**ECOLOGICAL HAZARD AND ENVIRONMENTAL**

**RISK ASSESSMENT CHAPTER**

**5-hydroxymethoxymethyl-1-aza-3,7-dioxabicyclooctanes (Aza)**

**PC Code 107001, 107002, and 107003**

**CASE No.:3023**

**Kathryn Montague**

**Antimicrobials Division**

**Office of Pesticide Programs**

**U.S. Environmental Protection Agency**

**1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW**

**Washington, DC 20460**

**May 16, 2005**

**Ecological Hazard and Environmental Risk Assessment for
5-hydroxymethoxymethyl-1-aza-3,7-dioxabicyclooctanes (Aza)**

Aza is a mixture of 3 similar compounds used as a materials preservative
in latex paints, latex emulsions, pigment dispersions, inks, adhesives,
construction materials, metalworking fluids, textile fiber-finish
solutions, pulp and paper, and oil production/recovery. There is only 1
registered end-use product, Nuosept® 95, which, according to the current
CSF contains:

[PC code]{.underline}

107001 5-hydroxymethoxymethyl-1-aza-3,7-dioxabicyclo(3.3.0)octane. . . .
. . . . . 28.8%

107002 5-hydroxymethyl-1-aza-3,7-dioxabicyclo (3.3.0) octane. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 16.0%

107003 5-hydroxypoly(methyleneoxy)methyl-1-aza-3,7-dioxabicyclooctane. .
. . . . . 5.2 %

Inert Ingredients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.00%

This does NOT, however, match the ratios of the isomers listed on the
Nuosept® 95 label, on which the ratios of the first two isomers are
reversed. It is not known at this time whether the label is in error or
if the formulation of Nuosept® 95 has been changed. It is also not known
what effect changing the ratios of isomers will have on the toxicity of
the product.

The ecological hazard data summarized below was conducted on the product
Nuosept® 95. The percentages of the three octanes in the formulation
varied slightly in the submitted studies; ratios are listed in the
tables, where information was available. The EPA's ECOTOX database (EPA,
2002) was also searched for avian, fish, invertebrate, mammalian and
plant data on the components of Aza, but no data were found.

1.  **Ecological Toxicity Data**

    **A. Toxicity to Terrestrial Animals**

    **(i). Birds, Acute and Subacute**

    In order to establish the toxicity of an indoor use pesticide to
    birds, the Agency requires an acute oral toxicity study using the
    technical grade of the active ingredient (TGAI). The preferred test
    species is either mallard duck (a waterfowl) or northern bobwhite
    quail (an upland game bird). The results of one toxicity study are
    provided in the following table (Table 1).

    **Table 1. Acute Oral Toxicity of Nuosept**® **95 to Birds**

+---------+--------+---------+-------+--------------------+---------+
| Species | \%     | E       | Tox   | Satisfies          | Re      |
|         | Active | ndpoint | icity | Guidelines/        | ference |
|         | Ingr   | (mg /kg | Cat   | Comments           |         |
|         | edient | p       | egory |                    |         |
|         | (ai)   | roduct) |       |                    |         |
+---------+--------+---------+-------+--------------------+---------+
| Mallard | 107001 | LD~50~  | P     | Yes                | B       |
| duck    | 24.5%  | \>      | racti |                    | eavers, |
| (*Anas  |        | 2,510   | cally | \- acceptable for  | 1983    |
| p       | 107002 |         | non-  | formulated product | (ACC \# |
| latyrhy | 17.7%  | NOEL =  | toxic |                    | 250533) |
| nchos*) |        | 2510    |       | \- 14-day test     |         |
|         | 107003 | (mor    |       | duration           |         |
|         | 7.8%   | tality) |       |                    |         |
+---------+--------+---------+-------+--------------------+---------+

The results of these studies indicate that Nuosept® 95 is practically
non-toxic to birds on an acute oral basis. Although conducted using a
formulated product and not the TGAI, these studies are considered
adequate to support the registered uses on Aza, as Nuosept® 95 is the
only end-use product. The study is acceptable and fulfills the Guideline
requirements (850.2100/71-1).

A subacute dietary study using the TGAI may be required on a
case-by-case basis depending on the results of the lower tier ecological
studies and pertinent environmental characteristics to establish the
toxicity of a pesticide oil to avian species. The preferred test species
are mallard duck or northern bobwhite quail. This testing is not
required for the currently supported uses on Aza; however, three avian
dietary studies were previously submitted to the Agency. The results of
these are provided in the following table (Table 2).

**Table 2. Subacute Dietary Toxicity of Nuosept**® **95 to Birds**

+---------+--------+----------+--------+------------------+---------+
| Species | \%     | Endpoint | To     | Satisfies        | Re      |
|         | Active | (ppm)    | xicity | Guidelines/      | ference |
|         | Ingr   |          | Ca     | Comments         |         |
|         | edient |          | tegory |                  |         |
|         | (ai)   |          |        |                  |         |
+=========+========+==========+========+==================+=========+
| B       | 50%    | LC~50~   | Pract  | No               | Hakin   |
| obwhite |        | \>5,200  | ically |                  | et al., |
| quail   |        | a.i.     | non    | \- supplemental  | 1990    |
| (*      |        | (        | -toxic | study            | (MRID   |
| Colinus |        | \>10,400 |        |                  | 416     |
| virgin  |        | product) |        | \- administered  | 848-01) |
| ianus*) |        |          |        | in drinking      |         |
|         |        | NOEC     |        | water rather     |         |
|         |        | 1541 ppm |        | than food        |         |
|         |        | a.i.     |        |                  |         |
|         |        | (3082    |        |                  |         |
|         |        | ppm      |        |                  |         |
|         |        | product) |        |                  |         |
+---------+--------+----------+--------+------------------+---------+
| B       | not    | LC50 \>  | Pract  | Yes              | Truslow |
| obwhite | re     | 10,000   | ically |                  | Farms,  |
| quail   | ported | ppm      | non    | \- acceptable    | 1974.   |
| (*      |        | product  | -toxic | for formulated   | (ACC    |
| Colinus |        |          |        | product          | #24878) |
| virgin  |        | NOEC     |        |                  |         |
| ianus*) |        | 10,000   |        | \- single        |         |
|         |        | ppm      |        | mortality at     |         |
|         |        |          |        | 10,000 ppm; no   |         |
|         |        |          |        | other mortality  |         |
|         |        |          |        | reported         |         |
+---------+--------+----------+--------+------------------+---------+
| Mallard | not    | LC50 \>  | Pract  | Yes              | Truslow |
| duck    | re     | 10,000   | ically |                  | Farms,  |
| (*Anas  | ported | ppm      | non    | \- acceptable    | 1974.   |
| p       |        | product  | -toxic | for formulated   | (ACC    |
| latyrhy |        |          |        | product          | #24878) |
| nchos*) |        | NOEC     |        |                  |         |
|         |        | 10,000   |        | \- no mortality  |         |
|         |        | ppm      |        | reported at any  |         |
|         |        |          |        | test             |         |
|         |        |          |        | concentration    |         |
+---------+--------+----------+--------+------------------+---------+

The results of the study indicate that Nuosept® 95 is practically
non-toxic to birds via dietary exposure. Although conducted using a
formulated product and not the TGAI, these studies are considered
adequate to support the registered uses on Aza, as Nuosept® 95 is the
only end-use product. The Guideline requirements (850.2200/71-2) are
fulfilled.

**ii. Toxicity to Mammals**

Wild mammal testing was not required for Aza. In most cases, toxicity
values obtained from studies conducted to support data requirements for
the human health risk assessment substitute for wild mammal testing.
These toxicity values are reported below (Table 3).

**Table 3. Acute Toxicity of Nuosept**® **95 to Mammals**

+-----------+-------------+-------------+------------+---------------+
| **        | **Test      | **LD~50~**  | **~NOEL~** | **            |
| Species** | Type**      |             |            | ~Reference~** |
|           |             | **(mg/kg)** | **~(mg/    |               |
|           |             |             | kg/day)~** | **~(MRID)~**  |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+------------+---------------+
| ~Rat~     | ~A          | ~1940,\ to  | ~\--~      | ~41641601~    |
|           | cute\ oral~ | xicity\ cat |            |               |
|           |             | egory\ III~ |            |               |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+------------+---------------+
| ~Rat~     | ~Acu        | ~           | ~\--~      | ~41671801~    |
|           | te\ dermal~ | \>2000,\ to |            |               |
|           |             | xicity\ cat |            |               |
|           |             | egory\ III~ |            |               |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+------------+---------------+
| ~Rat~     | ~Subchroni  | ~n/a~       | ~10.6\     | ~41641606\ a  |
|           | c\ dietary~ |             | mg/kg/day~ | nd\ 00109245~ |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+------------+---------------+

**~B.\ Toxicity\ to\ Aquatic\ Animals~**

**~i.\ Freshwater\ Fish,\ Acute~**

~In\ order\ to\ establish\ the\ acute\ toxicity\ of\ pesticides\ to\ freshwater\ fish,\ the\ Agency\ requires\ freshwater\ fish\ toxicity\ studies\ using\ the\ TGAI.\ The\ preferred\ test\ species\ are\ rainbow\ trout\ (a\ coldwater\ fish)\ or\ bluegill\ sunfish\ (a\ warmwater\ fish),\ although\ other\ test\ species\ identified\ in\ the\ Guideline\ (i.e.,\ OPPTS\ 850.1075\ (e)(4)(i)(A))\ may\ also\ be\ used.\ Two\ freshwater\ fish\ toxicity\ studies\ were\ submitted\ to\ the\ Agency\ for\ Aza,\ using\ the\ formulated\ product\ Nuosept®\ 95.\ The\ results\ of\ these\ studies\ are\ presented\ in\ Table\ 4.~

~**Table\ 4.\ Acute\ Toxicity\ of\ Nuosept**®\ **95**\ **to\ Freshwater\ Fish\ **~

+-----------+--------+---------+---------+----------------+----------+
| ~Species~ | ~%\ A  | ~Endpo  | ~Toxic  | ~Satis         | ~Re      |
|           | ctive\ | ints\ ( | ity\ Ca | fies\ Guidelin | ference~ |
|           |  Ingre | ppm\ pr | tegory~ | es/\ Comments~ |          |
|           | dient\ | oduct)~ |         |                |          |
|           |  (ai)~ |         |         |                |          |
+===========+========+=========+=========+================+==========+
| ~Rainb    | ~no    | ~LC50~  | prac    | No             | Bentley  |
| ow\ trout | t\ rep | = 240   | tically |                | and      |
| \ (*Oncor | orted~ |         | non-    | \-             | Sleight, |
| hynchus\  |        | NOEC =  | toxic   | supplemental   | 1974     |
| mykiss*)~ |        | 87      |         |                | (ACC     |
|           |        |         |         | \- 96h test    | #247878; |
|           |        |         |         | duration;      | MRID     |
|           |        |         |         |                | 93       |
|           |        |         |         | \- static      | 0500-15) |
|           |        |         |         | system         |          |
+-----------+--------+---------+---------+----------------+----------+
| Bluegill  | not    | LC~50~  | prac    | No             | Bently   |
| (*Lepomis | re     | = 163   | tically |                | and      |
| macr      | ported |         | no      | \-             | Bevier,  |
| ochirus*) |        | NOEC =  | n-toxic | supplemental   | 1974     |
|           |        | 87      |         |                | (ACC     |
|           |        |         |         | \- 96h test    | #247878; |
|           |        |         |         | duration;      | MRID     |
|           |        |         |         |                | 93       |
|           |        |         |         | \-             | 0500-15) |
|           |        |         |         | flow-through   |          |
|           |        |         |         | system         |          |
+-----------+--------+---------+---------+----------------+----------+

These studies were originally submitted and reviewed by OPP in 1982, and
were determined to be acceptable for formulated product testing.
However, they were resubmitted by Creanova, Inc., and re-reviewed in
2002, and classified as supplemental information due to a lack of
details regarding chemical purity and composition. These studies can
potentially be upgraded to acceptable if sufficient information on the
composition and purity of the test substance used is submitted. At the
present time, they do not fulfill Guideline requirements. **Guideline
850.1075 (72-1) is NOT fulfilled.**

**ii. Freshwater Invertebrates, Acute**

The Agency requires a freshwater aquatic invertebrate study using the
TGAI to establish the acute toxicity of an indoor use pesticide to
freshwater invertebrates. The preferred test species are *Daphnia magna*
or *Daphnia pulex*. Results of one toxicity study are provided in the
following table (Table 5).

**Table 5. Acute Toxicity of Nuosept**® **95** **to Freshwater
Invertebrates**

+----------+--------+---------+---------+-----------------+----------+
| 83i      | \%     | En      | T       | Satisfies       | R        |
|          | Active | dpoints | oxicity | Guidelines/     | eference |
|          | Ingr   | (ppm    | C       | Comments        |          |
|          | edient | p       | ategory |                 |          |
|          | (ai)   | roduct) |         |                 |          |
+----------+--------+---------+---------+-----------------+----------+
| Water    | 107001 | EC~50~  | s       | Yes             | Su       |
| flea     | 24.5%  | = 77    | lightly |                 | prenant, |
|          |        |         | toxic   | -acceptable for | 1983     |
| (        | 107002 | NOEC =  |         | formulated      | (ACC#    |
| *Daphnia | 17.7%  | 7.7     |         | product         | 250      |
| magna*)  |        |         |         |                 | 533/MROD |
|          | 107003 |         |         | \- 48h test     | #93      |
|          | 7.8%   |         |         | duration;       | 0500-16) |
|          |        |         |         |                 |          |
|          |        |         |         | \- static       |          |
|          |        |         |         | system          |          |
+----------+--------+---------+---------+-----------------+----------+

The results indicate that Nuosept® 95 is slightly toxic to aquatic
invertebrates on an acute basis. Although conducted on the formulated
product and not the TGAI, the study is considered adequate to support
the currently registered uses of Aza, since Nuosept® 95 is the only
end-use product. The study is acceptable and fulfills Guideline
requirements (850.1010/72-2).

**iii. Freshwater Organisms, Chronic**

Chronic toxicity testing for freshwater organisms is not required for
the currently registered uses of Aza. The ECOTOX database (EPA, 2002)
was searched for any appropriate chronic testing with fish or
invertebrates, but no such data were located.

**iv. Estuarine and Marine Organisms, Acute**

Acute testing with estuarine/marine organisms is required to support the
oil recovery uses of Aza. This testing is conducted with one fish
species, a bivalve, and an additional invertebrate. These data were
submitted to the Agency, and the results are summarized in Tables 6 and
7, below.

**Table 6 . Acute Toxicity of Nuosept**® **95 to Marine/Estuarine Fish**

+--------+----------+---------+---------+-----------------+----------+
| S      | \%       | En      | T       | Satisfies       | R        |
| pecies | Active   | dpoints | oxicity | Guidelines/     | eference |
|        | In       | (ppm    | C       | Comments        |          |
|        | gredient | p       | ategory |                 |          |
|        | (ai)     | roduct) |         |                 |          |
+--------+----------+---------+---------+-----------------+----------+
| Shee   | PC code  | LC~50~  | prac    | Yes             | Wa       |
| pshead | %        | = 440   | tically |                 | rd,1983. |
| minnow |          | ppm     | no      | \- acceptable   | (ACC#    |
|        | 107001   |         | n-toxic | for formulated  | 250533)  |
| (*Cypr | 24.5%    | NOEC =  |         | product         |          |
| inodon |          | 250 ppm |         |                 |          |
| varieg | 107002   |         |         | \- 96h test     |          |
| atus*) | 17.7%    |         |         | duration;       |          |
|        |          |         |         |                 |          |
|        | 107003   |         |         | \- static       |          |
|        | 7.8%     |         |         | system          |          |
+--------+----------+---------+---------+-----------------+----------+

The results indicate that Nuosept® 95 is practically non-toxic to
marine/estuarine fish. Although conducted on the formulated product and
not the TGAI, the study is considered adequate to support the currently
registered uses of Aza, since Nuosept 95 is the only end-use product.
The study is acceptable and fulfills Guideline requirements
(850.1075/72-3a).

**Table 7. Acute Toxicity of Nuosept 95** **to Marine/Estuarine
Invertebrates**

+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------------+----------+
| Species  | \%       | End    | To     | Satisfies       | R        |
|          | Active   | points | xicity | Guidelines/     | eference |
|          | In       | (ppm   | Ca     | Comments        |          |
|          | gredient | pr     | tegory |                 |          |
|          | (ai)     | oduct) |        |                 |          |
+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------------+----------+
| Eastern  | PCCode % | EC~50~ | sl     | Yes             | Ward,    |
| oyster   |          | = 42   | ightly |                 | 1983.    |
|          | 107001   |        | toxic  | \- core study   | (ACC     |
| (*Cra    | 24.5%    | NOEC   |        | on formulated   | #250533) |
| ssostrea |          | =25    |        | product         |          |
| vir      | 107002   |        |        |                 |          |
| ginica*) | 17.7%    |        |        | \-              |          |
|          |          |        |        | embryo-larvae   |          |
|          | 107003   |        |        | test            |          |
|          | 7.8%     |        |        |                 |          |
|          |          |        |        | \- 48h test     |          |
|          |          |        |        | duration;       |          |
|          |          |        |        |                 |          |
|          |          |        |        | \- static       |          |
|          |          |        |        | system system   |          |
|          |          |        |        |                 |          |
|          |          |        |        | \- endpoint     |          |
|          |          |        |        | immobilization  |          |
+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------------+----------+
| Mysid    | 107001   | LC50 = | sl     | Yes             | Ward,    |
| (*Amer   | 24.5%    | 88 ppm | ightly |                 | 1983.    |
| icamysis |          |        | toxic  | \- core for     |          |
| bahia*)  | 107002   | NOEC   |        | formulated      | AC       |
|          | 17.7%    | \< 50  |        | product         | C#250533 |
|          |          | ppm\\  |        |                 |          |
|          | 107003   |        |        | \- 96h test     |          |
|          | 7.8%     |        |        | duration        |          |
|          |          |        |        |                 |          |
|          |          |        |        | \- static       |          |
|          |          |        |        | system          |          |
+----------+----------+--------+--------+-----------------+----------+

The results of these studies indicate that Nuosept® 95 is slightly toxic
to marine/estuarine invertebrates. The Guidelines (850.1025 and
850.1035/72-3b and c) are fulfilled.

**v. Estuarine and Marine Organisms, Chronic**

Chronic toxicity testing for marine/estuarine organisms is not required
for the currently registered uses of Aza. The ECOTOX database (EPA,
2002) was searched for any appropriate chronic testing with fish or
invertebrates, but no such data were located.

**C. Toxicity to Plants**

Terrestrial and aquatic plant testing is not required to support the
registered uses of Aza. No studies on plant toxicity have been submitted
to the Agency. The ECOTOX database (EPA, 2002) was searched for any
plant toxicity information on the components of Aza. No data were
available.

**2. Environmental Risk Characterization**

**A. Environmental Fate Assessment (excerpted from the Environmental
Fate Science Chapter of this RED)**

The Agency database for the risk assessment of Azadioxabicyclooctane
(mixture of three components) is incomplete, as only an abiotic aqueous
hydrolysis study is available for this pesticide. However, for the
present risk assessment, we have used the Agency's EPISuite Program,
which estimates physical and chemical characteristics as well as some
fate and transport parameters of chemicals. This information will allow
a conservative fate assessment of azadioxabicyclooctane.

Azadioxabicyclooctane (is a mixture of three acetals:
5-hydroxymethoxymethyl-1-aza-3,7-dioxabicyclo(3.3.0)octane (28.8%),
(component A, PC code 107002)

5-hydroxymethyl-1-aza-3,7-dioxabicyclo(3.3.0)octane (16.0%), (component
B, PC code 107001)

5-hydroxypoly(methyleneoxy)\*methyl-1-aza-3,7-dioxabicyclo(3.3.0)octane
(5.2%), (component C, PC code 107003) where the polychain is extended
as: 74% C2, 21% C3, AND 4% C4, AND 1% C5 ( meaning from 1 C to C5 chain
lengths of CH2O groups are added). EPI Suite lacks estimation of the
third of the three isomers (CAS# 56709-13-8).

Under abiotic conditions, the mixture of these acetals is hydrolytically
unstable with half-lives of 0.347 days at pH 5, 1.74 days at pH 7 and
approximately 15 days at pH 9. It is, therefore, not likely to be
persistent in water.

Components A and B of the mixture are likely to volatilize into the
atmosphere as their vapor pressures vary between 0.0004 to 0.003 mm Hg.
Component C is likely to have less volatility as the side chain of CH2O
groups are added into the structure. Estimated half lives in the
atmosphere for components A and B are 1.2 and 1.4 hours. Hence, these
two chemicals are not likely to persist in the atmosphere.

Estimated log Kow s of components A and B are respectively are -2.23 and
-1.55 (very highly miscible in water and show no tendency for dissolving
organic solvents); therefore, the mixture is not likely to bioaccumulate
in aquatic organisms.

MITI linear biodegradability (modified linear biodegradation method) for
components A and B indicates a fast biodegradation is highly probable in
soils and water. These compounds do not likely pose a concern for
surface and ground water contamination

**B. Environmental Exposure Assessment**

Most uses of Aza are indoor uses, with little chance of exposure to the
environment. Exposure modeling is not conducted for those uses. The oil
production uses do occur outdoors; however, OPP does not have an
available model for estimating exposure from those uses. The risk from
offshore oil drilling uses of Aza was previously addressed
(Environmental Fate and Effects Division review, 7/14/83), and the
application of 500-2000 ppm drilling fluid treatment or 100-1000 ppm
flooding fluid treatment was considered "unlikely to adversely affect
aquatic organisms due to the low toxicity and large dilution factor."
Discharge of waste streams occurring from terrestrial oil recovery
operations would be regulated at the local level in order to prevent
undue environmental exposure.

**C. Environmental Risk Assessment**

The indoor uses of Aza are not likely to pose risk to fish, wildlife or
plants due to the low likelihood of exposure and the low toxicity of the
compound. The offshore oil production use of Aza was previously
addressed (Environmental Fate and Effects Division review, 7/14/83), and
the application of 500-2000 ppm drilling fluid treatment or 100-1000 ppm
flooding fluid treatment was considered "unlikely to adversely affect
aquatic organisms due to the low toxicity and large dilution factor."
The Agency assumes that the waste streams occurring from terrestrial oil
production are actively managed under local environmental regulations to
prevent adverse ecological effects.

**D. Endangered Species Considerations**

The Agency has developed the Endangered Species Protection Program to
identify pesticides whose use may cause adverse impacts on endangered
and threatened species, and to implement mitigation measures that
address these impacts. The Endangered Species Act requires federal
agencies to ensure that their actions are not likely to jeopardize
listed species or adversely modify designated critical habitat. To
analyze the potential of registered pesticide uses to affect any
particular species, EPA puts basic toxicity and exposure data developed
for risk assessments into context for individual listed species and
their locations by evaluating important ecological parameters, pesticide
use information, the geographic relationship between specific pesticide
uses and species locations, and biological requirements and behavioral
aspects of the particular species. A determination that there is a
likelihood of potential impact to a listed species may result in
limitations on use of the pesticide, other measures to mitigate any
potential impact, or consultations with the Fish and Wildlife Service
and/or the National Marine Fisheries Service as necessary.

Due to the low likelihood of exposure and low toxicity of Aza, the
indoor uses of the compound are not likely to adversely affect listed
species. Likewise, offshore oil production use of Aza is considered
unlikely to adversely affect listed species due to the low toxicity of
the compound and the large dilution factor in offshore operations. The
Agency assumes that the waste streams occurring from terrestrial oil
production are actively managed under local environmental regulations to
prevent adverse ecological effects, and are therefore not likely to
adversely affect listed species.

**REFERENCES**

MRID 41684801. Hakin, B., M. Rodgers, A. Anderson and I.S. Dawe. 1990.
Nuosept 95: LC50 to Bobwhite Quail. Unpublished data. Conducted by
Huntingdon Research Centre, Ltd., for Huls America, Inc.

ACC#250533. Ward, G. S. 1983. Acute Toxicity of Nuosept 95 to
Embryo-larvae of Eastern oysters (*Crassostrea virginica*). Unpublished
data. Conducted by EG&G Bionomics for Nuodex, Inc.

ACC#247878. Truslow Farms, Inc. 1974. Eight-day Dietary LC50 - Bobwhite
quail Nuosept 95. Unpublished data. Conducted by Truslow Farms, Inc.,
for Tenneco Chemicals.

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--. Eight-day Dietary LC50 -
Mallard duck Nuosept 95. Unpublished data. Conducted by Truslow Farms,
Inc., for Tenneco Chemicals.

MRID \# 93050015. Bently, R.E. and B. H. Sleight. 1974. Acute Toxicity
of Nuosept 95 Preservative to Bluegill and Rainbow Trout. Unpublished
data. Conducted by EG&G Bionomics, Inc., for Huls America, Inc.
(formerly Nuodex, Inc., formerly Tenneco Chemicals, Inc.). Also
submitted by Creanova, Inc., 1990.

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--.
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--. Acute Toxicity of Nuosept 95
to Mysid Shrimp (*Mysidopsis bahia*). Unpublished data. Conducted by
EG&G Bionomics for Nuodex, Inc.

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--
\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-- Acute Toxicity of Nuosept 95 to
Sheepshead Minnows (*Cyprinodon variegatus*). Unpublished data.
Conducted by EG&G Bionomics for Nuodex, Inc.

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--. Suprenant, D.C. 1983. Acute Toxicity
of Nuospet 95 to the Water Flea (*Daphnia magna*). Unpublished data.
Conducted by EG&G Bionomics for Nuodex, Inc. Also submitted as MRID
#930500-16 by Creanova, Inc., 2002.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2002. ECOTOX User Guide:
ECOTOXicology Database System. Version 3.0. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/ecotox/