**Project Report**

Fisheries and Oceans Canada

Institute of Ocean Sciences

Sidney, B.C., Canada

To: Regional Director, Science Final: [Yes]{.underline}

1\. Cruise/Project No.: 2001-08 2. Dates: May 29 to June 28, 2001

3\. Project Names: **Haida Eddies, Argo and Line P Time Series**

4\. Area(s) of Operation: west of Queen Charlotte Islands & N.E. Pacific
to Station P

5\. Platform: John P. Tully 6. Master: John Anderson

7\. Days Allocated: 32 8. Days at Sea: 29

9\. Days lost to weather: 0.5

10. Days lost to other causes: 1 day to load, 1 day to offload

11\. Appropriateness of platform: great

12\. Safety issues: none

13\. Cruise/Project Results (see appendix for details):

Both the eddies and Line P surveys were very successful. Only minor
sampling was omitted at Station Papa due to weather, otherwise all
planned work was completed. The first 16 Argo drifters were deployed for
the IOS program which intends to cover the Gulf of Alaska this year.
Drifters are successfully reporting data back to MEDS. Surface drifters
are showing that one of the eddies we sampled may be intensifying.
Zooplankton sampling suggested that larval fish are being actively
transported from the coast to open ocean along the edge of pairs of
eddies at the south and north end of the Queen Charlotte Islands.

Work completed included:

-   surveys of Haida-2001 and Haida-2000 eddies (SSF funding), with
    sampling for water properties (T, S, O2, nutrients), phytoplankton
    (primary productivity, species, pigments), zooplankton (bongo tows,
    Bioness tows, optical plankton counting), biogeochemical transport
    (carbon, nitrogen, silica budgets) and trace metals (iron and zinc).
    Three surface drifters and several profiling floats were deployed in
    and near eddies.

-   deployment of 16 Argo profilers between 49 and 53N, the coast and
    145W. Profilers have been reporting their data through Argos to
    MEDS.

-   survey of water properties and zooplankton along Line P (SSF
    funding)

-   recovery and deployment of 4 sediment traps at stations P26 and P4
    on Line P (Wong)

-   primary productivity measurements along Line P (UBC).

-   iron distribution and speciation along Line P (Sutherland)

-   zinc distribution and speciation, incubation studies to look at
    impact of Zn and Fe on phytoplankton growth (Lohan and Crawford,
    SOC)

-   coccolithophore sampling in surface waters on both legs, to examine
    distribution vs oceanographic properties.

-   opportunistic survey of Dickins Seamount on the edge of Haida-2000
    (Dower).

-   opportunistic sampling for trace metals in vicinity of Tully eddy
    near the mouth of Juan de Fuca (Marchetti)

14\. Primary Institute: Institute of Ocean Sciences, DFO

15\. Associated Institutes: University of BC, Canadian Wildlife Service,
U. Southampton (SOC)

16\. Chief Scientists/Affiliation: Frank Whitney, DFO, OSAP Division,
IOS

17. Science Staff/Affiliations:

Eddies (May 29 to June 13)

  --------------------- --------------- ---------------------- -----------
  Marie Robert          IOS             Keith Johnson          IOS

  Doug Anderson         IOS             Nes Sutherland         contract

  Dave Mackas           IOS             Tawnya Peterson        UBC

  Lisa Miller           IOS             Hugh Maclean           UBC

  Doug Yelland          IOS             John Dower             UBC

  Jennifer Putland      IOS             Sabrina Crispo         UBC

  Michael Force         CWS contract    Bill Crawford          IOS

  David Crawford        SOC             Maeve Lohan            SOC
  --------------------- --------------- ---------------------- -----------

Line P:

  --------------------- --------------- ---------------------- -----------
  Marie Robert          IOS             Wendy Richardson       IOS

  Bernard Minkley       IOS             Nes Sutherland         contract

  Tim Soutar            IOS             Tawnya Peterson        UBC

  Darren Tuele          IOS             Hugh Maclean           UBC

  Mike Arychuk          IOS             Adrian Marchetti       UBC

  Jennifer Putland      IOS             Chris Mayse            UBC

  Ken Morgan            CWS                                    

  David Crawford        SOC             Maeve Lohan            SOC
  --------------------- --------------- ---------------------- -----------

18\. Equipment:

**ADCP:** yes **Other:** multi-frequency sounder, thermosalinograph,
Bioness and bongo nets, optical plankton counter, trace metal clean
pumping system, on deck incubators.

Onboard analyses included nutrients, oxygen, salinity, iron, zinc,
dimethyl sulfide, chlorophyll, pH and pCO~2~.

**Winches:** .

+-----------+----+----------------+-----------------------+----------+
| **type**  | ** | **Wire type**  | **Wire                | **No     |
|           | ID |                | Condition/Spooling**  | Casts/** |
|           | No |                |                       |          |
|           | ** |                |                       | **Depth  |
|           |    |                |                       | max**    |
+-----------+----+----------------+-----------------------+----------+
| 329       | 13 | 3640 m CTD     | wire is greasy, winch | 50/4200m |
|           | 07 |                | surged                |          |
+-----------+----+----------------+-----------------------+----------+
| 329       | 14 | 4710 m CTD     | greasy wire, winch    | 20/3500m |
|           | 83 |                | surged                |          |
+-----------+----+----------------+-----------------------+----------+
| 329       | 12 | 0.325" Bioness | good                  | 12/250   |
|           | 33 |                |                       |          |
+-----------+----+----------------+-----------------------+----------+
| 320       | 12 | 5/32"          | good                  | 30/150   |
|           | 07 |                |                       |          |
+-----------+----+----------------+-----------------------+----------+
| 455       | 11 | user supplied  |                       | 4        |
|           | 51 |                |                       |          |
+-----------+----+----------------+-----------------------+----------+

Grease oozed from CTD cables, contaminating rosette so that organic
carbon samples could not be collected and we had difficulty with other
samples due to grease on spigots. Winches both surged above 1 m/s on
down casts. Slow descent speeds lead to the rosette cycling up and down
during casts in moderate weather. We recommend that the policy of
greasing cables be reviewed and ended if possible.

### Equipment Deployed/recovered

  --------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------
  Description                       Deployment            Recovery

  moored sediment traps             4                     4
  --------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------

19. Comments and recommendations:

Thanks to the chief engineer for helping us with winches.

Some of our sampling (dissolved and particulate organic carbon) was
moved from rosette to Go-flos because of the heavy coating of grease on
CTD cables. Moving to Go-flo sampling affects the precision of this work
(less detail, no supporting data from the CTD) and the time it takes to
collect samples. Much of our foul weather gear has been soiled and the
ship in general becomes sullied as we bring the grease on our clothing
and footwear into living spaces.

## We are beginning to see problems with the number of staff that are able to support field programs. While onboard, we had to unexpectedly try to find a way to support the following cruise. This means that one of our people (Marie Robert) will head out for an additional 10 days at sea following a 30 day cruise. The work load is becoming too large for the current staff, and this problem is going to escalate as personnel retire in the next 2 years (Minkley and Soutar appear decided). 

##  As always, the Tully crew were very helpful in assisting our work. 

## Appendix: Reports from Participants

1.  **Chief Scientist Report -- Frank Whitney**

This cruise consisted of 2 legs, the first undertaking surveys of two
Haida eddies and the second continuing our time series measurements
along Line P (see the cruise track, below). Both legs were very
successful, accomplishing all major aims and adding some opportunistic
sampling. Between the 2 legs, scientific personnel were exchanged in
Masset on June 13.

![](media/image1.emf){width="6.3902777777777775in"
height="3.7631944444444443in"} Sampling for basic water properties was
enhanced this cruise with a new Seabird oxygen probe which provided a
detailed survey of oxygen over a broad area in the Gulf of Alaska.
Nutrient surveys along about 53N and Line P show that we are not
experiencing the impoverished conditions of the mid to late 1990s.
However, a pool of warm water remains below the mixed layer throughout
the transition waters along Line P. This water is relatively poor in
nutrients compared with subarctic waters of a similar salinity or
density.

The participants (ships crew and scientists) on both legs of this cruise
were a cooperative and enjoyable group. Thanks to all.

**[2. Primary productivity]{.smallcaps}**

T. Peterson, J. Putland, S. Crispo

I. Eddy survey

*Objectives*. We sampled two major stations (centre and edge) in two
eddies (Haida 2001, Haida 2000) as well as a reference station outside
in order to examine how eddies may differ from surrounding waters in
terms of the primary producers. By re-examining Haida 2000 we may gain
information about how biological communities evolve over time within
these large eddies, and what impact this may have on regeneration/flux
of nutrients and carbon in the Gulf of Alaska.

*Sampling*. We drew samples from the upper 6 light depths corresponding
to 100, 55, 33, 10, 3, and 1% of surface irradiance.

*Rate measurements*. a) We used the ^14^C-uptake method (24h
incubations) to estimate primary productivity. These samples were
size-fractionated (\> 20 ?m, 5-20 ?m, 0.2-5 ?m), to characterize
variations in productivity between different components of the
phytoplankton community. These samples will be split into organic and
inorganic fractions. Size-fractionated chlorophyll *a* was determined to
allow normalization of productivity measurements, and to estimate
biomass present in the different size classes.

b\) Uptake of nitrate and ammonium will be determined from ^15^NO3 and
^15^NH4 uptake experiments at each of the major stations. This will
allow estimation of the amount of new production (nutrients from some
outside source vs. recycled) inside versus outside the eddy.

c\) Bacterial productivity will be estimated using the ^3^H-Thymidine
uptake method.

d\) Photosynthesis versus irradiance relationships at 3 depths per
station in Haida-2000 and 2 depths per station in Haida-2000 will be
used to examine how efficiently phytoplankton cells are assimilating
carbon.

*Phytoplankton community*. Samples were taken to perform pigment
analysis using High Performance Liquid Chromatography to better
characterize the phytoplankton community, particularly the smallest
cells that are difficult to identify using light microscopy. Preserved
samples were taken, and will be enumerated in the laboratory.

In addition to these measurements, samples were also obtained for
nitrogen stable isotope analysis to see if ?-^15^N signatures may differ
inside versus outside the eddy, as well as for biogenic silica
concentration and flow cytometric analysis.

II\. Competition experiment

A simple phytoplankton competition experiment was set up to see how
organisms from inside the eddy would compete with those outside, in
order to simulate what would occur as eddies spin down and mix with
oceanic waters. Water was collected from the centre of Haida-2001, from
the outside reference station, and the two were combined for a third
'treatment'. The three will be compared for primary productivity,
nutrient utilization, biomass (chlorophyll, particulate
carbon/nitrogen), and species composition (preserved samples and HPLC)
over a 9-day period.

III\. Methodology

A test was conducted to optimize the method we had been using to
determine biogenic silica (Putland). Biogenic silica concentration is
most accurately determined when pH does not exceed 6-6.5. At higher pH
the concentration of biogenic silica is underestimated.

######## IV. Line P leg

Total primary productivity and chlorophyll *a* will be determined for
stations P26, P20, P16, P12, and P4 using the ^14^C-uptake method.
6-hour and 24h incubations will be compared in order to determine
whether the shorter incubations accurately reflect daily uptake rates
when values are extrapolated to 24h. Samples were also taken for species
enumeration and identification.

## 3. Dimethyl Sulfide, Line P 

########  M. Arychuk, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Canada

[General:]{.underline}

DMS samples were collected and analysed at stations P4, P12, P16, P20
and P26(Papa). Three casts were taken at P20 to represent a diurnal data
set. Rosette casts consisted of 13 samples taken at the following depths
(in meters); 200, 175, 100, 50, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 5, & 0.
There were no adverse data quality issues and all implemented QA/QC gave
acceptable results.

[Results:]{.underline}

In all cases there was no DMS below 175m and values increased steadily
at the 50m depth to the surface. This is consistent with historical data
sets, however, interesting data was gathered at stations P04 and P12
where some of the highest ever concentrations of DMS were observed at
the sub-surface levels. The diurnal cast was done at station P20 this
year due to unfavourable weather at station P26, but despite the
location change, results were representative of previous diurnals done
at station Papa. Overall, the results obtained for DMS during this
cruise have provided some consistent and predictable observations, but
also some very unique profiles that have never before been observed.
Obviously further investigation will be needed before one can expand on
such observations or determine how they relate to other chemical
processes or biological activity in the area.

### 4. Haida Eddy Cruise - Metals

Sabrina Crispo

University of British Columbia

Continuation in sampling for trace metal analysis in the Haida eddies
was performed to give information on changes in trace metal
concentrations over time (specifically for aluminum, gallium, manganese
and cadmium). Also, initial metal concentrations will be used to trace
source water and hopefully give information on iron sources.

Seawater was collected for trace metal analysis at the major eddy
stations (edge, center and reference) in Haida 2000 and 2001 at depths
of 10, 25, 40, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, and 1000m. Collection
performed off the chains using Kevlar line. A Teflon pump was used for
10, 25 and 40m sampling; sampling at other depths using 12L and 30L Go
flos. In addition to this sampling, a 10m sample was obtained at all
stations (ED01 to ED30) to provide more information about horizontal
spatial variations.

The seawater collected was acidified and will be returned to the
University of British Columbia to be analysed.

### 5. Drifting 

Bill Crawford

I deployed three WOCE-type surface drifters in Haida-2001a, launching
one during the initial South-North transect, and the remaining two
during the following East-West transect. Wind speeds were exceptionally
low during the first 10 days of drifter tracking, allowing clear
interpretation of eddy surface-current speeds. Tracks of these drifters
showed them to be about 10 to 15 km from the eddy centre, and 120
degrees from each other. All circled the eddy in a clockwise direction,
at speeds between 0.1 to 0.2 m/s. Each drifter also followed smaller
gyres that seemed to be inertial-period loops, also of speeds 0.1 to 0.2
m/s. The tracks confirmed the clockwise motion inferred from satellite
altimetry. However, the magnitudes of geostrophic current computed from
sea surface height gradients is slightly less than 0.1 m/s, smaller than
the average eddy speeds determined from drifter tracks, after
eliminating the inertial currents. I believe the contour maps of sea
surface height may have smoothed out the sea surface slope of the eddy
at this distance from the centre, contributing to the small geostrophic
speeds.

By the end of leg 1 of this cruise, the first drifter had quit
transmitting, but the remaining two were operating. Although none had
completed a circuit, it appears that one circuit at 10 to 15 km from the
eddy centre takes about 10 days. It is too early to determine any net
inward or outward motion of the eddy waters at surface, associated with
eddy decay. Altimetry images show this eddy may be merging with another
eddy to the northwest; therefore the drifter tracks in following weeks
may be dominated by this process rather than a slow decay of
Haida-2001a.

Other general comments:

-   Grease on rosette winch wire is a nuisance, and even appears to be
    contaminating samples. If left aboard it will eventually be tracked
    through the ship.

-   A working ADCP would enable better tracking of drifter core.

-   In future, if drifters are to be launched, it may be economically
    feasible to download drifter tracks directly to ship.

Recommendations for future work:

Now that we have completed a cruise with deep CTD profiles, the next
project might be to undertake shallower profiles with more rapid
sampling using only the CTD, with a transmissometer and O2 probe. This
idea was proposed by Frank Whitney. Profiles to 200 m from the ship
while underway, along with ADCP profiles and drifter tracks, would
provide information on the finer structure of the eddy motion and
mixing. If the CTD could be lowered at a smooth rate with the sensors
mounted pointing downward, below any other apparatus (including
weights), it would be possible to compute overturning scales associated
with mixing, and thereby determine any turbulence properties. We would
also learn from a two-day time series at a station following a drifter
track.

### 6. Carbon sampling and analyses

L. Miller, D. Crawford

In our continuing efforts to understand carbon cycling in Haida eddies
and how they evolve with time, we collected a comprehensive set of
organic, inorganic, dissolved, and particulate carbon samples throughout
both the Haida 2001 and 2000 eddies. In particular, we collected full
profiles of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), alkalinity (A~T~), and pH
from the rosette casts at 6 stations: the central, edge, and reference
stations, as well as at ED18, the last station on the east-west transect
of Haida 2001, which we consider to be representative of the open ocean
waters into which that eddy is moving. We also collected dissolved
organic and particulate carbon (DOC and PC, respecitively) samples from
Go-Flos deployed off the starboard side of the ship at all the major
central, edge, and reference stations, for a total of 5 stations.
Samples from deeper than 100m were collected in conjunction with the
trace metal casts, while those from shallower than 100m were collected
during the primary production casts. In order to allow eventual mapping
of pCO~2~ distributions and estimates of air-sea CO~2~ fluxes,
additional DIC, A~T~, and pH samples were collected from a rosette
bottle triggered at 10 m at all stations.

At cruise\'s end, only the pH samples had been analyzed, and the data
for those have not yet been processed. However, a very preliminary
perusal of the raw pH data indicate only subtle horizontal variations in
pH.

7\. Domoic Acid studies, Line P

Adrian Marchetti

At Station Papa, the UBC group consisting of Adrian Marchetti, Chris
Mayse and Tawnya Peterson performed several Fe manipulation experiments.
The first experiment implemented was to study the effects of varying
levels of domoic acid in conjunction with undersaturating Fe additions
to Station P phytoplankton. This experiment carried on for 6.5 days with
sampling occuring at time points 0, 24, 48, 96, 144 and 156 hours. Water
from a depth of 15m was collected by a teflon pump system and placed
into acid-cleaned cubitainers and inoculated with various concentrations
of Fe and domoic acid. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate
the possible role of domoic acid as an Fe chelator for Pseudo-Nitzschia
spp., the predominant phtyoplankton genus with the addition of Fe to St.
P waters. Analysis of samples included Fe uptake, 14C uptake,
chlorophyll (size fractionated and total), POC/PON, phytoplankton
species, bacterial productivity and nutrients. A side investigation
looked at the production of DMS by Fe-induced phytoplankton. Analysis
included all of the previously mentioned plus DMS, HPLC and
flowcytometry. An additional experiment was incorporated to measure the
possible production of domoic acid in diatoms at St. P. Samples were
inoculated with nutrients or iron and incubated for 40 days. Analysis of
samples included chlorophyll a, phytoplankton species composition and
domoic acid presence/absence. This experiment will be ongoing at UBC.

Fe sampling was also performed in the region surrounding the Tully Eddy.
Three stations were sampled for total and dissolved Fe using trace-metal
clean Go-Flos and kevlar line. At station 1 (48 23 069 N. 124 20.403 W)
samples were drawn from 10, 40 and 100m. At station 2 (48 32.035, 125
35.480W) samples were drawn from 10, 25, 40 and 70m. At station 3 (48
31.723N, 126 12.108W) samples were drawn from 10, 40, 100 and 400m.

Much appreciation and thanks goes to the IOS team for the assistance in
sampling and analysis of nutrients and Fe, as well as their patience and
willingness to teach sampling techniques.

######### 8. Iron Meassurements

Keith Johnson and Nes Sutherland

Eddy leg

Trace metal sampling for iron, cadmium and zinc were carried out using
the teflon tubing and pump system for 10, 25 and 40 meters and Go-flo
bottles on 1020 meter Kevlar line for depths of 75, 100, 150, 300, 400,
600, 800, and 1000 meters. Six profiles (ED01 to 600 meters only, ED10,
ED15, ED19, ED25 and ED28 ) and numerous 10 meter samples were
collected. Most of the 10 litre were for Cadmium only with 5 for iron
and zinc as well. Filtered samples were collected for all three metals
using a 0.2 micron cartridge from Milli-pore (Opticap). Unfiltered
samples were also collected for iron only, as well as 0.03 micron
samples (Steropore) from pump depths only. Reactive iron filtered and
unfiltered were analyzed onboard with acidified samples for total iron
returned to the lab for subsequent analysis.

Line P Leg

An iron sampling protocol very similar to the Eddy leg was followed for
the 5 major Line P stations -- P26, P20, P16, P12 and P04, as well as an
extra Z03 station closer to the center of the Alaska gyre. Sampling
depths were 0, 10, 25, 40, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, and 1000m,
with filtered and unfiltered acidified samples taken at all depths (to
be analysed at IOS). Due to time constraints, however, the full profile
of reactive samples was analysed only at stations Z04, P26 and P20.
Reactive iron for the remaining stations was limited to sampling the
upper 400 meters. Iron near surface (0 to 40m) concentrations were found
to be less than 0.1nM for all Line P stations.

**9. ARGO FLOATS DEPLOYMENTS**

Marie Robert

During cruise 2001-08, 16 Argo floats were deployed. These floats are
actually drifters that spend most of their time at 2000 dbar and come up
to the surface every 10 days. On their way up from 2000 dbar they
perform a CTD cast (temperature and salinity profile). Once at the
surface they transmit their position and CTD data through Argo
satellites. The data is then decoded by MEDS in Ottawa. The goal of this
cruise was to cover a grid along and north of Line P. We also deployed 2
floats in the centre of 2 eddies studied during the first half of this
cruise. The 16 floats were deployed without any problems. For each float
deployed a CTD cast has been obtained from the instrument on board the
ship for calibration and data quality purpose. The data received so far
from the floats are in perfect agreement with the CTD data obtained from
the ship. Here is the location of the float deployments:

![](media/image2.emf){width="6.1in" height="3.3in"}

**10. SEABIRD and MARINE MAMMAL SURVEY**

14 -- 26 June 2001

Ken Morgan, CWS

All bird and mammal surveys were conducted from Monkey Island or during
bad weather, from the ship's Bridge. The position and time that
observations began were noted and at hourly intervals. Normally, the sea
was scanned in a 250m radius arc, centered on the bow. Birds outside of
the survey zone were not tallied unless they flew into the zone. Birds
were recorded in 5-minute "bins" -- each bin being 500m wide by the
distance traveled during each 5-minute increment (areas to be
calculated). When observations were conducted from within the bridge,
only one quadrant was surveyed (i.e. total width 250m). All identifiable
marine mammals observed were noted regardless of distance from the
vessel.

Table 1 summarizes the survey effort each day, sea state (average
Beaufort Scale), number of bird species observed, total number of birds
and number of marine mammals detected. The diversity of species varied
from day to day as did the total number of birds. In terms of overall
bird numbers, very few birds were encountered during the first 7 days of
the cruise. It was not until we had traveled east of 136 degrees that
the numbers started picking up. Although I need to compare these results
with the data from other early summer trips (1996 -- 2000) I suspect
that these are the lowest numbers encountered so far. On the last survey
day (June 26) more than 80% of the total number of birds were
encountered.

Table 2 shows that five species: Sooty Shearwater, Leach's Storm-Petrel,
Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel, Black-footed Albatross, and Glaucous-winged
Gull accounted for more than 96% of the total birds seen.

Overall, and despite the lack of birds, the cruise was highly successful
and enjoyable. Because of the slope of the housing, the observer is
always being buffeted by winds -- this is the one and only drawback to
observing aboard the Tully. I will be investigating the possibility of
building an observer's "shelter" to be affixed to the deck of Monkey
Island.

Table 1. Dates, survey location, effort, sea state, bird species
diversity, total birds observed and numbers of marine mammals
encountered, 14 -- 26 June.

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p><strong>Date</strong></p>
<p><strong>June</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>Start Psn.</strong></td>
<td><strong>End Psn.</strong></td>
<td><strong>No. of Transects</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>Ave.</strong></p>
<p><strong>Beaufort</strong></p></td>
<td><strong>No. Bird Spp.</strong></td>
<td><strong>No. of Birds</strong></td>
<td><strong>No. of Dall’s Porpoise</strong></td>
<td><strong>No. Pacific White-sided Dolphin</strong></td>
<td><strong>No. Harbour Porpoise</strong></td>
<td><strong>No. of Fur Seals</strong></td>
<td><strong>No. of Humpback Whales</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>14</td>
<td>53.48x135.45</td>
<td>53.30x137.29</td>
<td>52</td>
<td>4.2</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>97</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>15</td>
<td>52.59x140.42</td>
<td>53.00x148.08</td>
<td>54</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>16</td>
<td>52.49x145.04</td>
<td>52.44x145.07</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>3.0</td>
<td>3</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>17</td>
<td>51.03x145.45</td>
<td>50.36x145.26</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>19</td>
<td>49.58x144.59</td>
<td>49.59x144.26</td>
<td>28</td>
<td>4.3</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>22</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>20</td>
<td>49.50x142.38</td>
<td>49.41x140.21</td>
<td>64</td>
<td>4.5</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>88</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>21</td>
<td>49.34x138.41</td>
<td>49.33x138.26</td>
<td>12</td>
<td>5.0</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>20</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>22</td>
<td>49.25x136.23</td>
<td>49.18x134.49</td>
<td>68</td>
<td>4.5</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>181</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>23</td>
<td>49.14x134.08</td>
<td>49.03x131.47</td>
<td>76</td>
<td>1.4</td>
<td>6</td>
<td>432</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>24</td>
<td>48.59x130.38</td>
<td>48.52x129.22</td>
<td>34</td>
<td>3.9</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>76</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>25</td>
<td>48.44x127.35</td>
<td>48.39x126.41</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>0.7</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>349</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>50</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>26</td>
<td>48.39x126.39</td>
<td>48.33x125.03</td>
<td>67</td>
<td>1.7</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>5665</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>67</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>5</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><strong>Grand Total</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>547</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td><strong>21</strong></td>
<td><strong>6959</strong></td>
<td><strong>34</strong></td>
<td><strong>117</strong></td>
<td><strong>1</strong></td>
<td><strong>1</strong></td>
<td>5</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

> Table 2. Total numbers of birds observed and the percentage of the
> overall number of birds.

  ---------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------
  **Species**                        **Number**         **%**

  Black-footed Albatross             104                1.49

  Northern Fulmar                    24                 0.34

  Sooty Shearwater                   5556               79.56

  Short-tailed Shearwater            1                  0.01

  Pink-footed Shearwater             52                 0.74

  Mottled Petrel                     42                 0.60

  Murphy's Petrel                    1                  0.01

  Leach's Storm-Petrel               667                9.55

  Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel           81                 4.38

  Double-crested Cormorant           1                  0.01

  Pomarine Jaeger                    1                  0.01

  Parasitic Jaeger                   4                  0.06

  South Polar Skua                   3                  0.04

  Phalarope spp.                     4                  0.06

  Glaucous-winged Gull               81                 1.16

  Unidentified gull sp.              2                  0.03

  Common Murre                       3                  0.04

  Tufted Puffin                      26                 0.37

  Horned Puffin                      3                  0.04

  Rhinoceros Auklet                  30                 0.43

  Cassin's Auklet                    44                 0.63

  Ancient Murrelet                   3                  0.04

  Unidentified alcid sp.             25                 0.36
  ---------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------

# 11. Studies on Dissolved Zinc 

# David Crawford & Maeve Lohan, University of Southampton, UK

The first main focus of our work was to take vertical profiles of
samples for total dissolved Zinc (Zn) in the waters of the subarctic
north Pacific, and to conduct Zn speciation measurements on as many of
these samples as possible. The speciation measurements will tell us what
proportion of the total dissolved Zn is in the free ion form Zn^2+^ and
what proportion is complexed to organic ligands; this is of potential
importance with regard to growth of phytoplankton in this area. Our
clean trace metal sampling was conducted in close collaboration with Nes
Sutherland and Keith Johnson who were sampling for dissolved Iron (Fe).
The second focus of our work was to conduct an on-deck experiment
incubating cubatinors of water from Ocean Station Papa with various
combinations of Fe and Zn supplementations. The incubations were then
monitored for various parameters of phytoplankton growth.

Our work was divided into two portions:

## Eddy Leg

During the eddy leg of the cruise we took vertical profiles of dissolved
Zn at discrete depths from the surface down to 1000m. These profiles
were taken from the centre of the eddies, from the edge of the eddies,
and from the reference station. From a limited number of depths from
these profiles we conducted speciation measurements. We also took
horizontal transects of samples from 10m depth across the eddies, both
for total Zn and for speciation. These measurements will be used in
order to assess whether there are variations in Zn availability inside
and outside of eddies; the Zn data will be integrated into the general
collaborative data set for the eddy work.

## Line P Leg

Along line P we took vertical profiles of dissolved total Zn at each
major station (P26, P20, P16, P12, P4). Each profile consisted of
samples from 0, 10, 25, 40, 75, 100, 200 & 400m. Speciation measurements
were not conducted along line P because of the concurrent need for
speciation measurements from the incubation study. However, these
speciation measurements may be conducted by Maeve Lohan along line P
during the Aug/Sept 2001 cruise.

The enrichment incubation experiment consisted of pumping (teflon pump)
trace clean water from Ocean Station Papa into clean cubitanors and
adding one of four Fe/Zn combinations:

1)  Control

2)  \+ 10nM Fe

3)  \+ 10nM Zn

4)  +10nM Fe + 10nM Zn

The cubitanors were then incubated for 8 days at ambient seawater
temperature in incubators on the helicopter deck. Cubitanors were
sampled each day for total Zn & Fe, Zn speciation, total CO~2~, total
alkalinity, del^13^C, nutrients, chlorophyll, HPLC pigments,
phytoplankton species composition. The purpose of these analyses was to
investigate the potential influence of adding Zn on phytoplankton
growth, species composition, CO~2~ drawdown, and discrimination against
^13^C.

12\. **Haida Eddy and Triangle Island zooplankton, larval/juvenile fish,
and acoustic sampling**

D. Mackas, D. Yelland, J. Dower

**1. Sampling methods, numbers of samples, and methodological
successes/problem areas**

*a. Vertical hauls with bongo nets (0.23 mm mesh)*

Vertically-integrated bongo tow samples were collected at all stations.
Samples from one side of the paired net were preserved in 10%
formalin/seawater for taxonomic identification and enumeration. Samples
from the other net were frozen for biomass measurement and potential
chemical analyses. For the Cape Scott Station Line (31 May, 15 samples
total) we sampled two overlapping depth ranges (0-50 m plus 0-near
bottom or 0-250 m). For both the two Haida Eddy surveys and their
offshore control sites (2-12 June, 42 samples total), and for Line P/Stn
P (16-26 June, 5 samples total), bongo tows were 0-150 m.

Because the starboard side hydro winch was fitted with fragile kevlar
rope needed for the trace metal sampling, all bongo tows were done from
the stern A-frame. This can be a very good location from which to do
bongo net sampling. However, our initial arrangement of winch (port
side) and cable run to block (port side wing of A-frame) allowed major
problems because pitching of the ship caused frequent slack cable during
lowering of the net, and intermittent loss of contact between the wire
and the winch counter pulley. On one station, a 15-20% error in the
wire-out reading caused us to drag the net along the bottom, damaging
the net and producing a very low quality sample. Visibility between
winch and stern was also relatively poor because of the intervening
spooling winch and container lab. To remedy this, TULLY crew
subsequently re-routed the towing cable along and across the stern deck
(using two deck-mounted snatch blocks) to the starboard wing of the
A-frame. This configuration was a great improvement: reduced/absorbed
cable slack, provided much better angular contact with the winch counter
pulley (about 25% vs \<5% of circumference), more working room at the
stern, and better visibility from the winch. The prinicpal drawbacks
were that, during net tows, we were crossing the deck with moving cable
at ankle-to-knee level. This required extra care for staff accessing the
CTD/rosette, and for the midline EM cable leading to the CTD/rosette.

*b. Stratified-oblique tows with BIONESS (0.23 mm mesh) and
externally-mounted Optical Plankton Counter (OPC)*

Day and night tow pairs were done at each of the Haida Eddy \'core\' and
\'margin\' stations (ED08, 15, 25, 28) and at the \'outside-eddy
control\' station (ED19). Each tow sampled 8 depth strata: 0-250 m
(sorted live for fish and invertebrate larvae, and for zooplankton
subsample for stable isotope analysis); 250-150, 150-100, 100-75, 75-50,
50-25, 25-10 and 10-0 m (all preserved in 10% formalin/seawater for
taxonomic identification and enumeration).

BIONESS deployments were through center of the stern A-frame, using the
same block as, but a different cable and winch than, the CTD/rosette.
All tows went extremely well, thanks to recently updated BIONESS
hardware and sortware. The only logistic problem was in switching back
and forth between CTD/rosette and BIONESS winches and their respective
grease-laden cables. Despite our efforts to minimize contact with the
cables, each switching operation resulted in extensive grease
contamination of scientific staff, instruments, and subsequent samples.

*c. Surface horizontal tows with neuston net (0.5 mm mesh)*

Surface tows (\~15 minutes at 3 kts) for taxonomic and stable istope
analysis of fish and invertebrate larva and zooplankton, were done at
the Haida Eddy survey stations which were occupied during the relatively
brief periods between dusk and dawn (12 stations total). Samples were
live sorted onboard into fish, macro-invertebrate (crab and squid
larvae), and zooplankton categories, sieved and then frozen (similar
samples were sorted from the 0-250 BIONESS samples). Bulk filters for
surface particulate organic matter were obtained at the abovee sites,
and also frozen.

Deployments of this lightweight net were done from the starboard chains
using the kevlar rope on the hydro winch, and were low-tech and
essentially problem free.

*d. Multi-frequency echosounder*

Instrument trials were done with a new three-frequency echosounder
system (40, 100 and 200KHz)hooked to the TULLY\'s hull-mount
transducers. The main purpose of this work was to gain familiarity with
and debug the new electronics and software, and the existing transducer
cabling, but we did obtain extensive transect data that will provide
some information about variation in backscatter intensity along the
survey tracks. (150KHz backscatter profiles are also output by the
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, see separate ADCP report by Yelland)

The main problems identified were pickup of and data contamination by
line frequency noise (60 and 120 Hz), and software/hardware conflicts
during transfer of multi-Gbytes from hard drive to mag tape.

**2. Results**

*a. Cape Scott line zooplankton*

This section was done in support of a multi-year program studying
oceanographic influences on the Triangle Island seabird colony. The main
goal is to identify year-to-year variations in foraging site and quality
for planktivorous Cassin\'s Auklets. Zooplankton community composition
and distribution differed from late spring observations in previous
years. Along the NE half of the line (Queen Charlotte Sound), crustacean
zooplankton were relatively abundant, and foraging auklets were
observed. Along the SW half of the line (Vancouver Island continental
slope, and the \'normal\' primary foraging region for the seabirds), the
zooplankton were unusually, and overwhelmingly dominated by very high
concentrations of salps. Few seabirds were seen in this region.

*b. Haida 2000 eddy zooplankton*

At all of the Haida Eddy survey sites (within both H2000 and H2001
eddies and at the offshore \'control\' stations), about 50-90% of the
zooplankton in the upper 250 m consisted of late juvenile stages of the
large *Neocalanus* spp. copepods. These were located primarily within
the upper 50 m both day and night. Each spring season, early juveniles
of these species migrate upward into the surface layer of the subarctic
Pacific from the deeper (400-1200 m) strata at which they were spawned
in late winter. We plan to test for possible effects of the eddy on
their abundance, body size, lipid accumulation, and developmental rate.
For the H2001 eddy (centered near 51.25N, 134W), *Neocalanus* abundance
appeared to be somewhat higher at the eddy margin than either ouside or
in the core of the eddy. This result was, similar to what we observed
last spring in year 1 sampling of H2000. A new and quite striking signal
was that, around the margin of H2001, the background copepod population
was augmented by high concentrations of salps, suggesting that the eddy
was \'ringed\' by entrained water of slope region origin (see below).
Within the core of the H2001 eddy, we also found elevated concentrations
of larvaceans and early juvenile euphausiids (both potential shelf/slope
tracers), but we did not find the high concentrations of shelf-origin
*Pseudocalanus* that we observed in spring 2000.

![](media/image3.emf){width="6.714583333333334in"
height="4.767361111111111in"}

*c. Haida 2000 zooplankton*

As noted above, *Neocalanus* spp. were also the dominant zooplankton in
H2000 (centered near 54.5N, 138.25W). Salps were nearly absent. The main
distinguishing feature of the \'within-eddy\' zooplankton was greatly
enhanced abundance of copepods in the 100-250 m depth strata. Many of
these were taxa (e.g. *Metridia pacifica*) that have little or no
seasonal vertical migration, but a relatively strong diel vertical
migration. Our present hypothesis is that anticyclonic eddies may
aggregate or trap these diel migrants.

*d. Larval/juvenile fish and macroinvertebrates.*

As expected, larval, juvenile and adult myctophids were relatively
abundant at all locations (adult myctophids are strong diel migrants and
dominant members of the open-ocean midwater micronekton community).
Considerable interest was generated when we found 2-3 cm fish that
looked like early juvenile pink salmon at several stations along the S
flank of H2000. However, we now think that these are not salmon (what
they are remains to be determined). Sablefish (*Anoplopoma fimbria*)
larvae and early juveniles (1-3 cm body length) were abundant in many of
our eddy samples. Sablefish spawn along the continental slope and, like
the salps mentioned above, are likely to be indicators of entrained
slope-origin water. Eddy stations also contained crab megalopae
(*Cancer* sp?), a few early stage rockcod juveniles (*Sebastes* sp.),
and higher numbers of squid larvae.