# Guide to Implementing Community Scale Wind Projects

**on Native American Reservations**

Tyson J. Utt

Office of Science, Energy Research Undergraduate Energy Fellowship
(ERULF)

James Madison University

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Golden, Colorado

August 15, 2002

Prepared in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Office of
Science, Department

of Energy's Energy Research Undergraduate Laboratory Fellowship under
the direction

of Tony Jimenez and Bob Gough at the National Wind Technology Center for
the

National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

> Participant:
> \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> Mentor: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
>
> Mentor: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

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**Introduction:**

Many tribes have an ideal situation for developing community sized wind
projects on their reservations. The incentives include, but are not
limited to, abundant wind resources; sovereignty to control political
and economic issues; federal support through development programs; and
tribally owned community loads such as office buildings or casinos.
Implementing a wind project to supplement the electricity demand of a
tribally owned building presents some political and economical
considerations unique to a tribal setting. The focus of this paper is
how to implement a community wind project on tribal lands.

This document is designed to assist Native American tribes in
implementing a properly sized wind project in order to supplement the
electricity demand of a large community load. This document is entitled
a guide because it is intended to guide the user to resources for
completing the necessary steps of implementing a wind project. This
document also focuses on identifying issues unique to community scale
wind projects on Native American Reservations.

Wind resources coincide with the location of tribal lands throughout the
western portion of the United States. Much of the promising wind
resources

are found in the Great Plains and the Pacific Northwest. Tribes can
begin to develop these wind resources to promote their own economic
development and the development of wind energy.

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height="2.3881944444444443in"}

**How to use this document:**

This document outlines chronological steps to guide a tribe through the
necessary stages of implementing their community scale wind project.
Information will be provided at each step to familiarize the user with
the topic. Issues concerning community scale wind projects and Native
American reservations are addressed in various sections. At the
conclusion of this document the user will be directed to resources for
further information. This feature allows the document to serve as a
stepping-stone to access technical resources via the internet. This
document will provide the tribe with a general education of the various
procedures in a wind project so the tribe may be well informed when
working with a wind development company.

**Table of Contents:**

####### 

####### Steps page

####### 

####### Options for tribal wind projects 2

-   Brief description of project options

-   Project focus of this paper

#######  

####### Develop tribal support 3

-   Educate community on wind power

-   Organize tribal effort

Evaluate community wind resource 3

-   Anemometer loan program

-   Data analysis

Project Preparation 5

-   Prepare Environmental Assessment

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-   Permitting

-   Develop utility plan

-   Determine load energy budget

Design community wind project 6

-   Locate community wind turbine

-   Size community wind turbine

Develop economic analysis 7

-   Funding options

-   Determine incentives on tribal, state,

and federal levels

-   Draft contract with local utility

Implement wind turbine project 8

-   Purchase of turbine

-   Installation of turbine

-   Begin generating electricity

Follow up procedures 9

-   Operation and maintenance

-   Progress and future

Glossary of terms 10

Additional Resources 11

**Options for Tribal Wind Projects:**

Wind projects are scaled on three levels: small isolated systems,
midsize distributed systems, and utility scale systems. Each level of
wind project is designed for a specific situation and has related pros
and cons. This section will briefly outline the various wind project
options for tribes, then discuss the reasoning for focusing this
document on a community scale project.

####### Brief description of project options:

**Small isolated systems**: These projects usually range from 20 W to 10
kW. Economically these systems are competing against the cost of
extending grid transmission lines, which can cost between \$30,000 and
\$45,000 per mile. Private tribal members who currently do not have
electricity due to a remote location from the electric grid may consider
this scale of wind projects. These systems require a battery storage
system to match energy availability with load demand.

**Midsize distributed systems**: These projects usually range from 1 kW
to 250 kW but can be larger. Economically these projects are competing
against the retail price of electricity in the area, which averages
about 8 cents per kWh. These projects typically consist of one turbine
connected to the grid and require high utility prices to be economically
feasible. The grid serves the purpose of the an energy storage system by
providing electricity when the renewable resource does not match the
electricity demand.

**Utility scale wind farms**: These projects can range from a few MW to
several hundred MW. Economically these projects are competing against
the cost of generating wholesale electricity, which has dropped down
around 2 to 4 cents per kilowatt hour in recent years. These projects
are often known as wind farms with their arrays of gigantic turbines
harvesting an excellent wind resource.

####### Project focus of this paper:

This paper focuses on the midsize distributed wind project due to its
potential for use on Native American Reservations. Projects of this
scale are excellent for introducing a tribe to the capabilities of wind
energy. The project will be able to supplement the power of a community
building thus securing community support. The project will reduce
electric bills for the building by directly providing electricity and
also net metering in available states. This scale project will provide a
stepping-stone for a tribe that wishes to pursue larger scale projects
in the future. The key steps and resources will be laid out in the
following pages to assist the tribe with its first wind project.

**Develop Tribal Support:**

Joint tribal support is key to successfully implementing the first
community wind project. Creating community support will help to unify
the efforts of many into an effective team for completing a community
wind project. Misinformed public opinions of wind projects are often a
barrier to gaining support from the local community. Education is an
important step in reducing the levels of criticism from the community.

**Educate community on wind power:**

Education is the most important step to gaining community support for a
wind project. Provide town meetings for all who are interested. Be
prepared to answer many questions of concern with solid facts that are
available through educational materials (see resources). Support can be
created by informing the community of the potential social,
environmental, and economic benefits from generating electricity from
wind power. These potentials include are:

-   Lower monthly energy bill

-   Lessen dependence on utility

-   Lower harmful emissions from

fossil fuel energy production

**Organize tribal effort:**

Tribal governments commonly fund community projects. The tribal
government may request direct participation from individuals in the
community to assist in the projects development. Employees from the
project building can greatly assist in the load energy budgeting process
and energy consumption reduction process. At some point the tribal
government will seek the employment of a wind development company or
dealer that may play different roles of involvement. The tribal
government could hand all the responsibilities of the project to this
company and only serve as an advisor on tribal issues. The tribe may
also take a more active role and conduct preliminary stages of the
project with out assistance from an outside company. It is recommended
that a private company with experience in the state be consulted
throughout the project.

**Evaluate Community Wind Resource:**

One of the most important criteria for determining the feasibility of a
wind project is the level of wind resource available. The amount of
energy that can be harnessed from the wind is greatly dependent on the
wind speed. Small to midsize wind turbines generally need at least a
class 2 wind resource, which averages 9 to 11 miles per hour. The
following equation is commonly used by manufactures to determine the
power produced by a turbine given specific conditions.

**Power Produced = C~p~ ½ ρ A V ^3^**

Where

> **C~p~** is the power coefficient experiencing efficiency losses
> (ranging from .2 to .4) Theoritical max is .59 known as Betz Limit.

-   is the air density (lb/ft^3^) at sea level

> ≅ .075 (lb/ft^3^)
>
> **A** is the area swept by the rotor which is equal to π \* D^2^/4
> where D is the rotor diameter

**V** is the wind speed in mph

Because **V** is cubed (**V ^3^)** it has a much larger influence in
determining the power produced by the turbine. Therefore, it is
important to site the turbine where the wind resource is at high speeds.
It should also be noted that wind speed increases with elevation. The
wind shear is a variable that describes how much the speed differs with
elevation.

Access to hilltops, ridgelines, or high plains will increase the likely
hood of a good wind resource. Community siting criteria concerning land
ownership and sacred grounds will need to be determined as early as
possible to insure data collection from a reasonable area. Data
collected within a reasonable distance from later determined turbine
location can be interpolated from the anemometer location to the turbine
location using the available software packages. Data collection of wind
speeds and direction will need to be conducted for a minimum of one
year. Anemometer towers are available for loan from Wind Powering
America with the goal of promoting the growth of wind power throughout
the United States with an area of emphasis focusing on Native Americans.

![](media/image3.jpeg){width="1.3173611111111112in"
height="1.7430555555555556in"}

**Factors for anemometer siting:**

When siting an anemometer, several factors must be considered.

-   Potential wind resource

-   Obstructions

-   Land rights

-   Grid access

-   Load access

The considerations necessary for siting an anemometer are the same as
the considerations for siting the actual turbine.

The anemometer should be located in an area with a predicted substantial
wind resource. These areas can be predicted by geographic formations
such as ridgelines and wide-open plains. Vegetation indicators such as
"laid down" grass or the disproportional growth of limbs on one side of
an evergreen known as flagging can serve as a good indicator.

The anemometer and potential turbine site should not be near obstacles
with a potential for disrupting the flow of the wind known as
turbulence. Examples of obstacles to watch for are buildings of any size
and also large vegetation. Also consider the future construction of
buildings or the growth of vegetation. The turbine hub should be located
no less than 300 feet away and 30 feet higher from any substantial
obstacle that can cause turbulence. Further information is available
concerning specific tower to obstacle distances as well as recent laws
to restrict construction of wind obstacles near wind farms.

Land rights will be an important issue in siting wind turbines in a
Native American community. A community turbine can be placed on private,
public, tribal, or federal lands, all of which carry specific
implications to erecting a turbine. The location of the turbine will
have an affect on who is able to tax the production of electricity.
Because this turbine will serve a community load it will most likely be
located on tribally owned land. This land may be within a commercial
area, so substantial space must be available for the lifetime of the
project. An area of one to two acres will be necessary to reduce the
disruption of surrounding businesses.

When the turbine is erected it will be located a close as possible to
transmission lines for connection to the electric grid or load it will
serve. Laying wires for transmission is cost prohibitive and therefore
should influence the location of a wind resource assessment and eventual
turbine.

**Project Preparation:**

The following section will outline several key steps that play an
indirect role in implementing the community wind project. These steps
are of critical importance to insure the legality and economic
feasibility of the wind project. These steps should begin as soon as
possible and are great to keep project activity high during the year of
wind resource assessment.

**Prepare an environmental assessment:**

An environmental assessment (EA) will need to be conducted in order to
secure permitting for the turbine site. The assessment should consider
both the construction phase and the operation & maintenance phase of the
project. The assessment should address issues concerning outlined by the
Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the National
Historic Preservation Act, and any sacred land concerns of the tribe.
Remaining consistent with tribal values the project should not cause
excess harm to the surrounding environment. Concern may arise from avian
issues or from ground disruption from laying transmission lines.
Aesthetic, noise, and radio signal interference issues may also be
addressed in the environmental assessment.

**Permitting:**

The federal government is taking an active role in promoting renewable
energy projects by allowing right-of-way applications for wind
assessment and project permitting. Though these permits are given top
priority all the necessary steps are required.

Tribes have the ability to declare their own building codes or zoning
regulations for construction on tribal lands. Wind projects that are
located in residential areas are often subject to local codes that
restrict tower height. Tribes can greatly benefit by creating or
modifying construction codes that are advantageous to turbine
installations. This would call for the allowance of tall towers possibly
in and/or around residential and commercial areas. Zoning codes that
restrict the location of the turbine can also inhibit the permitting
process. This may require that the turbine be erected further from the
load thus increase transmission costs. Electrical codes also regulate
the laying of transmission lines and can significantly increase
transmission costs. Transmission lines may require the disruption of
sidewalks or streets in order to access the community load.

Some tribes may not have regulations in place; therefore, the project
will be unregulated in that area but must still maintain safety as a top
priority. Permitting typically requires a charge of a couple hundred
dollars and copies of zoning plans, construction plans, and approval
from a professional engineer. These steps should be enforced on tribal
lands but the waived fee can be another benefit.

**Communicate with local utility:**

Communication with the local utility is important for any energy
generation project. This process is especially important with the
requirements of grid-connected projects. Because the wind turbine will
be connected to the consumer side of the electric meter the project will
be able to use net metering benefits available in some states. Check
with the utility to determine their specific requirements with net
metering because some utilities require a second meter for the turbine
produced electricity. The utility may also impose a grid connection
charge and require that the tribe maintain insurance on the project.
Because connecting to the electric grid will greatly increase the
feasibility of the project by reducing storage cost the utility should
be worked with as an equal contributor to this project.

**Determine load energy budget:**

Determining the load requirements of the building to be served by the
project will be necessary to help specify the proper size of the wind
turbine. Careful records on energy consumption should be kept during the
year that the wind resource assessment is being conducted. Including
diurnal and seasonal load patterns to determine if the wind resource
will likely match the load requirement. This may be important if net
metering is available only on a monthly basis. Methods for reducing the
load should be examined. Finding practical means of reducing one's
electrical energy consumption will lesson the load requirements thus
reducing electrical bills and indirectly contributing to reducing the
needed size of the community wind turbine. The reductions will lead to
significant savings in both the upfront capital and the long-term
investment. Energy efficient measures must be done first to insure the
economics of the wind project.

**Design Community Wind Project:**

The configuration of a turbine and its' infrastructure is unique to each
installation. This section will outline the general considerations
needed for sizing and locating the community wind turbine. Besides
sizing and locating other issues such as tower design and supporting
infrastructure need to be considered.

Taller towers are able to raise the turbine higher in the sky where wind
resources are faster and more consistent. Towers can also vary in
design. Guyed towers are a tubular pole design with wires branching off
the tour and securing to the ground a distance of about two-thirds the
height of the tower. Towers may also be a lattice design that stands on
a concrete foundation and does not require guy wires. Guyed towers are
generally less expensive but require more space. Lattice towers require
less space but are more expensive and do not allow ground access for
maintenance.

![](media/image4.png){width="2.9972222222222222in"
height="1.9402777777777778in"}

Before the turbine can produce electricity additional electronic
infrastructure will need to be installed in order to control the
electricity produced. Transmission lines will need to be installed to
transport the produced electricity. A power conditioner will convert the
electricity produced by the turbine into "clean" electricity that
matches the grid so it can be fed onto the grid for net metering. The
power conditioner will also cease turbine production incase of a grid
outage. The electricity is fed into the building by the breaker panel
along side the grid connection. Finally, a meter will monitor how much
electricity is produced and credit this amount for net metering
purposes. Some utilities require two meters, one for monitoring
electricity production and one for monitoring electricity bought from
the utility. Connecting the transmission lines to the consumer side of
the grid will allow the consumer access to net metering when available.

![](media/image5.png){width="3.497916666666667in"
height="2.095833333333333in"}

The turbine-produced electricity is fed to the load through the (A)
power conditioner, (B) meter, (C) breaker panel.

**Locate community wind turbine:**

The location of the tower will affect the wind resource available the
cost of transmission the permitting codes that apply and maybe the style
of tower. The factors that determine a good site for the wind resource
were discussed earlier in the section on siting the wind anemometer.
Hopefully careful consideration has been taken in siting the anemometer
so that the placement of the turbine will be chosen accordingly. Many
issues must be considered first. Will the turbine impede or be impeded
by

any future construction plans? Laws are now in place which restrict the
future construction of objects that interfere with wind resources for
installed turbines.

**Size community wind turbine:**

Combining the information from the wind resource assessment with the
information from the load energy budget will provide the needed
information for selecting a turbine model and size. This information
will need to be shared with several turbine companies to insure that the
best turbine for the job can be bought for the best price. Incentives
can also play a role in determining turbine size.

![](media/image6.jpeg){width="2.4868055555555557in"
height="3.763888888888889in"}

If net metering is available then the turbine should be sized to insure
that the annual production of electricity will be equal to or slightly
less than the building consumption. If net metering is not available
then the turbine production should be kept significantly less than the
building load. The cost of mid size turbines is any where from 2 to 4
dollars per watt rating. So it is imperative to reduce the energy load
before purchasing the turbine to insure proper sizing and economics.

**Develop Economic Analysis:**

A common motivation for purchasing a wind turbine is the economic burden
of high electricity bills due to high rates from the utility. According
to a report by the Energy Information Administration, Native American
reservations pay just slightly higher rates for electricity compared to
the national average. Native Americans do spend a higher percentage of
income on electricity as compared to the national average. Though the
motivation to be environmentally friendly supports wind turbines, the
bottom line on feasibility is often drawn with an economic analysis. If
the economic burden of a high electric bill and the support of a good
wind resource and several incentives are in place then wind project
economics can be justified. With newly revised laws and regulations the
economic analysis of the wind project must be done very carefully.
Assumptions of 2 to 4 dollars per watt installed are often to broad and
uninformative when analyzing a specific project.

An economic analysis for the tribal wind project should be organized
around the payback period of the project. That is to say: how long will
it take for the project to recover its own costs and begin generating
revenue? Because community scale wind projects are grid connected they
will economically compete against the price of retail electricity. The
analysis will compare the total cost of generating electricity for the
lifetime of the turbine to the cost of continuing to pay retail
electricity rates from the utility. Special considerations are as
follows:

-   Fluctuation of retail electricity prices

-   Decrease efficiency over turbine life

-   Unscheduled maintenance

-   Alteration in load demand

These considerations will play a role in determining the net present
value of the investment once the lifetime of the project is complete.
The economic analysis will need to incorporate available funding
assistance and incentives available from state, federal, and tribal
levels.

**Funding options:**

A wind project may appear to be too expensive for a tribe to finance on
its own. Tribes have several options to find funding assistance. Funding
for community scale wind projects on tribal lands may come from federal
programs designed to support the economic growth of Native American
communities and the growth of renewable energy. Tribes may also seek
financial assistance from private investors or by applying for
commercial loans. Tribes have unique funding opportunities from gaming
revenues and special federal loan programs. Funding options may be
available from organizations listed below.

-   Department of Energy

-   Bureau of Indian Affairs

-   Rural Utilities Service

-   Economic Development Administration

**Incentives on tribal, state, and federal levels:**

Tribes can greatly benefits from incentives on several levels. These
incentives can make or break the feasibility of a community wind
project. Tribal sovereignty allows for the tribes to set their own tax
laws. Therefore, laws may be put into place to support the development
of renewable energy projects. Also, tribal sovereignty exempts tribes
from the federal taxes. Several states have tax incentives in place for
renewable projects. Many states have also required utilities to allow
net metering.

**Utility:**

The utility plays a key role in the economic analysis for several
reasons. One, the utility sets the electricity rates in terms of cents
per kWh's that often become high enough to justify the research of
alternative energy supplies. Two, the utility owns and operates the grid
that the wind turbine will connect and feed electricity to when load
demand drops. This gives the utility the right to regulate the quality
and quantity of electricity fed onto their grid. Utilities also have the
right to charge for grid connection and enforce insurance policies upon
project owners. Thirdly, the utility may or may not have net metering
programs (state dependent) that allow the project owner to receive
credit at retail rates for electricity fed onto the grid. These three
factors justify the need for close communications between the project
planners and the utility.

The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) requires that the
utility allow the project to be connected to the grid and treated like
an independent power producer. This act insures the competitive actions
of the utility with wind projects, yet gives them the power to enforce
quality standards. If the project can not connect to the consumer side
of the grid it will be considered an independent power producer and be
subject to selling electricity onto the grid at the utilities escaped
cost which is between 2 and 4 cents per kWh.

A complete economic analysis will need to be conducted in order to
predict the pay back period for the project. Factors that have been
mentioned and will influence the economics are as follows:

-   Wind resource

-   Cost of electricity

-   Consumer load

-   Rebates and incentives

-   Turbine and infrastructure

Additional costs can add to the initial investment, such as, hiring a
dealer for installation and maintenance. The long-term savings from
reduced electric bills over the next 20 to 40 years of operation will
gradually pay off the project and may provide additional savings.

**Implement Wind Turbine Project:**

Once the tribe has completed all the necessary preparation work for the
wind project the purchase and installation can take place. This section
will discuss options for purchasing a wind turbine and the options for
installation and maintenance.

**Purchase of turbine:**

Now the tribe is close to benefiting from all the preliminary work. The
turbine size required has been determined from the load demand and the
resource availability. Now the tribe must search the market for bidders
who are able to match the turbine needs with the best price. There are
three options for purchasing a wind turbine. The tribe may purchase
direct from a turbine-manufacturing factory, from a qualified turbine
dealer, or from a qualified turbine reseller. All options have their
benefits. A turbine manufacturer can provide low prices but will lack in
the hands on assistance with installation and maintenance. The dealer
will sell the same turbine for a little more but provide additional
services like installation and maintenance. And a reseller can provide a
refurbished turbine for a much cheaper cost.

**Installation of turbine:**

For the turbine installation the tribe may choose to erect the turbine
and electrical infrastructure on their own if they have the personnel
and resources available. The tribe may also contract the job to a
qualified company with experience installing wind turbines. It is
recommended that the tribe seek assistance with the installation of such
an investment. The manufacturer or dealer who sold the turbine will be
able to guide the tribe towards local assistance with installation.

**Begin generating electricity:**

The electrical infrastructure will most likely need to be installed by
an experienced electrician who again can be recommended by the
manufacturer or dealer. Once the turbine and electrical infrastructure
has been installed and tested the production of electricity may begin.
At this point, records of the turbine and its' production should be kept
to monitor the long-term performance. With this data the results of the
economic analysis can be verified and adjustments for long term funding
can be corrected.

**Follow-up Procedures:**

The wind project has now successfully been implemented and the benefits
from clean energy can begin to be appreciated. Once the turbine is
operational it will begin to reduce harmful emission, electricity bills
and dependence on the utility. The benefits of the turbines can last
from 20 to nearly 30 years with the lifetime of the machine; therefore,
long-term plans should be developed for future considerations. The
operation and maintenance of the turbine will be key to prolonging the
life of the project.

**Operation and maintenance:**

It is time to insure that the tribe will continue to benefit from this
resource by maintaining the turbine's performance. This means periodic
maintenance to insure a long lifetime of the product and protection
against exposure from harmful elements. The tribe may choose to seek the
services of the turbine company or contractor who installed the system.
This may be most wise to insure consistent service and maintain
relations. The tribe may also choose to train an individual to be
responsible for minor problems that may arise and not require the
expense of professional assistance.

**Progress and future:**

Many tribes have an ideal situation for developing community size wind
projects on their reservations. This guide has provided general
information through an outline of the steps necessary for implementing
such a project. The continued education of the tribe is necessary to
fully implement a successful project. Links are provided in the next
pages to direct the user to additional resource to continue the
education process. Once the tribe has properly educated themselves they
can implement a wind project to best match their community needs.
Hopefully the community size wind project will continue to benefit the
tribe for many years to come.

**Glossary:**

**Anemometer:** An instrument used to measure wind speed.

**Angle of attack:** The angle at which turbine blades see wind due to
the combine vectors of rotational and wind direction.

**Cut-in Wind Speed**: The wind speed necessary for a turbine to begin
generating electricity.

**Cut-out Wind Speed:** The wind speed necessary for a turbine to cease
generating electricity.

**Density:** Mass per unit volume.

**Diurnal:** Occurring during a 24-hour period.

**Distributed System:** Often refers to a generating system not connect
to the electric grid.

**Furling:** A passive means of changing the angle of attack to reduce
affective wind speed on turbine.

**Grid:** Distribution system for transporting electricity from producer
to consumer.

**kW:** A unit of power for electricity equal to 1,000 watts.

**kWh:** A unit of energy for one kW of power used in one hour.

**MW:** A measure of power for electricity equal to 1,000 kW.

**Nacelle:** housing located at top of tour to contain and protect gears
and generators.

**Net Metering:** When electricity is put onto the grid at retail price
by slowing or spinning the utility meter backwards.

**Net Present Value:** The value of money today that will equal a future
value of money.

**Power Coefficient:** The ratio of power produced by a turbine to the
power available.

**Power Conditioner:** A device used to convert DC current into grid
friendly 60 hertz AC current.

**Power Curve:** A graph displaying a turbines output for a variety of
wind speeds.

**Rated Output Capacity:** The published output of a turbine for a
specified wind speed.

**Rotor:** The combination of the blades and hub that rotate to produce
torque for the turbine.

**Rotor Diameter:** Twice the length of one blade.

**Swept Area:** The total area of wind intercepted by rotating blades.

**Turbulence:** Changes in wind speed and/or direction because of
disturbance from obstacles.

**Velocity:** The rate of speed for an action.

**Wind Farm or Wind Plant:** A collection of large wind turbines to
produce electricity for wholesale.

**Wind Shear:** The rate at which wind speed increases with elevation.
Often determined by terrain.

**Yaw:** The rotation of the nacelle to change the angle of attack on
the turbine blades.

**Resources:**

**American Wind Energy Association (AWEA)**:
[www.awea.org](http://www.awea.org/)

Small Wind Systems:

<http://www.awea.org/smallwind.html>

Provides links to information on small wind education, manufactures,

state-by-state incentives, and policy.

Information and Resources:

<http://www.awea.org/windinfo.html>

Provides link to wind information including reports, events and resource
links.

Wind Energy and Energy Policy

<http://www.awea.org/policy/index.html>

Provides links to topics concerning economic and environmental policy.

**Department of Energy (DOE)**: [www.doe.gov](http://www.doe.gov/)

e-Center:

<http://www.pr.doe.gov/>

Provides information on obtaining financial assistance awards.

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

<http://www.eren.doe.gov/RE/wind.html>

Provides general educational materials on wind energy.

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network

Wind Energy Program: <http://www.eren.doe.gov/wind/>

Provides general educational materials on wind energy.

Consumer Guide to Renewable Energy:

<http://www.eren.doe.gov/power/consumer/makecleanelec.html>

A Guide for home and Business to issues of choosing renewable resources.

**National Wind Technology Center (NWTC)**: <http://www.nrel.gov/wind/>

Consumer Energy Information: EREC Fact Sheet:
<http://www.eren.doe.gov/erec/factsheets/wind.html>

Provides guidance with wind project issues.

Wind Resource Database:

<http://www.nrel.gov/wind/database.html>

Provides links to wind resource maps and other meteorological
information.

Information Resources:

<http://www.nrel.gov/wind/info_res.html>

Provides a directory to information from additional links to published
documents.

**Wind Powering America
(WPA)**:<http://www.eren.doe.gov/windpoweringamerica/>

Native Americans:
<http://www.eren.doe.gov/windpoweringamerica/native_americans.html>

Provides information on WPA's Native American program and links to
projects.

Wind Powering America Publications:

<http://www.eren.doe.gov/windpoweringamerica/wpa_publications.html>

Provides links to recent publications including a small wind guide for
homeowners.

Native American Anemometer Loan Program:

<http://www.eren.doe.gov/windpoweringamerica/na_anemometer_loan.html>

Provides information for contacts concerning anemometer loans for wind
measurements.

**National Wind Coordinating Committee:** <http://www.nationalwind.org/>

Technical Assistance

<http://www.nationalwind.org/technical/default.htm>

Provides names of individuals to contact with special skills.

Publications

<http://www.nationalwind.org/pubs/default.htm>

Provides large amount of information with an excellent list of
publications.

**Additional Sources:**

Bergey Wind Company: [www.bergey.com](http://www.bergey.com/)

Performance and Economics: <http://www.bergey.com/Channels/1F2.htm>

Provides an interface to calculate the payback period of a wind system.

Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy

<http://www.dsireusa.org/>

Provides state-by-state economic incentives for energy.

Office of Technology Access: Tribal Energy Program

<http://www.eren.doe.gov/power/tech_access/tribalenergy/>

Provides information on financial and technical assistance to tribes
concerning energy.

James and James Science Publishers: Renewable Energy World

<http://www.jxj.com/magsandj/rew/index.html>

Provides a link to suppliers and services for renewable energy.

Sandia National Laboratories: Wind Energy Technologies

<http://www.sandia.gov/wind/>

Provides links to information and publications.

Utility Wind Interest Group, Inc.

<http://www.uwig.org/>

Provides information on steps utilities are taking to incorporate wind
energy.

Interstate Renewable Energy Council

<http://www.irecusa.org/othersites.html>

Provides information on incentives and grid connection.