Dr. Trafton provided a brief presentation on current research and
remaining questions regarding opioid therapy for chronic non-cancer
pain. She highlighted big questions that need to be addressed and
presented examples of recent studies addressing these questions. These
questions included:

-   Do opioids effectively reduce chronic pain? If so, do they improve
    functioning and quality of life?

-   For what populations are opioid effective?

-   Do opioids amplify chronic pain?

-   How do we define and identify problematic opioid use in chronic pain
    patients? What behaviors are actually associated with poor outcomes?

-   Can we predict who will have problems with opioid use?

-   Does pain and/or opioid use increase substance use problems? What
    are effective and appropriate pain and addiction treatments for
    patients with co-occuring chronic pain and substance use disorders?

Discussion focused on need for additional research. Discussants noted
that the VA is an excellent place to address these research questions
and that pharmaceutical companies will never conduct trials on these
topics.

Big gaps in research were discussed including 1) the need for long-term
outcome data; 2) the need to include multiple outcomes in trials
including, at a minimum, pain, physical and psychosocial functioning,
and quality of life; 3) the need for data on adverse effects such as
misuse, abuse and addiction, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, accidental
overdose, sedation and accidents.

Discussants agreed that there was need for research and multi-site
studies would be beneficial. Given how little is known, multiple studies
were recommended. Some possible studies are outlined below:

1\) Prospective observational study of opioid misuse in chronic pain
patients prescribed opioid medications

\- possibly randomize patients to receive or not receive opioid contract

2\) Follow-up to Dr. Naliboff's study, examining "aggressive" opioid
titration versus moderate opioid titration

3\) Trial of opioid cessation versus continuation in patients on
long-term opioid therapy (probably need to keep patients blind to
condition).

4\) Randomized trials of opioid prescribing strategies for chronic pain
in primary care with long-term follow-up. We need to define these
strategies. Some possibilities:

-   short-acting versus long-acting opioid for long-term therapy
    (current recommendations suggest that long-actings are safer; but
    Dr. Clark suggests that this may not be true (possibly more
    tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia)

-   no opioids versus opioids

-   time limited use of opioids to assist with functional transitions
    (e.g. start of exercise program, back to work) versus long-term
    maintenance

-   PCP alone versus PCP with behavioral medicine assistance (e.g. new
    behavioral health labs)

See Dr. Dobscha's comments for some additional ideas\...

[Potential special populations]{.underline}

These populations may need to be broken out in trials or need specially
designed interventions.

-   Young versus older adults

-   Types of pain (most basically, Neuropathic vs. muscloskeletal vs.
    headache pain) -- should do a comprehensive review of current
    literature to determine evidence for effectiveness of opioids for
    various chronic pain conditions.

-   Persons with active or in remission substance use disorders

-   Persons with co-morbid mood disorders (e.g. depression, PTSD,
    anxiety)

[Suggested action items]{.underline}

1\) Request a review of evidence for opioid effectiveness and misuse
broken down by chronic pain type using the VA evidence review program
that Drs. Kerns and Clark have used previously.

2\) Organize members of the chronic pain workgroup interested in opioid
therapy to develop and support long-term outcome studies/trials of
opioid therapy.

3\) Write a review of state of the science in opioid therapy for chronic
pain management