> **OMB Control #:   1024-0250**
>
> **Exp. Date:**           08/31/2009 \
>  

**APPLICATION FOR INCLUSION OF A PROPERTY**

**IN THE U.S. WORLD HERITAGE TENTATIVE LIST** 

**Ohio Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks**

**Prerequisite 1 - Legal Requirements:** 

**A.  National Significance:** 

Has the property been formally determined to be nationally significant
for its cultural values, natural values, or both (in other words, has it
been formally designated as a National Historic Landmark, a National
Natural Landmark, or as a Federal reserve of national importance, such
as a National Park, National Monument, or National Wildlife Refuge)?  If
not, are there on-going processes to achieve any of the above
designations and what is their status?  *(Listing in the National
Register of Historic Places is [not]{.underline} equivalent to National
Historic Landmark status.)* \
 

YES:  \_\_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Comment: Fort Ancient and the Newark Earthworks are National Historic
Landmarks, and Hopewell Culture National Historical Park is a unit of
the National Park System. \
 

**B.  Owner Concurrence:** 

Are all the property owners aware of this proposal for the inclusion of
the property in the U.S. Tentative List and do all of the property
owners agree that it should be considered?  If any agreement is
uncertain or tentative, or if the ownership situation is disputed,
otherwise complicated, or unclear, please explain the issues briefly. 

YES:  \_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Comment: Only properties owned by the Ohio Historical Society, the State
of Ohio, or the National Park Service are included in this nomination.
The Ohio Historical Society, acting under the provisions of the Ohio
Revised Code Section 149.30, administers the properties owned by the
Society and those owned by the State of Ohio as part of a statewide
system of historic sites and museums. Under the provisions of the Ohio
Revised Code the Society is granted the authority to act on behalf of
the State of Ohio in the administration of the historic sites.\
 

**C.  Willingness to Discuss Protective Measures:** 

If the property is nominated to the World Heritage List, it will be
necessary for all of the property owners to work with the Department of
the Interior to document fully existing measures to protect the property
and possibly to devise such additional measures as may be necessary to
protect the property in perpetuity.  Are all the property owners willing
to enter into such discussions? 

YES:  \_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Comment: The properties are managed by agencies with a primary
preservation mission.

**D.  Scheduling:** 

If you wish a property to be nominated to the World Heritage List in a
particular year during the period 2009-2019, please indicate the
reason(s) why and the earliest year in which you feel it will be
possible to meet all requirements for nomination*.   (Please review this
entire **Questionnaire** before finally answering this question.)* 

Preferred Year:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Reasons: 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 \
 **Prerequisite 2 - Specific Requirements for Nomination of Certain
Types of Properties:** \
 

**E.  Serial (multi-component) Properties:** 

If you are proposing a nomination that includes separate components that
could be submitted separately over several years, do you believe that
the first property proposed would qualify to be placed on the World
Heritage List in its own right?   

*Explanation:  There will be a very limited number of sites nominated
over the next decade.  Owners of similar properties likely will be
encouraged to work together to present joint proposals for serial
nominations.  An example would be a proposal to nominate several
properties designed by the same architect.  It is critical to note that
the first property presented in a serial nomination must qualify for
listing in its own right.* 

YES:  \_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Comment: The owners are proposing all three sites as one nomination. If
only one property can be inscribed in the first year, then the property
owners would discuss the relative merits of the three areas with the
program managers in Washington and would rely on their recommendations.

There are several potential additions to the serial which require
evaluation as National Historical Landmarks or legislation to include
them in Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. In addition, as
inholdings are acquired at Hopewell Culture NHP, the additional land
will be proposed for addition to the listing.

[Possible additional properties are:]{.underline}

Spruce Hill, Ross County, Ohio-awaiting legislation to add this site to
Hopewell Culture NHP.

Fort Hill State Memorial, Highland County, Ohio-Ohio Historical Society
site and NNL, requires NHL status.

Flint Ridge State Memorial, Licking County, Ohio-Ohio Historical Society
site, requires NHL status.

Marietta Earthworks, Washington County, Ohio-City of Marietta property,
requires NHL status.

**F.  Serial (multi-component) Properties:** 

Are you proposing this property as an extension of or a new component to
an existing World Heritage Site? 

YES:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_          NO  \_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_ 

Name of Existing Site:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 \
 **Prerequisite 3 - Other Requirements:** \
 

**G.  Support of Stakeholders** 

In addition to owners, please list other stakeholders and interested
parties who support the property's proposed inclusion in the Tentative
List.  Also note any known to be opposed. 

*Explanation:  The purpose of the Tentative List is to propose candidate
properties that are likely to be successfully nominated during the next
decade.  It is clear that a consensus among stakeholders will be helpful
in nominating a site and later in securing its proper protection.  Thus,
only properties that enjoy strong, preferably unanimous, support from
stakeholders will be recommended for inclusion in the U.S. Tentative
List. *  

*In addition to owners, stakeholders primarily include:* 

*\--Governors, Members of Congress and State legislators who represent
the area where the property is located,*

*\--the highest local elected official, or official body, unless there
is none,*

*\--Native Americans, American Indian tribes, or other groups and
individuals who possess legally recognized claims or privileges in the
area or at the site being proposed (e.g., life tenancy or hunting and
fishing rights),*

*\--organizations established to advocate for protection and appropriate
use of the property proposed for nomination.* 

*If definitive information is not available at the time you filled out
this Questionnaire, please so indicate. *  

Supporters: Ohio Legislature (Senate resolution already passed);
Governor of Ohio; Regional Director, Midwest Region, National Park
Service; Board of Trustees and Executive Director of the Ohio Historical
Society (signature below); County Commissions of Licking, Ross
(resolution attached), and Warren counties; City Commissioners of
Chillicothe (resolution attached), Heath (resolution attached), and
Newark; Visitors Bureaus in Ross, Warren, and Licking counties;
Archaeological Society of Ohio; and Ohio Archaeological Council. More
indications of support will be added by April 1. Endorsements are
attached in Appendix 3. Letters of support from the public are
incorporated under separate cover.

A series of three public meetings in the three communities were held.
Universal support was expressed. Prior to the meetings, various means
were used to encourage participation.

 Opponents: All inholders and adjacent landowners of Hopewell Culture
NHP were contacted in December, 2006. Several contacted the Park or the
County Commissioners to discuss the proposal, but none objected to
nominating lands controlled by the two agencies. No opposition was
expressed at the public meetings.

 Comment: Other stakeholders have been contacted, such as
Federally-recognized Indian Tribes with historic ties to Ohio, but they
have not commented. \
 

**Information Requested about Applicant Properties** 

**(The numbers of the sections and subsections below are in the same
order as and correspond to sections of the World Heritage Committee's
official [Format]{.underline} used for the nomination of  World Heritage
Sites.  This is to allow easy reference to and comparison of the
material.)**  \
 \
 **1.  IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY OR PROPERTIES** \
 **1.a.  Country:** 

If it is intended that the suggested nomination will include any
properties in countries other than the United States, please note the
countries here.  

*Explanation:  Please note that the United States can nominate only
property under U.S. jurisdiction. You are not expected to contact other
governments and owners abroad, although you may do so if you wish.   
Each national government must nominate its own sites, although the
United States will consider forwarding your suggestion  to another
government for that government to consider as a joint nomination with
the United States. *  

Names of countries:\_[United States of
America]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 

**1.b.  State, Province or Region:** 

In what State(s) and/or Territories is the property located?  Also note
the locality and give a street address if one is available. 

\_\_\_[State of Ohio]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Fort Ancient State Memorial, 6123 State Route 350, Oregonia, OH 45054;

Hopewell Culture NHP, 16062 State Route 104, Chillicothe, OH 45601; and

Newark Earthworks State Memorial, 99 Cooper Ave., Newark, OH 43055. \
 

**1.c.  Names of Property:** 

What is the preferred or proposed name of the property or properties
proposed for nomination?  If the site has multiple names, explain why
you chose the primary choice or choices.  (*The name should not exceed
200 characters, including spaces and punctuation.)* 

**[Ohio Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks]{.underline}**

 ***Popular and Historic names*** 

What are any popular or historic names by which the property is also
known? 

The nomination includes three archeological preserves: Fort Ancient
State Memorial (Ohio Historical Society), Hopewell Culture National
Historical Park (National Park Service and Ohio Historical Society), and
Newark Earthworks (Ohio Historical Society).  

**Fort Ancient State Memorial:** Popular and historic names for
individual components of Fort Ancient include the North Fort, also known
as the \"New Fort,\" the South Fort, also known as the \"Old Fort,\" the
Middle Fort, and Fort Ancient State Park.

**Hopewell Culture National Historical Park:** Popular and historic name
Mound City Group National Monument, "Mound City State Memorial", and
"Mound City State Park." In addition to Mound City Group, the Park
includes Hopeton Earthworks, High Banks Works, Hopewell Mound Group
(historic name North Fork Works and Clark's Works), and Seip Earthworks
(includes Seip Mound State Memorial, historic name Seip-Pricer Mound).

**Newark Earthworks:** Popular and historic names for the units of the
site include: Octagon Earthworks: Octagon Earthworks State Park and
Octagon Earthworks State Memorial;

Great Circle Earthworks: Moundbuilders State Park, Moundbuilders State
Memorial, and the \"Old Fort;\"  and

Wright Earthworks: Wright Earthworks State Memorial.

***Naming of serial (multiple component) properties and transboundary
sites*.          **  

Try to choose brief descriptive names.  In the case of serial
nominations, give an overall name to the group (e.g., *Baroque Churches
of the Philippines*).   (*Give the names of the individual components in
a table that you insert under **1f.)*** 

Group or Transboundary Name: [Ohio Hopewell Ceremonial
Earthworks]{.underline} \
 

***Other names or site numbers*** 

*Explanation:  If a site has multiple names, explain why you chose the
primary choice or choices.  If the site has no common name or is known
only by a number or set of numbers, please explain.*  

The unit names listed here are the names used by the management agencies
in their public information and education programs. Each site also has
an Ohio Archaeological Inventory number: Fort Ancient: 33WA2; Hopewell
Culture NHP: Hopewell Mound Group: 33RO27, Hopeton Earthworks: 33RO26,
High Banks Works: 33RO24, Mound City Group: 33RO32, Seip Earthworks:
33RO40; and Newark Earthworks: 33LI10. \
 

**1.d.-e.  Location, boundaries, and key features of the nominated
property**  

Include with this **Application** sketch maps or other small maps,
preferably letter-size, that show: 

\- the location of the property

\- the boundaries of any zones of special legal protection

\- the position of major natural features and/or individual buildings
and structures

\- any open spaces (squares, plazas) and other major spatial
relationships (the space between buildings may at times be more
important than the buildings) 

Please provide here a list of the maps that you have included. \
 \
Maps are assembled in Appendix 1 

General location map showings location of sites within Ohio

Ownership/proposed boundary map of Fort Ancient State Memorial

Ownership/proposed boundary map of the three units of Newark Earthworks
State Memorial

Vicinity map of Chillicothe showing five units of Hopewell Culture NHP

Ownership/proposed boundary map of Mound City Group

Ownership/proposed boundary map of Hopewell Mound Group

Ownership/proposed boundary map of Hopeton Earthworks

Ownership/proposed boundary map of High Bank Works

Ownership/proposed boundary map of Seip Earthworks

Historic maps are included under section 7a. Documentation\
 

**1.f.   Area of nominated property (ha.)** 

*Explanation:  State the approximate area proposed in hectares (1
hectare=2.471   acres).  Give corresponding acre equivalents in
parentheses.  Insert just below this question a table for serial
nominations that shows the names and addresses of the component parts,
regions (if different for different components), and areas.* 

Fort Ancient 310.8 ha (768 acres) Ohio Historical Society/State of Ohio
ownership

Newark Earthworks 83.4 ha (206 acres) Ohio Historical Society ownership

Hopewell Culture NHP 342.74 ha (846.9 acres) Federal ownership, 3.26 ha
(8 acres) protected by easement, and 49.4 ha (122 acres) Ohio Historical
Society ownership.

 \
 **2.  DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY OF THE PROPERTY** \
*Notes on style for the following text:*

*1. The U.S. Government style manual uses the spelling "archeology" in
preference to "archaeology." This is the spelling that will be used
throughout this document except in direct quotes, titles, or other
occasions where changing an author's original spelling would be
inappropriate.*

*2. "Hopewell culture" is a term applied by modern archeologist to a
distinctive cultural group identified from characteristic features in
the archeological record. The name is derived from the landowner of the
type site in Ross County, Ohio, Mordecai Cloud Hopewell. No American
Indian culture ever called itself "Hopewell". Therefore terms like
"Hopewell Indians" will not be used. Likewise "Hopewell culture" and
"Hopewellian" refer to the characteristics of a prehistoric group and
not the name of an Indian tribe. "Hopewell Culture," where both words
are capitalized, refers to Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, a
unit of the National Park System. "Hopewell" is also applied to a series
of cultural sub-groups residing outside of what is now Ohio that share
some characteristics of and interacted with the Ohio Hopewell. Where
used without qualifiers, "Hopewell" in this document refers to the Ohio
Hopewell.*

**2.a.  Description of the Property **

**       ** (select the one following category that best fits the
property)

###### Cultural property

 Briefly describe the property and list its major components.  A summary
in a few paragraphs or pages should be all that is required. 

*Explanation:  This section can describe significant buildings, their
architectural style, date of construction, materials, etc. It can also
describe the setting such as gardens, parks, associated vistas. Other
tangible geographic, cultural, historic, archeological, artistic,
architectural, and/or associative values may also merit inclusion.  *  

[Background]{.underline}

The Ohio Hopewell culture is the cultural climax of the Woodland Period
in the eastern United States, and the three archeological preserves
included in this nomination are the best preserved examples of the
monumental earthworks constructed by the Ohio Hopewell culture. The most
commonly used classification of prehistoric periods in the eastern North
America utilizes four broad time periods, the Paleoindian Period (ca.
18,000 BP to 8,000 BP), the Archaic Period (ca. 8,000 BP to 2,000BP),
the Woodland Period (ca. 2,000 BP to 1,000 BP), and the Mississippian
Period (ca. 1,000 BP to 500 BP). Mound building was a characteristic of
several of the cultures identified with the last three periods. In each
of these periods there is an outstanding example of earthwork
constructions that can be regarded as the high point of that period:
Poverty Point in Louisiana during the Archaic Period, the Ohio Hopewell
monumental earthworks in southern Ohio during the Woodland Period, and
Cahokia in Illinois for the Mississippian Period. Each of these examples
is the superlative achievement for the different stages of cultural
development.

The distinctive cultural florescence of the Ohio Hopewell culture
occurred along the middle Ohio River and its tributaries between 2,200
BP and 1,500 BP. The Ohio Hopewell culture has "often been viewed as the
climax of the (Woodland) period because of its artistic, constructional,
and ritual efforts surpass those of earlier and later manifestations."
(Seeman, Mark, "Hopewell Art in Hopewell Places," *Hero, Hawk, and Open
Hand,* Art Institute of Chicago, 2004). This culture produced an
extensive series of ceremonial centers that are characterized by large
earthwork constructions that feature precise geometric shapes and
standard units of measures. The earth walls of the Hopewellian
enclosures are among the largest earthworks in the world that are not
fortifications or defensive structures. The mounds associated with these
sites contain extensive ritual deposits of finely crafted artifacts that
were often made of raw materials that were gathered from sites far
removed from southern Ohio. These features that characterize the
Hopewell culture were different from earlier and contemporary cultures
in North America and appear to have developed independently in the
region along the middle Ohio River especially in the tributary valleys
of the Miami, Scioto, and Muskingum rivers. The use of such a variety of
geometric shapes seems to be unique to the Hopewell culture. Also
unusual is the apparently independent use of a standard unit of linear
measure and standardized elements of design. The interior of the sites
seem to have been used primarily for ceremonial purposes. This is unlike
most other earthwork sites in the world where the interior of the
earthwork was used for habitation or defense. Also unlike most large
monumental works, which were built by hierarchical chiefdoms residing in
large villages and engaged in extensive agriculture to produce a food
surplus, the Hopewell lived in small, dispersed settlements and
subsisted through hunting, gathering, and farming small garden plots.
This nomination encompasses the variety in Hopewell earthworks and
includes examples from each of the tributary valleys.

Scores of these earthwork enclosures survived until European-American
settlement of southern Ohio. Unfortunately, the agricultural practices
of these later settlers destroyed the above ground features of most of
the sites. The earthworks did stimulate considerable controversy
regarding their purposes, origins, and builders. This controversy
resulted in almost a century of inventory and investigations on the
earthworks before they were credited to prehistoric American Indians. As
a result of these investigations we have considerable information on
these earthworks even though only a dozen or so are preserved, including
the seven earthworks in the three parks included in this nomination.
Another result was the preservation of several of the sites as parks or
memorials, including some of the earliest archeological preserves in the
United States. The three parks included in this nomination are Fort
Ancient State Memorial; Newark Earthworks State Memorial which is
composed of the once connected Octagon Earthworks, the Great Circle
Earthworks, and a portion of the Wright Earthworks; and Hopewell Culture
National Historical Park which is made up of Mound City Group, Hopewell
Mound Group, Hopeton Earthworks, High Bank Works, and Seip Earthworks.

[Fort Ancient State Memorial]{.underline}

Fort Ancient is a 310 ha site located between Cincinnati and Dayton in
Warren County, Ohio and situated on a ridge above the Little Miami
River. The site contains the well-preserved walls and mounds of one type
of Hopewell earthworks, the hill top enclosure. The 6,000 m of walls are
the best preserved of the Ohio Hopewell earthworks and enclose over 50
ha. Archeologist Warren K. Moorehead writing in 1890 described the
construction of the walls thus: *\"They engineered the position of the
walls with reference to the most secure places with admirable skill.
Think of thousands of men and women toiling on the brow of this high
hill with wicker baskets, skins, etc., piling up such an enormous
earthwork by mere strength of hand and back. They had no shovels, no
picks, no barrows; in fact, no tools at all, such as we use.\"*
(Moorehead, William K., 1890, *Fort Ancient, the Great Prehistoric
Earthwork of Warren County, Ohio.)* The site also features more typical
Hopewellian characteristics such as mounds, parallel walls, and the
division of the interior into three enclosures.

[Newark Earthworks State Memorial]{.underline}

The Newark Earthworks is composed of three features that were once
connected to each other and to other, now destroyed, earthworks by sets
of parallel walls. The three components are the Octagon Earthworks, the
Great Circle Earthworks, and the Wright Earthworks. This archeological
preserve consists of 83 ha. and is located in the cities of Newark and
Heath in Licking County, Ohio. All the sites are located on a valley
terrace above the Licking River, a tributary of the Muskingum River. The
original complex of earthworks also included a series of parallel walls
that connected the geometric enclosures. The whole complex extended over
an area of 11.65 km^2^ (1,165 ha.). As the name implies, the Octagon
Earthworks include an eight-sided structure that encloses about 20 ha.
It is connected to a large cirular enclosure by a short neck of parallel
walls. Research by Hively and Horn indicates that the Hopewell builders
incorporated several lunar alignments into its architecture, which track
a cycle of 18.6 years. These alignments cannot be explained by
statistical anomalies. (Hively, Ray and Robert Horn, 2006, "A
Statistical Study of Lunar Alignments a the Newark Earthworks,"
*Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology,* Vol. 31, No. 2, PP 281-322.)
The Great Circle Earthworks is, obviously, a circular earthwork that
encloses about 8 ha. The Wright Earthworks preserves a small portion of
the walls of a large, square earthwork. To give the some scale to these
features, the Great Pyramid of Cheops would have fit in the Wright
Earthworks, four structures the size of the Colosseum of Rome would fit
in the Octagon, and the circle of monoliths at Stonehenge would fit into
one of the small auxiliary earthwork circles adjacent to the Octagon. In
addition to the geometric forms and apparent use of a standard unit of
measure there are other mathematical consistencies in the spacing of the
earthworks. These features have earned the Newark Earthworks a place in
"Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World" by Chris Scarre of the McDonald
Institute of Archaeological Research and editor of the Cambridge
Archaeological Journal. The preserved portions of the Newark Earthworks
include all of two of the major enclosures and part of a third and are
largely original, with some restoration work done to repair damage from
earlier public purposes

[Hopewell Culture National Historical Park]{.underline}

Each of the five sites at Hopewell Culture NHP includes a major (15 ha
to 45 ha) earthwork enclosure. The sites are all located in the vicinity
of Chillicothe, Ross County, Ohio on valley terraces of the Scioto River
or its tributary Paint Creek. The five sites are Mound City Group north
of Chillicothe along the Scioto River; Hopewell Mound Group west of
Chillicothe on the North Fork of Paint Creek; Seip Earthworks between
Chillicothe and Bainbridge on Paint Creek; High Bank Works south of
Chillicothe on the Scioto River; and Hopeton Earthworks north of
Chillicothe across the Scioto River from Mound City Group.

Three of the sites, Mound City Group, Hopewell Mound Group, and Seip
Earthworks, contain large ceremonial mounds. Excavations of these mounds
revealed a wide variety of numerous, finely crafted objects. Many of the
objects were made from materials exotic to the region occupied by the
Ohio Hopewell. Objects were made of copper from sources in the upper
Great Lakes basin (a journey of about 1,000 km), mica from the Blue
Ridge Mountains (over 300 km), conch shells from the Caribbean (about
1,500 km), and obsidian from the Yellowstone basin (2,300 km). In
addition, there were a variety of objects made from local materials.
This accumulation of material culture, made from difficult to obtain
materials, indicates that these sites were important ceremonial areas
that influenced a large portion of the eastern North America.

Hopewell Mound Group and Mound City Group are examples of large burial
complexes surrounded by irregularly shaped earthen walls. The smaller
Mound City Group has a very high density of mounds (23 in 5.26 ha). The
mounds and earthen wall at Mound City Group have been reconstructed. The
larger Hopewell Mound Group site contains more than 30 mounds including
the largest Hopewell mound (Mound 25) and has the added complexity of
separate earthworks within the outer walls. The outer walls of the
Hopewell Mound Group enclose an area an area of 45 ha., an area larger
than 100 football (soccer) fields. Within the outer wall are a smaller
"D"-shaped earthwork and a circular enclosure. Hopewell Mound Group also
features a precise 6.5 ha. square abutting the eastern wall that is a
smaller copy of squares that are included in other earthworks. The
combined earthworks at Hopewell Mound Group site would contain three
sites the size of the Taj Mahal and its gardens. The Hopewell Mound
Group site is the type site for the Hopewell culture.

Hopeton Earthworks, High Bank Works, and Seip Earthworks represent
variations on the more precise geometric earthworks. Hopeton features a
circle and a square enclosing 15.5 ha. Recent archeological
investigations at the site have provided the best information on the
construction techniques of the earthworks.

High Bank Works are formed from a circle and an octagon and very likely
have several astronomical alignments like the Newark Earthworks.
(Hively, Ray and Robert Horn, 1984, "Hopewellian Geometry and Astronomy
at High Bank," *Archaeoastronomy* 7, 585-5100. Supplement to Vol. 15,
*Journal for the History of Astronomy.*) The main earthworks at High
Bank Works encompass 15.38 ha. Hopeton and High Bank Works all feature
parallel walls that connect the large earthworks to smaller features or
to rivers or to both. The purpose of the walls and corridor in between
is unknown, but the walls can create a complex web of connected
earthworks as occurs at Newark for example.

Seip is an example of a class of earthworks called "tripartite" that
combine portions of three geometric shapes. Its 3,048 m of walls enclose
about 49 ha. The square portion of the Seip Earthworks is a slightly
larger version of the square attached to the Hopewell Mound Group, but
more significantly is identical to squares in at least five other
"tripartite" earthworks which have not survived. Seip also contains the
second largest Hopewell mound.

All of the sites of Hopewell Culture NHP have been impacted by farming,
but substantial portions of the structures remain below the present
ground surface. The earthworks often enclosed large areas, 15 to 45 ha,
and featured regular geometric shapes such as circles, squares, and
octagons. Recent archeological investigations of on the earthworks at
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Fort Ancient Earthworks, and
Newark Earthworks indicate that the construction was more elaborate than
previously understood. It appears that at some of the sites, such as
Hopeton Earthworks, the builders removed the topsoil at the site to
expose a firm clay layer and built up walls using specific color soils
for specific aspects of the walls. The soils used to achieve the
specific colors are not from the immediate vicinity of the earthworks as
indicated by modern soil surveys.

Which features or aspects of the property do you believe qualify it for
the World Heritage List?  

The large monumental earthworks and rich material culture found at these
sites are distinctive from other Eastern Woodlands Cultures in North
America. These were large ceremonial sites used by a people that
interacted over a large portion of temperate North America. This
cultural florescence is distinctive from cultures that preceded and
succeeded it in Eastern North America. The earthworks are
extraordinarily large, and feature complex geometric shapes that exhibit
the use of standard units of measure. The artifacts associated with
these sites are finely crafted from materials brought to Ohio from
sources as far apart as Florida and the Yellowstone basin. Many of the
artifacts have complex or abstract designs. These achievements are
particularly notable because they were the products of a relatively
small population that lived in dispersed settlements. Similar
achievements were the products of more hierarchically organized, densely
populated cultures that extensively farmed in order to produce an
agricultural surplus that would support the labor needed for such large
public works projects. Despite the Hopewell culture's relatively low
population densities and simple social structure, they produced
monumental ceremonial structures that were as large as or larger than
other famous monumental structures in the world.

 What are the important present or proposed uses of the property and how
do they compare with the traditional or historic uses of it?  

All three sites are archeological preserves. The sites were built for
and used as ceremonial sites, and had a high state of preservation at
the time of European-American settlement.

 

**2.b.  History and Development of the Property**

*        ( select the one following category that best fits the
property)* \
 

**Cultural property** 

When was the site built or first occupied and how did it arrive at its
present form and condition?   If it has undergone significant changes in
use or physical alterations, include an explanation.  

*Explanation:  If the property was built in stages or if there have been
major changes, demolitions, abandonment and reoccupation, or rebuilding
since completion, briefly summarize these events.  For archeological
sites, the names of archeologists and dates of their work should also be
noted, especially if the site is regarded as important in the history of
archeology as well as for its intrinsic merits. *

[Introduction]{.underline}

The three protected areas included in this proposal represent the best
preserved and protected legacy of the 2,000-year old Hopewell culture.
The Hopewell culture is a distinctive, Middle Woodland era group that
archeologists date from about 2,200 BP to 1,500 BP. These dates have
been established by multiple radiocarbon analyses from a variety of
sites throughout the region. The relative age of the individual
archeological sites included in this nomination is a matter of debate
among archeologists studying the Hopewell culture. All the sites have
relatively long periods of use and have produced a range of radiocarbon
dates. Evidence shows that earlier works were modified or expanded over
the roughly seven centuries of the Hopewell florescence. Hopewell Mound
Group, for example, shows evidence of both additions and removals of
earlier earthworks. A similar obliteration of a small earthwork circle
has also been found at Fort Ancient. There does appear to be an
evolution of design styles illustrated by the sites discussed here.
Mound City Group and Hopewell Mound Group have less geometric precision
in their design and may represent something of a transition from the
Adena culture, also found in the Ohio River valley, to the greater
refinement of the Hopewell geometery. Hopeton Earthworks is an example
of a transition to a more geometrical series of designs best illustrated
by the Newark Earthworks, High Bank Works, and Seip Earthworks. Seip is
an example of "tripartite" style featuring three joined earthworks,
usually of different geometric shapes. This "tripartite" pattern was
repeated at about six sites, most of which have not survived or been
preserved. High Bank Works and the Octagon at Newark both feature
octagonal structures that possess a series of alignments to minimum and
maximum lunar positions, which take place over a cycle of 18.6 years.
Fort Ancient is an example of a group of earthworks that enclose the top
of a hill.

When European-American settlement began in southern Ohio, there were
hundreds of well preserved earthworks, not all of them attributable to
the Hopewell culture. Their existence stimulated immediate and ardent
discussions of their origin and purpose. A century of inventory and
study would be required to credit American Indians as the builders.
Further study would ascribe the earthworks to several distinctive
prehistoric cultures, with the most monumental earthen enclosures being
a characteristic of the Ohio Hopewell culture. About 41 of these
earthworks are monumental enclosures attributed to the Ohio Hopewell
culture. Almost all of these monumental works were located in three
tributary valleys of the Ohio River, the Muskingum, the Scioto, and the
Miami rivers. Today, few of these ancient monuments survive intact.

[Hopewell Culture National Historical Park]{.underline}

All five units of Hopewell Culture National Historical Park have been
farmed at some point in their history. Mound City Group was also
impacted by the building of large army training camp during the First
World War. Mound City Group, Hopewell Mound Group, and Seip Earthworks
have had major archeological investigations which impacted the mounds.
These impacts deflated much of the above ground remains at these sites.
The subsurface resources, including the stunning deposits of
artistically crafted objects were not damaged. Other features were also
largely spared from destruction until later archeological investigations
including post molds indicating building patterns and other ceremonial
features within the buildings. The basic structure of the foundations of
the earthen walls also survived and can be located using a variety of
archeological techniques such as geophysical remote sensing methods.
There are surviving portions of the earthen wall at Hopeton Earthworks
and Hopewell Mound Group. The surviving section of the northern wall of
Hopewell Mound Groups is about 500 m long.

The Mound City Group was established as a National Monument in 1923 and
managed until 1945 by the Ohio Historical Society. The mounds and
enclosing wall at Mound City were reconstructed by the Ohio Historical
Society in 1926 using maps from Squier and Davis's 1848 *Ancient
Monuments of the Mississippi Valley* and archeological evidence. A
portion of the Seip Earthworks was being preserved by the Ohio
Historical Society starting with its acquisition in 1927. An additional
portion was acquired by the Society in 1992. Protection was extended to
Hopeton Earthworks in 1980 through modification of the boundaries of
Mound City Group National Monument. The site had been designated a
National Historic Landmark in 1964 as it was being threatened by
destruction by a sand and gravel mining operation. After a twenty-year
struggle the site was acquired before any damage was done to the
prehistoric earthworks. The Archaeological Conservancy purchased large
portions of Hopewell Mound Group and High Banks Works during the late
1980s. Mound City Group National Monument was expanded and renamed
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park in 1992. This expansion added
Hopewell Mound Group, High Bank Works, and the Seip Earthworks (both the
Ohio Historical Society portion and the previously unprotected
remainder). Most of the unprotected properties were acquired by the
National Park Service between 2000 and 2004.

[Fort Ancient and Newark Earthworks State Memorials]{.underline}

The Fort Ancient Earthworks and major portions of the Newark Earthworks
were spared much of the damage inflicted by European-American
agriculture due to their earlier acquisition for preservation. Fort
Ancient was acquired by the State of Ohio and entrusted to the Ohio
Archaeological and Historical Society in 1891 specifically for its
preservation. Additional land was acquired in 1945. Elements of the
Newark Earthworks were acquired at various times by various agencies
starting in 1853 and were finally consolidated under Ohio Historical
Society management in the mid-1930s. Newark has a complicated management
history that has seen portions of the earthworks used for various
purposes without significant damage to the prehistoric walls. The
Licking County Agricultural Society acquired the Great Circle Earthworks
in 1853 as the site of the county fair grounds. A racecourse and
grandstands were installed in the Great Circle. The site also served as
a training camp during the American Civil War. The Octagon was
originally purchased by the citizens of Newark and Licking County and
donated to the State of Ohio in 1893 for use as a military training
camp. It presently is used as a golf course. After transfer through the
hands of several agencies the Newark properties were finally transferred
to the Ohio Historical Society in the early 1930s. The Civilian
Conservation Corps repaired some of the damage from earlier uses at this
time. Preservation of both the Fort Ancient and Newark Earthworks began
before the Federal government enacted the landmark Antiquities Act in
1906.

[Association with the Origins of American Archeology]{.underline}

These sites are also strongly associated with the origins of modern,
scientific archeology in North America. When Euro-American settlers
arrived in the tributary valleys of the middle Ohio River at the end of
the 18^th^ Century the size, number, and design of the mounds and
earthworks already present stimulated the curiosity of many Americans.
These earthworks were notably different than any other structures built
by indigenous Americans. Their distinctive features were readily
remarked upon by nineteenth century antiquarians. By the 1820s the sites
were being mapped and described, for example Atwater's 1820 "Description
of the Antiquities Discovered in the State of Ohio and Other Western
States," in *Archaeologicia Americana 1*. By the 1840s Squier and Davis
of Chillicothe, Ohio undertook a comprehensive inventory of known sites.
Their studies included maps, descriptions, and in some cases, accounts
of their own excavations of mounds. Their work was assembled into a
volume, *Ancient Monuments of Mississippi Valley*, which became the
first publication of the Smithsonian Institution in 1848. It included
maps of all the sites included in this nomination and descriptions of
the earliest excavations of the Mound City Group. Several theories were
put forward about the builders of the earthworks, including theories
published by Squier and Davis in *Ancient Monuments.* Many of these
theories argued that American Indians could not be the builders. The
similarity of the monumental mounds to the large tumuli of the Norse and
Celtic cultures inspired theories of lost Vikings and other European
groups settling the Western Hemisphere in pre-Columbian times. The
controversies about these theories lead to the establishment of the
Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institute in 1879. The
excavations and analysis of the mounds and earthworks were some of the
most important early scientific archeology in the eastern United States.
It set the pattern for work of other institutions including the Peabody
Museum and the Field Museum. The work of the Bureau eventually
established that American Indians built the mounds and earthworks.

 **2.c.  Boundary Selection** 

Propose a boundary for the property and explain why you chose it.  Is
the boundary reasonable on logical grounds, such as if it conforms to
topography or landforms or (for natural areas) to the range of wildlife
or (for cultural properties) to any historical boundary or defining
structures (such as walls)? 

The boundaries of this proposal are the current ownership boundaries of
the Ohio Historical Society, the State of Ohio, and the National Park
Service, which corresponds to the boundaries of the National Historic
Landmarks. The proposed boundaries contain the essential portions of the
earthworks. At Fort Ancient a small inholding that does not impact the
integrity of the prehistoric earthworks is not included. There are small
portions of the circles at High Bank Works and at Seip Earthworks that
have not been acquired. A small property remains in private hands on the
south edge of the Hopewell Mound Group. The Park's Land Protection Plan
recommends acquisition of all three properties. As the portions are
acquired we would recommend adding them to the serial nomination. The
attached boundary maps with the earthworks superimposed show that the
essential portions of the earthworks have been preserved.

Are all the elements and features that are related to the site's
significance included inside the proposed boundaries? 

*Explanation:  Careful analysis should be undertaken to insure that the
proposal embraces  the internationally significant resources and
excludes most, if not all, unrelated buildings, structures and
features.* 

YES:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_ 

If no, please explain: See discussion above for ownership issues. The
agency ownerships do include the vast majority of the earthworks and
therefore the essential characteristics of the sites are
preserved[.]{.underline} \
 

Are there any enclaves or inholdings within the property and, if so, do
they contain uses or potential uses contrary to the conservation or
preservation of the site as a whole? 

YES:  \_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_\_\_ 

If yes, please explain: See discussions above about inholders at
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. The Hopeton Earthworks were
saved from a sand and gravel mining operation, but this did not prevent
works being opened near the earthworks. A gravel pit covered by an
easement is adjacent to the prehistoric feature. These are to be
reclaimed after the gravel pits close. The area of the gravel pit is not
essential to and does not detract from integrity and authenticity of the
earthworks and will be excluded from the nomination. The Octagon
Earthworks at Newark also contains a leasehold in the form of a private
golf course. The condition of the lease prevents destruction or damage
to the essential cultural features and the presence of the golf course
did not prevent the site from being designated a National Historical
Landmark in 1964.  The small in holding at Fort Ancient is used as a
canoe livery service, is located outside the earthworks, and does not
affect the integrity of the earthworks.\
 \
 **3. JUSTIFICATION FOR INSCRIPTION IN THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST**  

**3.a.  Criteria under which inscription is proposed**  

From the World Heritage criteria listed below, identify each criterion
that you believe applies to your property and briefly state why you
believe each criterion you have selected is applicable.  

*Explanation: You may find the discussion under this heading in
"Appendix A" to the **Guide to the U.S. World Heritage Program** to be
helpful in completing this section.  Please refer to a paper copy or
follow the hyperlink. *  

*To be included on the World Heritage List, a site must be of
outstanding universal value and meet at least one of these ten selection
criteria in a global context:* 

i.  *represent a masterpiece of human creative genius;*

  \_ [\_]{.underline}\_\_  This criterion applies to the property I am
proposing 

Reason:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 

ii. *exhibit an important interchange of human values, over a span of
    time or within a cultural area of the world, on developments in
    architecture or technology, monumental arts, town-planning or
    landscape design;*

> \_\_ [\_]{.underline}\_\_  This criterion applies to the property I am
> proposing 
>
> Reason:
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
>  

iii. *bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural
     tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has
     disappeared;*

> \_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_  This criterion applies to the property I am
> proposing 
>
> Reason: The three archeological preserves in this nomination bear
> exceptional testimony to the cultural florescence of a distinctive
> American Indian culture that occupied a group of tributaries of the
> Ohio River between 2,200 BP and 1,500 BP. The artistic objects,
> monumental constructions, and rituals of these people represent the
> climax of the Woodland Period and surpass the achievements of earlier
> and later Woodland Period groups. The Ohio Hopewell culture produced a
> series of over forty ceremonial centers that are characterized by
> large earthwork constructions that feature precise geometric shapes
> and standard units of measures. The size of the earthwork enclosures
> is markedly larger than similar structures in other parts of the
> world. Several of the ceremonial earthworks enclose over 50 ha. The
> largest complex of earthworks, those at Newark, was connected by sets
> of parallel walls and covered an area of 11.65 km^2.^
>
> The mounds associated with several of these sites contain extensive
> ritual deposits of finely crafted artifacts that were often made of
> raw materials that were gathered from sites far removed from southern
> Ohio. These features were different from earlier and contemporary
> cultures in North America and these characteristics appear to have
> developed independently in the region along the middle Ohio River
> especially in the tributary valleys of the Miami, Scioto, and
> Muskingum rivers. The use of such a variety of geometric shapes seems
> to be unique to the Hopewell culture. Also unusual is the apparently
> independent use of a standard unit of linear measure and standardized
> elements of design. The interiors of the sites seem to have been
> primarily used for ceremonial purposes. This is unlike most other
> earthwork sites in the world where the interiors of the earthworks
> were used for habitation, defense or other military purposes. Also
> unlike most large monumental works, which were built by hierarchical
> chiefdoms residing in large villages and engaged in extensive
> agriculture to produce a food surplus, the Hopewell lived in small,
> dispersed settlements and subsisted through hunting, gathering, and
> gardening in small plots.
>
> The Ohio Hopewell culture fades from the archeological record about
> 1,500 years ago. The earthwork remains and artifact assemblages are
> the best testimony to a significant culture that flourished in North
> America for more than 600 years. The sites included in this nomination
> represent the largest and best preserved examples of Hopewellian
> ceremonial architecture and are the sites where most of the
> exceptional and signature artifacts of the culture were deposited. The
> sites depict the variety and evolution of the design styles used by
> the Ohio Hopewell Culture.
>
>  

iv. *be an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or
    technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a)
    significant stage(s) in human history;*

>   \_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_  This criterion applies to the property I am
> proposing 
>
> Reason: The earthworks included in this nomination are outstanding
> examples of an architectural form and landscape design which
> illustrates the roughly seven centuries long florescence of the Ohio
> Hopewell culture, which is recognized as the climax of the Woodland
> Period cultures. While many cultures built earthen walls and mounds,
> the products of the Hopewell culture are distinctive from earlier and
> later cultures. The Hopewellian structures were designed and used
> mainly for ceremonial purposes; there is little or no evidence for
> permanent habitation or defensive use of the sites. The Hopewellian
> earthworks are extraordinarily large with many examples larger that 15
> ha. and some exceeding 50 ha. As a comparison, the Octagon at Newark
> would hold four structures the size of the Colosseum of Rome, the
> Great Pyramid of Cheops would fit in the Wright Earthworks, and over
> 100 football fields would fit in the large enclosure of the Hopewell
> Mound Group. A large number of earthworks were constructed over a
> seven century period; there were at least 40 large Hopewellian
> earthworks in Ohio. These individual earthworks were constructed in
> close proximity along the terraces in selected major stream valleys.
> In its most elaborate form at Newark, the earthworks were connected by
> a series of parallel earthen walls and formed an 11.6 km^2^ landscape
> complex of monumental ceremonial structures.
>
> The form of the earthworks evolved into very precise geometric shapes.
> Many cultures built earthworks in the form of circles, but the
> Hopewell, without any precedence, began building in the shape of
> squares, trapezoids, and octagons. Analysis of the lengths of the wall
> segments indicates that the Hopewell culture developed a standardized
> unit of measure. Again this developed without precedence.

v.  *be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement,
    land-use, or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or
    cultures), or human interaction with the environment especially when
    it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change;*

 

> \_\_\_\_  This criterion applies to the property I am proposing 
>
> Reason:
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
>  

vi. *be directly or tangibly associated with events or living
    traditions, with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literary
    works of outstanding universal significance. (The Committee
    considers that this criterion should preferably be used in
    conjunction with other criteria);*

  \_\_[X]{.underline}\_  This criterion applies to the property I am
proposing 

> Reason: The Hopewell culture is distinguished from other prehistoric
> American Indian cultures in eastern North America by the complex,
> geometric earthworks they built and by the elaborate ceremonial
> deposits of finely crafted objects that are among the most outstanding
> art objects produced in pre-Columbian North America. Many of the
> objects were made from raw materials from distant sources. "What is
> surprising is the tremendous increase in the use of these materials by
> Hopewell populations, especially those in the Ohio valley." (Seeman,
> op.cit.) The craftsmanship was also of high quality and artistry.
> "(T)he intricacy of these manipulations, the refinement of forms, and
> the overt cosmological references show the development of a symbolic
> system of greater complexity than at any time previously in eastern
> North America." (Seeman, ibid)
>
> The artifacts produced by the Ohio Hopewell culture and associated
> with sites listed in this nomination are the best and most tangible
> insight the modern world has into a belief system that interacted with
> and influenced a broad part of North America spreading from the
> Atlantic coast to the Rocky Mountains and from the Great Lakes to the
> coasts of the Gulf of Mexico.

vii. *contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional
     natural beauty and aesthetic importance;*

 

> \_\_\_\_  This criterion applies to the property I am proposing 
>
> Reason:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
>  

viii. *be outstanding examples representing major stages of earth\'s
      history, including the record of life, significant on-going
      geological processes in the development of landforms, or
      significant geomorphic or physiographic features;*

 

> \_\_\_\_  This criterion applies to the property I am proposing 
>
> Reason:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
>  

ix. *be outstanding examples representing significant on-going
    ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development
    of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and
    communities of plants and animals;*

 

> \_\_\_\_  This criterion applies to the property I am proposing 
>
> Reason:
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
>  

x.  *contain the most important and significant natural habitats for
    in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including those
    containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from
    the point of view of science or conservation.*

 

> \_\_\_\_  This criterion applies to the property I am proposing 
>
> Reason:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
>  

**3.b.  Proposed statement of outstanding universal value** 

Based on the criteria you have selected just above, provide a brief
**Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value** summarizing and
making clear why you think the property merits inscription on the World
Heritage List.  If adopted by the World Heritage Committee, the
statement "will be the key reference for the future effective protection
and management of the property." 

*Explanation: This statement should clearly explain the
**internationally** significant values embodied by the property, **not**
its **national** prominence. *

*"**Outstanding Universal Value**" **is formally defined as  "...
cultural and/or natural significance which is so exceptional as to
transcend national boundaries and to be of common importance for present
and future generations of all humanity. As such, the permanent
protection of this heritage is of the highest importance to the
international community as a whole."*** 

**Cultural property** 

*For example, a cultural World Heritage Site may be a unique survival of
a particular building form or settlement or an exceptional example of a
designed town or the best work by a great internationally recognized
architect.  It may be a particularly fine or early or rich survival and
it may bear witness to a vanished culture or way of life, or ecosystem. 
Elements to consider for inclusion in the statement may be such cardinal
facts about the site as:* 

> *- Historic Context*
>
> *- Period of International Significance*
>
> *- Internationally Significant Dates*
>
> *- Internationally Significant Groups, Persons, Events*
>
> *- Cultural Affiliation* \
>  

The Ohio Hopewell culture ceremonial earthworks in southern Ohio, built
between 2,200 BP and 1,500 BP, have universal value as the most notable
examples of a cultural florescence that was distinctive from other
mound-building cultures in Eastern North America. The Ohio Hopewell
culture is the cultural climax of the Woodland Period in the eastern
United States, and the three archeological preserves included in this
nomination are the best preserved examples of the monumental earthworks
constructed by the Ohio Hopewell culture. They are large, complex
ceremonial spaces that feature a standard unit of measure and repeated
use of regular geometric shapes. Some of the earthworks featured
astronomical alignments. The largest of these earthworks enclosed over
50 ha. and contained mounds as large as 167 m long, 60 m wide, and over
10 m high. At Newark, a complex group of earthworks connected by
parallel walls covered an area of 11.6 km^2^. Mounds at Hopewell Mound
Group, Mound City Group, and Seip Earthworks covered an extensive array
of finely crafted artifacts made of materials from sources as far
distant from southern Ohio as the Gulf of Mexico and the Yellowstone
basin. The presence of these artifacts, especially materials that were
not being widely traded 2,000 years ago, indicate that these sites were
important ceremonial centers that interacted with communities through
much of eastern North America. These earthworks are distinctive from
other earthen structures in the world in their primary, if not
exclusive, ceremonial use, their size and abundance, and their complex
geometric shape. The builders of these monumental works were hunters and
gathers who lived in small dispersed hamlets, unlike the later, more
urban agricultural communities that built most of the Worlds great
monuments. The building of extremely large, geometric ceremonial
earthworks is a practice that was not repeated by succeeding cultures.
That these monumental ceremonial earthworks were relatively numerous in
southern Ohio, and rare or absent in other parts of world make the
Hopewell culture all the more significant. The properties included are
Fort Ancient State Memorial, Warren County; the Newark Earthworks State
Memorial, Licking County; and Mound City Group, Hopewell Mound Group,
Hopeton Earthworks, Seip Earthworks, and High Bank Works units of
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park in Ross County, Ohio.

**Cultural landscapes** 

*Such landscapes illustrate the evolution of human society and
settlement over time under the influence of the physical constraints
and/or opportunities presented by the natural environment and of
successive social, economic, and cultural forces, both external and
internal**.*** \
 \
 \
**Natural property** 

*For example, a natural World Heritage Site may be a unique existence of
a type of habitat or ecosystem.   It may comprise assemblages of
threatened endemic species, exceptional ecosystems, outstanding natural
landscapes or other natural phenomena.*  

**Mixed property** 

*A mixed property must be justified under at least one cultural
criterion (i-vi) under 3a above and one natural criterion (vii-x) under
3a above. *  

**3.c.  Comparison of proposed property to similar or related properties
(including state of preservation of similar properties)** 

Please provide a statement explaining how the property being proposed
compares with all other similar or related properties anywhere in the
world, whether already on the World Heritage List or not. 

*Explanation:*   *Examples of questions that may be useful to consider
include whether the proposed property is part of a series or sequence of
similar sites belonging to the same cultural grouping and/or the same
period of history.   Also, are there features that distinguish it from
other sites and suggest that it should be regarded as **more**,
**equally** or **jointly** worthy than they are?  What is it that makes
this property intrinsically better than others and qualifies it for the
World Heritage List?  For example, does it have more features, species
or habitats than a similar site?  Is the property larger or better
preserved or more complete or less changed by later developments?* 

*It will be especially helpful if specific reference can be made to a
study placing the property in a global context.  The absence of
comparative information may indicate that the property is either truly
exceptional (a difficult case to prove) or that it lacks international
importance.  If the results of the comparative review reveal that
multiple sites possess roughly comparable merit and may possess
international significance as a group, you may wish to recommend that
more than one site be proposed, as a serial nomination or as a joint
nomination by the United States and another country.* 

*Also please make note of any major works that evaluate the property in
comparison to similar properties anywhere else in the world.* 

[Ohio Hopewell]{.underline} [Culture]{.underline}

In the most commonly used classification system of prehistoric Native
American cultures, the Hopewell culture is a sub-classification of the
Middle Woodland Period that lasted from about 2,200 BP to 1,500 BP. The
Woodland Period cultures are characterized by improvements in pottery
making techniques and its more wide spread use. This period was also
marked by the development of an independent agricultural complex in the
Eastern United States that was practiced on a small scale in garden
plots. These characteristics are distinctive from the earlier Archaic
Period and the later Mississippian Period. There is a striking
difference between the dispersed settlement of the Woodland Period
cultures who subsisted through hunting, gathering, and garden plot
agriculture and the later Mississippian cultures that resided in large
villages and cultivated large fields of maize corn introduced from
Mexico.

Within the Woodland Period, the Hopewell culture is particularly
distinctive and is regarded as the cultural climax of the period. They
are marked from their contemporaries by the construction of
exceptionally large earthworks that included not only mounds, but also
large enclosures that are often in precise geometric shapes. The
Hopewellian earthworks were primarily ceremonial or community gathering
centers, and not used for permanent habitation or defense. The Hopewell
culture also interacted with other communities over a large geographic
area and assembled at their ceremonial sites a wide variety of raw
materials that they crafted into fine art works.

The distinctive geometric earthworks and extensive and finely crafted
artifacts found in ceremonial contexts were produced by a relatively
small population that lived in dispersed settlements and subsisted
through hunting and gathering supplemented by incipient agricultural
practices that utilized local plants. The population densities of the
Hopewell culture were relatively low and their settlement patterns and
length of tenure at a specific site left few remains. These traits make
locating Hopewell settlement sites very difficult. Much of the current
research into the Hopewell Culture is focused on questions of tenure and
habitation, and how this dispersed population produced the material
achievements seen at the large ceremonial sites.

[Comparison to]{.underline} [Mississippian Culture and Cahokia
Mounds]{.underline}

These material accomplishments by a non-hierarchical society with a
dispersed settlement pattern contrasts notably with the Mississippian
culture that produced Cahokia, the one prehistoric mound site in the
United States inscribed on the World Heritage List. The Mississippian
culture (1,200 BP to 400 BP) was organized into hierarchical chiefdoms
that resided in large urban settlements or villages and farmed extensive
fields of maize corn. Cahokia, the largest Mississippian town, was a
site with permanent habitations directly associated with the mounds.
With an estimated population of 10,000 to 20,000, Cahokia was in fact
quite urban. Cahokia's characteristics are more similar to sites in
Mexico than they are to the Hopewell culture sites.

By contrast, the Hopewellian earthwork sites typically contain no
evidence of permanent habitation. The Fort Ancient, Hopeton Earthworks,
Mound City, and Newark Earthworks do have evidence of domestic
structures, but these seem to represent temporary housing for people
attending the periodic ceremonies. The monumental earthworks were
primarily ceremonial sites and seem to have been ritually cleaned after
their periods of use. The people of the Hopewell culture lived in widely
dispersed hamlets or homesteads and gathered at the earthwork sites
periodically, perhaps seasonally. Several of the Hopewellian ceremonial
centers, notably Hopewell Mound Group, Newark Earthworks, and Fort
Ancient, were comparable in size to the large ceremonial plaza and
stockade enclosure of Cahokia which was the largest, most densely
populated community in pre-Columbian United States. Cahokia and other
Mississippian sites did not feature monumental earthen walls, and
specifically did not build earthworks in geometric shapes.

The primary earthen constructions of the Mississippian culture were
large mounds many of which were pyramidal, flat top structures that
served as platforms for buildings. Both cultures built mounds over
significant burial sites. The Hopewell culture also built mounds for two
other purposes, architectural features such as the mounds built just
inside gateways to visually screen the inside, and mounds erected to
mark ceremonial structures that were not associated with burials. The
first type of mound can be found at most of the complex earthwork sites.
The later type of mound covered ceremonial deposits at Mound City Group
and Hopewell Mound Group.

Notable examples of mounds with extensive burial or ceremonial deposits
are found in both cultures and have similar ranges of artifacts. Both
cultures have grave goods and ceremonial deposits include objects made
from copper and silver from the Upper Great Lakes; pipestone from
several sources; mica from the Blue Ridge Mountains; tropical or
sub-tropical shells; obsidian from Yellowstone; and bone, shell, pearls,
and flint from several sources. From the time these objects were
uncovered beginning in the mid-19^th^ century they have been noted for
their artistic qualities, but the style of the two cultures differ.
Among the objects are naturalistic representations of humans and
animals, as well as complex abstract designs. These materials indicated
that both cultures had large, in fact almost identical, interaction
zones that covered most of temperate North America east of the Rocky
Mountains. The Hopewell culture predates the Mississippian culture by
about five to ten centuries.

The Octagon Earthworks and the High Bank Works have established
astronomical alignments incorporated into the architecture. Cahokia, as
well as other Mississippian and some earlier Fort Ancient culture sites,
also incorporated features for astronomical observations. The Fort
Ancient and Mississippian cultures observed solar cycles, probably to
predict growing seasons for maize corn. The Hopewell culture sites have
lunar alignments that track cycles over many years, including some
marking the 18.6 year lunar cycle.

[Comparison to Other Mound-building Cultures in the Eastern United
States]{.underline}

Outside of Ohio there are numerous mound and earthwork sites. Most of
the other archeological sites that are National Historic Landmarks are
either Mississippian like Cahokia Mounds, or late Archaic period sites.
Landmarks related to Ohio Hopewell culture include Pinson Mounds,
Marksville, and the Obsidian Cliffs at Yellowstone (the source of
obsidian found in Hopewell contexts and not a comparable site). The
Pinson Mounds shares some of the characteristics of the units of
Hopewell Culture National Historical Park. Pinson is composed of 15
mounds within a roughly circular earthwork. The Pinson Mounds site by
itself lacks the variety in geometric forms and the comprehensive
overview of the earthwork architecture that this nomination includes.
Pinson would be a logical addition to this serial nomination. The
Marksville site also includes a group of mounds within an earthen wall.
The wall lacks the more complex geometric pattern. The Marksville
culture, while identified as Hopewellian, is distinctive in its
characteristic material culture. The Marksville culture and other
Hopewellian cultures such as Swift Creek, and Copena share many
characteristics of the Ohio Hopewell culture including mound building,
but are different in that they did not usually build earthwork
enclosures. These cultures inhabited much of eastern North America at
about the same time as the Ohio Hopewell culture. Sites range from the
upper Great Lakes region to the Gulf Coast in Florida and Alabama. There
is material evidence both in Ohio and at the outlying sites of
interaction between the groups. This interaction is an active research
topic in Middle Woodland Period archeology. There is evidence that the
ceremonial centers in Ohio influenced the culture in the outlying
regions.

One other major prehistoric earthwork site is a National Historic
Landmark. Poverty Point in Louisiana is a major Archaic site composed of
six concentric semicircles enclosing a 15ha. plaza on a riverbank. The
combined length of the walls is 12 km. Several large mounds are located
inside and outside of the enclosure, including one flat-topped mound
100m by 100m. Some of the mounds may post-date the construction of the
wall. No burials have been associated with the site. The site dates from
2,800 BP to 1,550 BP. It is a true anomaly in Archaic period archeology.
This site is much earlier than the Ohio Hopewell culture sites in this
nomination and deserves consideration on its own as a World Heritage
site.

There is a separate tradition of effigy mound building among some of the
American Indian cultures of the Eastern United States. This tradition is
most common in later cultures such as the Mississippian, and the design
and use of effigy mound sites is different. This effigy mound building
tradition is worthy of its own nomination, and in fact the Ohio
Historical Society is proposing the Serpent Mound in Adams County, Ohio
as a separate nomination.

[Comparison to Earthworks in Other Parts of the World]{.underline}

Earthen construction has been used all over the world. Notable
prehistoric examples of earthworks include tumuli, usually burial
structures, and hill forts. Burial mounds, while widely distributed
around the globe, are relatively rare on the World Heritage list. In
fact some of the most famous mounds, such as Sutton Hoo in England are
not on the list. Jelling Mounds in Denmark is the only listing with the
mounds as the primary feature. Burial mounds are features in a larger
ensemble in the following inscribed sites:

Hortobágy National Park - the *Puszta*, Hungary

Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne, Ireland

Archaeological Landscape of Tamgaly, Kazakhstan

Kernavė Archaeological Site (Cultural Reserve of Kernavė), Lithuania

Stone Circles of Senegambia, Gambia and Senegal

Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom, China

Kyongju City, Kyongsangbuk-do Province, South Korea

Stonehenge, Avebury, and related sites, UK

Tassili n\'Ajjer - Wilaya of Ouargla, Algeria.

The Heart of Neolithic Orkney, UK

Birka and Hovgarden, Sweden

Koguryo Tombs, North Korea

Many of these tumuli feature stone burial chambers, some of them quite
elaborate. In some of the cases, such as the Koguryo Tombs, they are
stone structures with earthen mounds on top. The use of stone in the
Ohio Hopewell is limited to paving or facing of a limited number of
features. None of the Ohio Hopewell burials have stone chambers below
the mounds.

The mounds built by the Hopewell culture are not completely unique. They
are similar in size and construction to examples of tumuli in Europe and
Asia. The characteristic artifacts buried in the Hopewellian mounds are
distinctive, and are among the most significant pieces of art produced
by prehistoric cultures in North America.

Most of the sites listed above are also different from the Ohio Hopewell
culture sites in that the mounds are not associated with monumental
earthwork enclosures. Some of the sites have stonework enclosures, and
nearly all of the enclosures are much smaller that the Hopewellian
enclosures.

Stonehenge and Avebury are best known for the circles of large upright
stones, but there are several earthwork features at these sites and in
the surrounding area included in the nomination including many mounds,
the circular ditch at the Stonehenge feature, a square roughly the size
of the Stonehenge circle, and causewayed enclosures. There is active
discussion about the purposes of the causewayed enclosures such as
Windmill Hill near Avebury, Coombe Hill, or the Maumbury Ring but they
seem to originate in the Neolithic, were not permanently occupied, and
have evidence of ritual activities. These characteristics are similar to
the Ohio Hopewell earthwork enclosures. However, the Ohio sites are
larger. Windmill Hill, a large example, is 8.5 ha. while a typical Ohio
Hopewell earthwork encloses about 15 ha. The causewayed enclosures also
lack the variations in shapes found in the Ohio Hopewell examples. What
makes the Hopewell culture earthworks unique are the large geometric
earthen structures that were built primarily for ceremonial purposes.

Another class of earthworks found through out much of the world is the
hill fort, and similar ditch and wall features, were built for defense
and usually enclosed a settlement site. Examples of sites on the World
Heritage list that include hill forts as contributing features are
Hallstatt-Dachstein Salzkammergut in Austria and Kernave Archaeological
Site in Lithuania. Despite early speculation about the military nature
of the Hopewell earthworks, and hence names like Fort Ancient, there is
no evidence that these large earthworks had any defensive or military
purpose.

There is a tendency to try to make connections between the Nasca lines
in Peru and the earthworks in the eastern United States. The probable
reason for this the large number of effigy figures at Nasca and the
large number of North American effigy mounds, which are distinct from
the large ceremonial enclosures that are the topic of this nomination.
Also the method of construction is much different as the Nasca lines are
shallow modifications to the ground surface, while the Ohio Hopewell
earthworks involve large and tall constructions of mounded soil.

The Hopewell culture was singular in devoting such great efforts to
building not only mounds, but enclosing their ceremonial spaces with
large earthen walls, often of complex geometric designs. That these
monumental ceremonial earthworks were relatively numerous in southern
Ohio, and rare or absent in other parts of world make the Hopewell
culture all the more notable.

**3.d.  Integrity and/or Authenticity** 

*Explanation: As with a site's international significance, the clear
intent of this requirement is that a World Heritage Site's authenticity
or integrity must rise to a superlative level.  Thus, for example, it is
quite important to understand that reconstructions of historic
structures or sites or largely restored ecosystems will usually be
disqualified from inscription in the World Heritage List. *  

**Cultural property** 

[Authenticity]{.underline}:  Does the property retain its original
design, materials, workmanship and setting? 

YES:  \_\_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Comment:\_

[Fort Ancient]{.underline}

The Fort Ancient Earthworks retains its original design, materials,
workmanship and setting. It is the best preserved of any ancient
earthwork site in eastern North America. This has been amply
demonstrated by limited archaeological testing of embankment walls.

[Newark Earthworks]{.underline}

The major surviving components of the Newark Earthworks, the Great
Circle Earthworks and the Octagon Earthworks, retain their original
design, materials, and workmanship. Damage to these sites is limited to
portions of the northern third of the Octagon Earthworks were subject to
cultivation in the 19^th^ century, but the site was acquired for
preservation by the City of Newark and turned over to the State of Ohio
for use as a State Militia (National Guard) encampment. The Great Circle
was preserved as the Licking County fairgrounds beginning in 1854. Prior
to this, there had been no disturbance to the embankment. Particular
sections of the earthwork were damaged by the activities of the fair.

[Hopewell Culture National Historical Park]{.underline}

All of the earthworks that compose Hopewell Culture NHP have been
impacted by more recent human activities, primarily farming, but retain
their original setting and, except for Mound City Group, retain their
original form, materials, and workmanship. The earthworks and mounds at
Mound City Group and Seip Earthworks have been reconstructed or
partially reconstructed.

The earthworks at Mound City Group were reconstructed in 1926 by the
Ohio Historical Society using archeological data and the 1848 maps by
Squier and Davis. Squier and Davis recorded the sites before any damage
had been inflicted. The National Park Service did addition archeological
work in the 1960s and corrected the location of two of the mounds and a
portion of the wall. One mound was left uncovered to depict post mold
patterns. The reconstructions are accurate in locations to the
archeological evidence and to the height and breath of the 1848 maps.
Two-thirds of the Seip mound was removed during archeological
excavations in 1908 and 1925/1926. The mound was rebuilt to its original
dimensions. Also as a part of the project a section of the earth wall
was rebuilt to the height recorded in 1848. Between the wall segment and
the mound, the sites of buildings used by the Hopewell culture for craft
production are depicted by short wood posts over the post molds.

In other areas where the earthworks have been deflated, the base of the
walls is intact, can be located with geophysical methods, and retain
their original internal structure. At Hopeton Earthworks, and at the
less impacted Newark Earthworks, archeological investigations have shown
that the earthen walls have complex inner structure using soils of
distinctive colors in contrasting layers. The park is examining methods
for representing the trace of the earthworks without impacting the
original, but now reduced, walls. The sites retain their original
locations in a large river valley and remain large open spaces.

[Integrity]{.underline}:  Do the authentic material and spatial evidence
inside the proposed boundaries remain in sufficient quantity to convey
the full significance of the site?  To tell the full story of why the
site is outstanding?  Is the integrity weakened by the intrusion of
discordant and/or abundant elements or buildings that are unrelated to
the significance and detract from the visual unity of the place?  

YES:  \_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Comment: \
[Fort Ancient]{.underline}

The Fort Ancient retains it original walls and other features. The
entire site is preserved and its size conveys the full significance of
the site. The intrusions within the earthworks include a museum/visitor
center, picnicking and maintenance facilities, and a residence for the
site manager. However, because of the vast scale of the earthworks these
intrusions do not affect their integrity.

[Newark Earthworks]{.underline}

The integrity of the surviving portions of the Newark Earthworks
repeatedly has been established by comparison of modern maps and aerial
photographs with historic maps and early 20^th^ century aerial
photographs. In addition, 1992 excavations at the Great Circle
demonstrated that, even in a portion of the embankment damaged by
fairgrounds activities, restoration had been minimal and much of the
original mound structure remained intact. Cross sections through the
walls still show the 2,000 year-old pattern of using contrasting soils
of different colors is still intact. There is some intrusion of
discordant elements, such as the golf course at the Octagon Earthworks
(Moundbuilders Country Club), but the scale of the Hopewell architecture
dwarfs these intrusions and the visual unity of the major surviving
remnants (Great Circle Earthworks and Octagon Earthworks) remains intact
and impressive.

[Hopewell Culture National Historical Park]{.underline}

The earthworks of four of the five units of Hopewell Culture National
Historical Park remain deflated by agriculture. Nevertheless, it is
still possible to identify the earthworks through topographic mapping
and remote sensing techniques. Furthermore, archeological excavations
across the remains of the walls demonstrate that the internal structure
of the walls has been preserved, and at sites like Hopeton Earthworks,
show a very complex foundation preparation and use of different soils to
produce desired visual effects. In addition, sections of the walls at
Hopeton and a 500m section at Hopewell Mound Group have survived in
their original condition. The earthworks and mounds at Mound City Group
have been reconstructed. At Seip Earthworks a historic residence is
located within the earthworks. However, because of the scale of the
earthworks, the impact is not significant. The properties included in
Hopewell Culture NHP continue to possess the qualities to convey the
full significance of the sites, especially when the artifacts found at
the sites are included in the interpretation of the sites.

Note that that there can be authenticity without integrity, as in a
highly eroded archaeological ruin.  There can also be authenticity with
full integrity of materials, but seriously undermined by the
overwhelming presence of newer or inappropriate elements. 

How do authenticity and integrity compare for this property? 

All the archeological units in this nomination retain a high level of
authenticity of materials, workmanship, and design. Aside from some
repairs, nothing has been added to the earthwork features. The integrity
of Fort Ancient and the Octagon Earthworks and Great Circle Earthworks
units of Newark Earthworks is very high. These are among the best
preserved prehistoric earthworks in the United States. The earthworks at
Hopewell Culture NHP were preserved at a much later date and have
suffered more from impacts that deflated the earthworks. Nevertheless
the foundations of these earthworks still exist and can be readily
identified. Thanks to the pioneering work of early archeologist such as
the maps of Squier and Davis and the excavations of Morehead and the
Ohio Historical Society, the managing agencies can preserve and
interpret the earthworks with great accuracy.

[Repairs:]{.underline}  If repairs have been made, were they carried out
using traditional materials and methods?  If yes, please discuss.  If
not, please explain the methods used and why.  

YES:  \_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Comment:

[Fort Ancient]{.underline}

Some earlier storm water drainage constructed by the Civil Conservation
Corps in the 1930s is failing and is causing some problems with erosion.
The worst failures are being corrected through a project funded in part
with Save America's Treasures funds.

[Newark Earthworks]{.underline}

The Great Circle Earthworks and the Octagon Earthworks are
extraordinarily well preserved with overall high integrity. Only small
and relatively isolated portions of these huge earthworks have been
subject to repair and restoration. This is largely due to the very early
attempts at preserving these parts of the site. The Ohio National Guard
restored those portions of the Octagon Earthworks that had been damaged
by cultivation. When the Great Circle site was acquired by the Ohio
Historical Society in 1932, the Civilian Conservation Corps assisted in
the repair and restoration of those damaged sections. The Eagle Mound,
at the center of the Great Circle, was excavated by the Ohio Historical
Society in 1928. It was fully restored following the data provided in
the most reliable of the earliest surveys of the site (Squier and Davis
1848).

The Newark Earthworks was the preeminent example of Hopewell geometric
earthworks and the surviving elements are best preserved. The former is
a tribute to the ancient Hopewellian builders; the latter is a tribute
to the early citizens of Newark and Licking County, and the Ohio
Historical Society.

[Hopewell Culture National Historical Park]{.underline}

The mounds and surrounding wall at Mound City Group were reconstructed
in 1926 before reconstructions went out of vogue. The reconstructions of
two mounds and a portion of the wall were corrected in 1963 and 1964.
The mound at Seip Earthworks was excavated impacting about two-thirds of
the mound. The impacted portion of the mound was reconstructed and a
portion of earthen wall was also reconstructed. No repairs have been
made to the remainder of Seip Earthworks, Hopewell Mound Group, Hopeton
Earthworks, and High Bank Works units of Hopewell Culture NHP. The Park
is studying methods for depicting the size and form of the earthworks
without impacting the archeological remains.

**4. STATE OF PRESERVATION AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE PROPERTY** \
 

**4.a.  Present state of preservation of the property** 

**Cultural property** 

What is the present state of preservation of the property (including its
physical condition and preservation measures in place)? 

All properties are managed by historic preservation agencies and are
being maintained or stabilized.

Hopewell Culture NHP is removing existing agricultural leases and
stabilizing the sites with native grasses.

Are there any recent or forthcoming planned major repair projects? Are
there any major repairs needed to buildings or structures that have not
been planned or financed?

See discussion above for current repair project at Fort Ancient.
Improvements are planned for visitor facilities at most sites.

**4b.  Factors affecting the property** 

If there are known factors likely to affect or threaten the outstanding
universal values of the property or there any difficulties that may be
encountered in addressing such problems through measures taken, or
proposed to be taken, please use the following is a checklist to help in
identifying factors. 

***(i)  Development Pressures (e.g., encroachment, modification,
agriculture, mining)*** 

Are there development pressures affecting the property?  Or major
changes in traditional land use?  Or demographic shifts, especially in
sites still in the hands of the descendants of their creators, or, for
example, traditional ethnic communities. 

YES:  \_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Comment:

All three units of the Newark Earthworks are located in existing urban
areas and the other sites have some existing development adjacent to
them. Existing and future developments do not and will not impact the
inherent significance of the resources. In most cases the development
can be screened.

The use of the Octagon Earthworks unit of the Newark Earthworks as a
golf course is a change in the traditional land use at the site. The
lease of the Octagon Earthworks for a country club dates back to 1910
and has helped preserve and provide for the maintenance of the site
since that time. The presence of the country club did not prevent the
site from being designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.

***(ii)  Environmental pressures (e.g., pollution, climate change,
desertification)*** 

Are there major sources of environmental deterioration currently
affecting the property? 

YES:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_

Comment:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

***(iii)  Natural disasters and risk preparedness (earthquakes, floods,
fires, etc.)*** 

Are natural disasters likely to present a foreseeable threat to the
property?  If so, are there available background data (e.g., for a
property in a seismic zone, give details of past seismic activity, or
the precise location of the property in relation to the seismic zone,
etc.)  

YES:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_

Comment:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 

Are there contingency plans for dealing with disasters, whether by
physical protection measures or staff training? 

YES:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ 

Comment:

The earthwork features are relatively immune from most natural
disasters. The sites are not threatened by flooding.

***(iv)  Visitor/tourism pressures*** 

If the property is open to visitors, is there an established or
estimated \"carrying capacity\" of the property? Can it absorb or
mitigate the current or an increased number of visitors without
significant adverse effects? 

YES:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ 

Comment:

No established carrying capacity, but visitation is not great. Doubling
or tripling visitation will not hurt the sites.

***(v)  Other*** 

Are there any other risks or threats that could jeopardize the
property's Outstanding Universal Values? 

YES:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ 

Comment:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 \
 **5.  PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT**  \
 

**5.a.  Ownership** 

Provide the name(s) and addresses of all owners: 

Hopewell Culture NHP:

National Park Service, Hopewell Culture NHP, 16062 State Route 104,
Chillicothe, OH 45601, USA

Seip Mound: Private Organization: Ohio Historical Society

Newark Earthworks: Private Organization: Ohio Historical Society

Fort Ancient: Public Organization: State of Ohio and Private
Organization: Ohio Historical Society

Ohio Historical Society, 1982 Velma Avenue, Columbus, OH 43211-2497, USA

 If any of these owners are corporations or other nongovernmental
entities, identify which are public and which private.  Identify any
traditional or customary owners. 

Public organization
owners:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Private organization owners:\_\_\_[Ohio Historical
Society]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

\[The Ohio Historical Society, a 501(c)3 corporation, is by law the
State\'s partner in providing history services to the public.\]

Traditional or customary owners:\_none identified, no
Federally-recognized tribe claims descent from the prehistoric group
identified as the Hopewell culture by archeologists.

If there are any other authorities with legal responsibility for
managing the property, provide their names and addresses: 

\_\_\_\_[N/A]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 

For properties having multiple owners, is there any representative body
or agent which speaks for all owners?  If so, does that representative
body or agent have authority to act on behalf of all the owners?  If so,
provide the name and address of that representative body or agent: 

Most of Fort Ancient is owned by the State of Ohio. The balance is owned
by the Ohio Historical Society. The Society, under Ohio Revised Code
Section 149.30, has full authority to act for the State of Ohio in
managing the State Memorial system of which the site is a part.

Are there any restrictions on public access to the property? 

*Explanation:  Public access is not required for inclusion in the World
Heritage List.  Policies in effect should be explained, however. )* 

YES:  [\_\_\_X (three areas)]{.underline} \_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_[X (six
areas)]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ 

Comment:\_\_

[Fort Ancient and Newark Earthworks State Memorials]{.underline}

Grounds and visitor facilities at Ohio Historical Society sites are open
during daylight hours on an established basis. Access to the Octagon
Earthworks unit of the Newark Earthworks is limited by a long-term lease
of the site (until 2078) to the Moundbuilders Country Club, which since
1910, has leased the site. There is year round access to a public
viewing area at the site plus complete access to the site on a limited
number of days each year.

[Hopewell Culture National Historical Park]{.underline}

Hopeton Earthworks and High Banks Works units of Hopewell Culture NHP
are closed to the public except for special tours. There are no
facilities for public access at these two units. The grounds at the
other three units of the park are open during daylight hours. The
visitor center at Mound City Groups is open most days.

**5.b.  Protective designations** 

What are the principal existing (and pending) legal measures of
protection that apply to the property? 

*Explanation: List, [but do not attach]{.underline} copies of, all
relevant known or proposed legal, regulatory, contractual, planning,
institutional and/or traditional measures that affect the status of the
property: e.g., national park, wildlife refuge, historic monument,
zoning, easements, covenants, deed restrictions, State and local
historic preservation ordinances and regulations, and the like.* 

List of measures: [National Park or State Memorial]{.underline}\_

Give the title and date of legal instruments and briefly summarize their
main provisions.  Provide the year of designation and the legislative
act(s) under which the status is provided. 

Titles, dates, and brief summaries of legal instruments:

HOPEWELL CULTURE NHP:

Hopewell Culture NHP has been designated by the U.S. Congress as a unit
of the National Park System.

Presidential Proclamation No. 1653, March 2, 1923 and Public Law 102-294
(16 USC 410uu), May 27, 1992.

OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY:

State Law: Ohio Revised Code, Section 149.30, requires that the Ohio
Historical Society maintain and operate a system of state memorials
(including properties owned by OHS and those owned by the State of Ohio)
and requires legislative approval for the transfer or sale of Society
property if the State has a \"financial interest\" in the property. The
Ohio Historical Society has full authority to act for the State of Ohio
in the management of state memorials.

Are the protections in perpetuity or are there potential gaps in the
protection? 

YES:  \_\_\_\_\_[See Comment]{.underline}\_\_\_\_  NO: 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Comment:\_\_\_\_[The properties are protected in
perpetuity]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 

Are there any traditional ways in which custom safeguards the property? 

YES:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_ [X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_ 

Comment:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 \
 **5.c.  Means of implementing protective measures** \
 

Will the owner(s) be responsible for ensuring that the nominated
property will be protected in perpetuity, whether by traditional and/or
statutory agencies?  If no, identify who will be responsible. 

YES:  \_\_[X\_]{.underline}\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Responsible entity other than the owner:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 

What is the adequacy of resources available for this purpose?  Please
briefly explain your reasoning. 

The owner of Hopewell Culture NHP is a statutory agency and funded
through annual appropriations from Congress.

The Ohio Historical Society manages both the properties it owns and
those of the State of Ohio under the Ohio Revised Code. Ohio Historical
Society manages the sites, speaks, and has the authority to act for the
State of Ohio. It is funded through memberships, donations, fees, earned
income and appropriations from the Ohio Legislature.

**5.d.  Existing plans related to municipality and region in which the
proposed property is located (e.g., regional or local plan, conservation
plan, tourism development plan)** 

*Explanation: List, [but do not attach]{.underline}, plans of which you
are aware that have been officially adopted or are currently under
development by governmental or other agencies that you believe directly
influence the way the property is developed, conserved, used or
visited.  Include the dates and agencies responsible for their
preparation and describe their general nature, including whether they
have the force of law.  It is recognized that this information may be
difficult to compile and that it may be difficult to decide what to
include, but the information will be very useful in determining how well
the property is protected.*  

\_[None]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 

**5.e.  Property management plan or other management system **  

Is there a formal management plan or other management system for the
property?  If yes, when was it last updated?  If not, is one in
preparation and when will it be completed?  (*It is not necessary to
provide copies, but a summary can be included if one is available.) *  

YES:  \_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_ \_\_\_ 

Comment:

Hopewell Culture NHP:

General Management Plan, Hopewell Culture NHP, approved April 8, 1997.

Land Protection Plan, Hopewell Culture NHP, approved April 2002.

Newark Earthworks: A historic site management plan was developed for the
site in 2001 which addresses management, access, interpretation and
resource protection. Implementation of the plan has been slow due to
budget constraints.

Fort Ancient Earthworks: No management plan is in place. However, the
site is managed by the Ohio Historical Society which was founded in 1885
as the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society to help protect the
mounds and earthworks in the State. In 1891 state law assigned the
Society the responsibility of managing the site for the benefit of the
public. The Society follows the Secretary of the Interior's Standards
for Historic Preservation Projects in its work at the site.

Is this management plan or other management system being effectively
implemented? 

YES:  \_\_\_\_[X]{.underline}\_\_\_\_  NO:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

Comment:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 

**6.  MONITORING** 

*Because monitoring the condition of a property is not essential to a
decision as to whether a property meets the basic qualifications for
nomination to the World Heritage List, no information about the
property's monitoring program is being requested at this time.  If the
property is subsequently added to the U.S. Tentative List, a set of  key
indicators for assessing the property's condition, the arrangements for
monitoring it, and information on the results of  past monitoring
exercises will be required to complete the l nomination of the property
for inscription on the World Heritage List,.*  \
 \
 **7.  DOCUMENTATION** \
 

**7.a  Photographs, slides, and other audiovisual materials** 

If recent images (prints, slides and/or, where possible, electronically
formatted images, videos and aerial photographs) are available that give
a good general picture of the property, please provide a few photographs
and/or slides.  If available, film/video, or electronic images may also
be provided.  They should give a good general picture of the property
and illustrate the qualities/features that you believe justify the
nomination of the property to the World Heritage List. (Ten views or so
should be adequate for all but the most complicated properties.) 

Please label the images you supply and provide a separate list of them
here, including the photographer's name.  Please do not include any
copyrighted images or other images to which you do not possess the
rights or do not have permission. 

Images being supplied and names of their authors: 

Included in Appendix 2:

**[Fort Ancient State Memorial]{.underline}**

Historic map of Fort Ancient from Atwater, 1820.

Historic map of Fort Ancient form *Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi
Valley,* 1848.

Computer generated rendition of Fort Ancient from the Center for the
Electronic Reconstruction of Historical and Archaeological Sites,
University of Cincinnati, 2006.

Historic photograph of small mounds outside of main enclosure, Ohio
Historical Society.

View of earth walls at Fort Ancient, Ohio Historical Society.

View of small paved mound and earth walls at Fort Ancient, Ohio
Historical Society.

Copper cash excavated at Fort Ancient, Ohio Historical Society.

Fort Ancient Visitor Center, OHS photo.

**[Newark Earthworks State Memorial]{.underline}**

Historic map of Newark Earthworks from Atwater, 1820.

Historic map of Newark Earthworks from *Ancient Monuments of the
Mississippi Valley*, 1848.

Computer generated rendition of the Newark Earthworks from the Center
for Electronic Reconstruction of Historical and Archaeological Sites,
University of Cincinnati, 2006.

Oblique aerial photograph of the Octagon Earthworks, Ohio Historical
Society.

Walls at Great Circle Earthworks, Ohio Historical Society.

Walls at Great Circle Earthworks, Ohio Historical Society.

Walls at Octagon Earthworks, Ohio Historical Society.

Cross-section of wall at Great Circle Earthworks, Ohio Historical
Society.

Wall at Wright Earthworks, Ohio Historical Society.

Visitor Center at Great Circle Earthworks, Ohio Historical Society.

**[Hopewell Culture National Historical Park]{.underline}**

Historic map of Mound City Group from *Ancient Monuments of the
Mississippi Valley*, 1848.

Historic map of the Hopeton Earthworks from *Ancient Monuments of the
Mississippi Valley,* 1848.

Historic map of High Bank Works from *Ancient Monuments of the
Mississippi Valley*, 1848.

Historic map of the Hopewell Mound Group (North Fork Works) from
*Ancient Monument of the Mississippi Valley*, 1848.

Historic map of the Hopewell Mound Group from Shetrone, 1925.

Historic map of the Seip Earthworks from *Ancient Monuments of the
Mississippi Valley*, 1848.

Historic map of Paint Creek Valley showing Seip Earthworks, Baum
Earthworks, and Spruce Hill Works from Atwater, 1820.

General view of Mound City Group, National Park Service, 2004.

View of 1964 excavations by Dr. James Brown (now with Northwestern
University) showing post molds of prehistoric buildings, National Park
Service.

Selection of five artifacts from Mound City Group: Copper cutout with
abstract bird images, obsidian projectile point, large copper cutout of
a bird, pipestone pipe in shape of raven, and pot with duck image,
National Park Service.

Aerial photograph of Hopeton Earthworks, Soil Conservation Service,
1964.

Magnetometer data of square at Hopeton Earthworks, Midwest Archeological
Center, National Park Service, 2002.

Photograph of excavation of wall at Hopeton Earthworks showing
construction of wall, National Park Service, 2002.

Aerial photograph of High Bank Works, Soil Conservation Service, 1964.

Aerial photograph of Hopewell Mound Group, Hopewell Culture NHP, 1976.

Artifacts from Hopewell Mound Group including mica hand-shaped cutout,
copper sheet cut out in abstract pattern, and projectile point made from
Yellowstone obsidian.

Aerial photograph of Seip Mound, Ohio Historical Society.

Photograph of Shetrone excavating large pipes from Seip Mound, Ohio
Historical Society.

Photographs of artifacts from the Seip Mound. Objects are a large effigy
pipe believed to be from source material in Tennessee, copper cut out in
bird shape, human head from pipestone, oversized copper axe head, and
copper breast plate with freshwater pearls. Ohio Historical Society.

**8.  CONTACT INFORMATION**  \
**8a.  Preparer/Responsible Party for Contact:** 

Name: \_\_\_[Dean
Alexander]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Title: 
\_\_[Superintendent]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 

**Address:** [Hopewell Culture NHP, 16062 State Route
104]{.underline}**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

**City, State/Territory, Zip Code:  \_\_**[Chillicothe, OH
45601]{.underline}**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 

> **Telephone:**[\_\_(740)774-1126]{.underline} **\_** 

**Cellular phone:  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_**[(740) 703-2835
cell]{.underline}**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_    **
 

**Preferred Days/Hours for Contact: \_**[M-F 7:30 am to 4:30 pm Eastern
Time]{.underline}**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 

**Fax: \_\_\_**[(740) 774-1140 fax]{.underline}
**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 

> **E-mail and/or website:** <Dean_Alexander@nps.gov>
>
> [www.nps.gov/hocu](http://www.nps.gov/hocu)

**8.b.  Responsible Official or Local Institution/Agency** 

If different from the preparer above, provide the same information for
the agency, museum, institution, community or manager locally
responsible for the management of the property.  In the case of public
property, identify both the responsible official and the agency.  If the
normal reporting institution is a national agency, please also provide
that contact information. 

**Name: \_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 

**Title: \_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 

**Address:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

**City, State/Territory, Zip Code:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

**Telephone:\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 

**Cellular phone:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 

**Fax:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** 

**E-mail and/or website: \_**
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \
 

**9.   Signatures of All Owners of Private Properties or Authorizing
Officials for Public Properties:**  

**Explanation:  No property will be included in the U.S. World Heritage
Tentative List without the written concurrence of all its property
owners.  This is because U.S. law expressly forbids nomination of such
sites.  In addition, at the time of nomination, property owners must
pledge to the legal protection or the development of legal protection of
the property in perpetuity.** 

 For the Ohio Historical Society:

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Signature** 

 **Typed or Printed Name** 

[Dr. William K. Laidlaw,
Jr]{.underline}.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Title** 

[ Executive Director, Ohio Historical Society]{.underline}

**Date**

For the National Park Service:

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Signature** 

 **Typed or Printed Name** 

[Mary A. Bomar]{.underline}\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Title** 

[ Director, National Park Service]{.underline}

**Date**

**                      (Please attach as many additional signature
pages as may be necessary.)**