Introduction to the Course

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**Course Title: Coastal Hazards Management**

**Session Title: Introduction to the Course**

**Author: Anna K. Schwab, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill**

**Time: 20 minutes**

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**Objectives:**

Introduction.1 Student and instructor introductions.

Introduction.2 Understand the objectives of this course and course
content; present course syllabus.

Introduction.3 Understand course format and requirements, and student
responsibilities.

Introduction.4 Present list of Recurring Themes and go over the role of
these themes in the course.

Introduction.5 Provide an overview of student assignments and exercises.

**Scope:**

This session will take place during the first class meeting, in which
the instructor will introduce him/herself to the class, and have the
students introduce themselves to each other. The content and
organization of the course will be presented, along with the syllabus,
course requirements and expectations regarding student performance. The
instructor will also alert students to upcoming assignments, including
presentations and team projects, in addition to the reading assignments
that are expected to be completed before each class meeting. This
session also includes a list of recurring themes that are to be referred
to throughout the course. These themes are intended to encourage the
students to think in a more expansive manner, and to see the
interrelatedness of many of the issues that are raised through lecture
and class activities.

**Reading:**

*Student Reading:*

Coastal Hazards Management Course Syllabus

**Handouts:**

Coastal Hazards Management Course Syllabus

List of Recurring Themes

**General Requirements:**

This session is to be presented as lecture, with a period for student
introductions. Time should also be allotted for questions and comments.

The instructor may wish to distribute note cards to the class during
Objective 1 to record contact and background information from the
students.

The instructor's *Course Syllabus* and list of *Recurring Themes* should
be copied before class, and distributed to the students during this
session. These handouts may be found in Appendices "A" and "B,"
respectively, at the end of this Introduction.

It is expected that this Introduction session will not take an entire
class period to present. When the objectives of this Introduction
session have been met, the instructor may then continue the first class
meeting by launching into Session 1 -- The Indian Ocean Tsunami
Disaster, which is the first substantive session of the course.

######## **Objective 1 Student and instructor introductions**

**Requirements:**

If desired, the instructor may wish to provide note cards for students
to fill out with contact information, etc.

**Remarks:**

During this objective, the instructor will introduce himself/herself to
the class, noting office hours, contact information, etc. The instructor
may also wish to have the students introduce themselves to each other.
Students should give a brief description of their interest in taking the
course, what they hope to learn or accomplish during the semester, as
well as their background prior to enrolling in the class.

The instructor may wish to have students fill out cards that contain
contact information, as well as information regarding the students'
background (courses taken in the past related to natural hazards,
emergency management, coastal processes, etc; relevant training, job
experience, etc.). The instructor may use this information to tailor the
course content -- eliminating or reducing some sessions or expanding on
others \-- depending upon the general makeup of the student body.

**Objective 2 Understand the objectives of this course and course
content; present course syllabus.**

**Requirements:**

If the students do not already have a copy of the Course Syllabus, the
instructor should hand it out now.

This objective should be presented as lecture.

**Remarks:**

**[Course Objectives]{.underline}**

-   This Coastal Hazards Management Course is designed to introduce you,
    the student, to significant issues involved in coastal hazards
    management.

-   The title of the course is actually a misnomer, since the course
    will neither teach you how to manage the "coast" nor how to manage
    "hazards." Rather, this course is intended to introduce you to ways
    in which humans can lessen the severity of the impact of natural
    hazards on our built environment in the coastal zone.

-   This requires a basic understanding of the natural environment of
    the coast, the institutions in place that govern development and
    other human activities in the coastal zone, as well as some of the
    tools and techniques available at the federal, state, regional,
    local and individual levels to mitigate the impacts of coastal
    hazards.

-   The materials that we will cover during this course are intended to
    provide a comprehensive overview of the most pertinent topics that
    face managers and policy-makers today in the coastal regions of the
    United States. While the issues that are presented are complex and
    far-reaching, it is hoped that this class will provide enough depth
    to allow you to obtain a basic understanding of the myriad issues
    involved, and perhaps be inspired to engage in further study.

**[Course Content:]{.underline}**

-   The Coastal Hazards Management Course is divided into 45 "sessions,"
    including an Introduction followed by 44 instructional sessions.
    Sessions are grouped into nine parts according to subject matter.

#### 

-   The Parts of the course build upon each other to first introduce you
    to the context in which coastal hazards occur, and then to introduce
    increasingly detailed means of managing coastal development so as to
    reduce the impacts of natural hazards.

**[Course Content and Outline:]{.underline}**

**Part I, "Introduction,"** includes this orientation to the course.
Part I will also provide a frame of reference for the course, by
introducing the Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster of December 24, 2004. Part
I consists of the Introduction and Session 1:

> **Introduction. Introduction to the Course and Syllabus**
>
> **Session 1**. **The Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster**

**Part II, "The Nature of the Coast,"** helps set the stage for the
remainder of the course by introducing the students to various types of
coastlines and coastal environments. Because the students are not
necessarily expected to have a background in coastal ecology or biology,
the lectures in Part II are very basic, focusing on conveying general
principles and key features of the coastal zone. This background
information is essential to a broader understanding of the role of human
beings in managing the coastal zone, and in particular, the natural
hazards that are unique to the coastal zone, as discussed throughout the
remainder of the course. The nature of the coast is presented in four
sessions:

> **Session 2.** **Rocky Shores**
>
> **Session 3. Sandy Shores and Barrier Islands**
>
> **Session 4. Estuarine Ecosystems**
>
> **Session 5. Coral Reefs**

**Part III, "Natural Hazards,"** continues to provide context for the
students, by contributing to the students' general understanding of the
coast, coastal processes, and the natural systems that shape the coastal
zone. This Part begins by explaining the difference between hazards and
disasters (there is no such thing as a "natural disaster"), and then
goes on to give more detailed information regarding certain types of
hazards that occur in the coastal zone. The material in this Part is
presented in five sessions:

**Session 6. Coastal Hazards I**

**Session 7. Coastal Hazards II**

**Session 8. Meteorological Hazards**

**Session 9. Geological Hazards**

**Session 10. Sea Level Rise**

The natural environment (the physical coast and natural hazards) are, of
course, key elements of our discussion. However, another key element is
human beings, and their activities in the coastal zone. The purpose of
**Part IV, "The Human Coast,"** is to explore the presence of human
beings in the coastal zone, including population trends, settlement
patterns, economic activity, institutions, governance, and management of
development. Technological and human-induced hazards, both of which are
products of human activity, are also discussed in this Part.

**Session 11. The Human Coast**

**Session 12. Governance of the Coast**

> **Session 13. Governance of the Coast: Institutions, Policy and
> Jurisdictions**
>
> **Session 14. Technological Hazards**
>
> **Session 15. Biological and Anthropogenic Coastal Hazards**

In **Part V, "Disasters,"** the students are introduced to the concept
of disasters, that is, disasters are not the result of natural hazards
alone, but occur only when natural hazards intersect with the built
environment, particularly when the built environment consists of poorly
designed, located, or constructed development. The point of this Part is
to show that natural hazards cannot be managed, but characteristics of
the built environment can, and should be managed to reduce the impact of
natural hazards. Part V consists of case studies of disasters emanating
from major natural hazard events.

> **Session 16. Hazards; Disasters; Causes; Effects**

**Session 17. Disaster Case Studies**

**Session 18. Disaster Case Studies**

**Session 19. Disaster Case Studies**

The purpose of **Part VI, "Values and Mitigation,"** is to gain an
understanding of the competing values involved in the management of
coastal development, and some of the alternative perspectives of urban
development where these values may be applied. This Part also includes
an introduction to the concept of mitigation, from which the remainder
of the course will flow. Part VI will conclude with a Midterm Exam,
which should serve as a culmination of the concepts in coastal hazards
management that have been discussed thus far in the course.

> **Session 20: Ethical Dimensions of Coastal Hazards Management**
>
> **Session 21: Competing Values in Coastal Hazards Management**
>
> **Sessions 22 & 23: Growth Management**
>
> **Session 24: Mitigation Defined**
>
> **Session 25: Presentations of Midterm Papers and Class Discussion**

Now that we have established a sound foundation of the issues involved
in coastal hazards management, we can continue our discussion by
considering the types of strategies and policies that can be implemented
to lessen the impacts of natural hazards in the coastal zone. **Part
VII, "Managing the Coast to Make It Less Vulnerable to the Impacts of
Natural Hazards,"** will take us through the second half of the course,
with an emphasis on the institutions, tools and techniques, programs and
projects that can be used to pursue a mitigation ethic.

> **Session 26: Coastal Hazards Management Framework**
>
> **Session 27: Coastal Hazards Management Framework II**
>
> **Session 28: Federal Policy I: The Role of Federal Policy; National
> Environmental Protection Act; Clean Water Act**
>
> **Session 29: Federal Coastal Policy II: Coastal Zone Management Act;
> Coastal Barrier Resources Act**
>
> **Session 30: Federal Policy III: Internal Revenue Code; US Army Corps
> of Engineers; Federal Land Ownership.**
>
> **Session 31: FEMA Programs**
>
> **Session 32: FEMA Programs II**
>
> **Session 33: State Policy I**
>
> **Session 34: State Policy II**
>
> **Session 35: Local Policy I**
>
> **Session 36: Local Policy II**

In **Part VIII, "Hazard Mitigation Planning,"** the objective is to
learn how to formulate a plan to put the values, the concepts, the
strategies and the policies together to bring about a more resilient
coastal zone. This Part involves active student learning, with team
projects designed to teach the students the basics of the mitigation
planning process.

> **Session 37: Hazard Mitigation Planning I**
>
> **Session 38: Hazard Mitigation Planning II**
>
> **Session 39: Hazard Mitigation Planning III**
>
> **Session 40: Hazard Mitigation Planning IV**
>
> **Session 41: Hazard Mitigation Planning V**
>
> **Session 42: Hazard Mitigation Planning VI**
>
> **Session 43: Hazard Mitigation Planning VII**

**Part IX** serves as a period of **"Conclusions and Reflection,"** at
which time the instructor and students together may consider the lessons
learned over the course of the semester, discuss some of the issues that
are remaining, and reflect upon the future of our coast, as the next
generation prepares to assume responsibility for managing our nation's
coastal areas.

**Session 44: Conclusions and Reflection**

**Objective 3** **Understand course format and requirements, and student
responsibilities.**

**Requirements:**

This Objective should be presented as lecture, with reference to the
Course Syllabus.

**Remarks:**

-   During this course, information that is to form a basis of
    understanding of the major issues will be presented in the form of
    lecture, supplemented by PowerPoint presentations during each
    session.

-   An emphasis is placed on student participation and class discussion
    in the fashion of a seminar. In every class session, each member of
    the class is responsible for conscientiously preparing for class by
    reading the assigned material and actively participating in class
    discussions. A portion of the student's grade will be based on the
    level of participation during class.

-   Several class sessions will consist of assigned student
    presentations, followed by a period of questions and comments posed
    by the rest of the class with response from the presenters.

-   Each session includes assigned readings that students are expected
    to review before class. The readings are very important, and will
    serve as the basis for in-class participation and discussion.

    -   Most sessions also contain additional readings that allow
        further exploration of the topics to be covered during those
        sessions. Each session includes assigned and optional readings
        to allow both students and instructor prepare for class.

    -   Reading material is taken largely from academic literature,
        including articles, periodicals, books, and other publications.
        Reading material was selected with the requirement that it be
        readily accessible in a typical college library. Assigned
        readings from Websites or government documents are included when
        they are the most appropriate material for the topic covered.

-   Numerous readings are taken from the following books, which you may
    wish to purchase for your personal use during the course:

```{=html}
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```
-   *An Introduction to Coastal Zone Management* by Timothy Beatley,
    David Brower, and Anna Schwab, published by Island Press in 2002 and

-   *Cooperating With Nature: Confronting Natural Hazards With Land-Use
    Planning for Sustainable Communities* published by Joseph Henry
    Press in 1998.

**Objective 4 Present list of Recurring Themes and go over the role of
these themes in the course.**

**Requirements:**

If the students do not already have a copy of the Recurring Themes
Handout, the instructor should distribute it now.

This Objective should be presented as lecture.

**Remarks:**

**[List of Recurring Themes]{.underline}**

-   This list of recurring themes will be referred to throughout the
    course, and will be woven into many of the lectures and discussions
    that we will have this semester.

-   These themes are intended to encourage you to think in a more
    expansive manner, and to see the interrelatedness of many of the
    issues that are raised through lecture and class activities. You are
    expected to raise these and similar issues as they occur during our
    class discussions.

-   You are encouraged to add to this list if you find issues that
    relevant to one or more of the topics we will cover during the
    sessions.

**Objective 5 Provide an overview of student assignments and
exercises.**

**Requirements:**

This Objective refers to item #4 on the Course Syllabus.

The instructor may wish to make available the instructions for the
assignments at this time as well. The instructions are found in the
Requirements sections of the sessions during which the student
presentations will be made.

**Remarks:**

The following sessions include assignments for presentations that the
students are expected to prepare before the session. Please refer to the
Requirements section of the respective session for details regarding the
assignments.

Session 25: Midterm Paper and short presentation due

Session 28: Student Presentations (federal programs)

Session 29: Student Presentations (federal programs)

Session 30: Student Presentations (federal programs)

Session 38: Student Group Presentation (mitigation planning)

Session 39: Student Group Presentation (mitigation planning)

Session 40: Student Group Presentation (mitigation planning)

Session 41: Student Group Presentation (mitigation planning)

Session 42: Student Group Presentation (mitigation planning)

Session 43: Student Group Presentation (mitigation planning)

**APPENDIX A**

**Coastal Hazards Management**

**Course Syllabus**

**[1. Course Objectives]{.underline}**

This Coastal Hazards Management Course is designed to introduce students
to significant issues involved in coastal hazards management. The title
of the course is actually a misnomer, since the course will neither
teach you how to manage the "coast" nor how to manage "hazards." Rather,
this course is intended to introduce you to ways in which humans can
lessen the severity of the impact of natural hazards on our built
environment in the coastal zone. This requires a basic understanding of
the natural environment of the coast, the institutions in place that
govern development and other human activities in the coastal zone, as
well as some of the tools and techniques available at the federal,
state, regional, local and individual levels to mitigate the impacts of
coastal hazards.

**[2. Course Format]{.underline}**

Information that is to form a basis of understanding of the major issues
that are the subject matter of this course will be presented in the form
of lecture, supplemented by PowerPoint presentations during each
session. An emphasis is placed on student participation and class
discussion in the fashion of a seminar. In every class session, each
member of the class is responsible for conscientiously preparing for
class by reading the assigned material and actively participating in
class discussions. A portion of the student's grade will be based on the
level of participation during class. Several class sessions will consist
of assigned student presentations, followed by a period of questions and
comments posed by the rest of the class with response from the
presenters.

**[3. Summary Course Outline]{.underline}**

The course is divided into nine parts. Within each part, sessions build
a cumulative base of knowledge that can be drawn upon in managing
coastal areas to make them less vulnerable to the impacts of coastal
hazards.

**Part I Introduction**

> Introduction. Introduction to the Course and Syllabus
>
> Session 1. The Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster

######## **Part II The Nature of the Coast**

> Session 2. Rocky Shores
>
> Session 3. Sandy Shores and Barrier Islands
>
> Session 4. Estuarine Ecosystems
>
> Session 5. Coral Reefs

**Part III Natural Hazards**

Session 6. Coastal Hazards I

Session 7. Coastal Hazards II

Session 8. Meteorological Hazards

Session 9. Geological Hazards

Session 10. Sea Level Rise

######## **Part IV The Human Coast**

Session 11. The Human Coast

Session 12. Governance of the Coast

> Session 13. Governance of the Coast: Institutions, Policy and
> Jurisdictions
>
> Session 14. Technological Hazards
>
> Session 15. Biological and Anthropogenic Coastal Hazards

**Part V Disasters**

> Session 16. Hazards; Disasters; Causes; Effects

Session 17. Disaster Case Studies

Session 18. Disaster Case Studies

Session 19. Disaster Case Studies

######## **Part VI Values and Mitigation**

> Session 20: Ethical Dimensions of Coastal Hazards Management
>
> Session 21: Competing Values in Coastal Hazards Management
>
> Sessions 22 & 23: Growth Management
>
> Session 24: Mitigation Defined
>
> Session 25: Presentations of Midterm Papers and Class Discussion

**Part VII Managing the Coast to Make It Less Vulnerable to the Impacts
of Natural Hazards**

> Session 26: Coastal Hazards Management Framework
>
> Session 27: Coastal Hazards Management Framework II
>
> Session 28: Federal Policy I: The Role of Federal Policy; National
> Environmental Protection Act; Clean Water Act
>
> Session 29: Federal Coastal Policy II: Coastal Zone Management Act;
> Coastal Barrier Resources Act
>
> Session 30: Federal Policy III: Internal Revenue Code; S Army Corps of
> Engineers; Federal Land Ownership.
>
> Session 31: FEMA Programs
>
> Session 32: FEMA Programs II
>
> Session 33: State Policy I
>
> Session 34: State Policy II
>
> Session 35: Local Policy I
>
> Session 36: Local Policy II

######## **Part VIII Hazard Mitigation Planning**

> Session 37: Hazard Mitigation Planning I
>
> Session 38: Hazard Mitigation Planning II
>
> Session 39: Hazard Mitigation Planning III
>
> Session 40: Hazard Mitigation Planning IV
>
> Session 41: Hazard Mitigation Planning V
>
> Session 42: Hazard Mitigation Planning VI
>
> Session 43: Hazard Mitigation Planning VII

**Part IX Conclusions and Reflection**

Session 44: Conclusions and Reflection

**[4. Student Assignments]{.underline}**

The following sessions include assignments that the students are
expected to prepare before the session. Please refer to the Requirements
section of the respective session for details regarding the assignments.

Session 25: Midterm Paper and short presentation due

Session 28: Student Presentations (federal programs)

Session 29: Student Presentations (federal programs)

Session 30: Student Presentations (federal programs)

Session 38: Student Group Presentation (mitigation planning)

Session 39: Student Group Presentation (mitigation planning)

Session 40: Student Group Presentation (mitigation planning)

Session 41: Student Group Presentation (mitigation planning)

Session 42: Student Group Presentation (mitigation planning)

Session 43: Student Group Presentation (mitigation planning)

**[5. Required Readings]{.underline}**

Each session includes assigned readings that students are expected to
review before class. The readings are very important, and will serve as
the basis for in-class participation and discussion. Most sessions also
contain additional readings that allow further exploration of the topics
to be covered during those sessions.

Several reading assignments will be taken from the following books, and
it is suggested that you purchase these texts for your personal use:

Beatley, Timothy, David J. Brower and Anna K. Schwab. 2002. *An
Introduction to Coastal Zone Management*. Washington, D.C.: Island
Press.

Burby, Raymond J., ed. 1998. *Cooperating With Nature: Confronting
Natural Hazards With Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Communities*.
Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press.

**[6. Class Schedule and Reading Assignments]{.underline}**

######## PART I: INTRODUCTION

Part I includes an orientation to the course. Part I also provides a
frame of reference for the course, by introducing the Indian Ocean
Tsunami Disaster of December 24, 2004.

######## **[Introduction & Syllabus]{.underline}**

*Readings:*

Coastal Hazards Management Course Syllabus

**[Session 1: The Indian Ocean Tsunami Disaster]{.underline}**

*Required Instructor and Student Reading:*

Watch the PBS video "Wave That Shook the World", which aired on March
29, 2005 and/or visit the website:
[www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tsunami](http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tsunami) to
read the transcript, find links and book references, and more tsunami
information.

National Science Foundation. 2005. A Special Report: After the Tsunami.

<http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/tsunami>

*Additional Background Reading:*

Abbott, P.L. 1996. *Natural Disasters*. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown
Publishers, pp. 339-348.

Alexander, Grant. 1993. *Natural Disasters*. New York, NY: Chapman &
Hall, Inc., pp. 80-90

BAPPENAS. 2005. Indonesia: Preliminary Damage and Loss Assessment The
December 26, 2004 Natural Disaster.
<http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Tsunami/damage-assessment.pdf>

Bolt, B.A., W.L. Horn, G.A. Macdonald, and R.F. Scott. 1977. *Geological
Hazards:*

> *Earthquakes -- Tsunamis -- Volcanoes -- Avalanches -- Landslides --
> Floods, 2^nd^ ed.* NY, NY: Springer-Verlag, Chapter 3, pp. 132-147:
> "Hazards from Tsunamis;" Chapter 7.

Liu, P., P. Lynett, B. Jaffe, R. Morton, H. Fritz, B. Higman, J. Goff,
and C. Synolakis. June 10, 2005. "Observations by the International
Tsunami Survey Team in Sri Lanka." *Science*. 308 (1595).

Lorca, E. and M. Recabarren. *Earthquakes and Tsunamis: High School Text
Book*. Chapters 1-4.

<http://www.igf.fuw.edu.pl/kolo_naukowe/czytaj_pliki/tsunami/tsunami.html>

Prager, E. 1999. *Furious Earth: The Science and Nature of Earthquakes,
Volcanoes, and Tsunamis*. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Proceedings of the 1^st^ International Coordination Meeting for the
Development of a Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System for the Indian
Ocean within a Global Framework. March, 2005.
<http://ioc.unesco.org/indotsunami/paris_march05.htm>

Robinson, Andrew. 1993. *Earthshock: Hurricanes, Volcanoes, Earthquakes,
Tornadoes and Other Forces of Nature.* London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.,
Chapter 6 pp. 153-186: "Floods, Dambursts and Tsunamis."

United States Agency of International Development (USAID).
*Reconstruction Update*. June, 2005.

> <http://www.usaid.gov/locations/asia_near_east/tsunami/pdf/tsunami_update_060805.pdf>

United States Congressional Research Service. 2005. *Tsunamis:
Monitoring, Detection, and Early Warning Systems*.
<http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/RL32739.pdf>

United States White House. 2005. "Fact Sheet: Continuing Support for
Tsunami Relief".

<http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/02/print/20050209-20.html>

######## PART II: THE NATURE OF THE COAST

Part II helps set the stage for the remainder of the course by
introducing the various types of coastlines and coastal environments.
This background information is essential to a broader understanding of
the role of human beings in managing the coastal zone, and in
particular, the natural hazards that are unique to the coastal zone, as
discussed throughout the remainder of the course. The nature of the
coast is presented in four sessions:

**[Session 2: Rocky Shores]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings*:

Bertness, M.D. 1999. *The Ecology of Atlantic Shorelines*. Sunderland,
MA: Sinauer, pp. 1-36, Chapter 1: "The Setting."

Bertness, M.D. 1999. *The Ecology of Atlantic Shorelines*. Sunderland,
MA: Sinauer, pp. 177-248, Chapter 5: "Rocky Shores."

*Additional Background Reading*:

Peterson, C.H. et al. 2003. "Long-term ecosystem responses to the Exxon
Valdez oil spill." *Science* 302: 2082-2086.

Menge, B. A. and G.M. Branch. 2001. "Rocky intertidal communities" in
M.D. Bertness, M.E. Hay, and S.D. Gaines (eds.) *Marine Community
Ecology*. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 221-251.

Castilla, J.C. 1999. "Coastal marine communities: Trends and
perspectives from human-exclusion experiments." *Trends in Ecology and
Evolution* 14:280-283.

####### **[Session 3: Sandy Shores and Barrier Islands]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Reading:*

Bertness, M.D. 1999. *The Ecology of Atlantic Shorelines*. Sunderland,
MA: Sinauer, pp. 8-10; 301-311.

*Additional Background Reading:*

Pethick, J.P. 1986. *An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology*. MA:
Edward Arnold.

Kaufman, W. and O.H. Pilkey Jr. 1983 . *The Beaches Are Moving: The
Drowning of America's Shoreline.* Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

######## **[Session 4: Estuarine Ecosystems]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Reading:*

> Bertness, M.D. 1999. *The Ecology of Atlantic Shorelines*. Sunderland,
> MA: Sinauer.
>
> "Chapter 7: Salt Marsh Communities," pp. 313-375.
>
> *Additional Background Reading:*

Williams, S.L. and K.L. Heck, Jr. 2001. "Sea Grass Community Ecology."
In M.D. Bertness, M.E. Hay, and S.D. Gaines, Eds. Marine Community
Ecology. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 317-337

Lenihan, H.S. and F. Micheli. 2001. "Soft-Sediment Communities." In M.D.
Bertness.,

M.E. Hay, and S.D. Gaines, Eds. Marine Community Ecology. Sunderland,
MA: Sinauer, pp. 253-287.

**[Session 5: Coral Reefs]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Reading:*

Knowlton, N. 2001. "The future of coral reefs." *PNAS* 98:5419-5425.

Knowlton, N.K. and J.B.C. Jackson. 2001. "The Ecology of Coral Reefs."
In M.D. Bertness, M.E. Hay, and S.D. Gaines, Eds*. Marine Community
Ecology*. Sinauer: Sunderland, MA, pp. 395-422.

*Additional Background Reading:*

Aronson, R.B. and W.F. Precht. 2001. "Evolutionary Paleoecology of
Caribbean Coral Reefs." In W.D. Allmon and D.J. Bottjer, Eds.
*Evolutionary Paleoecology: The Ecological Context of Macroevolutionary
Change*. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, pp. 171-233.

Edmunds P.J., and R.C. Carpenter. 2001. "Recovery of Diadema reduces
macroalgal cover and increases abundance of juvenile corals on a
Caribbean reef." *Procedures of the National Academy of Science USA*,
98:5067-5071.

Ellison, A.M. and E.J. Farnsworth. 2001. "Mangrove Communities." In M.D,
Bertness, M.E. Hay, and S.D. Gaines, Eds. *Marine Community Ecology*.
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 423-442.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1999. "Climate change coral bleaching and the future
of the world's coral reefs." Aust. J. *Freshwater and Marine Biology*
50: 839-866.

Hubbard, D.K. 1997. "Reefs as dynamic systems." In C. Birkeland, Ed.
*Life and Death of Coral Reefs*. New York, NY: Chapman and Hall, pp.
43-67.

Jackson, J.B.C. 2001. "Reefs since Columbus." *Coral Reefs* 16:23-32.

Richardson, L.L. 1998. "Coral diseases: what is really known?" *TREE*
13:438-443.

Szmant, A.M. 2001. "Why are coral reefs world-wide becoming overgrown by
algae?" *Coral Reefs* 19:299-302.

Williams, S.L. and Heck, K.L. "Seagrass Community Ecology." In M.D.
Bertness, M.E. Hay, and S.D. Gaines, Eds. *Marine Community Ecology*.
Sunderland, MA: Sinauer, pp. 317-337.

######## PART III: NATURAL HAZARDS

Part III continues to provide context for the course, by contributing to
the general understanding of the coast, coastal processes, and the
natural systems that shape the coastal zone. This Part begins by
explaining the difference between hazards and disasters (there is no
such thing as a "natural disaster"), and then goes on to give more
detailed information regarding certain types of hazards that occur in
the coastal zone. The material in this Part is presented in five
sessions:

######## **[Session 6: Coastal Hazards I]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings (for Sessions 6 & 7):*

Abbott, P.L. 1996. *Natural Disasters*. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown
Publishers, pp. 278-285: "Hurricanes;" pp. 293-320: "Floods;" pp.
321-38: "Coastal Erosion;" and pp. 339-348: "Tsunami."

Alexander, Grant. 1993. *Natural Disasters*. New York, NY: Chapman &
Hall, Inc., pp. 80-90: "Tsunami;" pp. 120-144: "Floods;" pp. 154-170:
"Hurricanes;" pp. 287-296: "Coastal Erosion"

Bolt, B.A., W.L. Horn, G.A. Macdonald, and R.F. Scott. 1977. *Geological
Hazards:*

> *Earthquakes -- Tsunamis -- Volcanoes -- Avalanches -- Landslides --
> Floods, 2^nd^ ed.* New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, Chapter 3, pp.
> 132-147: "Hazards from Tsunamis;" Chapter 7, pp. 232-282: "Hazards
> from Floods."

Robinson, Andrew. 1993. *Earthshock: Hurricanes, Volcanoes, Earthquakes,
Tornadoes and Other Forces of Nature.* London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.,
pp. 117-136: "Hurricanes;" Chapter 6 pp. 153-186: "Floods, Dambursts and
Tsunamis."

*Additional Background Reading (for Sessions 6 & 7):*

Kauffman, W. and O.R. Pilkey, 1979. *Beaches are Moving*. Doubleday
Press.

Miller, E.Willard and Ruby M. Miller. 2000. *Natural Disasters:*
*Floods, A Reference Handbook.* Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, pp.
1-2: "Origin of a Flood;" and pp. 23-46: "Types of Floods."

National Research Council. 1990. *Managing Coastal Erosion*. Washington,
D.C.: National Academy Press, pp. 20-43: "Coastal Erosion: Its Causes,
Effects, and Distribution."

Neighbor, R.J. 2003. *Subsidence in the Greater Houston Area -- Past,
Present, and Future*. CIGMAT-2003 Conference and Exhibition Proceedings:
http://www2.egr.uh.edu/\~civeb1/CIGMAT/03_present/5.pdf

Simpson and Riehl. 1981. *The Hurricane and Its Impact*. Baton Rouge,
LA: Louisiana State University Press, Part IV, pp.191 -- 270: "The
Hurricane Impact."

The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment.
2000. *Evaluation of Erosion Hazards*. Prepared for the Federal
Emergency Management Agency. Contract EMW-97-CO-035.
[http://www.heinzcenter.org](http://www.heinzcenter.org/).

######## **[Session 7: Coastal Hazards II]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings (for Sessions 6 & 7):*

Abbott, P.L. 1996. *Natural Disasters*. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown
Publishers, pp. 278-285: "Hurricanes;" pp. 293-320: "Floods;" pp.
321-38: "Coastal Erosion;" and pp. 339-348: "Tsunami."

Alexander, Grant. 1993. *Natural Disasters*. New York, NY: Chapman &
Hall, Inc., pp. 80-90: "Tsunami;" pp. 120-144: "Floods;" pp. 154-170:
"Hurricanes;" pp. 287-296: "Coastal Erosion"

Bolt, B.A., W.L. Horn, G.A. Macdonald, and R.F. Scott. 1977. *Geological
Hazards:*

> *Earthquakes -- Tsunamis -- Volcanoes -- Avalanches -- Landslides --
> Floods, 2^nd^ ed.* New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, Chapter 3, pp.
> 132-147: "Hazards from Tsunamis;" Chapter 7, pp. 232-282: "Hazards
> from Floods."

Robinson, Andrew. 1993. *Earthshock: Hurricanes, Volcanoes, Earthquakes,
Tornadoes and Other Forces of Nature.* London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.,
pp. 117-136: "Hurricanes;" Chapter 6 pp. 153-186: "Floods, Dambursts and
Tsunamis."

*Additional Background Reading (for Sessions 6 & 7):*

Kauffman, W. and O.R. Pilkey, 1979. *Beaches are Moving*. Doubleday
Press.

Miller, E.Willard and Ruby M. Miller. 2000. *Natural Disasters:*
*Floods, A Reference Handbook.* Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, pp.
1-2: "Origin of a Flood;" and pp. 23-46: "Types of Floods."

National Research Council. 1990. *Managing Coastal Erosion*. Washington,
D.C.: National Academy Press, pp. 20-43: "Coastal Erosion: Its Causes,
Effects, and Distribution."

Simpson and Riehl. 1981. *The Hurricane and Its Impact*. Baton Rouge,
LA: Louisiana State University Press, Part IV, pp.191 -- 270: "The
Hurricane Impact."

The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment.
2000. *Evaluation of Erosion Hazards*. Prepared for the Federal
Emergency Management Agency. Contract EMW-97-CO-035.
[http://www.heinzcenter.org](http://www.heinzcenter.org/).

######## **[Session 8: Meteorological Hazards]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Reading:*

Abbott, P.L. 1996. *Natural Disasters*. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown
Publishers. Pp. 258-263: "Weather Principles," pp. 266-272:
"Thunderstorms," pp. 273-277: "Tornadoes," pp. 287-292: "Drought,"
Pp.349-370: "Fire".

Reynolds, Ross. 2003. *Weather Rage.* New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Pp. 1 -- 16:

> "Chapter 1: Wind, cloud, rain and blizzard," pp. 67-88: "Chapter 4:
> Lightning, thunder, torrent and fire," pp. 89-110: "Chapter 5:
> Tornadoes."

*Additional Background Reading:*

Alexander, Grant. 1993. *Natural Disasters.* New York, NY: Chapman &
Hall, Inc. Pp. 144-153: "Drought," pp. 170-182: "Tornadoes," pp.183-185:
"Lightning and Hailstorms," pp. 201-207: "Snow as a hazard to the urban
system and Frost hazards," pp. 296-304: "Wildfire."

Battan, L.J. 1964. *The Thunderstorm*. New York, NY: Signet, The New
American Library of World Literature, Inc.

Eagleman, J.R. 1983. *Severe and Unusual Weather*. New York, NY: Van
Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc. Pp. 32-49: "Blizzards," pp. 54-91:
"Severe Thunderstorms," pp. 92- 113: "Tornadoes," pp. 114-136:
"Lightning," pp.137-161: "Hail," pp. 350-353 and 354-355: "Human
Response to Severe and Unusual Weather."

Grazulis, T.P. 2001. *The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm.* Norman,
OK: University of Oklahoma Press.

Oliver, J.E. and J.J. Hidore. 2002. *Climatology: An Atmospheric
Science, 2^nd^ ed*. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Pp.
164 --168: "Thunderstorms," pp. 168-175: "Tornadoes," pp. 176-177:
"Drought."

Robinson, Andrew. 1993. *Earthshock: Hurricanes, Volcanoes, Earthquakes,
Tornadoes and Other Forces of Nature.* London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
pp. 117-118: "Thunderstorms," pp. 135-145: "Tornadoes," pp. 145- 152:
"Lightning," pp. 199-211: "Drought," pp. 211-213: "Wildfire."

Rosenberg, N.J. 1978. *North American Droughts*. Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press.

American Association for the Advancement of Science Selected Symposia
Series.

Tannehill, I.R. 1947. *Drought: Its Causes and Effects*. Princeton, New
Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Viemeister, P.E. 1961. *The Lightning Book*. Garden City, NY: Doubleday
& Company, Inc. Pp. 73-136: "Part Two, Origin and Character of
Lightning."

######## **[Session 9: Geological Hazards]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Reading:*

Abbott, P.L. 1996. *Natural Disasters.* Dubuque, IA:Wm. C. Brown
Publishers. Pp. 45-57, 61-73, 124-126: "Earthquakes," pp.153-188:
"Volcanoes," pp. 191-227: "Landslides and Subsidence," pp. 314-315:
"Dam."

*Additional Background Reading:*

Alexander, Grant. 1993. *Natural Disasters.* New York, NY: Chapman &
Hall, Inc. Pp. 41-111 "Earthquakes and Volcanoes," pp. 242-286:
"Landslides and Subsidence," pp. 356-368: "Dam disasters."

Bolt, B.A., W.L. Horn, G.A. Macdonald, R.F. Scott. 1977. *Geological
Hazards, 2^nd^ ed.* New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. Pp. 1-62: "Hazards
from Earthquakes," pp. 63-131: "Hazards from Volcanoes," pp. 148-197:
"Hazards from Landslides," pp. 198-220: "Hazards from Ground
Subsidence."

Evans, S.G. and J.V. DeGraff. 2002. *Catastrophic Landslides : Effects,
Occurrence, and*

*Mechanisms.* Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America.

Francis, Peter. 2004. *Volcanoes, 2^nd^ ed*. Oxford: Oxford University
Press.

Hallowell, Christopher. 2001. *Holding Back The Sea: The Struggle for
America\'s Natural Legacy on the Gulf Coast.* New York:  HarperCollins
Publishers.

McGuire, Bill. 2002. *Raging Planet: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and the
Tectonic Threat to Life on Earth.* Hauppauge, NY: Barron\'s Publishing.

Robinson, Andrew. 2002. *Earthshock: Hurricanes, Volcanoes, Earthquakes,
Tornadoes and Other Forces of Nature, 2nd ed.* London: Thames and Hudson
Ltd. pp. 47-80: "Earthquakes," pp. 81-116: "Volcanoes."

######## **[Session 10: Sea Level Rise]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Required Reading:*

Oliver, J.E. and J.J. Hidore. 2002. *Climatology: An Atmospheric
Science, 2^nd^ ed*. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Pp.
260-279: "Reconstructing the Past", pp. 280-294: "Natural Causes of
Climatic Change", pp. 295-310: "The Warming of the Planet Earth", pp.
312-339: "The Human Response to Climate".

Senators John McCain and Joe Lieberman and Mr. Fred Krupp**.** June 17,
2004 1:30:00 PM ET.

*The Heat Is On: A National Town Meeting on Global Warming*.
Environmental Defense Fund. Washington, DC.

-   (*The transcript is downloadable at the following world wide web
    address:
    <http://www.environmentaldefense.org/documents/3818_webcast_transcript.pdf>*

```{=html}
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```
-   *The video recording of the live meeting can be accessed at the
    following world wide web address:
    <http://www.vodium.com/MediapodLibrary/index.asp?library=envdef_undoit&SessionArgs=0A1U0000000100000110>*
    (*60 minutes*).)

Titus, J.T. 1998. Rising Seas, Coastal Erosion, and the Takings Clause:
How to Save Wetlands and Beaches Without Hurting Property Owners.
Sections I and II. *Maryland Law Review*. Vol. 57(4), 1279-1333.

-   (*This document is downloadable at the following world wide web
    address:
    <http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/ResourceCenterPublicationsSLRTakings.html>)*

*Additional Background Reading:*

Abbott, P.L. 1996. *Natural Disasters.* Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown
Publishers. Pp. 232-257: "Climate Change".

Douglas, B.C., M.S. Kearney, and S.T. Leatherman. 2001. *Sea Level Rise:
History and*

> *Consequences.* San Diego, California: Academic Press. Pp. 1-10: "An
> Introduction to Sea Level", pp. 13-33: " Late Holocene Sea Level
> Variations", pp. 165-179: "Decadal Variability of Sea Level", pp.
> 181-220: "Social and Economic Costs of Sea Level Rise".

Feldman, D.L. 1994. *Global Climate Change and Public Policy.* Chicago,
IL: Nelson-Hall Inc. Pp. 1-19: "Adapting to Climate Change: Costs,
Benefits, and Risks in Preparing for an Uncertain Future".

Markandya, A. and K. Halsnaes. 2002. *Climate Change and Sustainable
Development:*

> *Prospects for Developing Countries.* London, UK: Earthscan
> Publications Ltd. Pp. 49-72. "A Review of the Literature on Climate
> Change and Sustainable Development".

Robinson, Andrew. 2002. *Earthshock: Hurricanes, Volcanoes, Earthquakes,
Tornadoes and Other Forces of Nature, 2nd ed.* London: Thames and Hudson
Ltd. pp.259-295: "Global Climatic Change".

Titus, J.T. 1998. Rising Seas, Coastal Erosion, and the Takings Clause:
How to Save Wetlands and Beaches Without Hurting Property Owners.
Maryland Law Review. Vol. 57(4), 1279-1391.

Viles, H. and T. Spencer. 1995. *Coastal Problems: Geomorphology,
Ecology, and Society at the Coast.* New York, NY: Oxford University
Press Inc. Pp. 156-205: "Coastal Wetlands".

######## PART IV: THE HUMAN COAST

The natural environment (the physical coast and natural hazards) are, of
course, key elements of our discussion. However, another key element is
human beings, and their activities in the coastal zone. The purpose of
Part IV, "The Human Coast," is to explore the presence of human beings
in the coastal zone, including population trends, settlement patterns,
economic activity, institutions, governance, and management of
development. Technological and human-induced hazards, both of which are
products of human activity, are also discussed in this Part.

######## 

######## **[Session 11: The Human Coast]{.underline}**

*Instructor Reading:*

Bookman, C.A., T.J. Culliton, and M.A. Warren. 1999. *Trends in U.S.
Coastal Regions, 1970-1998. Addendum to the Proceedings, 'Trends and
Future Challenges for U.S. National Ocean and Coastal Policy'.* U.S.
Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
National Ocean Service Special Projects Office. Silver Spring, MD.
<http://state-of-coast.noaa.gov/natdialog/index.html>.

*Additional Background Reading:*

Beatley, T., D.J. Brower, and A.K. Schwab. 1994. *An Introduction to
Coastal Zone*

*Management.* Island Press: Washington, D.C.

Beach, Dana. 2001. *Coastal Sprawl: The Effects of Urban Design on
Aquatic Ecosystems in the United States.* Prepared for the Pew Oceans
Commission.
<http://www.pewoceans.org/articles/2002/04/25/brief_25978.asp>

Culliton, T.J. 1998. Population, distribution, density and growth.
NOAA's state of the coast report. NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland.

> [http://www.oceanservice.noaa.gov/websites/retiredsites/natdia_pdf/trends_addendum.pdf]{.underline}

Edwards, S.F. 1989. \"Estimates of Future Demographic Changes in the
Coastal Zone.\" *Coastal Management.* 17(3): 229-240.

Edwards, S.F. 1987. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone Economics:
Concepts, Methods, and Case Studies.* Taylor & Francis: New York, NY.

Hunter, L.M. 2001. The Environmental Implications of Population
Dynamics.

<http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1191/>**.**

######## **[Session 12: Governance of the Coast]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings*:

Burns, James MacGregor, Peltason, Cronin, O'Brien and Light.
2004-*Government by the People, National, State, and Local*. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Chapters 1,3, and 22.

*Additional Instructor Readings:*

Burns, James MacGregor, Peltason, Cronin, O'Brien and Light.
2004-*Government by the People, National, State, and Local* . Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., Sections I and VI.

**[Session 13: Governance of the Coast: Institutions; Policy; and
Jurisdictions]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Reading:*

Burns, Peltason, Cronin, Magelby, O\'Brien and Light, 2004. *Government
by the People: National, State, and Local.* Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall, Inc. pp. 306 - 313; Chapter 26; Chapter 28; 270 - 277;
610 - 625; 674 -- 694; 710 - 715; 376 - 384; 654 - 658

######## **[Session 14: Technological Hazards Facing Coastal Communities]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings:*

Freudenburg, William R. 1997. "Contamination, Corrosion and the Social
Order: An Overview." *Current Sociology* 45(3):19-40.

 

Gramling, Robert and Naomi Krogman. 1997. "Communities, Policy and
Chronic Technological Disasters." *Current Sociology* 45(3):41-58.

> [Note]{.underline}: The publication *Current Sociology* may be
> difficult to access for students at smaller schools. However, the
> publication is typically available through inter-library loan programs
> of most higher education institutions.

*Additional Readings:*

Baum, Andrew, Raymond Fleming, and Laura M. Davidson.1983. "Natural
disaster and technological catastrophe." *Environment and Behavior*
15:333-354.

Crouch, Stephen Robert and J. Stephen Kroll-Smith. 1991. *Communities at
Risk: Collective Responses to Technological Hazards*. New York: Peter
Lang.

Cutter, Susan. 1993. *Living With Risk*. London: Edward Arnold.

LaPlante, Josephine M. and J. Steohen Kroll-Smith. 1989. "Coordinated
emergency management: The challenge of the chronic technological
disaster." *International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters*
7:116-132.

Levinson, Jay and Hayim Granot. 2002. *Transportation Disaster Response
Handbook*. New York: Academic Press.

National Academy of Engineering. 1986. *Hazards: Technology and
Fairness*. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Quarantelli, E.L. 1994. "Technological and Natural Disasters and
Ecological Problems: Similarities and Differences in Planning for and
Managing Them." Conference paper:
<http://www.udel.edu/DRC/preliminary/192.pdf>

Shaluf, Ibrahim M.; Fakharul-razi Ahmadun, and Sa\'ari Mustapha. 2003.
"Technological disaster\'s criteria and models." *Disaster Prevention
and Management* 12:305-311.

Waugh, William L. 2000. *Living With Hazards, Dealing With Disasters: An
Introduction to Emergency Management.* New York: ME Sharpe.

**[Session 15: Biological and Anthropogenic Coastal
Hazards]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings:*

Burkholder, J.M., E.G. Noga, C.W. Hobbs, H.B. Glasgow, Jr. and S.A.
Smith. 1992. "New 'phantom' dinoflagellate is the causative agent of
major estuarine fish kills." *Nature*, 358 (6385): 407-410.

Culotta, E. 1992. "Red menace in the world\'s oceans." *Science*, 257:
146-147.

Anderson, Donald M. 1994. "Red Tides." *Scientific American*. August pp
62-68.

Environmental Protection Agency. N.d. "Protecting Coastal Waters from
Nonpoint Source Pollution."
<http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/facts/point5.htm>

*Additional Readings and References:*

Bibliography of Pfiesteria Publications, US Environmental Protection
Agency <http://www.epa.gov/region3/esc/library/pfiestbib.htm>

The harmful algae page <http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/>

A variety of government and scientific information about HABs can be
found at: <http://www.whoi.edu/redtide/relatedsites/relatedsites.html>

University of Maryland Pfiesteria website:
<http://www.mdsg.umd.edu/pfiesteria/index.html>

Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences Pfiesteria website:
<http://www.vims.edu/env/projects/pfiesteria/index.html>

Delaware Department of Natural Resources Pfiesteria website:
<http://www.dnrec.state.de.us/pff1.htm>

United Nations Atlas of the Oceans <http://www.oceansatlas.org/>

UN Sustainable Development
<http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/ocean/ocean.htm>

US EPA Coastal Waters Factsheets
<http://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/factsheets/fact5.html>

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency <http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/>

EPA Coastal Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program:
<http://www.epa.gov/owow/nps/coastnps.html>

NOAA Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program:
<http://coastalmanagement.noaa.gov/czm/6217/>

EPA National Water Quality Inventory. 2000. Chapter 4 - Coastal
Resources <http://www.epa.gov/305b/2000report/>.

######## PART V: DISASTERS

Part V, "Disasters," introduces the concept of disasters, that is,
disasters are not the result of natural hazards alone, but occur only
when natural hazards intersect with the built environment, particularly
when the built environment consists of poorly designed, located, or
constructed development. The point of this Part is to show that natural
hazards cannot be managed, but characteristics of the built environment
can, and should be managed to reduce the impact of natural hazards. Part
V consists of case studies of disasters emanating from major natural
hazard events.

######## **[Session 16: Hazards, Disasters; Causes, Effects]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Readings:*

Mileti, Dennis, et al. 1999. *Disasters by Design*. Washington, DC:
Joseph Henry Press, pp 209 -- 213.

Beatley, Timothy, et al. 2002*. An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management[,]{.underline}* Washington, DC: Island Press, pp 63 -- 74.

Cutter, et al. 2001. *American Hazardscapes*, Washington, DC: Joseph
Henry Press, pp 1 -- 12.

######## **[Session 17, 18, 19: Coastal Disasters Case Studies]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Required Reading:*

Moore, R. and J. Barnes. 2004. *Faces From The Flood: Hurricane Floyd
Remembered.* Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.

*Additional Background Reading:*

######### Abbott, P.L. 1996***.** Natural Disasters***.** Dubuque, IA: Wm C Brown Publishers.

Brennan, Kristine. 2002. *The Galveston Hurricane (Great Disasters,
Reforms and*

*Ramifications).* Chelsea House Publications.

Coch, Nicholas K. 1995. Geohazards: Natural and Human. Englewood Cliff,
NJ: Prentice Hall. Pp. 436-442: "Hurricanes Andrew, Omar and Iniki".

Godschalk, D., T. Beatley, E. Kaiser, P. Berke, et al. 1999. Natural
Hazard Mitigation:

> Recasting Disaster Policy and Planning. Washington DC: Island Press.
> Pp. 103: "Hurricane Andrew", pp. 231: "Loma Prieta", pp. 277:
> "Hurricane Bob."

National Research Council. 1994. *Practical Lessons from the Loma Prieta
Earthquake: Report from a Symposium Sponsored by the Geotechnical Board
and the Board on Natural Disasters of the National Research Council.*
National Academy Press.

Peacock, W.G., B.H. Morrow, and H. Gladwin. 1997. Hurricane Andrew:
Ethnicity, Gender and the Sociology of Disasters. Routledge

####### *PART VI: VALUES AND MITIGATION*

The purpose of Part VI is to gain an understanding of the competing
values involved in the management of coastal development, and some of
the alternative perspectives of urban development where these values may
be applied. This Part also includes an introduction to the concept of
mitigation, from which the remainder of the course will flow. Part VI
will conclude with a Midterm Exam, which should serve as a culmination
of the concepts in coastal hazards management that have been discussed
thus far in the course.

####### **[Session 20: Ethical Dimensions of Coastal Hazards Management]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings:*

Godschalk, David R., et al. 1999. *Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting
Disaster Policy and Planning.* Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp.
479-524: "Ethical Guidelines for Hazard Mitigation."

Beatley, Timothy et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management*, Second Edition. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 63-89.

*Additional Instructor Readings:*

Beatley, Timothy. 1989. "Towards a Moral Philosophy of Natural Disaster
Mitigation." *International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters*
7(1): 5-32.

Beatley, Timothy. 1994. *Ethical Land Use: Principles for Policy and
Planning*. Johns Hopkins University Press.

####### **[Session 21: Competing Values in Coastal Hazards Management]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings:*

Godschalk, David R., et al. 1999. *Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting
Disaster Policy and Planning.* Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp.
479-524: "Ethical Guidelines for Hazard Mitigation."

Beatley, Timothy, et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management*, 2nd

Edition. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 63-89.

*Additional Instructor Readings:*

Beatley, Timothy. 1989. "Towards a Moral Philosophy of Natural Disaster
Mitigation." *International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters*
7(1): 5-32.

Beatley, Timothy. 1994. *Ethical Land Use: Principles for Policy and
Planning*. Johns Hopkins University Press.

####### 

####### 

####### 

####### **[Sessions 22 & 23: Growth Management]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Reading:*

Beatley, T., D.J. Brower, and A.K. Schwab. 1994. *An Introduction to
Coastal Zone Management.* Island Press: Washington, D.C. pp.1-33:
"Introduction" and pp. 185-196: "Conclusions: Future Directions in U.S.
Coastal Management".

Duany, A., E. Plater-Zyberk, and J. Speck. 2000. *Suburban Nation: The
Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream.* New York, NY:
North Point Press. pp. 3-21: "What is Sprawl, and Why?", pp. 183-215:
"How to Make a Town", and pp. 215-243: "What is to be Done".

Kunstler, J.H. 1993. *The Geography of Nowhere: The Rise and Decline of
America's Man Made Landscape.* New York, NY: Touchstone*.*

*Additional Background Reading:*

American Planning Association. 2002. *Planning for Smart Growth: State
of the States 2002* <http://www.planning.org/guidebook/index.htm>

Berke, P.R. 2002. "Does Sustainable Development Offer a New Direction
for Planning? Challenges for the Twenty-First Century." *Journal of
Planning Literature.* Volume 17(1).

Berke, P.R. and M.M. Conroy. "Are We Planning for Sustainable
Development? An Evaluation of 30 Comprehensive Plans." *APA Journal.*
Volume 66(1).

Calthorpe, P., W. Fulton, and R. Fishman. 2001. *The Regional City*.
Washington DC: Island Press.

Duany, A., E. Plater-Zyberk, and J. Speck. 2000. *Suburban Nation: The
Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream.* New York, NY:
North Point Press. pp. 21-153.

Ehrlich, P. and A. Ehrlich. 1981. *Extinction: The Causes and
Consequences of the Disappearance of Species.* New York: Ballantine
Books.

Godschalk, D.R. 2000. "Smart Growth Efforts around the Nation." *Popular
Government*. Pp.12-20.

Harrigan, L. and A. van Hoffman. 2002. *Forty Years of Fighting Sprawl:
Montgomery County, Maryland, and Growth Control Planning in the
Metropolitan Region of Washington, D.C.* Harvard University: Joint
Center for housing Studies.
<http://www.jchs.harvard.edu/publications/communitydevelopment/W02-6_von_hoffman.pdf>

Peck, Sheila. 1998. *Planning for Biodiversity: Issues and Examples.*
Washington, DC: Island Press.

Wilson, E.O. and F.M. Peter. 1988. *Biodiversity.* Washington, D.C.:
National Academy Press

####### **[Session 24: Mitigation Defined]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Readings:*

Godschalk, D., D. Brower, T. Beatley, *Catastrophic Coastal Storms*.
1989. Durham, NC., Duke University Press, Chapters One and Two

Burby, Raymond J., ed. 1998. *Cooperating With Nature: Confronting
Natural Hazards with Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Communities*.
Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, pp. 1-21.

Godschalk, David. R. et al. 1999. *Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting
Disaster Policy and Planning.* Washington, D.C.: Island Press, Chapter
1.

Haddow, George. D. and Jane A. Bullock. 2003. *Introduction to Emergency
Management.* New York: Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 37-44.

**[Session 25: Presentation of Midterm Papers and Class
Discussion]{.underline}**

*Readings:*

Students should review the readings of all past sessions to compose
their midterm papers.

*PART VII: MANAGING THE COAST TO MAKE IT LESS VULNERABLE TO THE IMPACTS
OF NATURAL HAZARDS*

Now that we have established a sound foundation of the issues involved
in coastal hazards management, we can continue our discussion by
considering the types of strategies and policies that can be implemented
to lessen the impacts of natural hazards in the coastal zone. Part VII,
"Managing the Coast to Make It Less Vulnerable to the Impacts of Natural
Hazards," will take us through the second half of the course, with an
emphasis on the institutions, tools and techniques, programs and
projects that can be used to pursue a mitigation ethic.

**[Session 26: Coastal Hazards Management Framework]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings:*

Beatley, Timothy, et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management*. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 56-63; chapter 4;
chapter 7.

May, Peter J. and Robert E. Deyle.1998. "Governing Land Use in Hazardous
Areas with a Patchwork System," in Raymond J. Burby, ed. *Cooperating
with Nature: Confronting Natural Hazards with Land-Use Planning for
Sustainable Communities*. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, pp.
57-82.

Paterson, Robert G. 1998. "The Third Sector: Evolving Partnerships in
Hazard Mitigation," in Raymond J. Burby, ed. *Cooperating with Nature:
Confronting Natural Hazards with Land-Use Planning for Sustainable
Communities*. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, pp. 203 -- 230.

Platt, Rutherford H. 1999. *Disasters and Democracy: The Politics of
Extreme Natural Events.* Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. xv-xix; pp.
1-8; pp. 11-46; pp. 277-300.

*Additional Instructor and Student Readings:*

Beatley, Timothy, et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management*. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, chapter 6; chapter 8.

City, Christopher. June 2000. "Duty and Disaster: Holding Local
Governments Liable for Permitting Uses in High-Hazard Areas." *North
Carolina Law Review*, Vol. 78, No. 5.

Platt, Rutherford H. 1999. *Disasters and Democracy: The Politics of
Extreme Natural Events.* Washington, D.C.: Island Press, Chapter 6.

Wright, Robert R. and Morton Gitelman. 2000. *Land Use in a Nutshell*,
4^th^ edition. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, pp.1-10; 11-31

####### **[Session 27: Coastal Hazards Management Framework II]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Readings:*

Beatley, Timothy, et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management*. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 86-89.

Christie, Donna R. and Richard G. Hildreth. 1999. *Coastal and Ocean
Management Law in a Nutshell,* 2^nd^ edition. St. Paul, MN: West
Publishing, pp.1-41; 42-56; pp. 105-119.

Platt, Rutherford H. and Alexandra D. Dawson. 1999. "The Takings Issue
and the Regulation of Hazardous Areas" in Rutherford H. Platt, ed.
*Disasters and Democracy: The Politics of Extreme Natural Events.*
Washington, D.C.: Island Press, chapter 5.

Platt, Rutherford H. 1998. "Planning and Land Use Adjustments in
Historical Perspective" in Raymond J. Burby, ed. *Cooperating with
Nature: Confronting Natural Hazards with Land Use Planning for
Sustainable Communities*. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press,
subsection entitled "The Property Rights Movement: Putting the Brakes on
Land Use Management?" pp. 43-47.

*Additional Instructor and Student Readings:*

Jansuijwicz, Jessica Spelke. 1999. "Property Rights Organizations:
Backlash Against Regulation" in Rutherford H. Platt, ed. *Disasters and
Democracy: The Politics of Extreme Natural Events*. Washington, D.C.:
Island Press, chapter 4.

Wright, Robert R. and Morton Gitelman. 2000. *Land Use in a Nutshell*,
4^th^ edition. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing, pp. 82-111; 281-284.

**[Session 28: Federal Policy I: The Role of Federal Policy; National
Environmental Protection Act; Clean Water Act]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings:*

Findley, Roger W., et al. 2004. *Environmental Law in a Nutshell*, 6th
Edition. St. Paul, MN: West Publications, pp. 45-46; 21-25; 28-30;
40-44.

Beatley, Timothy, et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management*, 2nd

Edition. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 101; 120-123.

Burby, Raymond J., ed. 1998. *Cooperating with Nature: Confronting
Natural Hazards with Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Communities*.
Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, pp. 57-65.

French, Peter W. 1997. *Coastal and Estuarine Management*. New York:
Routledge, pp. 191-208.

National Research Council Committee on Watershed Management. 1999. *New
Strategies for America's Watersheds*. Washington, D.C.: National Academy
Press, pp. 271-273; 283-288.

**[Session 29: Federal Coastal Policy II: Coastal Zone Management Act;
Coastal Barrier Resources Act]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Reading:*

Beatley, Timothy, et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management*, 2nd Edition. Washington, DC :Island Press, pp. 101-110;
137-156.

Burby, Raymond J., Ed. 1998. *Cooperating With Nature: Confronting
Natural Hazards with Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Communities.*
Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, pp. 65-69.

The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment.
2000. *The Hidden Costs of Coastal Hazards*. Washington, D.C.: Island
Press, pp. 16-20.

Platt, Rutherford H. 1999. *Disasters and Democracy: The Politics of
Extreme Natural Events.* Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 80-81.

Platt, Rutherford H., et al. 1992. *Coastal Erosion: Has Retreat
Sounded?* Boulder, CO: Institute of Behavioral Science, pp. 29-31;
34-35.

Salvesen, David and David R.Godschalk. Development on Coastal Barriers:
Does the Coastal Barrier Resources Act Make a Difference?" Prepared for
the Coast Alliance, Washington, D.C. available at
[www.coastalliance.org/cbra/cbrarepl.pdf](http://www.coastalliance.org/cbra/cbrarepl.pdf)

**[Session 30: Federal Policy III: Internal Revenue Code; US Army Corps
of Engineers; Federal Land Ownership]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings:*

Beatley, Timothy, et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management*. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp 63; 71 -- 74; 91 -- 94;
98; 112; 117 -- 119; 122; 130; 275.

Platt, Rutherford H., et al. 1992. *Coastal Erosion: Has Retreat
Sounded?* Boulder, CO: Institute of Behavioral Science, pp. 21-26; 31-33

Bush, David M., Orrin H. Pilkey, and William J. Neal. 1996. *Living By
the Rules of the Sea*. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, Ch. 5
"Evolving Approaches to Property Damage Mitigation: Focusing on the
Island Front Through Engineering and Regulation," pp. 65-101.

The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment.
2000. *The Hidden Costs of Coastal Hazards*. Washington, D.C.: Island
Press, pp. 11-12; 19.

The H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment.
2002. *Human Links to Coastal Disasters*, pp. 42-43.

**[Session 31: FEMA Programs]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings (for Sessions 31 and 32):*

Beatley, Timothy, et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management*. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 124-128.

Burby, Raymond J. 2001. "Flood insurance and floodplain management: the
US experience." *Environmental Hazards* 3 (2001) 111-122.

Godschalk, David R. et al. 1999. *Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting
Disaster Policy and Planning*. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, chapter
10.

Haddow, George D. and Jane A. Bullock. 2003. *Introduction to Emergency
Management*. New York: Butterworth--Heinmann, chapter 1; pp. 44-46;
68-85; 91-93; 96-103.

Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, PL
93-288, as amended.

National Response Plan,
[http://www.dhs.gove/nationalresponseplan]{.underline}

####### **[Session 32: FEMA Programs II]{.underline}**

*Instructor and Student Readings (for Sessions 31 and 32):*

Beatley, Timothy, et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management*. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 124-128.

Burby, Raymond J. 2001. "Flood insurance and floodplain management: the
US experience." *Environmental Hazards* 3 (2001) 111-122.

Godschalk, David R. et al. 1999. *Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting
Disaster Policy and Planning*. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, chapter
10.

Haddow, George D. and Jane A. Bullock. 2003. *Introduction to Emergency
Management*. New York: Butterworth--Heinmann, chapter 1; pp. 44-46;
68-85; 91-93; 96-103.

Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, PL
93-288, as amended.

National Response Plan,
[http://www.dhs.gove/nationalresponseplan]{.underline}

[**Session 33: State Policy** **I**]{.underline}

*Student and Instructor Readings for Sessions 33 and 34:*

Beatley, Timothy, et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management*. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 94-95; Chapter 6.

Burby, Raymond J., ed. 1998. *Cooperating With Nature: Confronting
Natural Hazards With Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Communities*.
Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, pp. 69-75.

Godschalk, David R., Timothy Beatley, Philip Berke, David J. Brower and
Edward J. Kaiser. 1999. *Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting Disaster
Policy and Planning*. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, Chapter 3:
"Florida After Hurricane Andrew."

Platt, Rutherford, et al. 1992. *Coastal Erosion: Has Retreat Sounded?*
Boulder, CO: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado,
Chapter 3, "State Response to Erosion Hazard" and Chapter 4, "The States
Compared: Some Cross-Cutting Issues."

*Additional Student and Instructor Readings:*

United States General Accounting Office. 1992. *Coastal Barriers:
Development Occurring Despite Prohibitions Against Federal Assistance;
Report to the Committee on Environment and Public Works*, U.S. Senate.
Washington, D.C.: GAO.

####### **[Session 34: State Policy II]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Readings for Sessions 33 and 34:*

Beatley, Timothy, et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone
Management*. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 94-95; Chapter 6.

Burby, Raymond J., ed. 1998. *Cooperating With Nature: Confronting
Natural Hazards With Land-Use Planning for Sustainable Communities*.
Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, pp. 69-75.

Godschalk, David R., Timothy Beatley, Philip Berke, David J. Brower and
Edward J. Kaiser. 1999. *Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting Disaster
Policy and Planning*. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, Chapter 3:
"Florida After Hurricane Andrew."

Platt, Rutherford, et al. 1992. *Coastal Erosion: Has Retreat Sounded?*
Boulder, CO: Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado,
Chapter 3, "State Response to Erosion Hazard" and Chapter 4, "The States
Compared: Some Cross-Cutting Issues."

*Additional Student and Instructor Readings:*

United States General Accounting Office. 1992. *Coastal Barriers:
Development Occurring Despite Prohibitions Against Federal Assistance;
Report to the Committee on Environment and Public Works*, U.S. Senate.
Washington, D.C.: GAO.

####### **[Session 35: Local Policy I]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Readings:*

Beatley, et al. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone Management*,
2^nd^ Ed. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, pp. 197-225.

Mileti, Dennis S. 1999. *Disasters By Design: A Reassessment of Natural
Hazards in the United States*. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, pp.
155-207.

Olshansky, Robert B. and Jack D. Kartez. 1998. "Managing Land Use to
Build Resilience," in Burby, Raymond J., ed. *Cooperating With Nature:
Confronting Natural Hazards with Land Use Planning for Sustainable
Communities*." Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, chapter 6.

*Additional Instructor Readings:*

Ducker, Richard. 1988. "Land Subdivision Regulations," in Frank S. So,
ed., *The Practice of Local Government Planning*.. Washington, D.C.:
International City Management Association, pp. 198-250.

Kelly, Eric Daimon. "Zoning," in Frank S. So, ed. *The Practice of Local
Government Planning*. Washington, D.C.: International City Management
Association, pp. 251-283.

####### 

####### 

####### **[Session 36: Local Policy II]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Readings:*

###### 

###### Beatley, Timothy, David J. Brower and Anna K. Schwab. 2002. *An Introduction to Coastal Zone Management*, 2^nd^ ed. Washington, DC: Island Press, pp.225-233; 241-243. 

Godschalk, David R., et al. 1989. *Catastrophic Coastal Storms*. Durham,
NC: Duke University Press, pp. 177-180.

Kelly, Eric D. 1993. *Managing Community Growth: Policies, Techniques,
and Impacts*. Westport, CT: Praeger, pp. 77-95.

Olshansky, Robert B. and Jack D. Kartez. 1998. "Managing Land Use to
Build Resilience." In Raymond J. Burby, ed., *Cooperating with Nature:
Confronting Natural Hazards with Land Use Planning for Sustainable
Communities*. Pp. 170-174; 196-197.

*Additional Instructor Reading:*

So, Frank S. 1988. "Finance and Budgeting," in *The Practice of Local
Government Planning*, Frank S. So, ed. Washington, D.C.: International
City Management Association, pp. 437-471.

####### *PART VIII: HAZARD MITIGATION PLANNING*

The objective of Part VII is to learn how to formulate a plan to put the
values, the concepts, the strategies and the policies together to bring
about a more resilient coastal zone. This Part involves active student
learning, with team projects designed to teach the students the basics
of the mitigation planning process.

####### **[Session 37: Hazard Mitigation Planning I]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Reading*:

NC Division of Emergency Management, Hazard Mitigation Section, Risk
Assessment and Planning Branch. May, 2003. *Keeping Natural Hazards From
Becoming Disasters: A Mitigation Planning Guidebook for Local
Governments*, pp. 1-21. (Available in pdf format from NC Division of
Emergency Management:
<http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/planning_publications.htm>)

Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (P.L. 106-390) and attendant regulations
(Interim Final Rule 44 CFR Parts 201 and 206).

> \<frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=106_cong_public_laws&docid=f.publ390.106\>

FEMA. September 2002. *Getting Started: Building Support for Mitigation
Planning.* Washington, D.C.: FEMA 386-1. Available from FEMA
publications warehouse: (800) 480-2520

FEMA. August 2001. *Understanding Your Risks: Identifying Hazards and
Estimating Losses*. Washington, D.C.: FEMA 386-2, pp.viii through xi,
"Forward" and "Introduction;" pp. 1-1 through 1-13, "identify hazards;"
pp. 2-1 through 2-31 "profile hazard events."

####### **[Session 38: Hazard Mitigation Planning II]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Readings:*

NC Division of Emergency Management, Hazard Mitigation Section, Risk
Assessment and Planning Branch. May, 2003. *Keeping Natural Hazards From
Becoming Disasters: A Mitigation Planning Guidebook for Local
Governments*, pp. 22-55.

> (Available in pdf format from NC Division of Emergency Management:
> <http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/planning_publications.htm>)

FEMA. August 2001. *Understanding Your Risks: Identifying Hazards and
Estimating Losses*. Washington, D.C.: FEMA 386-2, pp. 3-1 through 3-31,
"inventory assets;" 4-1 through 4-37, "estimate losses."

####### **[Session 39: Hazard Mitigation Planning III]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Readings:*

NC Division of Emergency Management, Hazard Mitigation Section, Risk
Assessment and Planning Branch. May, 2003. *Keeping Natural Hazards From
Becoming Disasters: A Mitigation Planning Guidebook for Local
Governments*, pp. 56-63.

> (Available in pdf format from NC Division of Emergency Management:
> <http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/planning_publications.htm>)

FEMA. April 2003. *Developing the Mitigation Plan: Identifying
Mitigation Actions and Implementation Strategies*. Washington, D.C.:
FEMA 386-3, pp. 2-6 through 2-11, "identify and analyze state and local
mitigation capabilities."

####### **[Session 40: Hazard Mitigation Planning IV]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Readings:*

NC Division of Emergency Management, Hazard Mitigation Section, Risk
Assessment and Planning Branch. May, 2003. *Keeping Natural Hazards From
Becoming Disasters: A Mitigation Planning Guidebook for Local
Governments*, pp. 63-67.

> (Available in pdf format from NC Division of Emergency Management:
> <http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/planning_publications.htm>)

FEMA. August 2001. *Understanding Your Risks: Identifying Hazards and
Estimating Losses*. Washington, D.C.: FEMA 386-2, "Afterword."

FEMA. April 2003. *Developing the Mitigation Plan: Identifying
Mitigation Actions and Implementation Strategies*. Washington, D.C.:
FEMA 386-3, pp. 1-1 through 1-13, "develop mitigation goals and
objectives."

####### **[Session 41: Hazard Mitigation Planning V]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Readings:*

NC Division of Emergency Management, Hazard Mitigation Section, Risk
Assessment and Planning Branch. May, 2003. *Keeping Natural Hazards From
Becoming Disasters: A Mitigation Planning Guidebook for Local
Governments*, pp. 68-84.

> (Available in pdf format from NC Division of Emergency Management:
> <http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/planning_publications.htm>)

FEMA. April 2003. *Developing the Mitigation Plan: Identifying
Mitigation Actions and Implementation Strategies*. Washington, D.C.:
FEMA 386-3, pp. 2-1 through 2-6, "identify and prioritize mitigation
actions;" pp.2-12 through 2-31,"evaluate, select and prioritize
mitigation actions;" pp. 3-1 through 3-11, "prepare an implementation
strategy."

FEMA. August 2003. *Bringing the Plan to Life: Implementing the Hazard
Mitigation Plan.* Washington, D.C.: FEMA 386-4, pp. 2-1 through 2-11,
"implement the plan recommendations."

*Additional Student and Instructor Readings:*

NC Division of Emergency Management, Hazard Mitigation Section, Risk
Assessment and Planning Branch. September 2002. *Tools and Techniques:
An Encyclopedia of Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Natural
Hazards*. (Available in pdf format from NC Division of Emergency
Management:
<http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/planning_publications.htm>)

NC Division of Emergency Management, Hazard Mitigation Section, Risk
Assessment and Planning Branch. October 1998. *Tools and Techniques:
Putting a Hazard Mitigation Plan to Work.* (Available in pdf format from
NC Division of Emergency Management:
<http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/planning_publications.htm>)

####### **[Session 42: Hazard Mitigation Planning VI]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Readings:*

NC Division of Emergency Management, Hazard Mitigation Section, Risk
Assessment and Planning Branch. May, 2003. *Keeping Natural Hazards From
Becoming Disasters: A Mitigation Planning Guidebook for Local
Governments*, pp. 84-87.

> (Available in pdf format from NC Division of Emergency Management:
> <http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/planning_publications.htm>)

FEMA. August 2003. *Bringing the Plan to Life: Implementing the Hazard
Mitigation Plan.* Washington, D.C.: FEMA 386-4, pp. 1-1 through 1-5,
"adopt the mitigation plan;" pp. 2-11 through 2-17, "monitor and
document implementation of your projects and actions;" pp.3-1 through
3-17, "evaluate your planning results;" pp. 4-1 through 4-11, "revise
the plan;" Afterword: "You have a mitigation plan. Now What?"

####### **[Session 43: Hazard Mitigation Planning VII]{.underline}**

*Student and Instructor Readings:*

NC Division of Emergency Management, Hazard Mitigation Section, Risk
Assessment and Planning Branch. May, 2003. *Keeping Natural Hazards From
Becoming Disasters: A Mitigation Planning Guidebook for Local
Governments*, pp. 88-91.

> (Available in pdf format from NC Division of Emergency Management:
> <http://www.dem.dcc.state.nc.us/mitigation/planning_publications.htm>)

FEMA. April 2003. *Developing the Mitigation Plan: Identifying
Mitigation Actions and Implementation Strategies*. Washington, D.C.:
FEMA 386-3, pp. 4-1 through 4-7, "Document the mitigation planning
process."

######## PART IX: CONCLUSIONS AND REFLECTION

Part IX serves as a period of "Conclusions and Reflection," at which
time the instructor and students together may consider the lessons
learned over the course of the semester, discuss some of the issues that
are remaining, and reflect upon the future of our coast, as the next
generation prepares to assume responsibility for managing our nation's
coastal areas.

**[Session 44: Conclusions and Reflection]{.underline}**

*Student Readings:*

Students should review assigned readings from past sessions, any
handouts and supplemental materials that have been made available to
them, as well as class notes to prepare for class.

APPENDIX B: RECURRING THEMES

**Coastal Hazards Management Course**

**Recurring Themes**

These themes are intended to encourage the students to think in a more
expansive manner, and to see the interrelatedness of many of the issues
that are raised through lecture and class activities.

-   Why does this course focus so heavily on management of development
    in the coastal zone? Answer: Because hazards themselves cannot be
    managed. Instead, we must look to keeping people and property out of
    harm's way to the greatest extent possible, and where this is not
    possible, we must ensure that development that does take place is
    done wisely and with an eye to the inevitable hazards that will
    occur throughout the coastal zone, and especially on the oceanfront.

-   What is the appropriate role of government in the management of
    coastal hazards? Which, if any, level(s) of government should be
    involved?

-   To what degree are individuals responsible for their own safety in
    the context of coastal hazards? What role does personal
    responsibility play in assessing and addressing risk?

-   Consider the political realities of coastal hazards management,
    particularly at the local level. For example, elected officials
    sometimes bow to the interests of their constituents, which may or
    may not be in the best interest of the community as a whole.

-   What are some of the problems associated with a "patchwork" system
    of governance in the coastal zone? Are there any advantages or
    opportunities that arise from such a system?

-   What is an acceptable level of risk? Who should make that
    determination?

-   What are some of the systemic or programmatic incentives that are
    built into our society and economy that may stimulate development in
    hazard areas?

-   What role do market forces play in the development of hazard areas?

-   To what degree might government assistance to disaster victims
    encourage unsafe activities in the coastal zone? Federally-backed
    flood insurance?

-   What are some of the moral considerations that factor into coastal
    hazards management?

-   What are some of the ethical tensions that may have implications for
    coastal hazards management (e.g., rich vs. poor; conservation vs.
    development; economic opportunities vs. increased vulnerability;
    primary residents vs. tourists and visitors)?

-   Who should bear the financial burden for the cost of disasters in
    the coastal region?

-   Consider the dynamic between the rights of private property owners
    and the role of government intervention in the use of coastal lands.

-   What is the responsibility of government in providing infrastructure
    to coastal areas?

-   Much of the coastal area of the United States is already developed;
    what is the appropriate role of government with regards to remaining
    undeveloped coastal areas? What is the role of the private sector?
    Non-governmental organizations?

-   Consider the fact that disasters often open a "window of
    opportunity" during which mitigation may be implemented more
    readily. How do we reconcile this opportunity to rebuild "smarter"
    with the need and desire of residents and business owners to return
    to normalcy as soon as possible?

-   What are some of the ways that human alteration of the natural
    environment has exacerbated hazard risk in coastal areas? (For
    example, destruction of mangrove forests that normally absorb wave
    impacts; dune leveling, etc.). What are the implications of such
    alteration for coastal hazards management? Are there any instances
    of positive results arising from human alteration of the coastal
    environment?

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-   What is an appropriate role for the federal government in disaster
    situations? State government? Local communities? Individual business
    owners and families? Charitable organizations?

-   To what degree might federal disaster assistance be viewed by
    states, communities, and individuals as an entitlement? *Should*
    disaster assistance be an entitlement? Might such a view discourage
    efforts to mitigate against natural hazards before a disaster
    strikes?

-   A disaster is almost always a time of great confusion and
    disorganization. Discuss the types of proactive planning that must
    take place before disaster assistance can be distributed.

-   Should there be a different approach to assistance provided to
    owners of second homes versus permanent residents along the coast?

.