Number range CHAPTERTropical Cyclone Report

Hurricane Katrina

23-30 August 2005

Richard D. Knabb, Jamie R. Rhome, and Daniel P. Brown

National Hurricane Center

20 December 2005

Updated 10 August 2006 for tropical wave history, storm surge,

tornadoes, surface observations, fatalities, and damage cost estimates

Katrina was an extraordinarily powerful and deadly hurricane that carved
a wide swath of catastrophic damage and inflicted large loss of life. It
was the costliest and one of the five deadliest hurricanes to ever
strike the United States. Katrina first caused fatalities and damage in
southern Florida as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson
Hurricane Scale. After reaching Category 5 intensity over the central
Gulf of Mexico, Katrina weakened to Category 3 before making landfall on
the northern Gulf coast. Even so, the damage and loss of life inflicted
by this massive hurricane in Louisiana and Mississippi were staggering,
with significant effects extending into the Florida panhandle, Georgia,
and Alabama. Considering the scope of its impacts, Katrina was one of
the most devastating natural disasters in United States history.

a.  Synoptic History

The complex genesis of Katrina involved the interaction of a tropical
wave, the middle tropospheric remnants of Tropical Depression Ten, and
an upper tropospheric trough. This trough, located over the western
Atlantic and the Bahamas, produced strong westerly shear across Tropical
Depression Ten, causing it to degenerate on 14 August approximately 825
n mi east of Barbados. The low-level circulation gradually weakened
while continuing westward, and it eventually dissipated on 21 August in
the vicinity of Cuba. Meanwhile, a middle tropospheric circulation
originating from Tropical Depression Ten lagged behind and passed north
of the Leeward Islands on 18-19 August. A tropical wave, which departed
the west coast of Africa on 11 August, moved through the Leeward Islands
and merged with the middle tropospheric remnants of Tropical Depression
Ten on 19 August and produced a large area of showers and thunderstorms
north of Puerto Rico. This activity continued to move slowly
northwestward, passing north of Hispaniola and then consolidating just
east of the Turks and Caicos during the afternoon of 22 August. Dvorak
satellite classifications from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch
(TAFB) of the Tropical Prediction Center (TPC) began at 1800 UTC that
day. The upper tropospheric trough weakened as it moved westward toward
Florida, and the shear relaxed enough to allow the system to develop
into a tropical depression by 1800 UTC 23 August over the southeastern
Bahamas about 175 n mi southeast of Nassau. The depression was
designated Tropical Depression Twelve rather than "Ten" because a
separate tropical wave appeared to be partially responsible for the
cyclogenesis, and, more importantly, the low-level circulation of
Tropical Depression Ten was clearly not involved.

The "best track" of the path of the center of Katrina is displayed in
Fig. 1, with the wind and pressure histories shown in Figs. 2 and 3,
respectively. The best track positions and intensities are listed in
Table 1. The depression continued to become organized over the central
Bahamas during the evening of 23 August. Deep convection increased
overnight in the eastern semicircle of the cyclone and formed a
well-defined band that began to wrap around the north side of the
circulation center early on the morning of 24 August. Based on aircraft
reconnaissance flight-level wind data, the cyclone became Katrina, the
11th tropical storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, at 1200 UTC
24 August when it was centered over the central Bahamas about 65 n mi
east-southeast of Nassau. Initially the storm moved northwestward within
a weakness in the lower tropospheric subtropical ridge. However, as the
storm developed an inner core and evolved into a deeper cyclone on 24
August, it came under the influence of a strengthening middle to upper
tropospheric ridge over the northern Gulf of Mexico and southern United
States. This ridge turned Katrina westward on 25 August toward southern
Florida. Katrina generated an intense burst of deep convection over the
low-level center during the afternoon of 25 August while positioned over
the northwestern Bahamas. Further strengthening ensued, and Katrina is
estimated to have reached hurricane status near 2100 UTC 25 August, less
than two hours before its center made landfall on the southeastern coast
of Florida.

The strengthening ridge over the northern Gulf of Mexico and southern
United States produced northeasterly middle- to upper-level tropospheric
flow that forced Katrina to turn west-southwestward as it neared
southern Florida. Katrina made its first landfall in the United States
as a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, with
maximum sustained winds of 70 knots, near the border of Miami-Dade
County and Broward County at approximately 2230 UTC 25 August. While not
discernible in conventional satellite imagery, a well-defined eye became
evident on the Miami National Weather Service (NWS) WSR-88D Doppler
radar just prior to landfall on the southeastern Florida coast. In fact,
the eye feature actually became better defined while Katrina moved
inland, and it remained intact during its entire track across the
peninsula. The convective pattern of Katrina as it crossed southern
Florida was rather asymmetric due to northerly wind shear, which placed
the strongest winds and heaviest rains south and east of the center in
Miami-Dade County. Katrina continued west-southwestward overnight and
spent only about six hours over land, mostly over the water-laden
Everglades. Surface observations and velocity estimates from the Miami
and Key West Doppler radars indicated that Katrina weakened over
mainland Monroe County to a tropical storm with maximum sustained winds
of 60 knots. The center of Tropical Storm Katrina then emerged into the
southeastern Gulf of Mexico at approximately 0500 UTC on 26 August just
north of Cape Sable.

Once back over water, Katrina quickly regained hurricane status at 0600
UTC with maximum sustained winds of 65 knots. Even though the center of
Katrina continued west-southwestward over the southeastern Gulf of
Mexico and away from the southern Florida peninsula, a strong and
well-defined rain band impacted large portions of the Florida Keys with
tropical storm-force winds for much of the day on 26 August. Sustained
hurricane-force winds were briefly measured at Dry Tortugas on the far
western end of the island chain that afternoon.

Situated beneath a very large upper-level anticyclone that dominated the
entire Gulf of Mexico by 26 August, resulting in very weak wind shear
and efficient upper-level outflow, Katrina embarked upon two periods of
rapid intensification (defined as a 30 kt or greater intensity increase
in a 24-h period) between 26 and 28 August. The first period involved an
increase in the maximum sustained winds from 65 kt to 95 kt in the 24-h
period ending 0600 UTC 27 August. An eye became clearly evident in
infrared satellite imagery early on 27 August, and Katrina became a
Category 3 hurricane with 100 kt winds at 1200 UTC that morning about
365 n mi southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River. During the
remainder of the day, the inner eyewall deteriorated while a new, outer
eyewall formed, and the intensity leveled off at 100 kt. Accompanying
the intensification and the subsequent deterioration of the inner
eyewall was a significant expansion of the wind field on 27 August.
Katrina nearly doubled in size on 27 August, and by the end of that day
tropical storm-force winds extended up to about 140 n mi from the
center. The strong middle- to upper-tropospheric ridge that had kept
Katrina on a west-southwestward track over the Florida peninsula and
southeastern Gulf of Mexico began to shift eastward toward Florida,
while a mid-latitude trough amplified over the north-central United
States. This evolving pattern resulted in a general westward motion on
27 August and a turn toward the northwest on 28 August when Katrina
moved around the western periphery of the retreating ridge. As Katrina
churned westward on 27 August, it produced tropical storm-force winds
and heavy rainfall over portions of western Cuba. The new eyewall
contracted into a sharply-defined ring by 0000 UTC 28 August, and a
second, more rapid intensification then occurred. Katrina strengthened
from a low-end Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 in less than 12 h,
reaching an intensity of 145 kt by 1200 UTC 28 August. Katrina attained
its peak intensity of 150 kt at 1800 UTC 28 August about 170 n mi
southeast of the mouth of the Mississippi River. The wind field
continued to expand on 28 August, and by late that day tropical
storm-force winds extended out to about 200 n mi from the center, and
hurricane-force winds extended out to about 90 n mi from the center,
making Katrina not only extremely intense but also exceptionally large.

The new eyewall that formed late on 27 August and contracted early on 28
August began to erode on its southern side very late on 28 August, while
another outer ring of convection consolidated. These structural changes
likely contributed to the rapid weakening that was observed prior to
final landfall. Katrina turned northward, toward the northern Gulf
coast, around the ridge over Florida early on 29 August. The hurricane
then made landfall, at the upper end of Category 3 intensity with
estimated maximum sustained winds of 110 kt, near Buras, Louisiana at
1110 UTC 29 August. Katrina continued northward and made its final
landfall near the mouth of the Pearl River at the Louisiana/Mississippi
border, still as a Category 3 hurricane with an estimated intensity of
105 kt. The rapid weakening of Katrina, from its peak intensity of 150
kt to 110 kt during the last 18 h or so leading up to the first Gulf
landfall, appears to have been primarily due to internal structural
changes, specifically the deterioration of the inner eyewall without the
complete formation of a new outer eyewall. However, Katrina remained
very large as it weakened, and the extent of tropical storm-force and
hurricane-force winds was nearly the same at final landfall on 29 August
as it had been late on 28 August. The weakening could have been aided by
entrainment of dry air that was seen eroding the deep convection over
the western semicircle while Katrina approached the coast. Gradually
increasing wind shear, slightly lower ocean temperatures, and (following
the first Gulf landfall) interaction with land each could also have
played a role. Without extensive investigation, however, it is not
possible to assess the relative roles played by these various factors.
The weakening of major hurricanes as they approach the northern Gulf
coast has occurred on several occasions in the past when one or more of
these factors have been in place. Indeed, an unpublished study by the
National Hurricane Center (NHC) reveals that, during the past 20 years,
all 11 hurricanes having a central pressure less than 973 mb 12 h before
landfall in the northern Gulf of Mexico weakened during these last 12 h.

Katrina weakened rapidly after moving inland over southern and central
Mississippi, becoming a Category 1 hurricane by 1800 UTC 29 August. It
weakened to a tropical storm about six hours later just northwest of
Meridian, Mississippi. Katrina accelerated on 30 August, between the
ridge over the southeastern United States and an eastward-moving trough
over the Great Lakes. It turned northeastward over the Tennessee Valley
and became a tropical depression at 1200 UTC 30 August. The depression
continued northeastward and transformed into an extratropical low
pressure system by 0000 UTC 31 August. The low was absorbed within a
frontal zone later that day over the eastern Great Lakes.

b.  Meteorological Statistics and Observations

    Observations in Katrina (Figs. 2 and 3) include data from
    satellites, aircraft, airborne and ground-based radars, conventional
    land-based surface and upper-air observing sites, Coastal-Marine
    Automated Network (C-MAN) stations, National Ocean Service (NOS)
    stations, ocean data buoys, and ships. Selected ship reports of
    winds of tropical storm force associated with Hurricane Katrina are
    given in Table 2, and selected surface observations from land
    stations and from coastal and fixed ocean data buoys are given in
    Table 3. Data from many Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)
    sites, C-MAN stations, and buoys are incomplete due to power outages
    and other weather-induced failures prior to when peak winds and
    minimum pressures occurred.

    Satellite observations include geostationary satellite-based Dvorak
    Technique intensity estimates from TAFB, the Satellite Analysis
    Branch (SAB), and the U. S. Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA).
    Microwave satellite data and imagery from National Oceanic and
    Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) near-polar-orbiting satellites,
    Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites, and
    National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) satellites
    including the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), QuikSCAT,
    and Aqua, were also useful in tracking Katrina and assessing changes
    in its internal structure.

    Aircraft reconnaissance missions were tasked on an almost continuous
    schedule from the genesis of Katrina until its final landfall.
    Observations from aircraft include flight-level and dropwindsonde
    data from 12 operational missions into Katrina, conducted by the
    53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron of the U. S. Air Force Reserve
    Command, which produced 46 center fixes. Three missions were flown
    by the NOAA Aircraft Operations Center (AOC) Hurricane Hunter WP-3D
    aircraft, producing additional flight-level and dropwindsonde
    observations, 19 center fixes, real-time data from the Stepped
    Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR), and airborne Doppler
    radar-derived wind analyses provided by NOAA's Hurricane Research
    Division (HRD). Additionally, the NOAA G-IV jet conducted six
    synoptic surveillance missions during 24-29 August to collect
    dropwindsonde observations, primarily for enhancing the amount of
    data available to operational numerical models that provided
    guidance to NHC forecasters. An Air Force C-130J aircraft conducted
    one surveillance mission jointly with the G-IV on 25 August.

    NWS WSR-88D Doppler radars across the southeastern United States
    and U. S. Department of Defense radars located in the Bahamas
    provided center fixes on Katrina. NWS WSR-88D velocity data were
    used to help estimate the intensity of Katrina when it was near or
    over land.

    Katrina's Florida landfall intensity of 70 kt near 2230 UTC 25
    August is based on reduction to the surface of elevated velocities
    from the NWS Miami WSR-88D radar. The Miami radar, and 65 kt winds
    measured by the SFMR onboard a NOAA Hurricane Hunter aircraft, also
    indicated that Katrina had earlier become a 65 kt hurricane at about
    2100 UTC. Due to Katrina's asymmetric convective pattern as it
    passed over the Florida peninsula, the strongest winds occurred
    south and east of the center in Miami-Dade County. While the eye
    moved west-southwestward over northern Miami-Dade, it passed over
    the NWS Miami Forecast Office / National Hurricane Center facility
    near Sweetwater, Florida (Fig. 4), where a pressure of 983 mb was
    measured at 0105 UTC 26 August. The eastern eyewall moved over the
    facility a few minutes later and sustained winds of 60 kt with a
    gust to 76 kt were measured near 0115 UTC. The strongest sustained
    wind measured by a land-based anemometer was 63 kt on Virginia Key
    (Table 3). Doppler velocities from both the Miami and Key West
    WSR-88D radars suggest that maximum sustained surface winds were
    likely just less than hurricane strength while Katrina was centered
    over mainland Monroe County and while crossing the southwestern
    Florida coast. However, these data, combined with Dvorak satellite
    intensity estimates, indicate Katrina regained hurricane strength
    shortly after emerging over the Gulf of Mexico early on 26 August.
    Later that day, from about 1930 UTC to 2130 UTC, the Dry Tortugas
    C-MAN station (elevation 6 m) located about 60 n mi west of Key
    West, Florida reported sustained hurricane-force winds, as strong as
    71 kt, with a gust to 91 kt. While sustained hurricane-force winds
    were not reported elsewhere in the Florida Keys, much of the island
    chain experienced sustained tropical storm-force winds with peak
    gusts between 60 and 70 kt while the center of Katrina passed to the
    north on 26 August (Table 3).

    Aircraft data indicate that Katrina continued to strengthen on 26
    August, but concentric maxima in flight-level wind data and
    microwave imagery from several near-polar-orbiting satellites depict
    an eyewall replacement cycle that occurred on 27 August. The
    deterioration of the inner eyewall can be seen by comparing Figs. 5a
    and 5b. This cycle temporarily prevented further strengthening, and
    aircraft data and Dvorak estimates indicate the intensity remained
    steady near 100 kt throughout that day. Katrina produced tropical
    storm-force winds in portions of western Cuba on 27 August, with
    gusts as strong as 54 kt and rainfall totals exceeding 8 inches in
    some locations. After the new eyewall consolidated and began to
    contract very early on 28 August (Fig. 5c), Katrina deepened that
    morning at a very rapid rate. Dropwindsonde observations from the
    Air Force and NOAA Hurricane Hunter aircraft indicate the central
    pressure fell 32 mb in 12 h, to 909 mb by 1200 UTC 28 August. The
    first wind observation to support Category 5 intensity was a peak
    700 mb flight-level wind of 153 kt at about 1100 UTC 28 August,
    which corresponds to about 138 kt at the surface, using the 90%
    adjustment based on the mean eyewall wind profile derived from
    several past storms. The strongest flight-level wind measurement in
    Katrina was 166 kt near 1400 UTC that day, corresponding to about
    150 kt at the surface. Dropwindsondes on 28 August provided surface
    wind estimates, derived from the mean wind over the lowest 150 m of
    the sounding (labeled 'LLM' in Fig. 2), that were no greater than
    about 130-135 kt, but a few of these sondes directly measured
    140-143 kt winds at 10 m. However, none of these sondes were
    released precisely from the point where flight-level winds were 166
    kt, and it is also not likely that any of these sondes measured the
    maximum surface wind in the circulation. The SFMR, with a post-storm
    recalibration applied to compensate for a previous low bias at
    extremely high wind speeds, estimated surface winds as strong as 141
    kt on the afternoon of 28 August, when maximum flight-level winds
    were about 160 kt. All available data from dropwindsondes and the
    SFMR indicate that, on average, the 90% adjustment of flight-level
    winds to the surface was valid until very late on 28 August.

    The central pressure in Katrina fell to 902 mb near 1800 UTC 28
    August. This pressure was (at the time) the fourth lowest on record
    in the Atlantic basin, behind 888 mb in Gilbert (1988), 892 mb in
    the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935, and 899 mb in Allen (1980).
    However, it has since quickly fallen to sixth lowest, following an
    observation of 897 mb in Hurricane Rita in September 2005 and the
    new record of 882 mb in Hurricane Wilma in October 2005. Based on
    the 902 mb pressure, and on the earlier 166 kt flight-level wind,
    the peak best track intensity of 150 kt is estimated to have
    occurred at 1800 UTC 28 August. Fig. 6 is a visible satellite image
    of Katrina at that time.

    The structure of Katrina changed dramatically from 28 to 29 August
    as it approached the northern Gulf coast. TRMM 85 GHz imagery at
    2133 UTC 28 August revealed a developing outer eyewall, and
    subsequent microwave overpasses depicted the inner eyewall steadily
    eroding, especially on the southern side. The central pressure
    gradually rose to 920 mb by the time of the initial Louisiana
    landfall near Buras at about 1110 UTC 29 August. Maximum 700 mb
    flight-level winds were still 130-135 kt east of the eye around that
    time and were the basis for the operationally assessed intensity of
    120 kt at the Buras landfall and at 1200 UTC. NWS Slidell WSR-88D
    radar data confirmed the strength of these flight-level winds, but
    the center of the hurricane was much too distant for the radar to
    provide concurrent near-surface wind estimates close to the eye.
    Post-storm analysis of numerous dropwindsonde profiles indicates
    that the structure of Katrina had changed since the previous day
    when it was at its peak intensity, such that the usual 90%
    adjustment of flight-level winds would likely provide overestimates
    of the surface winds on 29 August. Comparison of flight-level winds
    collocated with dropwindsondes and SFMR data suggest the
    flight-level to surface reduction factor that morning was closer to
    80% or perhaps even less. Additional evidence of this structural
    transformation comes from airborne Doppler radar-derived wind speed
    cross sections on 29 August, obtained from the NOAA Hurricane Hunter
    aircraft (example in Fig. 7). These data reveal an unusual, broad,
    and elevated wind maximum in the 2-4 km layer (centered near the 700
    mb flight level), well above the more typical location of the
    maximum wind near the top of the boundary layer (\~500 m) that had
    been observed on 28 August. The example in Fig. 7b is one of several
    cross sections from east of the eye on the morning of 29 August that
    depict the atypical elevated wind maximum.

    The aircraft data from 29 August indicate that the structural
    changes in Katrina were associated with its rapid weakening to a
    high-end Category 3 hurricane just before landfall in Louisiana. The
    strongest surface (10 m) wind measured by dropwindsonde on the
    morning of 29 August was 99 kt from two separate sondes. The maximum
    surface wind estimate from a dropwindsonde, derived from the mean
    wind over the lowest 150 m of the sounding using an average
    adjustment derived from profiles in several storms, was 98 kt.
    However, analysis of several dropwindsonde profiles from 29 August
    suggests that a slightly different adjustment could have been valid
    that day. This difference would result in 10 m wind estimates
    derived from the lowest 150 m of the dropwindsonde profiles being
    3-5 kt stronger, or up to about 103 kt. The maximum surface wind
    measured by the SFMR on 29 August was 96 kt just after 1200 UTC. The
    best track intensity of Katrina at 1200 UTC 29 August, shortly after
    the initial Louisiana landfall when the central pressure was 923 mb,
    has been adjusted downward in post-storm analysis to 110 kt from the
    operationally assessed value of 120 kt. The Buras, LA landfall
    intensity about one hour earlier has also been estimated at 110 kt,
    when the central pressure was only slightly lower at 920 mb. This
    estimate is still about 10% greater than the maximum surface winds
    from the dropwindsondes and SFMR, accounting for the possibility
    that these instruments did not sample the maximum wind. It is worth
    noting that Katrina was likely at Category 4 strength with maximum
    sustained winds of about 115 kt near 0900 UTC 29 August, a couple of
    hours before the center made landfall near Buras, LA. Due to the
    large (\~25-30 n mi) radius of maximum winds, it is possible that
    sustained winds of Category 4 strength briefly impacted the extreme
    southeastern tip of Louisiana in advance of landfall of the center.

    The estimated Buras landfall intensity of 110 kt, just beneath the
    threshold of Category 4, is quite low relative to many other
    hurricanes with a comparable minimum central pressure. In fact, the
    central pressure of 920 mb is now the lowest on record in the
    Atlantic basin for an intensity of 110 kt, surpassing Hurricane
    Floyd (1999) that at one point had a central pressure of 930 mb with
    an intensity of 110 kt. The 920 mb pressure is also the third lowest
    at U. S. landfall on record, behind only Hurricane Camille in 1969
    (909 mb) and the 1935 Labor Day hurricane that struck the Florida
    Keys (892 mb). The relatively weak winds in Katrina for such a low
    pressure are the result of the broadening pressure field on 29
    August that spread the pressure gradient over a much larger than
    average distance from the center, as confirmed by both surface and
    aircraft observations. The generally weakening convection likely
    also reduced momentum mixing down to the surface, contributing to
    surface winds being less than what the usual 90% adjustment from
    flight level winds would dictate. Katrina exemplifies that there is
    not simply a direct one-to-one relationship between the central
    pressure and the maximum sustained winds in a hurricane.

    The central pressure in Katrina continued to gradually rise during
    the next few hours leading up to its final landfall near the
    Louisiana/Mississippi border at about 1445 UTC, when the pressure
    had reached 928 mb. The eastern eyewall of the hurricane remained
    too distant from the NWS Slidell WSR-88D radar during this period
    for the radar to provide near-surface wind estimates where the
    strongest winds were occurring. However, all available data from
    aircraft indicate that Katrina's winds weakened only slightly
    between the first and last Gulf coast landfalls. Just prior to final
    landfall, surface (10 m) winds measured by dropwindsonde were as
    strong as 99 kt, adjustment to the surface of the mean wind speed in
    the lowest 150 m of dropwindsonde profiles yielded surface winds of
    90-95 kt, and SFMR winds were as strong as 91 kt. Making a similar
    assumption, as for the Buras landfall intensity, that the available
    data did not sample the maximum wind in the circulation, Katrina is
    estimated to have made final landfall at an intensity of 105 kt, 5
    kt less than what was assessed operationally.

    The strongest sustained wind measured from a fixed location at the
    surface on the morning of 29 August was 76 kt at 0820 UTC by the
    C-MAN station at Grand Isle, LA. This station's anemometer, at 16 m
    elevation, failed at about 0900 UTC, about two hours before closest
    approach of the eye. The Southwest Pass, LA C-MAN station (30 m
    elevation) measured a sustained wind of 71 kt at 0420 UTC, before
    the station failed at about 0500 UTC due to storm surge, about four
    hours prior to closest approach of the eye. The strongest reported
    wind gust, although unofficial, was 117 kt in Poplarville, MS at the
    Pearl River County Emergency Operations Center (EOC). A gust to 108
    kt was reported in Pascagoula, MS at the Jackson County EOC, and a
    gust to 106 kt was reported by an amateur radio operator at Long
    Beach, MS. The strongest gust from an official reporting station was
    99 kt at the Grand Isle C-MAN station at 0838 UTC 29 August, about
    2.5 hours prior to the Buras, LA landfall.

    While the intensity of Katrina was Category 3 as the center of the
    eye made its closest approach (about 20 n mi) to the east of
    downtown New Orleans, the strongest winds corresponding to that
    intensity were likely present only over water to the east of the
    eye. The sustained winds over all of metropolitan New Orleans and
    Lake Pontchartrain likely remained weaker than Category 3 strength.
    The strongest sustained wind in New Orleans is subject to
    speculation since observations are sparse, due in part to the power
    failures that disabled ASOS stations in the area before peak wind
    conditions occurred. A few instrumented towers placed in various
    locations in the metropolitan area by the Florida Coastal Monitoring
    Program (FCMP) and by Texas Tech University measured sustained winds
    in the range of 61-68 kt. The Mid-Lake Pontchartrain NWS site (16 m
    elevation), located along the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway about 8 n
    mi north of the south shore of the lake, also measured a one-minute
    sustained wind of 68 kt. Even though these various sites likely did
    not experience the maximum wind in the area, the Mid-Lake
    Pontchartrain site had open marine exposure, unlike most locations
    in the city of New Orleans. The NASA Michoud Assembly Facility in
    eastern New Orleans measured a peak gust of 107 kt (at an elevation
    of about 40 ft), and a nearby chemical facility measured a peak gust
    of 104 kt (at an elevation of about 30 ft). Overall, it appears
    likely that most of the city of New Orleans experienced sustained
    surface winds of Category 1 or Category 2 strength. It is important
    to note, however, that winds in a hurricane generally increase from
    the ground upward to a few hundred meters in altitude, and the
    sustained winds experienced on upper floors of high-rise buildings
    were likely stronger than the winds at the same location near the
    ground. For example, on average the 25th story of a building would
    experience a sustained wind corresponding to one Saffir-Simpson
    category stronger than that experienced at the standard observing
    height of 10 m.

    A precise measurement of the storm surge produced by Katrina along
    the northern Gulf coast has been complicated by many factors,
    including the widespread failures of tide gauges. Additionally, in
    many locations, most of the buildings along the coast were
    completely destroyed, leaving relatively few structures within which
    to identify still-water marks. Despite these challenges, several
    high water mark observations of the storm surge from along the
    Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama coasts were collected and
    analyzed under the direction of the Federal Emergency Management
    Agency (FEMA). These data indicate that the storm surge was about 24
    to 28 ft along the Mississippi coast across a swath about 20 miles
    wide, centered roughly on St. Louis Bay. This area encompasses the
    eastern half of Hancock County and the western half of Harrison
    County and includes the communities of Waveland, Bay St. Louis, Pass
    Christian, and Long Beach. The maximum high water mark observation
    of storm surge was 27.8 ft at Pass Christian, on the immediate Gulf
    coast just east of St. Louis Bay. The data also indicate that the
    storm surge was 17 to 22 ft along the eastern half of the
    Mississippi coast, roughly from Gulfport to Pascagoula. The surge
    appears to have penetrated at least six miles inland in many
    portions of coastal Mississippi and up to 12 miles inland along bays
    and rivers. The surge crossed Interstate 10 in many locations.
    Observations also indicate Katrina produced a lesser but still very
    significant storm surge of 10 to 15 ft along coastal areas of
    western Alabama (Mobile County) including Dauphin Island. Katrina
    also caused flooding several miles inland from the Gulf coast along
    Mobile Bay where data indicate a storm surge of 8 to 12 ft occurred,
    in particular along the northern and western shores of the bay.
    Observations indicate that the storm surge along the Gulf coast of
    eastern Alabama (Baldwin County) was as high as about 10 ft.

    Although the storm surge was highest to the east of the path of the
    eye of Katrina, a very significant storm surge also occurred west of
    the path of the eye. As the level of Lake Pontchartain rose, several
    feet of water were pushed into communities along its northeastern
    shore in St. Tammany Parish from Slidell to Mandeville, Louisiana.
    High water mark data indicate the storm surge was 12 to 16 ft in
    those areas. The data also indicate a storm surge of 15 to 19 ft
    occurred in eastern New Orleans, St. Bernard Parish, and Plaquemines
    Parish, while the surge was 10 to 14 ft in western New Orleans along
    the southern shores of Lake Pontchartrain. Farther west,
    observations indicate a storm surge of 5 to 10 ft along the shores
    of western Lake Pontchartrain. The surge severely strained the levee
    system in the New Orleans area. Several of the levees and floodwalls
    were overtopped and/or breached at different times on the day of
    landfall. Most of the floodwall and levee breaches were due to
    erosion on the back side caused by overtopping, but a few breaches
    occurred before the waters reached the tops of the floodwalls. The
    surge overtopped large sections of the levees east of New Orleans,
    in Orleans Parish and St. Bernard Parish, and it also pushed water
    up the Intracoastal Waterway and into the Industrial Canal. The
    water rise in Lake Pontchartrain strained the floodwalls along the
    canals adjacent to its southern shore, including the 17th Street
    Canal and the London Avenue Canal. Breaches along the Industrial
    Canal east of downtown New Orleans, the London Avenue Canal north of
    downtown, and the 17th Street Canal northwest of downtown appear to
    have occurred during the early morning on 29 August. Overall, about
    80% of the city of New Orleans flooded, to varying depths up to
    about 20 ft, within a day or so after landfall of the eye. Following
    the setbacks caused by additional flooding associated with the late
    September 2005 passage of Hurricane Rita to the south, the Army
    Corps of Engineers reported on 11 October 2005, 43 days after
    Katrina's landfall, that all floodwaters had been removed from the
    city of New Orleans.

    The massive storm surge produced by Katrina, even though it had
    weakened from Category 5 intensity the previous day to Category 3 at
    landfall in Louisiana, can be generally explained by the huge size
    of the storm. Katrina had on 29 August a large (about 25-30 n mi)
    radius of maximum winds and a very wide swath of hurricane force
    winds that extended at least 75 n mi to the east from the center.
    Even though Hurricane Camille (1969) was more intense than Katrina
    at landfall while following a similar track, Camille was far more
    compact and produced comparably high storm surge values along a much
    narrower swath. Also, Katrina had already generated large
    northward-propagating swells, leading to substantial wave setup
    along the northern Gulf coast, when it was at Category 4 and 5
    strength during the 24 hours or so before landfall. In fact, buoy
    42040, operated by the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) and located
    about 64 n mi south of Dauphin Island, Alabama, reported a
    significant wave height (defined as the average of the one-third
    highest waves) of 30 ft as early as 0000 UTC 29 August. This buoy
    later measured a peak significant wave height of 55 ft at 1100 UTC
    that matches the largest significant wave height ever measured by a
    NDBC buoy. Overall, Katrina's very high storm surge is attributable
    mainly to the large horizontal size of the hurricane, with the total
    water level being further increased by waves, including those
    generated the previous day when Katrina was at Category 5 strength.

    Katrina also produced some storm surge outside of the northern Gulf
    coast hurricane warning areas. Gauge data indicate that storm surge
    ranged from about 6 ft along the western Florida panhandle to about
    one or two ft along most of the west-central coast of Florida. About
    two to four ft of storm surge occurred along the extreme
    southwestern Florida coast. A storm surge of about two ft was
    reported at Key West, Florida as Katrina passed by to the north on
    26 August. The surge was also small, about two ft, along portions of
    the southeastern coast of Florida.

Rainfall distributions associated with Katrina across southern Florida
were highly asymmetric about the storm track, with the greatest floods
occurring over the southern semicircle of the hurricane, primarily
affecting portions of southern Miami-Dade County. Selected rainfall
totals from Miami-Dade County include 14.04 inches at Homestead Air
Force Base, 12.25 inches at Florida City, and 11.13 inches in Cutler
Ridge. Rainfall amounts to the north of the center over northern
Miami-Dade County and Broward County were generally 2 to 4 inches*.*
Rainfall amounts over interior and western portions of the southern
Florida peninsula were much less and generally ranged from 1 to 3 inches
(Table 3).

Precipitation amounts during the landfall along the northern Gulf coast
were greatest along and just west of the track of the center. A large
swath of 8-10 inches of rain fell across southeastern Louisiana and
southwestern Mississippi, with a small area of 10-12 inches over eastern
Louisiana, including 11.63 inches reported at the Slidell, LA NWS
office. Katrina produced rainfall amounts of 4-8 inches well inland over
Mississippi and portions of the Tennessee Valley.

A total of 43 reported tornadoes were spawned by Katrina. One tornado
was reported in the Florida Keys on the morning of 26 August. On 29-30
August, 20 tornadoes were reported in Georgia, 11 in Alabama, and 11 in
Mississippi. The Georgia tornadoes were the most on record in that state
for any single day in the month of August, and one of them caused the
only August tornado fatality on record in Georgia.

c.  Casualty and Damage Statistics

    Katrina was a large and intense hurricane that struck a portion of
    the United States coastline along the northern Gulf of Mexico that
    is particularly vulnerable to storm surge, leading to loss of life
    and property damage of immense proportions. The scope of human
    suffering inflicted by Hurricane Katrina in the United States has
    been greater than that of any hurricane to strike this country in
    several generations.

    The total number of fatalities known, as of this writing, to be
    either directly or indirectly related to Katrina is 1833, based on
    reports to date from state and local officials in five states: 1577
    fatalities in Louisiana, 238 in Mississippi, 14 in Florida, 2 in
    Georgia, and 2 in Alabama. The total number of fatalities directly
    related to the forces of Katrina is estimated to be about 1500
    spread across four states, with about 1300 of these in Louisiana,
    about 200 in Mississippi, 6 in Florida, and one in Georgia.
    Especially for Louisiana and Mississippi, the number of direct
    fatalities is highly uncertain and the true number will probably not
    ever be known. As of this writing, several hundred persons are still
    reported missing in association with Katrina, so it is possible the
    death toll could grow beyond current estimates.

    Presumably, most of the deaths in Louisiana were directly caused by
    the widespread storm surge-induced flooding and its miserable
    aftermath in the New Orleans area. However, several indirect
    fatalities in Louisiana have been confirmed or are suspected, and
    some deaths included in the total might not be related to Katrina at
    all. Louisiana also reports that persons of more than 60 years of
    age constituted the majority of the Katrina-related fatalities among
    its residents. The vast majority of the fatalities in Mississippi
    probably were directly caused by the storm surge in the three
    coastal counties. In Florida, three of the direct fatalities were
    caused by downed trees in Broward County, and the three others were
    due to drowning in Miami-Dade County. Two deaths were also reported
    in Georgia, with one directly caused by a tornado and the other
    occurring in a car accident indirectly related to the storm. Alabama
    reported two indirect fatalities in a car accident during the storm.
    Despite the fact that inland fresh water floods produced the
    majority of fatalities due to tropical cyclones during the past few
    decades, Katrina provides a grim reminder that storm surge poses the
    greatest potential cause for large loss of life in a single
    hurricane in this country.

    Where Katrina ranks among the deadliest hurricanes on record in the
    United States is somewhat uncertain, due to the unknown number of
    fatalities caused directly by this hurricane and by some others in
    the past. Katrina is surpassed by the Galveston, Texas hurricane in
    1900 that claimed at least 8000 lives, and by the 1928 Lake
    Okeechobee, Florida hurricane with over 2500 fatalities. If the
    assumption is correct that most of the Katrina-related fatalities
    were caused directly by the storm, then Katrina ranks as the third
    deadliest hurricane in the United States since 1900, and the
    deadliest in 77 years. However, two hurricanes in 1893 might each
    have been directly responsible for more fatalities in the United
    States than Katrina. One of these struck the southeastern Louisiana
    barrier island of Cheniere Caminanda and killed about 2000 people,
    while another struck Georgia and South Carolina and claimed
    somewhere between 1000 and 2000 lives. As a result, Katrina ranks
    fourth or fifth on the list of the deadliest hurricanes on record in
    the United States.

    The extent, magnitude, and impacts of the damage caused by Katrina
    are staggering and are well beyond the scope of this report to fully
    describe. Thousands of homes and businesses throughout entire
    neighborhoods in the New Orleans metropolitan area were destroyed by
    flood. Strong winds also caused damage in the New Orleans area,
    including downtown where windows in some high rise buildings were
    blown out and the roof of the Louisiana Superdome was partially
    peeled away. The storm surge of Katrina struck the Mississippi
    coastline with such ferocity that entire coastal communities were
    obliterated, some left with little more than the foundations upon
    which homes, businesses, government facilities, and other historical
    buildings once stood. Despite being more distant from the eye of
    Katrina, the storm surge over Dauphin Island, Alabama destroyed or
    damaged dozens of beachfront homes and cut a new canal through the
    island's western end. Many of the most severely impacted areas along
    the northern Gulf coast could take years to completely rebuild.
    Katrina's heavy rains in southern Florida flooded some
    neighborhoods, primarily in Miami-Dade County. Many other structures
    from Florida and Georgia westward to Louisiana that avoided surge or
    fresh water floods, including some areas well inland, were damaged
    by strong winds and tornadoes. Considerable damage to some homes and
    agricultural facilities was caused by several tornadoes in Georgia.
    Strong winds caused significant tree damage throughout much of
    Mississippi and Alabama. Combining all of the areas it impacted,
    Katrina left about three million people without electricity, some
    for several weeks.

    The economic and environmental ramifications of Katrina have been
    widespread and could in some respects be long-lasting, due to
    impacts on large population and tourism centers, the oil and gas
    industry, and transportation. The hurricane severely impacted or
    destroyed workplaces in New Orleans and other heavily populated
    areas of the northern Gulf coast, resulting in thousands of lost
    jobs and millions of dollars in lost tax revenues for the impacted
    communities and states. Along the Mississippi coast, several large
    casinos on floating barges were damaged or destroyed when the surge
    pushed them onshore. Large numbers of evacuees have not returned
    home, producing a shortage of workers for those businesses that have
    reopened. Major beach erosion occurred along the tourism-dependent
    coasts of Mississippi and Alabama. A significant percentage of
    United States oil refining capacity was disrupted after the storm
    due to flooded refineries, crippled pipelines, and several oil rigs
    and platforms damaged, adrift or capsized. An oil rig under
    construction along the Mobile River in Alabama was dislodged,
    floated 1.5 miles northward, and struck the Cochrane Bridge just
    north of downtown Mobile. An offshore oil rig washed up near the
    beach of Dauphin Island, Alabama. Several million gallons of oil
    were spilled from damaged facilities scattered throughout
    southeastern Louisiana. While several facilities have since resumed
    operations, as of this writing oil and natural gas production and
    refining capacity in the northern Gulf of Mexico region remains less
    than that prior to Katrina. Key transportation arteries were
    disrupted or cut off by the hurricane. Traffic along the Mississippi
    River was below normal capacity for at least two weeks following the
    storm. Major highways into and through New Orleans were blocked by
    floods. Major bridges along the northern Gulf coast were destroyed,
    including several in Mississippi and the Interstate 10 Twin Span
    Bridge connecting New Orleans and Slidell, Louisiana.

    The American Insurance Services Group (AISG) estimates that Katrina
    is responsible for \$40.6 billion of insured losses in the United
    States. A preliminary estimate of the total damage cost of Katrina
    in the United States is assumed to be roughly twice the insured
    losses, or about \$81 billion. This figure makes Katrina far and
    away the costliest hurricane in United States history. Even after
    adjusting for inflation, the estimated total damage cost of Katrina
    is roughly double that of Hurricane Andrew (1992). Normalizing for
    inflation and for increases in population and wealth, only the 1926
    hurricane that struck southern Florida surpasses Katrina in terms of
    damage cost. The Insurance Information Institute reports that,
    mostly due to Katrina but combined with significant impacts from the
    other hurricanes striking the United States this year, 2005 was by a
    large margin the costliest year ever for insured catastrophe losses
    in this country.

Data provided by FEMA indicate that over 1.2 million people along the
northern Gulf coast from southeastern Louisiana to Alabama were under
some type of evacuation order, but it is not clear how many people
actually evacuated. Media reports indicate that many displaced residents
have moved either temporarily or permanently to other areas in the
United States. A large number of these people might never return to live
in their pre-Katrina homes or cities. Thousands of people are still
living in hotels and temporary shelters as of this writing. Some people
remain separated from other family members and/or are unable to
determine if their family member(s) survived the storm.

d.  Forecast and Warning Critique

The possibility of development of the system that eventually became
Katrina was conveyed in the Tropical Weather Outlook (TWO) issued by the
NHC, beginning about 36 hours before it became a depression on 23
August. Only gradual development was anticipated in the TWO until the
incipient system began to consolidate early in the morning of 23 August,
about 12 hours before the first advisory was issued. The possibility
that a depression could form later in the day was conveyed in the 11:30
am EDT issuance of the TWO on 23 August.

Average official forecast track errors in nautical miles (n mi) (with
number of cases in parentheses) for Katrina were 24 (27), 42 (25), 64
(23), 96 (21), 174 (17), 213 (13), and 244 (9) for the 12, 24, 36, 48,
72, 96, and 120 h forecasts respectively. These forecast errors were
considerably less than the average official Atlantic track errors for
the 10-year period 1995-2004 of 42, 75, 107, 138, 202, 236, 310 for the
12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h forecasts, respectively (Table 4).
Note that average errors at 96 and 120 h reflect only the period
2001-2004 when those forecasts had been made either experimentally
(2001-02) or operationally (2003-04). The 12-48 h official forecasts
during Katrina represented significant improvements of 43%, 44%, 40%,
and 31%, respectively, over the corresponding 10-year averages. The
relatively small errors at 12-48 hours greatly helped in the issuance of
generally accurate and timely coastal watches and warnings (Table 5).
The 72, 96, and 120 h official track forecast errors were still less
than the long-term averages, but only by 14%, 10%, and 25%,
respectively. The errors at these longer lead times can be partially
attributed to the difficult forecast scenario associated with Katrina's
west-southwestward motion across the southern Florida peninsula and
eastern Gulf of Mexico.

Even though the official track forecasts were generally much better than
the previous 10-year averages, the official forecasts were bettered on
average at various lead times by several of the numerical models (Table
4). Specifically, the interpolated United Kingdom Met. Office global
model (UKMI), the Florida State University Superensemble (FSSE), and the
CONU and GUNA consensus models on average provided forecasts that were
more accurate than the official forecast out to 72 h. The interpolated
versions of the GFDL and NOGAPS models, GFDI and NGPI, on average were
more accurate for Katrina than the official forecast at 72 and 96 h;
GFDI was also more accurate than the official forecast at 120 h.
Contributing to the lower GFDI errors was the fact that, before Katrina
crossed Florida, the GFDI forecast a more southerly track across the
Florida peninsula and a track farther to the west over the Gulf of
Mexico than the official forecast.

The official track forecasts for Katrina issued within about two and a
half days of landfall of the center in Louisiana were exceptionally
accurate and consistent. Every official forecast that was issued
beginning at 2100 UTC 26 August showed a track crossing the coast of
Mississippi and/or southeastern Louisiana. The NHC does not explicitly
issue forecasts for the precise location or timing of landfall. However,
it is instructive to examine the forecasts for Katrina verifying at 1200
UTC 29 August, less than an hour following the initial Louisiana
landfall. The official track forecasts issued 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours
prior to 1200 UTC 29 August were in error by only 19, 24, 32, and 56 n
mi, respectively. These errors are less than half the magnitude of the
corresponding 10-year averages among all Atlantic basin forecasts.
Importantly, they were all issued with a hurricane watch or warning in
effect for the northern Gulf coast. Much of the credit for these very
small errors must be given to the guidance provided by several dynamical
models during this time frame.

Average official intensity forecast errors during Katrina were 10, 17,
22, 28, 47, 43, and 36 kt for the 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h
forecasts, respectively. These errors were considerably larger than the
corresponding Atlantic 10-year (1995-2004) averages of 6, 10, 12, 15,
18, 20, and 22 kt. Despite the larger than average intensity errors, the
official forecasts did provide some useful indications, especially with
respect to the issued watches and warnings, of what the intensity could
be at the initial United States landfall in Florida. Additionally, every
official forecast within about three days of landfall in Louisiana
correctly anticipated that Katrina would be a major hurricane (at least
Category 3) at landfall on the northern Gulf coast. The average official
intensity forecast errors at all lead times were less than those for the
SHIPS model (with inland decay component included), the GFNI
(interpolated GFDN), and the FSSE. However, the GFDI (interpolated GFDL)
intensity forecasts were on average more accurate than the official
intensity forecasts, except at 12 and 120 h. Katrina was an unusually
intense hurricane and underwent two rapid intensification periods,
including the very rapid strengthening from Category 3 to Category 5 on
the morning of 28 August. Obviously, accurately forecasting the timing
and magnitude of such events remains an operational challenge, in part
because the available intensity guidance models generally have little or
no skill in forecasting rapid intensity changes. However, the GFDI was
quite accurate in forecasting, about two days in advance, that Katrina
would reach the Category 2/3 intensity threshold early on 27 August. In
fact, it was in error by only 2 kt with its 24-h forecast of Katrina's
strengthening from 65 kt to 95 kt by 0600 UTC 27 August. The GFDI model
also consistently forecast Katrina to reach Category 4 intensity beyond
that time and to remain a major hurricane until landfall on the northern
Gulf coast. The GFDI fell short of forecasting at any lead time the
strengthening of the winds from Category 3 to Category 5 intensity on 28
August. However, the model did forecast the central pressure to fall to
about 920 mb beginning about two days before that occurred on 28 August,
and it even forecast the pressure to fall below 910 mb about 24 hours in
advance of when the 902 mb minimum pressure was observed.

Table 5 lists all of the coastal watches and warnings issued for
Katrina. A tropical storm warning was issued for the central and
northwestern Bahamas at 2100 UTC 23 August, approximately 15 hours
before Katrina strengthened into a tropical storm over the Bahamas. A
tropical storm watch was issued on 24 August at 0300 UTC, approximately
43.5 hours prior to the landfall of the center of Katrina in Florida,
for portions of the Florida Keys and the southern peninsula of Florida
from Seven Mile Bridge northward to Vero Beach. A hurricane watch was
later issued from Florida City to Vero Beach on 24 August at 1500 UTC,
approximately 31.5 hours ahead of landfall of the center, and this was
changed to a hurricane warning on August 25 at 0300 UTC, approximately
19.5 hours prior to landfall. The lead times on the hurricane watch and
warning for southern Florida were less than the usual targets of 36 and
24 hours, respectively, since Katrina's forward motion toward the
peninsula later on 25 August was faster than forecast. However, the
hurricane watch and warning were issued while Katrina was still a
tropical storm. Despite the uncertainties in intensity forecasting,
strengthening to a hurricane before the Florida landfall was correctly
forecast from the time the hurricane watch was issued. Strengthening to
near the threshold of hurricane status before landfall was also
indicated in every advisory on Katrina issued prior to that time.

A tropical storm watch was issued for the middle and upper Florida Keys
about two days before tropical storm conditions reached those areas.
However, subsequent tropical storm watches and warnings for the Florida
Keys and the southwestern coast of the Florida peninsula were issued
with less than the desired lead times, due to the actual motion of
Katrina across the peninsula being more rapid and more toward the
west-southwest than forecast. A tropical storm warning was issued at
2100 UTC 25 August for the Florida Keys from Key West northeastward, and
along the southwestern coast of Florida from Longboat Key southward,
about nine hours before tropical storm-force winds began in portions of
that warning area. Additionally, while a tropical storm warning was
issued for Dry Tortugas at 0500 UTC 26 August, a hurricane warning was
never issued for that island. Sustained hurricane-force winds were
reported there for a brief period near 2100 UTC 26 August. However,
sustained hurricane-force winds were not reported anywhere else in the
Florida Keys.

A hurricane watch was initially issued for the Louisiana coast from
Morgan City to the mouth of the Pearl River at the Mississippi border,
on 27 August at 1500 UTC, approximately 44 hours in advance of the
initial Louisiana landfall of the center of Katrina. This watch was
extended eastward at 2100 UTC that day to include the entire coastlines
of Mississippi and Alabama, more than 41 hours prior the landfall of the
center near the Louisiana/Mississippi border. A hurricane warning was
later issued from Morgan City to the Florida/Alabama border at 0300 UTC
28 August, approximately 32 hours in advance of the initial Louisiana
landfall of the center and more than 35 hours prior to the final
landfall of the center. These long lead times were necessary to account
for the large extent of hurricane-force winds from the center, and the
need to complete preparations before the even earlier arrival on the
coast of tropical storm-force winds. The timing of the watches and
warnings was especially prudent given that Katrina reached the coast
slightly faster than forecast at the time they were issued. To allow for
sufficient lead time while accounting for forecast uncertainty, these
watch and warning areas were fairly large. However, since
hurricane-force winds extended at least 75 n mi to the east from the
center of Katrina on the morning of final landfall, if the watch and
warning areas had been any smaller on the eastern end, portions of the
coastline would not have been properly warned. Sustained hurricane-force
winds were reported as far east as Dauphin Island, Alabama, leaving at
most about 30 n mi to spare within the eastern end of the hurricane
warning area.

About 24 hours before the center of the hurricane made final landfall,
NHC public advisories began conveying the expectation that the storm
surge would be 18-22 ft, locally as high as 28 ft, near wherever the
center of Katrina would make landfall. These forecasts were based on
real-time, operational runs by the NHC of the Sea, Lake, and Overland
Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model. The observed storm surge values
described earlier in section b indicate that these SLOSH-based NHC
forecasts of storm surge were quite accurate.

e.  Acknowledgements

> Some of the aircraft reconnaissance data in this report were
> processed, interpreted, and furnished by NOAA's Hurricane Research
> Division (HRD). Special appreciation is extended to Dr. Peter Black
> (HRD), Mr. Eric Ulhorn (HRD), and Mr. James Franklin (NHC) for their
> analysis of this data. Dr. Stephen Baig (NHC Storm Surge Team Leader)
> and Lt. Jennifer Pralgo (NOAA Commissioned Corps Officer at NHC)
> provided storm surge data that were collected and analyzed under the
> direction of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Mr. Colin
> McAdie (NHC) provided archived WSR-88D radar data. Most of the surface
> observations in this report were provided by the National Data Buoy
> Center (NDBC) and by several National Weather Service Forecast Offices
> in Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Tennessee.
> Appreciation is also extended to NHC Hurricane Specialists Lixion
> Avila, Jack Beven, Richard Pasch, and Stacy Stewart, to NHC Deputy
> Director Ed Rappaport, and to NHC Director Max Mayfield for their
> valuable input to this report.

Number range CHAPTERTable 1. Best track for Hurricane Katrina, 23-30
August 2005.

+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| D        | Latitude | L        | Pressure | Wind   | Stage        |
| ate/Time |          | ongitude |          | Speed  |              |
|          | (°N)     |          | (mb)     |        |              |
| (UTC)    |          | (°W)     |          | (kt)   |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 23 /     | 23.1     | 75.1     | 1008     | 30     | tropical     |
| 1800     |          |          |          |        |              |
|          |          |          |          |        | depression   |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 24 /     | 23.4     | 75.7     | 1007     | 30     | \"           |
| 0000     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 24 /     | 23.8     | 76.2     | 1007     | 30     | \"           |
| 0600     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 24 /     | 24.5     | 76.5     | 1006     | 35     | tropical     |
| 1200     |          |          |          |        | storm        |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 24 /     | 25.4     | 76.9     | 1003     | 40     | \"           |
| 1800     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 25 /     | 26.0     | 77.7     | 1000     | 45     | \"           |
| 0000     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 25 /     | 26.1     | 78.4     | 997      | 50     | \"           |
| 0600     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 25 /     | 26.2     | 79.0     | 994      | 55     | \"           |
| 1200     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 25 /     | 26.2     | 79.6     | 988      | 60     | \"           |
| 1800     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 26 /     | 25.9     | 80.3     | 983      | 70     | hurricane    |
| 0000     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 26 /     | 25.4     | 81.3     | 987      | 65     | \"           |
| 0600     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 26 /     | 25.1     | 82.0     | 979      | 75     | \"           |
| 1200     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 26 /     | 24.9     | 82.6     | 968      | 85     | \"           |
| 1800     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 27 /     | 24.6     | 83.3     | 959      | 90     | \"           |
| 0000     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 27 /     | 24.4     | 84.0     | 950      | 95     | \"           |
| 0600     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 27 /     | 24.4     | 84.7     | 942      | 100    | \"           |
| 1200     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 27 /     | 24.5     | 85.3     | 948      | 100    | \"           |
| 1800     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 28 /     | 24.8     | 85.9     | 941      | 100    | \"           |
| 0000     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 28 /     | 25.2     | 86.7     | 930      | 125    | \"           |
| 0600     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 28 /     | 25.7     | 87.7     | 909      | 145    | \"           |
| 1200     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 28 /     | 26.3     | 88.6     | 902      | 150    | \"           |
| 1800     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 29 /     | 27.2     | 89.2     | 905      | 140    | \"           |
| 0000     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 29 /     | 28.2     | 89.6     | 913      | 125    | \"           |
| 0600     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 29 /     | 29.5     | 89.6     | 923      | 110    | \"           |
| 1200     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 29 /     | 31.1     | 89.6     | 948      | 80     | \"           |
| 1800     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 30 /     | 32.6     | 89.1     | 961      | 50     | tropical     |
| 0000     |          |          |          |        | storm        |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 30 /     | 34.1     | 88.6     | 978      | 40     | \"           |
| 0600     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 30 /     | 35.6     | 88.0     | 985      | 30     | tropical     |
| 1200     |          |          |          |        | depression   |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 30 /     | 37.0     | 87.0     | 990      | 30     | \"           |
| 1800     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 31 /     | 38.6     | 85.3     | 994      | 30     | e            |
| 0000     |          |          |          |        | xtratropical |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 31 /     | 40.1     | 82.9     | 996      | 25     | \"           |
| 0600     |          |          |          |        |              |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 31 /     |          |          |          |        | merged with  |
| 1200     |          |          |          |        | front        |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 28 /     | 26.3     | 88.6     | 902      | 150    | Maximum wind |
| 1800     |          |          |          |        | and minimum  |
|          |          |          |          |        | pressure     |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 25 /     | 26.0     | 80.1     | 984      | 70     | FL landfall  |
| 2230     |          |          |          |        | at           |
|          |          |          |          |        | Browar       |
|          |          |          |          |        | d/Miami-Dade |
|          |          |          |          |        | County line  |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 29 /     | 29.3     | 89.6     | 920      | 110    | Landfall     |
| 1110     |          |          |          |        | near Buras,  |
|          |          |          |          |        | LA           |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+
| 29 /     | 30.2     | 89.6     | 928      | 105    | Landfall     |
| 1445     |          |          |          |        | near LA/MS   |
|          |          |          |          |        | border       |
+----------+----------+----------+----------+--------+--------------+

Number range CHAPTERNumber range CHAPTERTable 2. Selected ship reports
with winds of at least 34 kt for Hurricane Katrina, 23-30 August 2005.

+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| Date/Time | Ship call | Latitude  | Longitude | Wind      | Pressure  |
| (UTC)     | sign      |           |           |           |           |
|           |           | (°N)      | (°W)      | dir/speed | (mb)      |
|           |           |           |           | (kt)      |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 25 / 1800 | ZCAM5     | 26.8      | 79.3      | 080 / 37  | 1005.5    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 26 / 0600 | WNDG      | 24.5      | 80.3      | 190 / 45  | 1005.0    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 26 / 0600 | WTER      | 24.6      | 81.8      | 260 / 40  | 999.3     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 26 / 0600 | KSYP      | 24.8      | 80.4      | 180 / 36  | 1004.5    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 26 / 1200 | WFJN      | 24.0      | 81.8      | 250 / 37  | 1003.0    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 26 / 1400 | WTER      | 24.6      | 81.8      | 200 / 50  | 1000.8    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 26 / 1500 | WTER      | 24.6      | 81.8      | 200 / 55  | 1000.8    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 26 / 1800 | WTER      | 24.6      | 81.8      | 180 / 39  | 1002.9    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 26 / 1900 | WTER      | 24.6      | 81.8      | 160 / 52  | 1002.2    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 26 / 2100 | C6FM9     | 24.4      | 80.4      | 180 / 40  | 1007.0    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 26 / 2100 | WTER      | 24.6      | 81.8      | 160 / 35  | 1001.4    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 27 / 0000 | ELQQ4     | 24.1      | 82.0      | 180 / 37  | 1000.5    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 27 / 0600 | V7DW6     | 22.8      | 84.3      | 240 / 45  | 999.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 27 / 1200 | KS049     | 22.7      | 84.5      | 240 / 36  | 994.1     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 27 / 1800 | H3VR      | 23.2      | 83.3      | 190 / 40  | 1001.0    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 27 / 1800 | KS049     | 23.5      | 82.6      | 160 / 41  | 994.5     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 27 / 1800 | ELQQ4     | 25.5      | 83.1      | 120 / 37  | 1003.5    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 27 / 2100 | WDB325    | 23.8      | 86.8      | 340 / 38  | 995.2     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 27 / 2100 | WGXO      | 23.8      | 82.8      | 150 / 37  | 1001.2    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 0000 | PFSK      | 21.1      | 84.4      | 200 / 35  | 1005.5    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 0000 | WGXO      | 23.5      | 83.2      | 160 / 37  | 1000.3    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 0300 | WGXO      | 23.2      | 83.8      | 160 / 37  | 1002.0    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 0300 | WDB325    | 23.7      | 85.5      | 220 / 37  | 996.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 0600 | WGXO      | 23.0      | 84.5      | 170 / 44  | 1001.2    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 0600 | WDB325    | 23.7      | 84.7      | 190 / 54  | 999.5     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 0800 | V7HD3     | 27.6      | 92.1      | 000 / 35  | 994.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 0900 | WDB325    | 23.7      | 84.0      | 190 / 48  | 1001.2    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 1200 | WGXO      | 23.0      | 85.9      | 190 / 44  | 999.5     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 1200 | PFSK      | 23.0      | 85.7      | 200 / 37  | 1001.9    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 1200 | PJOJ      | 27.6      | 83.0      | 130 / 35  | 1007.3    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 1400 | AUBK      | 24.0      | 88.3      | 250 / 37  | 1000.0    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 1400 | VRZN8     | 27.9      | 91.0      | 040 / 47  |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 1500 | WGXO      | 23.0      | 86.8      | 210 / 40  | 1000.8    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 1500 | C6FE5     | 23.1      | 86.5      | 190 / 36  | 1006.5    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 1500 | V7HD2     | 27.1      | 91.6      | 010 / 40  | 1003.0    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 1700 | VRZN8     | 27.9      | 91.7      | 040 / 47  |           |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 1800 | C6FE5     | 23.8      | 87.0      | 200 / 36  | 1004.5    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 1800 | MCLQ4     | 26.0      | 84.9      | 180 / 42  | 1005.0    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 1800 | V7HC8     | 27.5      | 90.6      | 020 / 40  | 998.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 2100 | WGXO      | 23.5      | 88.2      | 240 / 37  | 998.5     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 2100 | V7HC6     | 26.2      | 91.4      | 350 / 35  | 993.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 2100 | V7EA2     | 26.9      | 91.7      | 350 / 37  | 989.4     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 2100 | V7HD2     | 27.0      | 92.3      | 350 / 35  | 1001.0    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 28 / 2100 | V7HC8     | 27.4      | 90.9      | 010 / 35  | 997.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0000 | WGXO      | 23.7      | 89.1      | 230 / 37  | 998.8     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0000 | C6KJ5     | 24.9      | 89.4      | 240 / 38  | 994.5     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0000 | V7HC6     | 26.2      | 91.4      | 320 / 40  | 993.1     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0000 | ELXL3     | 26.6      | 90.9      | 310 / 55  | 990.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0000 | V7EA2     | 26.8      | 91.7      | 340 / 44  | 986.8     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0000 | V7HD2     | 27.0      | 92.7      | 350 / 40  | 1001.0    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0000 | V7HC9     | 27.1      | 92.6      | 020 / 37  | 998.6     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0200 | VRZN8     | 26.5      | 92.7      | 350 / 54  | 997.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0300 | C6KJ5     | 25.2      | 89.7      | 220 / 38  | 995.7     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0300 | ELXL3     | 26.5      | 90.8      | 310 / 52  | 991.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0300 | V7EA2     | 26.8      | 91.7      | 320 / 44  | 988.2     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0400 | V7HC8     | 27.1      | 91.4      | 350 / 40  | 996.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0500 | VRZN8     | 26.4      | 92.2      | 330 / 54  | 996.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0600 | C6KJ5     | 25.5      | 90.0      | 220 / 38  | 997.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0600 | ELXL3     | 26.4      | 90.8      | 290 / 45  | 994.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0600 | V7HC9     | 27.0      | 92.7      | 340 / 37  | 998.3     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0600 | MCLQ4     | 27.6      | 85.2      | 150 / 36  | 1005.6    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0700 | V7EA2     | 26.8      | 91.7      | 300 / 40  | 988.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0800 | V7HC9     | 27.0      | 92.7      | 320 / 38  | 998.6     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0900 | C6KJ5     | 25.9      | 90.5      | 220 / 35  | 997.5     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0900 | VRZN8     | 26.3      | 91.4      | 330 / 54  | 995.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0900 | ELXL3     | 26.4      | 90.8      | 260 / 44  | 996.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 0900 | V7EA2     | 26.8      | 91.7      | 290 / 35  | 989.9     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 1100 | C6FM8     | 22.3      | 88.0      | 230 / 35  | 1009.0    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 1200 | VRZN8     | 26.5      | 91.0      | 040 / 47  | 995.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 1200 | MCLQ4     | 28.3      | 85.5      | 170 / 36  | 1004.3    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 1500 | VRZN8     | 26.9      | 90.7      | 270 / 54  | 999.0     |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+
| 29 / 1800 | MCLQ4     | 28.3      | 86.4      | 200 / 39  | 1004.8    |
+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+

Number range CHAPTERNumber range CHAPTERTable 3. Selected surface
observations for Hurricane Katrina, 23-30 August 2005.

+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Location        | M   |     | M   |       |     | St  | St  | To  |
|                 | ini |     | axi |       |     | orm | orm | tal |
|                 | mum |     | mum |       |     | su  |     |     |
|                 | Sea |     | S   |       |     | rge | t   | r   |
|                 | Le  |     | urf |       |     |     | ide | ain |
|                 | vel |     | ace |       |     | (   |     |     |
|                 | Pr  |     |     |       |     | ft) | (   | (   |
|                 | ess |     | W   |       |     | ^c^ | ft) | in) |
|                 | ure |     | ind |       |     |     | ^d^ |     |
|                 |     |     | Sp  |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | eed |       |     |     |     |     |
+=================+=====+=====+=====+=======+=====+=====+=====+=====+
|                 | Da  | Pre | Da  | Sust  | G   |     |     |     |
|                 | te/ | ss. | te/ | ained | ust |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | t   | (   | t   | (k    | (   |     |     |     |
|                 | ime | mb) | ime | t)^b^ | kt) |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | (U  |     | (U  |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | TC) |     | TC) |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | ^a^ |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Florida**     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Official**    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| WFO Miami (near | 2   | 98  | 2   | 60    | 76  |     |     | 5   |
| Sweetwater)     | 6/0 | 3.1 | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .90 |
|                 | 105 |     | 115 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Virginia Key    | 2   | 99  | 2   | 63    | 81  |     |     |     |
| (RSMAS)         | 5/2 | 0.2 | 5/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 254 |     | 355 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Fort Lauderdale | 2   | 98  | 2   | 52    | 71  |     |     | 3   |
| (KFLL)          | 5/2 | 8.8 | 5/2 |       |     |     |     | .07 |
|                 | 245 |     | 355 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| West Kendall    | 2   | 98  | 2   | 43    | 66  |     |     | 7   |
| (KTMB)          | 6/0 | 6.1 | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .71 |
|                 | 109 |     | 137 |       |     |     |     | ^i^ |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Miami (KMIA)    | 2   | 98  | 2   | 42    | 68  |     |     | 5   |
|                 | 6/0 | 7.8 | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .10 |
|                 | 020 |     | 124 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Virginia Key    | 2   | 98  | 2   |       | 66  |     |     | 7   |
| (AOML)          | 5/2 | 8.0 | 5/2 |       |     |     |     | .40 |
|                 | 300 |     | 330 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Boca Raton      |     |     | 2   |       | 56  |     |     |     |
| (KBCT)          |     |     | 5/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 950 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Fort            |     |     | 2   | 41    | 57  |     |     | 2   |
| Lauderdale-     |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .90 |
| Executive       |     |     | 028 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Airport (KFXE)  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pompano Beach   | 2   | 99  | 2   | 41    | 54  |     |     | 1   |
| (KPMP)          | 5/2 | 7.6 | 5/2 |       |     |     |     | .63 |
|                 | 213 |     | 213 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Opa Locka       | 2   | 98  | 2   | 39    | 57  |     |     |     |
| (KOPF)          | 5/2 | 7.5 | 5/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 327 |     | 229 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pembroke Pines  | 2   | 99  | 2   | 39^i^ | 56  |     |     |     |
| (KHWO)          | 5/2 | 2.9 | 5/2 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 156 | ^i^ | 156 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Miami Beach     | 2   | 98  | 2   | 30    | 47  |     |     | 3   |
| (KMBF)          | 6/0 | 7.8 | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .48 |
|                 | 000 |     | 000 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| West Palm Beach | 2   | 1   | 2   | 28^i^ | 35  |     |     | 1   |
| (KPBI)          | 5/2 | 005 | 6/0 |       | ^i^ |     |     | .21 |
|                 | 000 | ^i^ | 243 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Naples (KAPF)   | 2   | 1   | 2   | 24^i^ | 36  |     |     | 0   |
|                 | 6/1 | 002 | 6/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     | .66 |
|                 | 100 | ^i^ | 711 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Homestead       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 14  |
| (KHST)          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .04 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Chekika^e^      |     |     | 2   |       | 66  |     |     | 8   |
|                 |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .14 |
|                 |     |     | 235 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Racoon Point^e^ |     |     | 2   |       | 34  |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .94 |
|                 |     |     | 435 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Tenraw^e^       |     |     | 2   |       | 63  |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .70 |
|                 |     |     | 220 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Cache^e^        |     |     | 2   |       | 58  |     |     | 5   |
|                 |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .31 |
|                 |     |     | 715 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Ochopee^e^      |     |     | 2   |       | 44  |     |     | 1   |
|                 |     |     | 6/1 |       |     |     |     | .36 |
|                 |     |     | 135 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Oasis^e^        |     |     | 2   |       | 55  |     |     | 1   |
|                 |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .55 |
|                 |     |     | 430 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Key West (KEYW) | 2   | 99  | 2   | 53    | 64  |     | est | 10  |
|                 | 6/1 | 9.3 | 6/1 |       |     |     | 2.5 | .05 |
|                 | 353 |     | 527 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Key West Naval  |     |     | 2   | 48    | 60  |     |     |     |
| Air Station     |     |     | 6/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (KNQX)          |     |     | 549 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Marathon (KMTH) | 2   | 100 | 2   | 30    | 44  |     |     | 9   |
|                 | 6/0 | 0.7 | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .71 |
|                 | 728 |     | 836 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Big Pine Key    |     |     | 2   | 33    | 44  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 6/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 340 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Fort Myers      | 2   | 100 | 2   | 26    | 34  |     |     | 1   |
| (KFMY)          | 6/0 | 4.4 | 6/1 |       |     |     |     | .17 |
|                 | 950 |     | 742 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Fort Myers      | 2   | 100 | 2   | 27    | 35  |     |     | 1   |
| (KRSW)          | 6/1 | 4.1 | 6/1 |       |     |     |     | .53 |
|                 | 008 |     | 649 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Punta Gorda     | 2   | 100 | 2   | 29    | 36  |     |     | 1   |
| (KPGD)          | 6/0 | 6.4 | 6/1 |       |     |     |     | .37 |
|                 | 956 |     | 728 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Winter Haven    | 2   | 100 | 2   | 28    | 34  |     |     | 0   |
| (KGIF)          | 6/2 | 8.5 | 6/2 |       |     |     |     | .21 |
|                 | 019 |     | 038 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| St. Petersburg  | 2   | 100 | 2   | 34    | 42  |     |     | 0   |
| (KSPG)          | 7/2 | 6.4 | 6/1 |       |     |     |     | .33 |
|                 | 053 |     | 837 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Fort Myers      |     |     |     |       |     | 0   | 2   |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     | .96 | .34 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| St. Petersburg  |     |     |     |       |     | 1   | 3   |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     | .07 | .35 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Clearwater      |     |     |     |       |     | 1   | 3   |     |
| Beach           |     |     |     |       |     | .13 | .81 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Apalachicola    | 2   | 100 | 2   | 28    | 34  |     |     | 0   |
| (KAAF)          | 9/1 | 5.1 | 9/2 |       |     |     |     | .27 |
|                 | 850 |     | 055 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Panama City     | 2   | 100 | 2   | 24    | 34  |     |     | 0   |
| (KPFN)          | 9/1 | 2.4 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .44 |
|                 | 650 |     | 507 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Destin (KDTS)   | 2   | 99  | 2   | 30    | 44  |     |     |     |
|                 | 9/2 | 9.3 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 053 |     | 722 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pensacola       | 2   | 99  | 2   | 49    | 60  |     |     |     |
| (KPNS)          | 9/1 | 5.3 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 757 |     | 452 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Crestview       | 2   | 99  | 2   | 30    | 38  |     |     |     |
| (KCEW)          | 9/1 | 8.9 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 523 |     | 855 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Eglin Air Force | 2   | 99  | 2   | 33    | 46  |     |     |     |
| Base (KVPS)     | 9/2 | 8.9 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 023 |     | 958 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Mary Esther     | 2   | 99  | 2   | 38    | 52  |     |     |     |
| (KHRT)          | 9/1 | 8.9 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 935 |     | 517 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pensacola Naval | 2   | 99  | 2   | 49    | 62  |     |     |     |
| Air Station     | 9/1 | 5.3 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (KNPA)          | 756 |     | 811 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pensacola       |     |     |     |       |     |     | 5   |     |
| (PENF1)         |     |     |     |       |     |     | .37 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Santa Rosa      |     |     |     |       |     |     | 4   |     |
| Sound (FWLF1)   |     |     |     |       |     |     | .10 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Destin (EPSF1)  |     |     |     |       |     |     | 4   |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     | .52 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Unofficial**  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| North Miami     | 2   | 985 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Beach           | 5/2 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 330 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pembroke Park   | 2   | 98  |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 5/2 | 5.8 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 214 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Homestead       |     |     | 2   |       | 84  |     |     | 11  |
| General Airport |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .80 |
|                 |     |     | 345 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Port Everglades |     |     | 2   |       | 80  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 5/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 300 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| West Kendall    |     |     | 2   |       | 75  |     |     | 6   |
|                 |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     | .93 |
| (Country Walk)  |     |     | 130 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Miami -- The    | 2   | 98  | 2   |       | 56  |     |     |     |
| Falls           | 6/0 | 8.7 | 6/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 050 |     | 150 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (from Weather   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Underground)    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Palmetto Bay    | 2   | 99  |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 6/0 | 4.9 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 005 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pembroke Pines  |     |     | 2   |       | 56  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 5/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 000 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Weston (from    | 2   | 99  | 2   |       | 40  |     |     |     |
| Weather         | 6/0 | 7.2 | 6/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Underground)    | 130 |     | 130 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Boynton Beach   | 2   | 100 | 2   |       | 48  |     |     | 2   |
|                 | 5/2 | 3.2 | 5/2 |       |     |     |     | .51 |
|                 | 000 |     | 000 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Davie           |     |     | 2   |       | 64  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 5/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 314 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Fort Lauderdale |     |     | 2   |       | 58  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 5/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 218 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Miramar         |     |     | 2   |       | 57  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 042 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Hialeah         |     |     | 2   |       | 52  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 044 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Cooper City     |     |     | 2   |       | 52  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 020 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Miami Shores    |     |     | 2   |       | 51  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 5/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 318 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pompano Beach   |     |     | 2   |       | 50  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 5/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 339 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pembroke Park   |     |     | 2   |       | 47  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 029 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Coral Springs   |     |     | 2   |       | 43  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 6/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 020 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Perrine         |     |     | 2   |       | 42  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 5/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 330 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Marco Island    |     |     | 2   |       | 67  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 6/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 530 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Cudjoe Key      |     |     | 2   | 44    | 63  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 6/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 103 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Perrine         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 16  |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .33 |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | ^i^ |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Key Biscayne    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .36 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Hialeah         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .30 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Big Cypress     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .93 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Hollywood       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .78 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Fort Lauderdale |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .51 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| West Boynton    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
| Beach           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .66 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Palm Beach      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
| Gardens         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .57 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Devils Garden   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .20 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Florida City^j^ |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 12  |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .25 |
| (SFWMD S179)    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| West Perrine^j^ |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 11  |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .71 |
| (SFWMD S331)    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Cutler          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 11  |
| Ridge^j^\       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .13 |
| (SFWMD S165)    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Florida City^j^ |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .30 |
| (SFWMD SDAF1)   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Florida City^j^ |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .02 |
| (SFWMD BBBF1)   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Goulds^j^       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .57 |
| (SFWMD BCPF1)   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Leisure City^j^ |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .40 |
| (SFWMD BHMF1)   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Curry Hammock   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 9   |
| State Park      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .89 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Key Largo (John |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
| Pennekamp State |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .94 |
| Park)           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Flamingo        |     |     |     |       |     | 2-4 | 3-5 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Key West        |     |     |     |       |     |     | 2.5 |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Southermost     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Point           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Steinhatchee    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .40 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Walton County   |     |     |     |       |     | 5   |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Bay County      |     |     |     |       |     | 5   |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Gulf County     |     |     |     |       |     | 5   |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Franklin County |     |     |     |       |     | 5   |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Wakulla County  |     |     |     |       |     | 5   |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Taylor County   |     |     |     |       |     | 2   |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Dixie County    |     |     |     |       |     | 2   |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Eglin Air Base  |     |     | 2   | 51    | 60  |     |     |     |
| Sensor          |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 434 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (6 mi west of   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Mary Esther)    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Destin          |     |     |     |       | 37  |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pensacola (WEAR |     |     |     |       | 50  |     |     | 3   |
| TV)             |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .06 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Philpot         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .80 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Milton          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .50 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Molina          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .00 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Okaloosa County |     |     |     |       |     |     | est |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     | 4-6 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Santa Rosa      |     |     |     |       |     |     | est |     |
| County          |     |     |     |       |     |     | 5-8 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Escambia County |     |     |     |       |     |     | est |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     | 7-9 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Cuba**        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| P. R. de San    | 2   | 100 | 2   | 25    | 32  |     |     | 5   |
| Diego           | 7/0 | 3.3 | 7/0 |       |     |     |     | .16 |
|                 | 600 |     | 940 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| San Juan y      | 2   | 100 | 2   | 35    | 45  |     |     | 8   |
| Martinez        | 6/2 | 2.6 | 7/1 |       |     |     |     | .45 |
|                 | 300 |     | 550 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Bahia Honda     | 2   | 100 | 2   | 32    | 40  |     |     | 5   |
|                 | 7/0 | 1.2 | 7/0 |       |     |     |     | .24 |
|                 | 600 |     | 950 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pinar del Rio   | 2   | 100 | 2   | 38    | 48  |     |     | 8   |
|                 | 7/1 | 2.3 | 7/1 |       |     |     |     | .20 |
|                 | 305 |     | 605 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| La Palma        | 2   | 100 | 2   | 40    | 50  |     |     | 5   |
|                 | 7/0 | 0.6 | 7/0 |       |     |     |     | .84 |
|                 | 900 |     | 930 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Isabel Rubio    | 2   | 100 | 2   | 37    | 46  |     |     | 8   |
|                 | 7/0 | 2.3 | 7/0 |       |     |     |     | .30 |
|                 | 850 |     | 635 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Cabo de San     | 2   | 100 | 2   | 46    | 54  |     |     | 0   |
| Antonio         | 7/1 | 1.8 | 7/0 |       |     |     |     | .98 |
|                 | 200 |     | 930 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Santa Lucia     | 2   | 99  | 2   | 35    | 44  |     |     | 2   |
|                 | 7/0 | 6.4 | 7/1 |       |     |     |     | .06 |
|                 | 900 |     | 030 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Casa Blanca     |     |     | 2   | 43    | 52  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 7/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 505 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Santiago de las | 2   | 100 | 2   | 37    | 41  |     |     | 6   |
| Vegas           | 7/0 | 3.2 | 7/0 |       |     |     |     | .94 |
|                 | 500 |     | 600 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Alabama**     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Official**    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Dothan (KDHN)   | 2   | 100 | 2   | 24    | 38  |     |     | 2   |
|                 | 9/1 | 2.0 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .16 |
|                 | 758 |     | 848 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Mobile (KMOB)   | 2   | 98  | 2   | 57    | 72  |     |     | 3   |
|                 | 9/1 | 3.4 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .80 |
|                 | 632 |     | 546 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Mobile (KBFM)   | 2   | 98  | 2   | 58    | 73  |     |     |     |
|                 | 9/1 | 5.8 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 653 |     | 501 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Evergreen       | 2   | 99  | 2   | 32    | 42  |     |     |     |
| (KGZH)          | 9/2 | 3.9 | 9/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 224 |     | 008 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Mobile State    |     |     |     |       |     |     | 11  |     |
| Docks (MBRA1)   |     |     |     |       |     |     | .45 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Dauphin Island  |     |     |     |       |     |     | 6   |     |
| (DAUA1)         |     |     |     |       |     |     | .63 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Perdido Pass    |     |     |     |       |     |     | 5   |     |
| (PPSA1)         |     |     |     |       |     |     | .81 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Open Pond^e^    |     |     | 2   |       | 37  |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .27 |
|                 |     |     | 620 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Birmingham      | 3   | 99  | 3   | 31    | 45  |     |     | 0   |
| (KBHM)          | 0/0 | 2.9 | 0/0 |       |     |     |     | .78 |
|                 | 340 |     | 418 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Oakmulgee^e^    |     |     | 3   |       | 43  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 0/0 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 220 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Montgomery      | 3   | 995 | 3   | 31    | 39  |     |     | 0   |
| (KMGM)          | 0/0 |     | 0/0 |       |     |     |     | .20 |
|                 | 059 |     | 108 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Anniston (KANB) | 3   | 99  | 3   | 29    | 37  |     |     |     |
|                 | 0/0 | 7.5 | 0/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 720 |     | 720 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Troy (KTOI)     | 3   | 999 | 3   | 27    | 36  |     |     | 2   |
|                 | 0/0 |     | 0/0 |       |     |     |     | .18 |
|                 | 101 |     | 147 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Calera (KEET)   | 3   | 993 | 3   | 28^i^ | 39  |     |     | 0   |
|                 | 0/0 |     | 0/0 |       | ^i^ |     |     | .83 |
|                 | 349 |     | 345 |       |     |     |     | ^i^ |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Huntsville      | 3   | 99  |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
| (KHSV)          | 0/0 | 1.2 |     |       |     |     |     | .05 |
|                 | 934 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Decatur (KDCU)  | 3   | 99  |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 | 0/0 | 0.2 |     |       |     |     |     | .33 |
|                 | 522 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Muscle Shoals   | 3   | 98  |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
| (KMSL)          | 0/0 | 6.1 |     |       |     |     |     | .52 |
|                 | 721 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Unofficial**  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Mobile Bay      |     |     |     |       | 90  |     | e   |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     | 12  |     |
| (USS Alabama)   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Semmes          | 2   | 98  |     |       | 57  |     |     | 5   |
|                 | 9/1 | 2.7 |     |       |     |     |     | .70 |
|                 | 715 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Daphne          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .97 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Thomasville     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .17 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Oak Grove       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .00 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Baldwin County  |     |     |     |       |     |     | est |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     | 9   |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     | -11 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Mobile County   |     |     |     |       |     |     | est |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     | 10  |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     | -13 |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Cuba            |     | 95  |     |       | 69  |     |     |     |
|                 |     | 5.0 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Vance           |     |     |     |       | 59  |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Jefferson       |     | 99  |     |       | 52  |     |     |     |
| County          |     | 2.2 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| (Jimmie Hale    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Mission)        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Jefferson       |     | 99  |     |       | 41  |     |     |     |
| County          |     | 2.9 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| (Limbaugh       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Toyota)         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Jefferson       |     | 99  |     |       | 37  |     |     |     |
| County          |     | 2.9 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| (Advent School) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Birmingham Race |     | 99  |     |       | 45  |     |     |     |
| Course          |     | 5.6 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Guin            |     | 98  |     |       | 41  |     |     |     |
|                 |     | 6.5 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Ranburne        |     |     |     |       | 39  |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Attalla         |     |     |     |       | 34  |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Vance County    |     | 98  |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     | 8.5 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| (Mercedes Benz) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Gadsden         |     | 99  |     |       |     |     |     | 0   |
|                 |     | 8.3 |     |       |     |     |     | .92 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Hamilton        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .82 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Addison         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .62 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Selma           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .00 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Anderson        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .35 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Athens          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .59 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Mount Hester    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .85 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Dime            |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .31 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Hodges          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .96 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Red Bay         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .90 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Russellville    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .95 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Russellville    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
| TVA             |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .10 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Hytop           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .06 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Oakland         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .12 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Wilson Dam      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .57 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Moulton TVA     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .84 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Athens TVA      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .47 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Monrovia- West  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .07 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Guntersville    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .16 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Northwest       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
| Morgan County   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .59 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pence           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .14 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Toney           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .67 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Tennessee**   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Official**    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Fort            |     |     | 3   |       | 36  |     |     | 3   |
| Campbell^e^     |     |     | 0/0 |       |     |     |     | .01 |
|                 |     |     | 915 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Camden Tower^e^ |     |     | 3   |       | 52  |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     | 0/0 |       |     |     |     | .42 |
|                 |     |     | 505 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Meigs EOC^e^    |     |     | 3   |       | 36  |     |     | 0   |
|                 |     |     | 0/1 |       |     |     |     | .46 |
|                 |     |     | 605 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Coker Creek^e^  |     |     | 3   |       | 49  |     |     | 1   |
|                 |     |     | 0/1 |       |     |     |     | .50 |
|                 |     |     | 540 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Unofficial**  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Sewanee         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .58 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| University of   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 2   |
| the South       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .49 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Mississippi** |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Official**    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pascagoula      |     |     | 2   | 38^i^ | 44  |     |     |     |
| (KPQL)          |     |     | 9/0 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 953 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Biloxi --       |     |     | 2   | 52^i^ | 85  |     |     |     |
| Keesler AFB     |     |     | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
| (KBIX)          |     |     | 400 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Gulfport (KGPT) |     |     | 2   | 40^i^ | 55  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 025 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pascagoula      |     |     |     |       |     |     | 12  |     |
| (PSCM6)         |     |     |     |       |     |     | .16 |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     | ^i^ |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Green Pass      |     |     |     |       |     |     | 11  |     |
| (GRPL1)         |     |     |     |       |     |     | .27 |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     | ^i^ |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Meridian (KNMM) | 2   | 96  | 2   |       | 70  |     |     |     |
|                 | 9/2 | 4.4 | 9/2 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 355 | ^i^ | 051 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Jackson (KJAN)  | 2   | 97  | 2   |       | 56  |     |     | 3   |
|                 | 9/2 | 3.3 | 9/2 |       |     |     |     | .93 |
|                 | 129 |     | 014 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Columbus (KCBM) | 3   | 98  | 3   |       | 50  |     |     | 5   |
|                 | 0/0 | 0.4 | 0/0 |       |     |     |     | .79 |
|                 | 355 |     | 100 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Greenwood       |     |     | 2   |       | 46  |     |     |     |
| (KGWO)          |     |     | 9/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 153 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Greenville      | 3   | 99  | 2   |       | 44  |     |     | 2   |
| (KGLH)          | 0/0 | 2.8 | 9/2 |       |     |     |     | .08 |
|                 | 156 |     | 223 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| McComb (KMCB)   | 2   | 97  | 2   | 42    | 56  |     |     |     |
|                 | 9/1 | 2.2 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 742 |     | 742 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Sharkey Delta   |     |     | 3   |       | 44  |     |     | 3   |
| Road^e^         |     |     | 0/0 |       |     |     |     | .87 |
|                 |     |     | 105 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Holmes^e^       |     |     | 3   |       | 51  |     |     | 5   |
|                 |     |     | 0/0 |       |     |     |     | .48 |
|                 |     |     | 105 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Hancock^e^      |     |     | 2   | 43    | 74  |     |     | 10  |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .05 |
|                 |     |     | 605 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pike^e^         |     |     | 2   | 34    | 57  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 705 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Wausau^e^       |     |     | 2   |       | 57  |     |     | 5   |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     | .96 |
|                 |     |     | 705 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Greene^e^       |     |     | 2   |       | 57  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 610 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Black Creek^e^  |     |     | 2   | 43    | 69  |     |     | 7   |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .64 |
|                 |     |     | 800 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Neshoba^e^      |     |     | 2   |       | 52  |     |     | 6   |
|                 |     |     | 9/2 |       |     |     |     | .53 |
|                 |     |     | 110 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Bienville^e^    |     |     | 2   |       | 48  |     |     | 6   |
|                 |     |     | 9/2 |       |     |     |     | .35 |
|                 |     |     | 105 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Copiah^e^       |     |     | 2   |       | 44  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 705 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Bude^e^         |     |     | 2   |       | 43  |     |     | 3   |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .71 |
|                 |     |     | 905 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Covington^e^    |     |     | 2   |       | 47  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 9/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 005 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Marion^e^       |     |     | 2   |       | 38  |     |     | 8   |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .19 |
|                 |     |     | 605 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Winborn^e^      |     |     | 3   |       | 35  |     |     | 4   |
|                 |     |     | 0/0 |       |     |     |     | .00 |
|                 |     |     | 205 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pass Christian  |     |     |     |       |     | 2   |     |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     | 7.8 |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Long Beach      |     |     |     |       |     | 2   |     |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     | 5.7 |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Unofficial**  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Wortham (Biloxi |     |     |     |       |     |     | 26  |     |
| River)          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Hancock County  |     |     |     |       |     |     | 28  |     |
| EOC             |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Jackson County  |     |     |     |       | 108 |     |     |     |
| EOC, Pascagoula |     |     |     |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pearl River     |     |     |     |       | 117 |     |     |     |
| County EOC,     |     |     |     |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
| Poplarville     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Stennis Space   |     |     | 2   | 59    | 102 |     |     |     |
| Center (Texas   |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Tech Univ. 10 m |     |     | 500 |       |     |     |     |     |
| tower)          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Long Beach      |     |     | 2   |       | 106 |     |     |     |
| (amateur radio  |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| operator)       |     |     | 115 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pascagoula      |     |     | 2   | 64    |     |     |     |     |
| (Florida        |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Coastal         |     |     | 549 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Monitoring      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Program (FCMP)  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| tower)          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pascagoula      | 2   | 976 | 2   | 58    | 66  |     |     |     |
| (Univ. of South | 9/1 |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Alabama Mesonet | 451 |     | 413 |       |     |     |     |     |
| site)           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Agricola (Univ. | 2   | 969 | 2   | 29    | 51  |     |     |     |
| of South        | 9/1 |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Alabama Mesonet | 649 |     | 520 |       |     |     |     |     |
| site)           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Laurel          |     |     | 2   |       | 96  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 900 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Forrest         |     |     | 2   |       | 87  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 800 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Columbia        | 2   | 95  | 2   |       | 70  |     |     |     |
|                 | 9/1 | 1.0 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 800 |     | 800 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Starkville      | 3   | 97  | 3   |       | 66  |     |     |     |
|                 | 0/0 | 7.0 | 0/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 300 |     | 030 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Columbia        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 8   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .20 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Ackerman        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
| (Tombigbee      |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .52 |
| National        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Forest)         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Noxapater       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .90 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| North of        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
| Hattiesburg     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .35 |
| (Bowie Creek)   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Conehatta       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 7   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .00 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Kosciusko (13 m |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
| SSE)            |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .80 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Brooklyn        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .78 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Philadelphia    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .72 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Sanford         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
| (Okatoma River) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .19 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Edinburg        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 6   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .15 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pelahatchie     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .90 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Ofahoma         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .88 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Ethel           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .70 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Hattiesburg     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 5   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .18 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Kosciusko       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | 4   |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     | .27 |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Louisiana**   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Official**    |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Slidell (KASD)  | 2   | 95  | 2   | 32^i^ | 44  |     |     |     |
|                 | 9/1 | 4.4 | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 400 | ^i^ | 243 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Bootheville     |     |     | 2   | 26^i^ | 39  |     |     |     |
| (KBVE)          |     |     | 8/2 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 137 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| New Orleans     |     |     | 2   | 29^i^ | 38  |     |     |     |
| Intl Airport    |     |     | 9/0 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
| (KMSY)          |     |     | 305 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| New Orleans     |     |     | 2   |       | 64  |     |     |     |
| Intl Airport    |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| LLWAS 30-ft     |     |     | 405 |       |     |     |     |     |
| tower           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| New Orleans     |     |     | 2   |       | 85  |     |     |     |
| Intl Airport    |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| LLWAS 120-ft    |     |     | 340 |       |     |     |     |     |
| tower           |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| New Orleans     | 2   | 95  | 2   | 60^i^ | 75  |     |     |     |
| Lakefront       | 9/1 | 8.4 | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
| Airport (KNEW)  | 300 | ^i^ | 153 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Tallulah (KTVR) |     |     | 2   |       | 48  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 834 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Slidell NWS     | 2   | 93  |     |       |     |     |     | 11  |
|                 | 9/1 | 4.1 |     |       |     |     |     | .63 |
|                 | 438 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Ponte a la      |     |     |     |       |     |     | 14  |     |
| Hache (BGNL1)   |     |     |     |       |     |     | .14 |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     | ^i^ |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Lake Maurepas   |     |     |     |       |     |     | 3   |     |
| (MAUL1)         |     |     |     |       |     |     | .05 |     |
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     | ^i^ |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Baton Rouge     | 2   | 98  | 2   | 39    | 43  |     |     |     |
| (KBTR)          | 9/1 | 4.4 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 553 |     | 710 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Big Branch      |     |     | 2   |       | 50  |     |     | 14  |
| NWR^e^          |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .92 |
|                 |     |     | 620 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| SE St. Tammany  |     |     |     |       |     | 1   |     |     |
| Parish, \~10 mi |     |     |     |       |     | 6.0 |     |     |
| SE of Slidell   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| SE St. Bernard  |     |     |     |       |     | 1   |     |     |
| Parish, near    |     |     |     |       |     | 8.7 |     |     |
| Alluvial City   |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Mississippi     |     |     |     |       |     | 1   |     |     |
| River Gulf      |     |     |     |       |     | 5.5 |     |     |
| Outlet, eastern |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| New Orleans     |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| New Orleans     |     |     |     |       |     | 1   |     |     |
| Lakefront       |     |     |     |       |     | 1.8 |     |     |
| Airport         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **Unofficial**  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Buras (Univ. of | 2   | 92  | 2   | 73    | 93  |     |     |     |
| LA-Monroe 2 m   | 9/1 | 0.2 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| tower)          | 116 |     | 021 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Slidell         | 2   | 931 | 2   |       | est |     |     |     |
| (videographer   | 9/1 |     | 9/1 |       | 105 |     |     |     |
| at Memorial     | 505 |     | 435 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Hospital)       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| NASA Michoud    | 2   | 94  | 2   |       | est |     |     |     |
| Assembly        | 9/1 | 9.9 | 9/1 |       | 84  |     |     |     |
| Facility --     | 404 |     | 100 |       |     |     |     |     |
| gage 1          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| NASA Michoud    |     |     | 2   |       | est |     |     |     |
| Assembly        |     |     | 9/1 |       | 107 |     |     |     |
| Facility --     |     |     | 415 |       |     |     |     |     |
| gage 2          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Eastern New     |     |     | 2   |       | est |     |     |     |
| Orleans -- Air  |     |     | 9/1 |       | 104 |     |     |     |
| Products and    |     |     | 400 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Chemicals       |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Facility        |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Belle Chase NAS |     |     | 2   | 68    | 89  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (FCMP tower)    |     |     | 427 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Galliano (FCMP  |     |     | 2   | 67    | 83  |     |     |     |
| tower)          |     |     | 9/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 936 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Slidell Airport |     |     | 2   | 61    | 87  |     |     |     |
| (Texas Tech     |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| Univ. 10 m      |     |     | 500 |       |     |     |     |     |
| tower)          |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Vacherie (Texas |     |     | 2   | 48    | 64  |     |     |     |
| Tech Univ. 10 m |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| tower)          |     |     | 200 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Grand Isle      |     |     |     |       |     | 12  |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Port Fourchon   |     |     |     |       |     | 8   |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Gretna          | 2   | 95  |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 9/1 | 0.6 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 400 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Baton Rouge --  |     |     | 2   | 43    | 54  |     |     | 2   |
| Ben Hur Farm^h^ |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .83 |
|                 |     |     | 438 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Baton Rouge --  |     |     | 2   | 34    | 48  |     |     | 2   |
| Burden          |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .96 |
| Plantation^h^   |     |     | 404 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Port Sulphur^h^ | 2   | 96  | 2   | 75^i^ | 88  |     |     |     |
|                 | 9/1 | 2.2 | 9/0 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 000 | ^i^ | 937 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Franklinton^h^  | 2   | 95  | 2   | 43    | 69  |     |     | 5   |
|                 | 9/1 | 3.7 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .03 |
|                 | 615 |     | 915 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Houma^h^        | 2   | 97  | 2   | 44    | 60  |     |     | 3   |
|                 | 9/1 | 6.6 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .68 |
|                 | 244 |     | 100 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Hammond^h^      | 2   | 96  | 2   | 48    | 66  |     |     | 4   |
|                 | 9/1 | 5.3 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .61 |
|                 | 602 |     | 644 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Manchac^h^      | 2   | 96  | 2   | 59    | 74  |     |     | 5   |
|                 | 9/1 | 0.9 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .55 |
|                 | 558 |     | 559 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Livingston      | 2   | 97  | 2   | 35    | 49  |     |     | 2   |
| South^h^        | 9/1 | 4.5 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .68 |
|                 | 637 |     | 432 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Livingston      | 2   | 97  | 2   |       | 42  |     |     | 2   |
| West^h^         | 9/1 | 2.8 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     | .21 |
|                 | 608 |     | 451 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| St. Gabriel^h^  | 2   | 97  | 2   | 44    | 53  |     |     |     |
|                 | 9/1 | 9.5 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 436 |     | 643 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|                 |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| **              |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Buoys/C-MAN/NOS |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| Sites**         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Settlement      | 2   | 100 | 2   | 36    | 45  |     |     |     |
| Point (SPGF1)   | 5/1 | 4.2 | 5/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 100 |     | 050 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (26.7ºN 79.0ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Fowey Rocks     | 2   | 99  | 2   | 57    | 69  |     |     |     |
| (FWYF1)         | 6/0 | 7.8 | 6/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 000 |     | 310 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (25.6ºN 80.1ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Virginia Key    | 2   | 99  | 2   | 55    | 67  | 1.0 | 3.2 |     |
| NOS (VAKF1)     | 5/2 | 0.2 | 5/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 254 |     | 330 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (25.7ºN 80.2ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Vaca Key NOS    | 2   | 100 | 2   | 27    | 41  |     | 2.0 |     |
| (VCAF1)         | 6/0 | 0.5 | 5/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 724 |     | 200 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (24.7ºN 81.1ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Sombrero Key    | 2   | 100 | 2   | 58    | 69  |     |     |     |
| (SMKF1)         | 6/0 | 0.6 | 6/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 900 |     | 900 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (24.6ºN 81.1ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Long Key        | 2   | 100 | 2   | 45    | 60  |     | 2.1 |     |
| (LONF1)         | 6/0 | 0.2 | 6/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 700 |     | 820 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (24.8ºN 80.9ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Molasses Reef   | 2   | 100 | 2   | 53    | 67  |     |     |     |
| (MLRF1)         | 6/0 | 1.7 | 6/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 500 |     | 600 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (25.0ºN 80.4ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| NW Florida Bay  | 2   | 99  | 2   | 51^i^ | 60  |     | 2.5 |     |
| (NFBF1)         | 6/0 | 4.2 | 6/0 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 554 | ^i^ | 654 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (25.1ºN 81.1ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Dry Tortugas    | 2   | 97  | 2   | 70    | 91  |     |     |     |
| (DRYF1)         | 6/2 | 4.4 | 6/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 000 |     | 000 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (24.6ºN 82.9ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Sand Key        | 2   | 99  | 2   | 54    | 67  |     |     |     |
| (SANF1)         | 6/1 | 9.7 | 6/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 500 |     | 530 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (24.5ºN 81.9ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Key West NOS    | 2   | 99  | 2   | 40    | 52  |     | 1.4 |     |
| (KYWF1)         | 6/1 | 9.8 | 6/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 300 |     | 818 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (24.6ºN 81.8ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Naples Pier NOS | 2   | 100 | 2   | 18    | 32  | 2.5 | 3.0 |     |
| (NPSF1)         | 6/1 | 2.6 | 6/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 000 |     | 700 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (26.1ºN 81.8ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Buoy 42014      | 2   | 97  |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 6/1 | 7.9 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| (25.3ºN 82.2ºW) | 429 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Buoy 42003      | 2   | 98  | 2   | 57^i^ | 78  |     |     |     |
|                 | 8/0 | 7.8 | 8/0 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
| (26.0ºN 85.9ºW) | 350 | ^i^ | 230 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Buoy 42001      | 2   | 98  | 2   | 48    | 64  |     |     |     |
|                 | 8/1 | 1.3 | 8/2 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (25.8ºN 89.7ºW) | 950 |     | 030 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Cedar Key       | 2   | 100 | 2   | 30    | 37  | 2   | 5.1 |     |
| (CDRF1)         | 8/0 | 7.8 | 8/2 |       |     | .07 |     |     |
|                 | 900 |     | 220 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (29.1ºN 83.3ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Tyndall AFB     | 2   | 100 | 2   | 35    | 42  |     |     |     |
| Tower (SGOF1)   | 9/1 | 5.5 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (29.4ºN 84.5ºW) | 000 |     | 000 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Panama City     | 2   | 100 | 2   | 38^i^ | 48  |     | 4.2 |     |
| Beach NOS       | 9/2 | 2.3 | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
| (PCBF1) (30.2ºN | 024 |     | 448 |       |     |     |     |     |
| 85.9ºW)         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Pensacola NOS   | 2   | 99  | 2   | 37^i^ | 49  |     | 3.1 |     |
| (PCLF1)         | 9/1 | 5.7 | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 300 | ^i^ | 700 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (30.4ºN 87.2ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Buoy 42036      | 2   | 100 | 2   | 29    | 35  |     |     |     |
|                 | 8/0 | 3.7 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (28.5ºN 84.5ºW) | 950 |     | 050 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Buoy 42039      | 2   | 100 | 2   | 37    | 47  |     |     |     |
|                 | 9/0 | 0.2 | 9/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (28.8ºN 86.0ºW) | 950 |     | 850 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Dauphin Island  | 2   | 98  | 2   | 66    | 89  |     | 6.2 |     |
| (DPIA1)         | 9/1 | 6.1 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 505 |     | 350 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (30.3ºN 88.1ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Buoy 42040      | 2   | 97  | 2   | 55    | 72  |     |     |     |
|                 | 9/0 | 9.3 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (29.2ºN 88.2ºW) | 950 |     | 010 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Buoy 42067      |     |     | 2   | 60^i^ | 76  |     |     |     |
|                 |     |     | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
| (30.0ºN 88.7ºW) |     |     | 130 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Buoy 42007      | 2   | 92  | 2   | 56    | 74  |     |     |     |
| (30.1ºN 88.8ºW; | 9/1 | 7.4 | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| went adrift     | 450 |     | 535 |       |     |     |     |     |
| \~29/0500 UTC)  |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Waveland NOS    | 2   | 98  | 2   | 44^i^ | 54  |     |     |     |
| (WAVM6)         | 9/0 | 6.5 | 9/0 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 936 | ^i^ | 936 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (30.3ºN 89.4ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| SW Pass (NOS    | 2   | 92  |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| tide gauge)     | 9/0 | 1.6 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 948 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| (28.9ºN 89.4ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Southwest Pass  | 2   | 97  | 2   | 72^i^ | 88  |     |     |     |
| (BURL1)         | 9/0 | 9.7 | 9/0 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 500 | ^i^ | 420 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (28.9ºN 89.4ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Grand Isle      | 2   | 94  | 2   | 76^i^ | 99  |     |     |     |
| (GDIL1)         | 9/1 | 4.3 | 9/0 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 100 |     | 820 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (29.3ºN 90.0ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Bayou LaBranch  | 2   | 97  | 2   | 43^i^ | 61  |     |     |     |
| NOS (LABL1)     | 9/1 | 6.9 | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 130 | ^i^ | 130 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (30.1ºN 90.4ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Bayou Gauche    | 2   | 97  |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| NOS (BYGL1)     | 9/1 | 5.4 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 042 | ^i^ |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| (29.8ºN 90.4ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Isle Dernieres  | 2   | 96  | 2   | 67^i^ | 84  |     |     |     |
| (ILDL1)^f^      | 9/1 | 8.4 | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 100 | ^i^ | 000 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (29.1ºN 90.5ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Mid-Lake        |     |     | 2   | 68    | 86  |     | 6.8 |     |
| Pontchartrain   |     |     | 9/1 |       |     |     |     |     |
| NWS Gauge       |     |     | 520 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Tambour Bay     | 2   | 97  | 2   | 55^i^ | 69  |     |     |     |
| (TAML1)^g^      | 9/1 | 2.9 | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 100 | ^i^ | 000 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (29.2ºN 90.7ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| LUMCOM Marine   | 2   | 97  | 2   | 43^i^ | 54  |     |     |     |
| Center          | 9/1 | 0.5 | 9/0 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 100 | ^i^ | 800 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (LUML1) (29.3ºN |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| 90.7ºW)         |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Salt Point      | 2   | 99  | 2   | 33^i^ | 38  |     |     |     |
| (SLPL1) ^f^     | 9/1 | 0.3 | 9/1 |       | ^i^ |     |     |     |
|                 | 000 | ^i^ | 000 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (29.5ºN 91.6ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Marsh Island    | 2   | 99  |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| (MRSL1) ^f^     | 9/1 | 3.7 |     |       |     |     |     |     |
|                 | 100 |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
| (29.4ºN 92.1ºW) |     |     |     |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+
| Buoy 42038      | 2   | 99  | 2   | 32    | 41  |     |     |     |
|                 | 9/0 | 6.6 | 9/0 |       |     |     |     |     |
| (27.4ºN 92.6ºW) | 450 |     | 030 |       |     |     |     |     |
+-----------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+

^a^ Date/time is for sustained wind when both sustained and gust are
listed.

^b^ Except as noted, sustained wind averaging periods for C-MAN and
land-based ASOS reports are 2 min.; buoy averaging periods are 8 min.

^c^ Storm surge is water height above normal astronomical tide level.

^d^ Storm tide is water height above National Geodetic Vertical Datum
(1929 mean sea level).

^e^ Remote Automated Weather Station (RAWS)

^f^ Louisiana State University (LSU) Coastal Studies Institute Station

^g^ Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium site

^h^ LSU Ag Center site

^i^ Incomplete data

^j^ South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) site

est: estimated

Number range CHAPTERTable 4. Preliminary forecast evaluation
(heterogeneous sample) for Hurricane Katrina, 23-30 August 2005.
Forecast errors (n mi) are followed by the number of forecasts in
parentheses. Errors smaller than the NHC official forecast are shown in
bold-face type. Verification includes the depression stage, but does not
include the extratropical stage. Models not available at the time the
official forecasts were made are indicated by (\*).

+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| Number    | For   |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| range     | ecast |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| CHAPTE    | P     |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| RForecast | eriod |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| Technique | (h)   |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+===========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+
|           | 12    | 24    | 36    | 48    | 72    | 96    | 120   |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| CLP5      | 35    | 81    | 148   | 222   | 379   | 521   | 690 ( |
|           | (27)  | (25)  | (23)  | (21)  | (17)  | (13)  | 9)    |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| GFNI      | 27    | 45    | **59  | **73  | **149 | **194 | **196 |
|           | (25)  | (23)  | (     | (     | (     | (     | (     |
|           |       |       | 21)** | 19)** | 14)** | 10)** | 6)**  |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| GFDI      | 31    | 55    | 75    | 97    | **147 | **184 | **165 |
|           | (27)  | (25)  | (23)  | (21)  | (     | (     | (     |
|           |       |       |       |       | 17)** | 13)** | 9)**  |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| GFDL^\*^  | 27    | 53    | 72    | **92  | **133 | **168 | **188 |
|           | (26)  | (25)  | (23)  | (     | (     | (     | (     |
|           |       |       |       | 21)** | 17)** | 13)** | 9)**  |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| GFDN^\*^  | 34    | 50    | **60  | **71  | **133 | **183 | **193 |
|           | (24)  | (24)  | (     | (     | (     | (     | (     |
|           |       |       | 22)** | 20)** | 15)** | 11)** | 7)**  |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| GFSI      | 27    | 49    | 75    | 104   | 191   | 331   | 493 ( |
|           | (25)  | (23)  | (21)  | (19)  | (15)  | (11)  | 7)    |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| GFSO^\*^  | 26    | 43    | 71    | **94  | **165 | 290   | 489 ( |
|           | (26)  | (24)  | (22)  | (     | (     | (12)  | 8)    |
|           |       |       |       | 20)** | 16)** |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| AEMI      | 27    | 46    | 67    | **91  | **152 | 254   | 367 ( |
|           | (25)  | (23)  | (21)  | (     | (     | (11)  | 7)    |
|           |       |       |       | 19)** | 15)** |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| NGPI      | 27    | 48    | 72    | 96    | **161 | **194 | 242 ( |
|           | (27)  | (25)  | (23)  | (21)  | (     | (     | 9)    |
|           |       |       |       |       | 17)** | 13)** |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| NGPS^\*^  | 34    | 54    | 80    | 96    | **143 | **179 | **203 |
|           | (26)  | (24)  | (22)  | (20)  | (     | (     | (     |
|           |       |       |       |       | 16)** | 12)** | 8)**  |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| UKMI      | **21  | **33  | **53  | **85  | **154 | 263   | 380 ( |
|           | (     | (     | (     | (     | (     | (11)  | 7)    |
|           | 23)** | 22)** | 21)** | 19)** | 15)** |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| UKM^\*^   | 28    | **28  | **40  | **67  | **128 | **208 | 324 ( |
|           | (13)  | (     | (     | (     | (     | (     | 4)    |
|           |       | 12)** | 11)** | 10)** | 8)**  | 6)**  |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| A98E      | 33    | 58    | 81    | 126   | 238   | 346   | 411 ( |
|           | (27)  | (25)  | (23)  | (21)  | (17)  | (13)  | 9)    |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| A9UK      | 32    | 63    | 96    | 129   | 209 ( |       |       |
|           | (13)  | (12)  | (11)  | (10)  | 8)    |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| BAMD      | 26    | 45    | 65    | **86  | **111 | **197 | 326 ( |
|           | (27)  | (25)  | (23)  | (     | (     | (     | 9)    |
|           |       |       |       | 21)** | 17)** | 13)** |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| BAMM      | 31    | 61    | 86    | 108   | **143 | 229   | 398 ( |
|           | (27)  | (25)  | (23)  | (21)  | (     | (13)  | 9)    |
|           |       |       |       |       | 17)** |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| BAMS      | 59    | 109   | 138   | 158   | 185   | 255   | 408 ( |
|           | (25)  | (23)  | (21)  | (19)  | (16)  | (12)  | 9)    |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| CONU      | **21  | **37  | **54  | **78  | **148 | **196 | 260 ( |
|           | (     | (     | (     | (     | (     | (     | 9)    |
|           | 27)** | 25)** | 23)** | 21)** | 17)** | 13)** |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| GUNA      | **21  | **38  | **57  | **84  | **156 | 229   | 307 ( |
|           | (     | (     | (     | (     | (     | (11)  | 7)    |
|           | 23)** | 22)** | 21)** | 19)** | 15)** |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| FSSE      | **21  | **38  | **61  | **95  | **160 | 221   | 253 ( |
|           | (     | (     | (     | (     | (     | (10)  | 6)    |
|           | 22)** | 22)** | 20)** | 18)** | 14)** |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| OFCL      | 24    | 42    | 64    | 96    | 174   | 213   | 234 ( |
|           | (27)  | (25)  | (23)  | (21)  | (17)  | (13)  | 9)    |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| NHC       | 42    | 75    | 107   | 138   | 202   | 236   | 310   |
| Official  |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
|           | \(3   | \(3   | \(2   | \(2   | \(2   | \(    | \(    |
| (         | 400\) | 116\) | 848\) | 575\) | 117\) | 649\) | 535\) |
| 1995-2004 |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
| mean)     |       |       |       |       |       |       |       |
+-----------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+

Number range CHAPTERNumber range CHAPTERNumber range CHAPTERNumber range
CHAPTERNumber range CHAPTERTable 5. Coastal watch and warning summary
for Hurricane Katrina, 23-30 August 2005.

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Date/Time (UTC)       | Action                | Location              |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 23 / 2100             | Tropical Storm        | Central Bahamas to NW |
|                       | Warning issued        | Bahamas               |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 24 / 0300             | Tropical Storm Watch  | Seven Mile Bridge to  |
|                       | issued                | Vero Beach            |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 24 / 1500             | Tropical Storm Watch  | Seven Mile Bridge to  |
|                       | modified to           | Florida City          |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 24 / 1500             | Tropical Storm        | Florida City to Vero  |
|                       | Warning and Hurricane | Beach                 |
|                       | Watch issued          |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 24 / 2100             | Tropical Storm Watch  | Vero Beach to         |
|                       | issued                | Titusville            |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 24 / 2100             | Tropical Storm        | Lake Okeechobee       |
|                       | Warning/ Hurricane    |                       |
|                       | Watch issued          |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 25 / 0300             | Tropical Storm        | Florida City to Vero  |
|                       | Warning/Hurricane     | Beach and Lake        |
|                       | Watch changed to      | Okeechobee            |
|                       | Hurricane Warning     |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 25 / 0900             | Tropical Storm Watch  | Florida City to       |
|                       | Issued                | Englewood including   |
|                       |                       | Florida Bay           |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 25 / 1500             | Tropical Storm        | Grand Bahama, Bimini, |
|                       | Warning modified to   | and the Berry Islands |
|                       |                       | in the NW Bahamas     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 25 / 2100             | Hurricane Warning     | Florida City to       |
|                       | modified to           | Jupiter Inlet         |
|                       |                       | including Lake        |
|                       |                       | Okeechobee            |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 25 / 2100             | Tropical Storm        | Jupiter Inlet to Vero |
|                       | Warning issued        | Beach,                |
|                       |                       |                       |
|                       |                       | Key West to Ocean     |
|                       |                       | Reef & Florida City   |
|                       |                       | to Longboat Key       |
|                       |                       | including Florida Bay |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 25 / 2100             | Tropical Storm Watch  | Longboat Key to       |
|                       | issued                | Anclote Key           |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 25 / 2300             | Tropical Storm        | Grand Bahama, Bimini, |
|                       | Warning discontinued  | and the Berry Islands |
|                       |                       | in the NW Bahamas     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 26 / 0300             | Tropical Storm Watch  | Vero Beach to         |
|                       | discontinued          | Titusville            |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 26 / 0300             | Tropical Storm        | Jupiter Inlet to Vero |
|                       | Warning discontinued  | Beach                 |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 26 / 0500             | Hurricane Warning     | Deerfield Beach to    |
|                       | Changed to Tropical   | Florida City          |
|                       | Storm Warning         |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 26 / 0500             | Hurricane Warning     | Deerfield Beach to    |
|                       | discontinued          | Jupiter and Lake      |
|                       |                       | Okeechobee            |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 26 / 0500             | Tropical Storm        | Dry Tortugas to Ocean |
|                       | Warning modified to   | Reef including        |
|                       |                       | Florida Bay and       |
|                       |                       | Florida City to       |
|                       |                       | Longboat Key          |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 26 / 1500             | Tropical Storm        | Florida City to       |
|                       | Warning modified to   | Longboat Key, all the |
|                       |                       | Florida Keys and      |
|                       |                       | Florida Bay           |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 26 / 2100             | Tropical Storm Watch  | All                   |
|                       | discontinued          |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 26 / 2100             | Tropical Storm        | Florida City to       |
|                       | Warning discontinued  | Longboat Key          |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 27 / 0900             | Tropical Storm        | Dry Tortugas to Seven |
|                       | Warning modified to   | Mile Bridge           |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 27 / 1500             | Tropical Storm        | Dry Tortugas to Key   |
|                       | Warning modified to   | West                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 27 / 1500             | Hurricane Watch       | Morgan City to Pearl  |
|                       | issued                | River                 |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 27 / 2100             | Tropical Storm        | All                   |
|                       | Warning discontinued  |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 27 / 2100             | Hurricane Watch       | Intracoastal City to  |
|                       | modified              | FL/AL border          |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 28 / 0300             | Hurricane Warning     | Morgan City to FL/AL  |
|                       | issued                | border including Lake |
|                       |                       | Pontchartrain         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 28 / 0300             | Tropical Storm        | FL/AL border to       |
|                       | Warning issued        | Destin                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 28 / 0300             | Tropical Storm        | Intracoastal City to  |
|                       | Warning issued        | Morgan City           |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 28 / 0300             | Hurricane Watch       | FL/AL border to       |
|                       | modified to           | Destin                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 28 / 0900             | Tropical Storm        | Destin to Indian Pass |
|                       | Warning issued        | and Intracoastal City |
|                       |                       | to Cameron            |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 29 / 1500             | Hurricane Watch       | All                   |
|                       | discontinued          |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 29 / 2100             | Hurricane Warning     | Pearl River to FL/AL  |
|                       | changed to Tropical   | border including Lake |
|                       | Storm Warning         | Pontchartrain         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 29 / 2100             | Hurricane and         | Cameron to Pearl      |
|                       | Tropical Storm        | River and FL/AL       |
|                       | Warnings discontinued | border to Destin      |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 30 / 0300             | Tropical Storm        | All                   |
|                       | Warning discontinued  |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

![](media/image1.wmf){width="9.5in" height="8.153472222222222in"}

Number range CHAPTERFigure 1. Best track positions for Hurricane
Katrina, 23-30 August 2005.

![](media/image2.wmf){width="7.240277777777778in"
height="6.649305555555555in"}

Number range CHAPTERFigure 2. Selected wind observations and best track
maximum sustained surface wind speed curve for Hurricane Katrina, 23-30
August 2005. Aircraft observations have been adjusted for elevation
using 90%, 80%, and 80% reduction factors for observations from 700 mb,
850 mb, and 1500 ft, respectively. Dropwindsonde observations include
actual 10 m winds (sfc), as well as surface estimates derived from the
mean wind over the lowest 150 m of the wind sounding (LLM), and from the
sounding boundary layer mean (MBL).

![](media/image3.wmf){width="10.125in" height="6.715277777777778in"}

Number range CHAPTERFigure 3. Selected pressure observations and best
track minimum central pressure curve for Hurricane Katrina, 23-30 August
2005.

![](media/image4.png){width="8.74236111111111in"
height="5.659722222222222in"}Number range CHAPTER

Figure 4. Radar reflectivity image from the Miami WSR-88D radar at 0100
UTC 26 August 2005, as the center of Hurricane Katrina passed over
northern Miami-Dade County, Florida and near the NWS Miami Weather
Forecast Office / National Hurricane Center (located where denoted by
the 'x' labelled "NHC").

> **A B**![](media/image5.jpeg){width="2.979861111111111in"
> height="2.979861111111111in"} **C**

Figure 5. Passive microwave imagery from the NASA TRMM satellite
depicting the eyewall replacement cycle in Hurricane Katrina on 27-28
August 2005, at (a) 0420 UTC 27 August, (b), 2052 UTC 27 August, and (c)
0324 UTC 28 August 2005. All images are from the 85GHz channel in which
ice scattering reveals areas of deep convection displayed in the red
shades. Images courtesy of the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL).

![](media/image8.png){width="8.988194444444444in"
height="5.819444444444445in"}

Figure 6. GOES-12 visible image of Hurricane Katrina over the central
Gulf of Mexico at 1745 UTC 28 August 2005, near the time of its peak
intensity of 150 kt.

![](media/image9.png){width="4.46875in"
height="2.4611111111111112in"}![](media/image10.png){width="4.45in"
height="2.4493055555555556in"}

**A) 2000 UTC 28 August B) 1000 UTC 29 August**

Figure 7. Airborne Doppler radar-derived wind speed cross sections
obtained from a NOAA WP-3D Hurricane Hunter aircraft at approximately
(a) 2000 UTC 28 August 2005 and (b) 1000 UTC 29 August 2005. Radial
distance from the center of the hurricane increases to the right, and
both cross sections extend toward the east from the center of the
hurricane. Wind speeds are in meters per second (m/s) as indicated by
color shades with legend beneath the diagrams. Wind speeds derived from
the radar extend down to about the 300 m level. Note the broad and
elevated wind maximum in the 2-4 km layer on 29 August (centered near
the 700 mb flight level), which was not present on 28 August when the
maximum winds were concentrated at the more typical location near the
top of the boundary layer (\~500 m). The 65-69 m/s winds in the 300-500
m layer in panel (b), in the isolated area at a radius of 50-55 km from
the center, correspond to no more than about 105 kt winds at the
surface, using an average adjustment of the mean boundary layer winds to
the surface. Graphics courtesy of the NOAA Hurricane Research Division
(HRD).