct,      direct,      direct,      direct,
                cumulative impacts indirect and indirect and indirect and indirect and
                                   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   cumulative
                                   impacts      impacts      impacts      impacts
  ------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

*Museum Objects*

[Alternative One]{.underline} - Construction activities associated with
this alternative would not directly or indirectly impact museum objects
on exhibit at the KVC. Therefore, this alternative would have a
negligible impact on museum objects. This alternative, if implemented,
would not constitute an impairment on museum objects.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- This
alternative would involve moving the KVC and the museum objects on
exhibit at the KVC. Therefore, this alternative would have a short-term
minor impact on museum objects. This alternative, if implemented, would
not constitute an impairment on museum objects.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} - Same as Alternative Three.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a
negligible impact on museum objects. This alternative does not
constitute an impairment on museum objects.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in
the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects. The hale and
line item construction projects would not directly or indirectly impact
the museum objects on exhibit at the KVC. The Kïpahulu Conservation
Center construction project could move the KVC and have a short-term
minor impact on museum objects exhibited at the KVC. Cumulatively these
projects and Alternatives One through Four would have at most a
short-term minor impact on museum objects. Cumulatively these projects
and Alternatives One through Four, if implemented, would not constitute
an impairment on museum objects. Alternative Five does not contribute to
the cumulative impact on museum objects.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on museum objects exhibited at the KVC are briefly
summarized in Table 14.

Table 14. Summary of Impacts on Museum Objects

  ----------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**   **Alternatives**                                          

              **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**

  *Museum     Negligible direct  Negligible   Short-term   Short-term   Negligible
  Objects*    and indirect       direct and   minor        minor        direct,
              impacts and        indirect     direct,      direct,      indirect and
              short-term minor   impacts and  indirect and indirect and cumulative
              cumulative impacts short-term   cumulative   cumulative   impacts
                                 minor        impacts      impacts      
                                 cumulative                             
                                 impacts                                
  ----------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

# Socioeconomic Resources

In the absence of quantitative data, best professional judgement by the
NPS prevailed in defining the thresholds of change for analyzing the
intensity of an impact on socioeconomic resources, and are as follows:

> "Negligible impact" -- the action will have no direct and/or indirect
> impacts on socioeconomic resources or only temporary impacts are
> expected.
>
> "Minor impact" -- the action will have permanent direct and/or
> indirect impacts on socioeconomic resources, however, the impacts are
> not substantial and highly noticeable or conditions can be imposed
> that mitigate and/or avoids the impacts being substantial and highly
> noticeable.
>
> "Major impact" -- the action will have permanent direct and/or
> indirect impacts on socioeconomic resources that are substantial and
> highly noticeable.

####### 

######## Environmental Justice Issues

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- Construction activities associated with
this alternative would temporarily disrupt the access from the
campground in this area of this park for Hawaiians and members of the
local community to conduct traditional subsistence fishing and gathering
of marine life. Therefore, this alternative would have a short-term
negligible impact of environmental justice issues. This alternative, if
implemented, would not constitute an impairment on environmental justice
issues.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} - Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a
negligible impact on environmental justice issues. This alternative does
not constitute an impairment on environmental justice issues.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in
the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects that would not
directly or indirectly impact environmental justice issues. Cumulatively
these projects and Alternatives One through Four would have at most a
short-term negligible impact on environmental justice issues.
Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One through Four, if
implemented, would not constitute and impairment on environmental
justice issues. Alternative Five does not contribute to the cumulative
impact on environmental justice issues.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on environmental justice issues are briefly
summarized in Table 15.

Table 15. Summary of Impacts on Environmental Justice Issues

  ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**        **Alternatives**                                          

                   **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**

  *Environmental   Short-term         Short-term   Short-term   Short-term   Negligible
  Justice Issues*  negligible direct, negligible   negligible   negligible   direct,
                   indirect and       direct,      direct,      direct,      indirect and
                   cumulative impacts indirect and indirect and indirect and cumulative
                                      cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   impacts
                                      impacts      impacts      impacts      
  ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

####### Park Operations

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- This alternative would primarily
replace existing visitor facilities; however, new visitor facilities
(e.g., a separate commercial vehicles parking area, graveled loop road
within the campground with parking spaces) would also be added that must
be managed in this area of the park. These new visitor facilities meet
an existing need for such facilities in this area of the park;
therefore, the impact on park operations would not be substantial and
highly noticeable. Since most of these facilities replace existing ones
with existing utilities (i.e., phone, wastewater, photovolatic system
for electricity), the impact of upgrading these utilities or adding
utilities to the new facilities would not be substantial and highly
noticeable. Therefore, this alternative would have a long-term minor
impact on park operations. This alternative, if implemented, would not
constitute an impairment on park operations.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a long-term
minor impact on park operations. This alternative does not constitute an
impairment on park operations.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in
the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects. The Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects would replace
existing facilities and add new facilities that the park must manage.
Most of these facilities meet an existing need for such facilities in
this area of the park, therefore, the impact on park operations would
not be substantial and highly noticeable. Since most of these facilities
replace existing ones with existing utilities (i.e., phone, wastewater,
photovolatic system for electricity), the impact of upgrading these
utilities or adding utilities to the new facilities would not be
substantial and highly noticeable.

The hale construction project would add a new facility that the park
must manage, however, the partnership with the Kïpahulu Ohana for the
maintenance of this structure mitigates these management costs, and
building this structure would not increase the maintenance backlog for
the park. This facility would not require any utilities.

Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One through Five would have
a long-term minor impact on park operations. Cumulatively these projects
and Alternative One through Five, if implemented, would not constitute
an impairment on park operations.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on park operations are briefly summarized in Table
16.

Table 16. Summary of Impacts on Park Operations

+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| *        | **Alter   |           |           |           |           |
| *Topic** | natives** |           |           |           |           |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|          | **One**   | **Two**   | **Three** | **Four**  | **Five**  |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| *Park    | []{.mark} | Long-term | Long-term | Long-term | Long-term |
| Ope      |           | minor     | minor     | minor     | minor     |
| rations* | Long-term | direct,   | direct,   | direct,   | direct,   |
|          | minor     | indirect  | indirect  | indirect  | indirect  |
|          | direct,   | and       | and       | and       | and       |
|          | indirect  | c         | c         | c         | c         |
|          | and       | umulative | umulative | umulative | umulative |
|          | c         | impacts   | impacts   | impacts   | impacts   |
|          | umulative |           |           |           |           |
|          | impacts   |           |           |           |           |
+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

####### Traffic

[Alternative One]{.underline} - Construction activities associated with
this alternative would temporarily disrupt traffic on the Hana Highway
and the vehicles moving within this area of the park. Therefore, this
alternative would have a short-term negligible impact on traffic. This
alternative, if implemented, would not constitute an impairment on
traffic.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a
negligible impact on traffic. This alternative does not constitute an
impairment on traffic.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} - Other projects that could occur in the
vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects. The hale
construction project would not directly or indirectly impact traffic.
The Kïpahulu Conservation Center and line item construction projects
would temporarily disrupt traffic on the Hana Highway and vehicles
moving within this area of the park. Cumulatively these projects and
Alternatives One through Four would have at most a short-term negligible
impact on traffic. Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One
through Four, if implemented, would not constitute an impairment on
traffic. Alternative Five does not contribute to the cumulative impact
on traffic.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on traffic are briefly summarized in Table 17.

Table 17. Summary of Impacts on Traffic

+--------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| **T    | **Alter   |           |           |           |           |
| opic** | natives** |           |           |           |           |
+--------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
|        | **One**   | **Two**   | **Three** | **Four**  | **Five**  |
+--------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| *Tr    | []{.mark} | S         | S         | S         | N         |
| affic* |           | hort-term | hort-term | hort-term | egligible |
|        | S         |           |           |           | direct,   |
|        | hort-term | n         | n         | n         | indirect  |
|        |           | egligible | egligible | egligible | and       |
|        | n         | direct,   | direct,   | direct,   | c         |
|        | egligible | indirect  | indirect  | indirect  | umulative |
|        | direct,   | and       | and       | and       | impacts   |
|        | indirect  | c         | c         | c         |           |
|        | and       | umulative | umulative | umulative |           |
|        | c         | impacts   | impacts   | impacts   |           |
|        | umulative |           |           |           |           |
|        | impacts   |           |           |           |           |
+--------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

####### Visitor Use and Experience

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- This alternative would improve the
quality of the facilities that visitors use while they are visiting this
area of the park. However, these facilities are not a major reason why
visitors visit this area of the park, nor a major part of the desire
visitor experience from the park's perspective. In fact, the reason why
these improvements are considered a critical park need is because of the
large numbers of visitors on day tours to Hana and Kïpahulu already
stopping at the park as destination point in their trip. Therefore, this
alternative would have a long-term minor impact on visitor use and
experience. This alternative, if implemented, would not constitute an
impairment on visitor use and experience.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a
negligible impact on visitor use and experience. This alternative does
not constitute an impairment on visitor use and experience.

####### 

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in
the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects. The line item
construction project for staff facilities would not directly or
indirectly impact visitor use and experience. The hale and the Kïpahulu
Conservation Center construction projects would provide a new area for
Hawaiian cultural demonstrations to take place and a new exhibit space
for visitors to access. Increases in visitation resulting from these
projects, however, would not be substantial and highly noticeable since
exhibits and cultural demonstrations are already provided at the KVC,
and because the majority of visitors on day tours to Hana and Kïpahulu
already stop at the park as destination point in their trip.

Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One through Four would have
at the most a long-term minor impact on visitor use and experience.
Cumulatively these projects and Alternatives One through Four, if
implemented, would not constitute an impairment on visitor use and
experience. Alternative Five does not contribute to the cumulative
impact on visitor use and experience.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on visitor use and experience are briefly
summarized in Table 18.

Table 18. Summary of Impacts on Visitor Use and Experience

+------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| **Topic**  | **Altern |          |          |          |          |
|            | atives** |          |          |          |          |
+------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
|            | **One**  | **Two**  | *        | **Four** | **Five** |
|            |          |          | *Three** |          |          |
+------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| *Visitor   | [        | L        | L        | L        | Ne       |
| Use and    | ]{.mark} | ong-term | ong-term | ong-term | gligible |
| E          |          | minor    | minor    | minor    | direct,  |
| xperience* | L        | direct,  | direct,  | direct,  | indirect |
|            | ong-term | indirect | indirect | indirect | and      |
|            | minor    | and      | and      | and      | cu       |
|            | direct,  | cu       | cu       | cu       | mulative |
|            | indirect | mulative | mulative | mulative | impacts  |
|            | and      | impacts  | impacts  | impacts  |          |
|            | cu       |          |          |          |          |
|            | mulative |          |          |          |          |
|            | impacts  |          |          |          |          |
+------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+----------+

####### Visual/Scenic Resources

[Alternative One]{.underline} -- The enlarged and hard-surfaced day-use
parking lot constructed by this alternative would impact the view of the
Kïpahulu Valley and the surrounding mountains and cliffs as seen from
the KVC. This impact would be mitigated by landscaping sections of the
parking lot with native or Polynesian-introduced plants and would not be
substantial and highly noticeable. Therefore, this alternative would
have a long-term minor impact on visual/scenic resources. This
alternative, if implemented, would not constitute an impairment on
visual/scenic resources.

[Alternative Two]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Three (preferred alternative)]{.underline} -- Same as
Alternative One.

[Alternative Four]{.underline} -- Same as Alternative One.

[Alternative Five (no action alternative)]{.underline} -- Retaining the
existing visitor facilities within this area of the park has a
negligible impact on visual/scenic resources. This alternative does not
constitute an impairment on visual/scenic resources.

[Cumulative Impact]{.underline} -- Other projects that could occur in
the vicinity of the Kïpahulu coastal area are the hale, Kïpahulu
Conservation Center and line item construction projects. The hale and
line construction would not directly or indirectly impact visual/scenic
resources. The Kïpahulu Conservation Center project could locate
structures to the far right side of the view towards the ocean as seen
from the KVC. However, these structures would not be a substantial or
highly noticeable part of this significant viewshed. Cumulatively these
projects and Alternatives One through Four would have at the most a
long-term minor impact on visual/scenic resources. Cumulatively these
projects and Alternatives One through Four, if implemented, would not
constitute an impairment on visual/scenic resources. Alternative Five
does not contribute to the cumulative impact on visual/scenic resources.

[Conclusions]{.underline} - The findings from analysis of the impacts of
project alternatives on visual/scenic resources are briefly summarized
in Table 19.

Table 19. Summary of Impacts on Visual/Scenic Resources

  ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
  **Topic**        **Alternatives**                                          

                   **One**            **Two**      **Three**    **Four**     **Five**

  *Visual/Scenic   Long-term minor    Long-term    Long-term    Long-term    Negligible
  Resources*       direct, indirect   minor        minor        minor        direct,
                   and cumulative     direct,      direct,      direct,      indirect and
                   impacts            indirect and indirect and indirect and cumulative
                                      cumulative   cumulative   cumulative   impacts
                                      impacts      impacts      impacts      
  ---------------- ------------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

###### e. Environmentally Preferable Alternative

Based on the findings of the environmental impact analysis as presented
above, the environmentally preferred alternative (i.e., the
alternative/s that cause the least damage to the biological and physical
environment, and afford the most protection, preservation and
enhancement of the cultural and natural resources) is Alternative Five,
the no action alternative. Alternative Five has negligible impacts on
more resource topics than all of the other alternatives (i.e., 12 out of
a total of 16 resource topics). Like all of the other alternatives,
Alternative Five has minor impacts on archeological resources, historic
structures, park operations, and water resources.

##### **7. [CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION]{.underline}**

The following people participated in the development of this EA:

# 

# a. Preparers

Elizabeth Gordon, Cultural Resources Program Manager and Archeologist,
HALE

Ron Nagata, Chief of Resource Management, HALE

# b. Contributors

Steve Anderson, Natural Resources Program Manager, HALE

Frank Baublits, Chief of Maintenance, HALE

Bill Haus, Biological Technician, HALE

> Aaron Kogan, Resources Management Data Specialist, Research
> Cooperation of
>
> the University of Hawai'i

Cathleen Natividad Bailey, Wildlife Biologist, HALE

> Raina Takumi, Biologist (Entomologist), HALE
>
> Patti Welton, Botanist, HALE

In addition to the internal park scoping process, the following people,
organizations and agencies were contacted for information prior to and
during the preparation of this EA: Alliance for the Heritage of East
Maui, the Regulatory Branch of the U.S. Army Engineer District Honolulu,
J. Kalani English, Friends of Haleakalä National Park, Kïpahulu
Community Association, Richard Kinser, Kïpahulu Ohana, Jonathon Starr,
and Hawaii State Department of Health. Concerns were raised about the
non-"rural" look of hard-surfacing the day-use parking lot with black
asphalt. Concerns were also raised about contamination of the fresh
water seeps and the ocean resulting from the wastewater treatment and
disposal system associated with the proposed project.

Appendix 2 is the list of recipients of this EA.

# c. Compliance with Federal and/or State Laws and Regulations

This EA has been prepared to provide the opportunity for the public to
review the NPS decision-making process and the potential environmental
consequences of the proposed project as required by the National
Environmental Policy Act. Following public review of this document, the
NPS will issue either a finding of no significant impact or a notice of
intent to prepare an environmental impact statement.

## Section 106 of the NHPA requires Federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic properties (i.e., cultural resources listed or eligible for listing in the NRHP) and afford the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and/or the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO) a reasonable opportunity to comment on such undertakings. The NPS entered into formal Section 106 consultation with the Hawaii SHPO on the proposed project on November 7, 2002 stating that in accordance with 36 CFR Part 800.5 a finding of "no historic properties adversely effected" is appropriate for this undertaking. Hawaii SHPO concurrence on the "no adverse effect" determination was received on January 15, 2003. 

## 

Section 106 of the NHPA also requires Federal agencies to consult with
Native Hawaiian organizations about the effects of their undertakings on
resources of traditional religious and cultural significance listed or
eligible for listing in the NRHP. Consultation with the Küpuna Group for
the Kïpahulu District of HALE on the proposed project occurred on May 6,
2002. The küpuna didn't have any objections to the proposed project.
Consultation with the Office of Hawaiian Affairs took place concurrently
with the Hawaii SHPO consultation.

Prior to implementing the proposed project, the Hawaii State Department
of Health must approve the wastewater treatment and disposal system, and
that the well water in this area of the park is safe for drinking.

### 8. [REFERENCES]{.underline}

Ball, J.L. and G.D. Dean

1997 *Design of Recirculating Sand Filters Using a Standardized
Methodology.* Sutherlin: Orenco Systems, Inc.

Bounds, T.R., E.S. Ball, and H.L. Ball

2000 *Performance of Packed Bed Filters*. Sutherlin: Orneco Systems,
Inc.

Dames & Moore

1979 *Soils Investigation Proposed Day-Use Visitors' Facilities and
Wastewater Disposal Systems, Kïpahulu District/'Ohe'o, Haleakalä
National Park, Maui, Hawai'i for National Park Service, Department of
the Interior*. Honolulu.

Dye, T.S., M.T. Carson, and M. Tomonari-Tuggle

2002 *Archeological Survey of Sixty Acres of the Kïpahulu Historic
District within the Kïpahulu District of Haleakalä National Park*.
Prepared for Haleakalä National Park under contract with the Department
of the Navy, Pacific Division Naval Facilities Engineering Command,
Pearl Harbor, Hawai'i. Honolulu: International Archaeological Research
Institute, Inc.

Gagne, W.C.

1980 "Insects and Myriapods of Kïpahulu Valley Below 2000 Feet" in C.W.
Smith, ed. *Resources Base Inventory of Kïpahulu Valley Below 2000
Feet*. Honolulu: Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit
Hawaii.

Hammer, D.A.

1989 *Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment.* Chelsea: Lewis
Publishers, Inc.

Handy, E.S.C. and E.G. Handy

1972 *Native Planters in Old Hawaii: Their Life, Lore, and Environment.*
Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin 233. Honolulu: The Bishop Museum
Press.

Hodges, C.

2000 *Survey of Terrestrial Vertebrate Fauna in the Proposed 'Ohe'o
Development Area*. Makawao: Haleakalä National Park.

Hodges, M.H.

1994 *Technical Report 93: Monitoring of the Freshwater Amphidromous
Populations of the 'Ohe'o Gulch Stream System and Pua'alu'u Stream,
Haleakalä National Park*. Honolulu: Cooperative National Park Resources
Studies Unit Hawaii.

Kinzie III, R.A. and J. I. Ford

1977 *Technical Report 17: A Limnological Survey of Lower Palikea and
Pïpïwai Streams, Kïpahulu, Maui*. Honolulu: Cooperative National Park
Resources Studies Unit Hawaii.

Medeiros, A.C., L.L. Loope, and C.G. Chimera

1998 *Technical Report 120: Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of
Haleakalä National Park*. Honolulu: Cooperative National Park Resources
Studies Unit Hawaii.

National Park Service

1991 *National Register Bulletin 15: How to Apply the National Register
Criteria for Evaluation.*

1995 *General Management Plan/Environmental Impact Statement, Haleakalä
National Park, Maui County, Hawai'i*.

2000. *Strategic Plan for Haleakalä National Park: Fiscal Year 2000-2005
      (October 1, 1999 -- September 20, 2005)*.

2001. *Haleakalä National Park Visitor Study, Spring 2000*. Visitor
      Services Project Report 118. Cooperative Park Studies Unit,
      University of Idaho.

2001 *Draft Haleakalä National Park Long-Range Interpretative Plan,
Maui, Hawai'i.*

New, J.F. & Associates, Inc.

2001 *Preliminary Engineering Feasibility Study: Constructed Wetland
Treatment System, Kïpahulu Comfort Station, Haleakalä National Park,
Maui, Hawai'i*. Indianapolis.

Rosendahl, P.H.

1975 *Archeological Base Map, Lower Kïpahulu District, Haleakalä
National Park, Maui.* 105 sheets including Drawing 162/82003.

Stemmermann, M.

1980 "Birds of Kïpahulu Valley Below 2000 Feet" in C.W. Smith, ed.
*Resources Base Inventory of Kïpahulu Valley Below 2000 Feet*. Honolulu:
Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit Hawaii.

Takumi, R.L.

2000. *Survey of Insect Fauna in the Proposed 'Ohe'o Development Area*.
      Makawao: Haleakalä National Park.

Tomich, P.Q.

1986 *Mammals in Hawai'i.* Honolulu: Bishop Museum Press.

United States Geological Survey (USGS)

1983. *Exploratory Drilling and Aquifer Testing at the Kïpahulu
      District, Haleakalä National Park, Maui, Hawaii*. Report 83-4066.

Whitaker, J.O., Jr., and P.Q. Tomich

1983 *"Food Habits of the Hoary Bat, Lasiurus cinereus, from Hawaii*" in
*Journal of Mammalogy* 66:183-185.

### 9. [APPENDIX 1: VASCULAR PLANT SPECIES LIST FOR THE KÏPAHULU COASTAL AREA OF HALE]{.underline}

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<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"><strong>Common Name</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>Status^</strong></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><blockquote>
<p><strong>Pteridiophytes</strong></p>
</blockquote></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Dryopteridaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Nephrolepis</em></td>
<td><em>multiflora</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Roxb.) Jarrett ex Morton</td>
<td colspan="5">'okupukupu</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Polypodiaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Phymatosorus</em></td>
<td><em>scolopendria</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Langsd. &amp; Fisch.) Brownlie</td>
<td colspan="5">laua'e, lauwa'e</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><blockquote>
<p><strong>Monocotyledons</strong></p>
</blockquote></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Agavaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Agave</em></td>
<td><em>sisalana</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Perrine</td>
<td colspan="5">sisal, malina</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Cordyline</em></td>
<td><em>fruticosa</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) A. Chev.</td>
<td colspan="5">ti, ki</td>
<td colspan="3">PI</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Amaryllidaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Pancratium</em></td>
<td><em>littorale</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Jacq.</td>
<td colspan="5">spider lily</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Araceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Alocasia</em></td>
<td><em>macrorrhiza</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) Schott</td>
<td colspan="5">'ape</td>
<td colspan="3">PI</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Arecaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Cocos</em></td>
<td><em>nucifera</em></td>
<td colspan="3">L.</td>
<td colspan="5">coconut, niu</td>
<td colspan="3">PI</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Cannaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Phoenix</em></td>
<td><em>canariense</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Chabaud</td>
<td colspan="5">Date Palm</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Canna</em></td>
<td><em>indica</em></td>
<td colspan="3">L.</td>
<td colspan="5">canna, poloke</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Commelinaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Commelina</em></td>
<td><em>diffusa</em></td>
<td colspan="3">N. L. Burm.</td>
<td colspan="5">honohono, makolokolo</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Cyperaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Cyperus</em></td>
<td><em>gracilis</em></td>
<td colspan="3">R. Br.</td>
<td colspan="5">McCoy grass, mau`u hunehune</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Fimbristylis</em></td>
<td><em>cymosa</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>R.B. subsp.</em> umbellata-capitata (Hillebr.) T.
Koyama</td>
<td colspan="5">mau`u `aki`aki</td>
<td colspan="3">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Fimbristylis</em></td>
<td><em>dichotoma</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) Vahl</td>
<td colspan="5">tall fringe rush</td>
<td colspan="3">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Kyllinga</em></td>
<td><em>nemoralis</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Forster &amp; Forster) Dandy ex Hutchinson &amp;
Dalziel</td>
<td colspan="5">kyllinga, kili'o'opu</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Mariscus</em></td>
<td><em>javanicus</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Houtt.) Merr. &amp; Metcalfe</td>
<td colspan="5">marsh cypress, 'ahu'awa</td>
<td colspan="3">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Pycreus</em></td>
<td><em>polystachyos</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Rottb.) P. Beauv. ssp. <em>holosericeus</em> (Link) T.
Koyama</td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Pycreus</em></td>
<td><em>polystachyos</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Rottb.) P. Beauv. ssp. polystachyos</td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Pandanaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Pandanus</em></td>
<td><em>tectorius</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Warb.</td>
<td colspan="5">hala, puhala</td>
<td colspan="3">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Poaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Brachiaria</em></td>
<td><em>mutica</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Forssk.) Stapf</td>
<td colspan="5">california grass</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Cynodon</em></td>
<td><em>dactylon</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) Pers.</td>
<td colspan="5">bermuda grass, manienie-haole</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Digitaria</em></td>
<td><em>ciliaris</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Retz.) Koeler</td>
<td colspan="5">henry's crabgrass</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Digitaria</em></td>
<td><em>insularis</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) Mez ex Ekman</td>
<td colspan="5">sourgrass</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Digitaria</em></td>
<td><em>pentzii</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Stent</td>
<td colspan="5">pangola grass</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Digitaria</em></td>
<td><em>setigera</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Roth</td>
<td colspan="5">mau'u-kukaepua'a, itchy crabgrass</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Eleusine</em></td>
<td><em>indica</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) Gaertn.</td>
<td colspan="5">goosegrass, manienie-ali'i</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Eragrostis</em></td>
<td><em>brownei</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Kunth) Nees in Hook. &amp; Arn.</td>
<td colspan="5">brown's lovegrass</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Ischaemum</em></td>
<td><em>byrone</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Trin.) Hitchc.</td>
<td colspan="5">Hilo ischaemum</td>
<td colspan="3">*E</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Oplismenus</em></td>
<td><em>hirtellus</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) Beauv.</td>
<td colspan="5">basketgrass, honohono-kukui</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Panicum</em></td>
<td><em>fauriei</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Hitch var. latius (St.John) Davidse</td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3">E</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Panicum</em></td>
<td><em>maximum</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Jacq.</td>
<td colspan="5">guinea grass</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Paspalum</em></td>
<td><em>dilatatum</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Poir.</td>
<td colspan="5">dallis grass</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Paspalum</em></td>
<td><em>urvillei</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Steud.</td>
<td colspan="5">vasey grass</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Pennisetum</em></td>
<td><em>clandestinum</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Hochst. ex Chiov.</td>
<td colspan="5">kikuyu grass</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Pennisetum</em></td>
<td><em>purpureum</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Schumach.</td>
<td colspan="5">elephant grass</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Saccharum</em></td>
<td><em>officinarum</em></td>
<td colspan="3">L.</td>
<td colspan="5">sugar cane, ko</td>
<td colspan="3">PI</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Setaria</em></td>
<td><em>gracilis</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Kunth</td>
<td colspan="5">perennial foxtail, mau'u-kaleponi</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Sporobolus</em></td>
<td><em>indicus</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) R. Br.</td>
<td colspan="5">west indian dropseed</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Stenotaphrum</em></td>
<td><em>secundatum</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Walt.) Ktze.</td>
<td colspan="5">buffalo grass</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><strong>Dicotyledons</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Aizoaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Sesuvium</em></td>
<td><em>portulacastrum</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) L.</td>
<td colspan="5">'akulikuli, sea-purslane</td>
<td colspan="3">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Anacardiaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Mangifera</em></td>
<td><em>indica</em></td>
<td colspan="3">L.</td>
<td colspan="5">mango, manako</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Schinus</em></td>
<td><em>terebinthifolius</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Raddi</td>
<td colspan="5">christmas berry, wilelaiki</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Annonaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Artabotrys</em></td>
<td><em>hexapetalus</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L. f.) Bhandari</td>
<td colspan="5">ylang-ylang</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Apiaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Centella</em></td>
<td><em>asiatica</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) Urban</td>
<td colspan="5">asiatic pennywort, pohekula</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Apocynaceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><h4 id="catharanthus">Catharanthus</h4></td>
<td><em>roseus</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) G. Don</td>
<td colspan="5">madagascar periwinkle</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Asteraceae</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Bidens</em></td>
<td><em>hillebrandiana</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Drake) Deg. ssp. <em>polycephala</em> Nagata and
Ganders</td>
<td colspan="5">ko'oko'olau</td>
<td colspan="3">**E</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Bidens</em></td>
<td><em>pilosa</em></td>
<td colspan="3">L.</td>
<td colspan="5">spanish needle, ki-nehe</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Eclipta</em></td>
<td><em>alba</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) Hassk.</td>
<td colspan="5">false daisy</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Emilia</em></td>
<td><em>fosbergii</em></td>
<td colspan="3">Nicolson</td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Emilia</em></td>
<td><em>sonchifolia</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) DC var.<em>sonchifolia</em></td>
<td colspan="5">lilac pualele</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Pluchea</em></td>
<td><em>symphytifolia</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(Miller) Gillis</td>
<td colspan="5">sour bush</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Sonchus</em></td>
<td><em>oleraceus</em></td>
<td colspan="3">L.</td>
<td colspan="5">sow thistle, pua-lele</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Synedrella</em></td>
<td><em>nodiflora</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) Gaertn.</td>
<td colspan="5">synedrella</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><h4 id="vernonia">Vernonia</h4></td>
<td><em>cinerea</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) Less.</td>
<td colspan="5">ironweed</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><h4 id="youngia">Youngia</h4></td>
<td><em>japonica</em></td>
<td colspan="3">(L.) DC.</td>
<td colspan="5">oriental hawksbeard</td>
<td colspan="3">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Crassocephalum</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>crepidioides</em></td>
<td colspan="4">(Benth.) S. Moore</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Elephantopus</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>spicatus</em></td>
<td colspan="4">Juss. ex Aubl.</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>Bignoniaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="5"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><em>Spathodea</em></td>
<td colspan="2"><em>campanulata</em></td>
<td colspan="5">Beauv.</td>
<td colspan="4">african tulip tree</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Boraginaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Tournefortia</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>argentia</em></td>
<td colspan="2">L. fil.</td>
<td colspan="3">tree heliotrope</td>
<td colspan="5">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Caricaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Carica</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>papaya</em></td>
<td colspan="2">L.</td>
<td colspan="6">papaya</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Caryophyllaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Drymaria</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>cordata</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(L.) Willd. ex R. &amp; S.</td>
<td colspan="6">pipili</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Casuarinaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Casuarina</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>equisetifolia</em></td>
<td colspan="2">L.</td>
<td colspan="6">ironwood, paina</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Clusiaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Calophyllum</td>
<td colspan="3">inophyllum</td>
<td colspan="2">L.</td>
<td colspan="6">kamani, alexandrian laurel</td>
<td colspan="4">PI</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Combretaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><h4 id="terminalia">Terminalia</h4></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>catappa</em></td>
<td colspan="2">L.</td>
<td colspan="6">tropical almond, false kamani</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Convolvulaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Ipomoea</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>alba</em></td>
<td colspan="2">L.</td>
<td colspan="6">moon flower, koali-pehu</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Ipomoea</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>indica</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(J. Burm.) Merr.</td>
<td colspan="6">morning glory, koali-awa</td>
<td colspan="4">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Ipomoea</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>pes-caprae</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(L.) R. Br.</td>
<td colspan="6">beach morning glory, pohuehue</td>
<td colspan="4">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Crassulaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Kalanchoe</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>pinnata</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(Lam.) Pers.</td>
<td colspan="6">air plant, 'oliwa-ku-kahakai</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Euphorbiaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Aleurites</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>moluccana</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(L.) Willd.</td>
<td colspan="6">candlenut, kukui</td>
<td colspan="4">PI</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Chamaesyce</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>hirta</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(L.) Millsp.</td>
<td colspan="6">garden spurge, koko-kahiki</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Manihot</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>esculenta</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Crantz</td>
<td colspan="6">cassava, tapioca plant</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Manihot</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>glaziovii</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Mull. Arg.</td>
<td colspan="6">Ceara rubber tree</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Phyllantus</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>sp.(tenellus or debilis)</em></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Phyllantus</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>debilis</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Klein ex Willd.</td>
<td colspan="6">niruri</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Fabaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><h4 id="canavalia">Canavalia</h4></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>cathartica</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Thouars.</td>
<td colspan="6">maunaloa</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Chamaecrista</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>nictitans</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(L.) Moench</td>
<td colspan="6">partridge pea, lauki</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Crotolaria</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>pallida</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Aitin</td>
<td colspan="6">smooth rattle pod</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Desmodium</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>incanum</em></td>
<td colspan="2">DC</td>
<td colspan="6">spanish clover, ka'imi</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Desmodium</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>sandwicense</em></td>
<td colspan="2">E. Mey.</td>
<td colspan="6">spanish or chili clover</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Desmodium</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>triflorum</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(L.) DC.</td>
<td colspan="6">three-flowered beggarweed</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Erythrina</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>sandwicensis</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Deg.</td>
<td colspan="6">wiliwili</td>
<td colspan="4">E</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><h4 id="erythrina">Erythrina</h4></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>variegata</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Stickm.</td>
<td colspan="6">tiger's claw</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Indigofera</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>suffruticosa</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Mill.</td>
<td colspan="6">indigo</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Leucaena</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>leucocephala</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(Lam.) de Wit</td>
<td colspan="6">koa-haole</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Medicago</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>lupulina</em></td>
<td colspan="2">L.</td>
<td colspan="6">black medic, trefoil</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Mimosa</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>pudica</em></td>
<td colspan="2">L. var. unijuga (Duchass. &amp; Walp.) Griseb.</td>
<td colspan="6">sensitive plant, pua-hilahila</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Mucuna</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>gigantea</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(Willd.) DC.</td>
<td colspan="6">ka'e'e</td>
<td colspan="4">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Senna</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>pendula</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(Humb. &amp; Bonpl. ex Willd.) Irwin &amp; Barneby var.
<em>advena</em> Barneby</td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Senna</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>surattensis</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(Burm.) Irwin and Barneby</td>
<td colspan="6">kolomona</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Trifolium</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>sp.</em></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Vigna</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>marina</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(Burm.) Merr.</td>
<td colspan="6">beach pea, nanea, pohilihili, pulihilihi, lemu o
makili</td>
<td colspan="4">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Goodeniaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Scaevola</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>sericea</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Vahl</td>
<td colspan="6">naupaka, naupaka-kahakai</td>
<td colspan="4">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Lauraceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Persea</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>americana</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Mill.</td>
<td colspan="6">avocado</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Malvaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Hibiscus</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>tiliaceus</em></td>
<td colspan="2">L.</td>
<td colspan="6">hau</td>
<td colspan="4">I</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Sida</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>rhombifolia</em></td>
<td colspan="2">L.</td>
<td colspan="6">cuba jute</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Thespesia</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>populnea</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(L.) Soland. ex Correa</td>
<td colspan="6">milo</td>
<td colspan="4">PI</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Moraceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Broussonetia</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>papyrifera</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(L.) Vent.</td>
<td colspan="6">wauke, paper mulberry</td>
<td colspan="4">PI</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Ficus</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>microcarpa</em></td>
<td colspan="2">L. fil.</td>
<td colspan="6">chinese banyan</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Moringaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Moringa</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>oleifera</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Lam.</td>
<td colspan="6">horse-radish tree, ben tree, kalimanggi</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Myrsinaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Ardisia</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>elliptica</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Thunb.</td>
<td colspan="6">shoebutton ardisia</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Myrtaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Psidium</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>cattleianum</em></td>
<td colspan="2">Sabine</td>
<td colspan="6">strawberry guava, waiawi</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Psidium</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>guajava</em></td>
<td colspan="2">L.</td>
<td colspan="6">guava, common guava, kuawa</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Syzygium</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>cumini</em></td>
<td colspan="2">(L.) Skeels</td>
<td colspan="6">java plum</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>Nyctaginaceae</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td><em>Bougainvillea</em></td>
<td colspan="3"><em>sp?</em></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="6">bougainvillea</td>
<td colspan="4">X</td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

  ------ ---------------------- ------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ --------------- ---- ---- -- ----- -- ------ -- ---------- --
         **Oxalidaceae**                                                                                                                                                 

         *Oxalis*               *corniculata*                       DC\.                   pink wood sorrel,                  PI                                         
                                                                                           \'ihi-pehu                                                                    

         *Oxalis*               *corymbosa*                                                pink wood sorrel,                  X                                          
                                                                                           \'ihi-pehu                                                                    

         **Passifloraceae**                                                                                                                                              

         *Passiflora*           *edulis*                            Sims                   liliko\'i, passion                 X                                          
                                                                                           fruit                                                                         

         *Passiflora*           *subpeltata*                        Ortega                 white                              X                                          
                                                                                           passionflower                                                                 

         **Plantaginaceae**                                                                                                                                              

         *Plantago*             *major*                             L.                     broad-leaved                       X                                          
                                                                                           plantain,                                                                     
                                                                                           laukahi-nunui                                                                 

         **Polygalaceae**                                                                                                                                                

         *Polygala*             *paniculata*                        L.                                                        X                                          

         **Portulacaceae**                                                                                                                                               

         *Portulaca*            *lutea*                             Soland. ex             \`ihi                              I                                          
                                                                    G. Forster                                                                                           

         *Portulaca*            *oleracea*                          L.                     common purslane,                   X                                          
                                                                                           \'akulikuli-kula                                                              

         **Rosaceae**                                                                                                                                                    

         *Eriobotrya*           *japonica*                          (Thunb.)               Loquat                             X                                          
                                                                    Lindl.                                                                                               

         *Osteomeles*           *anthyllidifolia*                   (Sm.)                  \'ulei, eluehe                     I                                          
                                                                    Lindl.                                                                                               

         **Rubiaceae**                                                                                                                                                   

         *Coffea*                                   *arabica*                  L.                             arabian coffee       X                                     

         *Morinda*                                  *citrifolia*               L.                             indian               PI                                    
                                                                                                              mulberry, noni                                             

         *Spermacoce*                               *assurgens*                Ruiz & Pav.                    Buttonweed           X                                     

         **Scrophulariaceae**                                                                                                                                            

         *Bacopa*                                   *monnieri*                 (L.)                           water hyssop         I                                     
                                                                               Wettst.                                                                                   

         **Solanaceae**                                                                                                                                                  

         *Lycium*                                   *sandwicense*              Gray                           \'ohelo-kai,         I                                     
                                                                                                              \'ae\'ae                                                   

         *Solanum*                                  *americanum*               Mill.                          popolo, black        I                                     
                                                                                                              nightshade                                                 

         **Verbenaceae**                                                                                                                                                 

         *Lantana*                                  *camara*                   L.                             lantana, lakana      X                                     

         *Stachytarpheta*                           *urticifolia*              (Salisb.)                      nettle-leaved        X                                     
                                                                               Sims                           vervain, oi,                                               
                                                                                                              owi                                                        
  ------ ---------------------- ------------------- --------------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ --------------- ---- ---- -- ----- -- ------ -- ---------- --

\^ E = Endemic

I = Indigenous

PI = Polynesian Introduction

X = Alien

\*E = Endemic and listed by USFWS as threatened or endangered

\*\*E = Endemic and designated rare in park

### 10. [APPENDIX 2: LIST OF RECIPIENTS OF THIS EA]{.underline}

Senator Daniel Akaka, U.S. Senate

Elizabeth Anderson

Honorable Alan Arakawa, Mayor, County of Maui

Gary Barbano, NPS, Pacific Islands Support Office

John & Maile Bay

Tweetie Lind, Kïpahulu Community Association

John Blumer-Buell, Hana Community Association

Michael Buck, Administrator, Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural
Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife

Representative Ed Case, U.S. House of Representatives

Councilmember Robert Carroll, Maui County Council

Glenn Correa, Director, Department of Parks and Recreation, County of
Maui

Scott & Kekula Crawford

Evelyn Dana, Friends of Hana Coast

Linda Domen, Kaupö Community Association

Senator J. Kalani English, 6^th^ District, Hawaii State Senate

Kathy English, Hawaii Natural History Association

Mary Evanson, Friends of Haleakalä National Park

James "Kimo" Falconer, Maui County Cultural Resources Commission

Charles Fein

Helen Felsing, NPS, Rivers and Trails Conservation Assistance Program

David Gray

Issac & Dana Hall

Lisa Hamilton

John Hanchett, Sr.

Bob Hobdy, Hawaii State Department of Land and Natural Resources,
Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Maui Branch

Jon Holbrook, NPS, Denver Service Center

Senator Daniel Inouye, U.S. Senate

Farley Jacob

Representative Sol Kaho'ohalahala, 13^th^ District, Hawaii State House
of Representatives

Richard Kinser

Librarian, Hana Public & School Library

Librarian, Kahului Public Library

Librarian, Wailuku Public Library

Edward Lincoln

John Lind

Carl & Rae Lindquist

Greg Marshall, The Argonauta Project

Charles Maxwell, Sr.

Mike Minn, President, Kïpahulu 'Ohana

Leinaala Pua, Hana Cultural Center

Elizabeth Russell, Alliance for the Heritage of East Maui (AHEM)

David Scott, Executive Director, Historic Hawai'i Foundation

Diane Shepherd, Chairperson, Sierra Club, Maui Group

Jonathon Starr

Mark White, The Nature Conservancy

Jack Williams, NPS, Pacific West Region

George Young, Regulatory Branch U.S. Army Engineer District Honolulu

#