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OB/GYN Chief Clinical Consultant's Corner

Volume 3, No. 11, November 2005

# Contents: {#contents .Style-Style-Heading-1-+-Underline-+-Pattern:-Clear-(Gray-12.5%)}

#### Abstract of the Month: page 5 {#abstract-of-the-month-page-5 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Evidence does not justify routine use of magnesium sulfate in mild
pre-eclampsia**

#### From your colleagues: page 7 {#from-your-colleagues-page-7 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

Carolyn Aoyama:

#### Excess Cervical Cancer Mortality: Marker for Low Access to Health Care in Poor  {#excess-cervical-cancer-mortality-marker-for-low-access-to-health-care-in-poor .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

Steve Holve:

Is there an IHS RSV policy? 

Richard Olson:

Medical Staff Credentialing and Privileging Guide, 3^rd^ Edition: Now
available

Phil Smith:

#### Guidelines for Identifying and Referring Persons with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome {#guidelines-for-identifying-and-referring-persons-with-fetal-alcohol-syndrome .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

Judy Thierry:

-We would like to hear from people -- Diabetes in pregnancy

-AAP Revises SIDS Prevention Recommendations

-Prenatal tobacco - Canadian Best practices - Expecting to Quit

-Teen pregnancy: Protective and risk factors and those that can be
altered

-National Conference on Juvenile Issues January 9--13, 2006

and more....

**Seh Welch:**

Embracing Our Traditions, Values, and Teachings: Native Peoples of North
America HIV/AIDS

Conference May 2-6, 2006

#### Hot Topics:  {#hot-topics .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

##### Obstetrics: page 11

-Two handy 'Best Practice' checklists now available: DM or HTN in
pregnancy

-1^st^ trimester combined screening better than 2^nd^ trimester
quadruple screening: NEJM

-A Call to End Routine Episiotomy, No Maternal Benefit

-Dexamethasone treatment does not improve the outcome of women with
HELLP syndrome

-Guidelines on Trial of Labor After Cesarean Delivery

and more....

**Gynecology: page 16**

-Have you ever had problems with a stenotic cervix?

-Vaccine prevents cervical cancer, Gardasil: Preliminary results 100%
effective

-Tubo-ovarian abscess - Ultrasound-guided aspiration with antibiotics:
First-line procedure

-Bladder perforation for TVT are higher for inexperienced / appears to
be a learning curve

#### -Cigarette Smoking and Effects on Hormone Function in Premenopausal Women {#cigarette-smoking-and-effects-on-hormone-function-in-premenopausal-women .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

and more....

**Child Health: page 19**

-Advanced skills practitioner not needed at uncomplicated elective
cesarean delivery

-Do Pacifiers Reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? A
Meta-Analysis

-Complications of Body Piercing

-Skin-to-Skin Care Cuts Stress for NICU Infants and Mothers

### -AAP Revises Recommendations on Reducing the Risk of SIDS - Pearls for Practice

and more....

**Chronic Illness and Disease: page 22**

-Beyond Red Lake - The persistent crisis in American Indian Health Care

-Paving the way\--providing opportunities for Native American students

-Provider education in depression recognition and treatment reduces
suicide rates

-New Studies Document the Health Benefits of Seafood Consumption

-Options for Breast Cancer Screening

and more....

#### Features: page 24 {#features-page-24 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

##### American Family Physician

-Low Testosterone Not Linked with Female Sexual Dysfunction

-Should Women with Dysuria and Negative Dipstick Test Be Treated?

-Antiviral Agents for Pregnant Women with Genital Herpes

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

-Antiphospholipid syndrome. ACOG Practice Bulletin

-Compounded Bioidentical Hormones

-Elective Coincidental Appendectomy

-Partnering With Patients to Improve Safety

-Maternal Decision Making, Ethics, and the Law

and more....

**Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality**

-AHRQ Releases Updated Guide to Clinical Preventive Services

-Women who smoke have nearly twice the risk of developing Graves\'
hyperthyroidism

-Certain factors predict chronic pelvic pain after pelvic inflammatory
disease

-Two factors predict risk for suicide attempts in youths

-Events surrounding injury affect likelihood an adolescent will suffer
post traumatic stress disorder

and more....

**Ask a Librarian**

Exciting news: ***All*** clinicians involved with Indian Health are now
invited -- Tribal, Urban, IHS

**Breastfeeding**

-We need your expertise: Breast Feeding Best Practices in Indian Country

-The breastfeeding mother is physiologically different

-More sleep was obtained when breastfeeding mothers slept with the
newborn

-New Released Patch includes breast feeding and waist circumference

**CCC Corner Digest**

\-[Judy Thierry, HQE - Maternal Morbidity in Indian
Country](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Coll.cfm)

\-[First Validated Model Predicts Risk of Failed Vaginal Birth After
Cesarean](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/OBGYN1005_HT.cfm#ob)

\-[Paroxetine Curbs Premenstrual Dysphoric
Disorder](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/OBGYN1005_HT.cfm#gyn)

[#1 cause of pediatric
deaths!!!](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/OBGYN1005_HT.cfm#child)

\-[Native Americans with highest rates of major depressive
disorder](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/OBGYN1005_HT.cfm#chrIll)

\-[ACOG:Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Women\'s Health, ACOG Committee
Opinion No.
317](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#acog)

\-[Help Us Establish a Free Electronic Patient Education Resource
Center](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#AskLib)

\-[October was Domestic Violence Awareness
Month](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#dv)

\-[Cancer screening in elderly patients: a framework for individualized
decision
making](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#elder)

\-[ParaGard ® T 380A Approved for Nulliparous Women in Stable
Relationships from Age
16](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#fp)

\-[Newly Released Perinatology Corner Module:  Shoulder Dystocia  (free
CME/CEUs)](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#faq)

\-[R/O Ectopic - HCG curves
redefined](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#mmtour)

\-[Paxil Use in Early Pregnancy May Cause Birth
Defects](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#MidWives)

\-[Syphilis Treatment Issues---Azithromycin Use Not Encouraged for
Syphilis
Treatment](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#navajo)

\-[Prenatal visits: Less quantity and higher quality: Outcome based
analysis](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#okie)

-Patient Education - Mary Lynn Eaglestaff, Aberdeen Area Women's Health
Program

\-[Preterm Labor: Signs and Symptoms - Patient Education
Brochure](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#pi)

\-[Thyroid-stimulating hormone decreases significantly during the first
trimester](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#periPicks)

-STD Corner - Welcome Lori de Ravello

\-[Which Comes First in Adolescence---Sex and Drugs or
Depression?](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#std)

**Domestic Violence**

-GPRA Domestic Violence clinical performance indicators

-Legal Assistance for Victims Grants November 29^th^ at 2:00 CST

-Study Documents High Costs and Impact of Intimate Partner Violence

-National Center on Domestic Violence and Sexual Violence web site

-Pre-Pregnancy Physical Abuse in Alaska

**Elder Care News**

Estrogen plus progestin increases risk of urge and stress incontinence
within 4 months

**Family Planning**

## -FDA Updates Labeling for Ortho Evra Contraceptive Patch

#### -DMPA bone mass loss is reversible {#dmpa-bone-mass-loss-is-reversible .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### -Increased Risk of Oral Contraceptive Failure in Obese Women {#increased-risk-of-oral-contraceptive-failure-in-obese-women .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### -No evidence supports practice of switching oral contraceptives to treat headache {#no-evidence-supports-practice-of-switching-oral-contraceptives-to-treat-headache .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### -Dietary Calcium Prevents Bone Loss in Oral Contraceptive Users {#dietary-calcium-prevents-bone-loss-in-oral-contraceptive-users .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

and more....

**Featured Website**

USDA\'s main page on Avian Influenza

**Frequently asked questions**

-How do we treat tuberculosis in pregnancy?

-Do adult women experience different symptoms of ADHD from men**?**

**Indian Child Health Notes**

-Phoning It In - Telepsychiatry Services for American Indians

-Hepatitis B - Is it Time for a Boost?

-A is as bad as B - Monitoring invasive Haemophilus A disease in Native
American Children

**Information Technology**

-Want to learn more about the RPMS Women's Health Package? Ongoing
training available

-UpToDate Version 13.3 is now available

-RPMS Suicide Reporting Form now available

International Health

-Pregnancy, Travel and Malaria: A Precautionary Tale

-Return of children to areas impacted by flooding / hurricanes:
Recommendations

-KNOW, PLAN, PACK: Disaster or Emergency Preparedness Plan for Women

-Tracking Health in Underserved Communities: Factline

#### MCH Alert

-Protecting Children in Foster Care

-Maternal cigarette consumption is a strong predictor of newborn birth
weight percentile

#### Medical Mystery Tour

#### -The HCG curve has been redefined R/O ectopic. How else can you follow HCG ? {#the-hcg-curve-has-been-redefined-ro-ectopic.-how-else-can-you-follow-hcg .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### -What it accuracy of ultrasound in R/O ectopic?  {#what-it-accuracy-of-ultrasound-in-ro-ectopic .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### -What type of ultrasound characteristics should we find? {#what-type-of-ultrasound-characteristics-should-we-find .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Medscape

**Menopause Management**

-Bioidentical Hormones: No scientific evidence to support claims of
increased efficacy

#### -Estrogen Therapy and the Risk of Cognitive Decline {#estrogen-therapy-and-the-risk-of-cognitive-decline .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Midwives Corner**

-Which Cord strikes a sour note?

-A Simple Method for Evaluating the Clinical Literature

-Eating Fish During Pregnancy Boosts Baby\'s Brainpower

-Low risk home births using CNMs: Similar intrapartum and neonatal
mortality

-Elevated Uric Acid in Blood Linked To Preterm Births

**Navajo News**

Once a day gentamicin dosing intrapartum may provide better coverage for
the fetus 

**Nurses Corner**

-Stressful workplaces and unfair bosses can raise cardiac risks

## -Average age of nurses increases: **By 2010, the average nurse will be over 45 years old**

#### Office of Women's Health, CDC

-Diabetes and Pregnancy: Frequently Asked Questions

-General Information and National Estimates on Diabetes in the United
States, 2005

-Influenza Vaccination in Pregnancy: Practices Among
Obstetrician-Gynecologists

**Oklahoma Perspective**

Shoulder dystocia

Osteoporosis

Estrogen supplementation may be protective of BMD in adolescents who use
DMPA

Patient Education

-Body Piercing: What You Should Know

-Respiratory Infections During Pregnancy

-Genital Herpes: What You Should Know

-Prenatal Diagnosis: Amniocentesis and CVS

-Ectopic Pregnancy: What You Should Know

and more....

Perinatology Picks

-Medical Management of Early Pregnancy Failure

-Papers of interest from the 25^th^ Annual Meeting of the Society for
Maternal Fetal Medicine

Primary Care Discussion Forum

Rectal bleeding: Is it hemorrhoids? Morbidity and Mortality Rounds - Web
Based

STD Corner

-Daily suppressive therapy is recommended for HSV-2 seropositive
individuals

-HIV - Grade A recommendation: Screen high risk adolescents / adults,
plus all pregnant

-Need to reassess screening young men to complement screening among
young women

#### -Genital Herpes Screening: Recommendation Statement USPSTF  {#genital-herpes-screening-recommendation-statement-uspstf .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### -Gonorrhea Screening: Recommendation Statement USPSTF {#gonorrhea-screening-recommendation-statement-uspstf .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

and more....

#### Barbara Stillwater, Alaska Diabetes Prevention and Control

-Big Babies at Risk of Obesity Later in Life

-Pedometers may help couch potatoes get sorely needed exercise

-Rate of BMI Increase in Childhood Predicts Risk of Adult Heart Disease

-Just an additional 3200 steps a day, not 10,000 shows fitness gains

-Apple Shape Predicts Heart Attack Risk Better than BMI

and more....

###### Save the Dates: Upcoming events of interest page 49

#### What's new on the ITU MCH web pages page 50

**Did you miss something in the last OB/GYN Chief Clinical Consultant
(CCC) Corner?**

#  {#section .Style-Heading-1-+-Underline}

# Abstract of the Month {#abstract-of-the-month .Style-Style-Heading-1-+-Underline-+-Pattern:-Clear-(Gray-12.5%)}

**Evidence does not justify routine use: Magnesium sulfate prophylaxis -
mild pre-eclampsia**

**Eclampsia - Number needed to treat: Severe pre-eclampsia = 71**

> **Mild pre-eclampsia = 385**

The pathogenesis of eclamptic convulsions remains unknown. Cerebral
imaging suggests that cerebral abnormalities in eclampsia (mostly
vasogenic edema) are similar to those found in hypertensive
encephalopathy. However, cerebral imaging is not necessary for the
diagnosis or management of most women with eclampsia. The onset of
eclamptic convulsions can be antepartum (38--53%), intrapartum
(18--36%), or postpartum (11--44%). Recent data reveal an increase in
the proportion of women who develop eclampsia beyond 48 hours after
delivery. Other than early detection of preeclampsia, there are no
reliable tests or symptoms for predicting the development of eclampsia.
In developed countries, the majority of cases reported in recent series
are considered unpreventable.

Magnesium sulfate is the drug of choice for reducing the rate of
eclampsia developing intrapartum and immediately postpartum. There are 4
large randomized trials comparing magnesium sulfate with no treatment or
placebo in patients with severe preeclampsia. The rate of eclampsia was
significantly lower in those assigned to magnesium sulfate (0.6% versus
2.0%, relative risk 0.39, 95% confidence interval 0.28--0.55).

Thus, the number of women needed to treat to prevent one case of
eclampsia is 71. Magnesium sulfate is the drug of choice to prevent
recurrent convulsions in eclampsia. The development of eclampsia is
associated with increased risk of adverse outcome for both mother and
fetus, particularly in the developing nations. Pregnancies complicated
by eclampsia require a well-formulated management plan. Women with a
history of eclampsia are at increased risk of eclampsia (1--2%) and
preeclampsia (22--35%) in subsequent pregnancies. Recommendations for
diagnosis, prevention, management, and counseling of these women are
provided based on results of recent studies and my own clinical
experience.

Baha M. Sibai, MD Diagnosis, Prevention, and Management of Eclampsia
Obstetrics & Gynecology 2005;105:402-410

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=15684172&dopt=Abstract>

#### [OB/GYN CCC Editorial comment:]{.underline}

**Mild pre-eclampsia -- Number needed to treat = 385 in Western
countries**

Evidence for magnesium sulfate prophylaxis in mild pre-eclampsia does
not justify its routine use

Magnesium sulfate therapy should be considered for prevention of
eclampsia in all women with severe preeclampsia. Worldwide, to prevent
one case of eclampsia, 63-71 women with severe preeclampsia or 109 women
with moderate preeclampsia would need to be treated (Altman).

On the other hand, if only women with mild disease in Western countries
are considered, 385 women would need to be treated to prevent one case
of eclampsia (Sabia 2004). For this reason, some experts have
recommended against anticonvulsant therapy in women with mild disease in
Western countries (Sabai 2004, Sabai 2005).

The evidence regarding the benefit to risk ratio of magnesium sulfate
prophyalaxis in mild pre-eclampsia remains uncertain and does not
justify its routine use for that purpose. (Sabai 2004)

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends use
of magnesium sulfate in women with severe preeclampsia and acknowledges
the lack of consensus as to whether mildly preeclamptic women require
such treatment to prevent seizures in a small number of patients (0.5
percent).

The incidence of seizures is much lower (about 0.1 percent) in women
with nonproteinuric hypertension (Coetzee 1998). For this reason, it may
be safe to withhold seizure prophylaxis in such women.

**Resources:**

Altman D; Carroli G; Duley L; Farrell B; Moodley J; Neilson J; Smith D
Do women with pre-eclampsia, and their babies, benefit from magnesium
sulphate? The Magpie Trial: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.
Lancet 2002 Jun 1;359(9321):1877-90.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12057549&query_hl=2>

Sibai BM Magnesium sulfate prophylaxis in preeclampsia: Lessons learned
from recent trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004 Jun;190(6):1520-6.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15284724&query_hl=4>

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Diagnosis and
management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. ACOG practice bulletin #33.
Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99:159.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16175681&query_hl=6>

Coetzee EJ; Dommisse J; Anthony J A randomised controlled trial of
intravenous magnesium sulphate versus placebo in the management of women
with severe pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998 Mar;105(3):300-3.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9532990&query_hl=8>

**Screening for and management of preeclampsia, UpToDate**

<http://www.uptodateonline.com/application/topic.asp?file=pregcomp/7800&type=A&selectedTitle=3~9>

# From your colleagues: {#from-your-colleagues .Style-Style-Heading-1-+-Underline-+-Pattern:-Clear-(Gray-12.5%)}

#### Carolyn Aoyama, HQE {#carolyn-aoyama-hqe .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Excess Cervical Cancer Mortality: Marker for Low Access to Health Care in Poor  {#excess-cervical-cancer-mortality-marker-for-low-access-to-health-care-in-poor-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### The NCI Center to Reduce Cancer health Disparities postulates that cervical cancer is an indicator of larger health system concerns such as infrastructure, access, culturally competent communication, etc.  An entrenched pattern of high cervical cancer mortality has existed for decades in distinct populations and geographic areas including American Indian women of the Northern Plains, Alaska Native women, African American women in the South, Latina women along the Texas-Mexico border, Caucasian women in Appalachia, and Vietnamese American women.  {#the-nci-center-to-reduce-cancer-health-disparities-postulates-that-cervical-cancer-is-an-indicator-of-larger-health-system-concerns-such-as-infrastructure-access-culturally-competent-communication-etc.-an-entrenched-pattern-of-high-cervical-cancer-mortality-has-existed-for-decades-in-distinct-populations-and-geographic-areas-including-american-indian-women-of-the-northern-plains-alaska-native-women-african-american-women-in-the-south-latina-women-along-the-texas-mexico-border-caucasian-women-in-appalachia-and-vietnamese-american-women. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### The report concludes by stating that cervical cancer is the US is overwhelmingly a disease of poor women with low educational attainment who are not receiving PAP tests.  In addition to being an avoidable cause of death, cervical cancer mortality is a marker for the ill health and human suffering of women who are uninsured, underinsured, and dependent on publicly funded health services.  The report goes on to make the case that cervical cancer is a marker for other chronic diseases, poverty and lack of access. It is an amazing report which validates everything those clinicians who work with vulnerable populations have voiced for years. [**http://crchd.nci.nih.gov**](http://crchd.nci.nih.gov/) {#the-report-concludes-by-stating-that-cervical-cancer-is-the-us-is-overwhelmingly-a-disease-of-poor-women-with-low-educational-attainment-who-are-not-receiving-pap-tests.-in-addition-to-being-an-avoidable-cause-of-death-cervical-cancer-mortality-is-a-marker-for-the-ill-health-and-human-suffering-of-women-who-are-uninsured-underinsured-and-dependent-on-publicly-funded-health-services.-the-report-goes-on-to-make-the-case-that-cervical-cancer-is-a-marker-for-other-chronic-diseases-poverty-and-lack-of-access.-it-is-an-amazing-report-which-validates-everything-those-clinicians-who-work-with-vulnerable-populations-have-voiced-for-years.-httpcrchd.nci.nih.gov .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Steve Holve, Tuba City {#steve-holve-tuba-city .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Is there an IHS RSV policy? **

There is no official IHS policy on RSV. It is likely that RSV infections
are more common and more severe in many Native Americans, especially
tribes in the Southwest and Alaska in which the rates of hospitalization
are up to 10 times higher than in the US as a whole. The higher rate is
likely related to issues such as poorer housing, more crowding and
possible indoor wood heating.

 

Some references are listed below.

This is the free text of an article that was in pediatrics in 2004.

<http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/114/4/e437>

 

This is from the CDC

<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5230a5.htm>

 

**Richard Olson, HQE**

**Medical Staff Credentialing and Privileging Guide, 3^rd^ Edition: Now
available**

Please disseminate widely to IHS and Tribal programs that the 3^rd^
edition of the IHS Medical Staff Credentialing and Privileging Guide is
now available on line at the URL below.  This has been developed by
Marty Smith, Claremore, and Michele Gemelas, Warm Springs, two of the
credentialing experts in the IHS.  It will be enormously helpful to
individuals who provide this function at the Area or local facility
level.  Special thanks to Marty and Michele who have been working on
this for much of the past year.

<http://www.ihs.gov/NonMedicalPrograms/nc4/Documents/revisedIHScredentialingguide.pdf>

#### Phil Smith, HQE {#phil-smith-hqe .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Guidelines for Identifying and Referring Persons with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome {#guidelines-for-identifying-and-referring-persons-with-fetal-alcohol-syndrome-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

### **Summary of Recommendations** 

On the basis of a review of current scientific and clinical evidence,
the following recommendations are made concerning referral of children
and diagnosis of FAS:

#### Diagnosis of FAS 

-   A diagnosis of FAS should be made if documentation exists of 1) all
    three dysmorphic facial features (i.e., smooth philtrum, thin
    vermillion border, and small palpebral fissures), 2) prenatal or
    postnatal growth deficit in height or weight, and 3) CNS
    abnormality.

-   The diagnosis should be classified on the basis of available history
    as confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure or unknown prenatal alcohol
    exposure.

-   CNS abnormality may be documented as structural, neurologic, or
    functional

#### Referral 

#### If prenatal alcohol exposure is known, a child or person should be referred for full FAS evaluation when alcohol abuse (defined as seven or more alcohol drinks per week or three or more alcohol drinks on multiple occasions, or both) is confirmed. 

#### If prenatal alcohol exposure is unknown, a child or person should be referred for full FAS evaluation when: 

#### \-\-- a parent or caregiver (foster or adoptive parent) reports that a child has or might have FAS; \-\-- all three facial features (i.e., smooth philtrum, thin vermillion border, and small palpebral fissures) are present; \-\-- one or more facial features are present in addition to growth deficits in height, weight, or both; one or more facial features are present and one or more CNS abnormalities; or \-\-- one or more facial features are present, with growth deficits and one or more CNS abnormalities.

#### In addition to specific features associated with the FAS diagnosis, the following social and family history factors associated with prenatal exposures to alcohol might indicate a need for referral: 

#### \-\-- premature maternal death related to alcohol use (either disease or trauma), \-\-- living with an alcoholic parent, \-\-- current or previous abuse or neglect, \-\-- current or previous involvement with child PSAs, \-\-- a history of transient caregiving situations, or \-\-- having been in foster or adoptive care (including kinship care). 

#### Services 

#### The FAS diagnosis and the diagnostic process (especially the neuropsychologic assessment) should be considered as part of a continuum of care that identifies and facilitates appropriate health-care, education, and community services. 

#### General areas of service needs for persons with FAS and their families should include strategies that stabilize home placement, improve parent-child interaction through caregiver education, advocate for access to services, and educate service professionals involved with affected persons and their families regarding FAS and its consequences. 

#### Specific intervention services should be tailored to a person\'s individual needs and deficits. These might include communication and social skills; emotional development; verbal and comprehension abilities; language usage; and, if appropriate, referral for medication assessments. 

#### The needs of children in adoptive or foster placements should receive particular attention in the diagnostic and referral process. 

#### Prevention 

#### Federal, state, and local agencies; clinicians and researchers; educational and social service professionals; and families should work together to educate women of childbearing age and communities countrywide regarding the risks of drinking alcohol during pregnancy. 

#### Universal screening by health-care providers for alcohol use is recommended for all women of childbearing age. 

#### For women drinking at risk levels and not effectively using contraception, brief interventions have proven effective in reducing the risk for an alcohol-exposed pregnancy. 

#### Because no safe threshold of alcohol use during pregnancy has been established, women who are pregnant, planning a pregnancy, or at risk for pregnancy should be advised not to drink alcohol. Women who are not pregnant, not planning a pregnancy, or not at risk for unintended pregnancy should be advised to drink no more than seven drinks per week and no more than three drinks on any one occasion. 

#### Additional information regarding these guidelines has been published 

#### [**http://www.ihs.gov/NonMedicalPrograms/nc4/Documents/rr5411_FAS%20guidelines.pdf**](http://www.ihs.gov/NonMedicalPrograms/nc4/Documents/rr5411_FAS guidelines.pdf) {#httpwww.ihs.govnonmedicalprogramsnc4documentsrr5411_fas20guidelines.pdf .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-2 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Judy Thierry, HQE {#judy-thierry-hqe .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**We would like to hear from people -- Diabetes in pregnancy**

The Diabetes in Pregnancy Best Practice Workgroup is interested in
knowing if there are any programs that are tracking maternal and infant
outcomes for women who have had diabetes in pregnancy. Is anyone keeping
data either from RPMS or from chart extraction on these women and their
offspring (complications, birth wt, gestational age, insulin treatment,
method of delivery, etc)? <Judith.Thierry@ihs.gov>

**AAP REVISES SIDS PREVENTION RECOMMENDATIONS**

Despite major decreases in the incidence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
(SIDS) over the past decade, SIDS is still responsible for more infant
deaths beyond the newborn period in the United States than any other
cause of death during infancy. In an updated policy statement on "The
Changing Concept of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Diagnostic Coding
Shifts, Controversies Regarding the Sleeping Environment, and New
Variables to Consider in Reducing Risk," the American Academy of
Pediatrics (AAP) addresses several issues that have become relevant
since they last published a statement in 2000.\
The AAP no longer recognizes side sleeping as a reasonable alternative
to fully supine (lying on back) sleeping. Studies have found that the
side sleep position is unstable and increases the chances of the infant
rolling onto his or her stomach. Every caregiver should use the back
sleep position during every sleep period.\
Bed sharing is not recommended during sleep. Infants may be brought into
bed for nursing or comforting, but should be returned to their own crib
or bassinet when the parent is ready to return to sleep. However, there
is growing evidence that room sharing (infant sleeping in a crib in
parent's bedroom) is associated with a reduced risk of SIDS. The AAP
recommends a separate but proximate sleeping environment.\
Research now indicates an association between pacifier use and a reduced
risk of SIDS, which is why the revised statement recommends the use of
pacifiers at nap time and bedtime throughout the first year of life. The
evidence that pacifier use inhibits breastfeeding or causes later dental
complications is not compelling enough to discredit the recommendation.
However, it is recommended that pacifier introduction for breastfed
infants be delayed until one month of age to ensure that breastfeeding
is firmly established. In addition, if the infant refuses the pacifier,
it should not be forced. There is a slight increased risk of ear
infections associated with pacifier use, but the incidence of ear
infection is generally lower in the first year of life, especially the
first six months, when the risk of SIDS is the highest.\
The following have been consistently identified as risk factors for
SIDS: prone (lying on stomach) sleep position, sleeping on a soft
surface, maternal smoking during pregnancy, overheating, late or no
prenatal care, young maternal age, preterm birth and/or low birth weight
and male gender. Consistently higher rates of SIDS are found in black
and American Indian/Alaska Native children - two to three times the
national average.\
The policy recommendations include:

-   Back to sleep: Infants should be placed for sleep in a supine
    (wholly on back position) for every sleep.

-   Use a firm sleep surface: A firm crib mattress, covered by a sheet,
    is the recommended sleeping surface.

-   Keep soft objects and loose bedding out of the crib: Pillows,
    quilts, comforters, sheepskins, stuffed toys and other soft objects
    should be kept out of an infant's sleeping environment.

-   Do not smoke during pregnancy: Also avoiding an infant's exposure to
    second-hand smoke is advisable for numerous reasons in addition to
    SIDS risk.

-   A separate but proximate sleeping environment is recommended such as
    a separate crib in the parent's bedroom. Bed sharing during sleep is
    not recommended.

-   Consider offering a pacifier at nap time and bedtime: The pacifier
    should be used when placing infant down for sleep and not be
    reinserted once the infant falls asleep.

-   Avoid overheating: The infant should be lightly clothed for sleep,
    and the bedroom temperature should be kept comfortable for a lightly
    clothed adult.

-   Avoid commercial devices marketed to reduce the risk of SIDS:
    Although various devices have been developed to maintain sleep
    position or reduce the risk of rebreathing, none have been tested
    sufficiently to show efficacy or safety.

-   Do not use home monitors as a strategy to reduce the risk of SIDS:
    There is no evidence that use of such home monitors decreases the
    risk of SIDS.

-   Avoid development of positional plagiocephaly (flat back of head):
    Encourage "tummy time." \* Avoid having the infant spend excessive
    time in car-seat carriers and "bouncers." Place the infant to sleep
    with the head to one side for a week and then changing to the other.

-   Assure that others caring for the infant (child care provider,
    relative, friend, babysitter) are aware of these recommendations

<http://www.aap.org/ncepr/sids.htm>

**Prenatal tobacco - Canadian Best practices - Expecting to Quit**

A best practices review of smoking cessation interventions for pregnant
and postpartum girls and women. Produced by Health Canada

<http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/hl-vs/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/tobac-tabac/body-corps/preg-gros/expecting-grossesse_e.pdf>

**Teen pregnancy: Protective and risk factors and those that can be
altered**

The National Center to Prevent Teen Pregnancy has just published a
document titled Sexual Risk and Protective Factors. The Center says that
in order to reduce the still high rates of teen pregnancy and sexually
transmitted disease (STD) in the United States. It is important to
address two primary questions:

1\. What factors influence adolescents\' decisions about sex?

2\. Which of these factors can be altered?

By identifying and targeting those factors that both affect
adolescents\' decisions about sex and can be changed by interventions,
the chances of reducing sexual risk-taking among teens are greatly
improved.
[[http://www.teenpregnancy.org/works/risk_protective_kirby/default.asp]{.underline}](http://www.teenpregnancy.org/works/risk_protective_kirby/default.asp)

**National Conference on Juvenile Issues**

January 9--13, 2006

Washington, DC

Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

<http://www.juvenilecouncil.gov/2006NationalConference/index.html>

**Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) removed
from market**

FDA has concluded that the overall risk of liver toxicity from Cylert
and generic pemoline products outweighs the benefits of this drug. In
May 2005, Abbott chose to stop sales and marketing of Cylert in the U.S.
All generic companies have also agreed to stop sales and marketing of
this product. Cylert, a central nervous system stimulant indicated for
the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), is
considered second line therapy for ADHD because of its association with
life threatening hepatic failure. Health care professionals who
prescribe Cylert, or any of its generics, should transition their
patients to an alternative therapy.
[[http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/safety/2005/safety05.htm#Cylert]{.underline}](http://www.fda.gov/medwatch/safety/2005/safety05.htm#Cylert)

**Seh Welch, NIH/OD**

**Embracing Our Traditions, Values, and Teachings: Native Peoples of
North America HIV/AIDS Conference**

**May 2-6, 2006; Anchorage, Alaska**

The *Embracing Our Traditions, Values, and Teachings: Native Peoples of
North America HIV/AIDS Conference* is the first national conference on
HIV/AIDS and Native peoples that is planned by and for members of the
target population. More than 800 researchers, clinicians, social service
providers, advocates, Government representatives, and Native people
living with HIV/AIDS are expected to share in multiple sessions
organized around six conference tracks: Research, Mental Health,
Prevention, Special Populations and Stigma, Spiritual Issues and
Leadership, and Treatment, Care, and Support. The William A. Egan Civic
& Convention Center in Anchorage is the primary conference venue.

The impact of HIV and AIDS on Native communities may appear small when
compared with that in some other populations. But because the Native
population in the United States numbers only about 2.6 million, rising
infection rates can have a huge overall impact on this small population.

Deadlines for submitting abstracts and scholarship applications to
*Embracing Our Traditions* have passed, but registration is open to all
interested parties. Additional information is available at the
conference Web site,
[www.embracingourtraditions.org](http://www.embracingourtraditions.org/),
or by contacting the Conference Secretariat at 800-749-9620 or by e-mail
at <embracingourtraditions@s-3.com>.

<welchseh@od.nih.gov>

# Hot Topics: {#hot-topics-1 .Style-Style-Heading-1-+-Underline-+-Pattern:-Clear-(Gray-12.5%)}

#### Obstetrics {#obstetrics .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Two handy 'Best Practice' checklists now available: DM or HTN in
pregnancy**

**Diabetes in pregnancy checklist\***

<http://www.ihs.gov/NonMedicalPrograms/nc4/Documents/DMtool10705.doc>

**Hypertension in pregnancy checklist**

<http://www.ihs.gov/NonMedicalPrograms/nc4/Documents/HTNtool10705.doc>

\*The above is a chart ready condensation of these Diabetes in Pregnancy
Guidelines

<http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/w/Documents/DMPreg102504_000.doc>

**First-trimester combined screening better than second-trimester
quadruple screening**

RESULTS: First-trimester screening was performed in 38,167 patients; 117
had a fetus with Down\'s syndrome. At a 5 percent false positive rate,
the rates of detection of Down\'s syndrome were as follows: with
first-trimester combined screening, 87 percent, 85 percent, and 82
percent for measurements performed at 11, 12, and 13 weeks,
respectively; with second-trimester quadruple screening, 81 percent;
with stepwise sequential screening, 95 percent; with serum integrated
screening, 88 percent; and with fully integrated screening with
first-trimester measurements performed at 11 weeks, 96 percent. Paired
comparisons found significant differences between the tests, except for
the comparison between serum integrated screening and combined
screening. CONCLUSIONS: First-trimester combined screening at 11 weeks
of gestation is better than second-trimester quadruple screening but at
13 weeks has results similar to second-trimester quadruple screening.
Both stepwise sequential screening and fully integrated screening have
high rates of detection of Down\'s syndrome, with low false positive
rates.

[Malone
FD](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Malone+FD"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al First-trimester or second-trimester screening, or both, for
Down\'s syndrome. [N Engl J
Med.](javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'N Engl J Med.');) 2005 Nov
10;353(19):2001-11.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16282175&dopt=Abstract>

**A Call to End Routine Episiotomy, No Maternal Benefit**

There is no maternal benefit from episiotomy, and in some cases
postpartum injuries could have been averted had episiotomy not been
routine. Limiting its use to fetal indications can reduce episiotomy
rates to as little as 8 to 10 percent, but rates of less than 15 percent
should be immediately realizable. Hartmann K, et al. Outcomes of routine
episiotomy: a systematic review. JAMA May 4, 2005;293:2141-8.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15870418&query_hl=19>

**Dexamethasone treatment does not improve the outcome of women with
HELLP syndrome**

[Conclusion]{.underline}: The results of this investigation do not
support the use of dexamethasone for treatment of HELLP syndrome.

[Fonseca
JE](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Fonseca+JE"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Dexamethasone treatment does not improve the outcome of women with
HELLP syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical
trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Nov;193(5):1591-8.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16260197&query_hl=17>

**Guidelines for Trial of Labor After Cesarean Delivery**

The evidence for the following guideline was supplied by the Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), which used a rigorous process
for systematic identification, retrieval, evaluation, and analysis of
all relevant research. Studies that focused on nulliparous women or
vertical, lower vertical, or classical cesarean incisions, and studies
that did not differentiate by scar type were excluded, as were studies
focusing on complicated deliveries (e.g., vaginal breech, preterm,
multifetal, low birth weight) or patients with conditions such as
gestational diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus infection, or
preeclampsia. The quality of evidence was rated as good, fair, or poor.
<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051115/practice.html>

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| AAFP Recommendations for TOLAC                                        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1\. Women with one previous cesarean delivery with a low transverse\  |
| incision are candidates for and should be offered a trial of labor.\  |
| \[SORT rating A\]                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2\. Patients desiring TOLAC should be counseled that their chance for |
| a successful VBAC is influenced by the following factors: \[SORT      |
| rating B\]                                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Positive factors (increased likelihood of successful VBAC)**        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Maternal age less than 40 years                                       |
|                                                                       |
| Prior vaginal delivery (particularly prior successful VBAC)           |
|                                                                       |
| Favorable cervical factors                                            |
|                                                                       |
| Presence of spontaneous labor                                         |
|                                                                       |
| Nonrecurrent indication that was present for prior cesarean delivery  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Negative factors (decreased likelihood of successful VBAC)**        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Increased number of prior cesarean deliveries                         |
|                                                                       |
| Gestational age greater than 40 weeks                                 |
|                                                                       |
| Birth weight greater than 4,000 g (8 lb, 13 oz)                       |
|                                                                       |
| Induction or augmentation of labor                                    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3\. Prostaglandins should not be used for cervical ripening or labor  |
| induction, because their use is associated with higher rates of       |
| uterine rupture and decreased rates of successful vaginal delivery.   |
| \[SORT rating B\]                                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4\. TOLAC should not be restricted to maternity care facilities with  |
| available surgical teams present throughout labor, because there is   |
| no evidence that these additional resources result in improved        |
| outcomes.\* \[SORT rating C\] At the same time, it is clinically      |
| appropriate that a management plan for uterine rupture and other      |
| potential emergencies requiring rapid cesarean delivery should be     |
| documented for each woman undergoing TOLAC. \[SORT rating C\]         |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5\. Maternity care professionals need to explore all issues that may  |
| affect a woman\'s decision (e.g., recovery time, safety). \[SORT      |
| rating C\] No evidence-based recommendation can be made about the     |
| best way to present the risks and benefits of TOLAC to patients.      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| TOLAC = trial of labor after cesarean delivery; VBAC = vaginal birth  |
| after cesarean delivery.                                              |
|                                                                       |
| \*-\"Maternity care facilities\" refers to birthing facilities with   |
| labor and delivery units that have the capacity to provide            |
| appropriate monitoring and to provide a timely cesarean delivery when |
| needed.                                                               |
|                                                                       |
| A = consistent, good-quality, patient-oriented evidence; B =          |
| inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence; C =        |
| consensus, disease-oriented evidence, usual practice, expert opinion, |
| or case series. For information about the SORT evidence rating        |
| system, see page 1949 or <http://www.aafp.org/afpsort.xml>.           |
|                                                                       |
| Adapted from Wall E, Roberts R, Deutchman M, Hueston W, Atwood LA,    |
| Ireland B. Trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC), formerly trial of   |
| labor versus elective repeat cesarean section for the woman with a    |
| previous cesarean section.                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**Ultrasonography for First-Trimester Bleeding**

Ultrasonographic demonstration of fetal heartbeat is highly predictive
of viability in the first trimester, even if vaginal bleeding occurs,
because approximately 86 percent of these pregnancies continue. They
emphasize that expectant management was successful in 74 percent of
nonviable pregnancies and that 70 percent resolved in miscarriage within
one week. Overall, ultrasonography provided physicians and patients with
crucial information to use in management decisions. Schauberger CW,
Mathiason MA, Rooney BL. Ultrasound assessment of first-trimester
bleeding. Obstet Gynecol Februrary 2005;105:333-8.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15684161&query_hl=5>

**Neonatal withdrawal syndrome increased with maternal use of an SSRI**

The preliminary data suggest that two thirds of reported cases of
suspected SSRI-induced neonatal withdrawal syndrome were associated with
paroxetine. The authors discuss possible mechanisms for the increased
association with paroxetine, including more potent inhibition of
norepinephrine reuptake, reduced selectivity in receptor blockade,
enhanced muscarinic blockade, and metabolism dependent on different
cytochrome enzyme systems. The authors caution that paroxetine should be
avoided if possible during pregnancy and that physicians should be
vigilant for adverse neonatal effects following maternal SSRI use and
report their occurrence.

Sanz EJ, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnant
women and neonatal withdrawal syndrome: a database analysis. Lancet
February 5, 2005;365:482-7.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15705457&query_hl=13>

**Vacuum-assistance: higher rates of shoulder dystocia and
cephalohematoma, but lower rates of perineal lacerations, than forceps
delivieries**

CONCLUSION: Vacuum-assisted vaginal birth is more often associated with
shoulder dystocia and cephalohematoma. Forceps delivery is more often
associated with third- and fourth-degree perineal lacerations. These
differences in complications rates should be considered among other
factors when determining the optimal mode of delivery. LEVEL OF
EVIDENCE: II-2.

[Caughey
AB](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Caughey+AB"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Forceps compared with vacuum: rates of neonatal and maternal
morbidity. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Nov;106(5):908-12.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260505&dopt=Abstract>

**Shoulder dystocia with vacuum extraction: Risk factor brachial plexus
palsy in newborn**

CONCLUSION: Shoulder dystocia in the setting of vacuum extraction is a
prominent risk factor for OBPP in the newborn. The risk of OBPP
increases with the time required for vacuum extraction. LEVEL OF
EVIDENCE: II-3

[Mollberg
M](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Mollberg+M"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Risk factors for obstetric brachial plexus palsy among neonates
delivered by vacuum extraction. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Nov;106(5):913-8.\
[[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260506&dopt=Abstract]{.underline}](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260506&dopt=Abstract)

**Obesity and Diabetes Independently Linked to Adverse Pregnancy
Outcomes**

Pre-pregnancy weight above 149 pounds was tied to increased risks of
preeclampsia in all ethnic groups. In the combined analysis, increased
body weight raised the risk of primary cesarean delivery, but was tied
to reduced risk of low birth weight. [CONCLUSIONS:]{.underline} In this
large, population-based study, obesity and diabetes were independently
associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, highlighting the need for
women to undergo lifestyle changes to help them control their weight
during the childbearing years and beyond.

Rosenberg TR et al Maternal Obesity and Diabetes as Risk Factors for
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: Differences Among 4 Racial/Ethnic Groups Am
J Public Health, Sep 2005; 95: 1545 -- 1551
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16118366&query>

**Pregnancy outcomes after gastric banding are consistent with general
community** Neonatal outcomes, including stillbirths, preterm
deliveries, low birth weight, and high birth weight, were consistent
with community values. One woman developed anemia during pregnancy.
CONCLUSION: Pregnancy outcomes after LAGB are consistent with general
community outcomes rather than outcomes from severely obese women. The
adjustability of the LAGB assists in achieving these outcomes.
Adjustability is appealing because it allows adaptation to the altered
requirements of pregnancy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2.

[Dixon
JB](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Dixon+JB"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Birth outcomes in obese women after laparoscopic adjustable
gastric banding. Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Nov;106(5):965-72.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260513&dopt=Abstract>

**Isolated pyelectasis is not a justification for the performance of an
amniocentesis.\
**The presence of isolated pyelectasis had 9.09% sensitivity, 97.6%
specificity, 0.33% positive predictive value, and 99.9% negative
predictive value to detect fetuses with trisomy 21\
[Coco
C](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Coco+C"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Jeanty
P](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Jeanty+P"%5BAuthor%5D).
Isolated fetal pyelectasis and chromosomal abnormalities. Am J Obstet
Gynecol. 2005 Sep;193(3 Pt 1):732-8.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16150267&query_hl=25>

**Over-the-counter medications are used by most pregnant women**

Acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and pseudoephedrine were used by at least 65%,
18%, and 15%, respectively., The use in pregnancy of aspirin and
chlorpheniramine decreased from 1976 to 2004 and of ibuprofen,
pseudoephedrine, diphenhydramine, dextromethorphan, and guaifenesin
increased. The use of acetaminophen, pseudoephedrine, diphenhydramine,
and guaifenesin was higher during pregnancy than before pregnancy.
[CONCLUSION:]{.underline} Findings show that over-the-counter
medications are used by most pregnant women. Studies that examine
specific over-the-counter medications in relation to specific birth
defects are necessary to better inform pregnant women about risks and
safety. [Werler
MM](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Werler+MM"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Use of over-the-counter medications during pregnancy. Am J Obstet
Gynecol. 2005 Sep;193(3 Pt 1):771-7.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16150273&query_hl=27>

**New insight into optimal use - sequential or reflex testing: Dx-FLM II
and L/S ratio**

RESULTS: There were 9 respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)-affected
infants born during the study period. Both the TDx-FLM II and L/S ratios
had 100% sensitivity in detecting RDS at their best apparent cut-offs.
There was a trend towards increased specificity of the L/S ratio
compared with the TDx-FLM II (80% for L/S vs 73% for FLM II). The
overall concordance between the TDx-FLM II and L/S ratio was
approximately 75%. [CONCLUSION:]{.underline} The TDx-FLM II and L/S
ratios are both sensitive tests for RDS; however, there is not good
concordance between the two. The results provide new insight into the
optimal use, in sequential or reflex cascade testing, of the TDx-FLM II
and L/S ratio\
[Winn-McMillan
T](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Winn-McMillan+T"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Karon
BS](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Karon+BS"%5BAuthor%5D).
Comparison of the TDx-FLM II and lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio assays
in predicting fetal lung maturity. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Sep;193(3
Pt 1):778-82.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16150274&query_hl=29>

**Depression is in pregnancy / postpartum period: Same frequency as
nonchildbearing**\
TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Of the 109 articles reviewed, 28
met our inclusion criteria. For major and minor depression (major
depression alone), the combined point prevalence estimates from
meta-analyses ranged from 6.5% to 12.9% (1.0-5.6%) at different
trimesters of pregnancy and months in the first postpartum year. The
combined period prevalence shows that as many as 19.2% (7.1%) of women
have a depressive episode (major depressive episode) during the first 3
months postpartum; most of these episodes have onset following delivery.
All estimates have wide 95% confidence intervals, showing significant
uncertainty in their true levels. No conclusions could be made regarding
the relative incidence of depression among pregnant and postpartum women
compared with women at nonchildbearing times.\
[Gavin
NI](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Gavin+NI"%5BAuthor%5D),
Perinatal Depression: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Incidence.
[Obstet Gynecol.](javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Obstet Gynecol.');)
2005 Nov;106(5):1071-1083.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260528&dopt=Abstract>

**New FAS Guidelines: Identifying and intervening for an alcohol-exposed
pregnancy**

Alcohol use among women of childbearing age is prevalent in the United
States, with approximately 1 in 5 nonpregnant women reporting binge
drinking (5 or more drinks on any one occasion) and 1 in 25 pregnant
women reporting binge drinking. Alcohol use during pregnancy results in
a spectrum of adverse outcomes known as fetal alcohol spectrum
disorders. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is one of these disorders. Fetal
alcohol syndrome is characterized by specific facial abnormalities and
significant impairments in neurodevelopment and physical growth. Early
identification of children with FAS has been shown to enhance their
long-term outcomes. In an effort to improve clinical recognition of
children with this condition, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) was directed by Congress in 2002 to lead the development of
uniform diagnostic criteria for FAS and other prenatal alcohol-related
conditions. The purpose of this commentary is to provide clinicians a
summary of the report released by CDC describing the current diagnostic
criteria for FAS. In addition, advancements have been made in screening
and brief interventions for alcohol use disorders in women who have the
potential to make significant strides in the prevention of FAS spectrum
disorders. Knowledge of the diagnostic criteria for FAS can lead to
increased identification of the syndrome in infants and children and the
provision of appropriate medical and support services. Screening for and
intervening with women at risk for an alcohol-exposed pregnancy can
prevent FAS and other fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

[Floyd
RL](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Floyd+RL"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Recognition and Prevention of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. [Obstet
Gynecol.](javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Obstet Gynecol.');) 2005
Nov;106(5):1059-1064.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260526&dopt=Abstract>

**Diagnosis and Management of Ectopic Pregnancy (see Patient
Education)**

Ectopic pregnancy is a high-risk condition that occurs in 1.9 percent of
reported pregnancies. The condition is the leading cause of
pregnancy-related death in the first trimester. If a woman of
reproductive age presents with abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding,
syncope, or hypotension, the physician should perform a pregnancy test.
If the patient is pregnant, the physician should perform a work-up to
detect possible ectopic or ruptured ectopic pregnancy. Prompt ultrasound
evaluation is key in diagnosing ectopic pregnancy. Equivocal ultrasound
results should be combined with quantitative beta subunit of human
chorionic gonadotropin levels. If a patient has a beta subunit of human
chorionic gonadotropin level of 1,500 mIU per mL or greater, but the
transvaginal ultrasonography does not show an intrauterine gestational
sac, ectopic pregnancy should be suspected. Diagnostic uterine curettage
may be appropriate in patients who are hemodynamically stable and whose
beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin levels are not increasing
as expected. Appropriate treatment for patients with nonruptured ectopic
pregnancy may include expectant management, medical management with
methotrexate, or surgery. Expectant management is appropriate only when
beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin levels are low and
declining. Initial levels determine the success of medical treatment.
Surgical treatment is appropriate if ruptured ectopic pregnancy is
suspected and if the patient is hemodynamically unstable. Am Fam
Physician 2005;72:1707-14, 1719-20.

<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051101/1707.html>

**Fertility Treatment and Multiple Birth Rates, CDC**

The CDC report states that ART is a major risk factor for multiple
births, and that efforts should be made to limit the number of embryos
transferred. In most instances this would minimize the risk of multiple
births without lowering the chances of success, especially for younger
women. For this to become general practice, however, patients and
physicians need to view treatment success in terms of single-infant
pregnancies and births, which are measures of better patient outcomes.

The report cautions that because the data are recorded by procedure
rather than by patient, the analysis does not account for those patients
whose attempts at pregnancy fail and who undergo more than one treatment
per year; thus, the report may underestimate the per-patient success
rate. <http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051015/practice.html>

**Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes With a Trial of Labor After Prior
Cesarean Delivery**

Considering recent data, including the study from Landon et al., one
could conclude that a trial of labor is associated with a higher rate of
uterine rupture and a higher rate of neonatal death related to uterine
rupture. However, it remains unclear to what degree this is related to
selection or exclusion of certain subgroups and what the impact would be
with a policy of planned elective repeat cesarean births for all.
Moreover, it is likely that a policy of systematic elective repeat
cesarean births would increase the rate of maternal mortality when all
complications are included.

Mothers are more likely to be concerned about the overall rate of death
rather than the death rates from only a certain subset of complications.
Ultimately, observations from retrospective analyses remain affected by
how the women were selected for each delivery method and by how they
were excluded from the analysis. Given the greater understanding of the
natural history of uterine rupture and better methods to select and
manage women undergoing a trial of labor as well as elective repeat
birth, a contemporary randomized controlled trial is desirable to
elucidate current risk or benefit. Such a trial should focus on
carefully selected women at low risk for failed trial or uterine rupture
and should not be limited to a restrictive evaluation of short-term
complications.

[Bujold
E](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Bujold+E"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Gauthier
RJ](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Gauthier+RJ"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Hamilton
E](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Hamilton+E"%5BAuthor%5D).Maternal
and perinatal outcomes associated with a trial of labor after prior
cesarean delivery. [J Midwifery Womens
Health.](javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'J Midwifery Womens Health.');)
2005 Sep-Oct;50(5):363-4.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16154061&query_hl=12>

#### Gynecology {#gynecology .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Have you ever had problems with a stenotic cervix?**

You probably already know this, but I just heard this tip on a recent
ACOG Update cassette tape.\* This tip should apply to other procedures
that require cervical cannulation, as well

They discuss two regimens: (These can be done orally or vaginally)

Pre menopausal: 200 mcg 8 -12 hours pre procedure

Post menopausal: Start 2 days pre procedure taking 200 mcg 48 hours pre
and a second 200 mcg dose 8 -- 12 hours pre procedure.

**Resources:**

\*Hysteroscopy, Replacing Old Gynecologic Procedures ACOG Update Series
Vol. 30, No. 10, p 2

CONCLUSION: Vaginal misoprostol applied before operative hysteroscopy
reduced the need for cervical dilation, facilitated hysteroscopic
surgery, and minimized cervical complications.

[Preutthipan
S](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Preutthipan+S"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Herabutya
Y](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Herabutya+Y"%5BAuthor%5D).
Vaginal misoprostol for cervical priming before operative hysteroscopy:
a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2000 Dec;96(6):890-4.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11084173&query_hl=2>

CONCLUSION: Vaginal misoprostol lessens the cervical resistance in women
undergoing hysteroscopy and facilitates the procedure, with only mild
side effects

[Preutthipan
S](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Preutthipan+S"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Herabutya
Y](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Herabutya+Y"%5BAuthor%5D).
A randomized controlled trial of vaginal misoprostol for cervical
priming before hysteroscopy. Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Sep;94(3):427-30.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10472872&query_hl=2>

CONCLUSIONS: Misoprostol demonstrates a benefit over placebo in the ease
of cervical dilatation in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and in
those pretreated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog. Adverse
effects were more common in the treatment group but did not preclude the
patients from taking the medication.

[Thomas
JA](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Thomas+JA"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Leyland
N](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Leyland+N"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Durand
N](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Durand+N"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Windrim
RC](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Windrim+RC"%5BAuthor%5D).
The use of oral misoprostol as a cervical ripening agent in operative
hysteroscopy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Obstet
Gynecol. 2002 May;186(5):876-9.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12015500&query_hl=5>

**Vaccine prevents cervical cancer, Gardasil: Preliminary results 100%
effective**

An experimental vaccine against cervical cancer has moved a step closer
toward becoming the first cancer vaccine of any kind on the market.

The vaccine was 100% effective in preventing cervical cancer and
precancerous changes tied to two types of a common sexually transmitted
virus.

The report is the first from a large-scale trial of a cancer vaccine. In
April, researchers published similarly encouraging results from a
smaller study of the Merck vaccine.

Merck plans to apply to the Food and Drug Administration by year\'s end
for permission to sell the vaccine. There is the potential it could be
available late next year, assuming all goes well.

The vaccine, called Gardasil, targets human papillomavirus (HPV) types
16 and 18, thought to cause 70% of cervical cancers, and HPV types 6 and
11, associated with 90% of genital warts cases. Up to 70% of sexually
active women will become infected with HPV, which clears up on its own
more than nine times out of 10. Lasting infection causes virtually all
cervical cancers.

In April, the researchers suggested that the vaccine might be most
effective in 10- to 13-year-olds, who are not likely to be infected with
HPV.

Preteens and adolescents, sexually active or not, could receive the HPV
vaccine along with the other shots they\'re required to get, said
co-investigator Kevin Ault.

It would be just as important to vaccinate boys as girls, Ault said. He
cited the rubella vaccine to illustrate his point. All babies are
immunized against rubella to prevent them from spreading the disease to
pregnant women, because it can cause birth defects.

Merck is testing the vaccine in girls and boys as young as 9. The FDA
will decide whether it should be sold for use in preteens. The latest
findings from the company-funded study, involved more than 12,000
females, ages 16 to 23. They were randomly assigned to receive either
the three-shot vaccine or placebo shots. The analysis began a month
after they received their last shot and continued for an average of 16
months. None of the females who received the vaccine was found to have
precancerous changes or cervical cancer, compared with 21 of those who
received the placebo shots.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| +---+-----                                                            |
| ------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+ |
| | ! |   **                                                            |
| A Women's risk of developing the Cervical Cancer**          | ! | ! | |
| | [ |                                                                 |
|                                                             | [ | [ | |
| | ] |                                                                 |
|                                                             | ] | ] | |
| | ( |                                                                 |
|                                                             | ( | ( | |
| | m |                                                                 |
|                                                             | m | m | |
| | e |                                                                 |
|                                                             | e | e | |
| | d |                                                                 |
|                                                             | d | d | |
| | i |                                                                 |
|                                                             | i | i | |
| | a |                                                                 |
|                                                             | a | a | |
| | / |                                                                 |
|                                                             | / | / | |
| | i |                                                                 |
|                                                             | i | i | |
| | m |                                                                 |
|                                                             | m | m | |
| | a |                                                                 |
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| | g |                                                                 |
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| | 6 |                                                                 |
|                                                             | 6 | 1 | |
| | 6 |                                                                 |
|                                                             | 6 | 1 | |
| | 6 |                                                                 |
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| | 6 |                                                                 |
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| | 6 |                                                                 |
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| | 6 |                                                                 |
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|                                                             | 6 | e | |
| | 6 |                                                                 |
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| | 6 |                                                                 |
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|                                                             | i | n | |
| | n |                                                                 |
|                                                             | n | " | |
| | " |                                                                 |
|                                                             | " | } | |
| | } |                                                                 |
|                                                             | } |   | |
| +---+-----                                                            |
| ------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+ |
| |   | +---                                                            |
| ---------------------------------------------------------+  |   |   | |
| |   | | +-                                                            |
| ------------------------------------------------------+  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| +--------------------------------------------------+  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| | An estimated 10,370 women in the USA will be     |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| | diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2005, and      |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| | 3,710 are expected to die. A look at a woman\'s  |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| | risk of developing the cancer, by age group:     |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| +--------------------------------------------------+  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| | **Birth to 39:** 1 in 636                        |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| |                                                  |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| | **40 to 59:** 1 in 340                           |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| |                                                  |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| | **60 to 79:** 1 in 368                           |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| |                                                  |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| | **Lifetime:** 1 in 130                           |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| +--------------------------------------------------+  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| | *Source: American Cancer Society, Cancer Facts & |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| | Figures 2005*                                    |  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | |                                                             |
| +--------------------------------------------------+  |  |  |   |   | |
| |   | | +-                                                            |
| ------------------------------------------------------+  |  |   |   | |
| |   | +---                                                            |
| ---------------------------------------------------------+  |   |   | |
| +---+-----                                                            |
| ------------------------------------------------------------+---+---+ |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

#### [OB/GYN CCC Editorial comment:]{.underline}

Here are some comments from Medscape\
**Medscape: What are the strengths and limitations of this study?**

**Dr. Stoler:** The strengths are clearly the size; this is a
multicenter, multidemographic study, double-blinded and
placebo-controlled, and it uses a very concrete, pathology-defined end
point, such that you are measuring clinical efficacy based on the
presence or absence of clinical disease, not just the presence or
absence of viral DNA. The study really doesn\'t have any weaknesses
except that we don\'t know the long-term efficacy. We only have interim
analysis data in this very large population, although these patients
will be followed for a very long period of time. Whether people will
need booster shots will be clarified as time goes on.\
\
**Medscape: How long was follow-up continued, and how will the potential
for complications in the longer term, such as effects on autoimmunity,
neoplasia, fertility and/or teratogenicity, be addressed?**\
**Dr. Stoler:** Some of those types of concerns are less relevant to
this type of vaccine than they are in, for instance, a drug study. These
patients are being monitored for all those potential effects, and so
far, there\'s not even a suggestion of any significant adverse effect
related to the vaccine. Merck plans to take Gardasil to the Food and
Drug Administration probably within a year, and I believe these patients
will be followed for a minimum of five years, and at least a subset of
them are going to be followed very long term. The natural history of
cervical cancer is 10 to 20 years from infection and acquisition of HPV
to development of cancer, so these patients will have to be followed for
a very long time.
<http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/514384?src=top10>\
**Resources:**

**Infectious Diseases Society of America, October 7, 2005**

<http://www.idsociety.org/Template.cfm?Section=Abstracts2&Template=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfm&TPLID=48&ContentID=11333>

**Genital HPV Infection - CDC Fact Sheet**

<http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV.htm>

**Tubo-ovarian abscess - Ultrasound-guided aspiration with antibiotics:
First-line procedure**

The main indications for surgery were diagnostic or therapeutic
uncertainty, such as suspected residual tubo-ovarian abscess or pain. No
procedure-related complications were diagnosed.

[Gjelland
K](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Gjelland+K"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Ekerhovd
E](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Ekerhovd+E"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Granberg
S](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Granberg+S"%5BAuthor%5D).
Transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration for treatment of tubo-ovarian
abscess: a study of 302 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005
Oct;193(4):1323-30

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16202721&query_hl=31>

**Bladder perforation for TVT are higher for inexperienced / appears to
be a learning curve**

As the number of cases a resident completed increased, there was a
slight tendency for cystotomy to decrease (P.033). On cystoscopic
examination, residents missed 35 of the 95 injuries (37%, 95% confidence
interval 27.8-46.9%). CONCLUSION: A learning curve exists for
tension-free vaginal tape procedures. Many injuries are missed on
initial resident cystoscopic inspection, highlighting the need for
comprehensive cystoscopic training during residency. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
II-3

[McLennan
MT](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="McLennan+MT"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Melick
CF](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Melick+CF"%5BAuthor%5D).
Bladder Perforation During Tension-Free Vaginal Tape Procedures:
Analysis of Learning Curve and Risk Factors. Obstet Gynecol. 2005
Nov;106(5):1000-1004.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260518&dopt=Abstract>

#### Cigarette Smoking and Effects on Hormone Function in Premenopausal Women {#cigarette-smoking-and-effects-on-hormone-function-in-premenopausal-women-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### [Conclusion]{.underline} These patterns suggest that chemicals in tobacco smoke alter endocrine function, perhaps at the level of the ovary, which in turn effects release of the pituitary hormones. This endocrine disruption likely contributes to the reported associations of smoking with adverse reproductive outcomes, including menstrual dysfunction, infertility, and earlier menopause {#conclusion-these-patterns-suggest-that-chemicals-in-tobacco-smoke-alter-endocrine-function-perhaps-at-the-level-of-the-ovary-which-in-turn-effects-release-of-the-pituitary-hormones.-this-endocrine-disruption-likely-contributes-to-the-reported-associations-of-smoking-with-adverse-reproductive-outcomes-including-menstrual-dysfunction-infertility-and-earlier-menopause .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### [**Windham GC**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Windham+GC"%5BAuthor%5D), et al Cigarette smoking and effects on hormone function in premenopausal women. [**Environ Health Perspect.**](javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Environ Health Perspect.');) 2005 Oct;113(10):1285-90. [**http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16203235&query_hl=1**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16203235&query_hl=1) {#windham-gc-et-al-cigarette-smoking-and-effects-on-hormone-function-in-premenopausal-women.-environ-health-perspect.-2005-oct113101285-90.-httpwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.goventrezquery.fcgicmdretrievedbpubmeddoptabstractlist_uids16203235query_hl1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Uterine artery embolization for leiomyomata provides durable symptom
control for most**

CONCLUSION: Uterine embolization provides durable symptom relief for
most patients, with a 25% chance of failure of symptom control or
recurrence over the course of a 5-year follow-up with low rates of
hysterectomy and other interventions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-3.

[Spies
JB](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Spies+JB"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Long-term outcome of uterine artery embolization of leiomyomata.
Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Nov;106(5):933-9.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260509&dopt=Abstract>

### **Urinary tract infection in women CLINICAL EXPERT SERIES - [Obstet Gynecol](javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Obstet Gynecol.');)**

Urinary tract bacterial infections are common in women. Moreover, they
tend to recur throughout life and in the same relatively small group of
women. In most cases, bladder and renal infections are asymptomatic and
manifest by demonstrating coincidental bacteriuria. In some instances,
however, especially with frequent sexual activity, pregnancy, stone
disease, or diabetes, symptomatic cystitis or pyelonephritis develops
and antimicrobial therapy is indicated. In most cases, cystitis is
easily managed with minimal morbidity. When acute pyelonephritis
develops in an otherwise healthy woman, however, consideration for
ureteral obstruction is entertained. If her clinical response to proper
therapy is not optimal, then imaging studies are indicated. Pregnancy is
a common cause of obstructive uropathy, and severe renal infections are
relatively common. Because they usually arise from preexisting covert
bacteriuria, experts recommend screening and eradication of these silent
infections as a routine prenatal practice.

[Sheffield
JS](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Sheffield+JS"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Cunningham
FG](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Cunningham+FG"%5BAuthor%5D).
Urinary tract infection in women. [Obstet
Gynecol.](javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Obstet Gynecol.');) 2005
Nov;106(5):1085-92

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260529&dopt=Abstract>

**Treatment Options for Patients with Vaginal Prolapse**

Observation and pessaries should be evaluated to determine which
patients are more likely to benefit from their use, and physicians need
to identify patients in whom restorative approaches are likely to fail.
Future research is needed to assess the functional outcomes of the
surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse.

Cundiff GW. An 80-year-old woman with vaginal prolapse. JAMA April 27,
2005;293:2018-25.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15855436&query_hl=21>

**Colposcopy: an evidence-based update**

Colposcopy is a diagnostic procedure, most commonly used in the
diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and lower genital tract
carcinoma. In this article, evidence-based management strategies are
updated with discussion of the 2001 American Society for Colposcopy and
Cervical Pathology Consensus Guidelines. Practice management issues
include methods to improve cervical cancer screening rates, coding and
billing, and telemedicine. Textbooks, CD-ROMs, and courses are listed
for new learners and experienced providers who want to update and
sharpen their skills [Dresang
LT](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Dresang+LT"%5BAuthor%5D).
Colposcopy: an evidence-based update. [J Am Board Fam
Pract.](javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'J Am Board Fam Pract.');) 2005
Sep-Oct;18(5):383-92.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16148248&query_hl=10>

#### Child Health {#child-health .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

## Advanced skills practitioner not needed at uncomplicated elective cesarean delivery Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that an advanced skills practitioner need not be present at uncomplicated elective CS under regional anesthesia provided there are no other risk factors, namely, fetal distress and noncephalic presentation. Conversely, an advanced skills practitioner is required at emergency CS, CS under general anesthesia, and in the presence of fetal distress and noncephalic presentation. [**Gordon A**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Gordon+A"%5BAuthor%5D), et al Pediatric presence at cesarean section: justified or not? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Sep;193(3 Pt 1):599-605.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16150248&query_hl=13>

**Do Pacifiers Reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? A
Meta-Analysis**

This review article found that several studies show a significant
reduced risk of SIDS with pacifier use, particularly when used during
sleep. <http://www.aap.org/ncepr/sidsarticle.pdf>

**Complications of Body Piercing (see also Patient Education)**

The trend of body piercing at sites other than the earlobe has grown in
popularity in the past decade. The tongue, lips, nose, eyebrows,
nipples, navel, and genitals may be pierced. Complications of body
piercing include local and systemic infections, poor cosmesis, and
foreign body rejection. Swelling and tooth fracture are common problems
after tongue piercing. Minor infections, allergic contact dermatitis,
keloid formation, and traumatic tearing may occur after piercing of the
earlobe. \"High\" ear piercing through the ear cartilage is associated
with more serious infections and disfigurement. Fluoroquinolone
antibiotics are advised for treatment of auricular perichondritis
because of their antipseudomonal activity. Many complications from
piercing are body-site-specific or related to the piercing technique
used. Navel, nipple, and genital piercings often have prolonged healing
times. Providers should be prepared to address complications of body
piercing and provide accurate information to patients. Am Fam Physician
2005;72:2029-34, 2035-6. <http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051115/2029.html>

**Skin-to-Skin Care Cuts Stress for NICU Infants and Mothers**

CONCLUSIONS: Our results lend additional support to the value of
skin-to-skin care in neonatal intensive care. Variable stress responses
in preterm infants favor the need for individualized care. The mothers\'
need for support seem to be more pronounced in the first skin-to-skin
session as our results show a higher degree of stress as compared with
later skin-to-skin care

[Morelius
E](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Morelius+E"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Salivary cortisol and mood and pain profiles during skin-to-skin
care for an unselected group of mothers and infants in neonatal
intensive care.
[Pediatrics.](javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Pediatrics.');) 2005
Nov;116(5):1105-13.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16263996&query_hl=7>

### **AAP Revises Recommendations on Reducing the Risk of SIDS - Pearls for Practice**

-   Independent risk factors identified for SIDS include the prone sleep
    position, sleeping on a soft surface, maternal smoking during
    pregnancy, overheating, late or no prenatal care, preterm and/or low
    birth weight, and male sex.

-   The AAP updated recommendations for SIDS prevention includes
    reinforcing the safety of the back sleeping position, avoidance of
    overheating and smoking during pregnancy, avoidance of bedsharing
    and the use of pacifiers in the first year of life. Home monitors
    are not recommended as a routine SIDS prevention strategy.

<http://www.aap.org/ncepr/sids.htm> (See Judy Thierry above, for full
Press Release)

**The AAP Committee on Infectious Diseases continues to recommend MCV4**

....for adolescents because the risk of infection with *Neisseria
meningitidis* is increased in adolescents and the mortality and
morbidity of infection is substantial. The occurrence of Guillain-Barré
syndrome may be coincidental with, rather than related to administration
of MCV4.

<http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;116/2/496>

**Guillain-Barré Syndrome Among Recipients of Menactra^®^ Meningococcal
Vaccine, CDC**

<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm54d1006a1.htm>

![](media/image3.png){width="7.5625in" height="5.708333333333333in"}

Infant deaths include neonatal deaths, which occur \<28 days after
birth, and postneonatal deaths, which occur from 28 days to 11 months
after birth. Substantial differences were observed in the leading causes
of death during the neonatal versus postneonatal periods. Congenital
malformations, although ranked first for infant mortality overall, ranks
second for both neonates and postneonates. Disorders related to short
gestation and low birthweight not elsewhere classified were the leading
cause of neonatal death. In contrast, SIDS was the leading cause of
death during the postneonatal period.

<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5438a8.htm>

**2004 Traffic Safety Fact Sheets**

NHTSA\'s National Center for Statistics and Analysis has released final
State Traffic Safety Facts for 2004.
<http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/departments/nrd-30/ncsa/>

**2006 CATCH Implementation Funds - Call For Proposals**

The American Academy of Pediatrics is pleased to announce the fourth
cycle of the CATCH Implementation Funds Program. This program is for
pediatricians who will work with local communities to ensure that all
children have medical homes and access to any needed health care
services. CATCH funding should lead to the development of successful
CATCH programs that can be replicated in other communities. A
pediatrician or pediatric resident must lead the project and be involved
in proposal development and project activities.

[[www.aap.org/catch/implementgrants.htm]{.underline}](http://www.aap.org/catch/implementgrants.htm)

**Childhood obesity can be reversed**

The Americans in Motion (AIM) fitness initiative was conceived in 2003
and now moving into its third phase. In its initial two years, the AIM
program focused on encouraging family physicians and their practice
staff to increase their own fitness levels to ensure that they
exemplified the recommended the lifestyle modifications they might
counsel patients to make. The AIM project moved into its third,
patient-focused phase, with dissemination of an AIM tool kit, a
patient-friendly resource that includes education materials on fitness
and healthy eating, a food and activity tracker for patient use to track
their daily intake and physical activities, and a fitness prescription
pad for physician use, among other items. The tool kit \"doesn\'t use a
lot of jargon and provides good tips on how to involve patients in their
own personal fitness program. AAFP 2005 Scientific Assembly: Obesity and
Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. A downloadable version
of the tool kit is now available at
[[http://www.aafp.org]{.underline}](http://www.aafp.org/)

#### Chronic disease and Illness {#chronic-disease-and-illness .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Beyond Red Lake - The persistent crisis in American Indian Health
Care**

.....Some Americans purport to believe that the problems of American
Indians have been solved by economic enterprises such as casinos. But
the enormous successes of a few tribal casinos in the Northeast are far
from the norm. The bright lights and ringing bells in most casinos do no
more than divert attention from the continued challenges and hardships
faced by Indian communities each day. And far too little has changed
since I worked in that community 10 years ago.

Although the federal government has a trust responsibility to provide
health care for American Indians and Alaska Natives, the Indian Health
Service is substantially underfunded and understaffed. This service was
established in 1955 to provide primary care and public health services
on or near Indian reservations. Although it can take credit for great
improvements in health status, significant disparities in health and the
quality of care persist 50 years later

Many factors contribute to these disparities, but the failure of the
federal government to adequately fund the Indian Health Service for the
provision of care to the 1.8 million patients it is supposed to serve
means that the promises of treaties signed in the 1800s have never been
fulfilled. Indian Health Service per capita health care expenditures are
much lower than those of other health care systems in the United States.

I left that community after three years, the last two of them as the
medical director. During my stay, I tried to improve the quality of
health care by implementing changes in the clinic structure and hiring
well-qualified physicians. My efforts, however, were constantly thwarted
by obstacles to good health that extended far beyond the hospital ---
problems whose roots lie in the high rates of poverty, unemployment,
alcoholism, and other ongoing public health crises. I hope, at least,
that the tragedy in Red Lake serves as a wake-up call to the federal
government and health professionals about the pressing need for more
resources to address the persistent crisis in health care for American
Indians and Alaska Natives.....

[Roubideaux
Y](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Roubideaux+Y"%5BAuthor%5D).
Beyond Red Lake\--the persistent crisis in American Indian health care.
New England Journal of Medicine Nov 3, 2005; 353: 1881-1883

[[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/18/1881]{.underline}](http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/18/1881)

**Paving the way\--providing opportunities for Native American
students**

.....Our country needs more clinicians who are willing to care for the
underserved Native American population. The Indian Health Service, the
single largest provider of health care for Native Americans, reports
that only 88 percent of its essential health care positions are
filled.[^2^](http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/18/1884#R2%23R2)
Such jobs are hard to fill in part because of the small size and
isolated settings of the communities and in part because the clinics
receive far less funding than they need. Moreover, this federal agency
cares for only some of the Native American population; many Native
Americans have no structured health care system

Increasing the number of Native American medical students is one
approach to filling the health care void. Physicians who are members of
minority groups are more likely to practice in underserved communities.
Nearly half of all Native American medical students plan to work in such
communities, and a substantial proportion will probably choose to serve
Native Americans. These physicians will be able to deliver care that is
needed while offering cultural familiarity that Native American patients
will find comforting....

[Sequist
TD](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Sequist+TD"%5BAuthor%5D).
Paving the way\--providing opportunities for Native American students.
New England Journal of Medicine Nov 3, 2005; 353: 1884-6.
[[http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/18/1884]{.underline}](http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/18/1884)

**Provider education in depression recognition and treatment reduces
suicide rates**

CONCLUSIONS: Provider education in depression recognition and treatment
and restricting access to lethal methods reduce suicide rates. Other
interventions need more evidence of efficacy. Ascertaining which
components of suicide prevention programs are effective in reducing
rates of suicide and suicide attempt is essential in order to optimize
use of limited

[Mann
JJ](http://ezproxyhhs.nihlibrary.nih.gov:2067/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Mann+JJ"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Suicide prevention strategies: a systematic review. JAMA. 2005 Oct
26;294(16):2064-74.\
<http://ezproxyhhs.nihlibrary.nih.gov:2067/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16249421&dopt=Abstract>

**New Studies Document the Health Benefits of Seafood Consumption**

The study of 135 mothers and their infants reported that the greater a
woman\'s fish intake during the second trimester, the better her
6-month-old performed on a standard test of mental development. Overall,
babies\' scores on the test climbed by 4 points for each weekly serving
of fish their mothers had during the second trimester, after findings
were adjusted for maternal hair mercury and other confounding factors.
Examining the impact of mercury, the study found that elevated maternal
mercury levels were associated with deficits in infant cognition, but in
spite of that, greater fish consumption was associated with better
cognition. These results suggest that higher consumption of fish low in
mercury is beneficial for infant cognition

[Oken
E](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Oken+E"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Maternal fish consumption, hair mercury, and infant cognition in a
U.S. Cohort. [Environ Health
Perspect.](javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Environ Health Perspect.');)
2005 Oct;113(10):1376-80.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16203250&query_hl=2>

Multiple other studies here

<http://www.healthywomen.org/presskit/nwhrcpr10-26-2005bg.html>

**Options for Breast Cancer Screening**

In addition to discomfort and false-positive rates related to
mammography, radiation exposure may pose an additional risk to the
breast. However, the benefit-to-harm ratio increases with age. In the
community, mammography remains the main screening tool while the
effectiveness of clinical breast examination and self-examination are
less. New screening modalities are unlikely to replace mammography in
the near future for screening the general population.

Elmore JG, et al. Screening for breast cancer. JAMA March 9,
2005;293:1245-56.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15755947&query_hl=15>

**Subclinical Thyroid Disease**

Subclinical thyroid dysfunction is defined as an abnormal serum
thyroid-stimulating hormone level (reference range: 0.45 to 4.50 µU per
mL) and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels within their
reference ranges. The management of subclinical thyroid dysfunction is
controversial. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is about 4
to 8.5 percent, and may be as high as 20 percent in women older than 60
years. Subclinical hyperthyroidism is found in approximately 2 percent
of the population. Most national organizations recommend against routine
screening of asymptomatic patients, but screening is recommended for
high-risk populations. There is good evidence that subclinical
hypothyroidism is associated with progression to overt disease. Patients
with a serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level greater than 10 µU per mL
have a higher incidence of elevated serum low-density lipoprotein
cholesterol concentrations; however, evidence is lacking for other
associations. There is insufficient evidence that treatment of
subclinical hypothyroidism is beneficial. A serum thyroid-stimulating
hormone level of less than 0.1 µU per mL is associated with progression
to overt hyperthyroidism, atrial fibrillation, reduced bone mineral
density, and cardiac dysfunction. There is little evidence that early
treatment alters the clinical course. Am Fam Physician 2005;72:1517-24
<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051015/1517.html>

**Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Treatment Challenge (see also Patient
Education)**

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic, recurrent, debilitating disease
that presents with painful, inflamed lesions in the
apocrine-gland-bearing areas of the body, most commonly the axillary,
inguinal, and anogenital areas. Etiology traditionally has been
attributed to occlusion of the apocrine duct by a keratinous plug;
however, defects of the follicular epithelium also have been noted.
Contributing factors include friction from axillary adiposity, sweat,
heat, stress, tight clothing, and genetic and hormonal components.
Multiple treatment regimens are available, including antibiotics,
retinoids, corticosteroids, incision and drainage, local wound care,
local excision, radiation, and laser therapy. However, no single
treatment has proved effective for all patients. Radical excision of the
defective tissue is the most definitive treatment. The psychological
impact on the patient can be great, encompassing social, personal, and
occupational challenges. This impact should be addressed in all patients
with significant disease. Am Fam Physician 2005;72:1547-52, 1554
<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051015/1547.html>

# Features {#features .Style-Style-Heading-1-+-Underline-+-Pattern:-Clear-(Gray-12.5%)}

## American Family Physician\*\* {#american-family-physician-1 .Style-Heading-2-+-14-pt}

###### Patient-Oriented Evidence that Matters (POEMS)\*

Low Testosterone Not Linked with Female Sexual Dysfunction

[Clinical Question:]{.underline} Is a low level of serum testosterone
associated with low sexual desire in women?

[Bottom Line]{.underline}: Low levels of total and free testosterone are
not associated with low sexual desire and function in women. A serum
DHEA level below the age-adjusted 10th percentile is a better marker for
low sexual desire and function, but the majority of women with a low
level of DHEA do not have sexual dysfunction. There is no evidence to
support the measurement of serum testosterone in women with low sexual
desire or function. The practice of prescribing exogenous testosterone
for women with low sexual desire or function requires further study and
should not be routine. (Level of Evidence: 2c)
<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051101/tips/21.html>

Davis SR, et al. Circulating androgen levels and self-reported sexual
function in women. JAMA July 6, 2005;294:91-6.

Should Women with Dysuria and Negative Dipstick Test Be Treated?

[Clinical Question]{.underline}: Do antibiotics decrease symptoms in
women with dysuria and frequency who have a negative dipstick test
result for nitrites and leukocytes

[Bottom Line:]{.underline} In women with dysuria and frequency who have
a negative result on urine dipstick analysis for nitrites and
leukocytes, three of every four will respond to antibiotic treatment
compared with one in four who are taking placebo. In this study, the
negative dipstick result correlated with culture 92 percent of the time.
These results imply that some women have microbial infections that are
not identified by dipstick or culture, or perhaps that the antibiotic is
doing something other than killing bacteria. (Level of Evidence: 1b)
<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051101/tips/22.html>

Richards D, et al. Response to antibiotics of women with symptoms of
urinary tract infection but negative dipstick urine test results: double
blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ July 16, 2005;331:143-6.

Antiviral Agents for Pregnant Women with Genital Herpes

Clinical Question

Do antiviral medications prevent perinatal transmission of genital
herpes to neonates?

Evidence-Based Answer

There is no evidence that the use of antiviral agents in women who are
pregnant and have a history of genital herpes prevents perinatal
transmission of herpes simplex virus (HSV) to neonates. \[**Strength of
recommendation: A**, based on multiple systematic reviews\]

However, treatment with antivirals during the last month of pregnancy
does reduce the rate of HSV outbreaks in pregnant women and the
resultant need for cesarean delivery. \[**Strength of recommendation:
A,** based on multiple systematic reviews\]

Clinical Commentary

With the evidence that antiviral treatment reduces the rates of maternal
HSV outbreaks in the perinatal period and subsequent cesarean
deliveries, one could argue that maternal morbidity and costs are
decreased with treatment. A cheap, safe medicine (acyclovir) and a small
NNT of 93 add credence to this argument. Despite the lack of data
regarding the outcome of neonatal HSV infection, the sample size
required is so large that such a study may never be performed. Thus,
acyclovir use for the prevention of perinatal HSV in the final month of
pregnancy appears to be a reasonable treatment option. FPIN\'s Clinical
Inquiries <http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051101/fpin.html>

**\*POEM Rating system**: <http://www.infopoems.com/levels.html> **POEM
Definition:** <http://www.aafp.org/x19976.xml>

\*\* The AFP sites will sometimes ask for a username and password.
Instead just 'hit; cancel on the pop up password screen, and the page
you are requesting will come up without having to enter a username and
password.

#### ACOG {#acog .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Antiphospholipid syndrome. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 68**

**Summary of Recommendations and Conclusions**

***The following recommendation is based on limited or inconsistent
scientific evidence (Level B):***

-   Testing for antiphospholipid antibodies should be limited to those
    women with appropriate medical or obstetric histories.

***The following recommendations are based primarily on consensus and
expert opinion (Level C):***

-   Women with antiphospholipid syndrome and no thrombotic history
    should receive prophylactic doses of heparin and low-dose aspirin
    during pregnancy and the postpartum period (6--8 weeks).

-   Women with antiphospholipid syndrome and previous history of
    thrombosis should receive full anticoagulation throughout pregnancy
    and the postpartum period (6--8 weeks).

-   Women with antiphospholipid syndrome should be referred to an
    internist or hematologist for long-term follow-up.

-   Women with antiphospholipid syndrome should avoid
    estrogen-containing oral contraceptives.

-   Because of the risk for growth restriction, consideration should be
    given to serial ultrasonographic assessment. Antepartum testing
    should be considered after 32 weeks of gestation, or earlier if
    there are signs of growth restriction.

Antiphospholipid syndrome. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 68. American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol
2005;106:1113--21.

**Non-ACOG Members**

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16260543&query_hl=1>

**ACOG Members**

<http://www.acog.org/publications/educational_bulletins/pb068.cfm>

**Compounded Bioidentical Hormones**

ABSTRACT: Compounded bioidentical hormones are plant-derived hormones
that are prepared, mixed, assembled, packaged, or labeled as a drug by a
pharmacist and can be custom made for a patient according to a
physician\'s specifications. Most compounded products have not undergone
rigorous clinical testing for safety or efficacy, and issues regarding
purity, potency, and quality are a concern. Compounded hormone products
have the same safety issues as those associated with hormone therapy
agents that are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and
may have additional risks intrinsic to compounding. There is no
scientific evidence to support claims of increased efficacy or safety
for individualized estrogen or progesterone regimens.

Compounded bioidentical hormones. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 322.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol
2005; 106:1139--40.

**ACOG Members**

<http://www.acog.org/publications/committee_opinions/co322.cfm>

**Non-ACOG Members**

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16260546&query_hl=7>

**Elective Coincidental Appendectomy**

ABSTRACT: Because of a lack of evidence from randomized trials, it
remains unclear whether the benefits of routine elective coincidental
appendectomy outweigh the cost and risk of morbidity associated with
this prophylactic procedure. Because the risk--benefit analysis varies
according to patient age and history, the decision to perform an
elective coincidental appendectomy at the time of an unrelated
gynecologic surgical procedure should be based on individual clinical
scenarios and patient characteristics and preferences.

Elective coincidental appendectomy. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 323.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol
2005;106:1141--2.

**ACOG Members**

<http://www.acog.org/publications/committee_opinions/co323.cfm>

**Non-ACOG Members**

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16260547&query_hl=9>

**Partnering With Patients to Improve Safety**

ABSTRACT: Actively involving patients in their care will lead to
increased patient satisfaction, increased diagnostic accuracy, enhanced
adherence to therapeutic recommendations, and ultimately, improved
health quality. Partnering with patients in the office setting by
sharing information and enhancing communication can lead to improved
patient health care and satisfaction.

Partnering with patients to improve safety. ACOG Committee Opinion No.
320. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol
2005;106:1123--5.

**Non-ACOG Members**

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16260544&query_hl=3>

**ACOG Members**

<http://www.acog.org/publications/committee_opinions/co320.cfm>

**Maternal Decision Making, Ethics, and the Law**

ABSTRACT: Recent legal actions and policies aimed at protecting the
fetus as an entity separate from the woman have challenged the rights of
pregnant women to make decisions about medical interventions and have
criminalized maternal behavior that is believed to be associated with
fetal harm or adverse perinatal outcomes. This opinion summarizes
recent, notable legal cases; reviews the underlying, established ethical
principles relevant to the highlighted issues; and considers six
objections to punitive and coercive legal approaches to maternal
decision making. These approaches 1) fail to recognize that pregnant
women are entitled to informed consent and bodily integrity, 2) fail to
recognize that medical knowledge and predictions of outcomes in
obstetrics have limitations, 3) treat addiction and psychiatric illness
as if they were moral failings, 4) threaten to dissuade women from
prenatal care, 5) unjustly single out the most vulnerable women, and 6)
create the potential for criminalization of otherwise legal maternal
behavior. Efforts to use the legal system to protect the fetus by
constraining pregnant women\'s decision making or punishing them erode a
woman\'s basic rights to privacy and bodily integrity and are not
justified. Physicians and policy makers should promote the health of
women and their fetuses through advocacy of healthy behavior; referral
for substance abuse treatment and mental health services when indicated;
and development of safe, available, and efficacious services for women
and families.

Maternal decision making, ethics, and the law. ACOG Committee Opinion
No. 321. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet
Gynecol 2005;106:1127--37.

**ACOG Members**

<http://www.acog.org/publications/committee_opinions/co321.cfm>

**Non-ACOG Members**

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16260545&query_hl=5>

**Perinatal Risks Associated With Assisted Reproductive Technology**

ABSTRACT: Over the past two decades, the use of assisted reproductive
technology (ART) has increased dramatically worldwide and has made
pregnancy possible for many infertile couples. A growing body of
evidence suggests an association between pregnancies resulting from ART
and perinatal morbidity (possibly independent of multiple births),
although the absolute risk to children conceived through ART is low.
Prospective studies are needed to further define the risk of ART to
offspring. The single most important health effect of ART for the
offspring remains iatrogenic multiple fetal pregnancy. The American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists supports the effort toward
lowering the risk of multiple gestation with ART.

Perinatal risks associated with assisted reproductive technology. ACOG
Committee Opinion No. 324. American College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106:1143--6.

**ACOG Members**

<http://www.acog.org/publications/committee_opinions/co324.cfm>

**Non-ACOG Members**

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16260548&query_hl=11>

#### AHRQ {#ahrq .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

AHRQ Releases Updated Guide to Clinical Preventive Services

The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has published an
updated version of evidence-based clinical guidelines from the U.S.
Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). The *Guide to Clinical
Preventive Services 2005* includes the USPSTF\'s recommendations on
prevention and early detection of cancer; heart and vascular diseases;
infectious diseases; injury and violence; mental health conditions and
substance abuse; metabolic, nutritional, and endocrinologic conditions;
musculoskeletal conditions; and obstetric and gynecologic conditions.
<http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/pocketgd.htm> or AHRQ Publications
Clearinghouse at (800) 358-9295.

**Women who smoke have nearly twice the risk of developing Graves\'
hyperthyroidism than nonsmokers**
<http://www.ahrq.gov/research/oct05/1005RA21.htm>

**Certain factors predict chronic pelvic pain after pelvic inflammatory
disease**

<http://www.ahrq.gov/research/sep05/0905RA22.htm>

**Two factors predict risk for suicide attempts in youths referred for
emergency psychiatric hospitalization**
<http://www.ahrq.gov/research/oct05/1005RA19.htm>

**Events surrounding a serious injury affect the likelihood that an
adolescent will suffer from post traumatic stress disorder**
<http://www.ahrq.gov/research/sep05/0905RA9.htm>

**Elective primary cesarean delivery rates show a rising trend**

<http://www.ahrq.gov/research/oct05/1005RA22.htm>

**Survey reveals shortage of radiologists and certified mammography
technologists at U.S. community mammography facilities**
<http://www.ahrq.gov/research/sep05/0905RA21.htm>

#### Ask a Librarian Diane Cooper, M.S.L.S. / NIH {#ask-a-librarian-diane-cooper-m.s.l.s.-nih .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Exciting news: *All* clinicians involved with Indian Health are now
invited**

Now, ***All*** [Indian Health clinicians, (Read as tribal, urban, and
IHS) including those not on the IHS Wide Area Network (WAN) have
desk-top access to full-text online clinical journals and other
resources. The service is provided through a special arrangement IHS has
with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) library. Previously, only
clinicians on the WAN could access the service. If you have WAN access,
continue to use the library resources
through](http://hsrl.nihlibrary.nih.gov/)

[http://hsrl.nihlibrary.nih.gov](http://hsrl.nihlibrary.nih.gov/)

If you are not on the WAN, you can get access by entering a userid and
password.

To obtain your id and password, contact your Indian Health Service
Informationist, Diane Cooper, at 301 594-2449 OR <Diane.Cooper2@ihs.gov>

Your informationist is available to help you with literature searches,
help you use the electronic resources, and work with you or your team on
IHS projects where information is needed.

#### [OB/GYN CCC Editorial comment:]{.underline}

It has long been the dream of the Chief Clinical Consultants, and others
in Indian Health, to have a national library virtual resource for
***ALL*** clinicians who care for Indian patients, no matter how remote
their facility. That dream just became a reality. This is a great
resource.

This service has been available to approximately one half of Indian
Health clinicians for the last year or so. It is now available to the
other half as well. I use it every day and encourage you to also. Kudos
to Diane Cooper, Terry Cullen and the NIH staff. Thanks from the whole
National Council of Chief Clinical Consultants and all Indian Health
clinicians.

#### Breastfeeding {#breastfeeding .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**We need your expertise: Breast Feeding Best Practices in Indian
Country**

You have knowledge and expertise of tribal and IHS programs with real
world experiences planning and implementing breastfeeding support
efforts.  Will you please share this information with us by responding
to the questions below (also attached in a word document)?  

Questions:

 1.  What are you doing?  What are you (or tribal/IHS programs in your
community/Area) doing in

breastfeeding support, especially as it relates to diabetes and obesity
prevention?

2.  Can you identify elements of the program that you consider to be
\"best practice\"?  And if yes,

Why do you think it is a best practice?

3.  What helps breastfeeding support?

4.  What hurts efforts at breastfeeding support?

Thank you for your help to share the experiences of tribal communities
in breastfeeding support by contributing to the Best Practices in
Breastfeeding Support document. Please respond by **Friday, December 9th
(earlier if you can), so that we can include your comments.**  Please
send to Brenda Broussard <brenda@broussardconsulting.com>

**The breastfeeding mother is physiologically different**

The breastfeeding mother\'s body is hormonally different from mothers
who aren\'t breastfeeding and other adults. Oxytocin and other hormones
released during breastfeeding help the mother and baby sleep with mutual
and mostly synchronous arousals. \"Kangaroo Care\" research has
documented that when the mother and baby are skin-to-skin, the mother\'s
body will warm to warm her baby AND cool to cool the baby. Only the
MOTHER\'s body will cool down if the baby gets too warm while resting on
her chest. Other people holding the baby do not react this way. See
Ludington-Hoe SM, et al Randomized controlled trial of kangaroo care:
cardiorespiratory and thermal effects on healthy preterm infants.
Neonatal Netw. 2004 May-Jun;23(3):39-48.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15182119&query_hl=1>

**More sleep was obtained when breastfeeding mothers slept with the
newborn**

CONCLUSIONS: More sleep was obtained when breastfeeding mothers slept
with the newborn. Methods or devices that allow breastfeeding mothers
and newborns to sleep next to each other in complete safety need to be
developed.[Quillin
SI](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Quillin+SI"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Glenn
LL](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Glenn+LL"%5BAuthor%5D).
Interaction between feeding method and co-sleeping on maternal-newborn
sleep. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2004 Sep-Oct;33(5):580-8.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15495703&query_hl=4>

**New Released Patch includes breast feeding and waist circumference**

This patch includes the ability to record feeding choices in PCC. For IT
questions on Patch APCD\*2\*8 PCC Data Entry, contact your site manager.
Contact <suzan.murphy@ihs.gov>

####  {#section-3 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### CCC Corner Digest {#ccc-corner-digest .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Nicely laid out hard copy - A compact digest of last month's CCC Corner {#nicely-laid-out-hard-copy---a-compact-digest-of-last-months-ccc-corner .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Highlights {#highlights .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

\-[Family cohesion and conflict in an American Indian
Community](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_AOM.cfm)-
Editorial: Peter Stuart, Chinle

\-[Judy Thierry, HQE - Maternal Morbidity in Indian
Country](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Coll.cfm)

\-[First Validated Model Predicts Risk of Failed Vaginal Birth After
Cesarean](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/OBGYN1005_HT.cfm#ob)

\-[Paroxetine Curbs Premenstrual Dysphoric
Disorder](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/OBGYN1005_HT.cfm#gyn)

[#1 cause of pediatric
deaths!!!](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/OBGYN1005_HT.cfm#child)

\-[Native Americans with highest rates of major depressive
disorder](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/OBGYN1005_HT.cfm#chrIll)

\-[ACOG:Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Women\'s Health, ACOG Committee
Opinion No.
317](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#acog)

\-[Help Us Establish a Free Electronic Patient Education Resource
Center](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#AskLib)

\-[October was Domestic Violence Awareness
Month](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#dv)

\-[Cancer screening in elderly patients: a framework for individualized
decision
making](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#elder)

\-[ParaGard ® T 380A Approved for Nulliparous Women in Stable
Relationships from Age
16](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#fp)

\-[Newly Released Perinatology Corner Module:  Shoulder Dystocia  (free
CME/CEUs)](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#faq)

\-[R/O Ectopic - HCG curves
redefined](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#mmtour)

\-[Paxil Use in Early Pregnancy May Cause Birth
Defects](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#MidWives)

\-[Syphilis Treatment Issues---Azithromycin Use Not Encouraged for
Syphilis
Treatment](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#navajo)

\-[Prenatal visits: Less quantity and higher quality: Outcome based
analysis](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#okie)

-Patient Education - Mary Lynn Eaglestaff, Aberdeen Area Women's Health
Program

\-[Preterm Labor: Signs and Symptoms - Patient Education
Brochure](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#pi)

\-[Thyroid-stimulating hormone decreases significantly during the first
trimester](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#periPicks)

-STD Corner - Welcome Lori de Ravello

\-[Which Comes First in Adolescence---Sex and Drugs or
Depression?](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005_Feat.cfm#std)

**Entire Hard Copy October CCC Corner**

#### [**http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/documents/05OctOL.pdf**](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/documents/05OctOL.pdf) {#httpwww.ihs.govmedicalprogramsmchmdocuments05octol.pdf .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-4 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Domestic Violence {#domestic-violence .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**GPRA Domestic Violence clinical performance indicators**

The October edition The IHS Primary Care Provider also has an article on
the GPRA IPV/DV clinical performance indicator and the RPMS IPV/DV
Screening Exam Code.

[[http://www.ihs.gov/PublicInfo/Publications/HealthProvider/provider.asp]{.underline}](http://www.ihs.gov/PublicInfo/Publications/HealthProvider/provider.asp)

Questions <Theresa.Cullen@IHS.GOV>

**Legal Assistance for Victims Grants November 29^th^ at 2:00 CST**

Audio Conference Calls: Many other topics too**.** MSH-TA's - LAV Grant
Program <pmorton@duluth-model.org> or fax them to 218-722-5775

**Study Documents High Costs and Impact of Intimate Partner Violence**

The study, published in the journal *Violence and Victims*, found the
health care costs associated with each incident were \$948 in cases
where women were the victims and \$387 in cases where men were the
victims. The study also found that domestic violence against women
results in more emergency room visits and inpatient hospitalizations,
including greater use of physician services than domestic violence where
men are the victims. 

<http://www.cdc.gov/od/oc/media/pressrel/r051025.htm>

**National Center on Domestic Violence and Sexual Violence web site**

Legislation, activities, and reauthorization of Violence Against Women
Act (VAWA) Tribal discretionary funds a part of this Act.

[[http://www.ncdsv.org/publications_vawa.html]{.underline}](http://www.ncdsv.org/publications_vawa.html)
contains link to Audio of 911 calls
[[http://www.ncdsv.org/ncd_911.html]{.underline}](http://www.ncdsv.org/ncd_911.html)
while graphic they are useful training tools for sensitive interviewing
and crisis management. Many other publications

**Legal Assistance for Victims Grants November 29^th^ at 2:00 CST**

Audio Conference Calls: Many other topics too**.** MSH-TA's - LAV Grant
Program <pmorton@duluth-model.org> or fax them to 218-722-5775

**Pre-Pregnancy Physical Abuse in Alaska**

<http://www.epi.alaska.gov/bulletins/docs/b2005_26.pdf>

#### Elder Care News {#elder-care-news .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Estrogen plus progestin increases risk of urge and stress incontinence
within 4 months**

Four years of treatment with hormone therapy caused an excess risk of
12% for weekly urge incontinence and 16% for weekly stress incontinence;
the corresponding numbers needed to harm were 8.6 (95% CI 5.8-16.6) and
6.2 (95% CI 4.6-9.4 [CONCLUSION]{.underline}: Estrogen plus progestin
therapy increases risk of urge and stress incontinence within 4 months
of beginning treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I. [Steinauer
JE](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Steinauer+JE"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Postmenopausal hormone therapy: does it cause incontinence? Obstet
Gynecol. 2005 Nov;106(5):940-5.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260510&dopt=Abstract>

#### Family Planning {#family-planning .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

## FDA Updates Labeling for Ortho Evra Contraceptive Patch

The Food and Drug Administration today approved updated labeling for the
Ortho Evra contraceptive patch to warn healthcare providers and patients
that this product exposes women to higher levels of estrogen than most
birth control pills. Ortho Evra was the first skin patch approved for
birth control.

It is a weekly prescription patch that releases ethinyl estradiol (an
estrogen hormone) and norelgestromin (a progestin hormone) through the
skin into the blood stream. FDA advises women to talk to their doctor or
healthcare provider about whether the patch is the right method of birth
control for them.

Furthermore, women taking or considering using this product should work
with their health care providers to balance the potential risks related
to increased estrogen exposure against the risk of pregnancy if they do
not follow the daily regimen associated with typical birth control
pills. Because Ortho Evra is a patch that is changed once a week, it
decreases the chance associated with typical birth control pills that a
woman might miss one or more daily doses.

The addition of this new warning is a result of FDA\'s and the
manufacturer\'s analysis directly comparing the levels for estrogen and
progestin hormones in users of Ortho Evra with those in a typical birth
control pill. In general, increased estrogen exposure may increase the
risk of blood clots. However, it is not known whether women using Ortho
Evra are at a greater risk of experiencing these serious adverse events.

The new bolded warning specifically states that women who use Ortho Evra
are exposed to about 60 percent more total estrogen in their blood than
if they were taking a typical birth control pill containing 35
micrograms of estrogen. However, the maximal blood level of estrogen
(peak blood levels) is about 25% lower with Ortho Evra than with typical
birth control pills. While the estrogen level with the patch remains
constant for one week until the patch is removed, the peak blood levels
with a daily birth control pill rapidly declines to levels that are
lower than on the Orthro Evra.

FDA is continuing to monitor safety reports for the Ortho Evra patch.
The manufacturer, Ortho McNeil Pharmaceuticals is conducting additional
studies to compare the risk of developing serious blood clots in women
using Ortho Evra to the risk in women using typical birth control pills
that contain 35 micrograms of estrogen.

The new labeling information is available along with additional
information for healthcare providers and consumers online at:
[www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/orthoevra/default.htm](http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/orthoevra/default.htm)

####  {#section-5 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### DMPA bone mass loss is reversible {#dmpa-bone-mass-loss-is-reversible-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### DMPA use in young women causes significant bone mineral density loss at the hip and spine. They also note that there are significant gains in bone mineral density when DMPA is discontinued, suggesting that the bone mass loss is reversible. {#dmpa-use-in-young-women-causes-significant-bone-mineral-density-loss-at-the-hip-and-spine.-they-also-note-that-there-are-significant-gains-in-bone-mineral-density-when-dmpa-is-discontinued-suggesting-that-the-bone-mass-loss-is-reversible. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Scholes D, et al. Change in bone mineral density among adolescent women using and discontinuing depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med February 2005;159:139-44. {#scholes-d-et-al.-change-in-bone-mineral-density-among-adolescent-women-using-and-discontinuing-depot-medroxyprogesterone-acetate-contraception.-arch-pediatr-adolesc-med-february-2005159139-44. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### [**http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15699307&query_hl=11**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15699307&query_hl=11) {#httpwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.goventrezquery.fcgicmdretrievedbpubmeddoptabstractlist_uids15699307query_hl11 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-6 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Increased Risk of Oral Contraceptive Failure in Obese Women {#increased-risk-of-oral-contraceptive-failure-in-obese-women-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### the risk of oral contraceptive failure was significantly elevated in women with BMI of 27.3 or greater. In these obese women, the risk of pregnancy, even when using oral contraceptives consistently, was doubled. Biologic explanations for this observation include higher basal metabolic rate, induction of hepatic enzymes, and increased sequestration of lipophilic hormones in adipose tissue. The authors calculate that obesity could add two to four pregnancies per 100 woman-years of oral contraceptive use. {#the-risk-of-oral-contraceptive-failure-was-significantly-elevated-in-women-with-bmi-of-27.3-or-greater.-in-these-obese-women-the-risk-of-pregnancy-even-when-using-oral-contraceptives-consistently-was-doubled.-biologic-explanations-for-this-observation-include-higher-basal-metabolic-rate-induction-of-hepatic-enzymes-and-increased-sequestration-of-lipophilic-hormones-in-adipose-tissue.-the-authors-calculate-that-obesity-could-add-two-to-four-pregnancies-per-100-woman-years-of-oral-contraceptive-use. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Holt VL, et al. Body mass index, weight, and oral contraceptive failure risk. Obstet Gynecol January 2005;105:46-52. {#holt-vl-et-al.-body-mass-index-weight-and-oral-contraceptive-failure-risk.-obstet-gynecol-january-200510546-52. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### [**http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15932865&query_hl=7**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15932865&query_hl=7) {#httpwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.goventrezquery.fcgicmdretrievedbpubmeddoptabstractlist_uids15932865query_hl7 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-7 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### No evidence supports practice of switching oral contraceptives to treat headache {#no-evidence-supports-practice-of-switching-oral-contraceptives-to-treat-headache-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### CONCLUSION: Headache that occurs during early cycles of oral contraceptive use tends to improve or disappear with continued use. No evidence supports the common clinical practice of switching oral contraceptives to treat headache; however, manipulating the extent or duration of estrogen withdrawal may provide benefit. {#conclusion-headache-that-occurs-during-early-cycles-of-oral-contraceptive-use-tends-to-improve-or-disappear-with-continued-use.-no-evidence-supports-the-common-clinical-practice-of-switching-oral-contraceptives-to-treat-headache-however-manipulating-the-extent-or-duration-of-estrogen-withdrawal-may-provide-benefit. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### [**Loder EW**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Loder+EW"%5BAuthor%5D), [**Buse DC**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Buse+DC"%5BAuthor%5D), [**Golub JR**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Golub+JR"%5BAuthor%5D). Headache as a side effect of combination estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: a systematic review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Sep;193(3 Pt 1):636-49. [**http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16150254&query_hl=23**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16150254&query_hl=23) {#loder-ew-buse-dc-golub-jr.-headache-as-a-side-effect-of-combination-estrogen-progestin-oral-contraceptives-a-systematic-review.-am-j-obstet-gynecol.-2005-sep1933-pt-1636-49.-httpwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.goventrezquery.fcgicmdretrievedbpubmeddoptabstractlist_uids16150254query_hl23 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-8 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Dietary Calcium Prevents Bone Loss in Oral Contraceptive Users {#dietary-calcium-prevents-bone-loss-in-oral-contraceptive-users-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### CONCLUSION: Dairy product intake, at levels necessary to achieve the recommended intakes of calcium, protected the total hip BMD and spine BMD from loss observed in young healthy women with low calcium intakes who were using OCP. {#conclusion-dairy-product-intake-at-levels-necessary-to-achieve-the-recommended-intakes-of-calcium-protected-the-total-hip-bmd-and-spine-bmd-from-loss-observed-in-young-healthy-women-with-low-calcium-intakes-who-were-using-ocp. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### [**Teegarden D**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Teegarden+D"%5BAuthor%5D) et al Dietary calcium intake protects women consuming oral contraceptives from spine and hip bone loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Sep;90(9):5127-33. {#teegarden-d-et-al-dietary-calcium-intake-protects-women-consuming-oral-contraceptives-from-spine-and-hip-bone-loss.-j-clin-endocrinol-metab.-2005-sep9095127-33. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### [**http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15998785&query_hl=30**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15998785&query_hl=30) {#httpwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.goventrezquery.fcgicmdretrievedbpubmeddoptabstractlist_uids15998785query_hl30 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-9 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Why Can\'t a Man Be More Like a Woman? Sex, Power, and Politics {#why-cant-a-man-be-more-like-a-woman-sex-power-and-politics .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Conflicts between male and female reproductive agendas continue to play out in contemporary issues of sex, power, and politics. Viewing gender through the lens of biologic evolutionary psychology reveals persistent controversies surrounding women\'s rights. The history of oral contraceptives compared with that of erectile dysfunction drugs is just one example of the disparity between female and male reproductive choices. Contraceptives, maternal mortality, abortion, and domestic violence are issues directly influenced by politics, religion, and gender biases. Ultimately, everything that can we can do to give women control over their bodies and their fertility is not only just and humane, but it also changes the world for the better. The United States must restore its leadership in international family planning---ensuring reproductive freedoms could be the genesis of other freedoms. {#conflicts-between-male-and-female-reproductive-agendas-continue-to-play-out-in-contemporary-issues-of-sex-power-and-politics.-viewing-gender-through-the-lens-of-biologic-evolutionary-psychology-reveals-persistent-controversies-surrounding-womens-rights.-the-history-of-oral-contraceptives-compared-with-that-of-erectile-dysfunction-drugs-is-just-one-example-of-the-disparity-between-female-and-male-reproductive-choices.-contraceptives-maternal-mortality-abortion-and-domestic-violence-are-issues-directly-influenced-by-politics-religion-and-gender-biases.-ultimately-everything-that-can-we-can-do-to-give-women-control-over-their-bodies-and-their-fertility-is-not-only-just-and-humane-but-it-also-changes-the-world-for-the-better.-the-united-states-must-restore-its-leadership-in-international-family-planningensuring-reproductive-freedoms-could-be-the-genesis-of-other-freedoms. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### [**Potts M**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Potts+M"%5BAuthor%5D). Why Can\'t a Man Be More Like a Woman?: Sex, Power, and Politics. [**Obstet Gynecol.**](javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Obstet Gynecol.');) 2005 Nov;106(5):1065-70. [**http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260527&dopt=Abstract**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260527&dopt=Abstract) {#potts-m.-why-cant-a-man-be-more-like-a-woman-sex-power-and-politics.-obstet-gynecol.-2005-nov10651065-70.-httpwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.goventrezquery.fcgicmdretrievedbpubmedlist_uids16260527doptabstract .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-10 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Featured Website David Gahn, IHS Women's Health Web Site Content
Coordinator**

**USDA\'s main page on Avian Influenza**

It helps others manage citizens\' concerns about Avian Influenza (AI):
<http://www.usda.gov/birdflu>

It also links to a 24/7 food safety virtual rep tool (Ask Karen), which
is regularly updated on this topic as is the USDA Meat and Poultry
Hotline staff
(<http://www.fsis.usda.gov/Food_Safety_Education/USDA_Meat_&_Poultry_Hotline/>).

Since the media calls it bird flu and most of our customers are using
that term on our site and vRep, we are using that terminology for the
link but are including its proper name on the page to provide better
search results. From George Huggins, ITSC

####  {#section-11 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Frequently asked questions {#frequently-asked-questions .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Q. How do we treat tuberculosis in pregnancy?**

A. See the Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Survival Guide for Clinicians,
especially Chapter 5 on special situations, plus many other great
chapters. <http://www.nationaltbcenter.edu/drtb/>

**A. Do adult women experience different symptoms of ADHD from men?
Could you describe a typical presentation of a woman with ADHD?**

Q. See ADHD in Women From Medscape\* Psychiatry & Mental Health

<http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/515209?src=mp>

See free access to Medscape below

**Indian Child Health Notes Steve Holve, Pediatrics Chief Clinical
Consultant**

**November 2005 -- Highlights**

\- Phoning It In - Telepsychiatry Services for American Indians

-Hepatitis B - Is it Time for a Boost?

-A is as bad as B - Monitoring invasive Haemophilus A disease in Native
American Children

[[http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/C/documents/ICHN1105.doc]{.underline}](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/C/documents/ICHN1105.doc)

####  {#section-12 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Information Technology {#information-technology .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Want to learn more about the RPMS Women's Health Package? Ongoing
training available**

The next WH Training Session:

-   Phoenix Area Office -- May 16-17, 2006

The list will be updated and available at the RPMS Training website

[[http://www.ihs.gov/cio/rpms/index.cfm?module=home&option=OITTrainingLinks]{.underline}](http://www.ihs.gov/cio/rpms/index.cfm?module=home&option=OITTrainingLinks)

If you have further training questions, you can contact Michelle Riedel,
Training Coordinator at 505-248-4446 or
[[Michelle.Reidel@ihs.gov]{.underline}](mailto:Michelle.Reidel@ihs.gov)

**UpToDate Version 13.3 is now available**

Since our previous release in June, more than 200 new topic reviews were
added and the entire program was updated, with approximately 40% of
topic reviews changing based on new information. A visit to the
\"What\'s New\" section of the Table of Contents gives you a summary of
updates thought to be of particular interest by our editors on our web
site at
[[www.uptodateonline.com]{.underline}](../www.uptodateonline.com) or
through the UpToDate icon on your computer desktop.

You can also access the latest 13.3 Newsletter for institutional
subscribers by going to our web site at
[[http://www.uptodate.com/img/newsletter.pdf]{.underline}](http://www.uptodate.com/img/newsletter.pdf).
The newsletter contains all of our usual features, usage tips and
highlights of whats new at UpToDate.

**RPMS Suicide Reporting Form now available**

In support of the Department of Health and Human Services and Indian
Health Service suicide prevention initiatives the RPMS Suicide Reporting
Form is available for use by all medical and behavioral health
providers.

All data from the SRF resides in the RPMS Behavioral Health System (BHS)
v3.0 and access to this data is restricted by security keys and menu
options.

Providers will soon be able to complete the form electronically via the
IHS Electronic Health Record or through a menu option in RPMS. 
Behavioral health providers can do this now via BHS v3.0 or the
graphical user interface version, BH GUI, which resides in Patient Chart
v1.5.

IHS is required to establish baseline suicide data during FY2006, so if
you are not already doing so, please begin using the RPMS suicide
reporting form immediately.  Please contact Denise Grenier at
<Denise.Grenier@ihs.gov> or (520) 670-4865. Jon Perez, Ph.D.

#### International Health Update {#international-health-update .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Pregnancy, Travel and Malaria: A Precautionary Tale**

All travelers to malaria-risk areas should take precautions against this
dangerous mosquito-borne disease. Pregnant women who are at especially
high risk should avoid traveling to malaria-risk areas if at all
possible. If a pregnant woman must travel to a malaria-risk area, she
should make sure to take all necessary precautions (including
antimalaria pills) against malaria.

<http://www.cdc.gov/Malaria/features/malaria_travel_pregnancy.htm> 

**Return of children to areas impacted by flooding / hurricanes:
Recommendations**

Also applies to pregnant women Produced by the American Academy of
Pediatrics and the Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Units, this
document provides basic and minimum recommendations for children
returning to flood and hurricane affected areas. Developmentally,
children are more at risk for effects of toxic exposure. In addition,
their exploratory behavior makes them more apt to become exposed to
environmental toxins. This statement considers those unique
vulnerabilities.
[[http://www.aoec.org/content/Hurrican_recs_AAP_PEHSU.pdf]{.underline}](http://www.aoec.org/content/Hurrican_recs_AAP_PEHSU.pdf)

**KNOW, PLAN, PACK: Disaster or Emergency Preparedness Plan for Women**

Accent on breastfeeding, many other tips
<http://womenshealth.gov/tools/disaster.htm>

**Tracking Health in Underserved Communities**: **Factline**

A website sponsored by the National Library of Medicine and Meharry
Medical College that highlights health disparities in underserved
communities. October 2005

Factline presents information about health disparities faced by women,
members of minority groups, the elderly and others.  The focus of the
website is two-fold: presenting significant findings from scholarly
research in public health on the subject of health disparities and
providing bibliographic references to the literature in which these
findings are established.  The framework for the research is *Healthy
People 2010*. <http://www.meharry.org/Fl/>

#### MCH Alert {#mch-alert-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Protecting Children in Foster Care**

Why Proposed Medicaid Cuts Harm Our Nation\'s Most Vulnerable Youth
examines Medicaid\'s role in providing health care to children and
adolescents in foster care and assesses the implications of various
Medicaid reform proposals. The report, published by Casey Family
Programs, describes the health and health needs of children and
adolescents in foster care and child welfare programs, examines key
provisions contained in four separate Medicaid reform proposals, and
identifies issues that should be considered as part of a longer-term
Medicaid reform effort.
[[http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/Medicaid.htm]{.underline}](http://www.casey.org/Resources/Publications/Medicaid.htm)

**Maternal cigarette consumption is a strong predictor of newborn birth
weight percentile**

For each additional cigarette per day that a participant smoked in the
third trimester, there was an estimated 27 g reduction in birth weight
CONCLUSION: Maternal third-trimester cigarette consumption is a strong
and independent predictor of birth weight percentile. This supports the
hypothesis that reductions in maternal cigarette consumption during
pregnancy will result in improved birth weight, regardless of the
prepregnancy consumption levels. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III. [Bernstein
IM](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Bernstein+IM"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Maternal smoking and its association with birth weight. Obstet
Gynecol. 2005 Nov;106(5):986-91.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16260516&dopt=Abstract>

#### Medical Mystery Tour {#medical-mystery-tour-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### The HCG curve has been redefined. Now what? {#the-hcg-curve-has-been-redefined.-now-what .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Let us recap what we learned last month {#let-us-recap-what-we-learned-last-month .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### The data on the old adage that normal pregnancies increase by 66 percent every 48 hours was based on studies of 29 and 36 patients. (Daya, Kadar) More recent data from 287 patients showed the slowest or minimal rise for a normal viable intrauterine pregnancy was 24% at 1 day and 53% at 2 days. (Barnhart) {#the-data-on-the-old-adage-that-normal-pregnancies-increase-by-66-percent-every-48-hours-was-based-on-studies-of-29-and-36-patients.-daya-kadar-more-recent-data-from-287-patients-showed-the-slowest-or-minimal-rise-for-a-normal-viable-intrauterine-pregnancy-was-24-at-1-day-and-53-at-2-days.-barnhart .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-13 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### The Barnhart et al data re-defined the slowest rise in serial hCG values for a potentially viable gestation and will aid in distinguishing a viable early pregnancy from a miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. The minimal rise in serial hCG values for women with a viable intrauterine pregnancy is \"slower\" than previously reported, suggesting that intervention to diagnosis and treat an abnormal gestation should be more conservative. The use of the more conservative data on HCG rise will hopefully lead to less need for invasive procedures and/or unnecessary use of methotrexate. {#the-barnhart-et-al-data-re-defined-the-slowest-rise-in-serial-hcg-values-for-a-potentially-viable-gestation-and-will-aid-in-distinguishing-a-viable-early-pregnancy-from-a-miscarriage-or-ectopic-pregnancy.-the-minimal-rise-in-serial-hcg-values-for-women-with-a-viable-intrauterine-pregnancy-is-slower-than-previously-reported-suggesting-that-intervention-to-diagnosis-and-treat-an-abnormal-gestation-should-be-more-conservative.-the-use-of-the-more-conservative-data-on-hcg-rise-will-hopefully-lead-to-less-need-for-invasive-procedures-andor-unnecessary-use-of-methotrexate. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-14 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### We also learned that the HCG / ultrasound discriminatory zone can vary. It can be from 2000 - 2500. {#we-also-learned-that-the-hcg-ultrasound-discriminatory-zone-can-vary.-it-can-be-from-2000---2500. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-15 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### One thought to ponder for this month, if the HCG curve has been redefined in symptomatic patients with an early viable intrauterine pregnancy.....just how accurate is our other major modality in diagnosing ectopic?  {#one-thought-to-ponder-for-this-month-if-the-hcg-curve-has-been-redefined-in-symptomatic-patients-with-an-early-viable-intrauterine-pregnancy..just-how-accurate-is-our-other-major-modality-in-diagnosing-ectopic .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-16 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### How else can you follow HCG ? {#how-else-can-you-follow-hcg .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### If you choose to perform a dilation and curettage and measure the HCG 12 hours later, it should fall by 15% if you completely evacuated a miscarriage. If it doesn't fall, you should move to confirm the diagnosis of an ectopic pregnancy.  {#if-you-choose-to-perform-a-dilation-and-curettage-and-measure-the-hcg-12-hours-later-it-should-fall-by-15-if-you-completely-evacuated-a-miscarriage.-if-it-doesnt-fall-you-should-move-to-confirm-the-diagnosis-of-an-ectopic-pregnancy. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-17 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### What it accuracy of ultrasound in R/O ectopic?  {#what-it-accuracy-of-ultrasound-in-ro-ectopic-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### In our patient's case her HCG was increasing by 53-54% every 48 hours, which we now see can be quite normal. When her HCG was below 2000 the predictive value of an ultrasound can be as low as 40%. That means the chance her ultrasound was correct, for either intrauterine pregnancy or ectopic pregnancy, can be as low as 40%. With an HCG less than 2000 one will be wrong 4 out of 10 times.  {#in-our-patients-case-her-hcg-was-increasing-by-53-54-every-48-hours-which-we-now-see-can-be-quite-normal.-when-her-hcg-was-below-2000-the-predictive-value-of-an-ultrasound-can-be-as-low-as-40.-that-means-the-chance-her-ultrasound-was-correct-for-either-intrauterine-pregnancy-or-ectopic-pregnancy-can-be-as-low-as-40.-with-an-hcg-less-than-2000-one-will-be-wrong-4-out-of-10-times. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-18 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### If ultrasound diagnoses were considered definitive, 4 out 10 women might have unnecessary surgical intervention, perhaps with interruption of desired intrauterine pregnancies.  {#if-ultrasound-diagnoses-were-considered-definitive-4-out-10-women-might-have-unnecessary-surgical-intervention-perhaps-with-interruption-of-desired-intrauterine-pregnancies. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-19 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### That is an area on the HCG curve where providers can be misled because in 48 more hours the HCG can be nearly 4000 and then the ultrasonographer will be able to demonstrate a heartbeat. It may be in this period that the patient received methotrexate therapy or a surgical interruption of a viable pregnancy.  {#that-is-an-area-on-the-hcg-curve-where-providers-can-be-misled-because-in-48-more-hours-the-hcg-can-be-nearly-4000-and-then-the-ultrasonographer-will-be-able-to-demonstrate-a-heartbeat.-it-may-be-in-this-period-that-the-patient-received-methotrexate-therapy-or-a-surgical-interruption-of-a-viable-pregnancy. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-20 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### So the pearl is to carefully correlate the US and HCG findings. If the patient is clinically stable and adherent with follow up, then it can be appropriate to follow the patient with an HCG of 1800 for 48 more hours. {#so-the-pearl-is-to-carefully-correlate-the-us-and-hcg-findings.-if-the-patient-is-clinically-stable-and-adherent-with-follow-up-then-it-can-be-appropriate-to-follow-the-patient-with-an-hcg-of-1800-for-48-more-hours. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-21 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### What type of ultrasound characteristics should we find? {#what-type-of-ultrasound-characteristics-should-we-find-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### These findings are good to see: gestational sac, yolk sac, fetal pole, or a heartbeat. In some cases you may have trouble seeing the gestational sac and actually be misled by a pseudosac. A pseudosac is a thickening of the endometrium and it is just a vesicle-like structure. {#these-findings-are-good-to-see-gestational-sac-yolk-sac-fetal-pole-or-a-heartbeat.-in-some-cases-you-may-have-trouble-seeing-the-gestational-sac-and-actually-be-misled-by-a-pseudosac.-a-pseudosac-is-a-thickening-of-the-endometrium-and-it-is-just-a-vesicle-like-structure. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-22 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Some intrauterine signs are more definitive for miscarriage, e.g., a gestational sac that is greater than 16 mm on average in three dimensions, or a fetal pole that has no heartbeat on repeat exams. {#some-intrauterine-signs-are-more-definitive-for-miscarriage-e.g.-a-gestational-sac-that-is-greater-than-16-mm-on-average-in-three-dimensions-or-a-fetal-pole-that-has-no-heartbeat-on-repeat-exams. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-23 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### There can also be helpful adnexal findings: if you find a mass distinct from the ovary, cardiac activity, gestational sac, fetal pole outside of the uterus. There also can be a tubal ring or doughnut sign within the adnexa. Please note that of these adnexal findings only the finding of a heart beat in the adnexa is 100% sure. {#there-can-also-be-helpful-adnexal-findings-if-you-find-a-mass-distinct-from-the-ovary-cardiac-activity-gestational-sac-fetal-pole-outside-of-the-uterus.-there-also-can-be-a-tubal-ring-or-doughnut-sign-within-the-adnexa.-please-note-that-of-these-adnexal-findings-only-the-finding-of-a-heart-beat-in-the-adnexa-is-100-sure. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-24 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Other suggestive US findings of ectopic gestation: (a) A thickened endometrium with absence of an intrauterine gestational sac, (b) A small echogenic ring structure in the adnexa that is clearly separate from the ovary, (c) Presence of a live embryo and/or a yolk sac, (d) A rim of colour around the ectopic ring structure and trophoblastic flow on Colour Doppler, and (e) Presence of echogenic, fluid in the abdomen suggesting haemorrhage {#other-suggestive-us-findings-of-ectopic-gestation-a-a-thickened-endometrium-with-absence-of-an-intrauterine-gestational-sac-b-a-small-echogenic-ring-structure-in-the-adnexa-that-is-clearly-separate-from-the-ovary-c-presence-of-a-live-embryo-andor-a-yolk-sac-d-a-rim-of-colour-around-the-ectopic-ring-structure-and-trophoblastic-flow-on-colour-doppler-and-e-presence-of-echogenic-fluid-in-the-abdomen-suggesting-haemorrhage .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-25 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Resource-Ultrasound {#resource-ultrasound .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### [**Barnhart KT**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Barnhart+KT"%5BAuthor%5D), [**Simhan H**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Simhan+H"%5BAuthor%5D), [**Kamelle SA**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Kamelle+SA"%5BAuthor%5D). Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound above and below the beta-hCG discriminatory zone. [**Obstet Gynecol.**](javascript:AL_get(this, 'jour', 'Obstet Gynecol.');) 1999 Oct;94(4):583-7. [**http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=10511363&dopt=Abstract**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=10511363&dopt=Abstract) {#barnhart-kt-simhan-h-kamelle-sa.-diagnostic-accuracy-of-ultrasound-above-and-below-the-beta-hcg-discriminatory-zone.-obstet-gynecol.-1999-oct944583-7.-httpwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.goventrezquery.fcgicmdretrievedbpubmedlist_uids10511363doptabstract .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-26 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Resources-HCG {#resources-hcg .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Barnhart KT et al Symptomatic patients with an early viable intrauterine pregnancy: HCG curves redefined Obstet Gynecol 2004 Jul;104(1):50-5. {#barnhart-kt-et-al-symptomatic-patients-with-an-early-viable-intrauterine-pregnancy-hcg-curves-redefined-obstet-gynecol-2004-jul104150-5. .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15229000&query_hl=5]{.underline}](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15229000&query_hl=5) {#httpwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.goventrezquery.fcgicmdretrievedbpubmeddoptabstractlist_uids15229000query_hl5 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-27 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, UpToDate {#clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-ectopic-pregnancy-uptodate .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### [[http://www.uptodateonline.com/application/topic.asp?file=gen_gyne/8302&type=A&selectedTitle=1\~25]{.underline}](http://www.uptodateonline.com/application/topic.asp?file=gen_gyne/8302&type=A&selectedTitle=1~25) {#httpwww.uptodateonline.comapplicationtopic.aspfilegen_gyne8302typeaselectedtitle125 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-28 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Medscape\* {#medscape-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

######### Ask the Experts topics in Women\'s Health and OB/GYN Index, by specialty, Medscape

######### [**http://www.medscape.com/pages/editorial/public/ate/index-womenshealth**](http://www.medscape.com/pages/editorial/public/ate/index-womenshealth)

######### 

######### OB GYN & Women\'s Health Clinical Discussion Board Index, Medscape

<http://boards.medscape.com/forums?14@@.ee6e57b>

**Clinical Discussion Board Index, Medscape**

Hundreds of ongoing clinical discussions available

<http://boards.medscape.com/forums?14@@.ee6e57b>

**Free CME: MedScape CME Index by specialty**

<http://www.medscape.com/cmecenterdirectory/Default>

\*NB: Medscape is free to all, but registration is required. It can be
accessed from anywhere with Internet access. You just need to create a
personal username and password.

**Menopause Management**

**Bioidentical Hormones: No scientific evidence to support claims of
increased efficacy**

There is no scientific evidence to support claims of increased efficacy
or safety for individualized estrogen or progesterone regimens prepared
by compounding pharmacies, according to a new Committee Opinion released
today by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).
Furthermore, hormone therapy does not belong to a class of drugs with an
indication for individualized dosing. ACOG\'s opinion also points out
that salivary hormone level testing used by proponents to \'tailor\'
this therapy isn\'t meaningful because salivary hormone levels vary
within each woman depending on her diet, the time of day, the specific
hormone being tested, and other variables.

Compounded \"bioidentical hormones\" are plant-derived hormones that are
prepared, mixed, assembled, packaged, and labeled as a drug by a
pharmacist. These preparations can be custom made for patients according
to a physician\'s specifications. \"Bioidentical hormones\" refer to
hormones that are biochemically similar or identical to those produced
by the ovaries or body.

According to ACOG, most compounded products, including bioidentical
hormones, have not undergone rigorous clinical testing for either safety
or efficacy. Also, there are concerns regarding the purity, potency, and
quality of compounded products. In 2001, the FDA analyzed a variety of
29 product samples from 12 compounding pharmacies and found that 34% of
them failed one or more standard quality tests. Additionally, 9 of the
10 failing products failed assay or potency tests, with all containing
less of the active ingredient than expected. In contrast, the testing
failure rate for FDA-approved drug therapies is less than 2%.

The FDA requires manufacturers of FDA-approved products that contain
estrogen and progestogen to include a black box warning that reflects
the findings of the Women\'s Health Initiative. However, compounded
products, including bioidentical hormones, are not approved by the FDA
and therefore, compounding pharmacies are exempt from including warnings
and contraindications required by the FDA in class labeling for hormone
therapy.

Given the lack of well-designed and well-conducted clinical trials of
these compounded hormones, ACOG recommends that all of them should be
considered to have the same safety issues as those hormone products that
are approved by the FDA and may also have additional risks unique to the
compounding process. ACOG Press Release

<https://www.acog.com/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr10-31-05-1.cfm>

####  {#section-30 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Estrogen Therapy and the Risk of Cognitive Decline {#estrogen-therapy-and-the-risk-of-cognitive-decline-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

Estradiol did not have significant effects on cognitive measures in
postmenopausal women. They add that there may be some benefit to
estradiol in reducing the risk of cognitive decline in women who have
normal cognitive function before beginning therapy.

Viscoli CM, et al. Estrogen therapy and risk of cognitive decline:
results from the Women\'s Estrogen for Stroke Trial (WEST). Am J Obstet
Gynecol February 2005;192:387-93.

#### [**http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15695976&query_hl=17**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15695976&query_hl=17) {#httpwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.goventrezquery.fcgicmdretrievedbpubmeddoptabstractlist_uids15695976query_hl17 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-31 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Midwives Corner - Marsha Tahquechi and Jenny Glifort {#midwives-corner---marsha-tahquechi-and-jenny-glifort .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Which Cord strikes a sour note?**

Trends in cord care: Scientific Evidence for Practice

A thought provoking 2004 review of the literature which addresses the
historical evolution of umbilical cord care practices and its impact on
current cord care practices. The authors discuss the wide variety of
approaches to cord care are primarily based on historical practice
patterns and not on evidence based practice. For example much discussion
centers around the use of Isopropyl alcohol as an antimicrobial for cord
care across hospitals in the U.S. though studies have demonstrated that
it has no effect on preventing bacterial colonization and is associated
prolonged cord separation time.

[Conclusion:]{.underline} The authors recommend the continued use of
antimicrobials in umbilical cord care until such time that evidence
based research guides practice.

<http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/497030_print>

**Researching the Evidence**

**A Simple Method for Evaluating the Clinical Literature**

In this age of the controversial claims of many research studies this
practical guide to analyzing the evidence in clinical research provides
a systematic way to review the literature and make sense of the
statistics. <http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/478269_print>

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15162611&query_hl=4>

**Eating Fish During Pregnancy Boosts Baby\'s Brainpower**

Visual recognition memory scores were highest among infants of women who
consumed \> 2 weekly fish servings but had mercury levels \</= 1.2 ppm.
Higher fish consumption in pregnancy was associated with better infant
cognition, but higher mercury levels were associated with lower
cognition. Women should continue to eat fish during pregnancy but choose
varieties with lower mercury contamination.

[Oken
E](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Oken+E"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Maternal fish consumption, hair mercury, and infant cognition in a
U.S. Cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 2005 Oct;113(10):1376-80.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16203250&query_hl=14>

**Low risk home births using CNMs: Similar intrapartum and neonatal
mortality**

SETTING: All home births involving certified professional midwives
across the United States (98% of cohort) and Canada, 2000. PARTICIPANTS:
All 5418 women expecting to deliver in 2000 supported by midwives with a
common certification and who planned to deliver at home when labour
began.

[CONCLUSIONS:]{.underline} Planned home birth for low risk women in
North America using certified professional midwives was associated with
lower rates of medical intervention but similar intrapartum and neonatal
mortality to that of low risk hospital births in the United States.

[Johnson
KC](http://ezproxyhhs.nihlibrary.nih.gov:2067/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Johnson+KC"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Daviss
BA](http://ezproxyhhs.nihlibrary.nih.gov:2067/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Daviss+BA"%5BAuthor%5D).
Outcomes of planned home births with certified professional midwives:
large prospective study in North America. BMJ. 2005 Jun
18;330(7505):1416.\
<http://ezproxyhhs.nihlibrary.nih.gov:2067/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=15961814&dopt=Abstract>

**Elevated Uric Acid in Blood Linked To Preterm Births**

Those with hypertension, proteinuria, and hyperuricemia have greater
risk than those with hypertension and proteinuria alone. The risk of
these outcomes increased with increasing uric acid. Hyperuricemia is at
least as effective as proteinuria at identifying gestational
hypertensive pregnancies at increased risk. Uric acid should be
reexamined for clinical and research utility

[Roberts
JM](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Roberts+JM"%5BAuthor%5D)
et al Uric Acid Is as Important as Proteinuria in Identifying Fetal Risk
in Women With Gestational Hypertension. Hypertension. 2005 Oct 24

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16246973&dopt=Abstract>

#### [OB/GYN CCC Editorial comment:]{.underline}

**Are there effective methods for identifying women at risk for
preeclampsia?**

The above examined fetal outcome data from 972 pregnancies collected
from 1997 to 2002 in a nested case-control study. It joins a previous
literature that has shown very mixed results with the use of uric acid.
Here is a quote from the latest ACOG Bulletin on this topic:

"No single screening test for preeclampsia has been found to be reliable
and cost-effective. Uric acid is one of the most commonly used tests but
it has a positive predictive value of only 33% and has not proved useful
in predicting preeclampsia. Doppler velocimetry of the uterine arteries
was reported not to be a useful test for screening pregnant women at low
risk for preeclampsia. "

Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. ACOG Practice
Bulletin No. 33. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:159--167

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16175681&query_hl=25>

Stamilio DM, Sehdev HM, Morgan MA, Propert K, Macones GA. Can antenatal
clinical and biochemical markers predict the development of severe
preeclampsia? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:589--594 (Level II-2)

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10739512&query_hl=17>

Helewa ME, Burrows RF, Smith J, Williams K, Brain P, Rabkin SW. Report
of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 1.
Definitions, evaluation and classification of hypertensive disorders in
pregnancy. CMAJ 1997;157:715--725 (Level III)

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9307560&query_hl=23>

Lim KH, Friedman SA, Ecker JL, Kao L, Kilpatrick SJ. The clinical
utility of serum uric acid measurements in hypertensive disease of
pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:1067--1071 (Level II-2)

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9609585&query_hl=19>

Irion O, Masse J, Forest JC, Moutquin JM. Prediction of pre-eclampsia,
low birthweight for gestation and prematurity by uterine artery blood
flow velocity waveform analysis in low risk nulliparous women. Br J
Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:422--429 (Level II-3)

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9609270&query_hl=27>

**Navajo News Jean Howe, Chinle**

**Once a day gentamicin dosing intrapartum may provide better coverage
for the fetus **

Based on this study, other studies of 24-hour gentamicin dosing in
newborns, and our increasing experience with 24-hour gentamicin dosing
in other obstetric settings, it appears that 24-hour gentamicin dosing
for chorioamnionitis offers likely fetal (and maternal) benefit and is
more efficient overall. 'Yet another reason to consider daily dosing
when gentamicin is used.

Gentamicin, an antibiotic widely used as part of treatment regimens for
chorioamnionitis, pyelonephritis, and other infections often treated by
obstetric providers, has traditionally been administered as a 2mg/kg
loading dose with 1.5mg/kg as a maintenance dose every 8 hours. This
dosing is based on *"ideal body weight"* which can generally be
calculated by adding 2.3kg for every inch of a woman's height over 5
feet to a base of 45.5kg. In morbidly obese patients, adding 40% of the
difference between actual and ideal body weight to the ideal body weight
has been recommended \[IBW + 0.4 (TBW - IBW)\].

 In the 90's, 24 hour Gentamicin dosing for postpartum endometritis was
studied and found to be cost-saving and effective. This simplified
regimen involves administration of 5-7mg/kg once every 24 hours. Again,
the calculation is based on ideal body weight. The benefits of this
approach include higher peak levels, a better safety profile, and less
nursing time and expense. This regimen has also been used for postpartum
endometritis and other infections but reservation about administering
gentamicin as a single daily dose prior to delivery have persisted.

 In this study, 38 laboring women with clinical chorioamnionitis
received either 5.1 mg/kg every 24 hours or 120mg as a loading dose then
80mg every 8 hours. Maternal and cord gentamicin levels were obtained
and fetal peak levels were calculated. Extrapolated fetal levels were
6.9µg/ml with 24 hour dosing vs. 2.9µg with standard dosing; the first
is much closer to optimal neonatal peak values of 5-8µmg/ml and thus
likely to offer more therapeutic benefit for the fetus without
additional risk. No difference in outcome was noted; this may be due to
the small sample size.

 

 Locksmith, GJ, Chin, A, et al., High Compared with Standard Gentamicin
Dosing for Chorioamnionitis: A Comparison of Maternal and Fetal Serum
Drugs Levels, Obstetrics and Gynecology 2005;105:473-9.

#### [**http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=15738010&dopt=Abstract**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=15738010&dopt=Abstract) {#httpwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.goventrezquery.fcgicmdretrievedbpubmedlist_uids15738010doptabstract .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-32 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Nurses Corner {#nurses-corner .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Stressful workplaces and unfair bosses can raise cardiac risks**

CONCLUSION: Justice at work may have benefits for heart health among
employees.

[Kivimaki
M](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Kivimaki+M"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Justice at Work and Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among
Employees: The Whitehall II Study. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Oct
24;165(19):2245-51.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16246990&query_hl=5>

## For information about job stress, visit the [**American Psychological Association**](http://www.apahelpcenter.org/articles/article.php?id=19) [**http://www.apa.org/**](http://www.apa.org/)

## Average age of nurses increases: By 2010, the average nurse will be over 45 years old

(October 29, 2005 Southeast Missourian)

America\'s hospitals increasingly rely on older nurses who run the risk
of back injuries on the job and who may soon retire, one of the
nation\'s top nursing experts said Friday. That could pose a staffing
problem if more young adults don\'t go into nursing, said Peter
Buerhaus, nursing professor and senior associate dean for research at
Vanderbilt University School of Nursing in Nashville, Tenn. Buerhaus
spoke to about 50 nurses, hospital officials and nursing students at
Southeast Missouri State University\'s Glenn Auditorium. The lecture was
sponsored by an endowment created by the late Margaret Woods Allen of
Sikeston, Mo.

-The average age of registered nurses over the past 20 years has climbed
from nearly 38 to over 42. By 2010, the average nurse will be over 45
years old, Buerhaus said. Many of the nurses will be in their 50s.
That\'s a concern, he said. \"The worrisome part is their bodies are
starting to break down,\" he said. A third of nurses nationwide have
experienced workplace injuries including back problems, Buerhaus said.
Hospitals, he said, must look at how to improve the work environment to
better protect older nurses from back and other on-the-job injuries.

\"If things continue as they are, we will see fewer nurses,\" said
Buerhaus.

Nationwide, there could be a shortfall of 800,000 nurses in hospitals,
nursing homes and medical offices by 2020. But Buerhaus said he expects
the medical industry and government will find ways to recruit more
nurses to help meet the demand.

-The number of registered nurses in hospitals jumped by more than
177,000 from 2002 to 2004, he said. But Buerhaus credited some of the
increase to older nurses who returned to the workforce during a
declining economy. Seventy percent of registered nurses are married, he
said. Some of these nurses are willing to work to supplement household
income during an economic decline. But when the economy improves, those
nurses often decide to work less or retire, he said. Nursing
administrators at Saint Francis Medical Center and Southeast Missouri
Hospital, who attended the lecture, said their institutions currently
aren\'t experiencing a nursing shortage. But they said they could be
faced with a shortage in the future as older nurses retire.

Jeannie Fadler, vice president for patient care services at Saint
Francis, said the hospital must compete for nurses with hospitals as far
away as St. Louis. Karen Hendrickson, vice president and chief nursing
officer at Southeast Missouri Hospital, said the average age of nurses
at her hospital mirrors the national average. As a result, she said,
it\'s important to encourage more people to take up nursing careers.
Saturday, October 29, 2005 Mark Bliss \~ Southeast Missourian. Questions
about Indian Health Nursing Sandra Haldane <Sandra.Haldane@ihs.gov>

####  {#section-33 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Office of Women's Health, CDC {#office-of-womens-health-cdc-1 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Diabetes and Pregnancy: Frequently Asked Questions**

Diabetes is often detected in women during their childbearing years and
can affect the health of both the mother and her unborn child. Poor
control of diabetes in a woman who is pregnant increases the chance for
birth defects and other problems for the baby and might cause serious
complications for the woman. Proper health care before and during
pregnancy will help prevent birth defects and other poor outcomes, such
as miscarriage and stillbirth.
<http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/bd/diabetespregnancyfaqs.htm>

**General Information and National Estimates on Diabetes in the United
States, 2005**

Diabetes now affects nearly 21 million Americans -- or 7 percent of the
U.S. population -- and more than 6 million of those people do not know
they have diabetes, according to the latest prevalence data released by
CDC. This number represents an additional 2.6 million people with
diabetes since 2002. Another 41 million people are estimated to have
pre-diabetes, a condition that increases the risk of developing type 2
diabetes -- the most common form of the disease -- as well as heart
disease and stroke.

<http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/factsheet05.htm>

**Influenza Vaccination in Pregnancy: Practices Among
Obstetrician-Gynecologists -United States, 2003-04 Influenza Season**

This report describes the results of that survey, which indicated that
52% of OB/GYNs surveyed would recommend influenza vaccination for a
healthy woman in the first trimester of pregnancy, 95% would recommend
the vaccine for a healthy pregnant woman beyond the first trimester, and
63% would recommend vaccination for a woman with a medical condition in
the first trimester. However, of the physicians who would recommend
vaccination, 36%-38% reported that influenza vaccination was not offered
in their practices. Increased efforts are needed to improve vaccine
availability and to educate OB/GYNs regarding the updated ACIP
recommendations on the use of influenza vaccine in the first trimester
for both healthy pregnant women and pregnant women at high risk.
<http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5441a4.htm>

####  {#section-34 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Oklahoma Perspective Greggory Woitte -- Hastings Indian Medical Center {#oklahoma-perspective-greggory-woitte-hastings-indian-medical-center .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Shoulder dystocia**

It is one of an obstetrical provider's worst nightmares. Being in
attendance when a true shoulder dystocia is identified can be traumatic
to the obstetrical personnel as well as the patient and her family.
Having personally just experienced this obstetrical emergency, I thought
that it could become educational. First we all know that should dystocia
is an unpredictable event. There are factors that are suggestive of the
possibility and every obstetrical provider should be aware of these risk
factors. Two important risk factors that our patients often have are
macrosomia and diabetes. It well documented that as the fetal weight
increases, the risk of shoulder dystocia increases. However, 50-60% of
shoulder dystocias occur at a fetal weight less than 4000 g. Early
induction for macrosomia does not decrease the number of shoulder
dystocias and in fact increases the number of cesarean deliveries.

Despite having knowledge of the risk factors, shoulder dystocia is
unpredictable. Therefore, **ALL** obstetrical providers should be
familiar with the steps to alleviate a dystocia. Being prepared when
risk factors are identified will help, however, ensuring that you have a
plan to handle a shoulder dystocia with EVERY delivery is a requirement
to practice obstetrics.

#### [OB/GYN CCC Editorial comment:]{.underline}

I highly recommend that all staff who provide care for pregnant women in
Indian Country attend and keep current with the Advanced Life Support in
Obstetrics (ALSO) Provider Course. The skills based learning would be
ideal for the entire L/D team at your facility, or even if you provide
just emergency delivery services.

It is most helpful if all staff can take the ALSO Provider Course so we
are all working with the same set of expectations. We recently had 3
ALSO Courses in the Navajo Area and routinely have courses 1-2 times a
year in the Alaska Area. ALSO website for other availability, below

In the meantime, we have just released a new module on our MCH web page
about Shoulder Dystocia. You can use the module for free CMEs / CEUs, or
use just a great resource.

**Shoulder dystocia - Indian Health CME / CEU module or just a great
resource**

<http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/shdyst.cfm>

**Management of fetal macrosomia and shoulder dystocia, UpToDate**

<http://www.uptodateonline.com/application/topic.asp?file=labordel/6688&type=A&selectedTitle=1~11>

**Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics, AAFP**

<http://www.aafp.org/also.xml>

#### Osteoporosis {#osteoporosis .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Estrogen supplementation may be protective of BMD in adolescents who
use DMPA**

Estrogen supplementation may be protective of bone mineral density in
adolescents who use DMPA injections for contraception. They add that
further research needs to be performed to address the recovery of bone
mineral density after discontinuing DMPA in adolescents; they also
suggest evaluating the impact diet and exercise may have on this
recovery. Long-term use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) has
been shown to have a negative impact on bone mineral density, and there
is some concern that this loss may not be completely reversible after
discontinuing the drug. This concern has led the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration to recommend that a black box warning be added to the
drug information. The warning states that DMPA contraceptive injection
should be used long term (longer than two years) only in women in whom
other birth control methods are inadequate. This study demonstrates that
the addition of estrogen to DMPA may reduce the negative impact on bone
mineral density

Cromer BA, et al. Double-blinded randomized controlled trial of estrogen
supplementation in adolescent girls who receive depot
medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception. Am J Obstet Gynecol
January 2005;192:42-7.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15672001&query_hl=9>

#### Patient Information {#patient-information .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Body Piercing: What You Should Know**

<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051115/2035ph.html>

**Respiratory Infections During Pregnancy**

[[http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051015/1583ph.html]{.underline}](http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051015/1583ph.html)

**Genital Herpes: What You Should Know**

<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051015/1541ph.html>

**Prenatal Diagnosis: Amniocentesis and CVS**

<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051015/1577ph.html>

**Ectopic Pregnancy: What You Should Know**

<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051101/1719ph.html>

**Tension Headaches: What You Should Know**

<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051101/1815ph.html>

**Migraine Headaches: How to Deal with the Pain**

<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051101/1816ph.html>

**Cluster Headaches: What You Should Know**

<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051101/1821ph.html>

**Toxoplasmosis in Pregnancy**

<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051015/1580ph.html>

**Hidradenitis Suppurativa: What You Should Know**

<http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051015/1554ph.html>

**2005 National Diabetes Fact Sheet: For people at risk and their
families**

The National Diabetes Education Program has materials on diabetes
control and prevention for people with diabetes and for people at risk,
their families, and their health care providers. Many materials are
available in up to 15 languages -- from Spanish to Samoan.
[www.ndep.nih.gov](http://www.ndep.nih.gov/) or call 1-800-438-5383 to
order free materials.

#### The 2005 National Diabetes Fact Sheet is available at [**http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.htm**](http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/index.htm) {#the-2005-national-diabetes-fact-sheet-is-available-at-httpdiabetes.niddk.nih.govdmpubsstatisticsindex.htm .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-35 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Perinatology Picks George Gilson, MFM, ANMC {#perinatology-picks-george-gilson-mfm-anmc .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Medical Management of Early Pregnancy Failure**

Any medical provider who cares for women will encounter first trimester
pregnancy losses. Early pregnancy failure may present as overt vaginal
bleeding and cramping with an open internal cervical os (incomplete or
inevitable abortion), or bleeding and a closed os ("threatened
abortion"). Most commonly, early pregnancy failures are silent. Also
known as "blighted ovum", or "missed abortion", these are characterized
clinically by failure of uterine growth, regression of symptoms of early
pregnancy, and often by vaginal passage of scant, brown/old blood.

For the last century the standard management of early pregnancy failure
has been dilation and curettage as soon as possible in order to minimize
blood loss and the risk of infection. However, this is a management
strategy that is not always readily available, especially in the remote
rural setting where many of us practice. Surgical management is costly,
occasionally may be complicated by uterine perforation, and may not be
desired by the mother. Manual extraction with a vacuum syringe has been
popularized in developing countries, and is simple and safe, but
requires an open cervix. Expectant treatment may be the preferred option
for many women, but may be accompanied by an undesired excessively long
latent period and prolonged bleeding.

Medical management of early pregnancy failure has been well studied over
the last decade, but still has not become a mainstream option in the
United States, despite a favorable Cochrane review and several other
meta-analyses. The above small study is just one of many documenting the
safety and efficacy of this approach. It is critical to rule out ectopic
pregnancy and a viable intrauterine pregnancy before initiating this
protocol. Spontaneous unresolved early pregnancy failure usually
requires transvaginal sonography, which may be a limitation in some of
our settings. It is necessary to document either no embryonic pole
("empty sac"), or an embryonic pole \>16 mm with no cardiac activity,
and/or abnormal embryo growth (\<0.6 mm/day over 1 week of observation
and no heart beat). Presence of a yolk sac (implying that this is not an
ectopic pregnancy) with a beta-hCG increasing \<50% over 48 hours is
also helpful. Misoprostol is a teratogen and should not be given to
women with viable pregnancies.

Women who choose this option should sign informed consent, and be
assured that they may "cross over" to surgical evacuation at any time,
but especially if they have not passed the conceptus within 48 hours.
The most studied, and, most likely most effective, regimen, utilizes
intravaginal misoprostol 800 micrograms (four 200 mcg tablets), which
may be repeated in 24 hours if expulsion of the gestational sac has not
occurred. Success rates of over 80 per cent may be anticipated. Regimens
using oral misoprostol seem to be somewhat less effective. Oral narcotic
analgesics and anti-emetics may be used for management of patient
discomfort. Prophylactic antibiotics are not necessary. The patient
should be forewarned that significant bleeding is to be expected as the
tissue is being passed.

If doubt exists as to whether the miscarriage has been completed, repeat
endovaginal ultrasound may be done to document absence of the sac.
Ultrasound findings of a widened endometrial stripe (\>5 mm) have not
been helpful in deciding who has completed their evacuation
successfully, and are not necessary. Likewise, a decrease of at least
66-75% in pre-evacuation beta-hCG levels at 48 hours has been proposed
as evidence of complete expulsion, but clinical evaluation is felt to be
as or more accurate. Patients who do not expel the sac in 48 hours
should be referred for surgical evacuation. One to 3 per cent of
patients may experience bleeding heavy enough to require emergency
curettage, but the incidence of transfusion has consistently been \<1
per cent, the same as with planned surgical evacuation.

Misoprostol 600-800 mcg vaginally has also been used in the management
of incomplete abortion with similar success rates, however the published
experience is not as great as for missed abortion. At this time it may
be recommended as an option in some of our more remote settings if
surgical facilities are not immediately available and/or transport will
be delayed.

Patient acceptance of medical management of miscarriage is high. Over
70-95 per cent of women in most studies would choose this management if
needed again in the future, and a similar proportion would recommend it
to a friend. This definitely seems to be an efficacious, cost-effective,
and patient-friendly option for women with early pregnancy failure,
realizing that it may not be appropriate for all such women.

**Resources**

[Su
LL](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Su+LL"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al A prospective, randomized comparison of vaginal misoprostol versus
intra-amniotic prostaglandins for midtrimester termination of pregnancy.
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Oct;193(4):1410-4.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16202734&query_hl=1>

Zhang J et al A comparison of medical management with misoprostol and
surgical management for early pregnancy failure. N Engl J Med 2005 Aug
25;353(8):761-9.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16120856&query_hl=3>

Chung TK et al Spontaneous abortion: a randomized, controlled trial
comparing surgical evacuation with conservative management using
misoprostol. Fertil Steril 1999 Jun;71(6):1054-9.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=10360909&query_hl=5>

**Spontaneous abortion, UpToDate**

<http://www.uptodateonline.com/application/topic.asp?file=gen_gyne/22856&type=A&selectedTitle=2~3>

**Papers of interest from the 25^th^ Annual Meeting of the Society for
Maternal Fetal Medicine**

(All the following can be found at: [American Journal of Obstetrics and
Gynecology,](http://ezproxyhhs.nihlibrary.nih.gov:2079/science?_ob=JournalURL&_cdi=6688&_auth=y&_acct=C000000150&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10843&md5=3e7c79a24289ebd4d2bad0c9213ca284)
[Volume 193, Issue 3, Supplement
1](http://ezproxyhhs.nihlibrary.nih.gov:2079/science?_ob=IssueURL&_tockey=%23TOC%236688%232005%23998069996.8998%23605963%23FLA%23&_auth=y&view=c&_acct=C000000150&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10843&md5=5649b4442adb7a53d652cee089d9869c),
September 2005 <http://nihlibrary.ors.nih.gov/ezproxy/ihs.htm> )

**Rapid HIV versus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening in a
low-risk Mexican American population presenting in labor: A
cost-effectiveness analysis**

[Conclusion:]{.underline} In a low prevalence population, the universal
use of Oraquick rapid testing is cost-effective because of the low rate
of false-positive results, thus preventing the emotional and economic
costs of unnecessary treatment for human immunodeficiency virus to the
new mother and her family.

**Treatment of suspected fetal macrosomia: A cost-effectiveness
analysis**

[Conclusion]{.underline}: Fetal macrosomia with possible permanent
plexus injuries is a concern. Our analysis would suggest that expectant
treatment is the most cost-effective approach to this problem

**The interrelationship between ethnicity and obesity on obstetric
outcomes**

[Conclusion:]{.underline} Obesity increases the risk of cesarean
delivery, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and macrosomia, but this
effect varies among different ethnicities. The biometrics of different
ethnicities and associated obstetric outcomes needs further exploration.

**Acyclovir prophylaxis for pregnant women with a known history of
herpes simplex virus: A cost-effectiveness analysis**

[Conclusion:]{.underline} Acyclovir prophylaxis versus no treatment for
pregnant women with a diagnosed history of genital herpes simplex virus
infection but without recurrence during pregnancy is cost-effective over
a wide range of assumptions.

**The MFMU Cesarean Registry: Factors affecting the success of trial of
labor after previous cesarean delivery**

[Conclusion:]{.underline} Previous vaginal delivery including previous
VBAC is the greatest predictor for successful TOL. Previous indication
as dystocia, need for labor induction, or a maternal BMI ≥30
significantly lowers success rates.

**Progesterone for prevention of recurrent preterm birth: Impact of
gestational age at previous delivery**

[Conclusion:]{.underline} 17-OHP caproate therapy given to prevent
recurrent PTB is associated with a prolongation of pregnancy overall,
and especially for women with a previous spontaneous PTB at \<34 weeks

**A sister\'s risk: Family history as a predictor of preeclampsia**

### [Conclusion:]{.underline} The greater likelihood of preeclampsia among sisters of women with a previous preeclamptic pregnancy is consistent with a pathophysiologic role for genetic and/or behavioral factors that cluster in families. 

**Fetal response to maternal exercise in pregnancies with uteroplacental
insufficiency**

[Conclusion]{.underline} Submaximal steady state exercise had a
transient deleterious effect in a subset of women with uteroplacental
vascular insufficiency destined to develop early-onset IUGR.

**Screening for gestational diabetes: Different cut-offs for different
ethnicities?**

[Conclusions:]{.underline} To maximize the sensitivity and minimize the
false-positive rate of the glucose-loading test, it may be reasonable to
consider varying the threshold based on ethnicity. However, modification
of glucose-loading test thresholds based on maternal ethnicity merit
further study to determine whether improved perinatal outcomes can be
achieved

**Cesarean delivery and respiratory distress syndrome: Does labor make a
difference?**

[Conclusion:]{.underline} Cesarean delivery was an independent risk
factor for RDS. The risk was reduced with labor before cesarean, but
still elevated. This supports the importance of being certain of fetal
lung maturity before cesarean delivery, particularly when done before
labor

**Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) attempt in twin pregnancies: Is it
safe?**

[Conclusion]{.underline}

Women with twin gestations are less likely to attempt a VBAC, but they
are no more likely to fail a VBAC trial or experience a major morbid
event compared with women with singleton gestations

**The interval between a single course of antenatal steroids and
delivery and its association with neonatal outcomes**

[Conclusion:]{.underline} Among infants exposed to a single course of
antenatal steroids, delivering more than 7 days after initiation of
treatment was associated with an increased need for short-term
respiratory support, but not other measures of neonatal morbidity. These
data challenge the concept of diminishing efficacy of steroids after 7
days, and question the need for considering a rescue course.

**Short cervical length after history-indicated cerclage: Is a
reinforcing cerclage beneficial?**

[Conclusion]{.underline}: In pregnancies with a history-indicated
cerclage and subsequently diagnosed ultrasound cervical shortening
before 24 weeks, placement of a reinforcing cerclage is associated with
earlier delivery than expectant management.

#### Primary Care Discussion Forum {#primary-care-discussion-forum .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Morbidity and Mortality Rounds - Web Based\***

**Rectal bleeding: Is it hemorrhoids?**

-40 year old American Indian female presents to a remote ambulatory care
clinic with intermittent blood in her stool for the last 3 months.

-She has had chronic constipation.

-She believes that the blood is due to her hemorrhoids.

### How to subscribe / unsubscribe to the Primary Care Discussion Forum?

Subscribe to the Primary Care listserv

<http://www.ihs.gov/generalweb/helpcenter/helpdesk/index.cfm?module=listserv&option=subscribe&newquery=1>

Unsubscribe from the Primary Care listserv

<http://www.ihs.gov/generalweb/helpcenter/helpdesk/index.cfm?module=listserv&option=unsubscribe&newquery=1>

Questions on how to subscribe, contact <nmurphy@scf.cc> directly

**STD Corner - Lori de Ravello, National IHS STD Program**

**Daily suppressive therapy is recommended for HSV-2 seropositive
individuals**

[FINDINGS]{.underline}: An estimated 45 million persons in the United
States have genital herpes infection, and new infections occur at a rate
of approximately one million per year. Approximately 85% to 90% of
infections are unrecognized and therefore undiagnosed. Individuals with
genital HSV-2 infection shed virus during asymptomatic periods as well
as symptomatic periods. In fact, transmission frequently occurs during
periods of asymptomatic viral shedding. Asymptomatic viral shedding (1)
occurs in the majority of patients with genital HSV-2 infection; (2)
accounts for approximately one third of the days of viral shedding; (3)
occurs regardless of duration of infection but is most frequent during
the first year after infection; (4) occurs more than 7 days before or
after a symptomatic recurrence 50% of the time; and (5) does not differ
significantly when comparing patients with 1 to 12 annual recurrences to
those with no recurrences. A recently published study of discordant
couples counseled on safe sex practices found that once daily
suppressive therapy with valacyclovir reduced the risk of transmission
of HSV-2 in heterosexual immunocompetent adult couples discordant for
HSV-2 infection. In an 8-month study, daily valacyclovir compared with
placebo reduced the risk of acquisition of symptomatic genital HSV-2
infection by 75% (2.2% placebo vs. 0.5% valacyclovir; hazard ratio =
0.25; p = 0.008). The overall risk of acquisition of HSV-2 infection
(defined via laboratory-confirmed symptoms or seroconversion) was
reduced by 48% (3.6% placebo vs. 1.9% valacyclovir hazard ratio = 0.52;
p = 0.04). The most common adverse events in the study were headache,
nasopharyngitis, and upper respiratory infection.

[CONCLUSION:]{.underline} Daily suppressive therapy is recommended as a
therapeutic option for HSV-2 seropositive individuals at risk of
transmitting HSV-2. Because no intervention completely protects against
transmission of HSV, infected individuals and their partners should be
counseled to use safer sex practices, including the use of condoms.

Leone P Reducing the risk of transmitting genital herpes: advances in
understanding and therapy. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005 Oct;21(10):1577-82.  

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16238897&query_hl=2>

**Other issues**

**HIV - Grade A recommendation: Screen high risk adolescents / adults,
plus all pregnant**

The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) continues to
recommend screening all adolescents and adults at high risk for HIV and
now also recommends screening all pregnant women. The guidelines,
updated since 1996, make no recommendations for or against screening
adolescents and non-pregnant adults not at high risk.

**Grade A recommendation:** The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
(USPSTF) strongly recommends that clinicians screen for HIV all
adolescents and adults at increased risk for HIV infection.
<http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/143/1/32> or

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=15998753&dopt=Abstract>

**Need to reassess screening young men to complement screening among
young women**

It is time to reassess the need for screening sexually active young men
to complement ongoing screening efforts among young women. Our CT
\[Chlamydia trachomatis\] male screening program was effective in
identifying a treatable condition with a moderate level of prevalence
and morbidity via an accurate, acceptable, and feasible screening
mechanism.

CT is a major public health epidemic, with 3 million new cases occurring
annually, a disproportionate number of which involve adolescents. All
major policy groups recommend screening sexually active females ages
15-25 for CT, but only the American Medical Association recommends
screening males in this age group. Three recent studies document rates
of 3.7% to 5.3% of CT among young males. The study was part of a larger
randomized controlled trial evaluating a system-level intervention
designed to increase CT screening among sexually active young females
during health maintenance visits (HMVs).

\* A total of 1,088 sexually active male adolescents visited the
intervention clinics, and 1,134 visited the control clinics.

\* At baseline 2.6% of sexually active male adolescents who visited the
intervention clinics had been screened for CT, and 7.0% those who
visited the control clinics had been screened.

\* By the end of the study period, 48% of sexually active male
adolescents who visited the intervention clinics had been screened for
CT. Only 9% of sexually active males who visited the control clinics had
been screened.

#### Tebb KP, Pantell RH, Wibbelsman CJ, et al. 2005. Screening sexually active adolescents for Chlamyidia trachomatis: What about the boys? American Journal of Public Health 95(10):1806-1810 [**http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16186459&dopt=Abstract**](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=16186459&dopt=Abstract) {#tebb-kp-pantell-rh-wibbelsman-cj-et-al.-2005.-screening-sexually-active-adolescents-for-chlamyidia-trachomatis-what-about-the-boys-american-journal-of-public-health-95101806-1810-httpwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.goventrezquery.fcgicmdretrievedbpubmedlist_uids16186459doptabstract .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-36 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Screening for Genital Herpes: Recommendation Statement USPSTF  {#screening-for-genital-herpes-recommendation-statement-uspstf .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

Summary of Recommendations

The USPSTF recommends against routine serologic screening for HSV
infection in asymptomatic pregnant women at any time during pregnancy to
prevent neonatal HSV infection. **D recommendation.**

The USPSTF found fair evidence that screening asymptomatic pregnant
women using serologic screening tests for HSV antibody does not reduce
transmission of HSV to newborn infants. Women who develop primary HSV
infection during pregnancy have the highest risk for transmitting HSV
infection to their infants. Because these women initially are
seronegative, serologic screening tests for HSV (e.g., enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay \[ELISA\], immunoblot, and western blot assay
\[WBA\]) do not accurately detect those at highest risk. There is no
evidence that treating seronegative women decreases risk for neonatal
infection. There is limited evidence that the use of antiviral therapy
in women with a history of recurrent HSV infection, or performance of
cesarean section in women with active HSV lesions at the time of
delivery, decreases neonatal herpes infection. There also is limited
evidence of the safety of antiviral therapy in pregnant women and
neonates.

The potential harms of screening include false-positive test results,
labeling, and anxiety, as well as false-negative tests and false
reassurance, although these potential harms are not well studied. The
USPSTF determined that there are no benefits associated with screening,
and therefore the potential harms outweigh the benefits.

The USPSTF recommends against routine serologic screening for HSV
infection in asymptomatic adolescents and adults. **D recommendation**.

The USPSTF found no evidence that screening asymptomatic adolescents and
adults with serologic tests for HSV antibody improves health outcomes or
symptoms, or reduces transmission of the disease. There is good evidence
that serologic screening tests can accurately identify those persons who
have been exposed to HSV. There is good evidence that antiviral therapy
improves health outcomes in symptomatic persons (e.g., those with
multiple recurrences); however, there is no evidence that the use of
antiviral therapy improves health outcomes in those with asymptomatic
infection. The potential harms of screening include false-positive test
results, labeling, and anxiety, although there is limited evidence of
any potential harms of screening or treatment. The USPSTF determined
that the benefits of screening are minimal, at best, and that the
potential harms outweigh the potential benefits.

#### [**http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsherp.htm**](http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsherp.htm) {#httpwww.ahrq.govclinicuspstfuspsherp.htm .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-37 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Screening for Gonorrhea: Recommendation Statement USPSTF {#screening-for-gonorrhea-recommendation-statement-uspstf .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

Summary of Recommendations

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that
physicians screen all sexually active women, including those who are
pregnant, for gonorrhea if they are at increased risk for the infection
(i.e., if they are young or have other individual or population risk
factors; see Clinical Considerations for further discussion of risk
factors). **B recommendation**.

Women with asymptomatic gonorrhea infection have high morbidity because
of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic
pain. Pregnant women with gonorrhea infection are at risk for preterm
rupture of membranes, preterm labor, and chorioamnionitis. There is fair
evidence (Table 2) that screening tests can accurately detect gonorrhea
infection, and good evidence that antibiotics can cure gonorrhea
infection. There is fair evidence that screening pregnant women at high
risk for gonorrhea, including women at high risk because of younger age,
may prevent other complications associated with gonococcal infection
during pregnancy, such as preterm delivery and chorioamnionitis.
Potential harms of screening and treatment for gonorrhea include
false-positive test results, anxiety, and unnecessary antibiotic use.
There is insufficient evidence (because of a lack of studies) to
quantify the magnitude of these potential harms. The USPSTF judges the
magnitude of the potential harms to be small. The USPSTF concludes that
the benefits of screening women at increased risk for gonorrhea
infection outweigh the potential harms

The USPSTF found insufficient evidence to recommend for or against
routine screening for gonorrhea infection in men at increased risk for
infection (see Clinical Considerations for discussion of risk factors).
**I recommendation.**

The morbidity from undiagnosed and untreated genital gonorrhea infection
is lower in men than women. Clinical symptoms are more likely to lead to
diagnosis and treatment in men; thus, the prevalence of asymptomatic
infection in men is lower. There is fair evidence that noninvasive
screening tests can accurately detect gonorrhea infection, and good
evidence that antibiotics cure gonorrhea infection. Potential harms of
screening and treatment for gonorrhea include false-positive test
results, anxiety, and unnecessary antibiotic use. There is insufficient
evidence (because of a lack of studies) to quantify the magnitude of
these potential harms. The USPSTF judges the magnitude of the potential
harms of screening men for gonorrhea to be small. Given the low
prevalence of asymptomatic infection in men, the USPSTF could not
determine the balance of benefits and harms of screening for gonorrhea
infection in men at increased risk for infection.

The USPSTF recommends against routine screening for gonorrhea infection
in men and women who are at low risk for infection (see Clinical
Considerations for discussion of risk factors). **D recommendation.**

There is a low prevalence of gonorrhea infection in the general
population and consequently a low yield from screening. Thus, the USPSTF
concludes that potential harms of screening (i.e., false-positive test
results, labeling) in low-prevalence populations outweigh the benefits.

The USPSTF found insufficient evidence to recommend for or against
routine screening for gonorrhea infection in pregnant women who are not
at increased risk for infection (see Clinical Considerations for
discussion of risk factors). **I recommendation.**

The prevalence of gonorrhea infection in pregnant women who are not at
increased risk for infection is low. The USPSTF could not determine the
balance between benefits and harms of screening for gonorrhea in
pregnant women who are not at increased risk for infection.

The USPSTF strongly recommends prophylactic ocular topical medication
for all newborns against gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum. **A
recommendation.**

There is good evidence that blindness caused by gonococcal ophthalmia
neonatorum has become rare in the United States since the implementation
of universal preventive medication of infants.
<http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf05/gonorrhea/gonrs.htm>

####  {#section-38 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Genital Herpes: A Review (see also Patient Education) {#genital-herpes-a-review-see-also-patient-education .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Genital herpes simplex virus infection is a recurrent, lifelong disease with no cure. The strongest predictor for infection is a person\'s number of lifetime sex partners. The natural history includes first-episode mucocutaneous infection, establishment of latency in the dorsal root ganglion, and subsequent reactivation. Most infections are transmitted via asymptomatic viral shedding. Classic outbreaks consist of a skin prodrome and possible constitutional symptoms such as headache, fever, and inguinal lymphadenopathy. As the infection progresses, papules, vesicles on an erythematous base, and erosions appear over hours to days. These lesions usually crust, re-epithelialize, and heal without scarring. First-episode infections are more extensive: primary lesions last two to six weeks versus approximately one week for lesions in recurrent disease. Atypical manifestations are common. Infected persons experience a median of four recurrences per year after their first episode, but rates vary greatly. Genital herpes simplex virus type 2 recurs six times more frequently than type 1. Viral culture is preferred over polymerase chain reaction testing for diagnosis. Serologic testing can be useful in persons with a questionable history. Effective oral antiviral medications are available for initial, episodic, and suppressive therapy but are not a cure. There is some evidence that alternative therapies such as [l]{.smallcaps}-lysine, zinc, and some herbal preparations may offer some benefit. Counseling patients about the risk of transmission is crucial and helps prevent the spread of disease and neonatal complications. Am Fam Physician 2005;72:1527-34, 1541-2 [**http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051015/1527.html**](http://www.aafp.org/afp/20051015/1527.html) {#genital-herpes-simplex-virus-infection-is-a-recurrent-lifelong-disease-with-no-cure.-the-strongest-predictor-for-infection-is-a-persons-number-of-lifetime-sex-partners.-the-natural-history-includes-first-episode-mucocutaneous-infection-establishment-of-latency-in-the-dorsal-root-ganglion-and-subsequent-reactivation.-most-infections-are-transmitted-via-asymptomatic-viral-shedding.-classic-outbreaks-consist-of-a-skin-prodrome-and-possible-constitutional-symptoms-such-as-headache-fever-and-inguinal-lymphadenopathy.-as-the-infection-progresses-papules-vesicles-on-an-erythematous-base-and-erosions-appear-over-hours-to-days.-these-lesions-usually-crust-re-epithelialize-and-heal-without-scarring.-first-episode-infections-are-more-extensive-primary-lesions-last-two-to-six-weeks-versus-approximately-one-week-for-lesions-in-recurrent-disease.-atypical-manifestations-are-common.-infected-persons-experience-a-median-of-four-recurrences-per-year-after-their-first-episode-but-rates-vary-greatly.-genital-herpes-simplex-virus-type-2-recurs-six-times-more-frequently-than-type-1.-viral-culture-is-preferred-over-polymerase-chain-reaction-testing-for-diagnosis.-serologic-testing-can-be-useful-in-persons-with-a-questionable-history.-effective-oral-antiviral-medications-are-available-for-initial-episodic-and-suppressive-therapy-but-are-not-a-cure.-there-is-some-evidence-that-alternative-therapies-such-as-l-lysine-zinc-and-some-herbal-preparations-may-offer-some-benefit.-counseling-patients-about-the-risk-of-transmission-is-crucial-and-helps-prevent-the-spread-of-disease-and-neonatal-complications.-am-fam-physician-2005721527-34-1541-2-httpwww.aafp.orgafp200510151527.html .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  {#section-39 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Barbara Stillwater Alaska State Diabetes Program  {#barbara-stillwater-alaska-state-diabetes-program .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Big Babies at Risk of Obesity Later in Life**

CONCLUSIONS: Infants who are at the highest end of the distribution for
weight or body mass index or who grow rapidly during infancy are at
increased risk of subsequent obesity.

[Baird
J](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Baird+J"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Being big or growing fast: systematic review of size and growth in
infancy and later obesity. BMJ. 2005 Oct 22;331(7522):929.\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16227306&query_hl=11>

**Pedometers may help couch potatoes get sorely needed exercise**

That's 3 Extra Miles a Day. Providing Pedometers Can Increases Physical
Activity by 6000 Steps A Day CONCLUSION: Women walk more when told to
take 10,000 steps per day compared with those instructed to take a brisk
30-min walk. On days when women took a 30-min walk, their average step
count was near 10,000.

Hultquist, C.N. et al Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, April
2005; vol 37: pp 678-683.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15809569&query_hl=3>

**Rate of BMI Increase in Childhood Predicts Risk of Adult Heart
Disease**\
Low birth weight and a combination of low BMI at 2 years and high BMI at
11 years, reflecting rapid weight gain between age 2 and 11 years,
predicts later CHD.

CONCLUSIONS: On average, adults who had a coronary event had been small
at birth and thin at two years of age and thereafter put on weight
rapidly. This pattern of growth during childhood was associated with
insulin resistance in later life. The risk of coronary events was more
strongly related to the tempo of childhood gain in BMI than to the BMI
attained at any particular age.

[Barker
DJ](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Barker+DJ"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Trajectories of growth among children who have coronary events as
adults. N Engl J Med. 2005 Oct 27;353(17):1802-9.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16251536&query_hl=5>

**Just an additional 3200 steps a day, not 10,000 shows fitness gains**

Any Level of Exercise Can Help

CONCLUSIONS: Exercising at a level of 19 km/wk at 40 to 55% of peak
V(O2) is sufficient to increase aerobic fitness levels, and increasing
either exercise intensity or the amount beyond these parameters will
yield additional separate and combined effects on markers of aerobic
fitness. Therefore, it is appropriate to recommend mild exercise to
improve fitness and reduce cardiovascular risk yet encourage higher
intensities and amounts for additional benefit.\
[Duscha
BD](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Duscha+BD"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Effects of exercise training amount and intensity on peak oxygen
consumption in middle-age men and women at risk for cardiovascular
disease. Chest. 2005 Oct;128(4):2788-93
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16236956&query_hl=7>

**Apple Shape Predicts Heart Attack Risk Better than BMI**\
A pot belly increases the risk of a heart attack \-- even if the rest of
the physique is as skinny as a beanpole. INTERPRETATION: Waist-to-hip
ratio shows a graded and highly significant association with myocardial
infarction risk worldwide. Redefinition of obesity based on waist-to-hip
ratio instead of BMI increases the estimate of myocardial infarction
attributable to obesity in most ethnic groups.

Yusuf S et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000
participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 2005; 366:
1640-49.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16271645&query_hl=4>

and

Yusuf S et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated
with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study):
case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364: 937--52
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15364185&query_hl=2>

**Diabetes Mortality in Alaska, 1994-2003**

[[http://www.epi.alaska.gov/bulletins/docs/rr2005_04.pdf]{.underline}](http://www.epi.alaska.gov/bulletins/docs/rr2005_04.pdf)

**HRSA funding opportunity for women\'s health**

WHO: Any public or private entity, including an Indian tribe or tribal
organization. Faith-based and community organizations are eligible to
apply for this Federal funding.

WHAT: The goal of this program is to develop and demonstrate creative
and innovative approaches that are effective in reducing the prevalence
of overweight/obesity in women by increasing the number of women who
adopt positive, healthy, lifestyles.

WHEN: Applications are due December 2, 2005.

ANTICIPATED AWARD AMOUNT: Three awards totaling \$450,000.

CONTACT: Lisa King at <lisa.king@hrsa.hhs.gov> or (301) 443-9739. FULL
ANNOUNCEMENT:
<http://www.fedgrants.gov/Applicants/HHS/HRSA/GAC/HRSA-06-063/listing.html>

**Higher Doses of Acetaminophen and NSAIDs Increases Risk of
Hypertension**

Higher daily doses of acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs independently increase the risk of hypertension in women. Because
acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly
used, they may contribute to the high prevalence of hypertension in the
United States.

Non-Narcotic Analgesic Dose and Risk of Incident Hypertension in US
Women, John P. Forman\
Hypertension. 2005;46:500. September 2005.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16103274&query_hl=1>

**Mom\'s Stress Triggers Diabetes-Related Autoimmunity in Children:
Divorce and violence**

CONCLUSIONS: The results support the beta-cell stress hypothesis and
suggest that maternal experiences of serious life events such as divorce
and violence seem to be involved in the induction or progression of
diabetes-related autoimmunity in children at age 2.5 years, independent
of family history of type 1 diabetes.

[Sepa
A](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Sepa+A"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Frodi
A](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Frodi+A"%5BAuthor%5D),
[Ludvigsson
J](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Ludvigsson+J"%5BAuthor%5D).
Mothers\' experiences of serious life events increase the risk of
diabetes-related autoimmunity in their children. Diabetes Care. 2005
Oct;28(10):2394-9.

<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16186269&query_hl=7>

**Study Sheds Light On How Oxygen Effects Birth Defects In Diabetic
Pregnancy**

Women with diabetes should be consulting with their healthcare team to
be sure they have good glycemic control before becoming pregnant,\" she
added. Maintaining blood glucose control continues to be important
throughout the pregnancy, she said, but it is particularly important
during the first eight weeks, when an embryo\'s organs are forming.\
[Li
R](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Search&term="Li+R"%5BAuthor%5D),
et al Hypoxic stress in diabetic pregnancy contributes to impaired
embryo gene expression and defective development by inducing oxidative
stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Oct;289(4):E591-9\
<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15928021&query_hl=9>

# Save the dates {#save-the-dates .Style-Style-Heading-1-+-Underline-+-Pattern:-Clear-(Gray-12.5%)}

**National Conference on Juvenile Issues**

-   January 9--13, 2006

-   Washington, DC

-   Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

-   Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

<http://www.juvenilecouncil.gov/2006NationalConference/index.html>

**21st Annual Midwinter Indian Health OB / PEDS Conference**

-   For providers caring for Native women and children

-   January 27-29, 2006

-   Telluride, CO

-   Contact Alan Waxman <AWaxman@salud.unm.edu>

**Advances in Indian Health, 6^th^ Annual**

-   May 2-6, 2006

-   Albuquerque, NM

-   Save the dates brochure

<http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/CN01.cfm#May06>

**Native Peoples of North America HIV/AIDS Conference**

-   May 3--6, 2006

-   Anchorage, Alaska

-   Embracing Our Traditions, Values, and Teachings
    [www.embracingourtraditions.org](http://www.embracingourtraditions.org/)

-   [National Institutes of Health (NIH),
    DHHS](http://www.embracingourtraditions.org/conf_info.htm)
    <http://www.ou.edu/rec/pdf/Native_Fact_Sheet.pdf>

**ACOG 2006 Annual Clinical Meeting (ACM)**

-   May 6-10, 2006

-   Washington, DC

-   Save the dates brochure
    [http://www.acog.org/abstract%2Dsubmission/](http://www.acog.org/abstract-submission/)

**I.H.S. / A.C.O.G. Obstetric, Neonatal, and Gynecologic Care Course**

-   September 17 -- 21, 2006

-   Denver, CO

-   Contact <YMalloy@acog.org> or call Yvonne Malloy at 202-863-2580

```{=html}
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-   Last year's brochure link below (2005 Brochure) (PDF 145k)

-   <http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/Documents/FinalACOGBrochure.pdf>

-   NEONATAL RESUSCITATION PROGRAM available

# What's new on the ITU MCH web pages? {#whats-new-on-the-itu-mch-web-pages .Style-Style-Heading-1-+-Underline-+-Pattern:-Clear-(Gray-12.5%)}

**Credentialing and Privileging Guide, IHS, Revised 9/05**

<http://www.ihs.gov/NonMedicalPrograms/nc4/Documents/revisedIHScredentialingguide.pdf>

**Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Guidelines: Referral and Diagnosis**

[http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/documents/rr5411_FAS%20guidelines.pdf](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/documents/rr5411_FAS guidelines.pdf)

There are several upcoming **Conferences**

<http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/CN01.cfm#top>

and **Online CME/CEU resources**, etc....

<http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/CN13.cfm>

and the latest **Perinatology Corners** (free online CME from IHS) are
at

<http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/MCHpericrnr.asp>

...or just take a look at the **What's New** page

<http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/W/WN00.asp#top>

# Did you miss something in the last OB/GYN Chief Clinical Consultant Corner? {#did-you-miss-something-in-the-last-obgyn-chief-clinical-consultant-corner .Style-Style-Heading-1-+-Underline-+-Pattern:-Clear-(Gray-12.5%)}

#### The October 2005 OB/GYN CCC Corner is available at: {#the-october-2005-obgyn-ccc-corner-is-available-at .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### [**http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005.cfm**](http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/obgyn1005.cfm) {#httpwww.ihs.govmedicalprogramsmchmobgyn1005.cfm .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

####  Abstract of the Month: page 4 {#abstract-of-the-month-page-4 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

Family cohesion and conflict in an American Indian Community

Guest Editorial: Peter Stuart, Chinle

#### From your colleagues: page 6 {#from-your-colleagues-page-6 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

Carolyn Aoyama

-Children and Teens Told by Doctors That They Were Overweight

-CDC Childhood Obesity Fact Sheets

Burt Attico

-Health Status of American Indians, Alaska Natives Still Lagging Behind

Tony Dekker

-Opioid Use for Moderate to Severe Pain

Mary Lynn Eaglestaff

-Preterm Labor: Signs and Symptoms - Patient Education Brochure

James Galloway

-Sunday Morning Program**:** Cardiovascular Disease in AI/AN

Ben Garnett

#### -Passive immunization during pregnancy for congenital cytomegalovirus infection {#passive-immunization-during-pregnancy-for-congenital-cytomegalovirus-infection .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

Chuck North

-FIT test - Toward a better fecal occult blood test: Comparison with
colonoscopy

Judy Thierry:

-Maternal Mortality in Indian Country: Follow-up to September CCCC
Abstract

-Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to Analyze MCH Epi Data

-Health Care Services Are Not Always Available to Native Americans

-Birth Defects Prevention: Realizing the Full Potential of Folic Acid

-Scrub Club: As we enter flu, coughs and cold season - hand washing

...and more

#### Hot Topics {#hot-topics-2 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

##### Obstetrics page 11

-Do Pregnant Women Require Rectal Swabs for GBS?

-First Validated Model Predicts Risk of Failed Vaginal Birth After
Cesarean

-Both obesity and excessive weight gain decrease the likelihood for VBAC

-MRSA Infection Emerging Problem in Pregnant Patients

-Postnatal Depression - What are the effects of drug treatments?

....and more

**Gynecology page 15**

-Paroxetine Curbs Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

-Social and cultural barriers to Pap test screening: Fatalistic
attitudes, lack of support

-Tension-free vaginal tape procedure is effective over a period of 7
years

-IDSA Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria

#### -Management of Spontaneous Abortion {#management-of-spontaneous-abortion .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

....and more

**Child Health page 17**

#1 cause of pediatric deaths!!!

-Broad portrait of what adolescents are doing and thinking

-Concussion tool kit for coaches

-AAP Report on Pregnancy in Adolescents

-Children's Health Month

....and more

**Chronic Illness and Disease page 19**

-Native Americans with highest rates of major depressive disorder

-\"Menopausal Arthritis\" May Develop in Women Receiving Aromatase
inhibitors

-Metformin for Overweight and Obese Adults: Not proven outside of DM or
PCOS yet

-Systematic review: TCAs and SSRIs effective, low-dose TCAs also
effective - primary care

-Blood pressure reading is one of the most inaccurately performed

....and more

####  {#section-40 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Features: page 22 {#features-page-22 .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

##### American Family Physician

-Does a Low Glycemic Index Diet Reduce CHD?

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

-Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Women\'s Health

-The Role of the Obstetrician--Gynecologist in the Assessment and
Management of Obesity

-Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy

-Screening for Tay--Sachs Disease

**Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality**

-Supracervical and TAH result in similar sexual functioning and quality
of life

-Women with atherosclerosis / high cholesterol receive less intense
management than men

-Estrogen with progestin higher discontinuation rates in women with
diabetes and CVD

**Ask a Librarian**

-Help Us Establish a Free Electronic Patient Education Resource Center

**Breastfeeding**

**-Katrina: The Role of Human Milk and Breastfeeding**

**Case Managers Corner**

-Great opportunity for any AI/AN nurses with Masters or PhDs - Request
from HRSA

**CCC Corner Digest**

-Cesarean delivery in AI/AN women: How are low rates explained?

-Diabetes prevention and control - Prenatal program

-Maternal Morbidity in AI/AN Women, 2002-2004

-Meperidine for Dystocia During First Stage of Labor: Limit Use

-PID: Outpatient treatment was as effective in preventing reproductive
morbidity

-Adolescents Prefer Honesty and Patient-Centered Care

-One Third of Deaths From GI Bleeding Due to NSAIDs

-Elaine Locke: Key Contributor to Improve AI/ AN Women's Health for 35
years

-Management of abnormal cervical cytology and histology, ACOG Practice
Bulletin

-AHRQ Research Activities Relevant to the American Indian and Alaska
Native Community

-Glyburide nor glipizide compatible with breast-feeding

-Wouldn't it be nice if there was more distance education available to
nurses?

-Cancer screening in elderly patients: a framework for individualized
decision making

-EC in adolescents: No compromise of family planning or increased sexual
behavior

-CDC "Key Facts about Flu Vaccine"

-Magical Mystery Tour: Overbooked clinic and next patient with chronic
pelvic pain

-Public health approach to suicide prevention in an American Indian
Tribal Nation

-Follow-up of Last month's Corner Ortho Evra discussion

-Electronic Health Record for care of women and children

-First trimester prenatal genetic screening:  Is it ready for 'Prime
Time' at your facility?

-Primary Care Discussion Forum-November 1, 2005 - Rectal bleeding: Is it
hemorrhoids?         

-Appropriate use of narcotics for chronic non-malignant pain, Chuck
North, ABQ

-Screening for sexually transmitted diseases in non-traditional
settings: a personal view

**Domestic Violence**

-October is Domestic Violence Awareness Month

-Domestic Violence Prevention Enhancement and Leadership Through
Alliances (DELTA)

-Indian Health Violence Against Women web site

-50 Tribal TANF sites, updated August 2005

**Elder Care News**

-Cancer screening in elderly patients: a framework for individualized
decision making

-Stop Abuse and Sexual Assault against older individuals: Grants
available

**Family Planning**

# -ParaGard^®^ T 380A Approved for Nulliparous Women in Stable Relationships from Age 16

-Extension of the ring cycle reduced bleeding days, well tolerated and
desired by many

-Lower- vs. Higher-Dose Estrogen for Contraception Clinical Question

**Featured Web Site**

-Newly Released Perinatology Corner Module - Shoulder Dystocia

**Frequently asked questions**

-Are there any clinical pointers for alcohol withdrawal in pregnancy?

-If a patient has an IUD and develops a Chlamydia infection, should you
remove the IUD?

**Indian Child Health Notes**

-Is gambling good for you?

-Guidelines for Menactra, the new quadrivalent meningitis vaccine

-Oral health therapists - a low cost and low tech approach to the
problem of dental access

-Community Acquired Methicillin - coming to a clinic near you

**Information Technology**

-Still doing GYN surgery the old fashioned way? Robotic surgery in
remote settings

International Health

-After Katrina: Health Professionals\' Notes From the Field

#### MCH Alert

-Association between neighbor characteristics and adolescent sexual
behavior

-Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Knowledge Path

#### Medical Mystery Tour

#### -HCG curves redefined: Symptomatic patients with an early viable intrauterine pregnancy Medscape

######### -Complications of Cesarean Deliveries

######### -Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, Women, and Cancer - CME

**Menopause Management**

#### -What really causes hot flashes and how to fix them? {#what-really-causes-hot-flashes-and-how-to-fix-them .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### -Gabapentin May Control Hot Flashes in Women With Breast Cancer {#gabapentin-may-control-hot-flashes-in-women-with-breast-cancer .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

**Midwives Corner**

-Increased risk of overall major congenital malformations with
paroxetine

**Navajo News**

-Syphilis Treatment Issues---Azithromycin Use Not Encouraged for
Syphilis Treatment

#### Office of Women's Health, CDC

-Cesarean Rates for First Births and Repeat Cesarean for Low-Risk Women:
1990-2003

-Sexual Behavior and Health Measures: Men and Women 15-44 Years of Age

-Births: Final Data for 2003

**Oklahoma Perspective**

-Less quantity of prenatal visits with higher quality: Outcome based
analysis

Osteoporosis

-Secondary Fracture Prevention with Calcium and Vitamin D

-Can Examination Findings Predict Osteoporosis Risk?

-Soy Consumption Reduces Bone Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal

Patient Education

-Preterm Labor: Signs and Symptoms -- Aberdeen Area Brochure

#### -Diverticular Disease: What You Should Know? {#diverticular-disease-what-you-should-know .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

Perinatology Picks

-Newly Released Perinatology Corner Module - Shoulder Dystocia

-Thyroid-stimulating hormone decreases significantly during the first
trimester

Primary Care Discussion Forum

November 1, 2005, Rectal bleeding: Is it hemorrhoids Morbidity and
Mortality Rounds

STD Corner

-Goodbye Laura Shelby, Welcome Lori de Ravello

-Which Comes First in Adolescence---Sex and Drugs or Depression?

#### -Inaccurate, Outdated Serologic Tests for Genital Herpes Still in Use {#inaccurate-outdated-serologic-tests-for-genital-herpes-still-in-use .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### -HIV Screening Health-Care Settings: Adolescents, Pregnancy, Adult Recommendations {#hiv-screening-health-care-settings-adolescents-pregnancy-adult-recommendations .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### -Annual Screening for C. trachomatis Is Cost-Effective {#annual-screening-for-c.-trachomatis-is-cost-effective .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### -Testing for primary HIV infection with p24 antigen EIA may be a sound use of resources {#testing-for-primary-hiv-infection-with-p24-antigen-eia-may-be-a-sound-use-of-resources .Style-Heading-4-+-Arial-14-pt-Underline}

#### Barbara Stillwater, Alaska Diabetes Prevention and Control

-Pedometers Increase Activity for Patients

-Prevalence of Diabetes Among Adult Alaskans: 2002-2004

-Women who eat breakfast are less likely to be overweight than those who
fast till lunch

-Implementing health behavior change in primary care: lessons from
prescription for health

-Vinegar Significantly Lowers Blood Glucose, Insulin Response, and
Increases Satiety

and more...

###### Save the Dates: Upcoming events of interest page 44

The past CCC Corners are archived at:

<http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/OBGYN01.cfm#top>

The CCC Corner is good way to inform ITU providers about recent updates,
while decreasing the number of e-mail messages.

Let me know if you want to add something to next month's CCC Corner at
<nmurphy@scf.cc>

or 907 729 3154 (with voicemail)

\*The opinions expressed in the OB/GYN CCC Corner are strictly those of
the authors, and not necessarily those of the Indian Health System, or
the author of this newsletter. If you have any comments, please share
them by joining the Primary Care Discussion Forum where this topic was
recently discussed. To join the Primary Care Listserv, click on
'Subscribe' here
<http://www.ihs.gov/MedicalPrograms/MCH/M/MCHdiscuss.asp>

11/20/05njm