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| ## shining Willow {#shining-willow .Title-Header}                     |
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| *Salix lucida* Muhl.                                                  |
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| Plant Symbol = SALU                                                   |
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Contributed by: USDA NRCS National Plant Data Center & Illinois State
Office

### 

####### Alternative Names

willow

####### Uses

Willows were used for making dye, furniture, mats, baskets, drums,
stirrups, tipi pegs and pins, fox and fish traps, hunting lodge poles,
and meat-drying racks (Kindscher 1992). Willows were and still are used
for baskets throughout their range. The Paiute, Ute, Shoshone, Hopi,
Havasupai, Mandan, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, and others use *Salix
lucida* for basketweaving (James 1972, Mason 1988).

Kelly Kindscher(1992) wrote in *Medicinal Wild Plants of the Prairie*:
\"The Blackfeet made a tea from the fresh root of *Salix* species to
treat internal hemorrhage, throat constrictions, swollen neck glands,
and bloodshot or irritated eyes. The twigs were also gathered and
preserved. Steeped in boiling water, they were made into a tea to cure
fever or alleviate pain.\"

*Salix* species were used as chew sticks to clean teeth by many other
Indian tribes, including the Choctaw, Delaware, and Cheyenne. The
shining willow was favored by the Osage, Delaware, and Cherokee for this
purpose (Elvin-Lewis 1979). The Kiowa made a tea of willow leaves, which
they rubbed on the body to cure pneumonia and relieve rheumatic aches.
They also chewed the bark to relieve toothache (Vestal and Shultes
1939). The Comanche burned the stems of the willow and used the ashes to
treat sore eyes (Carlson and Jones 1939). To restore themselves both
physically and mentally, the Dakota

drank a willow-bark tea (Andros 1883). The Ojibwe used shining willow
bark externally to treat skin rashes.

Aspirin is the pharmaceutical equivalent of willow bark tea, which is an
effective remedy for headache, fever or sore throat. More than 2,400
years ago, the Greeks learned to use extracts of several native willow
species to treat pain, gout, and other illnesses. In more recent times,
1839, salicylic acid was isolated from wild plants and manufactured
synthetically. Early salicylic acid-based products had unpleasant side
effects. Sixty years later, the Bayer Company developed a derivative of
salicylic acid, called it aspirin, and the rest is
history.![](media/image2.jpeg){width="2.2in"
height="1.4694444444444446in"}

Tea made from willow leaves will cure laryngitis. Willow reduces
inflammation of joints and membranes (Moore 1979). When used as an
analgesic, willow treats urethra and bladder irritation, infected
wounds, and eczema. Willow is used as an over-all treatment of many
diseases, including hay fever, diarrhea, prostatitis, satyriasis, and
ovarian pain. A poultice is made for treating gangrene and skin ulcers.

Young willow shoots can be stripped of their bark and eaten. The young
leaves may be eaten in case of emergency. The inner bark can be eaten
raw, prepared like spaghetti, or made into flour.

*Riparian*: Riparian ecosystem functions provided by willows include the
following: 1) Riparian vegetation traps sediments and nutrients from
surface runoff and prevents them from entering the aquatic system; 2)
the dense matrix of roots in the riparian zone can serve as an effective
filter of shallow groundwater; 3) water quality is improved through
filtration and the trapping of sediment, nutrients (particularly
nitrogen dissolved in groundwater), and pollutants; and 4) riparian
areas act as a sponge by absorbing floodwaters. The water is then slowly
released over a period of time, which minimizes flood damage and
sustains higher base flows during late summer.

*Wildlife*: Structurally complex riparian vegetation communities provide
many different habitats and support a diverse array of animal species.
The layers of vegetation provide multiple niches for many species of
insects and wildlife. Canopies of plants growing on streambank provide
shade, cooling stream water, while roots stabilize and create
overhanging banks, providing habitat for fish and other aquatic
organisms.

Rabbits and many ungulates (including deer, moose, and elk) browse on
willow twigs, foliage, and bark (Martin 1951). Beaver love willow
branches. Several species of birds eat willow buds and young twigs.
Riparian forests support a high diversity of breeding birds (Miller
1951). The percentage of breeding individuals, which are migratory, is
very high in the cottonwood-willow habitat. Moister conditions in the
cottonwood-willow forest may promote lush plant growth, higher
invertebrate populations and, therefore, more available food for
flycatchers, warblers, and other migratory, insectivorous birds.
Riparian areas support up to 10.6 times the density of migrant birds per
hectare as adjacent non-riparian areas (Stevens et al. 1977). Most of
these migratory birds belong to the foliage insect (47%) or air insect
(34%) foraging guilds.

####### Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural
Resources for this plant's current status, such as, state noxious
status, and wetland indicator values.

####### Description

Willow Family (Salicaceae). Shining willow is a shrub or small tree to 4
m (13 feet) (M^c^Gregor et al. 1986, Stephens 1973). The twigs are gray
to yellowish-brown. Leaves are yellowish green to green and semi-glossy
above, pale beneath, initially reddish-pubescent, soon glabrous. Leaves
are lance-shaped, 4-12 cm (1.2-4.7\") long and finely glandular-serrate.
The petioles are glandular above. Catkins emerge with the leaves;
pistillate (female) catkins are 1-3 cm long, on leaf branchlets 1-3 cm
long. Bracts are deciduous, pale yellow, and villous on the inside. The
fruits are ovoid capsules 4-6.5 mm long, with a long neck. When ripe,
the capsules open to release tiny wind-born seeds with silky hairs at
their base. Shining willow flowers in May and fruits in June.

####### Distribution

Shining willow grows in swamps, shores and wet meadows. It occurs in
Minnesota, north Iowa, North Dakota, Labrador, Newfoundland to
Saskatchewan, south to Delaware, Ohio, Iowa, and South Dakota. For
current distribution, please consult the Plant Profile page for this
species on the PLANTS Web site.

####### Establishment

Willows root freely from cuttings, and are easy to propagate. Willows
are difficult to propagate in quantity by seed.

The NRCS, Plant Materials Center, Los Lunas, New Mexico, in cooperation
with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, developed a pole planting
technique for establishing willow (Hoag 1993a). We reprint this
procedure below. \"Trial planting on well adapted sites indicate more
that 80% survival of cottonwood and willow poles when dormant poles are
cut and planted between November and February. It is essential to
monitor the water tables at proposed planting sites for at least one
year before planting. Poles planted where the water table fluctuates
widely will have lower survival rates than those planted where water
table is relatively stable. If groundwater monitoring shows the water
level will drop more than 3 feet during the growing season
(May-October), another site should be selected. Monitoring of
observation wells for at least one calendar year before planting will
allow better planting depth to ensure establishment.\"

######## Steps for Successful Pole Plantings

-   Select collection sites as close to the area as possible to conserve
    genetic diversity. Try to match donor site and revegetation site in
    terms of soils, elevation, hydro-dynamics, permanent groundwater
    table, and soil salinity (which should be low).

-   Select willow cuttings from a local, native stand in healthy
    condition. Prune no more than 2/3 of plants in an area. Willow
    cuttings for pole plantings should generally be at least 1/2 inch in
    diameter or larger. Select the longest, straightest poles available.
    Use only two to four-year old wood. The total length of the poles
    needed depends upon the water table depth.

-   Measure water table fluctuations in the planting area for at least 1
    year, preferably longer, to determine the lowest water table depth.
    Take a reading at least once a month, preferably more often during
    the driest months of the year.

-   Cut poles while dormant. Remove all side branches except the top two
    or three.

-   Prepare cuttings by trimming off the top to remove the terminal bud,
    allowing a majority of the energy in the stem to be sent to the
    lateral buds for root and shot development.

-   Soak poles in water for at least 5 to 7 days before planting.

-   Dig holes to the depth of the lowest anticipated water table. Sites
    where the water table will be within one foot of the ground surface
    during the growing season are better suited for willows than
    cottonwoods.

-   The cuttings should extend several inches into the permanent water
    table to ensure adequate moisture for sprouting. At least 1/2 to
    2/3\'s of the cutting should be below ground to prevent the cutting
    from being ripped out during high flows. Usually, at least 2 to 3
    feet should be below ground. It should also be long enough to emerge
    above adjacent vegetation such that it will not be shaded out.

-   Place the cuttings in the holes the same day they were removed from
    the soak treatment. Set the butt as close to the lowest annual water
    table elevation as possible.

-   Electric hammer drills (Dewalt model DW530) fitted with one-inch
    diameter, 3-foot bits were used to plant thousands of willows in New
    Mexico. With one drill, two people installed 500 willow cuttings per
    day to a 3-foot depth. A power auger or a punch bar can also be
    used.

-   Willow pole cuttings were generally planted on 10 to 20 foot centers
    in New Mexico. Areas with a shallow water table (4-6 feet) were
    generally planted with a higher number of pole cuttings to enhance
    overall survival. Often understory species were planted under the
    canopy of pre-existing overstory (cottonwoods, tree willows), since
    they are often observed occupying this niche.

-   It is critical to ensure that the soil is packed around the cutting
    to prevent air pockets. \"Mudding\" (filling the hole with water and
    then adding soil to make mud slurry) can remove air pockets.

-   When necessary, install tree guards around the poles to protect from
    beavers, other rodents, or rabbits. Willows tend to be fairly
    resistant to pruning from beavers, so tree guards may not be
    necessary.

-   As buds begin to swell (usually in April or May), remove them from
    the lower two-thirds of the pole. This will reduce
    evapotranspiration water loss and stimulate root growth.

-   Exclude the planting area from livestock grazing for at least two to
    three growing seasons.

######## Seed Collections

-   Willow seeds must be collected as soon as the capsules mature (when
    they turn from green to yellow or tan).

-   Plant seeds immediately, since they retain their viability for only
    a few days at room temperature. Even under the most favorable
    conditions, maximum storage is four to six weeks.

-   Germination takes place 12 to 14 hours after planting. Keep soil
    moist while seedlings germinate and grow.

-   When seeding outdoors, willows require moist soil from spring
    over-bank flows, capillary wetting of the soil surface, or
    irrigation for establishment.

####### Management

*Traditional resource management* of willow includes the following:

-   Willows were traditionally tended by pruning or burning to produce
    long straight stems.

-   Willow is gathered only at certain times of the year, beginning in
    the autumn after the leaves fall. For many weavers, gathering will
    continue until the following spring when the sap begins to rise
    again.

-   Often, basketweavers will prune many willows, sometimes replanting
    the stems, so there will be nice straight basketry materials the
    following year.

-   Before gathering, the weavers make offerings of thanks and pray for
    permission to gather. Often tobacco or other offerings are given
    before beginning to gather.

-   Basket weavers process materials with their hands and mouths.
    Herbicides sprayed on willows and along streams have a much higher
    health risk for humans, when willows are processed and used for
    traditional materials.

Howe and Knopf (1991) conclude that to ensure the survival of willows
and cottonwoods in riparian communities, resource managers need to
implement strategies to control the spread of exotic species.

Livestock grazing has widely been identified as a leading factor causing
or contributing to degradation of riparian habitats in the western
United States (Chaney et al. 1990, Fleischner 1994, Ohmart 1996).
Livestock grazing can alter vegetative structure and composition of
riparian habitat. Overgrazing, especially by livestock and big game,
frequently changes plant species composition and growth form, density of
stands, vigor, seed production of plants, and insect production.
Livestock grazing can cause the replacement of bird and mammal species
requiring the vertical vegetation structure of riparian habitat to
species, which are ubiquitous in their habitat preferences. Previous
heavy cattle grazing changed the bird and small mammal community
composition in riparian areas through reduction of shrub and herbaceous
cover.

Slovlin (1984) recommended a 5-year rest from cattle grazing to
re-establish healthy stands of riparian vegetation such as cottonwood
and willows. Siekert et al. (1985) reported that spring grazing showed
no significant changes in channel morphology, whereas summer and fall
grazing did. However, even with limited seasonal grazing, all tree
seedlings would be eliminated. Marlow and Pogacnik (1985) recommended
fencing riparian habitat, rest-rotation, light grazing (\<20% forage
removal), and grazing after streambanks have dried to 10% moisture.

####### Cultivars, Improved and Selected Materials (and area of origin)

Containerized shining willow saplings are available from most nurseries
in the areas where they grow. We recommend using plants from the same
region, elevation, climate, soil type, moisture, or hydrologic regime as
you are replanting.

Contact your local Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly Soil
Conservation Service) office for more information. Look in the phone
book under "United States Government." The Natural Resources
Conservation Service will be listed under the subheading "Department of
Agriculture."

####### References

Andros, F. 1883. *The medicine and surgery of the Winnebago and Dakota
Indians*. American Medical Association Journal 1: 116-118.

Baird, K. 1989. *High quality restoration of riparian ecosystems*.
Restoration and Management Notes 7(2):60-64.

Bentrup, G. & J. C. Hoag 1998. *The practical streambank bioengineering
guide. User\'s guide for natural streambank stabilization techniques in
the arid and semi-arid Great Basin and Intermountain West*. USDA, NRCS,
Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, Idaho.

Carlson, G.G. & V.H. Jones 1939. *Some notes on use of plants by the
Comanche Indians*. Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 25:
517-543.

Ellis, L.M. 1994. *Bird use of salt cedar and cottonwoods on a grazed
and ungrazed plains bottomland in Northeastern Colorado.* USDA, FS,
Research Note RM-370:1-4.

Elvin-Lewis, M. 1979. *Empirical rationale for teeth cleaning plant
selection.* Medical Anthropology (Fall) 1979:431-456.

Farley, G.H., L.M. Ellis, J.N. Stuart, & N.J. Scott, Jr. 1994. *Avian
species richness in different-aged stands of riparian forest along the
middle Rio Grande, New Mexico.* Conservation Biology 8:1098-1108.

Fleishner, T.L. 1994. *Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western
North America.* Conservation Biology 8:629-644.

Hartmann, H.T., D.E. Kesler, & F.T. Davies, Jr. 1990. *Plant propagation
principles and practices.* Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
647 pp.

Hoag, J.C. 1992. *Use of willow and cottonwood cuttings for vegetation
shorelines and riparian areas*. USDA NRCS Riparian/Wetland Project
Information Series #3, Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, Idaho.

Hoag, J.C. 1993a. *Selection and acquisition of woody plant species and
materials for riparian corridors and shorelines.* Riparian/Wetland
Project Information Series #2, USDA, NRCS, Plant Materials Center,
Aberdeen, Idaho.

Hoag, J.C. 1993b. *How to plant willows and cottonwood for riparian
rehabilitation.* Technical Note #23, USDA, NRCS, Idaho Plant Materials,
Boise, Idaho.

James, G.W. 1909 (rev. 1972*). Indian basketry*. Dover Publications,
Inc., New York, New York. 271 pp.

Kindscher, K. 1992. *Medicinal wild plants of the prairie. An
ethnobotanical guide.* University Press of Kansas. 340 pp.

Kindscher, K. 1987. *Edible wild plants of the prairie. An
ethnobotanical guide.* University Press of Kansas. 276 pp.

Knopf, F.I. & F.B. Samson 1994. *Scale perspectives on avian diversity
in western riparian ecosystems*. Conservation Biology 8(3):669-676.

Marlow, C.B. & T.M. Pogacnik 1985. *Time of grazing and cattle-induced
damage to streambanks*. Pages 279-284. IN Johnson, R.R., C.D. Ziebell,
D.R. Patton, P.F. Ffolliott, and R.H. Hamre. (Tech. Coords.) *Riparian
ecosystems and their management: Reconciling conflicting uses.* Proc.
First North Am. Riparian Conf., USDA, FS, Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-120. 523
pp.

Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim, & A.L. Nelson 1951. *American wildlife and
plants. A guide to wildlife food habits.* Dover Publications, Inc., New
York, New York. 500 pp.

Mason, O.T. 1988. *American Indian basketry*. Dover Publications, Inc.,
New York, New York.

McGregor, R.L., T.M. Barkley, R.E. Brooks, &E.K. Schofield (eds.) 1976.
*Flora of the Great Plains*. Great Plains Flora Association. University
Press of Kansas. 1402 pp.

Moore, M. 1979. *Medicinal plants of the mountain west.* Museum of New
Mexico Press. 200 pp.

Smith, H.H. 1928. *Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians*. Bulletin of the
Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4(2):175-326.

Stephens, H.A. 1973. *Woody plants of the north central plains*. The
University Press of Kansas. 530 pp.

Stevens, L.E., B.T. Brown, J.M. Simpson, & R.R. Johnson 1977*. The
importance of riparian habitat to migrating birds*, pp. 156-164. IN
Johnson, R.R. & D.A. Jones (Tech. Coords.). *Importance, preservation
and management of riparian habitat: a symposium*. USDA, Forest Service,
Gen. Tech. Report RM-43, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station, Fort Collins, Colorado. 217 pp.

Tilford, G.L. 1997. *Edible and medicinal plants of the west*. Mountain
Press Publishing Company, Missoula, Montana.

USDA, NRCS 2000. *The PLANTS database*. Version: 000321.
\<http://plants.usda.gov\>. National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana.

Vestal, P.A. & R.E. Schultes 1939. *The economic botany of the Kiowa
Indians*. Botanical Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.

####### Prepared By

*Michelle Stevens*

Formerly USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center

###### *Ivan Dozier*

USDA, NRCS, Carlinville, Illinois

####### Species Coordinator

###### *M. Kat Anderson*

USDA, NRCS, National Plant Data Center

c/o Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California,
Davis, California

Revised 04dec00 jsp; 03jun03 ahv; 060816 jsp

For more information about this and other plants, please contact your
local NRCS field office or Conservation District, and visit the PLANTS
Web site\<[http://plants.usda.gov](http://plants.usda.gov/)\> or the
Plant Materials Program Web site
\<[http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov](http://Plant-Materials.nrcs.usda.gov/)\>

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