## \-- Mining-Related Stream-Transport Simulation \--

## Applications of OTEQ, OTIS, and Transient Storage

## for Metals, Cations, and Acidic Streams

**OTEQ** is formed by coupling the solute transport model **OTIS** with
a chemical equilibrium submodel. The submodel is based on MINTEQ, a
model that calculates the distribution of inorganic species under the
assumption of chemical equilibrium. The coupled model considers a
variety of processes including advection, dispersion, transient storage,
transport and deposition of water-borne solid phases, acid/base
reactions, complexation, precipitation/dissolution, and sorption.
Precipitated and sorbed species may reside within the water column or on
the streambed; precipitated and sorbed species residing in the water
column are subject to transport and settling. Total component
concentrations are partitioned between dissolved, precipitated and
sorbed phases based on equilibrium calculations for each computational
stream segment.

### Software

More information about **OTEQ** is available at
<http://co.water.usgs.gov/oteq/>. The **OTIS** software is available
from <http://co.water.usgs.gov/otis/>. More information and a current
version of **MINTEQ** is available from
<http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/mmedia/minteq/>.

### OTEQ: Applications

A simulation-based approach for estimating premining water quality: Red
Mountain Creek, Colorado

Runkel R.L., Kimball B.A., Walton-Day, K., Verplanck, P.L.

\(2007\) *Applied Geochemistry*, 22 (9), pp. 1899-1918.

Use of field-scale experiments and reactive transport modeling to
evaluate remediation alternatives in streams affected by acid mine
drainage

Kimball, B.A., Runkel, R.L., and Walton-Day, K.

\(2003\) in Jambor, J.L., Blowes, D.W., Ritchie, A.I.M., eds.,
*Environmental Aspects of Mine Wastes: Mineralogical Association of
Canada, Short Course Series*, v. 31, p. 261-282.

Evaluating remedial alternatives for an acid mine drainage stream:
Application of a reactive transport model

Runkel R.L., Kimball B.A.

\(2002\) *Environmental Science and Technology,* 36 (5), pp. 1093-1101.

pH dependence of iron photoreduction in a rocky mountain stream affected
by acid mine drainage

McKnight D.M., Kimball B.A., Runkel R.L.

\(2001\) *Hydrological Processes*, 15 (10), pp. 1979-1992.

### Development of OTEQ

Reactive solute transport in streams: A surface complexation approach
for trace metal sorption\
Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., McKnight, D.M., Bencala, K.E.

(1999) *Water Resources Research*, 35 (12), pp. 3829-3840.

Reactive solute transport in streams. 2. Simulation of a pH modification
experiment\
Runkel, R.L., McKnight, D.M., Bencala, K.E., Chapra, S.C.\
(1996) *Water Resources Research*, 32 (2), pp. 419-430

Reactive solute transport in streams. 1. Development of an equilibrium-
based model\
Runkel, R.L., Bencala, K.E., Broshears, R.E., Chapra, S.C.\
(1996) *Water Resources Research*, 32 (2), pp. 409-418.

Reactive solute transport in an acidic stream: Experimental pH increase
and simulation of controls on pH, aluminum, and iron\
Broshears, R.E., Runkel, R.L., Kimball, B.A., McKnight, D.M., Bencala,
K.E.\
(1996) *Environmental Science and Technology*, 30 (10), pp. 3016-3024.

### OTIS: Mine Drainage Streams

Walton-Day, Katherine, Paschke, S.S., Runkel, R.L and Kimball, B.A, in
press, expected 2007, Using the OTIS solute-transport model to evaluate
remediation scenarios in Cement Creek and the upper Animas River,
Chapter E25, in Church, S.E., von Guerard, Paul, and Finger, S.E., eds.,
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1651.

Flooding and arsenic pollution: influences on stream ecosystem structure
and function

Lottig, N.R.,Valett, H.M., Schreiber , M.E., Webster, J.R.

\(2007\) *Limnology and Oceanography*, 52:1991-2001.

Predicting changes in hydrologic retention in an evolving semi-arid
alluvial stream

Harvey, J.W., Conklin, M.H., Koelsch, R.S.

\(2003\) *Advances in Water Resources*, [26]{.underline}, 939.

Effect of enhanced manganese oxidation in the hyporheic zone on
basin-scale geochemical mass balance\
Harvey, J.W., Fuller, C.C.

(1998) *Water Resources Research*, 34 (4), pp. 623-636.

Modeling CO degassing and pH in a stream-aquifer system\
Choi, J., Hulseapple, S.M., Conklin, M.H., Harvey, J.W.

(1998) *Journal of Hydrology*, 209 (1-4), pp. 297-310.

**OTIS: Acidic Streams**\
Transport and cycling of iron and hydrogen peroxide in a freshwater
stream: Influence of organic acids\
Scott, D.T., Runkel, R.L., McKnight, D.M., Voelker, B.M., Kimball,
B.A., Carraway, E.R.

(2003) *Water Resources Research*, 39 (11), pp. HWC11-HWC114.

In-stream sorption of fulvic acid in an acidic stream: A stream-scale
transport experiment\
McKnight, D.M., Hornberger, G.M., Bencala, K.E., Boyer, E.W.

(2002) *Water Resources Research*, 38 (1), pp. 61-612.

### OTIS: Cation Transport

Sensitivity analysis of conservative and reactive stream transient
storage models applied to field data from multiple-reach experiments

Gooseff, M.N., Bencala, K.E., Scott, D.T., Runkel, R.L., McKnight, D.M.

\(2005\) Advances in Water Resources 28 (5), pp. 479-492.

Reach-scale cation exchange controls on major ion chemistry of an
Antarctic glacial meltwater stream

Gooseff M.N., McKnight D.M., Runkel R.L.

\(2004\) *Aquatic Geochemistry*, 10 (3-4), pp. 221-238.

Weathering reactions and hyporheic exchange controls on stream water
chemistry in a glacial meltwater stream in the McMurdo Dry Valleys

Gooseff M.N., McKnight D.M., Lyons W.B., Blum A.E.

\(2002\) *Water Resources Research*, 38 (12), pp. 151-1517.

Redox processes controlling manganese fate and transport in a mountain
stream\
Scott, D.T., McKnight, D.M., Voelker, B.M., Hrncir, D.C.

(2002) *Environmental Science and Technology*, 36 (3), pp. 453-459

### Documentation of OTIS

One-dimensional transport with inflow and storage (OTIS): a solute
transport model for streams and rivers. RL Runkel, *USGS WRIR 98-4018*,
1998. LINK: \[<http://co.water.usgs.gov/otis/>\].

Using OTIS to model solute transport in streams and rivers. RL Runkel,
*USGS Fact Sheet 138-99*, 4pp., 2000. LINK:
\[<http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fac138-99/>\].

### Related Applications Leading to the Development of OTIS

Evaluating the reliability of the stream tracer approach to characterize
surface-subsurface water exchange

Harvey, J.W., Wagner, B.J., Bencala, K.E.

\(1996\) *Water Resources Research*, [32]{.underline}(8), 2441.

Coupling of hydrologic transport and chemical reactions in a stream
affected by acid mine drainage\
Kimball, B.A., Broshears, R.E., Bencala, K.E., McKnight, D.M.

(1994) *Environmental Science and Technology*, 28 (12), pp. 2065-2073. 

Tracer-dilution experiments and solute-transport simulations for a
mountain stream, Saint Kevin Gulch, Colorado\
Broshears, R.E., Bencala, K.E., Kimball, B.A., McKnight, D.M.
(1993) *U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report
92-4081*, pp. 1-18.

U.S. Geological Survey: Denver, CO. LINK:
\[<http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/wri/wri924081>\]

Characterization of transport in an acidic and metal-rich mountain
stream based on a lithium tracer injection and simulations of transient
storage\
Bencala, K.E., McKnight, D.M., Zellweger, G.W.

(1990) *Water Resources Research*, 26 (5), pp. 989-1000. 

Reactive iron transport in an acidic mountain stream in Summit County,
Colorado: a hydrologic perspective

[McKnight,
D.M.](http://www.scopus.com/scopus/search/submit/author.url?author=McKnight%2C+D.M.&origin=resultslist&authorId=7103272759&src=s),
[Bencala,
K.E.](http://www.scopus.com/scopus/search/submit/author.url?author=Bencala%2C+K.E.&origin=resultslist&authorId=7003936254&src=s)

\(1989\) *Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta* 53 (9), pp. 2225-2234.

Interactions of solutes and streambed sediment. 2. A dynamic analysis of
coupled hydrologic and chemical processes that determine solute
transport.

Bencala K.E.

\(1984\) *Water Resources Research,* 20 (12), pp. 1804-1814.

Copper transport along a Sierra Nevada stream

Kuwabara, J.S., Leland, H.V., Bencala, K.E.

(1984) *Journal of Environmental Engineering*, 110 (3), pp. 646-655.

Simulation of solute transport in a mountain pool-and-riffle stream with
a kinetic mass transfer model for sorption.

Bencala K.E.

\(1983\) *Water Resources Research*, 19 (3), pp. 732-738.

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September 14, 2007

Prepared by Ken Bencala ( <kbencala@usgs.gov>,
<http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/proj.bib/bencala.html> )