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U. S. Department Publication No. FHWA-NHI-04-160

of Transportation April 2004

**Federal Highway**

#### Administration

NHI Course No. XXXXXX

Fundamentals of Road Weather Management

## 

**Appendix B: Participant Workbook**

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##### Table of Contents

[I. Introduction 2](#i.-introduction)

[II. Executive Summary 2](#ii.-executive-summary)

[III. Course Goal and Outcomes 3](#iii.-course-goal-and-outcomes)

> [Course Goal 3](#course-goal)
>
> [Course Outcomes 3](#course-outcomes)

[IV. Course Agenda 4](#iv.-course-agenda)

[V. Course Material 5](#v.-course-material)

[Exercise -- Handout 5-1 17](#exercise-handout-5-1)

[Acronym List 18](#acronym-list)

[Glossary 19](#glossary)

# I. Introduction

> The *Fundamentals of Road Weather Management* is a one-day course
> aimed at helping those involved in highway maintenance and operations
> develop techniques and strategies for tackling road weather problems.
> This course provides a basic knowledge of meteorology and addresses
> the technological resources available to support highway personnel in
> making effective road weather decisions.

# II. Executive Summary

Over the past 20 years, improvements have been made in the areas of road
sensors, anti-icing and information dissemination via tools such as Road
Weather Information Systems (RWIS). However, concerns still remain
regarding uniform standards and data sharing.

The *Fundamentals of Road Weather Management* is a one-day course aimed
at transportation professionals involved in highway maintenance, highway
safety, emergency management, and traffic management. The course
provides techniques and strategies for tackling road weather problems,
specifically designed for those individuals directly involved in the
implementation of road weather solutions and allocation of resources.
The course focuses heavily on resources and solutions, and how those
solutions can reduce the impact of adverse weather on road users and
highway personnel.

The following key points are covered in this course:

-   Impact of weather on highway operations.

    -   Discussion on the effects of weather on the traveling public and
        the impact of road weather on highway operation.

-   Fundamentals of meteorology, including how it pertains to Road
    Weather Information Systems.

    -   Includes discussion on the definitions of basic meteorology
        terms and the importance of climatology, tailored forecast and
        weather observations to roadway management.

-   Technical and institutional resources available for implementing
    Road Weather Information Systems.

    -   Key technological resources are identified for making road
        weather decisions, including challenges faced in implementing
        road weather technology.

-   Range of effective and open solutions to the various types of
    weather conditions for various management practices.

    -   Includes discussion on the importance of proactive planning and
        possible solutions to road weather challenges.

    -   Various solutions to road weather problems are analyzed and
        applied to local environment.

In summary, the purpose of this course is not to make participants
experts, but to provide them with the basic tools and resources needed
for effective road weather decisions, and direction on where to go for
more information.

# III. Course Goal and Outcomes

## *Course Goal*

The purpose of this course is to introduce the resources and basic
information needed to effectively manage road weather issues. While some
of this information may not be new to participants, this course will
focus on using the presented KSA\'s (knowledge, skills and abilities) to
effectively solve road weather issues. The goals of this course are to:

-   Identify and discuss road weather problems.

-   Discuss the resources available to support effective road weather
    decision-making.

-   Enable participants to apply their knowledge, skills, and abilities
    to road weather management.

## *Course Outcomes*

At the end of this course, participants will be able to:

1\. Examine the impact of weather on highway operations.

> 2\. Discuss the fundamentals of meteorology, including how it pertains
> to Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS).
>
> 3\. Identify the technical and institutional resources for
> implementing Road Weather Information Systems (RWIS).
>
> 4\. Examine the range of effective and open solutions to the various
> types of weather conditions for various management practices.

# IV. Course Agenda

> **Length**

**Time Lesson Title (minutes)**

8:30-9:00 Welcome 30

9:00-10:00 Lesson 1: The Road Weather Problem 60

10:00-10:10 Break 10

10:10- 11:10 Lesson 2: Meteorology for Non-meteorologists Part I 60

11:10-11:20 Break 10

11:20- 12:00 Lesson 3: Meteorology for Non-meteorologists Part II 40

12:00-1:00 Lunch 60

1:00-2:00 Lesson 4: Technology: Resources & Implementation 60

2:00-2:10 Break 10

2:10 - 3:00 Lesson 5: Solutions to RWP - Case Studies Part I 50

3:00-3:10 Break 10

3:10-4:00 Lesson 6: Solutions to RWP - Case Studies Part II 50

4:00-4:30 Wrap-up 30

# V. Course Material

+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| Lesson 4: Technology: Resources and        |                         |
| Implementation                             |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
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+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| **Why use technology:**                    |                         |
|                                            |                         |
| -   Make your operations more efficient    |                         |
|     and effective                          |                         |
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| -   To provide a higher level of service   |                         |
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| -   Keep roads safer and keep traffic      |                         |
|     moving                                 |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
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+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| For more information on Environmental      |                         |
| Sensor Stations please refer to Chapter 4: |                         |
| "Technology Resources" in the              |                         |
| *Fundamentals of Road Weather Management*  |                         |
| reference manual.                          |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
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+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| RPU: Remote Processing Unit CPU: Control   |                         |
| Processing Unit                            |                         |
|                                            |                         |
| For more information on RWIS please refer  |                         |
| to Chapter 4: "Technology Resources" in    |                         |
| the *Fundamentals of Road Weather          |                         |
| Management* reference manual.              |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
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+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| Weather forecasts are either provided by   |                         |
| the ESS vendor or if a VAMS has been       |                         |
| contracted, by the VAMS using sensor data  |                         |
| from an ESS.                               |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
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|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
|                                            |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| ![](media/image14.wmf)                     | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
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|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| For more information on the benefits of    |                         |
| using RWIS please refer to Chapter 4:      |                         |
| "Technology Resources" in the              |                         |
| *Fundamentals of Road Weather Management*  |                         |
| reference manual.                          |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| ![](media/image15.wmf)                     | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| For more information on data sharing       |                         |
| issues please refer to Chapter 4:          |                         |
| "Technology Resources" in the              |                         |
| *Fundamentals of Road Weather Management*  |                         |
| reference manual.                          |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| ![](media/image16.wmf)                     | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
|                                            |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| ![](media/image17.wmf)                     | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
|                                            |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| ![](media/image18.wmf)                     |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
|                                            |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image19.wmf)

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image20.wmf)

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ![](media/image21.wmf)                                                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ###### DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM                                        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| ![](media/image22.wmf)                     | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
|                                            |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| ![](media/image23.wmf)                     | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
|                                            |                         |
|                                            | \_\_\_                  |
|                                            | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ |
|                                            | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
|                                            |                         |
+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------+

# Exercise -- Handout 5-1

**Instructions:** Match the technological resource or device on the
right -- with its RWIS component on the left. Write in the **number** of
the resource or device in the space next to its related component.

Component of RWIS Resource/Device

ESS \_\_\_\_\_ 1. RPU

\_\_\_\_\_ 2. Value added Meteorological Services

(VAMS)

Processing Systems \_\_\_\_\_ 3. Kiosks

\_\_\_\_\_ 4. Pavement icing

Forecasts and Models \_\_\_\_\_ 5. Road sensors

\_\_\_\_\_ 6. Variable message boards

Dissemination \_\_\_\_\_ 7. Sensor stations

\_\_\_\_\_ 8. CPU

# Acronym List

CPU Central Processing Unit

CVU Commercial Vehicle Operators

DSS Decision Support System

ESS Environmental Sensor Stations

Hazmat Hazardous Materials

MDSS Maintenance Decision Support System

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration

NTCIP National Transportation Communications

for ITS Protocol

NWS National Weather Service

PMA Primary Market Area

RPU Remote Processing Unit

RWIS Road Weather Information Systems

TMC Traffic Management Center

VAMS Value-Added Meteorological Services

# Glossary

+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| **Decision Support  | A system that integrates weather, road         |
| System**            | condition, and resource information to         |
|                     | facilitate road weather information decision   |
| **(DSS)**           | making.                                        |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| **Environmental     | A suite of atmospheric and roadway sensors,    |
| Sensor**            | plus a remote processing unit (RPU).           |
|                     |                                                |
| **Station (ESS)**   |                                                |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| **ENTERPRISE**      | A pool-fund organization, consisting of seven  |
|                     | U.S. state Departments of Transportation,      |
|                     | Canada, and the Netherlands, that has          |
|                     | developed a set of standard test procedures    |
|                     | for implementing road weather technology.      |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| **Humidity**        | The amount of moisture (e.g., water vapor) in  |
|                     | the atmosphere.                                |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| **Maintenance       | An FHWA initiative to develop a decision       |
| Decision**          | support system (DSS) for winter road           |
|                     | maintenance.                                   |
| **Support System    |                                                |
| (MDSS)**            |                                                |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| **Mesonet**         | A collection of weather observing stations     |
|                     | typically combining data from multiple         |
|                     | agencies and applications.                     |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| National            | The generic name of standards that define how  |
| Transportation      | roadside services talk to a central road       |
|                     | weather information system.                    |
| Communications for  |                                                |
| ITS                 |                                                |
|                     |                                                |
| **Protocol          |                                                |
| (NTCIP)**           |                                                |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Road Weather        | The main technological resource available for  |
| Information         | managing road weather issues. Refers to a      |
|                     | coordinated system of data collection,         |
| **Systems (RWIS)**  | analysis, dissemination, and display of road   |
|                     | weather information.                           |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| **Value added       | A for-hire company which develops specific     |
| Meteorological**    |                                                |
|                     | weather planning programs for businesses and   |
| **Services (VAMS)** | industries.                                    |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+