## Why are cohort default rates important?

Defaulted federal student loans cost taxpayers money. Cohort default
rate sanctions and benefits provide an incentive to schools to work with
their borrowers to reduce default. Sanctions also can prevent a school
with a high percentage of defaulters from continuing to participate in
the Federal Family Education Loan (FFEL), William D. Ford Federal Direct
Loan (Direct Loan), and Federal Pell Grant programs. As a result, cohort
default rates help save taxpayers money.

## Why is it important to review the data for DRAFT cohort default rates?

Although there are no sanctions or benefits associated with a *draft*
cohort default rate, it is important to review the data used to
calculate the rate for accuracy, because this data forms the basis of a
school's *official* cohort default rate. A school that fails to
challenge the accuracy of its draft cohort default rate data through an
Incorrect Data Challenge (see Chapter 4.1) may not contest the accuracy
of that same data when it receives its official cohort default rate.
Therefore, it is critical that all schools review their draft cohort
default rate data when the U.S. Department of Education (the Department)
releases it.

In addition, in certain circumstances a school may be able to avoid the
sanctions associated with its official cohort default rate by submitting
a successful Participation Rate Index Challenge (see Chapter 4.2) based
on its draft cohort default rate.

## Will a school's DRAFT and OFFICIAL cohort default rate data be the same?

No, a school's *draft* cohort default rate data and *official* cohort
default rate data will not necessarily be the same. The National Student
Loan Data System (NSLDS), which contains the data used to calculate
cohort default rates, is updated regularly. As a result, a school's
draft cohort default rate data may differ from its official cohort
default rate data even if the school does not challenge the draft cohort
default rate data.

## Are there any benefits for schools with low official cohort default rates?

Yes, there are two benefits available to schools with a low official
cohort default rate, as described in the chart below.

These benefits take effect as soon as the school receives its official
cohort default rate notification letter or notification of a successful
adjustment and/or appeal from Default Prevention and Management (DPM).

Schools no longer qualify for these benefits starting 30 calendar days
after receiving notice from DPM of an official cohort default rate that
exceeds the benefit threshold.

## Are there any sanctions associated with high official cohort default rates?

Yes, sanctions apply when a school's official cohort default rate is at
or above certain percentages.

## Can a school avoid the sanctions associated with high official cohort default rates?

If a school is notified that it is subject to sanction, the school may
submit an adjustment or appeal to attempt to avoid that sanction.
Adjustments and appeals are available to schools after the release of
the official cohort default rates. Challenges are available to schools
after the release of the draft cohort default rates.

The following chart summarizes the actions a school may take. Schools
not subject to loss of eligibility and schools subject to provisional
certification based on cohort default rates may only take a limited
number of these actions. See Chapter 3.1, "Reviewing Rates and Loan
Data," for an overview of the actions schools may take. For more
information, including detailed explanations of each action and the
timeframes for taking an action, see Part IV of this Guide, "Challenges,
Adjustments, and Appeals."

## Are there any consequences if a school submits adjustments and/or appeals but fails to avoid sanctions?

In addition to losing eligibility, a school that submits adjustments
and/or appeals but fails to avoid sanctions is liable for certain costs
associated with the FFELs it certified and delivered and/or the Direct
Loans it originated and disbursed during the adjustment and appeal
process. Liabilities are not calculated for loans that were delivered or
disbursed more than 45 calendar days after the school submitted its
completed adjustment or appeal to the Department. Schools may avoid this
liability if they choose not to certify or originate loans during the
adjustment and appeal process.

## If a school is subject to a sanction, when does the sanction take effect?

The effective date of the sanction is dependent upon whether or not the
school timely submitted an adjustment or appeal, and the current
sanction status of the school. The chart below summarizes the effective
date of sanctions based upon these circumstances.

A school that loses eligibility may continue to honor unpaid loan
commitments and make certain second disbursements after notification of
the loss of eligibility if the school meets certain criteria listed in
the CFR. The criteria can be found at 34 CFR 668.26(d).

The official cohort default rates must be released no later than
September 30th. If, however, cohort default rates are not issued until
after that date, a school's loss of eligibility would continue only for
the remainder of the fiscal year in which the cohort default rates are
issued and for the following fiscal year. For example, if the Department
issues cohort default rates for FY 2004 on October 2, 2006, then a loss
of eligibility that is based on the FY 2004 cohort default rate would
continue only for the remainder of FY 2006 (the fiscal year in which the
cohort default rates were issued) and to the end of FY 2007.

## How does a school withdraw from or reapply for participation in the Title IV loan programs?

A school should contact the School Participation Team at 1-202-377-3173
for information on withdrawing from the FFEL Program and COD School
Relations at 1-800-848-0978 for information on withdrawing from the
Direct Loan Program.

A school that loses FFEL, Direct Loan, or Federal Pell Grant eligibility
may reapply for participation when the sanction period ends. A school
should apply online at
\<[http://www.eligcert.ed.gov](http://www.eligcert.ed.gov/)\>.