# ![](media/image1.jpeg){width="0.89375in" height="0.94375in"}   Doing Business in Lebanon

#  2009 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies

# INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT, U.S. & FOREIGN COMMERCIAL SERVICE AND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2009. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES.

-   [Chapter 1: Doing Business In Lebanon...](#ch1)

-   [Chapter 2: Political and Economic Environment](#ch2)

-   [Chapter 3: Selling U.S. Products and Services](#ch3)

-   [Chapter 4: Leading Sectors for U.S. Export and Investment](#ch4)

-   [Chapter 5: Trade Regulations and Standards](#ch5)

-   [Chapter 6: Investment Climate](#ch6)

-   [Chapter 7: Trade and Project Financing](#ch7)

-   [Chapter 8: Business Travel](#ch8)

-   [Chapter 9: Contacts, Market Research and Trade
    Events](#chapter-9-contacts-market-research-and-trade-events)

-   [Chapter 10: Guide to Our Services](#ch10)

[[]{#ch1 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

# Chapter 1: Doing Business In Lebanon

-   [Market Overview](#market-overview-return-to-top)

-   [Market Challenges](#market-challenges-return-to-top)

-   [Market Opportunities](#market-opportunities-return-to-top)

-   [Market Entry Strategy](#market-entry-strategy-return-to-top)

## Market Overview [**Return to top**](#ch1)

-   Lebanon, with a population of 3.8 million, is the 68^th^ largest
    market for U.S. exports. During the first nine months of 2008, the
    United States exported \$1.1 billion worth of goods to Lebanon,
    representing a year-on-year increase of 81percent. In 2008, the top
    five U.S. exports to Lebanon were vehicles, mineral fuel and oil,
    machinery, agricultural commodities, and medical instruments.

-   Real GDP growth is estimated at six percent in 2008, according to
    the central Bank of Lebanon. Nominal GDP is estimated at about \$29
    billion in 2008, with inflation estimated at around eight percent.
    The Central Administration of statistics estimates Lebanon's
    population in 2007 at 3.75 million, excluding Palestinians in the
    camps and the seasonal workers.

-   Lebanon's economy is based on laissez-faire philosophy. An
    overwhelming majority of the economy is dollarized. The country has
    very few restrictions on the movement of capital across its borders.
    Foreign investors are allowed to manage and hold business and
    private assets without any restrictions, and the Lebanese Government
    does not require investors to engage in any particular sector or
    project. The Lebanese Government's intervention in foreign trade is
    minimal. Since 1999, Lebanon has observer status at the WTO, and is
    preparing for full membership in 2009. In 2006, Lebanon signed an
    Association Agreement with the European Union, Lebanon's largest
    trading partner.  

-   In May 2000, parliament adopted a privatization law that established
    a framework for the privatization of state-owned enterprises.
    However, privatization of state institutions has been delayed
    because of internal political strife. New privatization plans have
    been laid out in the government's master plan for reform and include
    the privatization of the two mobile phone companies, the fixed line
    Liban Telecom, the electricity sector, the water sector, the
    national airline as well as other sectors.

-   According to the IMF, the impact of the global financial crisis on
    Lebanon has been limited so far. The effective shielding of the
    domestic financial sector from exposure to international financial
    risks, helped by prudent regulation and effective supervision, has
    contributed to strengthening confidence in the exchange rate peg to
    the dollar and the financial system. However, despite these
    important achievements, Lebanon is still facing challenges, notably
    a very high level of public debt and large external financing needs.

-   Major competitors of U.S. companies in Lebanon include French,
    Italian, German, British, Korean, and Chinese companies.

-   The U.S. has neither a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) with
    Lebanon nor an agreement on the avoidance of double taxation.
    However, on December 1, 2006, the U.S. signed a Trade and Investment
    Framework Agreement (TIFA) with the Government of Lebanon to help
    promote an attractive investment climate, expand trade relations,
    and remove obstacles to trade and investment between both countries.

## Market Challenges [**Return to top**](#ch1) 

-   Starting a new business in Lebanon is relatively simple and open to
    all, but petty corruption is an issue. Lebanon was ranked 102nd in
    Transparency International\'s most recent Corruption Perceptions
    Index, despite stated efforts by the country\'s government to reduce
    graft in the public sector. According to the World Bank, opening a
    business in Lebanon requires 11 days while in advanced countries it
    takes 13 days.  Also, at times, foreign companies have complained
    about impediments such as arbitrary licensing decisions, complex
    customs procedures, archaic legislation, an ineffectual judicial
    system, high taxes and fees, high telecommunications and power
    charges, varying interpretation of laws and a lack of adequate
    protection of intellectual property.

-   In 2007, the Unites States Trade Representative moved Lebanon from
    the "Priority Watch List" to "Watch List" due to improvements in
    intellectual property rights (IPR) enforcement efforts by the
    police. However, problems persist with the widespread availability
    of pirated optical discs and rampant cable piracy. Registration of
    copycat and counterfeit pharmaceuticals has remained problematic,
    although the GOL is working on increasing the protection of
    undisclosed information. Counterfeiting of trademarked goods
    continues. Furthermore, the judiciary needs to improve the
    enforcement of IPR laws. Three major IPR awareness campaigns were
    undertaken during 2008 by the private and public sectors. New IPR
    laws and amendments to increase IPR protection still await
    parliamentary ratification. Lebanon has not yet joined the latest
    text of the Berne Convention or ratified the WIPO Copyright Treaty
    or the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

## Market Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch1)

U.S. exports to Lebanon increased by 81 percent in the first 9 months of
2008 to reach \$1.1 billion compared to \$599 million during the same
period in 2007, primarily due to the increase in oil prices.

-   According to the Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR),
    there are 1,074 projects in progress valued at \$2.472 billion.
    Public infrastructure opportunities mainly lie in roads and
    highways, ports, electricity, education, solid waste, wastewater and
    water supply. CDR projects are listed at
    http://[www.cdr.gov.lb](http://www.cdr.gov.lb/).

> **[Best prospect sectors]{.underline}**

-   **Information and Communication Technology (ICT):** Lebanon has the
    fundamental building blocks needed to become a regional center for
    technology: a highly-educated and multilingual workforce, a strong
    private sector, world-class advertising firms, and multi-lingual
    media content providers and web portals.

> In the last quarter of 2008, the government moved forward towards
> privatizing the telecommunications sector. The Telecommunications
> Regulatory Authority (TRA) made available an online data-room for
> potential bidders for the country\'s GSM network. Information on the
> auction for the two cellular licenses is available online at
> http://[www.lebanonmobile](http://www.lebanonmobile/)auction.com.
>
> Moreover, the Government of Lebanon has plans to regulate and upgrade
> its outdated and costly ICT infrastructure. These plans, which are
> expected to take place in the near future, will offer significant
> opportunities to foreign investors.

-   **Pharmaceuticals:** Lebanon is the leading importer of
    pharmaceutical drugs in the Levant region and has over 50
    pharmaceutical importing firms. The pharmaceutical market generates
    around \$400 million every year in retail sales. The local
    pharmaceutical manufacturing industry is weak. Imports constitute
    between 92 and 95 percent of total consumption. IPR enforcement in
    the pharmaceutical industry remains a problem, mainly because of
    lack of transparency in the registration of drugs, and inadequate
    protection of undisclosed information. A recently passed decree
    related to the conditions of registering and importing
    pharmaceuticals is expected to improve this process.

-   **Insurance:** The Lebanese insurance market has always been open
    and liberal. The Lebanese government has never owned insurers, and
    private companies do not have to compete with state entities or
    worry about government monopolies. This characteristic has helped
    the sector to respond to market forces and avoid the distortions
    associated with state ownership of insurers. Insurers predict that a
    need for all kinds of policies, especially health and life, will
    increase. Moreover, due to a large number of reconstruction projects
    that are already underway, policies covering construction work are
    also in great demand.

## Market Entry Strategy [**Return to top**](#ch1)

-   U.S. companies interested in doing business in Lebanon are
    recommended to hire a Lebanese agent or distributor. Networking and
    lengthy investigation are necessary to find an appropriate partner.
    U.S. companies do not need to come to Lebanon to find the agent. The
    U.S. Commercial Service of the U.S. Department of Commerce can be
    helpful through the International Partner Search (IPS) service,
    which is a customized search for qualified Lebanese representatives,
    agents or distributors for US firms. More information on IPS can be
    found at
    http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/internationalpartnersearch.html.

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-   The Investment Development Authority of Lebanon (IDAL), a public
    agency responsible for promoting investments in Lebanon, has a
    "One-Stop Shop" service to issue permits and licenses for investors.
    Further information about IDAL and its services is available at
    [http://www.idal.com.lb](http://www.idal.com.lb/).

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

[[]{#ch2 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

# Chapter 2: Political and Economic Environment

For background information on the political and economic environment of
the country, please click on the link below to the U.S. Department of
State Background Notes.

<http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35833.htm>

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

[[]{#ch3 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

# Chapter 3: Selling U.S. Products and Services 

-   [Using an Agent or
    Distributor](#using-an-agent-or-distributor-return-to-top)

-   [Franchising](#franchising)

-   [Direct Marketing](#direct-marketing-return-to-top)

-   [Joint Ventures/Licensing](#joint-ventureslicensing-return-to-top)

-   [Selling to the
    Government](#selling-to-the-government-return-to-top)

-   [Distribution and Sales
    Channels](#distribution-and-sales-channels-return-to-top)

-   [Selling
    Factors/Techniques](#selling-factorstechniques-return-to-top)

-   [Electronic Commerce](#electronic-commerce-return-to-top)

-   [Trade Promotion and
    Advertising](#trade-promotion-and-advertising-return-to-top)

-   [Pricing](#pricing-return-to-top)

-   [Sales Service/Customer
    Support](#sales-servicecustomer-support-return-to-top)

-   [Protecting Your Intellectual
    Property](#protecting-your-intellectual-property-return-to-top)

-   [Due Diligence](#due-diligence-return-to-top)

-   [Local Professional
    Services](#local-professional-services-return-to-top)

-   [Web Resources](#web-resources-return-to-top)

## Using an Agent or Distributor [**Return to top**](#ch3)

U.S. companies are advised to establish a branch or rely on a Lebanese
agent when doing business in Lebanon. The agent may be a partnership, a
sole proprietorship, a joint-stock company or a limited liability
company. The agent can act on behalf of the U.S. company to bid for
government tenders and best market its products.

The U.S. Commercial Service can help U.S. companies find reliable
Lebanese agents through the International Partner Search (IPS) service.
IPS is a customized search for qualified Lebanese representatives,
agents or distributors for U.S. firms. More information on IPS can be
found at
<http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/internationalpartnersearch.html>.

Branch offices may undertake any business activity permitted by Lebanese
law with no minimum capital or performance requirements. A foreigner who
wishes to establish a branch in Lebanon must have a residence permit
from the Sûreté Générale and a work permit from the Ministry of Labor.
Foreign companies need a license to operate from the Ministry of Economy
and Trade. U.S. companies may operate through local branches provided
they obtain a "Receipt of Acknowledgement" from the Ministry of Economy
and Trade and register in a local commercial court. For trade activity,
the company must be registered at any of the four regional Chambers of
Commerce and Industry.

The Investment Development Authority of Lebanon (IDAL) has a "One-Stop
Shop" service to issue permits and licenses for investors. IDAL
coordinates with all concerned Ministries and public authorities.
Further information about IDAL and its services are available at
[http://www.idal.com.lb](http://www.idal.com.lb/).

## Franchising [**Return to top**](#ch3)

With the successful establishment of international brand names and their
continuous expansion across the country, franchising has become one of
the fastest growing business sectors in Lebanon. The most commonly known
are international fast food outlets such as McDonald\'s, Starbucks,
Pizza Hut, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Baskin Robbins, Hardees, Chili\'s,
Hard Rock Café, Dunkin\' Donuts, Burger King, Subway, Clucksters' and
Applebee's.

Franchises are also available for many other products and services in
Lebanon. In the area of clothing, for example, the UK retailers
Storehouse, Mothercare, and Next, and the Spanish clothing chains Zara,
Mango, Massimo Dutti, Pull and Bear, Stradivarius, and Bershka have all
opened large stores. Other non-food franchises in Lebanon include New
Horizons, Hertz Car Rental, Budget Rent-a-Car, Thrifty Rent-a-Car,
Florsheim Shoes and many others.

In April 2008, the Lebanese Franchise Association signed a Memorandum of
Understanding with the International Franchise Association during the
International Franchise Expo in Washington, DC to foster international
training and sharing of information.

## Direct Marketing [**Return to top**](#ch3)

With around \$100 million spent annually on advertising, the advertising
industry has proven to be the most effective marketing channel in
Lebanon. Advertising can be through TV, radio, billboards and trade
fairs. Numerous international fairs and trade shows are held in Lebanon,
with significant participation from European, Asian, Middle Eastern,
and, increasingly, U.S. companies. At least one show, fair, or
exhibition is scheduled for each month of the year.

For additional information about trade fairs in Lebanon, please go to
<http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/trade_fairs_lebanon.html> or contact
the U.S. Embassy's Commercial Service at
[http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/contactus.html.](http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/contactus.html)

## Joint Ventures/Licensing [**Return to top**](#ch3)

Lebanese law does not consider joint ventures to be separate legal
entities and does not require them to be registered in the Commercial
Register. Joint ventures are established through a contract between at
least two partners without publicizing formalities.

The Investment Development Authority of Lebanon (IDAL) has a "One-Stop
Shop" service to issue licenses for investors. Further information is
available at [http://www.idal.com.lb](http://www.idal.com.lb/).

## Selling to the Government [**Return to top**](#ch3)

The Lebanese government comprises 19 ministries. Each ministry is
responsible for its own procurement that is usually carried out via
public tenders and published on the ministries' websites. A list of
ministries and their websites can be found in the Web Resources section
of this chapter. U.S. companies can apply directly for these tenders or
can rely on local agents to bid on their behalf.

The Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR), a public authority
established in 1977, is the public unit responsible for large government
projects. These are usually carried out through public tenders. However,
there are occasional purchases via direct contract when attractive
financing protocols are made available by the foreign companies\'
governments. More information about CDR and its projects can be found at
[http://www.cdr.gov.lb](http://www.cdr.gov.lb/).

## Distribution and Sales Channels [**Return to top**](#ch3)

Most of the products imported to Lebanon enter either through Beirut
International Airport (BIA) or Beirut Port. Foreign exporters rely on
local companies to clear and receive the imported products from the
Customs Authority at Beirut Port and BIA, and to distribute them in the
market. Although traditional markets and souks exist in Lebanon, most
U.S. products are distributed through modern retail stores and
supermarket chains spread throughout the country.

## Selling Factors/Techniques [**Return to top**](#ch3)

The Lebanese market is generally characterized as being free and price
sensitive. Sales material can be in English, French or Arabic. Many
European and Asian brands introduced into the market have managed to
earn a considerable market share. However, high quality U.S. products
are still valued by high-end consumers who appreciate quality,
technology, innovations and value-added. Moreover, demand for U.S. goods
has been increasing due to the decline of the dollar relative to the
Euro.

## Electronic Commerce [**Return to top**](#ch3)

E-commerce is in its early stages in Lebanon. Some e-commerce ventures,
such as online shops, auctions, services, and content publishing, have
been established. However, these ventures remain limited because there
is no appropriate legal and regulatory framework for e-transactions. The
reliability of online transactions has not gained widespread acceptance
by the Lebanese population. Internet and telecommunications prices
remain high. In 2004, the European Union financed the establishment of a
project in Lebanon to promote the development of e-commerce. The
project's website is [http://www.ecomleb.org.](http://www.ecomleb.org./)

## Trade Promotion and Advertising [**Return to top**](#ch3)

Lebanon has become a regional center for the advertising industry,
despite stiff competition from Arab Gulf states. Lebanon enjoys a
sophisticated domestic audience and a thriving media sector. There are
nine television stations, 14 newspapers, over 30 magazines and many
radio stations.

Television remains the favored medium of advertising and captures half
of the market. Other mediums include print, billboards, radio and
cinema.

There are many Arabic-language dailies in Lebanon, as well as the
English-language Daily Star
([http://www.dailystar.com.lb](http://www.dailystar.com.lb/)) and the
French-language L\'Orient Le Jour. Most newspapers have websites
displaying the latest news on Lebanon. Naharnet is a web portal offering
updated political and business information and links. It may be reached
at [http://www.naharnet.com](http://www.naharnet.com/). Another useful
website includes
[http://www.lebanonlinks.com](http://www.lebanonlinks.com/).

Major trade fairs organizers in Lebanon are:

-International Fairs and Promotion
([http://www.ifpexpo.com](http://www.ifpexpo.com/)).

-Promofair
([http://www.promofair.com.lb](http://www.promofair.com.lb/)).

-BIEL Center ([http://www.bielcenter.com](http://www.bielcenter.com/)).

-Hospitality Services
([http://www.hospitalityservices.com.lb](http://www.hospitalityservices.com.lb/)).

Major business magazines are the English-language Lebanon Opportunities,
Executive Magazine, Today's Outlook and Arab Ad, the French-language Le
Commerce du Levant and the Arabic-language Business Week, Al-Iktissad
Wal Amal and Al-Mourakeb Al-Inmaii.

## Pricing [**Return to top**](#ch3)

Prices of imported goods are subject to Customs fees and a Value-Added
Tax (VAT) of ten percent. The Consumer Protection Department at the
Ministry of Economy and Trade controls prices on bread and petroleum
derivatives. The Technical Center for Price Control at the Ministry of
Economy and Trade surveys supermarket prices of consumer goods every two
months. The Ministry of Health also controls the price of
pharmaceuticals.

## Sales Service/Customer Support [**Return to top**](#ch3)

Customer service is highly valued in Lebanon. A number of leading
Lebanese companies have sales service and customer support unit. Such
services are critical to maintaining market share. In January 2005,
Lebanon passed a new Consumer Protection Law, which calls for the
establishment of a number of mechanisms for better protection of
consumers.

## Protecting Your Intellectual Property [**Return to top**](#ch3)

Several general principles are important for effective management of
intellectual property rights in Lebanon. First, it is important to have
an overall strategy to protect IPR. Second, IPR is protected differently
in Lebanon than in the U.S.; new products are automatically protected
when the patents, trademarks, and industrial designs, are deposited with
the ministry of economy and trade without further examination. Third,
industrial property such as patents, trademarks, and industrial design
must be registered in Lebanon under local IP laws. Copyrights are
protected and enforced without registration; registration is optional
for Lebanese and foreign right holders. Companies may wish to seek
advice from local attorneys or IP consultants. The U.S. Commercial
Service can provide a list of local lawyers upon request.

It is vital that companies understand that intellectual property is
primarily a private right and that the U.S. government generally cannot
enforce rights for private individuals in Lebanon. It is the
responsibility of the rights\' holders to register, protect, and enforce
their rights where relevant, retaining their own counsel and advisors.
While the U.S. government is willing to assist, there is little it can
do if the rights holders have not taken these fundamental steps
necessary to securing and enforcing their IPR in a timely fashion.
Moreover, in many countries, rights holders who delay enforcing their
rights on a mistaken belief that the USG can provide a political
resolution to a legal problem may find that their rights have been
eroded or abrogated due to doctrines such as statutes of limitations,
laches, estoppel, or unreasonable delay in prosecuting a law suit. In no
instance should USG advice be seen as a substitute for the obligation of
a rights holder to promptly pursue its case.

It is always advisable to conduct due diligence on partners. Negotiate
from the position of your partner and give your partner clear incentives
to honor the contract. A good partner is an important ally in protecting
IP rights. Keep an eye on your cost structure and reduce the margins
(and the incentive) of would-be bad actors. Projects and sales in
Lebanon require constant attention. Work with legal counsel familiar
with Lebanon laws to create a solid contract that includes non-compete
clauses, and confidentiality / non-disclosure provisions.

It is also recommended that small and medium-size companies understand
the importance of working together with trade associations and
organizations to support efforts to protect IPR and stop counterfeiting.
There are a number of these organizations, both Lebanon or U.S.-based.
These include:

-   The U.S. Chamber and local American Chambers of Commerce

-   The National U.S.-Arab Chamber of Commerce

-   National Association of Manufacturers (NAM)

-   International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA)

-   International Trademark Association (INTA)

-   The Coalition Against Counterfeiting and Piracy

-   International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition (IACC)

-   Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)

-   Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO)

-   American Lebanese Chamber of Commerce (Amcham)

-   Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture Beirut (CCIAB)

-   Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture Saida (CCIAS

-   Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture Tripoli (CCIAT)

-   Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture Zahle (CCIAZ)

-   Association of Lebanese Industrialists (ALI)

-   Professional Computer Association (PCA)

**IPR Resources**

A wealth of information on protecting IPR is freely available to U.S.
rights holders. Some excellent resources for companies regarding
intellectual property include the following:

-   For information about patent, trademark, or copyright issues \--
    including enforcement issues in the US and other countries \-- call
    the STOP! Hotline: **1-866-999-HALT** or register at
    [**www.StopFakes.gov**](http://www.StopFakes.gov/).

-   For more information about registering trademarks and patents (both
    in the U.S. as well as in foreign countries), contact the US Patent
    and Trademark Office (USPTO) at: **1-800-786-9199**.

-   For more information about registering for copyright protection in
    the US, contact the US Copyright Office at: **1-202-707-5959**.

-   For US small and medium-size companies, the Department of Commerce
    offers a \"SME IPR Advisory Program\" available through the American
    Bar Association that provides one hour of free IPR legal advice for
    companies with concerns in Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Russia, and
    Thailand. For details and to register, visit:
    **http://www.abanet.org/intlaw/intlproj/iprprogram_consultation.html**

-   For information on obtaining and enforcing intellectual property
    rights and market-specific IP Toolkits visit:
    ***[http://www.StopFakes.gov](http://www.stopfakes.gov/).*** This
    site is linked to the USPTO website for registering trademarks and
    patents (both in the U.S. as well as in foreign countries), the U.S.
    Customs & Border Protection website to record registered trademarks
    and copyrighted works (to assist customs in blocking imports of
    IPR-infringing products) and allows you to register for webinars on
    protecting IPR.

**IPR Climate in Lebanon**

Lebanon's intellectual property right (IPR) legislation is generally
compliant with international standards. However, enforcement is weak,
with major challenges in the pharmaceutical industry and cable piracy.
It is advisable that U.S. companies register their patents and
trademarks at the Ministry of Economy when introducing them into the
market. We recommend contacting a lawyer whenever faced with an IPR
violation. A list of lawyers practicing in Lebanon is available at the
U.S. Embassy's website at
[http://lebanon.usembassy.gov](http://lebanon.usembassy.gov/) or from
the Department of State\'s American Citizen Services Office in the
Bureau of Consular Affairs at
[http://www.travel.state.gov](http://www.travel.state.gov/).

In 2007, the Unites States Trade Representative moved Lebanon from the
"Priority Watch List" to "Watch List" due to improvements in IPR
enforcement efforts by the police. However, problems persist with the
widespread availability of pirated optical discs and rampant cable
piracy. Registration of copycat and counterfeit pharmaceuticals has
remained problematic, although the GOL is working on increasing the
protection of undisclosed information. Counterfeiting of trademarked
goods continues. Furthermore, the judiciary needs to improve the
implementation of IPR laws. Three major IPR awareness campaigns were
undertaken during 2008 by the private and public sectors. New IPR laws
and amendments to increase IPR protection still await parliamentary
ratification. Lebanon has not yet joined the latest text of the Berne
Convention or ratified the WIPO Copyright Treaty or the WIPO
Performances and Phonograms Treaty.

## Due Diligence [**Return to top**](#ch3)

U.S. firms wishing to do business in Lebanon are encouraged to conduct
due diligence on their potential partners. To verify the bona fides of
Lebanese companies, U.S. firms may request the U.S. Commercial Service
International Company Profile (ICP) service. The ICP report includes
factual data on the Lebanese firm\'s management, business activities,
product lines, financial condition, credit-worthiness, trading
experience, market coverage, business connections in the country, as
well as an Embassy evaluation to help U.S. firms assess risks,
reliability and capability. More information about ICP can be found at
<http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/internationalcompanyprofile.html>.

## Local Professional Services [**Return to top**](#ch3)

American Lebanese Chamber of Commerce:
[http://www.amcham.org.lb](http://www.amcham.org.lb/)

Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture Beirut:
[http://www.ccib.org.lb](http://www.ccib.org.lb/)

Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture Saida:
[http://www.ccias.org.lb](http://www.ccias.org.lb/)

Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture Tripoli:
[http://www.cciat.org](http://www.cciat.org/)

Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture Zahle:
[http://www.cciaz.org.lb](http://www.cciaz.org.lb/)

Association of Lebanese Industrialists:
[http://www.ali.org.lb](http://www.ali.org.lb/)

Professional Computer Association:
[http://www.pca.org.lb](http://www.pca.org.lb/)

## Web Resources [**Return to top**](#ch3)

**Ministries:**

Ministry of Agriculture:
[http://www.agriculture.gov.lb](http://www.agriculture.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Culture:
[http://www.culture.gov.lb](http://www.culture.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Displaced:
[http://www.ministryofdisplaced.gov.lb](http://www.ministryofdisplaced.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Economy & Trade:
[http://www.economy.gov.lb](http://www.economy.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Education & Higher Education:
[http://www.higher-edu.gov.lb](http://www.higher-edu.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Energy and Water:
[http://www.energyandwater.gov.lb](http://www.energyandwater.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Environment:
[http://www.moe.gov.lb](http://www.moe.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Finance: Customs Administration:
[http://www.finance.gov.lb](http://www.finance.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Emigrants:
[http://www.emigrants.gov.lb](http://www.emigrants.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Industry:
[http://www.industry.gov.lb](http://www.industry.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Information:
[http://www.nna-leb.gov.lb](http://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Interior & Municipalities:
[http://www.moim.gov.lb](http://www.moim.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Justice:
[http://www.justice.gov.lb](http://www.justice.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Labor: [http://www.labor.gov.lb](http://www.labor.gov.lb/).

Ministry of National Defense:
[http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb](http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Post and Telecommunications:
[http://www.mpt.gov.lb](http://www.mpt.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Public Health:
[http://www.public-health.gov.lb](http://www.public-health.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Public Works & Transport:
[http://www.public-works.gov.lb](http://www.public-works.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Social Affairs:
[http://www.socialaffairs.gov.lb](http://www.socialaffairs.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Tourism:
[http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb](http://www.lebanon-tourism.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Youth and Sports:
[http://www.shabab-ryada.org.lb](http://www.shabab-ryada.org.lb/).

Office of the Minister of State for Administrative Reforms (OMSAR):
[http://www.omsar.gov.lb](http://www.omsar.gov.lb/).

**Organizations:**

Council for Development and Reconstruction:
[http://www.cdr.gov.lb](http://www.cdr.gov.lb/)

[Investment Development Authority of Lebanon
(IDAL):](http://www.cdr.gov.lb/)
[http://www.idal.com.lb](http://www.idal.com.lb/)

Ogero: [http://www.ogero.gov.lb](http://www.ogero.gov.lb/)

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

[[]{#ch4 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

# Chapter 4: Leading Sectors for U.S. Export and Investment 

-   [Agricultural Sector](#agsectors)

**Commercial Sectors**

-   [Automotive (AUT)](#automotive-aut)

-   [Air Conditioning / Refrigeration Equipment
    (ACR)](#air-conditioning-refrigeration-equipment-acr)

-   [Drugs / Pharmaceuticals (DRG)](#drugs-pharmaceuticals-drg)

-   [Medical Equipment (MED)](#medical-equipment-med)

-   [Apparel (APP)](#apparel-app)

-   [Education Services (EDS)](#education-services-eds)

-   [Agriculture Sector)](#agricultural-sectors)

## Automotive (AUT)

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------
                           **2006**       **2007**       **2008 (to Aug
                                                         31)**

  Total Market Size        709            929            1,118

  Total Local Production   0              0              0

  Total Exports            25             29             20

  Total Imports            734            958            1,138

  Imports from the U.S.    98             157            202
  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------

*(Figures are in millions of dollars and based on Lebanese Customs
statistics - Section 17 / Chapter 87)*

The Lebanese market of approximately 1.7 million vehicles has witnessed
an increase of 20 percent in the first eight months of 2008 compared to
the same period in 2007, with a total import value of \$1,138 million.
U.S. market share was expected to reach 17 percent in 2008.

### Best Prospects/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Demand for Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs) in Lebanon has been growing.
According to private sector sources, around ten percent of cars imported
into Lebanon are SUVs. This percentage is expected to increase due to
their heavy duty performance and poor road conditions throughout the
country. Lebanese buy American SUVs because of their competitive price,
high quality, and long record of success in the market. Moreover, demand
for U.S. automotive products such as brakes, clutches, engine
lubricants, and safety accessories are increasing because they have
demonstrated a quality advantage over foreign competitors.

### Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch4)

The Lebanese Car Importers Association co-organizes the Motor Show, a
bi-annual trade fair for the automotive industry in Lebanon. The Motor
Show presents significant opportunities for U.S. companies to introduce
their products and services to the Lebanese market. For more
information, you can go to
[http://www.promofair.com.lb](http://www.promofair.com.lb/).

The U.S. Commercial Service organizes Made in America, an annual trade
fair for U.S. products and services, in Beirut, Lebanon. Made in America
showcases an automotive section. For more information, you can go to
<http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/madeinamerica_.html>.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Lebanon Motor Show:
[http://www.promofair.com.lb](http://www.promofair.com.lb/).

Lebanese Customs Authority:
[http://www.customs.gov.lb](http://www.customs.gov.lb/).

Made in America: <http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/madeinamerica_.html>.

For additional information on Lebanon's market for automotive, please
email <Naaman.Tayyar@mail.doc.gov>.

## Air Conditioning / Refrigeration Equipment (ACR)

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------
                           **2006**       **2007**       **2008 (to Aug
                                                         31)**

  Total Market Size        870            1,048          898

  Total Local Production   80             82             78

  Total Exports            334            459            388

  Total Imports            1,124          1,425          1,208

  Imports from the U.S.    98             144            111
  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------

*(Figures are in millions of dollars and based on Lebanese Customs
statistics - Section 16 / Chapters 84-85)*

Lebanon's market for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment has
witnessed a growth of 28 percent in the first eight months of 2008
compared to the same period in 2007, with a total import value of
\$1,208 million. U.S. air conditioning and refrigeration exports to
Lebanon reached \$111 million in first eight months of 2008, and U.S.
market share was expected to reach ten percent in 2008.

### Best Prospects/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

U.S. products have an advantage over European products in the air
conditioning and refrigeration sector due to their high quality and
heavy-duty performance. Moreover, demand for U.S. products is increasing
due to the weakness of the dollar in relation to Euro.

### Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch4)

The U.S. Commercial Service organizes Made in America, an annual trade
fair for U.S. products and services, in Beirut, Lebanon. Made in America
showcases an air conditioning and refrigeration section. For more
information, you can go to
<http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/madeinamerica_html>.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Lebanese Customs Authority:
[http://www.customs.gov.lb](http://www.customs.gov.lb/).

Made in America: <http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/madeinamerica_html>.

For additional information on Lebanon's market for air conditioning and
refrigeration, please email <Naaman.Tayyar@mail.doc.gov>.

## Drugs / Pharmaceuticals (DRG)

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------
                           **2006**       **2007**       **2008 (to Aug
                                                         31)**

  Total Market Size        518            614            552

  Total Local Production   15             17             16

  Total Exports            8              11             9

  Total Imports            511            608            545

  Imports from the U.S.    38             44             35
  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------

*(Figures are in millions of dollars and based on Lebanese Customs
statistics -- Section 6 -- Chapter 30)*

Lebanon is the leading importer of pharmaceutical drugs in the Levant
with over 50 pharmaceutical importers. Total pharmaceutical imports to
Lebanon reached \$545 million in the first eight months of 2008. Since,
the local pharmaceutical industry is weak, imports constitute over 95
percent of the total available in the market. U.S. products account for
about six percent of total imports.

### Best Prospects/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

U.S. products have an advantage over European products in biotechnology,
high-tech, anti-cancer, and cardiovascular fields. Moreover, any new
leading American drug that is not yet manufactured in Europe is well
received in Lebanon.

### Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch4)

The U.S. Commercial Service organizes Made in America, an annual trade
fair for U.S. products and services, in Beirut, Lebanon. Made in America
showcased a pharmaceutical section. For more information, you can go to
<http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/madeinamerica_html>.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Ministry of Public Health:
[http://www.public-health.gov.lb](http://www.public-health.gov.lb/).

Lebanese Customs Authority:
[http://www.customs.gov.lb](http://www.customs.gov.lb/).

Made in America: <http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/madeinamerica_.html>.

For additional information on Lebanon's market for drugs and
pharmaceuticals, please email <Naaman.Tayyar@mail.doc.gov>.

## Medical Equipment (MED)

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------
                           **2006**       **2007**       **2008 (to Aug
                                                         31)**

  Total Market Size        150            151            120

  Total Local Production   1              1              1

  Total Exports            8              9              7

  Total Imports            157            159            126

  Imports from the U.S.    42             38             34
  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------

*(Figures are in millions of dollars and based on Lebanese Customs
statistics -- Section 18 / Chapter 90)*

Lebanon's market for medical equipment has witnessed a growth of 20
percent in the first eight months of 2008 compared to the same period in
2007, with a total import value of \$126 million. This growth can be
attributed to the weakness of the dollar in relation to Euro. U.S.
medical exports reached \$34 million in the first eight months of 2008,
and U.S. market share was expected to reach 27 percent in 2008.

### Best Prospects/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

U.S. products have an advantage over European products in the medical
sector due to their high quality and long record of success in the
Lebanese market. Moreover, demand for these products is increasing due
to the weakness of the dollar in relation to Euro.

### Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Lebanon is an ideal location for establishing a regional office to cover
the Levant, including Iraq. The Lebanese market has been used as a
platform for testing U.S. products prior to introducing them to the rest
of the Levant market. Opportunities to form partnerships with local
companies are available in the medical and healthcare sectors.

The U.S. Commercial Service organizes Made in America, an annual trade
fair for U.S. products and services, in Beirut, Lebanon. Made in America
showcased a pharmaceutical section. For more information, you can go to
<http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/madeinamerica_html>.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Ministry of Public Health:
[http://www.public-health.gov.lb](http://www.public-health.gov.lb/).

Lebanese Customs Authority:
[http://www.customs.gov.lb](http://www.customs.gov.lb/).

Made in America: <http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/madeinamerica_html>.

For additional information on Lebanon's market for medical equipment,
please email <Naaman.Tayyar@mail.doc.gov>.

## Apparel (APP)

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------
                           **2006**       **2007**       **2008 (to Aug
                                                         31)**

  Total Market Size        412            428            342

  Total Local Production   200            210            140

  Total Exports            60             67             54

  Total Imports            272            285            256

  Imports from the U.S.    7              6              7
  ------------------------ -------------- -------------- -----------------

(Figures are in millions of dollars and based on Lebanese Customs
statistics -- Section 11 / Chapters 61, 62)

Lebanon attracts a large number of Arab tourists every year who
significantly boost retail activity in Lebanon, resulting in steady
growth in the apparel sector. U.S. apparel exports to Lebanon reached
around seven million dollars in the first eight months of 2008,
constituting around three percent of total apparel imports to Lebanon.
Many U.S. brands, including Tommy Hilfiger, Nautica, Seven Jeans, Rock
and Republic Jeans, True Religion Jeans, Polo and Ralph Lauren are very
popular in the Lebanese market.

### Best Prospects/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

The trend in Lebanon is moving from high-end haute couture to casual
wear. Most Lebanese consider U.S. brands to be the leader in casual
wear. Thus, demand for U.S. apparel has been increasing steadily.
Lebanese buyers regularly travel to Magic Apparel Show in Las Vegas and
Coterie Show in New York to explore the latest trends in the U.S.
fashion industry.

### Opportunities [**Return to top**](#ch4)

The U.S. Commercial Service organizes Made in America, an annual trade
fair for U.S. products and services, in Beirut, Lebanon. Made in America
showcased an apparel section. For more information, you can go to
<http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/madeinamerica_html>.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Beirut Fashion Week: [http://www.ifp.com.lb](http://www.ifp.com.lb/).

Lebanese Customs Authority:
[http://www.customs.gov.lb](http://www.customs.gov.lb/).

Made in America: <http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en/madeinamerica_html>.

For additional information on Lebanon's market for Apparel, please email
<Naaman.Tayyar@mail.doc.gov>.

## Education Services (EDS)

### Overview [**Return to top**](#ch4)

  ------------------------ -------------- ------------ -------------------
                           **2006**       **2007**     **2008
                                                       (estimated)**

  Total Market Size        125            125          125

  Total Lebanese Students  124            124          124

  Total foreign students   1              1            1
  in Lebanon                                           

  Total Lebanese students  3              3            3
  abroad                                               

  Lebanese students in the 2              2            2
  U.S.                                                 
  ------------------------ -------------- ------------ -------------------

*(Figures are in thousands of students and based on AMIDEAST
statistics)*

Lebanon has one of the best educational systems in the Middle East.
There are currently 125,000 students enrolled in universities throughout
Lebanon and over 2,100 Lebanese students currently studying in the U.S.

### Best Products/Services [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Demand for graduate studies in the U.S. has been increasing, especially
in the fields of business, computer science, engineering, medicine and
fine arts.

U.S. educational franchises are doing well in Lebanon. The U.S.
franchise New Horizon, which provides computer training, has over 45
percent of the Lebanese market. The U.S. franchise Berlitz, which
provides language training, has approximately ten percent of the market.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

U.S. Educational Group (USEG) Fair:
[http://www.al-jamiat.com](http://www.al-jamiat.com/).

AMIDEAST: [http://www.amideast.org](http://www.amideast.org/).

For additional information on Lebanon's market for education, please
email <Maya.Barhouche@mail.doc.gov>.

## Agricultural Sectors 

According to Lebanese Customs statistics (chapters 1-24), Lebanon's
total agricultural imports reached \$1,688 million in the first eight
months of 2008. Out of which, \$148 million, equivalent to 8.7 percent,
are from the U.S. Major U.S. agricultural exports to Lebanon include
dairy products, cereals, beverages and spirits and tobacco.

### Resources [**Return to top**](#ch4)

Lebanese Customs Authority:
[http://www.customs.gov.lb](http://www.customs.gov.lb/).

For additional information on Lebanon's market for the agricultural
sectors, please email <Naaman.Tayyar@mail.doc.gov>.

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

[[]{#ch5 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

# Chapter 5: Trade Regulations and Standards

-   [Import Tariffs](#import-tariffs-return-to-top)

-   [Import Requirements and Documentation](#seventeen)

-   [U.S. Export Controls](#u.s.-export-controls-return-to-top)

-   [Temporary Entry](#temporary-entry-return-to-top)

-   [Labeling and Marking
    Requirements](#labeling-and-marking-requirements-return-to-top)

-   [Prohibited and Restricted Imports](#twentythree)

-   [Customs Regulations and Contact
    Information](#customs-regulations-and-contact-information-return-to-top)

-   [Standards](#standards-return-to-top)

-   [Trade Agreements](#trade-agreements-return-to-top)

-   [Web Resources](#twentysix)

## Import Tariffs [**Return to top**](#ch5)

More than 83 percent of imported goods are subject to duties equal to or
below five percent. The Customs website
([http://www.customs.gov.lb](http://www.customs.gov.lb/)) provides a
searchable database that displays import duties by tariff number.

Less than one percent of imports and exports of goods are subject to a
number of trade measures imposed by ten Lebanese government state
bodies. Measures include prohibitions, licenses, technical certificates,
veterinary certificates, and phyto-sanitary certificates. All goods
subject to import and export prohibitions are also prohibited from
transiting through the territory of Lebanon. A limited number of goods
(e.g. weapons) are subject to more than one trade measure. To find out
whether a specific product is subject to non-tariff barriers, consult
the customs website at
[http://www.customs.gov.lb](http://www.customs.gov.lb/) or Lebanon's
NonTariff Measure Survey published on the Ministry of Economy and
Trade's website-WTO trade section at
[http://www.economy.gov.lb/MOET/English/Panel/Trade/InternationalTradeAgreements/WTO.html](http://www.economy.gov.lb/MOET/English/Panel/Trade/InternationalTradeAgreements/WTO.html ).

Lebanon adheres to the Arab League boycott of Israel. Enforcement is
selective as many goods on the boycott list are available in the
Lebanese market. The Arab League's Central Boycott Office maintains a
blacklist of U.S. firms that are believed to contribute to Israel's
military or economic development. In accordance with U.S anti-boycott
regulations, U.S. companies may not certify that their products do not
come from Israel. If there appears to be any request that might be in
support of boycotts, companies should contact the Bureau of Industrial
Security (BIS) in the U.S. Department of Commerce
([http://www.bis.doc.gov](http://www.bis.doc.gov/)).

## Import Requirements and Documentation [**Return to top**](#ch5)

Import processing requires the following documents:

-   Declaration form based on the Single Administrative Document (SAD)

-   Bill of lading

-   Packing list

-   Commercial invoice (original)

-   Delivery order (to prove ownership of goods)

-   Quietus from the Social Security Office renewed every six months
    (required only for legal persons and commercial establishments)

-   Contract of sale between importer and seller at the country of
    exportation (may be requested for value verification only in case
    customs officers doubt the invoice value)

-   Certificate of origin, issued by Chambers of Commerce in the country
    of exportation (required in case importer wishes to benefit from
    preferential treatment)

-   Depending on the type of imported good, a number of other documents
    may also be required including import licenses, conformity
    certificates to mandatory standards, or phyto-sanitary certificates.

Export processing requires the following documents:

-   Declaration form based on the Single Administrative Document (SAD)

-   Packing list

-   Invoice

-   Certificate of origin issued by Chamber of Commerce except for
    exports to Europe. The certificate of origin must be certified by
    the Ministry of Agriculture for all food products of plant origin
    and by the Ministry of Industry for all industrial products.
    Certificate of Origin for exporting industrial products to Europe
    are issued by the Ministry of Industry according to EUR 1 and FORM A
    and are certified by Customs.

-   Quietus from the Social Security Office renewed every six months
    (required only for legal persons and commercial establishments)

-   A number of other documents may also be required depending on the
    type of exported good. They include licenses, conformity and export
    certificates for quality verification for all food products of plant
    origin and agricultural health certificates.

## U.S. Export Controls [**Return to top**](#ch5)

Lebanon is not subject to special sanctions. In principle, all exports
require a license, though in practice the vast majority of U.S. exports
fall under a "general license" that allows export without getting
permission from the Bureau of Industrial Security (BIS) in the U.S.
Department of Commerce
([http://www.bis.doc.gov](http://www.bis.doc.gov/)). When doing business
with Lebanon, U.S exporters should consider the following U.S. export
regulations:

-   For a number of items, a specific export license is required. These
    items include products whose high-tech nature implies that export
    may involve a national security risk. Contacting BIS will enable an
    exporter to determine whether or not a specific item requires a
    license. If a specific license is required, one of the
    considerations will be the reliability of the end-user. Government
    agencies and companies with a solid business reputation are more
    likely to be granted a license.

-   U.S companies need to verify whether the U.S. government has
    blacklisted a particular Lebanese company or individual, as a result
    of past violations of export regulations or other reasons. U.S.
    Companies should consult BIS Denied Persons List and the Treasury
    Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control lists of designated
    companies and individuals available online at
    [http://www.bis.doc.gov](http://www.bis.doc.gov/) and
    <http://www.treas.gov/offices/eotffc/ofac/index.html>.

## Temporary Entry [**Return to top**](#ch5)

There are two types of permits for the entry of temporary goods. Customs
grants a regular temporary entry permit to foreign products that will be
manufactured or finished in Lebanon and then re-exported outside Lebanon
or displayed in free zones. This permit is valid for six months and may
be renewed for up to two years.

The Customs' Director-General may grant a special temporary entry permit
for a range of products intended for temporary use. However, the period
of the permit is limited to three months. Goods subject to the special
permit include:

-   Equipment and machinery used in public works, archeology, cinema and
    journalism.

-   Goods or samples to be displayed in trade fairs.

-   Goods intended for maintenance and repair or goods used for
    maintenance and repair.

-   Empty containers or packages to be filled in Lebanon and re-exported
    or full

containers or packages to be emptied in Lebanon and then re-exported.

## Labeling and Marking Requirements [**Return to top**](#ch5)

[]{#twentythree .anchor}Labels should include the net weight of the
product, manufacture and expiry date, ingredients and origin. Labeling
language varies among Arabic, English and French. Products with Hebrew
labels are not accepted. Should you need further information, please
contact the Ministry of Economy and Trade at
[http://www.economy.gov.lb](http://www.economy.gov.lb/).

## Prohibited and Restricted Imports [**Return to top**](#ch5)

Prohibited imports include the following:

-   Cedar seeds and seedling (in conservation of Lebanese cedars
    species).

-   Chemical improvers used in bread making (health measure).

-   Table salt not containing iodine (health measure).

-   Waste/slag/ash/scrap of many chemical, mineral and metal products
    (in protection of the environment).

-   Clinker and black cement (in protection of local industry).

-   Vehicles older than eight years and motor vehicles for the transport
    of goods older than five years (in protection of the environment).

-   Used medical and radiography apparatus (health measure).

-   Gas fueled pocket lighters (to prevent any fire incident).

-   Wireless phone sets of 900 Megahertz.

Lebanon adheres to the Arab League Boycott of Israel. As a result,
Lebanon prohibits the import of goods manufactured in or originating
from Israel. For more information, please refer to the Trade Barriers
section of this chapter.

## Customs Regulations and Contact Information [**Return to top**](#ch5)

Lebanon follows the Harmonized System for its tariff regime. A new and
modern Customs Law was implemented in 2001. It simplifies and expedites
customs procedures, adopts international standards for the valuation of
goods, applies modern and fair dispute settlement procedures, allows for
electronic declaration of goods, and fosters the development of
industrial and free zones. This new law has reduced delays and
administrative burdens in clearing imported products through customs at
the airport and ports. However, exporters are advised to contact local
customs agents to expedite the clearing process. Customs has been very
active in introducing online operations for its automated clearance
system whereby traders and custom brokers will be able to enter and
track customs declarations. When fully implemented, users will be able
to register, as well as assess and pay declarations directly from their
bank accounts.

For further information on customs procedures please refer to the
Lebanese Customs website:
[http://www.customs.gov.lb](http://www.customs.gov.lb/)

**Key contacts:**

**General Directorate of Customs**

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-980060/1/2/3/5/6

Fax: 961-1-643826

**Higher Council for Customs**

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-988500/1

Fax: 961-1-988080

## Standards [**Return to top**](#ch5)

-   [Overview](#overview-return-to-top-6)

-   [Standards Organizations](#standards-organizations-return-to-top)

-   [Conformity Assessment](#conformity-assessment-return-to-top)

-   [Product Certification](#product-certification-return-to-top)

-   [Accreditation](#accreditation-return-to-top)

-   [Publication of Technical
    Regulations](#publication-of-technical-regulations-return-to-top)

-   [Labeling and Marking](#labeling-and-marking-return-to-top)

-   [Contacts](#contacts-return-to-top)

###  Overview [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

The Lebanese Standards Institution, known as LIBNOR, is the sole
authority in Lebanon charged with issuing, publishing, and amending
Lebanese standards. A number of state bodies (including the Ministries
of Telecommunications, Energy and Water, Industry, Public Health,
Environment, Agriculture, Economy and Trade, and Transport and Public
Works) issue technical regulations connected with products in the form
of Ministerial Decisions and Council of Ministers Decrees. LIBNOR
develops an annual work plan of standards internally.

###  Standards Organizations [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

> By law, LIBNOR, affiliated with the Ministry of Industry, is
> designated as the sole authority in Lebanon to issue, publish, and
> amend Lebanese voluntary standards. LIBNOR is also designated as the
> sole authority to give the right to use the Conformity Label
> (kitemark). Programs for drafting standards are set annually. The
> Board of Directors approves the annual plans, submitted by LIBNOR's
> Director General, for preparing new standards or amending existing
> ones. The annual program for drafting standards is also available
> through LIBNOR's website
> ([http://www.libnor.org](http://www.libnor.org/)).

#### NIST Notify U.S. Service

> Member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are required
> under the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) to
> report to the WTO all proposed technical regulations that could affect
> trade with other Member countries. **Notify U.S.** is a free,
> web-based e-mail subscription service that offers an opportunity to
> review and comment on proposed foreign technical regulations that can
> affect your access to international markets. Register online at
> Internet URL:
> [http://www.nist.gov/notifyus/](http://www.nist.gov/notifyus/%0D)

###  Conformity Assessment [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

The following six laboratories are the main national testing bodies in
Lebanon:

-   The Laboratories of Industrial Research Institute (IRI) affiliated
    with the Ministry of Industry test for all types of products.

-   The Central Laboratory at the Ministry of Public Health (in case of
    food products).

-   The Laboratory of the Agricultural Research Institute at the
    Ministry of Agriculture (in case of food products).

-   The American University of Beirut Laboratory of Chemistry and
    Pharmacology.

-   The French Medical Institute Laboratory of Chemistry and
    Pharmacology at Saint Joseph University.

-   The Nuclear Medicine Laboratory at Notre Dame du Liban Hospital.

###  Product Certification [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

> Industrial Research Institute (IRI) provides certificates of quality
> or conformity with standards and purchase requirements. Certificates
> of conformity or quality, issued by foreign companies such as SGS and
> Veritas, are also honored in Lebanon. In addition, several ministries
> issue certificates of conformity. The Ministry of Agriculture has the
> authority to issue certificates of conformity for exported
> agricultural products. The Ministry of Economy and Trade issues
> conformity and export certificates at the request of the exporter. The
> Ministry of Public Health issues health certificates at the request of
> the exporter. There are no mutual responsibility agreements (MRAs)
> with U.S. organizations.

###  Accreditation [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

> Conseil Libanais D'Accreditation (Colibac) is the only accreditation
> body in Lebanon. Colibac is part of the Ministry of Industry. The
> Laboratories of Industrial Research Institute (IRI) affiliated with
> the Ministry of Industry is the authorized chemical and
> micro-biological laboratory used for accreditation.

###  Publication of Technical Regulations [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

> Once the board committee agrees on draft standards, LIBNOR announces a
> trial period of two months. This announcement is sent directly to the
> National News Agency, several local newspapers, all members of the
> technical committee, local state television and posted on LIBNOR's
> website. Board members may also publish it or make it known to the
> relevant bodies they represent. Once adopted, all standards and
> decrees (issuing technical regulations) are published in Lebanon's
> "Official Gazette." Because Lebanon is not a WTO member yet, there is
> no formal procedure of notification. U.S. entities can comment on
> technical regulation via email to LIBNOR.

###  Labeling and Marking [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

> Labels on containers and packages require the display of size, weight,
> or quantity of the goods contained therein. The Consumer Protection
> Division at the Ministry of Economy and Trade currently enforces the
> law. Failure to comply with the requirements subjects the violator to
> penalties.

### Contacts [**Return to top**](#standards-return-to-top)

> LIBNOR is de facto the national inquiry point in Lebanon on standards
> and technical regulations resulting from conversion of standards.

LIBNOR

Bloc B, Gedeco Center

PO Box 55120

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961 1 485 927

Fax: 961 1 485 929

E-mail: [Libnor@cnrs.edu.lb](mailto:libnor@cnrs.edu.lb)

Website: [http://www.Libnor.org](http://www.Libnor.org/)

Conseil Libanais d'Accreditation (COLIBAC)

Ministry of Industry

Sami El Solh Avenue, Badaro

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961 1 427046; 427006; 423338

Fax: 961 1 427112

Website: [http://www.industry.gov.lb](http://www.industry.gov.lb/)

## Trade Agreements [**Return to top**](#ch5)

[]{#twentysix .anchor}Lebanon is traditionally a country with a free and
open trade regime. Efforts towards trade liberalization have been
focused on the European Union (EU), World Trade Organization (WTO), and
the Arab world. Lebanon does not have a free trade arrangement with the
U.S., nor a bilateral investment treaty.

On December 1, 2006, Lebanon signed a Trade and Investment Framework
Agreement (TIFA) with the U.S. TIFA helps both countries promote an
attractive investment climate, expand trade relations, and remove
impediments to trade and investment.

Lebanon is seeking to accede to the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Having gained observer status in 1999, Lebanon held its fifth Working
Party meeting in May 2007.

Lebanon's Interim Agreement with the EU came into effect in March 2003.
The agreement provides for reciprocal free trade on the majority of
industrial goods. It also liberalizes trade on a large basket of
agricultural and processed agricultural goods. The Euro-Med Partnership
aims at establishing a free trade area for the Mediterranean region by
the year 2010.

In 2004, Lebanon and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) signed a
free trade agreement. EFTA granted market access on industrial goods
beginning in 2005, while Lebanon will progressively dismantle tariff on
industrial products between 2008 and 2015. The agreement covers trade in
industrial goods and processed agricultural products, as well as
investment and government procurement. Bilateral agreements between
Lebanon and individual EFTA states have also been signed in 2004
covering trade in agriculture products.

Lebanon has signed a number of free trade agreements with Arab
countries. Lebanon is a signatory to the Arab League's Greater Arab Free
Trade Area (GAFTA), an agreement among 17 Arab countries. Import duties
among GAFTA countries were fully eliminated on January 1, 2005. Lebanon
has signed a number of bilateral free trade agreements with Arab
countries to expedite trade integration. Those include Syria (effective
1999), Egypt (effective 1999), Kuwait (effective 2000), UAE (effective
2001), Iraq (effective 2002), and Jordan (signed in 2002, but not
ratified).

More information about trade agreements is at the Ministry of Economy
and Trade's website at
[http://www.economy.gov.lb](http://www.economy.gov.lb/).

## Web Resources [**Return to top**](#ch5)

\-- Lebanese Customs Authority:
[http://www.customs.gov.lb](http://www.customs.gov.lb/).

\-- LIBNOR: [http://www.libnor.org](http://www.libnor.org/).

\-- Ministry of Economy:
[http://www.economy.gov.lb](http://www.economy.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Industry:
[http://www.industry.gov.lb](http://www.industry.gov.lb/).

\-- Bureau of Industrial Security (BIS):
[http://www.bis.doc.gov](http://www.bis.doc.gov/).

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

[[]{#ch6 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

# Chapter 6: Investment Climate

-   [Openness to Foreign
    Investment](#openness-to-foreign-investment-return-to-top)

-   [Conversion and Transfer
    Policies](#conversion-and-transfer-policies-return-to-top)

-   [Expropriation and
    Compensation](#expropriation-and-compensation-return-to-top)

-   [Dispute Settlement](#thirtyfour)

-   [Performance Requirements and
    Incentives](#performance-requirements-and-incentives-return-to-top)

-   [Right to Private Ownership and
    Establishment](#right-to-private-ownership-and-establishment-return-to-top)

-   [Protection of Property
    Rights](#protection-of-property-rights-return-to-top)

-   [Transparency of Regulatory
    System](#transparency-of-regulatory-system-return-to-top)

-   [Efficient Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment](#fortytwo)

-   [Political Violence](#political-violence-return-to-top)

-   [Corruption](#corruption-return-to-top)

-   [Bilateral Investment
    Agreements](#bilateral-investment-agreements-return-to-top)

-   [OPIC and Other Investment Insurance
    Programs](#opic-and-other-investment-insurance-programs-return-to-top)

-   [Labor](#labor-return-to-top)

-   [Foreign-Trade Zones/Free
    Ports](#foreign-trade-zonesfree-ports-return-to-top)

-   [Foreign Direct Investment
    Statistics](#foreign-direct-investment-statistics-return-to-top)

-   [Web Resources](#web-resources-return-to-top-2)

## Openness to Foreign Investment [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Lebanon is a country open to foreign direct investment by tradition.
Over the last six years, the GOL has passed several laws and decrees to
encourage investment.  The Investment Development Law grants the
Investment Development Authority of Lebanon (IDAL), a public agency
under the Prime Minister, the authority to award licenses and permits
for new investments, as well as to grant special incentives, exemptions,
and facilities to large projects.  In an attempt to attract foreign
investments, IDAL launched in 2003 the "Investors Matching Service" to
facilitate the creation of strategic international-local partnerships
through joint ventures, equity participation, acquisition, and others. 
IDAL is currently setting up the Investor Support and Information Center
(ISIC), a data bank that will provide comprehensive, reliable, and
up-to-date investment related information to prospective investors.  The
ISIC should be launched in the first quarter of 2009.

Lebanon has many investment enabling strengths that have encouraged
foreign companies to set up offices in recent years.  Lebanon's key
advantages include a free market economy, the absence of controls on the
movement of capital and foreign exchange, a highly educated labor force,
good quality of life, and limited restrictions on investors. 

Moreover, Lebanon has not been affected by the global financial crisis
due to sound banking regulations that prohibit investing in structured
products. Commercial banks record high liquidity levels. Although they
are the largest lenders to the GOL, commercial banks are interested in
financing the government's privatization programs. Meanwhile, Lebanon is
one of the few countries that has benefited from the global financial
crisis; there was a significant increase in capital inflows mainly from
the Lebanese Diaspora from July to October 2008, which perceived
Lebanon\'s banking sector as relatively safe given its high liquidity
and high interest rates on deposits.

However, the domestic political and security situation may affect
investments in 2009.  The political situation remains fragile, and
tensions could increase before the parliamentary elections in spring
2009.  In addition, some issues continue to cause frustration among
local and foreign businessmen.  Impediments include red tape and
corruption, arbitrary licensing decisions, complex customs procedures,
archaic legislation, an ineffectual judicial system, high taxes and
fees, flexible interpretation of laws, and weak enforcement of
intellectual property rights.  These factors have pushed the
International Finance Corporation (IFC) to rank Lebanon 99 among 181
countries in terms of ease of doing business in its 2009 report. The
\"Doing Business\" report ranks economies based on ten indicators: ease
of starting a business, dealing with construction permits, employing
workers, registering property, access to credit, protecting investors,
paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, and closing a
business.

The government continues to express a strong commitment to improving the
business environment in its reform program submitted at the Paris III
International Donors' Conference in January 2007.  In January 2006, the
Ministry of Economy and Trade (MOET) signed an agreement with the IFC to
help streamline business registration procedures in Lebanon.  A
short-term business registration simplification solution was endorsed in
September 2007 and is expected to reduce time, cost, and number of
procedures by 50 percent.  The MOET is working on new legislation to
further reduce time, costs, and procedures in the long run.

In 2008, 30 foreign companies, including one U.S. company (in the
services sector) opened offices, representative offices, or branches in
Lebanon, according to statistics from the MOET. 

Lebanon received mixed results in the World Bank\'s annual governance
survey for 2007, falling in five out of six categories compared to the
previous year. Out of 212 countries worldwide and 19 MENA countries,
Lebanon\'s rank regressed in the categories of government effectiveness,
political stability, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of
corruption. Meanwhile, Lebanon\'s rank rose by seven places worldwide
and two places within the MENA region in the voice and accountability
indicator.

Privatization is a key component of the current government's economic
reform program, as it is eager to attract foreign investors. But
progress on privatization will depend on political will and global
market conditions. In the last quarter of 2007, the government moved
forward in privatizing the telecommunications and power sectors,
starting with the sale of two cellular licenses. The Telecommunications
Regulatory Authority (TRA) made available an online data-room for
potential bidders for the country\'s GSM network.  Information on the
auction for the two cellular licenses is available online at
[http://www.lebanonmobileauction.com](http://www.lebanonmobileauction.com/). 

However, political tension stalled the auction process, despite nine
international companies expressing interest in the deal. Due to the
global financial crisis, the government decided to wait for better
market conditions before moving forward with the auction. Meanwhile, the
management of the two GOL-owned cellular companies expired and the
government tasked the Ministry of Telecommunications (MOT) to launch a
tender for a one-year management contract, renewable for one additional
year, for both companies. The MOT is expected to submit legislation for
the sale of the two companies' assets in early 2009.

In March 2007, Booz Allen Hamilton completed the plan for setting up
Liban Telecom, consisting of the merger of MOT directorates and Ogero
(the public company in charge of fixed lines maintenance and ADSL
provider). Implementation awaits a political decision to appoint Liban
Telecom's Board. Liban Telecom will also hold a third cellular license
and will be open for privatization.

As for the power sector, in order to privatize power production and
distribution at Lebanon\'s national power company, Electricite du Liban
(EDL), the government contracted three separate advisory teams in
November 2007 to help corporatize EDL and set up the regulatory
framework for its privatization within 18 months.  Meanwhile, current
Minister of Energy and Water (MEW) Alain Tabourian is preparing a new
reform plan for the power sector and is expected to announce it in the
first quarter of 2009. The IFC has helped in preparing the due diligence
for an Independent Power Producer (IPP), however Tabourian rejects the
idea of having the private sector build new power plants.

In November 2007, the MEW signed two memoranda of understanding with two
separate local private companies to build private power plants, in line
with the government\'s plan to privatize the electricity industry and
switch to cheaper and more environmentally friendly fuels.  One company
will build a new 50 megawatt plant to supply the national power grid and
the other company will construct the country\'s first wind-powered plant
in the Biqa\' region.  Both projects await issuance of the license and
offer good opportunities for U.S. technology and investment.

There are opportunities for attracting foreign investors in
infrastructure projects.  The government pledged at the Paris III
Conference to maintain an appropriate level of investment spending.  The
Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) is responsible for
tendering and procuring funding for government physical infrastructure
projects (electricity, telecommunications, roads, and public transport),
social infrastructure (education, public health, social and economic
development, land use, and environment), basic services (water supply,
wastewater, solid waste management), and productive sectors
(agriculture, irrigation, ports, airports, tourism, and government
buildings).  According to the latest CDR progress report of July 2008,
there were 1,074 projects in progress valued at USD 2.472 billion by the
end of December 2007.  Public infrastructure opportunities mainly lie in
roads and highways, ports, electricity, education, solid waste,
wastewater, and water supply.  As of the end of 2008, the CDR had a
total of USD 2 billion in loans and protocols ratified by parliament,
but not yet disbursed. As of September 2008, the CDR had a total of USD
691 million in loans awaiting parliamentary approval.  In addition, the
CDR has nearly USD 600 million in grants mainly related to pledges prior
to Paris III and earmarked for public investments for post-July 2006 war
reconstruction; CDR has already spent part of this assistance.  In
addition, donors pledged USD 2.7 billion in project financing at the
Paris III Conference.  The CDR has a limited absorptive capacity and
targets annual spending at around USD 750 million. 

A foreigner can establish a business under the same conditions that
apply to a Lebanese national, provided the business is registered in the
Commercial Registry.  Foreign investors who do not manage their business
in Lebanon do not need to apply for a work permit.  However, foreign
investors who own and manage their business in Lebanon must apply for an
\"Employer Work Permit\" and a residency permit.  The Employer Work
Permit stipulates that the investor\'s share in the capital not be less
than USD 67,000 and that the investor pledges to hire three Lebanese and
register them at the National Social Security Fund (NSSF) within six
months.  All companies established in Lebanon must abide by the Lebanese
Commercial Code and regulations, and are required to retain the services
of a lawyer.  There are no sector-specific laws on acquisitions,
mergers, or takeovers, except for bank mergers.

Lebanese law does not differentiate between local and foreign investors,
except in land acquisition (see property section below).  Foreign
investors can generally establish a Lebanese company, participate in a
joint venture, or establish a local branch or subsidiary of their
company without difficulty.  Specific requirements apply for holding and
offshore companies, real estate, insurance, media (television, political
newspapers), and banking.

The establishment of joint-stock corporations, limited liability, and
offshore and holding companies are allowed under Lebanese law.  A
joint-stock corporation (Societe Anonyme Libanaise - SAL) is governed by
Decree Law No. 304, dated January 24, 1942, under the Commercial Law. 
Limitations related to foreign participation include:  a general
limitation on management participation (Article 144 stipulates that the
majority of the Board of Directors should be Lebanese), indirect
limitation with regard to acquisition of capital shares (Article 147),
limitation on capital shares with regard to public utilities (Article
78), and limitation on capital shares and management with regard to
exclusive commercial representation (Decree-law No. 34/67, dated August
5, 1967).  In the financial sector, most establishments, including
banking and insurance, must take the form of a joint-stock company.

A limited liability company (Societe a Responsabilite Limitee - SARL) is
governed by Decree Law No. 35, dated August 5, 1967.  It can be fully
owned by non-Lebanese and the management of the company can be conferred
to non-Lebanese.

Holding and offshore companies follow the legal form of a joint-stock
corporation and are governed by Decree Law No. 45 (on Holdings) and
Decree Law No. 46 (on offshore companies), dated June 24, 1983, and
amended by Law No. 19, dated September 5, 2008.  A foreign non-resident
Chairman/General Manager of a holding or an offshore company is exempt
from the obligation of holding work and residency permits.  Law No. 772,
dated November 2006, exempts holding companies from the obligation of
having two Lebanese persons or legal entities on their Board of
Directors.  All offshore companies must register with the Beirut
Commercial Registry.  Offshore banking, trust, and insurance companies
are not permitted in Lebanon.

Law No. 296, dated April 3, 2001, which amended the 1969 Law No. 11614,
governs foreign acquisition of property.  The new law eased legal limits
on foreign ownership of property to encourage investments in Lebanon,
especially in industry and tourism, abolished discrimination for
property ownership between Arab and foreign nationals, and lowered real
estate registration fees from six percent for Lebanese and 16 percent
for foreigners to five percent for both Lebanese and foreign investors. 
The law permits foreigners to acquire up to 3,000 square meters of real
estate without a permit; acquiring more than 3,000 square meters needs
Cabinet approval.  Cumulative real estate acquisition by foreigners may
not exceed three percent of total land in each district.  Cumulative
real estate acquisition by foreigners in the Beirut region may not
exceed 10 percent of the total land area.  The law prohibits acquisition
of property by individuals not holding an internationally recognized
nationality.  This is primarily aimed at Palestinian refugees residing
in Lebanon to prevent them from permanently settling in the country.

## Conversion and Transfer Policies [**Return to top**](#ch6)

There are no restrictions on the movement of capital, capital gains,
remittances, dividends, or on the inflow and outflow of funds.  The
conversion of foreign currencies or precious metals is unfettered. 
Foreign currencies are widely available and can be purchased from
commercial banks or money dealers at market rates.  There are no delays
in remitting investment returns except for the normal time required by
the banks to carry out transactions.

## Expropriation and Compensation [**Return to top**](#ch6)

[]{#thirtyfour .anchor}Land expropriation in Lebanon is relatively
rare.  The Law on Expropriation (Law No. 58, dated May 29, 1991, Article
One), as well as Article 15 of the Constitution, clearly specifies the
purpose of expropriation and calls for fair and adequate compensation. 
The government may expropriate property for public utility projects,
such as enlarging highways and streets.  Compensation is paid at the
time of expropriation and is often perceived as below market value.  The
government does not discriminate against U.S. or other foreign
investors, companies, or their representatives, in expropriation.

The government, with the agreement of the parliament, established three
private and public real estate companies to encourage reconstruction and
development in Greater Beirut, a private corporation \"SOLIDERE\" for
Beirut\'s downtown commercial center, and two public companies,
\"ELYSSAR\" for the southwest suburbs of Beirut, and "LINORD" for
northern Beirut.  While LINORD has been dormant for years, the
government is seriously considering reactivating it to attract
investors. These companies have been granted the authority to
expropriate certain lands for development, although in doing so they
have faced serious legal challenges from landowners and squatters. 
Several court cases are still pending against SOLIDERE after 13 years of
litigation.

## Dispute Settlement [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Over the last few years, the government has faced problems with
previously awarded contracts.  It has resorted to international
arbitration to resolve them.  In 2005, the International Chamber of
Commerce's Arbitration Court issued rulings favorable to the two private
operators of the cellular network, Cellis (which is two-thirds owned by
France Telecom) and Libancell, whose contracts were terminated by the
government in 2001.  The government negotiated a settlement and paid
them compensation. The government has also recently settled a dispute
with a Chinese contracting company working to expand the northern port
of Tripoli. Cases in Lebanese courts are not settled rapidly because of
archaic procedures, a shortage of judges, inadequate support structures,
and a traditional slowness in the handling of cases inherited from the
days of the French mandate.  Since 2005, political interference has
stalled the appointment of new judges to fill vacancies in some courts
and to handle the increased workload. There is occasional interference
by politicians and powerful lobbying groups in the court system.  Local
courts accept investment agreements drafted subject to foreign
jurisdiction, if they do not contradict Lebanese Law.  Judgments of
foreign courts are enforced subject to the \"exequatur\" obtained.  The
Commercial Code (Book No. 5, Articles 459-668) and the Penal Code govern
insolvency and bankruptcy.  By law, a secured creditor has a right to
share in the assets of a bankrupt party.  Verdicts involving monetary
values in contract cases are made according to the currency of the
contract or its equivalent in Lebanese pounds at the official conversion
rate on the day of the payment.

The \"Lebanese Center for Arbitration\" became operational on May 8,
1995.  Created by local economic organizations, including the four
Lebanese Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture, the Center acts
as an arbitrator in solving Lebanese and international conflicts related
to trade and investment.  Its statutes are similar to those of the
International Chamber of Commerce in Paris. 

Lebanon has an administrative judicial system that handles all kinds of
disputes involving the State.  The government accepts binding
international arbitration of investment disputes between foreign
investors and the State related to contracts.  In the case of a
concession granted by contract by the State, the government does not
accept binding international arbitration unless the contract includes an
arbitration clause that obtained prior approval by decree issued by the
Cabinet.  However, there is an exception for investors of countries that
have signed an investment protection agreement (ratified by the
parliament) that stipulates international arbitration in case of
dispute. 

Lebanon is a member of the International Center for the Settlement of
Investment Disputes (ICSID - Washington Convention).  Lebanon ratified
in 2007 the New York Convention of 1958 on the recognition and
enforcement of foreign arbitral awards.

## Performance Requirements and Incentives [**Return to top**](#ch6)

There are no performance requirements on investment imposed by law. 
There are no requirements on foreign investors regarding geographic
location, amount of local content, import substitution, export
expansion, technology transfer, or source of financing.  Investors are
not required to disclose proprietary information as part of the
regulatory approval process, except in the case of banks, which must
have the Central Bank\'s approval for transfer of ownership.

Foreign investors enjoy the same incentives as local investors. 
Foreigners doing business in Lebanon through an establishment must have
work and residency permits.  Registration with a Chamber of Commerce is
required for the import and handling of a limited number of products
that are subject to control requirements for safety reasons.  Products
with special import requirements constitute less than one percent of
total tradable goods.  Registration at the Chambers of Commerce is
required for ensuring that established facilities meet safety, handling,
and storage requirements.

The Investment Law divides Lebanon into three investment zones located
outside Beirut, with different incentives provided in each zone.  The
law encourages investments in the fields of technology, information,
telecommunications and media, tourism, industry, and agriculture. 
Incentives include: (a) facilitating issuance of permits for foreign
labor; (b) tax incentives ranging from 50 percent tax reduction for five
years on income tax and tax on the distribution of dividends to total
exemption of these taxes for ten years starting from the date of
operation (issuance of first invoice); and (c) exempting companies that
list 40 percent of their shares on the Beirut Stock Exchange from income
tax for two years.  The Investment Law allows the introduction of
tailor-made incentives through package deals for large investments
projects regardless of the project's location, including tax exemptions
for up to 10 years, reductions on construction and work permit fees, and
total exemption on land registration fees.  IDAL may exempt joint-stock
companies that benefit from package deal incentives from the obligation
of having a majority of their Board of Directors being Lebanese (Law No.
771, dated November 2006).  Investors who seek to benefit from
facilities in the issuance of work permits under \"package deals" must
hire two Lebanese for every foreigner and register them with the
NSSF.   

Other laws and legislative decrees provide tax incentives and exemptions
depending on the type of investment and its geographical location. 
Industrial investments in rural areas benefit from tax exemptions of six
or ten years, depending on specific criteria (Law No. 27, dated July 19,
1980, Law No. 282, dated December 30, 1993, and Decree No. 127, dated
September 16, 1983).  Exemptions are also available for investment in
south Lebanon, Nabatiyeh, and the Biqa\' (Decree No. 3361, dated July,
2, 2000).  For example, new industrial establishments manufacturing new
products will benefit from a 10-year income tax exemption.  Factories
currently based on the coast that relocate to rural areas or areas in
south Lebanon, Nabatiyeh, and the Biqa\' benefit from a six-year income
tax exemption. 

The government reduces to five percent the tax on dividends for:  (a)
companies listed on the Beirut Stock Exchange (BSE); (b) companies that
open up 20 percent of their capital to Arab companies listed on their
country\'s stock exchange or foreign companies listed on the stock
exchange of OECD countries; and (c) companies that issue Global
Depository Receipts (GDRs) amounting to a minimum 20 percent of their
shares listed on the BSE. 

Domestic and foreign investors may benefit from a five to seven percent
subsidy on interest on loans amounting to up to USD 10 million provided
by banks, financial institutions and leasing companies to industrial,
agricultural, tourism, and information technology establishments. The
subsidy covers a maximum of seven years.

Custom exemptions are granted to industrial warehouses for export
purposes.  Companies located in the Beirut Port or Tripoli Port Free
Zone benefit from customs' exemptions and are exempt from the
value-added tax (VAT). They are also not required to register their
employees with the NSSF if they provide equal or better benefits.

## Right to Private Ownership and Establishment [**Return to top**](#ch6)

The right to private ownership is respected in Lebanon.  Foreign private
entities can establish, acquire, and dispose of interests in business
enterprises and can engage in all kinds of remunerative activities.

## Protection of Property Rights [**Return to top**](#ch6)

The concept of a mortgage exists, and secured interests in property,
both movable and real, are recognized and enforced.  Such security
interests must be recorded in the Commercial Registry and the Real
Estate Registry.  Lebanon has a Real Estate Law that governs acquisition
and disposition of all property rights by Lebanese nationals; Law No.
296, dated April 3, 2001, governs real estate acquisition by
non-Lebanese (see A.1 - property section).

Lebanon has legislation to provide adequate intellectual property rights
(IPR) protection.  However, enforcement is weak. In 2008, Lebanon was
upgraded to Watch List from Priority Watch List in the United States
Trade Representative's annual review of intellectual property protection
worldwide.  Lebanon is under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
review for inadequate enforcement of copyright laws.  The High Tech and
Intellectual Property Crime Unit, established at the Internal Security
Forces (ISF) in 2006 to boost IPR enforcement, has seen some progress. 
During 2008, the government continued to raid shops and warehouses that
were storing or displaying pirated content. Although cable television
piracy persists, following a series oflawsuits from major cable TV
operators, illegal cable providers are now paying a fee to the
respective right holders. The U.S. Motion Picture Industry estimated
annual losses to the U.S. motion picture industry due to audio-visual
piracy in Lebanon at USD 35.5 million in 2006.  This covers theatrical
(USD 1.8 million), cable (USD 31.8 million), and DVDs (USD 1.86 million)
markets.  Meanwhile, the International Intellectual Property Alliance
(IIPA) estimated preliminary 2007 piracy-related losses in Lebanon at
\$26.8 million, up from \$25.6 million in 2006, and accounting for 3.6
percent of all such losses in the MENA region. The IIPA recognized that
some progress had been made in combating piracy, mainly by the ISF,
Customs, and MOET inspectors, despite the difficult political and
security situation in the country.

The Business Software Alliance (BSA) ranked Lebanon 37 out of 108
countries with the highest piracy rate worldwide in 2007, an improvement
from 2006 when Lebanon was ranked 30. Within the MENA region, Lebanon
ranked six in 2007; Lebanon had been in third place since 2003.
Lebanon\'s piracy rate remained constant at 73 percent since 2005.
Meanwhile, piracy-related losses totalled \$44 million in 2007, up 12.8
percent from \$39 million in 2006. Unauthorized copies of
internationally patented pharmaceuticals continue to be approved by the
Ministry of Public Health, although newly approved Decree No. 571
contains requirements on the treatment of undisclosed information in
registration applications.  The judicial system is largely ineffective
in deterring IPR crimes.

Existing intellectual property right laws cover copyright, patent,
trademarks, and geographical elements.

\-- Lebanon\'s 1999 Copyright Law largely complies with WTO regulations
and needs minor amendments to become fully compatible.  The new law
allows educational institutions and students to copy legitimately
acquired software for non-commercial use.  Registration of copyrights in
Lebanon is not mandatory.  Copyright protection is granted without the
need for any registration. 

\-- A modern and TRIPS-compatible Patent Law, approved in 2000, provides
general protection for semiconductor chip layout designs, plant
varieties, and trade secrets, but no adequate coverage for trade
secrets. The issue of undisclosed information is being dealt with as
part of a new Unfair Competition Law, which is still being drafted.  The
Lebanese legal regime does not require examination, prior to
registration, of patents for novelty, utility, and innovation.  Simple
patent deposit is required at the Ministry of Economy and Trade.  The
application is examined only for conformity with general laws and
ethics.

\-- The Council of Ministers approved the drafts for a new Industrial
Designs and Trademark Law in October 2007 and Geographical Indications
in May 2007.  These now await parliamentary ratification.  The 1924 Law
on Industrial Property does not require examination of trademarks, but
calls for simple deposit.  However, examination of trademarks prior to
registration became the norm starting in 2001.  Registration of
industrial trademarks takes about one week. 

\-- Lebanon signed the Singapore Treaty on Trademarks in December 2006.

\-- Lebanon's cabinet approved adherence to the WIPO Copyright Treaty
(WCT) and WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) in November
2008, and both are awaiting parliamentary approval.

\-- Lebanon signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA)
with the United States in November 2006.  (See Section B)

\-- Lebanon is pursuing WTO accession.  A USAID-funded technical
assistance project with consultants from PricewaterhouseCoopers and Booz
Allen Hamilton worked from May 2000 to October 2007 (and subsequently
funded by MEPI from November 2007 to December 2008) with the GOL to
revise, update and draft appropriate laws to facilitate WTO accession.

## Transparency of Regulatory System [**Return to top**](#ch6)

[]{#fortytwo .anchor}Private sector companies should be wary when
bidding for public projects.  Transparency, clear regulations, and fair
consideration of bids have never been the rule in Lebanon.  There is no
one specific law regulating all aspects of government procurement in
Lebanon.  Government administrations often award contracts by mutual
agreement, without calling for a tender.  The government does not always
establish \"clear rules of the game.\" 

In Lebanon, the procedures necessary for business entry, operation, and
exit are not streamlined.  However, the process does not discriminate
against foreign investors. 

Red tape plagues bureaucratic procedures.  International companies are
faced with an unpredictable, opaque operating environment, and often
encounter unanticipated obstacles or costs late in the process. 
According to the IFC Doing Business 2009 report, Lebanon\'s only
improvement was noted in the area of streamlining business registration,
reducing the time needed to start a business from 46 to 11 days and
eliminating one procedure. The report may be accessed at
[http://www.doingbusiness.org](http://www.doingbusiness.org/).

The government does not publish proposed laws and regulations in draft
for public comment.  However, the practice in Lebanon is to form
drafting committees both from the public and private sector
incorporating representatives of all stakeholders when preparing
legislation. However, Telecom Law No. 431 requires from the TRA to issue
regulations in draft for public consultation in an effort to ensure full
transparency and enable the general public to play a role in shaping
future regulations.  In general, legal, regulatory, and accounting
systems are consistent with international norms.

In 2008, USAID through the Transparency Accountability Grants (TAG)
project successfully launched 14 new activities, out of an initially
planned 18 new activities, targeting diverse needs such as youth
participation, consumer protection, capacity enhancing for both NGOs and
a governmental agency (DG of Coops), enhancing rule of law at the
Ministry Of Justice and in the State Council, establishing a foundation
for investigative journalism at the Lebanese University, and inclusion
for the visually impaired. Total funding to local NGOs was \$711,980
matched by cost-sharing of \$445,885, or 63 percent. The shortfall in
achieving the target was mainly due to a tense political and security
situation that diverted the attention of civil society organizations
(CSO) from governance issues to humanitarian assistance and conflict
resolution. Additionally, a quickly approaching close-out date prevented
the launching of new activities because of a lack of implementation
time. An April 2008 impact assessment for the Fiscal Years 2006 and 2007
highlighted the effectiveness of the TAG project, even in such trying
times, as a program to both mobilize and improve the capacity of local
CSOs to be effective partners for reform.

Gender factors are not critical for the success of TAG but the project
has worked extensively to ensure that women's organizations and concerns
are supported with TAG grants. Moreover, TAG beneficiaries encompass a
fair gender distribution. Of a total of 39,764 beneficiaries of FY 08
TAG projects, 19,734 were females. More specific examples include: 11
out of the 18 interns at the Ministry of Economy and Trade were females;
23 out of 31 Lebanese University journalism students selected were
females; and around 14,000 out of 28,000 students trained on honesty and
integrity issues were females.

## Efficient Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Lebanon places no restrictions on the movement of capital in or out of
the country, whether for investment or other purposes.  The government
permits the free exchange of currencies, precious metals, and monetary
instruments, both domestically and internationally. According to the
World Bank, remittance inflows to Lebanon are estimated at USD 6 billion
in 2008, or a four percent increase compared to 2007, making Lebanon the
18^th^ largest recipient worldwide and third largest among 12 MENA
countries. As a percentage of GDP, remittances were estimated at 24.4
percent in 2007, the highest in the MENA region. 

Credit is allocated on market terms, and foreign investors can get
credit facilities on the local market.  The private sector has access to
overdrafts and discounted treasury bills, in addition to a variety of
credit instruments, such as housing, consumer, or personal loans, and
loans to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).  The International
Finance Corporation (IFC) and the European Investment bank (EIB) have
been separately extending financial facilities through the Lebanese
banking sector to help SMEs in specific productive sectors, such as IT,
industry, and tourism.  In 2007, the EIB and the French Development
Agency (French counterpart of USAID) separately extended loans to the
Lebanese banking sector to help the private sector recover from the
impact of the July 2006 war.  In 2007/2008, the Overseas Private
Investment Corporation (OPIC) extended USD 220 million in credit line
guarantees through Citibank to selected Lebanese banks for private
sector lending.

In 2006, the MOET launched an EU-financed project to upgrade the quality
of local manufacturing to match international standards, as well as
build the capacity of manufacturers and producers.  The MOET through an
EU-financed project also launched incubators for SMEs in four regions in
Lebanon (North, South, Mount Lebanon, and the Biqa\', although the
latter closed recently for logistical reasons).

The Beirut Stock Exchange (BSE) quotes six commercial banks, three
investment funds, 14 sovereign Eurobond issues (11 in USD, two in Euro,
and one in Lebanese Pounds), and five companies, including "SOLIDERE,"
one of the largest publicly held companies in the region.  Trading is a
combination of auction and continuous trading.  In spring 2008, the BSE
authorized on-line trading. Legislation allows the listing of tradable
stocks or papers on the BSE.  Lebanon now hosts the headquarters of the
Arab Stock Exchange Union.

The banking regulatory system is transparent and consistent with
international norms.  Banks conform to Bank for International Settlement
(BIS) standards.  The Banking Control Commission (BCC) has performed a
self-assessment on the implementation of the new 25 Core principles for
effective banking supervision and set up an action plan for compliance
during 2009. Lebanon has legislation regulating issuance of and trading
in bank equities.  Parliament passed Law No.308, dated April 3, 2001, on
unification of bank shares, whereby banks may increase their
capitalization and shareholder base as well as optimize trading of bank
shares on the BSE.  New laws governing the operation of the stock
market, such as the formation of a Financial Market Authority to oversee
Lebanon's stock market operations, await parliamentary approval. 
Parliament ratified in November 2005 a new law on asset securitization. 
There are no restrictions on portfolio investment; foreign investors can
invest in Lebanese equity and fixed income paper. 

The banking system is sound and enjoys a high capital adequacy ratio,
which reached around 12.3 percent by the end of June 2008, compared to
eight percent set by Basel II.  The Central Bank of Lebanon (CBL) and
the BCC set up a committee to prepare the banking sector to comply with
the three pillars of Basel II recommendations.  As of November 2008, the
Lebanese banking sector complied with Pillar I and II of Basel II (new
capital adequacy ratio, and supervisory review process on economic
capital of banks respectively).  The CBL and BCC are currently issuing
new circulars for banks to comply with Pillar III (transparency and
market discipline) of Basel II in 2009. 

The Lebanese banking sector, encouraged by the CBL, continues to
consolidate.  Over 25 bank mergers have taken place in the past decade,
and additional mergers are anticipated after the parliament approved a
revised Bank Mergers' Law, and the government in November 2008 issued
the implementation decree.  International firms established in Lebanon,
such as Standard Chartered Bank, Emirates Lebanon Bank, HSBC, Citibank
and Merrill Lynch, remain active.  Many sectors are dominated by
traditional businesses in the hands of commercially powerful families. 
The government is trying to improve the transparency of such firms in
order to help solidify an emerging capital market for company shares.

The total assets of Lebanon\'s five largest commercial banks reached
about USD 59.8 billion in 2007, or 59.2 percent of total banking
assets.  At the end of 2007, about 13.9 percent of total loans were
estimated as non-performing, compared to 18.7 percent at the end of
2006.  By the end of September 2008, the total assets of Lebanon's five
largest commercial banks reached about USD 66.6 billion.  Banks continue
to maintain more than 80 percent provisions against non-performing
loans, while the remaining provision is covered by adequate collateral. 

The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recognized in its October 2003
Plenary Lebanon's sustained efforts to implement its anti-money
laundering regime and decided to end formal monitoring of Lebanon.  In
July 2003, Lebanon joined the Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence
Units; this group works on international cooperation in the fight
against money laundering.  On November 30, 2004, Lebanon, represented by
the Secretary of its Special Investigation Commission (SIC) fighting
money laundering and terrorism finance, was elected to head the newly
established Middle East and North Africa (MENA) FATF \-- a FATF-styled
regional body that promotes best practices to combat money laundering
and terrorism financing in the MENA region \-- for the first year.  In
March 2006, Lebanon\'s SIC Secretary was elected chair of the US-MENA
Private Sector Dialogue initiative. MENA FATF will assess Lebanon\'s
anti-money laundering and terror financing capabilities in the first
quarter of 2009.

## Political Violence [**Return to top**](#ch6)

On May 7, 2008, opposition fighters led by Hizballah, a Shia opposition
party and U.S.-designated terrorist organization, blocked the road
leading to Beirut International Airport and several West Beirut
neighbourhoods in protest over government decisions to declare
Hizballah\'s telecommunication network illegal and remove the airport
security chief because of the presence of Hizballah's surveillance
cameras monitoring the airport. Air traffic was suspended for around one
week. During this time, clashes erupted between Hizballah and Sunni
Future Movement in Beirut and predominantly Druze area of Aley and
Choueifat, where 84 people were killed and approximately 200 people were
wounded. On May 21 in Doha, Qatar, rival leaders reached a deal to end
the violence and the 18-month political stalemate. Since the Doha
agreement and continuing throughout the year, sectarian clashes broke
out between Druze and Hizballah across the country and between Sunnis
and Alawites in the northern part of the country, leading to the death
of approximately 70 people and wounding 275.

On January 27, 2008, violent riots broke out when youth from the
predominantly Shia Muslim area of Shiyah were protesting what they
perceived to be discriminatory power cuts. When an Amal movement
official was killed by unknown gunfire, the riots turned violent with
protesters throwing stones and setting cars ablaze. The riots led to the
death of seven civilians, including the Amal Movement official, and more
than 19 wounded.

## Corruption [**Return to top**](#ch6)

There is rampant corruption when dealing with the public sector. 
According to Transparency International (TI), perceived corruption in
Lebanon in 2008 ranked 102 out of 180 countries, down from 99 in 2007,
and 11 out of 20 MENA countries. The index measures the perception of
corruption estimated by public officials and politicians, and focuses on
corruption in the public sector, defined as an abuse of official power
for private interests.

The International Financial Corporation (IFC) and the Lebanese
Transparency Association (LTA) signed an MOU on October 11, 2007, to
establish the Institute of Directors (on Corporate Governance) in
Lebanon.  The IFC has provided a USD 250,000 grant for the Institute,
which will provide training courses on corporate governance, offer
consultancy services, carry out research and educational activities, and
organize awareness-raising private sector events in Lebanese and MENA
region.

Lebanon has laws and regulations to combat corruption, but historically
these are not always enforced.  On October 8, 2008, parliament agreed to
Lebanon's adherence to the UN Convention Against Corruption. Lebanon is
not a signatory to the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery.  According
to Lebanese law, it is a criminal act to give or accept a bribe.  The
penalty is imprisonment for up to three years, with hard labor in some
cases, with a fine equal to at least three times the value of the
bribe.  Bribing a government official is also a criminal act.  The
Central Inspection Directorate is responsible for combating corruption
in the public sector, while the public prosecutor is responsible for
combating corruption in the private sector.

Corruption is more pervasive in government contracts (primarily in
procurement and public works), taxation, and real estate registration,
than in private sector deals.  It is widely believed that investors
routinely pay bribes to win government contracts, which are often
awarded to companies close to powerful politicians.

The Ministry of Finance (MOF) launched a 24/7 call center on December 4,
2008, along with an electronic tax declaration system, and a service
whereby citizens can handle issues dealing with property tax through the
Lebanese postal service, Libanpost.  These services are expected to
decrease corruption.

## Bilateral Investment Agreements [**Return to top**](#ch6)

The U.S. has neither a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) with Lebanon,
nor an agreement to prevent double taxation.  Lebanon has expressed an
interest in signing both.  Preliminary discussions for a BIT began in
2001 but have been pending ever since.  Several politicians have
publicly expressed caution regarding a Middle East Free Trade Area.

In November 2006, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) and the
MOET signed a Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA).  Apart
from pledging to foster an environment conducive to mutual trade and
investment, the TIFA requires both parties to set up a United
States-Lebanon Council on Trade and Investment that would meet twice a
year or more to consult on trade and investment impediments and any
other issues of concern.  The Council will seek and consider the views
of private sector representatives in both countries.  The Council has
not been set up yet. Finally, under the TIFA, the United States and
Lebanon agreed to a consultation mechanism that may be activated by
either party within 60 days in the event of a dispute or other
development affecting trade relations.

At the signing ceremony for the TIFA, the Minister of Economy expressed
interest in signing a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the U.S.
Government.  However, there has been no work toward such an agreement as
of this time.

Lebanon has signed bilateral investment agreements with the following
countries (in alphabetical order): Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan,
Bahrain, Belarus, Belgium/Luxemburg, Benin, Bulgaria, Canada, Chad,
Chile, China, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Egypt, Finland, France,
Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Italy, Jordan,
Kuwait, Malaysia, Mauritania, Morocco, Netherlands, Oman, Pakistan,
Romania, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria,
Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, the U.A.E., the U.K., and Yemen.

Lebanon has signed bilateral tax conventions with 33 countries, but not
with the United States. 

Lebanon signed the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership agreement in 2002, and
the interim agreement entered into force in March 2003.  The final
agreement came into force in April 2006.  In 2004, Lebanon and the
European Free Trade Association (EFTA) signed a free trade agreement. 
Lebanon and Syria have four bilateral cooperation agreements in the
fields of economics, transport, agriculture, and health.  Lebanon has
also signed the Arab Free Trade Zone Agreement, as well as bilateral
Free Trade Agreements with Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, and the UAE.

## OPIC and Other Investment Insurance Programs [**Return to top**](#ch6)

On February 10, 1981, Lebanon and the U.S. signed an OPIC agreement in
Beirut, but no investment using OPIC insurance coverage was undertaken
until 1996.  OPIC is currently engaged with Lebanon in three areas: 
insurance, financing, and investment.  Since 2006, OPIC has worked with
Citibank on a program that offers loans to the private sector (SMEs,
retail, and housing) through selected Lebanese commercial banks; this
program was first operational in January 2007, with OPIC providing USD
120 million in credit line guarantees.  A second USD 100 million
credit-line guarantee was signed in 2008. OPIC is also finalizing an
agreement to participate in the EURO MENA II Fund, a fund of USD 200-300
million based in Beirut, with a foreign fund management firm. 

The Lebanese government's National Investments Guarantee Corporation
(NIGC), established in 1977, continues to insure new investments against
political risks, riots, losses due to non-convertibility of currencies,
and transfer of profits.  Other major trade/investment insurance
programs operating in Lebanon include COFACE (France), ECGD (UK), HERMES
(Germany), SACE (Italian), and IAIGC (Arab Consortium).  Lebanon since
1994 has been a member of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
(MIGA), part of the World Bank..

The U.S. dollar value of the local currency has been trading at about
Lebanese Lira (LL) 1,500 to the dollar for the last 13 years.  The GOL
has repeatedly expressed its commitment to maintaining a stable
currency.  With record high foreign currency assets of about USD 19.1
billion as of the end of November 2008, the CBL has the ability to
maintain a stable USD/LL rate.

## Labor [**Return to top**](#ch6)

The 1964 Labor Law provides for written and oral contracts and specifies
a maximum workweek of 48 hours (with several exceptions, notably in
agriculture and the food service industries).  The law provides for the
right of association and the right to organize and bargain
collectively.  Lebanon is a member of the International Labor
Organization (ILO) Convention.   

Lebanon's working population (aged 15 and above) totals 1.1 million,
including foreign residents, but excluding the seasonal work force,
according to the Central Administration of Statistics' (CAS) 2007
National Survey of Household Living Conditions.  CAS estimates
Lebanon\'s population in 2007 at 3.75 million, excluding Palestinians in
the camps and seasonal workers.  According to a 2004 St. Joseph
University study, the unemployment rate is close to nine percent, while
CAS estimated the unemployment rate (aged 15-64) at 9.2 percent in its
2007 Household Living Conditions survey.  The CAS Survey showed that the
unemployment rate reached 26.1 percent for the 15-19 age group and 20.7
percent for the 20-24 age group.  The unemployment rate is somewhat
attenuated because about one-third of the total workforce works outside
Lebanon, mainly in Arab countries and the Gulf, according to prominent
consultants.

Local unskilled labor is in short supply.  Arab (mainly Syrian and some
Palestinian refugees), Asian, Indian, and African laborers are hired to
work in construction, agriculture, industry, and households. 

Lebanon has a General Confederation of Labor (GCL), recognized by the
government, whose membership is limited exclusively to Lebanese
workers.  The GCL's activities are mainly limited to demanding
cost-of-living increases and other social benefits.  The
government/labor relationship has improved compared to previous years,
yet it remains difficult.  Given its own political bias, the GCL has
been sometimes accused of working for its political interests and being
ineffective in fighting for workers' rights. 

## Foreign-Trade Zones/Free Ports [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Foreign-owned firms have the same investment opportunities as Lebanese
firms.  Lebanon has two free zones in operation, the Beirut Port and the
Tripoli Port.  The reconstruction of a 120,000 square meter free zone at
the Beirut Port is complete, and a 6,000-square meter bonded warehouse
facility is now available.  The new WTO-compatible Customs Law issued by
Decree No. 4461, dated December 15, 2000, fosters the development of
free zones (Chapter III, Articles 242-261).

## Foreign Direct Investment Statistics [**Return to top**](#ch6)

There are no official statistics available on foreign direct investment
(FDI).  Banking sources estimated that construction and real estate
account for the largest part of foreign investment.  According to the
2007 Inter-Arab Investment Guarantee Corporation (IAIGC) investment
climate report, Lebanon was the second largest recipient of Arab
investment, out of eight surveyed Arab countries. Investments in Lebanon
reached USD 3.3 billion in 2007, up from USD 2.3 billion in 2006.  Arab
investments in Lebanon were mainly channeled to the real estate sector,
followed by the services, tourism, and industrial sectors.  

According to the UN Conference on Trade and Development

(UNCTAD) 2008 World Investment Report, foreign direct investment (FDI)
in Lebanon totaled USD 2.85 billion in 2007, or a 3.9 percent increase
from 2006. In nominal terms, Lebanon ranked five out of 20 MENA
economies surveyed in FDI receipts. FDI flows to Lebanon were equivalent
to 11.6 percent of GDP in 2007, the highest within all Arab countries
surveyed. UNCTAD placed Lebanon in the category of countries with low
FDI potential but high FDI performance, and thus among countries with
\"above potential\" results in terms of attracting FDI.

French, Italian, German, British, Korean, and Finnish companies have won
most of the government contracts in the fields of electricity, water,
and telecommunications, and for the Sport City Center and Beirut
International Airport (BIA) projects.  This could be attributed to: (a)
the travel ban that delayed the physical presence of U.S. nationals
representing their companies in the Lebanese market to bid on projects
until 1997, and (b) tied bilateral financial protocols, which provide
grants and soft--term loans, signed between Lebanon and some European
countries.  U.S. companies won contracts in solid waste treatment and
landfill, and some contracts in the power sector, air transport (radar
equipment for BIA), and media (equipment for the national broadcaster
Radio Lebanon). 

The U.S. Embassy in Beirut tracks U.S. companies' activities in the
Lebanese market.  The Embassy actively lobbies to support U.S. nationals
bidding on projects, providing equal support to all U.S. bidders via
letters and direct meetings with senior Lebanese government officials,
and demanding fair consideration of U.S. companies that are bidding on
business opportunities in Lebanon.  In some cases, the Embassy and U.S.
Department of Commerce have provided higher-level advocacy from
Washington.  The Embassy encourages U.S. companies bidding on projects
to contact the Embassy's Commercial Section for assistance and advocacy.

## Web Resources [**Return to top**](#ch6)

Association of Lebanese Banks:
[http://www.abl.org.lb](http://www.abl.org.lb/).

Central Bank of Lebanon:
[http://www.bdl.gov.lb](http://www.bdl.gov.lb/).

Council of Development and Reconstruction (CDR):
[http://www.cdr.gov.lb](http://www.cdr.gov.lb/).

Investment development Authority of Lebanon (IDAL):
[http://www.idal.com.lb](http://www.idal.com.lb/).

Ministry of Economy and Trade:
[http://www.economy.gov.lb](http://www.economy.gov.lb/).

Ministry of Finance:
[http://www.finance.gov.lb](http://www.finance.gov.lb/).

Telecom Regulatory Authority (TRA):
[http://www.lebanonmobileauction.com](http://www.lebanonmobileauction.com/).

International Finance Corporation (IFC):
[http://www.doingbusiness.org](http://www.doingbusiness.org/).

Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC):
[http://www.opic.gov](http://www.opic.gov/).

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD):
[http://www.unctad.org](http://www.unctad.org/).

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

[[]{#ch7 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

# Chapter 7: Trade and Project Financing

-   [How Do I Get Paid (Methods of
    Payment)](#how-do-i-get-paid-methods-of-payment-return-to-top)

-   [How Does the Banking System
    Operate](#how-does-the-banking-system-operate-return-to-top)

-   [Foreign-Exchange
    Controls](#foreign-exchange-controls-return-to-top)

-   [U.S. Banks and Local Correspondent
    Banks](#u.s.-banks-and-local-correspondent-banks-return-to-top)

-   [Project Financing](#project-financing-return-to-top)

-   [Web Resources](#web-resources-return-to-top-3)

## How Do I Get Paid (Methods of Payment) [**Return to top**](#ch7)

Lebanon has no restrictions on currency conversions and transfers, and
no foreign exchange controls affect trading. About 50 percent of
international trade is financed through letters of credit, and the
remaining 50 percent through direct transfers. There are no credit
rating agencies or collection agencies currently operating in Lebanon.
Bank and sovereign Eurobonds are the only entities rated by
international rating agencies.

## How Does the Banking System Operate [**Return to top**](#ch7)

Lebanon is a financial hub for banking activities in the Middle East. It
has one of the most sophisticated banking sectors in the region. Bank
secrecy is strictly enforced. The Central Bank of Lebanon (CBL)
regulates all financial institutions and money exchange houses. In April
2001, Lebanon adopted Law No. 318, which created a framework for lifting
bank secrecy, mandating suspicious transaction reporting, requiring
financial institutions to obtain and maintain records of customer
identification information, and facilitating access to banking
information and records by judicial authorities.

Foreigners can open accounts in banks operating in Lebanon and get
credit on market terms. The Banking Control Commission (BCC) closely
monitors bank credits. All credit transactions are subject to timely and
accurate disclosure. The National Institute for the Guarantee of
Deposits insures up to LL 5 million (about \$3,317) of Lebanese and
foreign currency deposits in commercial banks. Bank financial statements
are in compliance with international accounting standards. Independent
auditors audit annual accounts, and most banks utilize internationally
recognized accounting firms.

## Foreign-Exchange Controls [**Return to top**](#ch7)

Lebanon imposes no foreign exchange controls. The foreign exchange
market is neither regulated nor restricted.

## U.S. Banks and Local Correspondent Banks [**Return to top**](#ch7)

Below is a list of U.S. banks operating in Lebanon:

**CITIBANK N.A.**

Beytus Park

Bloc A, 3^rd^ floor

Park Avenue

Beirut Central District

P.O.Box 11-1535

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-962440

Fax: 961-1-962445

http://www.citi.com

**AMERICAN EXPRESS BANK (Representative Office)**

Foch Street, Beirut Central District

The Atrium Bldg, 3rd floor

Beirut, Lebanon

P.O.Box 11-0327

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-987722

Fax: 961-1-987723

[http://www.americanexpress.com](http://www.americanexpress.com/)

**BANK OF NEW YORK (Representative Office)**

Maarad Street, Place de l'Etoile

The Atrium Bldg, 3rd floor

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-988788

Fax: 961-1-989001

[http://www.bankofny.com](http://www.bankofny.com/)

**JP MORGAN CHASE BANK (Representative Office)**

Clemenceau Street, Gefinor Center, Bloc B,

16th floor, Suite No.1601

Beirut, Lebanon

P.O.Box 11-5133

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-739583

Fax: 961-1-739581

[http://www.jpmorgan.com](http://www.jpmorgan.com/)

Below is a list of the top ten Lebanese commercial banks (ranked by
assets as of June 2008) with correspondent U.S. banking arrangements:

**AUDI BANK S.A.L.**

Banque Audi Plaza, Bab Idriss

Omar Daouk Street

P.O.Box 11-2560 Riad El-Solh

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-994000

Fax: 961-1-990555

[http://www.banqueaudi.com](http://www.banqueaudi.com/)

**BLOM BANK S.A.L.**

BLOM Bank Bldg

Rashid Karameh Street.

P.O.Box: 11-1912 Riad El Solh

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-738938; 961-1-743300

Fax: 961-1-738946

[http://www.blom.com.lb](http://www.blom.com.lb/)

**BYBLOS BANK S.A.L.**

Byblos Bank Tower,

Elias Sarkis Avenue, Ashrafieh

P.O.Box: 11-5605 Riad El Solh

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-335200

Fax: 961-1-339436

[http://www.byblosbank.com.lb](http://www.byblosbank.com.lb/)

**BANKMED S.A.L.**

Mediterranee Group Center

482 Clemenceau Street

P.O.Box: 11-0348 Riad El Solh

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-373937

Fax: 961-1-362706

**FRANSABANK S.A.L.**

Fransabank Center, Hamra Street

P.O.Box: 11-0393 Riad El-Solh

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-340180/8; 01-745761/4

Fax: 961-1-354572

[http://www.fransabank.com](http://www.fransabank.com/)

**BANQUE LIBANO-FRANCAISE S.A.L.**

Beirut Liberty Plaza

Rome Street, Hamra

P.O.Box 11-0808

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-791332

Fax: 961-1-791332 x 1318

[http://www.eblf.com](http://www.eblf.com/)

**BANK OF BEIRUT S.A.L.**

Bank of Beirut Bldg

Foch Street, Beirut Central District,

P.O.Box: 11-7354

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-972972

Fax: 961-1-983999

[http://www.bankofbeirut.com.lb](http://www.bankofbeirut.com.lb/)

**CREDIT LIBANAIS S.A.L.**

5^th^ Floor, Sofil Center

Charles Malek Ave, Ashrafieh

P.O.Box: 16-6729

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-200028/9

Fax: 961-1-325713

[http://www.creditlibanais.com.lb](http://www.creditlibanais.com.lb/)

**LEBANESE CANADIAN BANK**

St. Charles City Center

Ain El Mraysseh

P.O.Box: 11-2520 Riad El Solh

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-379922

Fax: 961-1-379922

[http://www.lebcanbank.com](http://www.lebcanbank.com/)

**SOCIETE GENERALE DE BANQUE AU LIBAN S.A.L.**

Sehnaoui Bldg, Riad El-Solh Street

P.O.Box: 11-2955

Beirut, Lebanon

Tel: 961-1-980783

Fax: 961-1-980785

[http://www.sgbl.com.lb](http://www.sgbl.com.lb/)

***Source:** Association of Lebanese Banks*

## Project Financing [**Return to top**](#ch7)

Project financing in Lebanon varies and is not always clearly defined.
According to the Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR), the
government\'s executive body for redevelopment, at the end 2007, the
total amount of secured foreign financing amounted to \$ 8.790 billion,
comprised of grants, soft loans, commercial loans, export credits and
medium term loans. As of end September 2008, CDR had a total of \$ 691
million in loans awaiting parliament's approval. In addition, CDR has
nearly \$ 600 million in grants mainly related to pledges prior to Paris
III and earmarked for public investments for post-July 2006 war
reconstruction; CDR has already spent part of this assistance. Moreover,
donors pledged \$ 2.7 billion in project financing at the Paris III
conference.

About 30 foreign financing sources are involved in CDR\'s reconstruction
plan. Ten main financing sources have contributed over 90 percent of the
total foreign financing. These are the World Bank, the Arab Fund for
Economic and Social Development, the European Investment Bank, Kuwaiti
funds, the Islamic Development Bank, Saudi Arabia, Italy, France and
commercial banks.

The World Bank opened a permanent office in Lebanon in early 2000 to
track World Bank loans and to assist the Lebanese government in
obtaining additional loans geared towards administrative, tax, and
social reform, as well as assistance to municipalities.

## Web Resources [**Return to top**](#ch7)

Export-Import Bank of the United States:
[http://www.exim.gov](http://www.exim.gov/)

Country Limitation Schedule:
<http://www.exim.gov/tools/country/country_limits.html>

OPIC: [http://www.opic.gov](http://www.opic.gov/)

Trade and Development Agency: <http://www.tda.gov/>

SBA\'s Office of International Trade: <http://www.sba.gov/oit/>

USDA Commodity Credit Corporation:
<http://www.fsa.usda.gov/ccc/default.htm>

U.S. Agency for International Development:
[http://www.usaid.gov](http://www.usaid.gov/)

Council for Development and Reconstruction:
[http://www.cdr.gov.lb](http://www.cdr.gov.lb/).

Central Bank of Lebanon:
[http://www.bdl.gov.lb](http://www.bdl.gov.lb/).

Association of Lebanese Banks:
[http://www.abl.org.lb](http://www.abl.org.lb/).

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

[[]{#ch8 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

# Chapter 8: Business Travel

-   [Business Customs](#business-customs-return-to-top)

-   [Travel Advisory](#travel-advisory-return-to-top)

-   [Visa Requirements](#visa-requirements-return-to-top)

-   [Telecommunications](#telecommunications-return-to-top)

-   [Transportation](#transportation-return-to-top)

-   [Language](#language-return-to-top)

-   [Health](#health-return-to-top)

-   [Local Time, Business Hours and
    Holidays](#local-time-business-hours-and-holidays-return-to-top)

-   [Temporary Entry of Materials and Personal
    Belongings](#temporary-entry-of-materials-and-personal-belongings-return-to-top)

-   [Web Resources](#web-resources-return-to-top-4)

## Business Customs [**Return to top**](#ch8)

Arabic is the official language in Lebanon. French and English are
widely spoken. Business cards are commonly used. Dress code is formal in
most business and official settings.

Lebanon uses the metric system of weights and measures, and the monetary
unit is the Lebanese pound (LL), also called the Lira. There are no
exchange controls, and U.S. dollars circulate freely. Cash is the most
common method of payment in Lebanon. Payment by check or credit card is
possible nearly everywhere. Bank ATM machines are widespread and cash
may be withdrawn in Lebanese pounds or U.S. dollars.

## Travel Advisory [**Return to top**](#ch8)

The U.S. Department of State advises all U.S. citizens of the risks of
travel to Lebanon and recommends that Americans exercise caution while
traveling there. For more information, please visit
http://[travel.state.gov]()/travel/warnings_consular.html

## Visa Requirements [**Return to top**](#ch8)

Visas are required for entry into Lebanon and may be obtained at
Lebanese embassies
([http://www.lebanonembassyus.org](http://www.lebanonembassyus.org/) )
and consulates, or upon arrival at Beirut International Airport (only
for holders of American, Canadian and Western European passports).
Travelers whose passports contain Israeli stamps or visas are routinely
refused entry at the airport. If holders of Arab passports contain
Israeli stamps or visas, they may be subject to arrest and imprisonment.
Persons, including dual national Lebanese, suspected of having traveled
via Israel during the 1982-2000 Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon,
may also be subject to interrogation or detention.

U.S. Companies that require travel of foreign businesspersons to the
United States should be advised that security options are handled via an
interagency process. Visa applicants should go to the following links.

State Department Visa Website:
<http://travel.state.gov/visa/index.html>.

United States Visas.gov: <http://www.unitedstatesvisas.gov/>.

Beirut Consular Website:
[http://lebanon.usembassy.gov](http://lebanon.usembassy.gov/lebanon/consular.html).

## Telecommunications [**Return to top**](#ch8)

International calls are easy but expensive. The domestic public phone
network is generally reliable. Various private cellular telephone and
fax facilities exist. Prepaid cellular cards are widely available.
Cellular phones may be rented for the duration of a visit. Internet
service is available starting at a monthly subscription fee of about
\$10 for unlimited access and is accessible to visitors at many hotels
and a multitude of Internet cafes. Western Union has over 170 branches
(many open 24 hours and on weekends) to facilitate wire transfers. DSL
internet connection was recently introduced in Lebanon in 2007. For more
information, please visit
[http://www.ogero.gov.lb](http://www.ogero.gov.lb/).

## Transportation [**Return to top**](#ch8)

Lebanon lacks adequate public transportation, but private, un-metered
taxis and shared cabs are plentiful in and around the capital. Rental
cars are readily available at a daily cost of \$20 and up, depending on
the type and model of the car.

Although many international airlines serve Beirut, a 1984 U.S.
Presidential Determination prohibits direct air links between the U.S.
and Lebanon.

## Language [**Return to top**](#ch8)

Arabic is the official language. French and English are widely spoken.

## Health [**Return to top**](#ch8)

Most pharmaceuticals and health-related products are readily available
in the local market. Private hospitals in Beirut and surrounding areas
provide modern care. Doctors and hospitals often expect immediate cash
payment for services if health insurance is not available.

Lebanon offers visitors a wide variety of foods and restaurants offer a
variety of cuisines. The Lebanese take pride in their internationally
renowned culinary talents and restaurant quality is considered to be
outstanding.

## Local Time, Business Hours, and Holidays [**Return to top**](#ch8)

Local time is GMT plus two in the winter, and GMT plus three in the
summer. Government offices hours: 8:00 AM - 2:00 PM Monday through
Thursday; 8:00 AM -11:00 PM on Friday; and 8:00 AM - 1:00 PM on
Saturday. Bank counters: Monday through Friday: 8:30 AM - 12:30 PM (some
bank counters remain open until 3:00 PM or 4:00 PM); Saturday 8:00 AM to
12:00 noon. Private office hours vary and some exceed the 40-hour
workweek. The following dates are considered holidays in Lebanon:

The following dates are considered holidays in Lebanon:

New Year's Day (Jan. 1); St. Maroun\'s Day (Feb. 9); Feast of Ramadan
(Variable); Good Friday and Easter Monday, Western Rite (Variable);
Labor Day (May 1); Friday and Easter Monday, Eastern Rite (Variable);
Martyr\'s Day (May 6); Feast of Al-Adha (Variable); Ashura (Variable);
Islamic New Year (Variable); Assumption Day (Aug. 15); Prophet\'s
Birthday (Variable); Independence Day (Nov. 22); and Christmas (Dec.
25). In the case of Lebanese holidays which fall on Saturday or Sunday,
Lebanese Government regulations prohibit the granting of an alternate
day of holiday, except for Labor Day.

## Temporary Entry of Materials and Personal Belongings [**Return to top**](#ch8)

# There are no restrictions on the temporary entry of laptops and software. Temporary entry of exhibit materials requires a Temporary Admission (ATA) carnet, which can be obtained from the Chamber of Commerce. Video and audio disks and tapes may be subject to search and seizure.

## Web Resources [**Return to top**](#ch8)

\-- Ministry of Telecommunications:
[http://www.ogero.gov.lb](http://www.ogero.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Economy:
[http://www.economy.gov.lb](http://www.economy.gov.lb/).

\-- Lebanese Customs Authority:
[http://www.customs.gov.lb](http://www.customs.gov.lb/).

\-- Lebanese Embassy in the U.S.:
[http://www.lebanonembassyus.org](http://www.lebanonembassyus.org/).

\-- U.S. Embassy in Lebanon:
[http://lebanon.usembassy.gov](http://lebanon.usembassy.gov/).

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

# Chapter 9: Contacts, Market Research, and Trade Events

-   [Contacts](#contacts-return-to-top-1)

-   [Market Research](#market-research-return-to-top)

-   [Trade Events](#trade-events-return-to-top)

## Contacts [**Return to top**](#chapter-9-contacts-market-research-and-trade-events)

**[Ministries:]{.underline}**

\-- Ministry of Administrative Reform:
[http://www.omsar.gov.lb](http://www.omsar.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Agriculture:
[http://www.agriculture.gov.lb](http://www.agriculture.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Culture:
[http://www.culture.gov.lb](http://www.culture.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Education & Higher Education:
[http://www.higher-edu.gov.lb](http://www.higher-edu.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Economy and Trade:
[http://www.economy.gov.lb](http://www.economy.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Environment:
[http://www.moe.gov.lb](http://www.moe.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Finance:
[http://www.finance.gov.lb](http://www.finance.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants:
[http://www.emigrants.gov.lb](http://www.emigrants.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Industry:
[http://www.industry.gov.lb](http://www.industry.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Information:
[http://www.ministryinfo.gov.lb](http://www.ministryinfo.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Interior:
[http://www.interior.gov.lb](http://www.interior.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Justice:
[http://www.justice.gov.lb](http://www.justice.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Labor: [http://www.clu.gov.lb](http://www.clu.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of National Defense:
[http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb](http://www.lebarmy.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Post and Telecommunications:
[http://www.mpt.gov.lb](http://www.mpt.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Public Health:
[http://www.public-health.gov.lb](http://www.public-health.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Social Affairs: http://www.socialaffairs.gov.lb.

\-- Ministry of Tourism:
[http://www.destinationlebanon.gov.lb](http://www.destinationlebanon.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Displaced:
[http://www.rebuildlebanon.gov.lb](http://www.rebuildlebanon.gov.lb/).

\-- Presidency of the Council of Ministers:
[http://www.pcm.gov.lb](http://www.pcm.gov.lb/).

\-- Ministry of Energy and Hydraulic Resources: Tel:
961-1-565100/1/2/3/4

\-- Ministry of Public Works and Transport: Tel: 961-1-615773/4/5/6

\-- Ministry of Youth and Sports: Tel: 961-1-426658

**[Public Agencies:]{.underline}**

\-- Central Bank of Lebanon:
[http://www.bdl.gov.lb](http://www.bdl.gov.lb/).

\-- Council for Development and Reconstruction:
[http://www.cdr.gov.lb](http://www.cdr.gov.lb/).

\-- Investment Development Authority of Lebanon:
[http://www.idal.com.lb](http://www.idal.com.lb/).

\-- National Archives: [http://www.can.gov.lb](http://www.can.gov.lb/).

\-- OGERO: [http://www.ogero.gov.lb](http://www.ogero.gov.lb/).

\-- Port of Beirut:
[http://www.portdebeyrouth.com](http://www.portdebeyrouth.com/)

**[Trade Associations:]{.underline}**

\-- American Lebanese Chamber of Commerce:
[http://www.amcham.org.lb](http://www.amcham.org.lb/).

\-- Association of Banks in Lebanon:
[http://www.abl.org.lb](http://www.abl.org.lb/).

\-- Association of Lebanese Industrialists:
[http://www.ali.org.lb](http://www.ali.org.lb/).

\-- Beirut Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture:
[http://www.ccib.org.lb](http://www.ccib.org.lb/).

\-- Beirut Trader's Association: Tel: 961-1-345735; 347997; 747886

\-- International Chamber of Commerce: Tel: 961-1-200437/8

\-- Lebanese Businessmen Association: Tel: 961-1-320450; 320395

\-- Lebanese Franchise Association: Tel: 961-4-723724

\-- Professional Computer Association:
[http://www.pca.org.lb](http://www.pca.org.lb/).

## Market Research [**Return to top**](#chapter-9-contacts-market-research-and-trade-events)

To view market research reports produced by the U.S. Commercial Service
please go to the following website:
[http://www.export.gov/marketresearch.html](http://www.export.gov/marketresearch.html )
and click on Country and Industry Market Reports.

Please note that these reports are only available to U.S. citizens and
U.S. companies. Registration to the site is required, but free of
charge.

## \`Trade Events [**Return to top**](#chapter-9-contacts-market-research-and-trade-events)

Please click on the link below for information on upcoming trade events.

<http://www.export.gov/tradeevents.html>

Please click on the links below for information on upcoming trade events
in Lebanon.

[http://www.iktissad.com](http://www.iktissad.com/).

[http://www.confex-lebanon.com](http://www.confex-lebanon.com/).

[http://www.ifpexpo.com](http://www.ifpexpo.com/).

[http://www.promofair.com.lb](http://www.promofair.com.lb/).

[http://www.bielcenter.com](http://www.bielcenter.com/).

[http://www.hospitalityservices.com.lb](http://www.hospitalityservices.com.lb/).

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

[[]{#ch10 .anchor}Return to table of
contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

# Chapter 10: Guide to Our Services

The U.S. Commercial Service offers customized solutions to help your
business enter and succeed in markets worldwide. Our global network of
trade specialists will work one-on-one with you through every step of
the exporting process, helping you to:

-   Target the best markets with our world-class research

-   Promote your products and services to qualified buyers

-   Meet the best distributors and agents for your products and services

-   Overcome potential challenges or trade barriers

For more information on the services the U.S. Commercial Service offers
U.S. businesses, please click on the link below.

<http://www.buyusa.gov/lebanon/en>

[Return to table of contents](#doing-business-in-lebanon)

# 

U.S. exporters seeking general export information/assistance or
country-specific commercial information should consult with their
nearest **Export Assistance Center** or the **U.S. Department of
Commerce\'s Trade Information Center** at **(800) USA-TRADE**, or go to
the following website: [http://www.export.gov]()\
\
To the best of our knowledge, the information contained in this report
is accurate as of the date published. However, **The Department of
Commerce** does not take responsibility for actions readers may take
based on the information contained herein. Readers should always conduct
their own due diligence before entering into business ventures or other
commercial arrangements. **The Department of Commerce** can assist
companies in these endeavors.