**AMERICAN INDIAN/ALASKA NATIVE**

**FAMILY VIOLENCE COMPENDIUM**

**Sentinel Articles**

**Pages 2-16. Native American**

**Domestic Violence Articles**

**Pages 17-30. Children**

**Page 31 Young Women**

**Page 32. Pregnant Women**

**Pages 33-56. Adult Women**

**Page 57. Disabled Women**

**Pages 58-60. Elders**

**Page 61. Gay/Lesbian**

**Sexual Abuse Articles**

**Pages 62-63. Children**

**Pages 64-67. Young Women**

**Page 68 Pregnant Women**

**Pages 69-71. Adult Women**

**Page 72 Disabled Women**

**Page 73 Elders**

**Page 74 Gay/Lesbian**

**U.S. Government Sources**

**Pages 75-87 I**

**World Wide Web Resources**

**Pages 88-90 II**

**Native Press**

**Page 91-92 III**

**Videos**

**Page 93-94 IV**

**Shelter & Advocacy**

**Page 95 IIV**

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Valencia-Weber, C., and Zuni, C. P.

TITLE: *Domestic* *Violence* *and* *Tribal* *Protection of* *Indigenous*
*Women* *in* *the* *United* *States*

SOURCE: Journal: St. *Johns* *Law Review* Volume 69 Issue: 1-2, pp:
69-170 NCJ Number: 161908

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1995

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This review of tribal methods of protecting American Indian women from
> domestic violence affirms two continuing foundations in the life of
> indigenous people in the United States: (1) the persistent role of the
> tribe as a sovereign; and (2) societal resources used by tribal
> governments to resolve family, clan, and tribal disputes. Tribes
> retain their sovereignty in the context of international law,
> especially in the law of nations relating to indigenous people.
> International norms and emerging instruments, however, address tribal
> people in the collective, as distinct groups within larger
> nation-states. The status and rights of indigenous women in relation
> to their tribal communities have only recently been directly addressed
> in international law. Consequently, tribal sovereignty affects the way
> indigenous women are protected in their tribal communities. Tribal
> codes, court orders, and intervention programs are distinct in
> multiple ways. Each tribe's experiences, in combination with other
> factors, produce a model of law and practice tailored to that tribe's
> needs. Both men and women in tribal societies are guided by communal
> rather than individualistic values. Therefore, analyzing the way in
> which tribes respond to the needs of female victims of violence must
> include concern for and response to the abuser, children, and other
> members of the extended family, clan, and tribe. Tribal courts mandate
> a mix of temporary and permanent remedies for female victims of
> violence. Appendixes provide additional information on tribal
> responses to domestic violence and on tribal law.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Cashin, Jeanne

TITLE: *Trauma and multigenerational trauma caused by genocide and
oppression: A comparison of Western and Native American healing
methods.*

SOURCE: Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: the Sciences &
Engineering Volume 61(12-B), 2001, 6758, US University Microfilms
International

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2001

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This dissertation examines trauma and multigenerational trauma that is
> caused by genocide and oppression. The specific focus is on oppression
> and genocidal traumatic effects with a comparison of healing methods
> from the dominant Western culture and Native American culture. The
> interpretive material helps to define the literature from Western
> culture on the nature and effect of trauma on people and groups. The
> literature reviewed covers the topics of the psychology of trauma and
> multigenerational trauma, history of trauma studies, biological
> origins of traumatic states, neurobiology, emotional responses, trauma
> transmission, healing methods, psychotherapy, body-centered therapy,
> Hakomi, and EMDR. The comparison information with Native American
> healing was conducted in open-ended interviews of nine Native people
> who are involved with Native communities in many areas of helping and
> healing. The research used was qualitative, heuristic, and
> decolonizing, using augmentation from interpretive material from
> Native Americans. The results of the interviews were sorted by topics
> and the depth of information gathered. The themes for discussion were:
> Multigenerational and Historical Trauma, Silence and Talking, Coming
> Together, Individual Healing, Healing Between Native and White People,
> Healing as a Tribe and Healing Sacred Sites. The findings from the
> interviews were augmented by interpretive material from Native
> American authors, artists and poets. The research suggests different
> modes of healing within the two cultures, specifically in the area of
> individual healing of Western culture compared with group healing of
> tribes. The key finding suggests group healing vs. individual healing.
> Groups appear to be a primary value of Native people while individual
> healing is a strong focus in Western culture. The study implies that
> healing methods reflect specific cultural values, norms, cultural
> beliefs, spiritual beliefs, and predispositions in both cultures.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Brave Heart, Maria Yellow Horse, and DeBruyn, L. M.

TITLE: *The American Indian Holocaust: Healing Historical Unresolved
Grief*

SOURCE: American Indian & Alaska Native Mental

University Press of Colorado, US

Health Research Volume 8(2) 60-82

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2000

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> American Indians experienced massive losses of lives, land, and
> culture from European contact and colonization resulting in a long
> legacy of chronic trauma and unresolved grief across generations. This
> phenomenon, labeled historical unresolved grief, contributes to the
> current social pathology of high rates of suicide, homicide, domestic
> violence, child abuse, alcoholism and other social problems among
> American Indians. The present paper describes the concept of
> historical unresolved grief and historical trauma among American
> Indians, outlining the historical as well as present social and
> political forces, which exacerbate it. The abundant literature on
> Jewish Holocaust survivors and their children is used to delineate the
> intergenerational transmission of trauma, grief, and the survivor\'s
> child complex. Interventions based on traditional American Indian
> ceremonies and modern western treatment modalities for grieving and
> healing of those losses are described.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Groginsky, L., and Freeman, C.

TITLE: *Domestic* *Violence* *in* *Native* *American* *Indian* *and*
*Alaskan* *Native* *Communities*

SOURCE: Journal: *Protecting* *Children*

Volume: 11 lssue: 3 Dated Pages: 13-16

NCJ Number: 162277 Publication Number: 162277.

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1995

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This article provides information on the issues facing Native American
> and Alaskan Native families that are living with domestic violence.
> Information was obtained from research articles, personal interviews
> with two Native American Indian women, one Alaskan Native Indian
> woman, and a position paper on domestic violence. Research to date
> suggests that the abuse of both Indian women and children by Indian
> men can be traced to the introduction of alcohol, Christianity, and
> the European hierarchical family structure into Indian culture.
> Traditional methods of curtailing wife abuse were eliminated or
> limited with the advent of a Western European criminal justice
> process. The importance of these historical events must be considered
> when working with Native American Indian women. Another important
> issue is the cultural relevance and context of services provided.
> Those professionals who serve Native American Indian families must
> understand the role culture plays in the perception of and response to
> domestic violence. The interviews reported in this article focus on
> the cultural elements service providers must understand when they work
> with Native women in the area of domestic violence, how domestic
> violence affects children, the barriers Native women face when they
> attempt to leave an abusive relationship, and the role substance abuse
> plays in domestic violence. The summary of the position paper outlines
> 10 key points. First, Indian women may find it difficult to leave
> their families and enter a shelter because of the cultural bonds
> traditionally associated with families. Second, Indian women do not
> easily express their feelings; thus, it may be difficult for them to
> communicate their plight to others. Some of the recommendations of the
> position paper are to give Indian women all the same options as other
> abused women, to give them time to think through the options before
> they make a decision, to provide complete confidentiality, and to
> train Indian advocates to serve as role models for abused Indian
> women.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Bachman, R.

TITLE: *Death* *and* *Violence* *on* *the* *Reservation:* *Homicide,*
*Family Violence,* *and* *Suicide* *in* *American* *Indian*
*Populations*

SOURCE: Auburn House, Westport, Connecticut

NCJ Number: 138659, ISBN 0-86569-015-4

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1992

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Using fieldwork as well as quantitative and qualitative research, this
> volume examines violence and its causes among contemporary Native
> Americans, as well as policy implications. The discussion focuses on
> homicide, suicide, and domestic assault, as well as the impact of
> alcohol and other drug abuse. A comparative analysis considers Native
> American, white, and black homicide rates, with further analyses by
> geographical region, State, victim-offender relationship,
> precipitating circumstance, weapon type, and gender. Interviews with
> offenders are then used to explore the social contributors to Native
> American homicide and to develop a theoretical model that includes
> elements of social disorganization, economic deprivation, a subculture
> of violence, culture conflict, and perceived powerlessness. Alcohol
> drug abuse is also included as an intervening variable. In addition,
> statistical models are used to predict homicide at the reservation and
> State levels, and alternative explanations are considered. Spousal
> assault and suicide are also discussed with respect to their
> incidence, prevalence, and contributing factors. Policy
> recommendations are offered that emphasize integrated and varied
> approaches and the need to address basic economic and political
> origins of the violence. Tables, figures, chapter notes, index,
> appended interview questionnaire and list of Indian affairs
> organizations, and 287 references.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Nelson, Scott H., McCoy, George F., Stetter, Maria, and
Vanderwagen, Craig

TITLE: *An overview of mental health services for American*

*Indians and Alaska Natives in the 1990s*

SOURCE: Hospital & Community Psychiatry.

Volume 43(3), pp 257-261

US American Psychiatric Association

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1992

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Native Americans appear to be at higher risk than other US ethnic
> groups for mental health problems, including depression, substance
> abuse, domestic abuse, and suicide. Initiatives to improve the
> quantity and quality of a national mental health plan, increased
> technical assistance to Native American communities, additional
> training and research and continued attention to standards that
> promote high-quality, culturally relevant care. Tribes themselves are
> seen as the most appropriate locus for the initiation of programs for
> preventing emotional problems in their communities.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Coker, Donna

TITLE: *Enhancing* *Autonomy* *for* *Battered* *Women:* *Lessons* *from*
*Navajo* *Peacemaking*

SOURCE: UCLA Law Review

Volume: 47 Issue: 1, pp.1 to 111 NCJ Number: 184249

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1999

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This analysis of the theory and specifics of Navajo peacemaking in
> domestic violence cases concludes that a useful approach to domestic
> assault would be an informal adjudication method that uses the
> strengths of Peacemaking while correcting for coercion problems and
> strengthening norms against negative attitudes toward women. The
> research included both an empirical study of current practice and its
> meaning for battered women in the Navajo Nation and an examination of
> the theoretical possibilities of peacemaking practice both within the
> Navajo locale and elsewhere. Results indicated that the Peacemaking
> process might provide benefits for some battered women that are
> largely unavailable in formal adjudication. Peacemaking has the
> potential to disrupt social and familial supports for battering by
> addressing both systemic and personal-responsibility aspects of
> battering. In addition, peacemaking may benefit some battered women
> through the use of traditional Navajo stories with gender
> anti-subordination themes that may change the way in which the
> batterer and the batterer's family understand battering. Peacemaking
> provides partial answers to three criticisms of informal adjudication.
> However, peacemaking practice presents significant coercion problems
> related both to forced participation in mediation and to coercive
> tactics used within processes. Findings suggest the need to address
> several central issues in developing and using informal adjudication
> processes.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Durst, D.

TITLE: *Conjugal Violence: Changing Attitudes in Two Northern Native
Communities*

SOURCE: Community Mental Health Journal 27; 359-373.

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1991

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Examined the attitudes toward conjugal violence in 2 Arctic
> settlements before and after changes brought about by petroleum
> development. Quantitative and qualitative data were obtained from 51
> residents of both communities concerning Subjects\' attitudes toward
> conjugal violence both at present and approximately 10 yrs prior,
> before hydrocarbon development began. Before development, Subjects
> were less likely to intervene in violent incidents, displaying a more
> privatized, isolated behavior. After development, Subjects reported an
> increase in incidences of violence along with a shifting in attitude
> toward a more public, communitarian response to violence. Subjects
> from both communities claimed that increased spousal assault was
> directly associated with increased alcohol consumption. The
> implications for human service workers of this shift in cultural norms
> are discussed.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Kawamoto, W. T.

TITLE: *Community Mental Health and Family Issues in Socio-Historical
Context: The Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw
Indians.*

SOURCE: American Behavioral Scientist

Volume 44(9)

Sage Publications Inc, US,

http://www.sagepub.com

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2001

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> A review of the pertinent literature and interviews of key informants
> provided the basis for an exploration into the historical antecedents
> of the mental health and family issues of the Confederated Tribes of
> Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw (CTCLUS) Indians of Oregon. This
> project was originally commissioned by the CTCLUS community to be a
> chapter in their Tribal Plan, explaining the historical context of
> this tribe in relation to national American Indian events. Key
> historical events have impacted this community including boarding
> schools, termination, the Dawes Act, and racism. Key mental health
> issues that have followed these events include substance abuse,
> domestic violence, and a lack of parenting skills.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Robin, Robert W., Chester, Barbara, and Rasmussen, Jolene K.

TITLE: *Intimate Violence in a Southwestern American Indian Tribal
Community*

SOURCE: Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 4 (4): pp.
335-344

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1998

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Much has been written about intimate violence and American Indians,
> but little empirical data is available. This study investigated the
> prevalence and characteristics of intimate violence among members of a
> Southwestern American Indian tribe. A semi-structured psychiatric
> interview and a measure of intimate violence were administered to 104
> tribal community members from an overall study sample of 582. Both men
> and women reported high rates of lifetime (91%) and recent (31%)
> intimate violence; much of this behavior was interactive. However,
> female victims were more likely to require medical attention due to
> sustained injuries and to have their children involved with the
> violence than were male victims. For women in this study, forced sex
> was the only incident significantly associated with lifetime affective
> disorders and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this
> Southwestern American Indian community, intimate violence appears to
> be another variable in an environmental context that includes
> alcoholism other psychiatric disorders, and traumatic events.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Skupien, M.

TITLE: *Domestic Violence on San Carlos Apache Reservation*: Incidence
and Prevalence Associated Depression and Posttraumatic Stress
Symptomatology, and Cultural Considerations

SOURCE: Thesis (Ph.D.) The John Hopkins University, 259pp.

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1998

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> Domestic Violence is thought to be a serious problem in many American
> Indian/Alaskan Native communities, but now more data on rates,
> associated problems, and community perceptions are needed.
> Participants in this study were 169 Apache women and 65 Apache men. A
> majority of women (75%) and men (58%) reported sustaining physical
> assault in their current relationship. These figures are comparable to
> other communities that face similar socioeconomic and political
> disadvantages. Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
> symptomatology were highly related to domestic violence victimization
> among females. Qualitative responses highlight the role that alcohol,
> jealousy, and control play in domestic violence in this community.
> Participants thought domestic violence should be addressed by
> screening in HIS facilities, coordinating alcohol and domestic
> violence interventions, improving police manpower and response time,
> providing more counseling, and building a local shelter. These
> findings may impact and improve policy development in the American
> Indian/Alaskan native communities.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Pasquali, P.E.

TITLE: *Family Violence in the North: What Do We Know and*

*Where Do We Go From Here?*

SOURCE: Article Medical Resources Suppl: 586-9

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1991

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> The comments emphasize the relationships among domestic assault and
> other problems such as alcohol abuse, the lasting impacts on victims,
> and the potential for abused children to become abusers themselves
> when they become adults. The discussion also emphasizes the need to
> improve training for investigators, police, court personnel, teachers,
> and social workers; to ensure collaboration among service providers;
> and to change laws to improve the ways that tribal justice systems
> address domestic violence. Victim assistance programs are described,
> with emphasis on the use of both professionals and volunteers.
> Information about a Federal grant program and telephone numbers of
> National Indian Justice Center and the U.S. Department of Justice
> Office for Victims of Crime.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Perkins R, and O'Connor MB.

TITLE: *Firearm-Related Deaths in the Alaska Native Population*

SOURCE: IHS Primary Care Provider (3): 33-5

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1996

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> A manual and computer search of Alaska Native death certificates for
> firearm related fatalities from 1990-92 was conducted. During this
> three-year period, 116 Alaskan natives lost their lives due to firearm
> injuries; 88 (76%) of these deaths were suicides. Firearms were the
> leading cause of injury death for Alaska Natives during this study
> period. Ninety-two percent of the victims were male, with nearly half
> of the deaths occurring between the ages of 20-29. Contributing
> factors and potential solutions are discussed.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Cervantes, N.N. and Cervantes, J.M.

TITLE: *A Multicultural Perspective in the Treatment of Domestic
Violence*.

SOURCE: Hansen M, Harway M, Eds. Battering and family therapy: a
feminist perspective. Newbury Park (CA)

Sage Publications; pp. 156-174

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1993

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> A feminist psychological perspective on the treatment of battered
> women partners is taken by this volume, which offers a challenge to
> traditional family therapy intervention in family violence. Experts on
> legal, ethical and practical issues propose alternatives to the family
> systems approach and address key areas such as: the psychological
> state of women who remain in violent relationships; current lows
> governing family violence; training therapists to recognize family
> violence; multi-ethnic perspectives on the problem; and the impact of
> abusive parental relationships on children. Specific guidelines for
> individual work with victims are also presented.

**Sentinel Articles**

AUTHOR: Zellerer, Evelyn

TITLE: *Restorative justice in indigenous communities:*

*Critical issues in confronting violence against women*

SOURCE: International Review of Victimology

Volume 6 (4) pp. 345-358

AB Academic Publishers, United Kingdom

Elj.warwick.ac/juk/journals/irr.html

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1999

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> Discusses restorative, community-based responses to violence against
> indigenous women in northern Canada, including wife abuse, marital
> rape, and violence. The author argues that restorative justice holds
> great promise, but there are significant challenges to ensuring that
> violence is effectively confronted and women are protected. Six
> critical issues are examined: 1) breaking the silence and education,
> 2) the needs of victims, 3) power relationships, 4) elders, 5)
> cultural values, and 6) resources. Data are provided from a study of
> violence against Inuit women in the Canadian eastern Arctic. Although
> the focus is on indigenous communities, these issues are viewed as
> pertinent to many other communities and cultures.

**Domestic Violence Articles**

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: Thomlison, R.J., and Foote, C.E.

TITLE: *Child welfare in Canada*

SOURCE: Faculty of Social Welfare

University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada

Child-and-Adolescent-Social-Work-Journal. 4(2): 123-43

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1987

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

A study begins with a description of the socio-cultural heterogeneity of
Canada and its population, with particular reference to children. The
role of federal-provincial government relations within the social
service and child welfare systems is discussed, as are the specific
responsibilities and contributions of each level of government. The
structure of provincial child welfare systems, the principles and
procedures that guide them, and a number of their programs (adoption,
foster care, residential or institutional care, and permanency planning)
are then described. The organization of services in the province of
Quebec, child abuse, and Native American children are treated as special
cases within this framework. (Journal abstract, edited.)

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: Cross, T. L., Earle, K., Solie, H. E. H., and Manness, K.

TITLE: *Cultural Strengths and Challenges in Implementing a*

*System of Care Model in American Indian Communities*

SOURCE: National Indian Child Welfare Association, Portland, OR,

Volume 1

American Institutes for Research, Washington, DC

Center for Effective Collaboration and Practice, pp. 470

http://cecp.air.org/

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2000

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> Reports show that mental health services for American Indian children
> are inadequate even though Indian children are known to have more
> serious mental health problems than all other ethnic groups in the
> United States. This monograph examines five American Indian
> children\'s mental health projects funded by the Center for Mental
> Health Services. The goal of the projects was to examine promising
> practice that implements traditional American Indian helping and
> healing methods that are rooted in their culture, and represents the
> strength and challenges of community-based service designs that draw
> on culture as a primary resource. Pertinent literature is reviewed
> suggesting that the American Indian sites described here are not alone
> in their pursuit of culturally based mental health methods. As a
> framework, the authors use the relational model often associated with
> the medicine wheel based on the traditional American Indian worldview.
> It describes mental health as a balance among context, mind, body, and
> spirit. Data from four of the five sites were obtained from focus
> groups and key informant interviews; data from the other site were
> gathered from written materials. In reviewing the responses of each
> site, several recurring themes were identified; those themes revealed
> 18 identifiable promising practices that address the integration of
> culture as a resource for helping children and their families.
> Conclusions suggest that these community based, culturally rooted
> programs, with 24-hour wraparound service availability, result in
> substantial cost savings by preventing more costly out-of-home
> services. Numerous references including two appendixes.

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: Cross, T.A., Earle, K.A., and Simmons, D.

TITLE: *Child abuse and neglect in Indian country: policy issues*

SOURCE: National Indian Child Welfare Association, Portland, OR

Families-in-Society. 81 (1): 49-58\
\
DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2000

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> Although Native People have been able to maintain many of their
> traditional child protective mechanisms, these have been eroded over
> time by forces largely outside of tribal control. The passage of the
> Indian Child Welfare Act in 1978 provided an opportunity to return the
> care of Indian children to their people. Yet, over 20 years later,
> there remain issues that prevent its full operationalization. This
> article provides an overview of historical issues regarding child
> protection, the problem of abuse among Native Americans, and several
> strategies to enhance child protection both at the tribal level and in
> mainstream public and private agencies. (This is one of five articles
> in a special section on diversity.). (Journal abstract, edited.)

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: Cross, T.

TITLE: *Tribal Perspectives on Over-Representation of*

*Indian Children in Out-of-Home Care*

SOURCE: National Indian Child Welfare Association, Portland, OR

> Permanency Planning Today: 1(1): Pp. 7-11 Hunter College, New York, NY

School of Social Work, pp. 273

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2000

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> American Indian children are over-represented in the child welfare
> system, with more than 12 of every 1,000 Indian children placed in
> substitute care. This article examines those circumstances and
> attempts to put the situation in a historical context. Reasons for
> over-representation are discussed, including historical removal of
> Indian children from their tribes, to present legal and political
> relationships among tribes, states, and the federal government, to the
> cultural bias faced by Indian families experiencing social ills
> associate with persistent poverty and racism. Historical trends are
> examined from the 1600s until the present day, with events leading to
> passage of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. The implications of
> the act are examined\--the author asserts that while regarded as one
> of the best permanency policies to be enacted by the federal
> government, it remains misunderstood and maligned, and while data
> indicate that it has brought a reduction in the over-representation of
> Indian children in the system, there remains serious problems,
> primarily because the act provided little in the way of funding for
> implementation. Furthermore, problems remain because Indian children
> who need out-of-home placement must often become wards of the state,
> thus taking from the tribe its capacity to respond directly to its
> members\' needs. The author makes recommendations for policy and
> practices that have the potential for improving the accessibility and
> quality of services for Indian families and their children, such as
> providing greater access to funding, development of demonstration
> projects, and implementation of provisions under the Adoption and Safe
> Families Act of 1997 to complement provisions under ICWA. Fifteen
> references.

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: DeBruyn, L.M., Lujan, C.C., and May, P.A.

TITLE: *A comparative study of abused and neglected American*

*Indian children in the Southwest*.

SOURCE: Social Science Medicine, Volume 35: 305-315

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1992

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> Compared descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative data from a
> clinically identified sample of abused and neglected Indian children
> with a matched sample of controls. Subjects were 53 families with a
> total of 117 target children (aged 1-21 yrs) and 51 families with 137
> matched children. Alcohol abuse was present in virtually all families
> that abused or neglected their children; however, alcohol abuse
> existed exclusive of the association with child abuse/neglect. Results
> demonstrate that alcohol abuse is a necessary, but not sufficient,
> condition for child abuse/neglect.

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: DeBruyn, Lemyra, Chino, Michelle, Serna, Patricia, and

Fullerton-Gleason, Lynne

TITLE: *Child maltreatment in American Indian and Alaska Native*

*Communities: Integrating culture, History, and public health for*

*Intervention and prevention*

SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Child Maltreatment:

Journal of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children

Volume 6(2) pp.89-102

Sage Publications Inc, US

www.sagepub.com

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2001

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> Addresses child maltreatment (including abuse and neglect)
> intervention and prevention among American Indians and Alaska Natives.
> The authors argue that history and culture must be included as context
> and variables for developing and implementing prevention programs in
> Indian Country. They propose that the public health violence
> prevention model would benefit from incorporating tenets of the
> history and culture(s) of diverse groups, in this instance American
> Indians and Alaska Natives. The authors offer an approach that focuses
> on population- and individual-level risk and protective factors for
> child maltreatment intervention and prevention in American
> Indian/Alaska Native communities. They include suggestions and
> examples for doing the work in Indian Country.

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: Horejsi, C., Craig, B.H.R., and Pablo, J.

TITLE: *Reactions by Native American parents to child protection
agencies:*

*Cultural and community factors*

SOURCE: Department of social work

University of Montana

Missoula Child-Welfare

http://nicwa.org/resources/catalog/articles/index.asp

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1991

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> The oppression suffered by Native Americans has so undermined their
> culture and ability to parent, that child abuse and neglect are
> frequent problems. Yet the history of oppression often seriously
> damages the capacity of many Native American parents to accept help
> from child protective service agencies and staff members. This article
> explains the particular characteristics and behaviors of some Native
> American parents, closes with a summarized guide to understanding
> these parents, and suggests appropriate behavior for social workers in
> working with this group.

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: Horse, J.R.

TITLE: *Clinical strategies for American Indian families in crisis*

SOURCE: School of social work

Arizona State University

Tempe Urban-and-Social-Change-Review. 15(2): 17-19

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1982

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> American Indian family systems, particularly from the standpoint of
> family violence, child neglect, and substance abuse, are the subject
> of much debate, and questions about the effect of cultural norms and
> cultural differences in family conduct on the identification and
> treatment of these problems have been raised. Cultural issues must be
> considered in the design of implementation strategies, and treatment
> procedures are needed that respect and reinforce the structural and
> cultural integrity of Indian extended family systems. Essentially,
> practitioners must now address points of fusion that will meld Indian
> tradition with effective mental health practices. Presented is a
> strategy of cultural fusion adaptable to a broad spectrum of Indian
> family types. Moreover, as a cultural strategy, it is congruent with
> the fabric of Indian communities and aspirations of cultural pluralism
> considered vital by Indian constituencies. The discussion of cultural
> fusion highlights two sets of ideas: (1) a strategy for organization
> and (2) principles of clinical service.

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: Kunitz, S.J., Levy, J.E., McCloskey, J., and Gabriel, K. R.

TITLE: *Alcohol dependence and domestic violence as*

*sequel of abuse and conduct disorder in childhood*

SOURCE: Child Abuse & Neglect

Volume 22(11)

Elsevier Science Inc, US

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1998

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Examined (1) the importance of childhood abuse as a risk factor for
> conduct disorder; (2) the importance of each form of abuse and conduct
> disorder as risk factors for alcohol dependence; and (3) the relative
> importance of each form of abuse, conduct disorder, and alcohol
> dependence as risk factors for being a perpetrator and/or victim of
> domestic violence in the Navajo population. Cases between the ages of
> 21 and 65 were interviewed in alcohol treatment program and matched to
> community controls (alcohol dependent and nonalcoholic dependent).
> When adjusted for stratification by age, community of residence, and
> sex, the combined control groups comprise a representative sample of
> the Navajo male and female population 21-65 yrs of age. The prevalence
> of physical and sexual abuse before age 15 is within limits observed
> in other populations. Each form of abuse is a risk factor for conduct
> disorder. Along with conduct disorder, physical abuse is a risk factor
> for alcohol dependence. Physical abuse and alcohol dependence are
> independent risk factors for being involved in domestic violence as
> both perpetrator and victim. There is suggestive evidence that
> domestic violence has become more common.

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: Lujan, C., DeBruyn, L.M., May, P.A., and Bird, M.E.

TITLE: *Profile of abused and neglected American Indian children in the
Southwest*

SOURCE: Child-Abuse-and-Neglect

The International Journal 13(4): 449-61

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1989

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> From both knowledge gained working in Indian communities and a major
> data collection program, this article examines child abuse and neglect
> among the Indian tribes in a southwestern state. The period of study
> covers 1982 thru 1985. The study sample consists of 53 children
> targeted by the local Indian Health Services Hospital Child Protection
> team as being abused and/or neglected. In addition, information on the
> parents, grandparents and, in a number of cases, the great
> grandparents are examined. The study is a secondary data analysis of
> clinic and hospital records, also of interviews with local community
> health care providers and tribal officials. The results indicate that
> alcohol abuse was present in 85 % of the neglect cases and in 63 % of
> the abuse cases. In addition, child abuse and neglect occurred
> simultaneously in 65 %. Child abuse and neglect are found to be part
> of a larger phenomenon of multi problem families, which raises the
> issue of intergenerational perpetuation of these problems. The results
> underscore the importance of interagency cooperation in surveillance,
> treatment, and prevention, as well as more careful and thorough
> documentation of record maintenance.

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: Madrigal, Luke

TITLE: *Indian Child and Welfare Act: Partnership for Preservation*

SOURCE: Indian Child & Family Services, Temecula, CA

American Behavioral Scientist, 44, 9, 1505-1511

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2001

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Indian Child & Family Services (ICFS) is a nonprofit organization
> established in 1980 to implement the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978.
> There are 33 Indian reservations in southern CA & ICFS strives to
> sustain these family & tribal ties to promote & preserve indigenous
> culture. In its 20+ years of existence, ICFS has served the Indian
> community as a licensed Foster Family & Adoption Agency. Luke
> Madrigal, Executive Director, has been with the agency since 1987. The
> agency has evolved in addressing intergenerational dysfunctions
> brought on by postcolonial oppression (egg. alcoholism, substance
> abuse, & domestic violence). Recent research findings demonstrate
> practices that can overcome these dysfunctions & lead to success for
> future generations.

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: Morrissette, P.J., and Naden, M.

TITLE: *An Interact ional View of Traumatic Stress Among First Nations
Counselors*

SOURCE: Journal of Family Psychotherapy. 9(3): 43-60.

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1998

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This article discusses systemic intervention with vicariously
> traumatized First Nations (American Indians) counselors who listen to
> stories of abuse that are shared by former students of residential
> schools. The residential school refers to a method previously used in
> Canada to assimilate First Nations people into dominant society. While
> residing in the residential school, Native children were subjected to
> harsh punishment and inhumane treatment that at times resulted in the
> loss of life. For many victims of the residential school era, a sense
> of shame has effectively quelled their ability to share their painful
> and debilitating narratives. The systemic effect upon counselors who
> are privy to the eventual disclosure of such stories is examined,
> along with a solution-focused approach designed to assist the
> recipients of such disturbing narratives. Numerous references. (Author
> abstract modified).

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: Wares, D., Dobrec, A., Rosenthal, J.A., and Wedel, K.R.

TITLE: *Job satisfaction, practice skills, and supervisory skills of
administrators of Indian child welfare programs*

SOURCE: School of Social Work

University of Oklahoma, Child-Welfare 71(5): 405-18

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1992

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Passage of the Indian Child Welfare Act in 1978 established a new
> arena of practice in the child welfare field by returning
> responsibility for the welfare of Indian children to tribes. During
> the 1980s, tribal governments labored to establish Indian child
> welfare programs and develop the necessary corollary services, such as
> juvenile courts, child protection teams, and child abuse treatment
> programs. This article reports the results of a national survey,
> conducted 10 years after passage of the Indian Child Welfare Act, of
> administrators and supervisors in 121 Indian child welfare programs.
> Respondents were generally quite satisfied with their jobs and as a
> group rated their practice and supervisory skills moderate to high.

Domestic Violence-Children

AUTHOR: Avina, C.

TITLE: *Effects of forced removal from family and culture on Indian
children*

SOURCE: Graduate Project, NAES College, University of Nevada, Reno

Twin Cities, (MN), p. 44.

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1993

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> This is one Native American women's account of how she was affected by
> having been removed from her biological family by social welfare
> system before ICWA, (Indian Child Welfare Association), was enacted.
> Upon surveying the Native American community in which she lived and
> worked she sought to identify forced removal of Native American
> children from their families and culture as one of the causes of the
> breakdown within Native American communities. The symptoms are many,
> however, without the foundation of connection to one's people and
> culture one is left within a void.

**YOUNG WOMEN**

Domestic Violence-Young Women

AUTHOR: Stanzell, S.

TITLE: *Assessment of law-violating youth and gangs: A psychosocial
analysis*

*Of American Indian adolescents in Los Angeles County*

SOURCE: Dissertation Abstracts International:

Section B: the Sciences & Engineering Volume 58(9-B)

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1998

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> The social problem of violence and gang activity represents a major
> challenge for all ethno cultural groups in modern American society.
> The current research explored the dynamics of delinquency, gang
> affiliation, law-violating youth groups, violence, and cultural
> identification in a sample of 83 American Indian adolescents ranging
> in age from 11 to 18 years old. More specific research questions,
> which were addressed in the study, were as follows. (1) Does
> aggressive behavior affect delinquency and/or gang membership? (2)
> Does previous delinquent behavior affect gang membership? (3) Do
> problem behaviors affect gang membership? (4) Do psychological
> problems affect gang membership? (5) Do psychological symptoms affect
> gang membership? (6) Does parental drinking affect gang membership?
> (7) Does adolescent substance use affect gang membership? (8) Does
> previous exposure to domestic violence affect gang membership? (9) Is
> participation (or lack of participation) in traditional American
> Indian ceremonies related to gang membership? The study was based on
> an exploratory study employing a correlation design.
>
> The independent variable in the study design was that of gang
> membership, defined as a dichotomous variable at the nominal level of
> measurement. Dependent variables were measured based on the Achenbach
> Youth Self-Report Profile (Achenbach, 1991). More specifically, the
> Youth Self-Report instrument measures eight core syndromes
> (withdrawal, somatic complaints, anxious/depressed, social problems,
> thought problems, attention problems, delinquent behavior, and
> aggressive behavior). Results showed that there were no differences
> between gang members and non-gang subjects on most indicators.
> However, they demonstrated higher levels of Delinquent Behavior, and
> higher rates of alcohol and drug use. Gang members were more likely to
> have been removed from their homes as children. An important
> additional finding was that Apache youth were more likely to be gang
> members. Further, Apache youth demonstrated significantly more
> troubled behaviors on seven of the eight Achenbach measures.

**PREGNANT WOMEN**

Domestic Violence-Pregnant Women

> No articles found specifically on domestic violence in pregnant
> American Indian/Alaska Native women.

**ADULT WOMEN**

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Arbuckle, J., Olson, L., Howard, M., Brillman, J., Anctil, C,
and Sklar, D.

TITLE: *Safe at Home? Domestic Violence and other Homicides among*

*women in New Mexico*

SOURCE: Analysis of Emergency Medicine, 27; 210-215

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1996

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> To define the contribution of domestic violence (DV) to homicides in
> women in New Mexico and to examine differences in ethnicity,
> mechanism, previous documented injuries, incidence of sexual assault,
> and use of alcohol or illicit drugs between DV- and non-DV-related
> homicides. American Indian women are at particularly high risk of
> homicide, including DV homicide. Firearms were over-represented in DV
> homicides, suggesting that removing firearms from the homes of
> previous DV perpetrators would be a useful public health strategy.
> Alcohol or illicit drugs were found in approximately two thirds of New
> Mexico women who were victims of homicide. The high prevalence of
> history of previous injuries among DV homicide victims indicates that
> early identification of DV victims in the emergency department and
> other health care settings is an important point of intervention.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Allen, P.G.

TITLE: *Violence and the American Indian woman*

SOURCE: Working Together to Prevent Sexual and Domestic Violence

Center for the Prevention of Sexual and Domestic Violence, Seattle, WA

Volume 5, No. 4

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1985

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This pamphlet addresses sexual assault in Indian Country by
> highlighting certain types of sexual assault evidence and by
> presenting it within the historical treatment of native populations,
> jurisdictional problems and the prevalence of violence. It is our hope
> that this pamphlet will promote public awareness of this profound
> problem and draw needed attention to the lack of adequate support and
> concern for this highly under served population.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Bohn, D.K.

TITLE: *Nursing care of Native American battered women*

SOURCE: AWHONNS Clinical Issues Prenatal Women's Health Nurse; 4(3):
424-36

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1993

ABSTRACT SUMMARY:

Native American nations and peoples have experienced hundreds of years
of oppression, prejudice, poverty, and the lack of self-determination.
This has resulted in a disintegration of self-esteem and traditional
values that are manifested in high rates of self inflicted injury and
other violence, including suicide, homicide, alcoholism, and domestic
violence. Nurses have a key role to play in addressing violence in
Native American communities. Cultural sensitivity is central to
effective intervention.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Clark, Donald M.D. M.P.H.

TITLE: *Violence Screening. Policies and Procedures in*

*Indian Health Service Facilities*

SOURCE: Journal American Board of Family Practice 14:253-8

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2001

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Examined the effect of administrative and legal requirements on
> screening for domestic violence in Indian Health Service (IHS)
> hospitals and clinics. A questionnaire using the total design method
> to all IHS hospitals and clinics regarding activities related to
> domestic violence: screening; policies and procedures; presence of
> committees; staff training; and state and tribal mandatory reporting
> requirements. A response rate of 65% Eighty-eight (62%) of 142
> facilities screen for domestic violence. Ninety-one (64%) had policies
> and procedures for domestic violence. Ninety-one (64%) of sites had
> policies and procedures for domestic violence. Less than one half of
> these sites evaluated the use of these policies and procedures.
> Hospitals were more likely to have policies and procedures than
> clinics, as did IHS administer sites, rather than those administered
> by tribal contract. Fifty-eight percent (40.8%) facilities indicated
> 18 states have mandatory domestic violence reporting requirements.
> Thirty-three (23.2%) facilities indicated 31 different tribes mandate
> reporting of domestic violence. Forty-two (29.6%) facilities reported
> mandatory staff training in at least one topic related to domestic
> violence the previous year. Domestic Violence policies and procedures
> promote screening for this important health care problem.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Chanda, M.

TITLE: *Two recent Native American women's health education resource
center*

*Projects address domestic violence in the Yankton Sioux Community*

SOURCE: South Dakota Nurse 37(2): 15

South Dakota Nurses Association

PO Box 1015

Pierre, SD 57501

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1995

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> The article summaries the Native American Women's Health Education
> Resource Centers attempts to educate Native women on their rights
> through a pamphlet disseminated through the resource center which
> stated the South Dakota state laws pertaining to the issues of
> domestic violence, marital rape, stalking and mandatory arrest.
> Although many of the Native women lived on tribal land where state
> laws sometimes do not apply, the NAWHERC initiated a drafting of a
> tribal code for the Yankton Sioux tribe that would primarily deal with
> the rights of domestic violence victims, arrest procedures for law
> enforcement officers, and penalties for offenders which included
> violating protection orders. The pamphlet and the newly passed tribal
> code represent the Native American Women's health Education Resource
> Center's attempts to ensure the safety of women and to prevent further
> domestic violence and sexual assault in the Yankton Sioux community.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Chester, B., Robin, R.W., Kiss, M.P., Lopez, J., and Goldman, D.

TITLE: *Grandmother dishonored: Violence against women by male*

*Partners in American Indian communities*

SOURCE: Violence and Victims, 9; 249-258.

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1994

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Suggests that academic attention to wife abuse has rarely been
> extended to women from ethnic minority groups, in particular American
> Indians. Conceptual and methodological factors involved in conducting
> research with American Indian women are described. A comprehensive
> literature review of available data and assertions regarding abuse of
> women by male partners in American Indian communities are presented,
> as well as directions for future research.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: DeBruyn, L.M., Wilkins, B.J., and Artichoker, K.

TITLE: *\"It\'s not cultural\" Violence against Native American women*

SOURCE: 89th American Anthropological Association Meeting, New Orleans,
Louisiana

Boston Beacon Press

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1990

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Improved research on ethnic minority populations is required.
> Specifically, more information is needed on prevalence and incidence
> of partner violence, nature and characteristics of abuse, and
> contributing factors. In addition, more research should be conducted
> on ethnic group differences as will as generational status, gender,
> age, and socioeconomic differences in partner violence.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: DeBruyn, Lemyra M., Hymbaugh, Karen, and Valdez, Norma

TITLE: *Helping communities address suicide and violence: The Special*

*Initiatives Team of the Indian Health Service*

SOURCE: American Indian & Alaska Native Mental Health Research

Volume 1 (3): p. 56-65

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1988

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Describes the Special Initiatives Team of the Mental Health Programs
> Branch, Indian Health Services, which was formed to provide crisis and
> prevention consultation to American Indian and Alaska Native
> communities in response to violent behaviors (suicide; homicide;
> domestic violence; child, sexual, and elder abuse; and other forms of
> family and community violence). The team incorporates cultural and
> historical factors in assisting communities to develop programs to
> combat violent behaviors and encourages community-based,
> community-controlled efforts.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Fairchild, D.G., Fairchild, M. W., and Stoner, S

TITLE: *Prevalence* *of* *Adult* *Domestic* *Violence* *Among* Women
Seeking

*Routine* *Care* *in* *a* *Native* *American* *Health* *Care* *Facility*

SOURCE: American Journal of Public Health

Volume 88(10)

American Public Health Association, US

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1998

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> The prevalence of adult domestic assault in a Native American Indian
> community and the socio-demographic factors associated with domestic
> violence were studied by means of a survey of adult women in a
> community on the Navajo reservation located in the southwestern United
> States. The participants included 341 of the 371 women over age 18 who
> came for routine ambulatory care to the general medical clinic of an
> Indian Health Service comprehensive health care facility during the
> week of September 14,1992 or to the maternal-child health clinic
> during the week of October 19, 1992. Providers using permissive
> statements to facilitate reporting of socially sensitive behaviors
> collected demographic information and responses to a domestic
> violence-screening instrument. One hundred seventy-nine participants
> reported at least one episode of domestic violence. Fifty-six (16A
> percent) reported violence within the previous 12 months. Age less
> than 40 years and living in a household receiving governmental
> financial assistance was independently associated with the 1-year
> prevalence of adult domestic violence. Findings indicated that adult
> domestic violence is prevalent within this Native American Indian
> community. Additional research is required to determine further the
> relationship between domestic assault and socioeconomic status.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Feinman, C.

TITLE: *Women battering on the Navajo Reservation*

SOURCE: International Review Victimol; 2(2): 137-46

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1992

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> An examination of intake forms collected through 1983-1985 at a
> shelter for battered women on the Navajo reservation in Shiprock, New
> Mexico, as well as discussions with faculty at the Navajo Community
> College and University of New Mexico. The highlight of the discussion
> was the relationship between Navajo traditional cultural values,
> history, and women battering. It is argued that public policy
> regarding the problem of women battering must take into consideration
> the history and cultural traditions of the victims, batterers, and
> those in a position to help them. With this understanding, it may be
> possible to develop more effective means of resolving the problem
> among discreet groups of people.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Hamby, S. L.

TITLE: *The importance of community in a feminist analysis*

*of domestic violence among American Indians*

SOURCE: American Journal of Community Psychology

Volume 28(5)

Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, US

http://www.plenum.com

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2000

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Focuses on how an appreciation of inter-tribal differences enhances a
> feminist analysis of domestic violence in native North America. Issues
> of gender, class, and power are discussed from a feminist perspective
> with an emphasis on the diversity among native communities. Available
> evidence suggests that male authority, male restrictive ness, and
> socioeconomic stress are associated with violence, but that the levels
> of these factors vary widely across native groups. For example, some
> native tribes practice matrilineal descent while others are
> patrilineal. This diversity has far-reaching implications for the
> community context in which domestic violence occurs. An approach that
> integrates both feminist and community approaches seems best suited to
> address the problem of domestic violence in native North America.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Hagen, Janet W., and House, Toni

TITLE: *Kanuhkwene: An empowering concept by and for Oneida Women*

SOURCE: Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development

Volume 33, Issue 3, pp. 123-31

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1995

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Describes how a group of Native American Women was able to use
> traditional tribal concepts to address issues of domestic violence,
> alcohol and other drug abuse and health care. Process of development
> in the Kanuhkwene project and its current functioning.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Heilbron, C.L., and Guttman, M.A.J.

TITLE: *Traditional healing methods with First Nations women in group
counseling*

SOURCE: Canadian Journal of Counseling

Volume 34(1)

Canadian Guidance & Counseling Association, Canada

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2000

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> A traditional aboriginal healing ceremony, called the Healing Circle,
> was utilized in a cognitive therapy-counseling group comprised of 3
> Ojibwa, First Nations and 2 non-aboriginal women survivors of child
> sexual abuse in their mid-30s to mid-40s. The traditional ceremony and
> aboriginal beliefs were examined for their impact on the counseling
> process. The ceremony and beliefs established a spiritual component,
> which contributed positively to the group. Adhering to aboriginal
> culture was integral to the healing process. Suggestions for the
> non-aboriginal counselor in facilitating the healing process for First
> Nations women are offered.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Lindsay, B. D.

TITLE: *A comparative study of reported parenting practices in abused*

*and non-abused shelter populations of women*

SOURCE: Dissertation Abstracts International:

Section B: the Sciences & Engineering Volume 60(5-B),

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1999

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> The purpose of this study was to investigate reported parenting
> practices in physically abused shelter populations of women. To date,
> much of the literature with abused women and their children has looked
> at behavioral outcomes of children exposed to violence, mother-child
> interactions that result in the abuse of their children, or
> mother-child interactions subsequent to marital conflict. Few
> researchers have looked at parenting in the context of domestic
> violence. Domestic violence research has typically confounded the
> variable of abuse by comparing abused women to normal or clinic
> populations not living in shelters or transitional housing. This
> research attempted to control for extraneous variables (e.g.,
> socioeconomic status, mental status, and shelter residency) by
> recruiting a comparison sample from homeless shelters across a number
> of demographic variables. This study also looked at ecological
> variables (e.g., support systems) that parenting literature has
> identified as moderators of parental response, This study recruited 38
> abused and 28 non abused women who resided at domestic violence and
> homeless shelters, respectively; married or cohabitating in an
> intimate relationship during the past six months, and had at least one
> child of school age attending school. The women were grouped as abused
> or non-abused based on composite scores received on prevalence and
> chronic measures of physical abuse on the Conflict Tactics Scale
> Revised. The women\'s parenting practices were measured across eight
> parenting constructs using the Adult and Adolescent Parenting
> Inventory and the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire. Satisfaction with
> social and financial supports was measured through questions on a
> demographic questionnaire. Results yielded no significant mean
> differences in reported parenting practices between the groups of
> abused and non-abused women in shelter residences. However, racial
> differences were found between Caucasian, African-Americans, and
> Native Americans in their reported empathetic responses toward their
> children. Correlation analysis found relationships across the groups
> of women in their satisfaction with emotional supports and consistency
> in the use of disciplinary practices. Overall, this research seemed to
> support the assumption that the determinants of parenting in a
> domestic violence population are as similar or varied as those in
> non-abused shelter populations. These findings may have implications
> for future models of intervention with abused mothers and their
> children.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Mangelson, S. E.

TITLE: *Strategies for survival through healing among Native American
women:*

*An urban case study*

SOURCE: Dissertation Abstracts International, (Humanities and Social
Sciences)

Volume 61(2-A),

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2000

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This study of Native American women residing in two Utah cities was
> conducted to examine patterns of healing and recovery from several
> types of personal trauma. The research was conducted using
> ethnographic techniques including participant observation and in-depth
> open-ended interviews. In addition, a preliminary comparative analysis
> was made with a rural population on the Northern Cheyenne reservation
> in Montana. Domestic abuse, sexual abuse, substance abuse, cultural
> oppression, grief and rejection/abandonment were issues precipitating
> recovery among these American Indian women. The pattern of recovery
> emerging from the study is a four-stage model. In Stage 1, women came
> to recognize the need for recovery. A parental imperative to care for
> dependent children was an important force for women\'s recognition of
> the need to change. A central motif of the model is a personal
> commitment to survival through healing. Coming to this decision
> represents Stage 2 and is essential for the recovery process to move
> forward. Constituting Stage 3, strategies to direct and support the
> commitment to recovery are then selected from resources available. Six
> strategies were most salient. Spirituality and religion seemed to be
> the most indispensable overall. Other strategies were education,
> formal recovery programs or counseling, significant others or social
> networks, relocation, and culture/roots. In Stage 4, recovery and
> healing results in self-discovery, improved self-esteem and improved
> social skills. Women also found themselves taking on new roles as a
> result of recovery. Frequently, women in recovery turned to community.
> New personal strengths and skills were used to enhance community
> resources as they reached out to help others through a variety of
> avenues including involvement in the public schools, community
> outreach programs and those specifically targeting adult healing.
> Other issues discussed are power and control, patterns of cultural
> revitalization and resistance to cultural erosion and loss,
> generational patterns and urban identity issues. The urban-rural
> comparison showed, among other findings, variations in the pattern of
> religious affiliation. Higher percentages of rural women were involved
> with traditional spiritual practices. Recovery centers were more
> central to rural women\'s recovery compared to urban women.
> (Traditional religion, Native American Church, power, urban,
> reservation.)

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: McEachern, D., Van Winkle, M., and Steiner, S.

TITLE: *Domestic violence among the Navajo: a legacy of colonization*

SOURCE: Arizona State University

School of Social Work

Journal-of-Poverty 2(4): 31-46

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1998

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Domestic violence is the leading cause of injuries to women ages 15 to
> 44. Navajo women have increasingly been plagued by domestic violence
> and in response, in 1993; the Navajo Nation enacted the Domestic Abuse
> Prevention Act. Years of colonization have left their mark on members
> of the Navajo Nation. The Navajo Nation exists within a climate of
> institutionalized violence, where some of their traditional values of
> equality and harmony have been broken down. This led to an increase in
> family violence. Poverty and lack of infrastructure and social
> services exacerbate the problems that Navajo women face when trying to
> leave violence in their homes. Using information gathered through
> experiences as social workers and ethnographic interviews. This paper
> explores domestic violence among the Navajo in Northeastern Arizona,
> with a particular focus on the effects of colonization.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR Murphy, Sharon-Brocco:

TITLE: *Surviving Domestic Violence: A Study of American Indian Women*

*Claiming Their Lives*

SOURCE: Arizona State University Dissertation-Abstracts International

The Humanities and Social Sciences; 59, 11

Available from UMI, Ann Arbor, MI. Order No DA9913242

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1999

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> Domestic Violence research began approximately twenty-five years ago
> in the United States. Much of the early research literature was
> epidemiological in focus and attempted to define terms such as spouse
> abuse, partner abuse, and violence against women. Additionally,
> studies have focused on intervention and treatment methods for victims
> and perpetrators, the debate over the efficiency of conjoint treatment
> methods, and have explored the factors contributing to why women
> remain in abusive relationships. Research, which has sought to explore
> the meaning of domestic violence, as American Indian women victims
> experience it, is noticeably absent from this literature. The purpose
> of this study was to explore the lived experience of domestic violence
> and American Indian women survivors. The data was obtained from audio
> taped, in depth phenomenological interviews with thirteen American
> Indian women.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Norton, I. M., and Manson, S. M.

TITLE: *Silent* *Minority:* *Battered* *American Indian* *Women*

SOURCE: Journal of Family Violence Volume: 10 Issue: 3 Dated: Pp. 307-3
18.

Sponsoring Agency: American Psychiatric Association

NCJ Number: 157543

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1995

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Sixteen American Indian women requesting counseling for domestic
> violence at an urban Indian health center were interviewed using
> standardized measures adapted from the Second National Family Violence
> Survey and measures contained in the Conflict Tactics Scale. Most
> women were not married and had low family incomes, and both women and
> their partners abused drugs. All women experienced increased
> depression and stress due to battering. A mental health needs
> assessment survey of 198 American Indian women found that women who
> reported a history of domestic violence were more likely to be
> separated or divorced and reported more problems with alcohol than
> women with no history of domestic violence. Results of domestic
> violence interviews are compared to the mental health needs assessment
> survey and studies of battered women in shelters. Additional research
> is recommended to study battered American Indian women on reservations
> and to assess characteristics of domestic violence among American
> Indian couples.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Norton, I.M., and Manson, S. M.

TITLE: *Domestic violence intervention in an urban Indian Health Center*

SOURCE: Community Mental Health Journal; 33(4): pp. 331-7

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1997

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> Health impact of domestic violence is increasing and routine screening
> for violence in health settings has been recommended. There is limited
> data about how the Native American community feels about such
> screening and interviewing into such intimates a matter as family
> violence. Applicable methods and routines are given to guide Indian
> health center staff on what proper protocol can be used for such
> situations, and the effects on the victim's mental condition.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Robin, R.W., Chester, B., and Rasmussen, J.K

TITLE: *Intimate violence in a Southwestern American Indian tribal
community*

SOURCE: Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology

Volume 4(4) 335-344

Educational Publishing Foundation, US

http://www.apa.org

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1998

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Much has been written about intimate violence and American Indians,
> but little empirical data are available. This study investigated the
> prevalence and characteristics of intimate violence among members of a
> Southwestern American Indian tribe. A semi-structured psychiatric
> interview and a measure of intimate violence were administered to 104
> tribal community members from an overall study sample of 582. Both men
> and women reported high rates of lifetime (91%) and recent (31%)
> intimate violence; much of this behavior was interactive. However,
> female victims were more likely to require medical attention due to
> sustained injuries and to have their children involved with the
> violence than were male victims. For women in this study, forced sex
> was the only incident significantly associated with lifetime affective
> disorders and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this
> Southwestern American Indian community, intimate violence appears to
> be another variable in an environmental context that includes
> alcoholism, other psychiatric disorders, and traumatic events.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Zion, J., and Zion, F. B.

TITLE: *Hozho'* Sokee'*:* *Stay* *Together* *Nicely;* *Domestic
Violence*

> *Under* *Navajo* *Common* *Law* (*From* *Native* *Americans,* *Crime*
> *and Justice)*

SOURCE: Pp. 96-112, Marianne 0. Nielsen and Robert A. Silverman, Eds.

NC.J-1 68132) NCJ Number: 168143

Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1996

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Edited version of an article in the Arizona State Law Journal, V *25,*
> N 4 (1993) this chapter reviews Navajo tradition regarding the
> handling of domestic violence, the causes of institutionalized
> violence, and Navajo legal institutions and their response to domestic
> violence. Traditionally, Navajos practiced matrilocal residence after
> marriage; the husband went to live with the wife's mother's group. A
> woman's family had a corresponding duty to protect her *if* her
> husband became abusive. Navajo men's life histories show that they
> understood both the prohibition against domestic violence and the role
> of the family as an institution to prevent it. Although not all
> couples lived with the wife's family, there was a protective custom
> whereby couples did not live alone during their first year of
> marriage. Another rule of Navajo common law, which is reinforced in
> the family and clan as an institution, is that it is best for couples
> to reconcile their differences. Crime in general on Indian
> reservations is the product of an environment created by the
> disruption of traditional lifestyles and economies. Economic
> dislocation, the destruction of traditional institutions, and the
> introduction of individualism and the individualistic norms of
> paternalism and patriarchal rule cause the crime of domestic violence.
> Two outside influences that have created a climate that promotes
> domestic violence are the racist stereotyping of Indians and male
> dominance in societal arrangements. This study suggests that the
> proper approach for Navajos in addressing domestic violence is to
> identify and rethink their traditional values and then use them in
> both traditional and modem legal institutions. Although the precise
> structures of traditional Navajo life may be impractical today, the
> extended family and clan still has an obligation to victims of
> domestic violence, and the families of abusers are still responsible
> for addressing the behavior of the abuser.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Waller, M.A, Risley-Curtiss, C., Murphy, S., Medill, A., and
Moore, G.

TITLE: *Harnessing the positive power of language: American Indian
women,*

*a case example*

SOURCE: Arizona State University

School of Social Work

Journal-of-Poverty. 2(4): Pp. 63-81

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1998

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Reflecting biases that permeate the U.S. culture, professional
> accounts generally interpret stories of minority women from a deficit
> perspective. Problems such as substance abuse, domestic violence, and
> teenage pregnancy are often presented from an outsider\'s viewpoint
> and cast as intra-personal phenomena independent of historical,
> political, and cultural context. This article suggests that stories
> and their implications change significantly depending on whether they
> are interpreted from a deficit or strengths perspective. Stories of
> American Indian women, in their own voices, are discussed as a case
> example.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Wolk, L.E.

TITLE: *Minnesota\'s American Indian battered women: The cycle of
oppression:*

*a cultural awareness training manual for non-Indian professionals*

SOURCE: St. Paul Indian Center

St. Paul, Minnesota

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1982

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Community and family destruction brought on by forced change, changes
> in traditional marriage systems and social controls, and constant
> economic and subsistence deprivation likely were and are risk factors
> for IPV among AI/AN.

Domestic Violence-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Zellerer, E.

TITLE: *Restorative justice in indigenous communities:*

*Critical issues in confronting violence against women*

SOURCE: International Review of Victimology, Volume 6(4)

A B Academic Publishers, United Kingdom

elj.warwick.ac/juk/journals/irr.html

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1999

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Discusses restorative, community-based responses to violence against
> indigenous women in I northern Canada, including wife abuse, marital
> rape, and violence. The author argues that restorative justice holds
> great promise, but there are significant challenges to ensuring that
> violence is effectively confronted and women are protected. Six
> critical issues are examined: 1) breaking the silence and education,
> 2) the needs of victims, 3) power relationships, 4) elders, 5)
> cultural values, and 6) resources. Data are provided from a study of
> violence against Inuit women in the Canadian eastern Arctic. Although
> the focus is on indigenous communities, these issues are viewed as
> pertinent to many other communities and cultures.

**DISABLED WOMEN**

Domestic Violence-Disabled Women

> No articles found specifically on domestic violence in disabled
> American Indian/ Alaska Native women.

**ELDERS**

Domestic Violence-Elders

AUTHOR: Baldridge, D.

TITLE: *Indian elders: Family traditions in crisis*

SOURCE: American Behavioral Scientist

Volume 44(9)

Sage Publications Inc, US

http://www.sagepub.com

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2001

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Nowhere in the US do elders enjoy a more revered status than in tribal
> communities. They are, according to many Indian leaders, our strength,
> our living heritage, our teachers. They are the keepers of traditions
> and guardians of a way of live. If a single common value were to be
> expressed by the nation\'s 568 Indian tribes, it might be simply
> \"respect for elders.\" This is discussed in terms of elder health,
> assimilation, elder abuse, and the lack of adequate health, long-term
> care, economic, social service, and educational infrastructure in
> tribal communities.

Domestic Violence-Elders

AUTHOR: Brown, A.S

TITLE: *Patterns of abuse among Native American elderly*

SOURCE: Tatara, Toshio (Ed). (1999)

Understanding elder abuse in minority populations. (Pp. 143-159).

Philadelphia, PA, US: Brunner/Mazel, Inc; xix, 247pp.

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1999

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> Focuses on the patterns of abuse among elderly Native Americans and
> offers policies and corrective actions to prevent abuse. These actions
> center on educational efforts, one for families and another for
> professionals, including social workers, law-enforcement personnel,
> and tribe officials. The author also looks at the lack of economic
> development and the cultural isolation that is important factors
> leading to possible elder abuse or neglect.

Domestic Violence-Elders

AUTHOR: Maxwell, E.K., and Maxwell, R.J.

TITLE: *Insults to the body civil: mistreatment of elderly in two Plains
Indian Tribes*

SOURCE: Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontol; 7(1): 3-23

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1992

.

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> The mistreatment of elderly is subject to various social
> constructions. On two geographically distinct Plains Indian
> Reservations, which we call Lone Mountain and Abundant Lands, the
> abuse or neglect of elderly is constructed as a health problem, which
> is a dysfunction of the community as a whole. Both physical abuse and
> neglect are more common on the Lone Mountain Reservation, occurring in
> association with other indicators of community disorganization such as
> unemployment and substance abuse. On the Abundant Lands Reservation
> physical abuse was categorically denied and what neglect existed
> appeared to be a function of role strain, geographic dispersal,
> climate and terrain. We attribute differences in the prevalence of
> mistreatment of elders to variations in economic opportunities for
> younger residents. Examining the historical and present contexts of
> intergenerational relationships on the reservations, we discuss the
> implications of this study for social exchange theory and policy
> applications.

Gay/Lesbian

Domestic Violence- Gay/Lesbian

> No articles found specifically on domestic violence -- Gay/Lesbian
> American Indian/ Alaska Native women.

**[SEXUAL ABUSE ARTICLES]{.underline}**

# 

# CHILDREN

# 

# Sexual Abuse-Children

######## 

AUTHOR: Barker, Collo, and Suzanne, L.

TITLE: *Reported symptomatology of Native Canadian and Caucasian*

*females sexually abused in childhood*

SOURCE: Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Volume 14(7)

Sage Publications Inc, US

www.sagepub.com

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1999

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Examined symptomatology reported in survey data obtained from a
> clinical sample of 138 female survivors of childhood sexual abuse
> (aged 15-57 yrs). 78 respondents were Caucasian, whereas 60 were of
> Native Canadian ancestry. Native Canadian women reported significantly
> higher levels of overall symptomatology than Caucasian women following
> sexual abuse. In addition, levels of symptoms reported on the Trauma
> Symptom Checklist-40 did not vary equally in Native Canadian and
> Caucasian samples. Native Canadian individuals reported significantly
> higher levels of somatic, sexual, and sleep-related symptoms than
> Caucasians.

# Sexual Abuse-Children

AUTHOR: Robin, Robert W., Rasmussen, Jolene K., Gonzalez-Santin, Edwin

TITLE: *Impact of childhood out-of-home placement on a Southwestern*

*American Indian tribe*

SOURCE: Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment

Volume 2(1-2), 69-89

Haworth Press Inc, US

http://www.haworthpressinc.com

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1999

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Examined relationships between psychiatric disorders and the 4
> out-of-home childhood placement types of adoption, foster care,
> boarding school, and missionary programs. 580 American Indians (aged
> 21+ yrs) of a single tribe completed questionnaires regarding social
> and family histories, childhood sexual abuse, and out-of-home
> placement. Results show that the majority of southwestern cases were
> separated from their home environments at some point during their
> childhood or adolescence. Males who attended boarding school were more
> likely to be diagnosed with drug use disorders. Affective disorders
> for males and antisocial personality disorder for females were
> associated with missionary placement. Foster care was associated with
> more disorders than other types of out-of-home placement. History of
> reported child sexual abuse was associated with multiple psychiatric
> disorders twice as often as no reported history. Factors complicating
> the relationship of out-of-home placement and adult psychological
> disorder include Ss\' age at initial out-of-home placement and events
> prior to placement.

**YOUNG WOMEN**

######## Sexual Abuse-Young Women

AUTHOR: Ashby, M.R., Gilchrist, L.D., and Miramontez

TITLE: *A Group treatment for sexually abused American Indian
adolescents*

SOURCE: School of Social Work

University of Washington, Seattle, WA

Social-Work-with-Groups 10(4): 21-32

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1987

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This article describes a pilot feasibility study for counseling
> American Indian girls who are victims of sexual abuse. Treatment
> methods have been adapted to reflect and to build upon Indian cultural
> values. Positive responses and high attendance rates of participants,
> as well as positive evaluations by counseling staff, indicate the
> viability of the group treatment approach for Native American
> populations.

######## Sexual Abuse-Young Women

AUTHOR: Boyer, D., and Fine, D.

TITLE: *Sexual abuse as a factor in adolescent pregnancy and child
maltreatment*

SOURCE: Family Planning Perspective; 24(1): 4-11, 19

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1992

.

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> This article discusses sexual abuse of Native American juveniles, and
> the dangers of sexually transmitted diseases that may complicate
> adolescent pregnancy. The authors maintain youths who are sexually
> abused often engage in high-risk behavior, such as intravenous drug
> use, increasing the chance of contracting HIV/AIDS. All these factors
> are represented as relevant to past sexual abuse to the said minors.

######## Sexual Abuse-Young Women

AUTHOR: Carter, I., and Parker, L.J.

TITLE: *Interfamilial sexual abuse in American Indian families*

SOURCE: In: Patton MQ, ed. Family sexual abuse: frontline research and
evaluation.

Newbury Park (CA): Sage Pp. 106-17

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1991

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> Child sexual abuse can be defined as an adult\'s use of a minor to
> satisfy sexual needs. Most cases of child sexual abuse develop
> gradually over time, the offender is known to the child in 90 percent
> of cases. Sexual attraction toward children, a need to feel sexually
> able, stress, and a history of childhood sexual abuse often are found
> among perpetrators. Family factors may include geographic or social
> isolation, stress or dysfunction, unrealistic expectations, rigid
> roles, alcoholism, and/or poor communication. Some social and cultural
> factors also may contribute. American Indians may have special
> problems in seeking appropriate legal and social services that are
> related to denial, distrust of legal and other authorities, and
> jurisdictional issues. Indicators of abuse may include regression,
> withdrawal, sudden behavior changes, phobias, sleep disturbances,
> aggression, depression, school problems, and sexually inappropriate
> behaviors. The effects of abuse on the child are related to the type
> and duration of abuse, its identification, the relationship of the
> abuser, and the treatment provided.

######## Sexual Abuse-Young Women

AUTHOR: Kunitz, S.J., Gabriel, K.R., Levy, J.E., Henderson, E., Lampert,
K.,

McCloskey, J., Quintero, G., Russell, S., and Vince A.

TITLE: *Risk factors for conduct disorder among Navajo Indian men and
women*

SOURCE: Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology

Volume 34(4), 180-189

Springer-Verlag, Germany

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1999

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Describes the risk factors for conduct disorder before age 15 among
> Navajo Indians. The study was based on a survey of a stratified random
> sample of adult Navajo Indians between the ages of 21 and 65 yrs
> living on and adjacent to two different areas of the Navajo
> Reservation. There were 531 male and 203 female respondents. Conduct
> disorder was diagnosed retrospectively using the Diagnostic Interview
> Schedule first developed for the Epidemiological Catchment Area study.
> The responses were combined into a continuous scale. Results show that
> significant risk factors for increased scores on the conduct disorder
> scale were: histories of physical and sexual abuse in childhood;
> abusive maternal drinking; a small number of households per camp;
> younger age; and being male rather than female. Measures of social
> status and religion in which Ss were raised were not significant. It
> is concluded that many of the risk factors that are associated with
> conduct disorder in other populations are also risk factors in the
> Navajo population. There is suggestive evidence that some of these
> risk factors have become more common since WWII, raising the
> possibility that conduct disorder has become more prevalent, as is
> thought to be the case nationwide.

######## PREGNANT WOMEN

######## Sexual Abuse-Pregnant Women

> No articles found specifically on sexual abuse- pregnant American
> Indian/Alaska Native women.

ADULT WOMEN

Sexual Abuse-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Heilbron, Carrie L., and Guttman, Mary Alice Julius

TITLE: *Traditional healing methods with First Nations women in group
counseling*

SOURCE: Canadian Journal of Counseling

Volume 34(1), 3-13.

Canadian Guidance & Counseling Association, Canada

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2000

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> A traditional aboriginal healing ceremony, called the Healing Circle,
> was utilized in a cognitive therapy-counseling group comprised of 3
> Ojibwa, First Nations and 2 non-aboriginal women survivors of child
> sexual abuse in their mid-30s to mid-40s. The traditional ceremony and
> aboriginal beliefs were examined for their impact on the counseling
> process. The ceremony and beliefs established a spiritual component,
> which contributed positively to the group. Adhering to aboriginal
> culture was integral to the healing process. Suggestions for the
> non-aboriginal counselor in facilitating the healing process for First
> Nations women are offered.

Sexual Abuse-Adult Women

AUTHOR: Lowery, Christine T.

TITLE: *American Indian perspectives on addiction and recovery*

SOURCE: Health & Social Work

Volume 23(2), 127-135

National Association of Social Workers, US

www.naswpress.org

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1998

.

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This narrative is organized to reflect the movement between \"spirit
> and science\", and to reach beyond an intellectual understanding of
> what constitutes \"healing the spirit\" for many American Indians
> addicted to alcohol and drugs. Four broad concepts are presented: (1)
> balance and wellness, (2) the colonization experience and addiction as
> a crisis of the spirit, (3) issues of abuse, including sexual abuse,
> and (4) a time of healing illustrated by a Lakota commemorative event.
> It is concluded that components of healing are spiritual, relational,
> and intergenerational and that it is at the intersection of these
> components that social workers must continue to focus attention.

Sexual Abuse-Adult Women

AUTHOR: McEvoy, Maureen, and Daniluk, Judith

TITLE: *Wounds to the Soul: The Experiences of Aboriginal Women
Survivors*

*of Sexual Abuse*

SOURCE**:** University of British Columbia Canadian
Psychology/Psychologic

Canadienne Journal, Volume 36:3, 221-235

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1995

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Much of the clinical and research literature on the consequences and
> treatment of sexual abuse assumes relative homogeneity in the abuse
> experience. Little differentiation is acknowledged on the basis of
> race, ethnicity, or class, despite the known salience of these
> variables in the construction and interpretation of human experience.
> A phenomenological explanation of the experiences of six adult
> aboriginal women who were sexually abused as children identified six
> themes common to their experiences. These findings led to specific
> recommendations for working with aboriginal survivors.

DISABLED WOMEN

Sexual Abuse-Disabled Women

> No articles found specifically on sexual abuse of disabled American
> Indian/Alaska Native women.

ELDERS

Sexual Abuse-Elders

> No articles found specifically on sexual abuse of the elder American
> Indian/Alaska Native women.

GAY/LESBIAN

####### Sexual Abuse- Gay/Lesbian

> No articles found specifically on sexual abuse of Gay/Lesbian American
> Indian/Alaska Native women.

**[U.S. GOVERNMENT SOURCES]{.underline}**

**I.**

AUTHOR: Bachman, R., and Straus, M. A.

TITLE: *Alcohol,* *Stress,* *and* *Violence* *in* *American* *Indian*
*Families*

SOURCE: Sponsoring Agency: US Dept of Health and Human Services.

NCJ Number: 133165.

National Institute of Mental Health.

> Paper presented at the 1990 meeting of the American Society of
> Criminology,

Baltimore, MD

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1990

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This paper provides a national estimate of the incidents of violence
> among American Indian families and explores the extent to which such
> violence can be explained by alcohol abuse and stress. The study
> sample included 204 American Indian families and 2,007 non-American
> Indian whites. Measures of family violence were defined using the
> Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS). The OTS was designed to measure various
> behaviors used in conflicts between family members during the previous
> 12 months. The Drinking Index used in the study was intended to
> differentiate patterns and levels of drinking. An additive index
> consisting of responses to three items of a 5-point Likert Scale was
> employed to measure stress. Certain demographic control measures were
> also included in the analysis because of their association with both
> ethnicity and family violence. The incidence rate of couple violence
> was estimated to be at least *15.5* per 100 American Indian couples.
> Acts of spouse assault were more frequent in the American Indian
> sample than in the white comparison group. Assaults perpetrated by the
> husband were estimated to affect 29,075 American Indian women, with
> *5,243* of these categorized as wife beating. After controlling for
> economic deprivation, age, and urbanicity, it was found that both high
> rates of alcohol consumption and high rates of perceived stress
> significantly increased the probability of husband-to-wife assaults.
> It is suggested that future research focus on examining domestic
> violence within more homogeneous units such as specific tribal and
> reservation communities.

AUTHOR: Bachman, R., and Saltzman, L.

TITLE: *Violence against Women: Estimates from the Redesigned Survey*

SOURCE: Bureau of Justice Statistics: Special Report;

US Department of Justice, Washington (DC)

NCJ-154348

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1995

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

This BJS Special Report is the first release of the 1992-93 estimates of
violence against women after an extended effort to improve the
victimization survey\'s ability to measure violence against women. The
survey now asks more explicit and direct questions about sexual assaults
and other victimizations perpetrated by known offenders. Data include
annual number of violent victimizations, rapes, and sexual assaults
against women; number perpetrated by intimates (including husbands,
ex-husbands, boyfriends, and ex-boyfriends); rates for violence by
intimates for women versus rates for men; rates for violence and sexual
assaults by strangers; age and family income of female victims of
violence; and rates of injury.

AUTHOR: Corporate Author

TITLE: *"National Crime" Victimization Survey - Questions and Answers*

*about the Redesign*

SOURCE: Bureau of Justice Statistics: Washington DC

NCJ- 151171

> [www.la.utexas.edu/research/crime_criminaljustice_research/page154.html](http://www.la.utexas.edu/research/crime_criminaljustice_research/page154.html)

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1994

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

The NCVS began in 1973. Participating randomly selected households
(50,000) are surveyed over a three-year period. Survey provides a more
detailed picture of crime and victimization directly from household's
experience. Redesign reflects a fuller picture of family related crimes.
A separate report highlights domestic violence data.

AUTHOR: Rennison, Callie Ph.D.

TITLE: *Violent* *Victimization* *and* *Race1993-98*

SOURCE: Corporate Authors: US, Dept of Justice

Bureau of Justice Statistics

U. S. Publication

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2001

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This report presents incidence estimates and per capita rates of
> violent victimization of whites, blacks, American Indians and Asians
> in 1998, and includes victimization trends for 1993-98. Violent crimes
> included are rape, sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault and
> simple assault (from the National Crime Victimization Survey), and
> homicide (from the FBI92s Uniform Crime Reporting program). Additional
> findings provided include 1993-98 victimization rates by victim
> characteristics (household income, age, marital status, residence, and
> gender), crime characteristics (time and location, presence of
> weapons, injuries and medical treatment), offender relationship, and
> victim-offender race, by victims race. An additional section is
> devoted to the presentation of intimate partner violence findings.
> During the period 1993-98 the rate of violent victimization of whites
> fell 29 percent and of blacks fell *38* percent. Over the same period,
> no measurable change in the victimization rates of American Indians or
> Asians occurred. In each year from 1993-98, black persons were
> victimized at rates significantly greater than those of whites. By
> 1998 black and white persons were victims of overall violent crimes at
> similar rates. In 1998, 110 American Indians, 43 blacks, 38 whites and
> 22 Asians were victims of violence per 1,000 persons age 12 or older
> in each racial.

AUTHOR: Corporate Author: Bureau of Indian Affairs

TITLE: *Child Abuse on North Dakota Reservations and Implementation of
the Indian*

*Child Protection and Family Violence Prevention Act*

SOURCE: Hearing before the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs

103^rd^ Cong., 2^nd^ Session.

United States Technical College, Bismarck, North Dakota

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1994

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> The Discussion of the goals and implements pertaining to the Indian
> Child Protection and family Violence Prevention Act held on Friday,
> June 3, 1994. Committee met, pursuant to notice, at 10:13 a.m. in the
> United States Technical College, Bismarck, North Dakota. Hon. Senator
> Byron L. Dorgan presiding. Feeling the child protection system was
> woefully inadequate, hearing was held to attempt to find out what's
> happening during the present time and what could be done to improve
> conditions concerning the remaining and continuing problems.
> Basically, to reauthorize the Indian Child Protection and Family
> Violence Prevention Act of 1990. Testimony of abuse survivors, tribal
> members, directors of social services and child welfare are given on
> behalf of the act.

AUTHOR: Corporate Author: National Indian Justice Center United States

TITLE: *For All My Relations: Taking Action: Ending Domestic Violence*

*and Child Abuse*

SOURCE: Tribal Leaders Training Session, Tulsa, Oklahoma

NIJC McNear Bldg. 7 Fourth St. Suite 28 Petaluma, CA 94952

NCJ Number: 156462

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: September 22-24, 1993

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This manual presents the agenda and materials for a 1993 training
> program designed to provide the leaders of Native American Indian
> tribes in Oklahoma with information on the problems of domestic
> assault and child abuse, develop deeper understanding of the roles
> that tribal leaders can have in preventing and responding to these
> problems, and to identify ways in which all participants can improve
> the quality of services available in their communities to deal with
> the problems. The training included discussions of the nature and
> extent of domestic violence and child abuse, the dynamics of abuse,
> the criminal justice system response, the roles and responsibilities
> of leaders and public and private agencies, community action programs,
> the identification of community needs, prevention and education
> issues, and treatment issues. Participants also met in small groups to
> begin developing action plans for their communities. Attached research
> and technical assistance reports and media articles.

AUTHOR: Corporate Author: US Dept. of Justice

TITLE: NCJ Number: 186235.

> Sponsoring Agency: US Dept of Justice, National Institute of Justice,
> U.S.

And University of Arizona, Tribal Law and Policy Program, Tucson, AZ

Contract No.: 15911; Grant No.: 96-WT-NX-0006

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 2000

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This report presents the methodology and findings of an impact
> evaluation of Indian tribal programs intended to assist law
> enforcement and prosecution efforts to develop and strengthen
> strategies to combat violent crimes against women, as well as
> strategies for victim services in such cases. In fiscal year 1995, 14
> tribal governments received funding under the Violence Against Women
> Act, designated as STOP (Service, Training, Officers, Prosecutors).
> The evaluation was conducted by using a case study approach. The first
> step of the evaluation involved historical and legal research on each
> tribe, as well as requests for specific information from the 14 tribal
> grantees about their programs. STOP grant progress reports, financial
> records, narrative reports on grant activities, implementation plans,
> and copies of tribal legislative codes, protocols, and policies toward
> violence against Indian women were obtained from the grantees.
> Additionally, a survey was sent to all grantees. The evaluation found
> that the STOP program is making a significant impact on violent crimes
> against Indian women in Native communities. The grants have empowered
> Native communities in the development of community-centered approaches
> as well as tribally specific customs.

AUTHOR: Greenfield, Lawrence A., and Smith, Steven K.,

TITLE: *BJS Statisticians*

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Justice,

Office of Justice Programs:

"Bureau of Justice Statistics: American Indians and Crime." NCJ 173386

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1999

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Report is a compilation of statistics and useful charts relating to
> American Indians and Crime. In 1999, BJS improved NCVS to report
> statistics on victimizations on tribal lands. One in twenty-five
> American Indians over 18 is involved in the criminal justice system.

AUTHOR: Indian Health Service

TITLE: *Indian Women's Health Care Consensus Statement*

SOURCE: Office of Planning, Evaluation, and Legislation, Washington DC

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1991

ABSTRACT SUMMARY

> Indian Women's Health issues converged in 1991 to discuss the major
> health problems facing Indian women today and to develop strategies to
> address these problems. The Indian Health Service (IHS) convened the
> group of experts from the fields of health care, research, tribal
> leadership, and community development to construct a consensus around
> major health problems. The report represents a summary of those
> consensus findings and recommendations of the Indian Women's Health
> Issues Roundtable.

AUTHOR: Corporate Author: Victim Services

TITLE: *Law Enforcement Response to Domestic Violence: A Training
Resource*

SOURCE: U. S. Sponsoring Agency: US Dept of Justice,

Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime United States

North Dakota Council on Abused Women's Services

NCJ Number: *135747*

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1991

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> A training protocol and resource for law enforcement response to
> domestic violence in North Dakota is presented.
>
> This model protocol for law enforcement agencies and guideline for
> other professional groups covers procedures for patrol officers
> regarding on-scene investigation, arrest, post-arrest, victim
> assistance, crime prevention, report writing, continuing
> investigation, training in domestic violence, and evaluation. It
> includes the unique North Dakota State law on domestic violence, the
> Lucke versus Lucke case, a fact sheet on domestic violence in North
> Dakota, and homicide statistics for North Dakota, The most frequently
> asked questions by North Dakota law enforcement officers on domestic
> violence statute are included as well as the tribal codes from three
> tribal nations. Listings of victim/witness assistance programs,
> domestic violence/sexual assault programs, and community response task
> forces in North Dakota are provided. In addition, training video and
> manuals available for loan and other selected information are listed
> with general training resources.

AUTHOR: National Indian Justice Center, U. S.

TITLE: *Strengthening Indian Nations Justice for Victims of Crime in
Indian Country*

SOURCE: Sixth National Conference, San Diego, CA

Contract# *96-MU-GX-K005*: 239725

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1997

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> Volume presents the agenda and presentation summaries, together with
> resource materials providing background information, for a national
> conference held in 1997 to address issues and improve victim services
> for Native American Indians. The conference brought together victims,
> victim advocates, volunteers, prosecutors, judicial and law
> enforcement personnel, social service and mental health professionals,
> and tribal leaders to share their knowledge experiences, and ideas for
> developing programs that serve the needs of victims in Indian country.
> (477 pages)

AUTHOR: Corporate Author: US Dept of Justice

TITLE: *Victim* *Assistance* *in* *Indian* *Country* *Discretionary
Grant* *Program*

SOURCE: Office of Justice Programs, and Office for *Victims* *of*
*Crime* *United* *States.*

*URL:* [http://www.oiii.usdoi.gov/ovcl]{.underline} *Publication* *No.*
*P5000227*

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1998

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> The Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) provides funding directly to
> American Indian tribes to assist in establishing reservation-based
> victim assistance programs in remote areas of Indian Country where
> there are limited or non-existent services for crime victims. Since
> its inception in 1988, the Victim Assistance in Indian Country (VAIC)
> Discretionary Grant Program has touched the lives of many American
> Indians requiring victim assistance services and has stimulated the
> growth of a responsive victim assistance network for American Indians.
> The primary goal of the VAIC program is to create permanent,
> accessible, and responsive victim assistance services on Indian
> reservations with federally recognized tribes governed by Federal
> criminal justice jurisdiction. Approximately 120 tribes qualify for
> VAIC funding. Under the VAIC program, victim assistance may fund a
> number of direct services, including crisis intervention, emergency
> shelter, 24-hour crisis lines, mental health counseling, victim
> advocates, emergency transportation of victims, court advocacy and
> accompaniment, and bilingual counseling services. The Crime Victims
> Fund supports the VAIC program. To date, about 28 percent of OVC
> funding for the VAIC has been used to support child abuse services, 35
> percent to support domestic violence services, *7* percent to support
> sexual assault services, and 30 percent to support services for
> victims of other crimes. The National Indian Justice Center determines
> training and technical assistance needs of tribes receiving VAIC
> funding.

AUTHOR: Corporate Author

TITLE: *Victim* *Assistance* *in* *Indian* *Country* *Guidebook*

SOURCE: National Indian Justice Center, U. S. NCJ Number: 182316

DATE OF

PUBLICATION: 1999

> ABSTRACT SUMMARY
>
> This guidebook is intended as a desk reference for programs of Victim
> Assistance in Indian Country (VAIC) and includes guidelines, forms,
> codes, procedures, and protocols aimed to improve coordination and
> cooperation among VAIC programs as well as State and Federal victim
> assistance programs. The manual discusses the purpose of the
> Department of Justice's Office of Victims of Crime; VAIC programs and
> compliance issues; victim issues and compensation; shelters for
> victims; and tribal codes, procedures, and protocols for addressing
> victim issues; best practices for tribal community outreach and
> examine jurisdictional issues. The text notes that the purpose of VAIC
> is to create permanent, accessible, and responsive victim assistance
> services in Indian country subject to Federal criminal jurisdiction
> where victim services are limited or nonexistent. All VAIC funding is
> solely for the purpose of providing services that respond immediately
> to the emotional and physical needs, excluding medical care, of crime
> victims in Indian country. Examples of services a VAIC program might
> provide include homemaker/parenting services for victims of domestic
> assault, crisis intervention, visiting nurses, child care, Head Start,
> counseling, employment counseling, housing assistance, transportation
> assistance, and traditional counselors.

######### [WORLD WIDE WEB SOURCES]{.underline}

**II.**

## American Indian & Alaska Native Affairs Desk

http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov.aian

Bureau of Indian Affairs

http://doi.gov/bureau-indian-affairs.html

Childhood sexual abuse

A booklet for Fist Nations adult survivors

Victoria (BC Canada): Victoria Women's Sexual Assault Center, Smaona
1992

52p. American Indians and Crime

http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstractlaic.htm

Children's Justice Act Partnerships for Indian Communities

http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/factshts/cjaffact.htm

Children's Justice Act Partnerships for Indian Communities - Addendum
Synopsis of the CJA Programs
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/factshts/cja-add.htm

Deer, Sarah, (Muskogee Creek) University of Kansas, School of Law Home
Page Contains Bibliography of articles and essays pertaining to Violence
against women.

<http://www.home.earthlink.net/~deers/web.html>

### Domestic and Family Violence Resources

> The Tribal Court Clearinghouse - Links and Information on Domestic and
> Family Violence for tribal court personnel, tribal law enforcement
> personnel, domestic violence victim service agency personnel, social
> services personnel, and others in handling domestic violence cases and
> issues.

<http://tribal-institute.org/lists/domestic.html>

Family Violence Prevention Fund

http://www.fvpf.org

HHS: What We Do US

### [**http://www.hhs.gov/about/profile.html**](http://www.hhs.gov/about/profile.html)

Human Services Policy (SP): Special Populations/Domestic Violence

> Department of Health and Human Services online resources related to
> Domestic Violence

<http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/hspother.htm>

In Harms Way: Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment

This report focuses on the effects of domestic violence on children,
including those who are witnesses to this violence and those who also
are being abused or neglected.

http://www.calib.com/nccanch/pubs. /otherpubS/harrnsway.html

Indians "Into Medicine (INMED) Program

University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences

Grand Forks, ND

<http://www.med.und.nodak.edu/>

Justice Information Center (NCJ RS): Victims Native American Victims;

> Victim Assistance in Indian Country Discretionary Grant Program Fact
>
> Sheet---ASCII Text File. Adobe Acrobat File and HTML File
>
> Improving Tribal/Federal Prosecution of Child Sexual Abuse Cases
>
> Through Agency Cooperation - ASCII Text File, Adobe Acrobat File and
> HTML File

Victim Programs To Serve Native Americans - ASCII Text File

<http://www.ncjrs.org/victamer.htm>

National Congress of American Indians

[http://ncai.org](http://ncai.org/)

National Indian Child Welfare Association

http://www.nicwa.org

National Indian Justice Center

[http://www.nijc.indian.com](http://www.nijc.indian.com/)

National Sexual Violence Resource Center:

A Project of the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape

<http://www.nsvrc.org/indian.html>

Native American Research and Training Center (NARTC)

University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ

<http://www.ashsc.arizona.edu/nartc/nartc/html>

National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC)

[http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/american
indian.htm](http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/american indian.htm)

The Native Health Research Database

<http://nhrd.unm.edu/pgaboutsite.html>

The Native American Women's Health Education Resource Center

Lake Andes, SD

[http://www.nativeshop.org](http://www.nativeshop.org/)

Office of Research on Women's Health

Bethesda, MD

> "Women of Color Health Data Book: Adolescents to Seniors" examines the
> role of culture, ethnicity, race, socioeconomic background, geographic
> location, and other social and economic factors as important
> contributors to health status.

<http://www4.od.nih.gov/orwh/orwhpubs.html>

OJP Partnerships Initiatives in Indian Country

http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/aian/pubsl

Partner Violence in Ethnic Minority Families

> Partner violence is a serious problem that cuts across all
> backgrounds. However, research on violence in intimate relationships
> has historically neglected the experiences of many groups, including
> ethnic, religious, and sexual minorities. Written by Carolyn M. West,
> Family Research Laboratory, and University of New Hampshire.

http://www.agnr.umd.edu/nnfr/rescarch/pv_ch7.html

Tribal Court Clearinghouse

[http://www.tribabinstitute.org](http://www.tribabinstitute.org/)

VAWnet Library, a project of the National Resource Center on Domestic
Violence is an online resource for advocates working to end domestic
violence, sexual assault, and other violence in the lives of women and
their children.

http://www.vawnet.org/

Victim Assistance in Indian Country (VAIC) Questions and Answers --March
1998

http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/ovc/factshts/vaic.htm

United States Code: Indian Child Protection and Family Violence
Prevention

<http://www.law.corne1l.edu/uscode/25/ch34.html>

U.S. Public Health Service. Community Health Statistics, 1970-79.
Unpublished reports, Indian Health Service, Crow Agency, Montana.

> Bitter Earth: Child Sexual Abuse in Indian Country \-- Discussion
> Guide -
>
> ASCII Text File, Adobe Acrobat File and HTML File

**[NA]{.underline}TIVE PRESS**

**III.**

AUTHOR/TITLE/SOURCE/DATE

Canedy, Dana

*A Murder Investigation in Florida Pits Prosecutors Against a Tribe and
Its Sovereignty Claims*

Miccosukee Tribe in Florida

NY Times, NY, NY

Jan 14, 2001

Linneman, Bob

*Indian Women's Shelter Gets Grant*

Duluth News-Tribune

Aug. 12, 1999.

Lujan, Carol Chicago,

Women Warriors: American Indian Women, Crime, and Alcohol

7 women & criminal justice 1

1995

McIntyre, M.

*Societal barriers faced by American Indian battered women*

Women of Nations Newsletter, Summer, 1988.

> Community-based AI/AN IPV intervention/prevention programs are based
> on the philosophy that IPV was not a traditional or common occurrence
> prior to European contact 500 years ago and subsequent colonization of
> North and South America

Medicine, Beatrice

*North American Indigenous Women and Cultural Domination*

17 American Indians and their culture

1995

Medicine Crow, J.

*The Effects of European Cultural Contacts upon the Economic, Social,
and Religious Life of the Crow Indians* Unpublished Master's thesis,
University of Southern California.

1939

Murray, Virginia H.

*A Comparative Survey of the Historic Civil Common, and American Indian
Tribal*

*Law Responses to Domestic Violence*

24 Oklahoma City U.L. Rev 433

1998

Newmyer, Jacqueline

*Native Americans' Long Trek Ends: March: Walkers seeking to draw
attention to alcohol abuse and domestic violence finish journey begun in
Los Angeles on Lincoln Memorial's steps*

The Los Angeles Times; Los Angeles, CA

July 11, 2000

Peterka, Jennifer

*Sacred Circle Respond to Abuse: Batterers Learn that Women are Scared*

Indian Country Today

Dec. 21, 1998

Pierpoint, Mary

*Are more native women abused or more reporting abuse?*

Indian Country Today, p. LT3

May 3, 2000

Reina, Edward

*Domestic Violence in Indian Country: A Dilemma of Justice*

Domestic Violence Report, and pg.33.

February/March 2000

Seidman, Carrie

*Challenging the Odds*

Albuquerque Journal, Sept 7, 1997

Testerman, Karen

*High Domestic Violence Rate Shows Need for Shelter*

Indian Country Today Sept 15-22, 1997.

Uttley, Jim

*Christmas in Black and Blue*

Indian Life, Nov/Dec 2001, Vol. 22 Issue 3, p4, 3/4p

> Editorial. Emphasizes the increased incidence of domestic violence in
> the Native Americans of North America in 2001. Months when the rates
> of domestic violence have increased.

Zorza, Joan

*What Can We Learn From Navajo Peacemaking?*

Domestic Violence Report, April/May 2000, pg. 49

##### VIDEOS

**IV.**

Hardin, R. 1981

The Crow Indian People: Health Care.

Videotaped Lecture, Montana State University School of Nursing,
Billings, Montana.

Minnesota Program Development, Inc., Duluth, Minnesota

"The Journey" (half in video). Part I: 30 minute film describing the
struggles of eight American Indian women in ending violence in their
lives.

Minnesota Program Development, Inc., Duluth, Minnesota

"The Journey" (half in video). Part II: A series of discussions
expanding upon the discussion in Part Ito is used in men and women's
education groups for discussing the issues raised in Part I.

Corporate Author: National Assoc of Crime Victim Compensation Boards,
Alexandria, VA. US Dept of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office
for Victims of Crime United States.

F*inancial* *Assistance* *for* *Victims* *of* *Violent* *Crime*

NCJ Number: 146081. Citizen involvement materials. Grant No.:

92-VR-GX-000 1. Color VHS video, 16 minutes

> This video provides information to Native Americans on the nature of
> victim compensation benefits available to victims of violent crime,
> eligibility criteria, and how to apply for the benefits. The video
> first presents a case study of the financial and emotional costs to a
> Native American family of an older family member92s gunshot death. The
> primary financial loss was the cost of the funeral. One family member
> saw information about the victim compensation program on a poster in
> the reservation post office. The family applied to the program and
> received the amount of the funeral costs. In another case, her husband
> stabbed a Native American woman. She received her medical costs from
> the victim compensation board in her jurisdiction. The video advises
> that compensation is provided for victim costs due to physical and
> emotional injuries from a violent crime, but victim losses from
> property crimes are not covered. The director of Washington State92s
> victim compensation program describes that program92s benefits. The
> narrator advises that all Indian reservations have victim compensation
> benefits from which their residents can draw when they become violent.

*Young* *Once* *Indian* *Forever:* *Protecting* *the* *Children* *of*
*Indian* *Country*

NCJ Number: 164621. Publication Date: 1996. VHS videotape, 21 minutes,
color.

> This videotape presents the perspectives of Native American Indians
> who were abused as adults, tribal leaders, tribal justice personnel,
> and social service providers regarding the problems of domestic
> violence and child abuse on Indian reservations, the measures needed
> to address the problem and prevent the abuse of children in the
> future, and exemplary programs and services. The comments emphasize
> the relationships among domestic assault and other problems such as
> alcohol abuse, the lasting impacts on victims, and the potential for
> abused children to become abusers themselves when they become adults.
> The discussion also emphasizes the need to improve training for
> investigators, police, court personnel, teachers, and social workers;
> to ensure collaboration among service providers; and to change laws to
> improve the ways that tribal justice systems address domestic
> violence. Victim assistance programs are described, with emphasis on
> the use of both professionals and volunteers by the Confederated
> Tribes of Warm Springs. Hawaii Senator Daniel Inouye also speaks and
> emphasizes the strong concern native peoples have for their children
> and the need for the involvement of tribal leaders to enact and
> enforce laws. Information about a Federal grant program and telephone
> numbers of National Indian Justice Center and the U.S. Department of
> Justice Office for Victims of Crime

**[SHELTER AND ADVOCACY MATERIALS]{.underline}**

**IIV.**

Domestic Abuse Action Manual. Domestic Abuse Is Not an Indian Tradition

NE-KE-HE-KOK, Keshena, WI: 230 pp. NE-KE-He-KOK; P. O. Box 82, Keshena,
WI 54135

Sacred Circle Cangleska, Inc, South Dakota Coalition Against Domestic
Violence & Sexual Assault (SDADVSA) Domestic Violence Information Packet
722 St. Joseph St. Rapid City, SD 57701

Sacred Circle Cangleska, Inc, South Dakota Coalition Against Domestic
Violence & Sexual Assault (SDADVSA) VIOLENCE AGAINST OGLALA WOMEN IS NOT
LAKOITA TRADITION a 43page handbook 722 St. Joseph St. Rapid City, SD
57701

Sacred Circle Cangleska, Inc, South Dakota Coalition Against Domestic
Violence & Sexual Assault (SDADVSA)

A GUIDE TO HARMONY For Women and Children Living in Shelter 722 St.
Joseph St. Rapid City, SD 57701

######## LOCAL POLICE DEPT. STATISTICS

Domestic Violence Victims by Race in the City of San Diego as reported
by Yvonne Ellen of the San Diego Police Department

Statistics based on victim counts

Total Domestic Violence Cases Reported by year Indian

1994=13,962 28

1995=13,233 31

1996=12,628 34

1997=12,643 39

1998=11,230 31

1999=10,667 29