# U.S. Department of the Interior

# National Park Service

# 

# **Bird Monitoring Protocol for Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Nebraska and Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas** 

# 

# Prepared by:

# David G. Peitz (Ecologist)^1^

Steven G. Fancy (National Monitoring Coordinator)^2^

Lisa P. Thomas (Program Coordinator)^3^

Gareth A. Rowell (Data Manager) ^1^

Mike D. DeBacker (Ecologist-Program Coordinator)^1^

^1^Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program

Wilson's Creek National Battlefield

6424 West Farm Road 182

## Republic, MO 65738

^2^National Park Service

1201 Oak Ridge Drive, Suite 200

Fort Collins, CO 80525

and

^3^Southern Colorado Plateau I&M

Northern Arizona University

P.O. Box 5765

Flagstaff, AZ 86011

Prepared for:

Prairie Cluster Prototype Monitoring Program,

National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior

**Version 1.00 (July 18, 2003)**

**Revised Version 1.01 (June 18, 2004)**

## Important Note: This sampling protocol consists of this Protocol Narrative and the following Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs):

# SOP 1: Preparations and Equipment Setup Prior to the Field Season

> SOP 2: Training Observers

#### SOP 3: Using the Global Positioning System

> SOP 4: Establishing and Marking Sampling Plots

#### SOP 5: Conducting the Variable Circular Plot Count

> SOP 6: Documenting Habitat Variables
>
> SOP 7: Data Management
>
> SOP 8: Data Analysis
>
> SOP 9: Reporting
>
> SOP 10: Procedures and Equipment Storage After the Field Season
>
> SOP 11: Revising the Protocol

**Table of Contents:**

## I. Background and Objectives

### Issue being Addressed and Rationale for Monitoring Grassland Bird Populations 

Historical Development of Bird Monitoring in Prairie Parks

# Measurable Objectives 

# **II. Sampling Design**

### Rationale for Selecting this Sampling Design over Others

# Site Selection

# Population being Monitored 

Sampling Frequency and Replication

## III. Field Methods

# Field Season Preparations, Field Schedule and Equipment Setup

# Sampling Methods

### Conducting the Variable Circular Plot Count

##### Collecting Habitat Data

## IV. Data Management 

Overview of Database Design

Data Entry

Data Verification and Editing

Metadata Procedures

Data Archival Procedures

## V. Analysis and Reporting

Bird Data Analysis

Habitat Data Analysis

Reporting

## VI. Personnel Requirements and Training

##### Roles and Responsibilities

Qualifications and Training

## VII. Operational Requirements

Annual Workload and Field Schedule

Facility and Equipment needs

Startup Costs and Budget Considerations

Procedures for Revising the Protocol

## VIII. References

**Appendix A.** **Field data forms**

**Appendix B. Bird Species**

**Appendix C. Vegetation Guilds -- by park**

**Appendix D. Common Tree Species**

**I. Background and Objectives**

### Issue being Addressed and Rationale for Monitoring Grassland Bird Populations

Birds are an important component of park ecosystems, and their high body
temperature, rapid metabolism, and high ecological position in most food
webs make them a good indicator of the effects of local and regional
changes in ecosystems. It has been suggested that management activities
aimed at preserving habitat for bird populations, such as for
neotropical migrants, can have the added benefit of preserving entire
ecosystems and their attendant ecosystem services (Karr 1991, Maurer
1993). Moreover, birds have a tremendous following among the public, and
many parks provide information on the status and trends of birds in the
park through their interpretive program.

# Native Great Plains grasslands and their constituent avian fauna once covered vast areas of the North American continent. During the last century, large portions of grassland landscapes were plowed for cropland or converted to livestock pasture (29% of shortgrass, 41% of mixed-grass, and 99% of tallgrass prairie; Knopf and Sampson 1997). Remaining grasslands have been altered through continued fragmentation and isolation, interruption of driving ecological processes such as periodic wildfire, and loss of significant faunal species, including bison (*Bos bison*), elk (*Cervus elaphus*), and wolves (*Canis* *lupus*). 

While not to the extent of large native ungulates and mammalian
predators, many grassland avian species have also demonstrated declining
abundance as prairie habitat loss continues. Data collected during the
U.S. Geological Survey's annual North American Breeding Bird Surveys
(BBS) between 1966 and 1999 indicates that 70% of 29 grassland bird
species show evidence of population declines (Sauer et al. 2000). Many
prairie species such as the grasshopper sparrow (*Ammodramus
savannarum*), eastern meadowlark (*Sturnella magna*), horned lark
(*Eremophila alpestris*), bobolink (*Dolichonyx oryzivorus*), lark
bunting (*Calamospiza* *melanocrys*), and dickcissel (*Spiza americana*)
have declined at alarming rates (Sauer et al. 2003). The destruction and
fragmentation of prairie landscapes, as well as the structural
degradation resulting from fire suppression and changes in grazing
regimes of remaining prairie habitats contribute to these declines.

Accumulation of litter and standing dead material are significant
components in the structure of a tallgrass prairie. In the absence of
fire and grazing, dead material accumulates, decreasing availability of
nutrients and reducing solar radiation reaching the ground resulting in
a homogeneous canopy dominated by big bluestem (*Andropogon gerardii*)
and indiangrass (*Sorghastrum nutans*), with eventual invasion by woody
plants where precipitation permits (Vinton and Collins 1997). Fire tends
to remove accumulated dead material more evenly in grasslands than
grazing that produces a heterogeneous mix of live and dead plant
material. The season, frequency and spatial extent of fire and grazing
interact to influence litter and standing dead material accumulation,
creating a mosaic in vegetation structure across the landscape (Glenn et
al. 1992). The accumulation of litter and standing dead material and the
resulting vegetation structure vary along an east (tallgrass) to west
(shortgrass) gradient with mixed-grass prairies falling somewhere in
between. Net annual production and the accumulation of dead material are
significantly greater in eastern tallgrass prairies than western
shortgrass prairies. Shortgrass prairies also develop a more
heterogeneous canopy than tallgrass prairie, with bunchgrasses, such as
blue grama (*Bouteloua gracilis*), and shrubs dominating (Lane 1995,
Vinton and Collins 1997). Consequently, the accumulation of litter and
standing dead material in shortgrass prairie systems is an insignificant
component of vegetation structure.

Responses of avian communities to changes in habitat structure have
received much attention in recent years (Cody 1981, 1985, Zimmerman
1997, Fitzgerald and Pashley 2000, Tappe et al. in press). Much of this
work has been carried out in forested systems, which are structurally
more diverse than grassland systems. However, work done by Zimmerman
(1982, 1988, 1993) on the Konza Prairie Research Natural Area in the
Flint Hills of Kansas has demonstrated how avian species respond to fire
and grazing in a tallgrass prairie system. Zimmerman (1997) categorized
three types of bird species inhabiting tallgrass prairie:
grass/forb-dependent, woody-dependent and habitat-independent and
recorded their responses to grazing and fire. Woody-dependent species
are generally restricted to riparian corridors where woods are protected
from fire. In prairies invaded by woody species, restoration of fire and
grazing lead to a decline in woody species through removal of their
habitat. Grass/forb-dependent species in tallgrass prairie generally
respond well to moderate grazing that increases structural diversity. On
the other hand, annual spring burns to promote warm season grass
production have a negative influence on structural development by
removing cool season grasses, forbs, litter and standing dead material,
thus reducing habitat quality for grass/forb-dependent species. While
some elements of habitat-avian community relationships are clearly
understood for prairie systems, such as the response following removal
of woody plants, others are not. The influence of habitat alterations on
invertebrate communities and the birds that feed upon them is one
component that is not fully understood.

It is against a backdrop of vanishing or altered prairie ecosystems and
declining grassland bird populations that we propose monitoring avian
communities on National Park Service lands. Long-term trends in the
community composition and abundance of breeding bird populations provide
one measure for assessing the ecological integrity and sustainability of
prairie systems. Long-term patterns in community composition and species
abundance in relation to changes in the structural diversity of
vegetation resulting from fire and grazing will improve our
understanding of the effects of various management actions.

### Historical Development of Bird Monitoring in Prairie Parks

Trends in the composition and abundance of grassland bird populations
have been proposed as a long-term indicator of prairie ecosystem
integrity, which is defined as the capability to support and maintain a
balanced, integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a community
composition, diversity, and functional organization comparable to that
of natural habitat of the region (Karr and Dudley 1981). During 1998 and
1999, as part of the design phase of the Prairie Cluster Prototype
Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program (PC-LTEM) led by the U.S.
Geological Survey, bird inventories and pilot monitoring work was
conducted in eight prairie parks by Dr. Abby Powell of the USGS to
identify the species present at each park and assess the feasibility of
using grassland birds as indicators of ecosystem integrity (Powell
2000). Work was conducted at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument (AGFO),
Badlands National Park (BADL), Homestead National Monument of America
(HOME), Pipestone National Monument (PIPE), Scotts Bluff National
Monument (SCBL), Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve (TAPR), Theodore
Roosevelt National Park (THRO), and Wilson's Creek National Battlefield
(WICR). Powell (2000) concluded that Agate Fossil Beds National Monument
and Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve were of sufficient size to
support healthy grassland bird communities, but recommend against avian
community monitoring in other PC-LTEM parks (HOME, PIPE, SCBL and WICR)
because of their small size. Following Powell\'s recommendation, the
PC-LTEM Program initiated a pilot project in the spring of 2001 to
monitor avian communities at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument and
Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve. Grassland bird monitoring may be of
particular importance at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, where
current management includes annual prescribed fire and heavy cattle
grazing. As the park General Management Plan is implemented, greater
structural diversity and improved avian habitat may be observed.

### Measurable Objectives

There are two primary objectives for the monitoring described in this
protocol:

1.  Identify significant temporal changes in composition and abundance
    of bird communities at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument and
    Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve during the breeding season.

2.  Improve our understanding of breeding bird -- habitat relationships
    and the effects of management actions such as grazing and prescribed
    fire regimes on bird populations by correlating changes in bird
    community composition and abundance with changes in habitat
    variables.

# **II. Sampling Design**

### Rationale for Selecting this Sampling Design over Others

Hundreds of different sampling approaches have been used to quantify
status or trends in bird populations and dozens of different monitoring
programs are currently in place throughout North America to determine
local, regional, or national trends in bird numbers. Most common survey
methods allow simultaneous collection of information about species that
share a common life history or habitat, but no single method will
adequately sample the diversity of either habitats that birds occupy or
life history groups such as seabirds, songbirds, raptors and shorebirds.

The sampling design described in this protocol involves a series of
sampling stations laid out on a systematic grid that are sampled during
5 minute counts using the variable circular plot (VCP) methodology
(Reynolds et al. 1980, Scott et al. 1986, Buckland et al. 1993, 2001,
Fancy 1997, Nelson and Fancy 1999). Variable circular plots and line
transect sampling are two types of distance sampling. Distance sampling
has been used for more than 30 years to estimate animal abundance and is
the best omnibus method currently available for determining relative
abundance or trends for birds in most sampling situations. In practice,
the method documented in this protocol is basically the same as point
counts, such as those used in the Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), except
that for each bird heard or seen during the count, its horizontal
distance from the observer is estimated. In the case of line transect
sampling, the observer walks down a transect and records either the
perpendicular distance to each bird heard or seen, or else records the
sighting angle and sighting distance instead of the perpendicular
distance. Line transects are usually more efficient than VCP counts
where they can be conducted because the observer collects data
continuously while walking along the transect, whereas during VCP counts
the observer only records birds detected during 3-10 minute sampling
periods from stations located along a transect or on a systematic grid.
However, VCP counts are the preferred approach in patchy habitats where
correlations between bird data and vegetation or other habitat
information are sought and in dense, rugged or hazardous terrain where
you need to watch your footing as you traverse the landscape. Another
advantage of VCP counts is that data can be directly compared to
historical point count data such as those obtained during BBS counts and
can contribute to ongoing programs such as the National Point Count
Database.

An important benefit of using the variable circular plot method is the
ability to accommodate a wide range of bird species, each of which
possesses a different singing style and each of which may occur in a
variety of acoustically-different habitats (BCRIB 1999). VCP counts
operate by essentially allowing the habitat to determine the size of the
area being surveyed. The maximum detectable distance to a bird may
change between different habitats, but the radius of the survey will
also change. For example, surveys of grassland birds usually cover a
larger area per point because of the absence of a screen of trees, and
because bird species may be flushed at greater distances in open
habitats (BCRIB 1999).

In addition to the rational for VCP counts given above, this protocol
uses variable circular plot counts arranged in a systematic grid to
address the two objectives for bird monitoring in prairie parks for the
following reasons:

-   A primary objective is to associate changes in bird community
    composition and abundance with long-term changes in vegetation that
    occur as a result of natural succession or various management
    actions (e.g., prescribed fire, grazing). We cannot (prior to the
    first year of the long-term sampling scheme) stratify the park into
    areas that will be subjected to different management regimes (e.g.,
    grazed versus ungrazed) because the location and timing of future
    management will be based on feedback from adaptive management and
    other factors and cannot be predicted. Thus, the approach is to
    sample birds on a systematic grid that will allow inferences to be
    made to the entire park, and to later post-stratify the data to
    investigate changes in bird community composition and numbers as a
    result of different management regimes.

-   Unadjusted point counts, such as those used in the Breeding Bird
    Survey, do not account for the number of birds missed during the
    counting interval. The number of birds that are counted at a
    sampling station is a combination of the number of birds that are
    actually there, and the proportion of them detected. Use of
    unadjusted point counts to calculate trends in abundance assumes
    that the proportion of birds detected is the same among species,
    observers and counting conditions, which is usually not the case.
    Without a measure of detectability, counts of birds are an
    unreliable measure of differences in the actual number of birds
    present (see Burnham 1981, Barker and Sauer 1995, Nelson and Fancy
    1999). To obtain credible long-term trend data, and to allow
    comparisons among bird species and habitat types where detectability
    is expected to differ, we will incorporate distance measures to
    improve the quality of the data.

-   By recording distances and by keeping track of whether a bird was
    detected during the first 3 minutes of the count or between minutes
    3-5, we will be able to make direct comparisons between our data and
    those collected by others using the BBS or Ralph et al. (1995)
    methods.

-   Our approach allows data from repeated surveys of the same area or
    areas with similar habitat characteristics to be combined to
    increase sample sizes. By combining surveys, it is possible to
    develop detection functions for uncommon species for which few
    detections are recorded during any single survey.

Note: Occasionally, there is detectability issues in bird sampling that
VCP and other estimation procedures cannot address. For example, there
may be unobservable portions of the population (such as cryptic and
silent females or nocturnal birds) that are not detected at all during
counting, or it may be impossible to estimate detectability at the
appropriate scale, for example when habitat-specific detectability
exists in a rare species. In structurally complex habitats (e.g.,
forests in the northwest U.S. with very tall trees and multiple shrub
and tree layers that make it impossible to see birds directly above the
observer but high up in the canopy) it may be difficult or impossible to
detect birds at close horizontal distances to the observer. Thus, even
with a measure of detectability factored into estimates derived from
counts of birds, such estimates may still be an unreliable measure of
differences in the actual number of birds present in some situations.
However, it is important to note that although data may be less reliable
for species encountered at low rates, it is still valuable to collect
the data, and pooling of data over time may allow certain limited
analyses. Interpretation of survey data requires sensitivity to these
extra-statistical limitations of the estimation procedures.

### Site Selection

Sampling locations or 'plots' are selected as described in SOP #4,
"Establishing and Marking Sampling Plots." Briefly, permanent sampling
locations were selected by overlaying systematic grids of 400 x 400-m
cells (originating from a random starting point) on park maps.
Systematic sampling across the park will allow us to make park-wide
inferences concerning the avian community. The orientation of each grid
was rotated 45 degrees from North to prevent sampling sites from being
influenced by man-made features (roads, fences, etc.) oriented along
cardinal directions. In each park, the riparian corridor was identified
as a separate stratum, with sampling extending 125 m on either side of
the stream channel (Niobrara River, AGFO; Palmer and Fox Creeks, TAPR).
The riparian stratum makes up 15.6% of the total park area (965 ha) at
Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, and 5.3% of the total park area
(4398 ha) at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve. Within the riparian
stratum, plots were located at 250-m intervals along the extent of the
stream. Any plots from the overall park grid that fell within the
riparian stratum were discarded. A total of 242 and 40 plots were
established in upland prairie areas at Tallgrass Prairie National
Preserve and Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, respectively. An
additional 18 riparian plots were established at Tallgrass Prairie
National Preserve and 14 at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument.
Sampling locations are not physically marked on the ground; rather UTM
coordinates are maintained and located in the field with a GPS unit.
Refer to SOP #3 "Using GPS" and SOP #4 "Establishing and Marking
Sampling Plots" for navigation between sampling plots and plot
establishment instructions.

This systematic approach to selecting sampling sites allows flexibility
to choose the appropriate reference frame to answer different monitoring
questions. When making park-wide inferences, results from each stratum
will be weighted by area and combined to give an overall park mean and
variance. At the same time, more intensive sampling in the riparian
corridor will ensure an adequate sample to describe habitat
relationships specific to this less common, but important stratum. The
systematic grid will also allow us to limit the reference frame
appropriately when asking more specific monitoring questions (e.g. only
those sampling points within particular management units would be used
to compare the avian response to different fire or grazing regimes).

### Population being Monitored

Sampling will be limited to the bird-breeding season (early May through
mid-June), and sampling will include those species that may potentially
breed in the park (see Appendix B). Thus, the population being sampled
includes breeding bird species within the park boundary that are present
during the time that the survey is being conducted.

### Sampling Frequency and Replication

All plots will be sampled annually at Agate Fossil Beds National
Monument. To limit the effort needed to complete annual breeding bird
surveys at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, an interpenetrating,
split panel revisit plan \[1-0,1-4\] is utilized in which plots in one
panel will be sampled in all years (n = 41); and plots in five
additional panels will be visited on a rotating basis once every five
years (n = 40 or 41) (McDonald 2003). Panel membership was assigned to
all plots in the systematic sample by numbering plots sequentially along
transects aligned northwest to southeast, starting with the most
northeastern plot. Assignment to panels A through F was done in a
repeated fashion to the sequenced numbers (i.e. number 1 = A, 2 = B, 3 =
C, 4 = D, 5 = E, 6 = F, 7 = A, 8 = B and so on). To determine membership
in the annual panel and the sequence of the remaining panels, the six
letters (A -- F) were randomly sequenced. The result was E, A, D, B, F
and C. Therefore, panel E will be visited annually, panel A in years 1
and 6, panel D in years 2 and 7, B in years 3 and 8, and so on.

Along with two panels, annual sampling will include the 18 riparian
sites at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve resulting in an annual work
load of approximately 100 sites per year, with 50 percent of the annual
sampling effort in upland prairie allocated to the annually sampled
panel.

Schematic for the revisit design for upland prairie

  --------------- ----- ----- ---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------
                              Sample                                         
                              Occasion                                       

                  1     2     3          4     5     6     7     8     9     10

  Panel E         x     x     x          x     x     x     x     x     x     x

  A               x                                  x                       

  D                     x                                  x                 

  B                           x                                  x           

  F                                      x                             x     

  C                                            x                             x
  --------------- ----- ----- ---------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="3.6125in" height="4.696527777777778in"}

## Field Methods

### 

### Field Season Preparations, Field Schedule and Equipment Setup

#  Prior to the field season each year, usually beginning in March or April, the observer(s) should review this entire protocol, including all of the SOPs. The observer should pay special attention to the tasks described in SOP #1 "Before the Field Season" and SOP #2 "Training Observers." Review of bird identification by sight and sound (see SOP #2) is particularly important each year, as the misidentification of a species is perhaps the most serious error one can make during a bird count with greater consequences than errors in estimating distances or double-counting a bird. All of the equipment and supplies listed in SOP #1 should be organized and made ready for the field season, and copies of the field data forms in Appendix A should be made, 25% of which should be on write-in-the-rain paper.

Staff workloads and unpredictable weather (e.g. delays in the onset of
spring, periods of rain, spring storms) necessitate maintaining some
flexibility in scheduling the sequence and duration of sampling trips.
Sampling dates should be scheduled and logistics organized prior to the
start of each field season. Twelve to fifteen VCP counts should be
scheduled for completion each field day. Field trips up to ten days in
length will be necessary to complete bird surveys within the breeding
season. In years when both Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve and Agate
Fossil Beds National Monument are being surveyed, it is recommended that
surveys be completed at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve first, to
accommodate differences in vegetation phenology.

### Sampling Methods 

The protocol comprises two data sets collected concurrently; bird
abundance (VCP) and habitat measures. The bird crew should arrive at the
park the afternoon prior to the first day of sampling to familiarize
themselves with the area and the birds present. Each night, the group
discusses the next day\'s plans and establishes the route for visiting
bird plots. The birding crew arrives at the first plot each day before
sunrise and begins sampling as soon as it is light enough to do so. The
habitat crew follows the route of the bird observer, being careful to
avoid walking to the next plot until bird observations are completed and
the observer has moved on. Habitat sampling on a plot commences after
bird observations are complete. Loud voices, motion, or walking through
a plot may disrupt the birds and bias survey results. The bird observer
completes counts around four hours after local sunrise and then joins
the habitat crew. Each day, the habitat crew attempts to complete
habitat work on all plots sampled for birds that morning. However, this
is not always possible and some plots may need to be sampled at a later
date. No habitat sampling should be scheduled after June 30. If for any
reason a habitat subplot extends beyond park boundaries, the plot is
dropped from sampling. Refer to SOP #5 "Conducting the Variable Circular
Plot Count" for conducting bird counts and SOP #6 "Documenting Habitat
Variables" for doing habitat work.

Before leaving the field each day, data sheets are checked for
completeness and readability. All information pertinent to the plots
sampled that day is recorded to avoid repeating or skipping sampling
plots. The project manager is responsible for the safekeeping and
organization of the data sheets, and ensuring that data get entered into
the database.

####### Conducting the Variable Circular Plot Count

Variable Circular Plot Counts are a point count methodology that
incorporates a measure of detectability into population estimates
(Buckland et al. 2001). Details of how to conduct VCP counts during the
breeding season and for filling in data forms are given in SOP #5
"Conducting the Variable Circular Plot Count" and are summarized here.
All birds seen or heard at each plot are recorded during a 5 minute
sampling period. Bird observations are separated into two time segments:
those detected during the first 3 minutes of the count (to allow
comparisons with BBS data), and any new birds detected during the final
2 minutes of the count. All birds, regardless of distance detected from
the observer are counted and recorded. For most species, each individual
bird will be recorded as a separate observation. For species that
usually occur in clusters or flocks, the appropriate unit to record is
the cluster or flock size, and not the individual bird.

When we conduct a VCP count, we are attempting to get an "instantaneous
count" of birds present. Birds flushed from the plot when approached by
the observer should be recorded and the count started as soon as the
observer is at plot center. The method takes into account the fact that
birds close to the observer have a higher probability of being detected
(if they are not flushed) than birds far from the observer and that
different species have different detection functions (i.e., the
probability of detecting a bird at different distances from the
observer). An important assumption of the method is that a bird exactly
at the center of the plot has a probability of p = 1 of being detected,
and that there is a high probability of detecting birds within the first
5-10 meters of the plot center. The most important birds to detect are
those very close to the observer (within the first 5-10 meters), and it
is highly desirable that estimated distances be within 1-2 meters of
actual distances for any bird within 20 m of the observer. However, all
birds seen or heard should be recorded with an estimate of distance from
the observer. Distances should be estimated to the nearest meter in the
field (during subsequent data analysis, distances will be grouped into
intervals to lessen the effect of errors in estimating distances); do
not round distances off to the nearest 5 or 10 m. Birds far from the
center of the plot usually have little effect on the resulting distance
function; during data analysis, 5-10% of the furthest detection
distances for each species will be truncated before a detection function
is calculated.

Once a count is completed at a plot and the data sheet filled out the
observer uses a GPS unit to navigate to the next plot to sample. Twelve
to fifteen plots can be sampled each morning during a period when it is
light enough to observe birds to four hours post sunrise.

####### Collecting Habitat Data

Habitat data are collected in a 50-m radius plot centered on each
sampling point and in four nested 5-m radius and 1.78-m radius subplots.
SOP #6 "Documenting Habitat Variables" gives a detailed description of
how habitat data are collected; a brief summary is presented here.

Habitat data are collected to meet several objectives. Large-scale plot
attributes such as vegetation type, slope, and water cover are relevant
to bird community composition and also place the plot in a landscape
context. Canopy structure and horizontal vegetation profile data
(collected at 5-m radius scale) characterize habitat structure available
to birds and also link bird data to park vegetation types. Similarly,
ground cover and foliar cover of vegetation guilds (collected at the
1.78-m radius scale) allow us to integrate bird monitoring with more
in-depth vegetation data collected as part of plant community
monitoring. Integrating these monitoring projects will allow us to
provide feedback to management on how grazing and fire regimes influence
vegetation, which in turn affects bird community composition and
abundance.

The collection of habitat data starts each morning after the first VCP
count has been completed. The habitat crew samples VCP plots in the same
order as the bird observer to avoid disturbing birds on plots where the
bird count has not been conducted. The bird observer flags the center
point of each VCP, making it easier for the habitat crew to find. The
habitat crew navigates to the plots using a compass, a field map that
includes compass bearings for the grid, and directions from the bird
observer. Once the habitat crew arrives at a plot, they set up subplot
one (plot center) and complete all habitat measures for this subplot and
for the 50-m radius plot, before locating and completing subplots two,
three and four.

## IV. Data Management 

[Overview of Database Design]{.underline}

Microsoft Access 97 is the primary software environment for managing
bird and habitat data. ESRI ArcInfo 8 serves as a tool for validation of
spatial data residing in Access. Data products will be posted at the NPS
I&M website: <http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/monitor/protocoldb.cfm>.
Metadata for grassland bird monitoring data will be available at NPS I&M
application server: <http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/apps.htm>. QA/QC
guidelines in this document are based on recommendations of DeBacker et
al. (2002) and S. Fancy at
[http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/monitor](http://www.nature.nps.gov/im/monitor)
and citations therein.

The general data model for grassland bird monitoring consists of two
sets of tables. One set manages bird abundance data the other associated
habitat data. Abundance and habitat data are linked in time and space by
way of standardized event and location tables. For data management
purposes, it is probably easier to manage bird and habitat data
separately. When the two are correctly linked, they can be integrated
transparently for analysis. One issue that becomes readily apparent when
managing the two data sets is that time-scale for bird observation
events is in minutes and hours, whereas time-scale for associated
habitat data is in days and weeks. While the location linkage is
unaffected, this has consequences for the structure of the
event-relationships. For example, tbl_SamplingPeriod is used rather than
tbl_SamplingEvents in the database to accomidate the differences in
time-scale between bird and habitat data collections.

The primary table for storing bird abundance contains information about
bird species and bird distance from observer as well as flock size, age,
sex, whether the observation was a flyover and species code (AOUcode).
Supporting tables include water and climatic information, observers and
the period of observation. A locations table provides detailed location
information associated with each sampling point.

A habitat subplot table serves as the star table about which all other
habitat information is linked. Small look-up tables are linked to this
table by way of multiple junction tables. This facilitates many-to-many
relationships in Microsoft Access. Small attribute tables provide the
values for pick-lists on data-entry forms, thereby reducing possible
error during data entry (see Data Verification and Editing below).

#### [Data Entry]{.underline}

A number of features have been designed into the database to minimize
errors that occur when field data is transcribed to the database for
storage and analysis. Forms are used as portals for data entry into the
database. Standardized identifiers (e.g. sample event or plot) are
selected from list of easily interpreted codes. Species and habitat data
is entered into fields linked to appropriate tables. Look-up tables
contain project specific data and prohibit entry of data into a field if
a corresponding value is not included in the look-up table.
Consequently, only valid names or measures may be entered and spelling
mistakes are eliminated. Species or habitat measures are selected using
a pick list or by typing the beginning of the name. While typing, the
form searches for a similar entry, typically locating the desired
species after typing only a few characters.

If a species name or habitat measure is not accepted during data entry,
it may be the result of a name change or it may be a new species or
habitat measure. To check the current nomenclature for a data variable,
a nomenclature update form is attached to the Access data file via a
button. If the species or habitat measure name has changed, the form
will indicate the current accepted name. If the species or habitat
measure is new to the nomenclature update form, a form is provided to
update the nomenclature table with the new attribute data.

[Data Verification and Editing]{.underline}

Data verification immediately follows data entry and involves checking
the accuracy of computerized records against the original source,
usually paper field records. While the goal of data entry is to achieve
100% correct entries, this is rarely accomplished. To minimize
transcription errors, our policy is to verify 100% of records to their
original source by staff familiar with project design and field
implementation. Further, 10% of records are reviewed a second time by
the Project Manager and the results of that comparison reported with the
data. If errors are found in the Project Manager's review, then the
entire data set is verified again. Once the computerized data are
verified as accurately reflecting the original field data, the paper
forms are archived and the electronic version is used for all subsequent
data activities.

Although data may be correctly transcribed from the original field
forms, they may not be accurate or logical. For example, a canopy height
of 1125 m instead of 11.25 m or a temperature of 95°C instead of 9.5°C
is illogical and almost certainly incorrect, whether or not it was
properly transcribed from field forms. The process of reviewing
computerized data for range and logic errors is the validation stage.
Certain components of data validation are built into data entry forms
(e.g. range limits). Data validation can also be extended into the
design and structure of the database. As much as possible, values for
data-entry forms have been limited to valid entries stored in the
look-up tables.

Additional data validation can be accomplished during verification, if
the operator is sufficiently knowledgeable about the data. The Project
Manager will validate the data after verification is complete.
Validation procedures seek to identify generic errors (e.g. missing,
mismatched or duplicate records) as well as errors specific to
particular projects. For example, validation of bird data includes
database query and comparison of data among years. One query detects
records with a location ID from a park and a period ID from a different
park. Another query counts the number of subplots per plot (typically
there are 4) to assure that all subplots were entered. Finally, data are
compared to previous years to identify gross differences. For example,
*Sturnella neglecta* or *S. magna* may be recorded this year, but
*Sturnella spp.* the previous. During the entry, verification and
validation phases, the Project Manager is responsible for the data. The
Project Manager must assure consistency between field forms and the
database by noting how and why any changes were made to the data on the
original field forms. In general, changes made to the field forms should
not be made via erasure, but rather through marginal notes or attached
explanations. Once validation is complete, the data set is turned over
to the Data Manager for archiving and storage.

Spatial validation of database sample coordinates can be accomplished
using ArcGIS (ESRI, Inc.). Because Tweety is maintained as an Access
database, it can be imported directly into ArcCatalog (ArcGIS, ESRI,
Inc.) as an OLE DB object. Fields "StartUTMX" and "StartUTMY" of the
locations table can then be used to validate the UTM coordinate values
for point locations stored in Access against the original GPS
coordinates.

#### 

#### [Metadata Procedures]{.underline}

Preliminary notes for metadata were developed using the Electronic
Metadata Guide (developed by G. Lienkaemper, USGS FRESC, Corvallis, OR -
see Appendix A of SOP \# 7). Metadata are then entered into the National
Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Dataset Catalog (Ver. 2002.1).
Then an extended report from Dataset Catalog is generated. The Dataset
Catalog report tool can be used to generate output in the text-based
FGDC-compliant metadata format. The output file should be validated and
parsed into html format using the USGS metaparser command tool with the
following syntax "mp --e efile --h hfile infile."

[Data Archival Procedure]{.underline}

Data sets are rarely static. They often change through additions,
corrections, and improvements made following the archival of a data set.
There are three main caveats to this process:

-   Only make changes that improve or update the data while maintaining
    data integrity.

-   Once archived, document any changes made to the data set.

-   Be prepared to recover from mistakes made during editing.

Any editing of archived data is accomplished jointly by the Project
Manager and Data Manager. Every change must be documented in the edit
log and accompanied by an explanation that includes pre- and post-edit
data descriptions. The reader is referred to Tessler & Gregson (1997)
for a complete description of prescribed data editing procedures and an
example edit log.

Prior to any major changes of a data set a copy is stored with the
appropriate version number. This allows for the tracking of changes over
time. With proper controls and communication, versioning ensures that
only the most current version is used in any analysis. Versioning of
archived data sets is handled by adding a three digit number to the file
name, with the first version being numbered 001. Each additional version
is assigned a sequentially higher number. Frequent users of the data are
notified of the updates, and provided with a copy of the most recent
archived version.

Once the data are archived, any changes made to the data must be
documented in an edit log. At this point forward, original field forms
are not altered. Field forms can be reconciled to the database through
the use of the edit log. Secure data archiving is essential for
protecting data files from corruption. Once a data set has passed all
QA/QC procedures specified in the protocol, a formal entry is made in
the I&M Data Set Catalog. Subsequently, an electronic version of the
data set is maintained in a read-only format on the program server.
Backup copies of the data are maintained at the Wilson's Creek visitor
center, and an additional digital copy is forwarded to the NPS Inventory
and Monitoring Program Archive. Tape backups of the bird project
databases are made twice weekly. Two backup copies are maintained at the
PC-LTEM building and two additional copies at the Wilson's Creek
National Battlefield Visitor Center, Republic Missouri. Once-a-month,
one tape copy is placed into permanent archive.

Currently, data are available for research and management applications
on request, for database versions where all QA/QC has been completed and
the data have been archived. Data can also be transferred using e-mail
(most Access files are smaller than 10 Mbytes or can be compressed into
.zip files) or ftp where available. As mentioned in the introduction,
the plan is to make grassland bird monitoring data available for
download directly from the NPS I&M Monitoring webpage. In addition,
metadata will become available directly from the NPS I&M metadata
server. Data requests should be directed to:

Gareth Rowell, Data Manager

Wilson\'s Creek National Battlefield

6424 W. Farm Road 182

Republic, MO 65738-9514

gareth_rowell@nps.gov

## 

## V. Analysis and Reporting

A critical component of any long-term monitoring protocol is a
consistent and systematic way of analyzing and reporting on information
(data) collected. That being said, it is also important that the data
analysis and reporting requirements be flexible enough to accommodate
new and varied analytical methods and reporting styles as they become
available. Data visualization, geostatistics and time-series analysis
are but three analysis methods that may be employed with this protocol
as the size and complexity of the database increases through time. SOP
\# 8 "Data Analysis" gives step-by-step details on how to: 1) determine
species abundance, bird species richness, diversity and evenness, 2)
estimate abundance of common species, adjusted for detectability using
Distance 4.0 analysis, 3) calculate descriptive statistics for habitat
variables and 4) examine the relationships between bird species
abundance and habitat conditions by way of correlation analysis. All
calculations are made at the plot level so means and standard errors can
be calculated by habitats, across habitats or average for park wide
inferences. These parameters should be analyzed each time a survey is
completed.

The proposed sampling design at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve
allows for a wide variety of powerful analyses while restricting annual
field efforts to manageable amounts of time. We will be able to make
design-based estimates of total abundance (or density) in stratum
annually and at the end of year 5 (and every 5 years thereafter). We
will also be able to construct park-wide design-based estimates annually
and after every 5^th^ year. The park-wide estimates will involve
weighting the 2 strata by their areas, so the riparian corridor will be
given little weight. Because of the annual visits (i.e., the \[1-0\]
panel), we will also be able to use a linear model (repeated measures)
to estimate trend and compare abundance (or density) between pastures.
For this, a univariate repeated measures analysis that treats the
pastures as "treatments" in on the "main plots", and points within
pastures as the "subjects". In this repeated measures analysis, much of
the power for comparing pastures will come from the \[1-0\] panel, but
points in the \[1-4\] split will also contribute. This analysis is very
flexible and could not only estimate trends and compare pastures, but
could also estimate variance components, temporal variance, and spatial
variance. For pure comparative purposes, equal numbers of points in each
pasture is convenient, but given the differences in pasture sizes and
other objectives, the proportional allocation of our grid sample is
appropriate.

[Bird Data Analysis]{.underline}

Species richness is defined as the total number of bird species observed
on a plot. Community diversity, calculated using the Shannon Diversity
Index (Shannon, 1949), measures the equitability of species across
samples. The disparity among species abundance is calculated using
Pielou's "J" (Pielou, 1969). To compensate for an observers inability to
detect all individuals present during a survey, Distance 4.0 is used to
obtain more accurate and robust estimates of population sizes for common
species (Buckland et al., 2001). Relative occurrence (individual / plot
visit) of each bird species is compared between surveys each time a new
one is conducted to determine changes in the status of a population.

When using Distance 4.0 to estimate population sizes for species of
greatest importance to the parks, the formula recommended by Buckland et
al. (1993) may require additional plots be sampled within a park.
Ideally, 60-80 detections per observer are needed to compute a distance
function for each species (Buckland et al. 1993). However, it is
possible to pool data from multiple surveys over a number of years to
obtain adequate sample sizes for development of these detection
functions, and it is not necessary that all distance data be collected
in a single survey. Also, if the detectability of a particular species
is high and factors affecting detection rate are not complex, it is
possible to obtain adequate results with fewer than 60 detections.

[Habitat Data Analysis]{.underline}

Summary reports for habitat attributes at the 50 m plot level are
required for "permanent" and "semi-permanent" features. For permanent
features, the values for slope, aspect and topographic position are
measured, reported and assigned to a permanent locations table within
the database only once. Semi-permanent plot features, those not expected
to change much including percent cover of upland prairie, riparian
woodland, road cover and water cover are recorded each time a survey is
conducted, with these changes reported.

The bulk of habitat data is collected at the 5 m subplot level with the
first subplot located at plot center and three remaining ones located at
a distance of 50 m from center plot and 120˚ offset from one another.
Permanent subplot features include azimuth from plot center to a subplot
as well as slope and aspect of each subplot. Like permanent attributes
measured on plots, permanent features for subplots are measured only
once and stored in a table within the database. Subplot features that
are reported on each time a survey is conducted include tree tallies,
canopy height, canopy coverage, basal area, ground and foliar coverage,
horizontal vegetation coverage and structural diversity. Values reported
for each subplot feature are either averaged or used in calculations to
establish single values representing each plot, see SOP \# 8 "Data
Analysis" for details.

[Reporting]{.underline}

In an effort to disseminate findings in a timely manner, reports should
be completed by March 31 of the year following data collection. More
extensive summary reports should be completed every five to ten years
depending on how fast habitat conditions are changing and how critical
summary information is to setting management goals influencing bird
populations within a park. Summary reports may be used in place of
annual reports for the year in which the last data is collected. Refer
to SOP \# 9 "Reporting" for details on report structure and style. Also
see, "Status Report 2001-2003: Grassland Bird Monitoring at Agate Fossil
Beds National Monument, Nebraska and Tallgrass Prairie National
Preserve, Kansas" (Peitz and Rowell, draft) for content included in a
report and reporting style.

Tables in a report should be placed within the text or immediately
following the literature cited section (see Appendix B). Tables should
be numbered in sequence regardless of where they are located. Table
headers are placed at the top of a table. Horizontal lines are used to
separate the table heading from column headings, column headings from
the table and to signify the end of the table. Vertical lines should not
appear on a table.

Figures (including pictures) should be placed within the text of a
report or immediately following tables behind the literature cited
sections (see Figure 6.01.1. Spatial arrangement of vegetation
subplots). Figures should be numbered in sequence regardless of where
they are located. Figure captions are placed below the figure if it is
included in the text or on a separate sheet of paper preceding the
figure if included after the literature cited section. Both tables and
figures should contain information not presented in the body of the
text. Also, tables and figures should not duplicate information already
presented in the body of the text.

## 

## VI. Personnel Requirements and Training

[Roles and Responsibilities]{.underline}

The project manager is the lead ecologist for implementing this
monitoring protocol, and is supervised by the Program Coordinator for
the PC-LTEM Program. Because of the need for a high level of training
and consistency in implementing the protocol, the project manager will
usually be the person conducting the VCP counts in the field. The data
management aspect of the monitoring effort is the shared responsibility
of the project manager and the data manager. Typically, the project
manager is responsible for data collection, data entry, data
verification and validation, as well as data summary, analysis and
reporting. The data manager is responsible for data archiving, data
security, dissemination and database design. The data manager, in
collaboration with the project manager, also develops data entry forms
and other database features as part of quality assurance and automates
report generation. The data manager is ultimately responsible that
adequate QA/QC procedures are built into the database management system
and appropriate data handling procedures followed.

[Qualifications and Training]{.underline}

The most essential component for the collection of credible,
high-quality data on birds is a competent observer. This cannot be
overemphasized. Various studies have shown that observer bias is one of
the most noteworthy bias factors in trend analysis of songbird
populations (Scott et al. 1986, Sauer et al. 1994, Kendall et al. 1996).

As well as being able to visually identify birds, field observers must
be proficient at identifying species by their songs and calls.
Therefore, recordings of birds in the study area, especially for the
less common or unexpected species should be provided for surveyors.
Observers should be tested frequently on their ability to identify bird
calls. Good hearing ability is essential because many birds,
particularly in forested habitats, are detected by sound only.
Differences in hearing ability between observers may strongly affect
survey results (Ramsey and Scott 1981).

The quality of the observer will determine the quality of the data. Time
should also be invested in training personnel to estimate the distance
from themselves to singing birds within different habitats. This will
require training in the field (see SOP #2, "Training Observers") to
become proficient with the use of a laser rangefinder and to gain
experience with estimating distances to different species in different
habitat types.

The project manager and a staff botanist will assist in training the
bird crew to conduct habitat monitoring. Observers doing habitat work
should familiarize themselves with the PC-LTEM standard cover classes
and vegetation guilds described in SOP #6. Prior to the field season,
observers should practice estimating cover of different vegetation
guilds and ground cover categories within 1.78-m practice plots. If
habitat monitoring cannot be practiced prior to the field season, a
staff botanist will accompany the bird crew on the first field trip of
the year.

## VII. Operational Requirements

### Annual Workload and Field Schedule

Breeding bird surveys will begin no sooner than the first full week of
May and extend no later then the second full week of June, a period that
coincides with the peak-breeding activity of most birds. Inclement
weather and personnel workloads will preclude the scheduling of sampling
events to specific annual dates. Bird surveys may be scheduled for the
third week of June if spring green-up is unusually late. Habitat
monitoring should be completed no later than June 30, in order for
habitat measures to accurately reflect conditions experienced by
breeding birds. Monitoring efforts will require a three to four person
crew. Approximately five to seven field days are required to complete
bird sampling at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, and 10 -- 12 days
at Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve. Twelve to fifteen VCP counts
should be scheduled for completion each field day.

[Facility and Equipment Needs]{.underline}

The nature of bird survey work does not require special facilities
beyond normal office space and equipment storage needs. Table 1.01.1 is
a list of field equipment needs for one crew. If two or more crews work
simultaneously, equipment requirements will increase accordingly.

### Startup Costs and Budget 

Personnel expenses for field work are based on a crew of three to four
people: an ecologist or biologist to conduct the bird counts, a botanist
to initially work with or train the crew to conduct habitat sampling,
and two seasonal biological science technicians. Five to seven field
days should by planned for Agate Fossil Beds National Monument and
approximately 10 -- 12 days for Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve.
Field costs will vary somewhat from year to year depending on the skill
level and size of the crew. Data management personnel expenses include
staff time of biological science technicians, the project manager and
data manager. Startup cost for equipment include the purchase of
equipment and supplies listed in Table 1.01.1, as well as maintenance
and or replacement of equipment shared among multiple projects (e.g. GPS
units, cameras).

  ---------------------------------------- ------------- ----------------
  **Estimated Costs**                      **TAPR**      **AGFO**

  Field Work (Salary)                      10,500        6,000

  Field Work (Travel)                      3,200         1,200

  Data Management/Reporting (Salary)       8,100         2,600

  Startup Equipment Costs                  1,200         1,200

  Annual equipment/supplies                1,400         1,000

  **Total**                                24,400        12,000
  ---------------------------------------- ------------- ----------------

### Procedure for Revising the Protocol 

Over time, revisions to both the Protocol Narrative and to specific
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are to be expected. Careful
documentation of changes to the protocol and a library of previous
protocol versions are essential for maintaining consistency in data
collection and for appropriate treatment of the data during data summary
and analysis. The MicroSoft Access® database for each monitoring
component contains a field that identifies which version of the protocol
was being used when the data were collected.

The rationale for dividing a sampling protocol into a Protocol Narrative
with supporting SOPs is based on the following:

-   The Protocol Narrative is a general overview of the protocol that
    gives the history and justification for doing the work and an
    overview of the sampling methods, but that does not provide all of
    the methodological details. The Protocol Narrative will only be
    revised if major changes are made to the protocol.

-   The SOPs, in contrast, are very specific step-by-step instructions
    for performing a given task. They are expected to be revised more
    frequently than the protocol narrative.

-   When a SOP is revised, in most cases, it is not necessary to revise
    the Protocol Narrative to reflect the specific changes made to the
    SOP.

-   All versions of the Protocol Narrative and SOPs will be archived in
    a Protocol Library.

The steps for changing the protocol (either the Protocol Narrative or
the SOPs) are outlined in SOP #11, "Revising the Protocol." Each SOP
contains a Revision History Log that should be filled out each time a
SOP is revised to explain why the change was made, and to assign a new
Version Number to the revised SOP. The new version of the SOP and/or
Protocol Narrative should then be archived in the PC-LTEM Protocol
Library under the appropriate folder.

## VIII. References

Barker, R. J., and J. R. Sauer. 1995. Statistical aspects of point count
sampling. Pages 125‑130 *in* C. J. Ralph, J. R. Sauer, and S. Droege,
eds. Monitoring Bird Populations by Point Counts, USDA Forest Service,
Pacific Southwest Research Station, General Technical Report
PSW‑GTR‑149.

BCRIB (British Columbia Resource Inventory Branch). 1999. Inventory
methods for forest and grassland songbirds: standards for components of
British Columbia's biodiversity No. 15. Resource Inventory Branch,
British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks. Available
from http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/RIC/Pubs/teBioDiv/

Buckland, S. T., D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, and J. L. Laake. 1993.
Distance sampling: Estimating abundance of biological populations.
Chapman and Hall, New York. 446 pp.

Buckland, S. T., D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, J. L. Laake, D. L.
Borchers, and L. Thomas. 2001. Introduction to distance sampling:
estimating abundance of biological populations. Oxford University Press.
432 pp.

Burnham, K. P. 1981. Summarizing remarks: environmental influences.
Studies in Avian Biology 6:324-325.

Cody, M. L. 1981. Habitat selection in birds: the roles of vegetation
structure, competitors, and productivity. BioScience 31:107-111.

Cody, M. L. 1985. Habitat selection in birds. Academic Press, New York,
New York.

DeBacker, M.D., B. Witcher, and J.R. Boetsch. 2002. Prairie Cluster
Prototype Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program. Data Management Plan.
Prairie Cluster Protoype LTEM Program, National Park Service. Wilson's
Creek National Battlefield. Republic, Missouri. 26pp.

Fancy, S. G. 1997. A new approach for analyzing bird densities from
variable circular‑plot counts. Pacific Science 51:107-114.

Fitzgerald, J. A. and D. N. Pashley. 2000. Partners in Flight bird
conservation plan for the Ozark/Ouachitas (physiographic area 19).
Partners in Flight Midwest Region, Brentwood, Missouri. 78pp.

Glenn, S.M., S.L. Collins, and D.J. Gibson. 1992. Disturbance in
tallgrass prairie: local versus regional effects on community
heterogeneity. Landscape Ecology 7:243-252.

Graetz J. L., R. A. Garrott, and S. R. Craven. 1995. Faunal survey of
Agate Fossil Beds National Monument. Report to Midwest Region, National
Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Omaha, Nebraska. 54 p.

Karr, J. R. and D. R. Dudley. 1981. Ecological perspective on water
quality goals. Environmental Management 5:55-68.

Karr, J. R. 1991. Biological integrity: a long-neglected aspect of water
resource management. Ecological Applications 1:66-84.

Kendall, W. L., B. G. Peterjohn, and J. R. Sauer. 1996. First-time
observer effects in the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Auk
113:823-829.

Kepler, C. B. and J. M. Scott. 1981. Reducing bird count variability by
training observers. Studies in Avian Biology 6:366-371.

Knopf, F.L. and F.B. Samson. 1997. Conservation of grassland
vertebrates. Pages 273-289 *in* F.L. Knopf and F.B. Samson, eds. Ecology
and Conservation of Great Plains Vertebrates. Springer-Verlag, New York,
New York.

Lane, D. L. 1995. Above-ground net primary production across a
precipitation gradient in the central grassland region. M.S. thesis,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins.

Lichtenberg, J. S. and A. N. Powell. 1999. Avian inventory of Tallgrass
Prairie National Preserve, Kansas. Report to Tallgrass Prairie National
Preserve, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Strong
City, Kansas. 38 p.

Maurer, B.A. 1993. Biological diversity, ecological integrity, and
neotropical migrants: New perspectives for wildlife managers. Pages
24-31 *in* D.M. Finch and P.W. Stangel, editors. Status and management
of neotropical migratory birds. U.S. Forest Service General Technical
Report RM-229.

McDonald, Trent L. 2003. Review of environmental monitoring methods:
survey designs. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 85: 277-292.

Nelson, J. T. and S. G. Fancy. 1999. A test of the variable
circular-plot method when exact density of a bird population was known.
Pacific Conservation Biology 5:139-143.

Peitz, D.G. and G.A. Rowell. Draft. Status Report 2001-2003: Grassland
Bird Monitoring at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Nebraska and
Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas. Prairie Cluster Prototype
Long-term Ecological Monitoring Program, National Park Service, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Republic, Missouri

Powell, A. N. 2000. Grassland bird inventory of seven prairie parks.
Final report to the Great Plains Prairie Cluster Long-term Ecological
Monitoring Program, Wilson's Creek National Battlefield, National Park
Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, Republic, Missouri. 47 p.

Pielou, E.C. 1969. An introduction to mathematical ecology. John Wiley
and Sons, New York, New York. 286pp.

Ralph, C. J., S. Droege, and J. R. Sauer. 1995. Managing and monitoring
birds using point counts: standards and applications. Pages 161‑168 *in*
C. J. Ralph, J. R. Sauer, and S. Droege, eds. Monitoring Bird
Populations by Point Counts, USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest
Research Station, General Technical Report PSW‑GTR‑149.

Ramsey, F. L. and J. M. Scott. 1981. Tests of hearing ability. Studies
in Avian Biology 6:341-345.

Reynolds, R. T., J. M. Scott, and R. A. Nussbaum. 1980. A variable
circular-plot method for estimating bird numbers. Condor 82:309-313.

Sauer, J. R., B. G. Peterjohn, and W. A. Link. 1994. Observer
differences in the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Auk 111:50-62.

Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, I. Thomas, J. Fallon, and G. Gough. 2000. The
North American breeding bird survey, results and analysis 1966 -- 1999.
Version 98.1, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland.
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Sauer, J. R., J. E. Hines, and J. Fallon. 2003. The North American
breeding bird survey, results and analysis 1966 - 2002. Version 2003.1,
[USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center](http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/)*,*
Laurel, Maryland. Available at
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Scott, J. M., S. Mountainspring, F. L. Ramsey, and C. B. Kepler. 1986.
Forest bird communities of the Hawaiian Islands: Their dynamics, ecology
and conservation. Studies in Avian Biology 9:1-431.

Shannon, C.E. 1949. The mathematical theory of communication. University
of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois. 177 pp.

Tappe, P. A., R. E. Thill, M. A. Melchoirs, and T. B. Wigley. (in
press). Breeding bird community composition and structure in four
watersheds under different management scenarios in the Ouachita
Mountains of Arkansas. *in* J.M. Guldin, ed. Symposium on ecosystem
management in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains. USDA Forest Service
General Technical Report, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Ashville,
North Carolina.

Tessler, S. and J. Gregson. 1997. Draft Data Management Protocol.
National Park Service. Document available at:
[www.nature.nps.gov/im/dmproto/joe40001.htm](http://www.nature.nps.gov/im/dmproto/joe40001.htm).

Vinton, M. A. and S. L. Collins. 1997. Landscape gradients and habitat
structure in native grasslands of the central Great Plains. Pages 3 --
19 *in* F.L Knopf and F.B. Samson, eds. Ecology and Conservation of
Great Plains Vertebrates, Springer-Verlag New York Inc., New York, New
York.

Zimmerman, J. L. 1982. Nesting success of dickcissels (*Spiza
americana*) in preferred and less preferred habitats. Auk 99:292-298.

Zimmerman, J. L. 1988. Breeding season habitat selection by the
Henslow's sparrow (*Ammodramus henslowii*) in Kansas. Wilson Bulletin
100:17-24.

Zimmerman, J. L. 1993. The birds of Konza: avian ecology of the
tallgrass prairie. University Press of Kansas. 176 pp.

Zimmerman, J. L. 1997. Avian community responses to fire, grazing and
drought in tallgrass prairie. Pages 167-180 *in* F.L Knopf and F.B.
Samson, eds. Ecology and Conservation of Great Plains Vertebrates,
Springer-Verlag New York Inc., New York, New York.

Appendix A. Field data forms for recording (a) bird detections, (b)
habitat variables, and (c) location data for new sampling stations.
These forms should be copied onto write-in-the-rain paper and taken into
the field. The database has data entry screens that mimic these forms.

\(a\) Field Data Form -- Variable Circular Plot Counts

Use one of these forms each time that a 5 minute count is conducted.

\(b\) Habitat Data Form

Use one of these forms once each year at each plot that is sampled.

(c ) New Location Data Form

This form should be filled out each time that a new plot location is
established. The data from this form is entered into the Locations table
of the database.

# **Field Data Form -- VARIABLE CIRCULAR PLOT COUNTS**

## LocationID: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ OR Park: AGFO TAPR and Location Description: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Survey: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date (mm/dd/yyyy):
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Start Time (hhmm): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Observer Initials: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Conditions:

Temperature (C): \_\_\_\_\_\_ Wind (0-6): \_\_\_\_\_\_ Rain (0-5):
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Clouds (0-100): \_\_\_\_\_\_ Noise (0-3): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Protocol Version: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Time       Observ.   Species   Distance   DT   Sex   Age   Flock   Prev.   \# Fly Comments
  Interval   \#                  (m)                         Size    Plot    Over   
  ---------- --------- --------- ---------- ---- ----- ----- ------- ------- ------ ------------------------
  0-3        1                                                                      

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    

                                                                                    
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#### **Variable Circular Plot Count Data Form: Categories, Definitions and Descriptions.**

> Codes (Beaufort scale) used to record wind strength during bird
> counts.

  --------- -------------------------------------------------------------
  Wind Code Explanation

  0         Calm, smoke rises vertically (\< 2 km/h)

  1         Smoke drifts (2-5 km/h)

  2         Light breeze felt on face, leaves rustle (6-12 km/h)

  3         Leaves and twigs in constant motion (13-19 km/h)

  4         Small branches move, raises loose paper, dust rises (20-29
            km/h)

  5         Fresh breeze, small trees sway (30-39 km/h)

  6         Strong breeze, large branches moving, wind whistling (40-50
            km/h)
  --------- -------------------------------------------------------------

> Codes used to record precipitation codes during bird counts.

  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------
  Rain Code       Explanation

  0               No rain

  1               Mist or fog

  2               Light drizzle

  3               Light rain

  4               Heavy rain; difficult to hear birds

  5               Snow
  --------------- -------------------------------------------------------

> Codes used to record level of background noise as it effects
> observer's ability to hear birds.

  ------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
  Noise   Explanation
  Code    

  0       quiet; normal background noises; no interference

  1       low noise; might be missing some high-pitched songs/calls of
          distant birds

  2       medium noise; detection radius is probably substantially
          reduced

  3       high noise; probably detecting only the loudest/closest birds
  ------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

> Codes used to record the type of detection (Detection Type, DT) of
> birds during a count.

  ------- ---------------------------------------------------------------
  DT Code Explanation

  1       heard first, but not seen (i.e., detected initially by sound)
          during the 5-min count

  2       seen first (regardless of whether it was later heard or not)
          during the 5-min count

  4       heard first, but then seen (a DT of 1 can be changed to a 4)
          during the 5-min count

  8       heard between plots or not within the 5-minute sampling period

  9       seen between plots or not within the 5-minute sampling period
  ------- ---------------------------------------------------------------

**Field Data Form** - **PRAIRIE BIRD HABIAT MONITORING DATA FORM**

**Park Code: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date** (mm/dd/yyyy) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Observer(s) Initials:** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Management Unit: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Plot: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Riparian Corridor:** Yes No

**PLOT ATTRIBUTES:** (50m radius)

**Slope (^o^):** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Var:** high med low **Aspect
(^o^):** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Var:** high med low

**Topographic position:**

level lower-slope mid-slope upper-slope escarpment/face ledge crest
depression draw

  -------------------------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------
  **Vegetation Type:**       **Cover    **Vegetation Type:** **Cover    **Road     **Cover
                             Class:**                        Class:**   Cover:**   Class:**

  Upland Prairie                        Other:                          Paved      
                                        \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_                         

  Riparian Woodland (TAPR)              Other:                          Pasture    
                                        \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_                         

  Other:                                                                **Water    
  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_                                              Cover:**   

  Other:                                                                Stream     
  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_                                                         

  Other:                                                                Pond       
  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_                                                         
  -------------------------- ---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ----------

**Plot Notes:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

**SUBPLOT: \_\_\_\_\_\_ Random Azimuth (^o^)** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**Slope(^o^):** \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Aspect (^o^) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

**TREE TALLY (by dbh size class)**

  --------- ------- -------- -------- --------- ---------- ---------- --------
  Species   \<1.0   1.1 --   2.6 --   8.1 --    15.1 --    23.1 --    \>38.0
            cm      2.5 cm   8.0 cm   15.0 cm   23.0 cm    38.0 cm    cm

                                                                      

                                                                      

                                                                      

                                                                      

                                                                      
  --------- ------- -------- -------- --------- ---------- ---------- --------

**CANOPY HEIGHT**: (m) **CANOPY COVER**: (dots covered out of 96)
**BASAL AREA**: (cruz-all

> tree count \-- use 10 factor)

Hardwood: \_\_\_\_\_ Hardwood: 1\_\_\_ 2 \_\_\_ 3 \_\_\_ 4 \_\_\_
Hardwood: \_\_\_\_\_

Conifer: \_\_\_\_\_ Conifer: 1\_\_\_ 2 \_\_\_ 3 \_\_\_ 4 \_\_\_ Conifer:
\_\_\_\_\_

Total: 1\_\_\_ 2 \_\_\_ 3 \_\_\_ 4 \_\_\_

  --------------------- ---------- --------------------------- -----------
  **GROUND COVER:**     **Cover    **FOLIAR COVER** (by        **Cover
                        Class:**   guilds)**:**                Class:**

  Deciduous Litter                 Warm Season Grass           

  Conifer Litter                   Cool Season Grass           

  Grass Litter                     Forbs                       

  Bare Soil                        Moss and Lichen             

  Rock                             Shrubs & Vines              

  Woody Debris                     Tree Seedlings              

  Unvegetated                      Total Foliar Cover (\< 1.5  
                                   m tall)                     
  --------------------- ---------- --------------------------- -----------

**HORIZONTAL VEGETATION PROFILE BOARD**:

5-m distance: 0.50 m: \_\_\_\_\_ 0.75 m: \_\_\_\_\_ 1.0 m: \_\_\_\_\_
1.25 m: \_\_\_\_\_ 1.5 m: \_\_\_\_\_ 1.75 m: \_\_\_\_\_ 2.0 m:\_\_\_\_\_

15-m distance: 0.50 m: \_\_\_\_\_ 0.75 m: \_\_\_\_\_ 1.0 m: \_\_\_\_\_
1.25 m: \_\_\_\_\_ 1.5 m: \_\_\_\_\_ 1.75 m: \_\_\_\_\_ 2.0 m:\_\_\_\_\_

VEGETATION PROFILE (D = Deciduous, H = Herbaceous, C = Conifer)

  -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
  0--1 m   1--2 m   2--3 m   3--4 m   4--5 m   5--6 m   6--7 m   7--7.5 m

                                                                 

                                                                 

                                                                 

                                                                 
  -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------

**Subplot Notes:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**

**Prairie Bird Habitat Data Form: Categories, Definitions and
Descriptions.**

##### Vegetation Type 

  ------ ------------------- ------ --------------------------------------------
  TAPR                       AGFO   

         Prairie                    Upland prairie

         Riparian woodland          Upland disturbance

         Brome fields               Western wheatgrass prairie (river terraces)

         Upland disturbance         Annual-dominated floodplain disturbance

                                    Willow shrubland

                                    Wetland (cattail-iris marsh and rush-sedge
                                    wetland)
  ------ ------------------- ------ --------------------------------------------

Cover Class Definitions and Cut-point Descriptions

+------------+-----------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| # C        | D         | Upper        | Upper        | Upper         |
| over class | efinition | cutpoints    | cutpoints    | cutpoints for |
|            |           | for 50 m     | for 5 m      | 1.78 m radius |
|            |           | radius plot  | radius plot  | plot          |
+------------+-----------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| 0          | None      |              |              |               |
|            | present   |              |              |               |
+------------+-----------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| 1          | Trace to  | A circle of  | A circle of  | A circle of   |
|            | 1 %       | radius 5.00  | radius 0.50  | radius 0.18 m |
|            |           | m            | m            |               |
+------------+-----------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| 2          | 1 -- 5 %  | A circle of  | A circle of  | A circle of   |
|            |           | radius 11.18 | radius 1.12  | radius 0.40 m |
|            |           | m            | m            |               |
+------------+-----------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| 3          | 5 -- 25 % | A circle of  | A circle of  | A circle of   |
|            |           | radius 25.00 | radius 2.50  | radius 0.89 m |
|            |           | m            | m            |               |
+------------+-----------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| 4          | 25 -- 50  | A circle of  | A circle of  | A circle of   |
|            | %         | radius 35.36 | radius 3.54  | radius 1.26 m |
|            |           | m            | m            |               |
+------------+-----------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| 5          | 50 -- 75  | A circle of  | A circle of  | A circle of   |
|            | %         | radius 43.30 | radius 4.33  | radius 1.54 m |
|            |           | m            | m            |               |
+------------+-----------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| 6          | 75 -- 95  | A circle of  | A circle of  | A circle of   |
|            | %         | radius 48.73 | radius 4.87  | radius 1.73 m |
|            |           | m            | m            |               |
+------------+-----------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| 7          | 95 -- 100 | Full plot    | Full plot    | Full plot     |
|            | %         | radius       | radius       | radius        |
+------------+-----------+--------------+--------------+---------------+

New Location Data Form (use this form to record coordinates for new
sampling locations)

Park: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Project: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ LocationID:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Description:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**UTM Coordinates**: **Ending Coordinates for Transects**:

UTMX: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ UTM Zone: \_\_\_\_\_
UTMX end: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

UTMY: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Error (m):
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ UTMY end: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Latitude: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Datum: NAD83
Latitude end: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Longitude: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Longitude end:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Elevation: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Vertical Error (m): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Aspect: N NE E SE S SW W NW How was accuracy determined?
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Slope (deg): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

New Location Data Form (use this form to record coordinates for new
sampling locations)

Park: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Project: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ LocationID:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Description:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**UTM Coordinates**: **Ending Coordinates for Transects**:

UTMX: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ UTM Zone: \_\_\_\_\_
UTMX end: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

UTMY: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Error (m):
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ UTMY end: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Latitude: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Datum: NAD83
Latitude end: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Longitude: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Longitude end:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Elevation: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Vertical Error (m): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Aspect: N NE E SE S SW W NW How was accuracy determined?
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Slope (deg): \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**Appendix B. List of avian species recorded during breeding seasons
(May-June) at Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Nebraska and
Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas. Sources of data includes
Graetz et al. 1995 (a), Powell 2000 (b), and Litchtenberg and Powell
1999 (c).**

  --------------------------- --------------------- --------- ---------- ---- ----------
  **Common name / Code**      **Scientific name**   **TSN**   **AGFO**        **TAPR**

  Great Blue Heron / GBHE     Ardea herodias        174773    Xa         Xb   Xc

  Green (Green-backed) Heron  Butorides virescens   174793                    X
  / GRHE                                                                      

  Turkey Vulture / TUVU       Cathartes aura        175265    X               X

  Canada Goose / CAGO         Branta canadensis     174999                    X

  Wood Duck / WODU            Aix sponsa            175122    X          X    X

  Mallard / MALL              Anas platyrhynchos    175063    X          X    X

  Blue-winged Teal / BWTE     Anas discors          175086    X               

  Northern Harrier / NOHA     Circus cyaneus        175430    X               

  Red-tailed Hawk / RTHA      Buteo jamaicensis     175350    X          X    X

  Swainson's Hawk / SWHA      Buteo swainsni        175367    X               X

  Golden Eagle / GOEA         Aquila chrysaetos     175407    X               

  Prairie Falcon / PRFA       Falco mexicanus       175603    X               

  American Kestrel / AMKE     Falco sparverius      175622    X          X    X

  Wild Turkey / WITU          Meleagris gallopavo   176136    X          X    X

  Sharp-tailed Grouse / STGR  Tympanuchus           175841    X               
                              phasianellus                                    

  Greater Prairie-chicken /   Tympanuchus cupido    175834               X    X
  GRCH                                                                        

  Northern Bobwhite / NOBO    Colinus virginianus   175863               X    X

  Ring-necked Pheasant / RPHE Phasianus colchicus   175905    X          X    

  Virginia Rail / VIRA        Rallus limicola       176221    X               

  Sora / SORA                 Porzana Carolina      176242    X               

  American Avocet / AMAV      Recurvirostra         176721    X               
                              americana                                       

  Killdeer / KILL             Charadrius vociferus  176520    X          X    X

  Upland Sandpiper / UPSA     Bartramia longicauda  176610    X          X    X

  Wilson's Phalarope / WIPH   Phalaropus tricolor   176736    X               

  Common Snipe / COSN         Gallinago gallinago   176700    X               

  Black Tern / BLTE           Chlidonias niger      176959    X               

  Rock Dove / RODO            Columba livia         177071               X    X

  Mourning Dove / MODO        Zenaida macroura      177125    X          X    X

  Black-billed Cuckoo / BBCU  Coccyzus              177834                    X
                              erythropthalmus                                 

  Yellow-billed Cuckoo / YBCU Coccyzus americanus   177831                    X

  Great Horned Owl / GHOW     Bubo virginianus      177884    X               X

  Short-eared Owl / SEOW      Asio flammeus         177935               X    

  Barn Owl / BNOW             Tyto alba             177851    X               

  Common Nighthawk / CONI     Chordeiles minor      177979    X          X    X

  Chimney Swift / CHSW        Chaetura pelagica     178001                    X

  Ruby-throated Hummingbird / Archilochus colubris  178032                    X
  RTHU                                                                        

  Belted Kingfisher / BEKI    Ceryle alcyon         178119    X               X

  Northern Flicker / NOFL     Colaptes auratus      178154               X    X

  Pileated Woodpecker / PIWO  Dryocopus pileatus    178166                    X

  Red-headed Woodpecker /     Melanerpes            178186                    X
  RHWO                        erythrocephalus                                 

  Red-bellied Woodpecker /    Melanerpes carolinus  178195                    X
  RBWO                                                                        

  Downy Woodpecker / DOWO     Picoides pubescens    178259    X               X

  Hairy Woodpecker / HAWO     Picoides villosus     178262                    X

  Eastern Wood-pewee / EAWP   Contopus virens       178359                    X

  Western Wood-pewee / WEWP   Contopus sordidulus   178360    X               

  Yellow-bellied Flycatcher / Empidonax             178338                    X
  YBFL                        flaviventris                                    

  Acadian Flycatcher / ACFL   Empidonax virescens   178339                    X

  Great Crested Flycatcher /  Myiarchus crinitus    178309                    X
  GCFL                                                                        

  Scissor-tailed Flycatcher / Tyrannus forficatus   178293                    X
  STFL                                                                        

  Eastern Phoebe / EAPH       Sayornis phoebe       178329                    X

  Say's Phoebe / SAPH         Sayornis saya         178333    X          X    
  --------------------------- --------------------- --------- ---------- ---- ----------

**Appendix B. List of avian species, cont'd.**

  --------------------------- --------------------- --------- ---------- ---- ----------
  **Common name / Code**      **Scientific name**   **TSN**   **AGFO**        **TAPR**

  Cassin's Kingbird / CAKI    Tyrannus vociferans   178288               X    

  Western Kingbird / WEKI     Tyrannus verticalis   178287    X          X    X

  Eastern Kingbird / EAKI     Tyrannus tyrannus     178279    X          X    X

  Loggerhead Shrike / LOSH    Lanius ludovicianus   178515    X          X    X

  White-eyed Vireo / WEVI     Vireo griseus         178991                    X

  Yellow-throated Vireo /     Vireo flavifrons      179009                    X
  YTVI                                                                        

  Warbling Vireo / WAVI       Vireo gilvus          179023                    X

  Red-eyed Vireo / REVI       Vireo olivaceus       179021                    X

  Blue Jay / BLJA             Cyanocitta cristata   179680                    X

  American Crow / AMCR        Corvus brachyrhynchos 179731    X          X    X

  Horned Lark / HOLA          Eremophila alpestris  554256    X          X    X

  Northern Rough-winged       Stelgidopteryx        178443    X          X    X
  Swallow / NRWS              serripennis                                     

  Bank Swallow / BANS         Riparia riparia       178436    X          X    X

  Cliff Swallow / CLSW        Hirundo pyrrhonota    178453    X          X    

  Barn Swallow / BARS         Hirundo rustica       178448    X          X    X

  Black-capped Chickadee /    Parus atricapillus    178699                    X
  BCCH                                                                        

  (Eastern) Tufted Titmouse / Parus bicolor         178738                    X
  ETTI                                                                        

  White-breasted Nuthatch /   Sitta carolinensis    178775                    X
  WBNU                                                                        

  House Wren / HOWR           Troglodytes aedon     178541    X               X

  Bewick's Wren / BEWR        Thryomanes bewickii   178562                    X

  Carolina Wren / CARW        Thryothorus           178581                    X
                              ludovicianus                                    

  Rock Wren / ROWR            Salpinctes obsoletus  178614    X          X    

  Marsh Wren / MAWR           Cistothorus palustris 178608    X               

  Blue-gray Gnatcatcher /     Polioptila caerulea   179853                    X
  BGGN                                                                        

  American Robin / AMRO       Turdus migratorius    179759    X               X

  Swainson's Thrush / SWTH    Catharus ustulatus    179788                    X

  Eastern Bluebird / EABL     Sialia sialis         179801                    X

  Mountain Bluebird / MOBL    Sialia currucoides    179811    X               

  Gray Catbird / GRCA         Dumetella             178625    X               X
                              carolinensis                                    

  Northern Mockingbird / NOMO Mimus polyglottos     178620                    X

  Brown Thrasher / BRTH       Toxostoma rufum       178627    X          X    X

  European Starling / EUST    Sturnus vulgaris      179637               X    X

  Tennessee Warbler / TEWA    Vermivora peregrina   178855                    X

  Northern Parula / NOPA      Parula americana      178868                    X

  Yellow Warbler / YWAR       Dendroica petechia    178878    X               X

  Common Yellowthroat / COYE  Geothlypis trichas    178944    X          X    X

  Yellow-breasted Chat / YBCH Icteria virens        178964                    X

  Summer Tanager / SUTA       Piranga rubra         179888                    X

  Eastern (Rufous-sided)      Pipilo                179276                    X
  Towhee / EATO               erythrophthalmus                                

  Spotted (Rufous-sided)      Pipilo maculatus      554380    X          X    
  Towhee / SPTO                                                               

  Chipping Sparrow / CHSP     Spizella passerina    179435                    X

  Field Sparrow / FISP        Spizella pusilla      179443                    X

  Clay-colored Sparrow / CCSP Spizella pallida      179439               X    

  Vesper Sparrow / VESP       Pooecetes gramineus   179366               X    X

  Lark Sparrow / LASP         Chondestes grammacus  179371    X          X    X

  Lark Bunting / LARB         Calamospiza           179312    X          X    
                              melanocorys                                     

  Grasshopper Sparrow / GRSP  Ammodramus savannarum 179333    X          X    X

  Chestnut-collared Longspur  Calcarius ornatus     179530               X    
  / CCLO                                                                      

  Northern Cardinal / NOCA    Cardinalis cardinalis 179124                    X

  Rose-breasted Grosbeak /    Pheucticus            179139                    X
  RBGR                        ludovicianus                                    

  Black-headed Grosbeak /     Pheucticus            179140               X    
  BHGR                        melanocephalus                                  

  Blue Grosbeak / BLGR        Guiraca caerulea      179145    X          X    X

  Indigo Bunting / INBU       Passerina cyanea      179150                    X

  Lazuli Bunting / LAZB       Passerina amoena      179151    X          X    

  Dickcissel / DICK           Spiza Americana       179165    X               X

  Bobolink / BOBO             Dolichonyx oryzivorus 179032    X               

  Eastern Meadowlark / EAME   Sturnella magna       179034                    X

  Western Meadowlark / WEME   Sturnella neglecta    179039    X               X
  --------------------------- --------------------- --------- ---------- ---- ----------

**Appendix B. List of avian species, cont'd.**

  --------------------------- --------------------- --------- ---------- ---- ----------
  **Common name / Code**      **Scientific name**   **TSN**   **AGFO**        **TAPR**

  Yellow-headed Blackbird /   Xanthocephalus        179043    X               
  YHBL                        xanthocephalus                                  

  Red-winged Blackbird / RWBL Agelaius phoeniceus   179045    X               X

  Great-tailed Grackle / GTGR Quiscalus mexicanus   179109                    X

  Common Grackle / COGR       Quiscalus quiscula    179104    X          X    X

  Brown-headed Cowbird / BHCO Molothrus ater        179112    X          X    X

  Orchard Oriole / OROR       Icterus spurious      179064    X          X    X

  Baltimore (Northern) Oriole Icterus galbula       179083               X    X
  / BAOR                                                                      

  American Goldfinch / AMGO   Carduelis tristis     179236    X          X    X

  House Sparrow / HOSP        Passer domesticus     179628                    X
  --------------------------- --------------------- --------- ---------- ---- ----------

**Appendix C. Plant species and community guilds by park.**

# **Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Nebraska.**

+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Scientific Name         | Common Name    | P |                       |
|                         |                | l |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | n |                       |
|                         |                | t |                       |
|                         |                | C |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | m |                       |
|                         |                | m |                       |
|                         |                | u |                       |
|                         |                | n |                       |
|                         |                | i |                       |
|                         |                | t |                       |
|                         |                | y |                       |
|                         |                | G |                       |
|                         |                | u |                       |
|                         |                | i |                       |
|                         |                | l |                       |
|                         |                | d |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Allium textile          | Onion          | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Ambrosia psilostachya   | Western        | F |                       |
|                         | ragweed        | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Ambrosia trifida        | Giant ragweed  | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Amphiachyris            | Broomweed      | F |                       |
| dracunculoides          |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Andropogon hallii       | Sand bluestem  | w |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | m |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | e |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | n |                       |
|                         |                | g |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Arabis holboellii       | Rock-cress     | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Arenaria hookeri        | Sandwort       | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Aristida purpurea       | Purple         | w |                       |
|                         | three-awn      | a |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | m |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | e |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | n |                       |
|                         |                | g |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Artemisia campestris    | Wormwood,      | F |                       |
|                         | sage, mugwort  | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Artemisia dracunculus   | Wormwood,      | F |                       |
|                         | sage, mugwort  | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Artemisia frigida       | Pr             | F |                       |
|                         | airie-sagewort | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Asclepias pumila        | Milkweed       | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Asclepias speciosa      | Showy milkweed | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Asclepias viridiflora   | Green milkweed | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Aster ericoides         | Squarrose      | F |                       |
|                         | white wild     | o |                       |
|                         | aster          | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Astragalus ceramicus    | painted        | F |                       |
|                         | milkvetch      | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Astragalus crassicarpus | Ground-plum,   | F |                       |
|                         | prairie plum   | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Astragalus gracilis     | Milk-vetch     | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Astragalus laxmannii    | Prairie        | F |                       |
| var. robustior          | milkvetch      | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Astragalus lotiflorus   | Lotus          | F |                       |
|                         | milk-vetch     | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Astragalus              | Nuttall        | F |                       |
| missourienses           | milk-vetch     | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Astragalus sericoleucus | Milk-vetch     | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Astragalus spatulatus   | Milk-vetch     | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Astragalus spp          |                | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Bouteloua curtipendula  | Side-oats      | w |                       |
|                         | grama-grass    | a |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | m |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | e |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | n |                       |
|                         |                | g |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Bouteloua gracilis      | Blue           | w |                       |
|                         | grama-grass    | a |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | m |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | e |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | n |                       |
|                         |                | g |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Bromus japonicus        | Japanese brome | c |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | l |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | e |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | n |                       |
|                         |                | g |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Bromus tectorum         | Downy brome    | c |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | l |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | e |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | n |                       |
|                         |                | g |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Calamovilfa longifolia  | Sand-reed      | w |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | m |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | e |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | n |                       |
|                         |                | g |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Calylophus serrulatus   | Ev             | F |                       |
|                         | ening-primrose | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Camelina microcarpa     | Small-seed     | F |                       |
|                         | false flax     | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Carex filifolia         | Sedge          | g |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | - |                       |
|                         |                | l |                       |
|                         |                | i |                       |
|                         |                | k |                       |
|                         |                | e |                       |
|                         |                | ( |                       |
|                         |                | c |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | l |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | e |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | n |                       |
|                         |                | g |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | a |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | s |                       |
|                         |                | ) |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Castilleja sessiliflora | Downy          | F |                       |
|                         | paintbrush     | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Chamaesyce serpens      | Round-leaved   | F |                       |
|                         | spurge         | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Chenopodium berlandieri | Pitseed        | F |                       |
|                         | goosefoot      | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Chenopodium pratericola | Narrow-leaf    | F |                       |
|                         | goosefoot      | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Cirsium canescens       | Thistle        | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Cirsium flodmanii       | Prairie        | F |                       |
|                         | thistle        | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Cleome serrulata        | Stinking       | F |                       |
|                         | clover         | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Comandra umbellata      | Bastard        | F |                       |
|                         | toad-flax      | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Conyza canadensis       | Horseweed      | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Corispermum             | Bugseed        | F |                       |
| hyssopifolium           |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Coryphantha vivipara    | Pincushion     | F |                       |
|                         | cactus         | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Croton texensis         | Texas croton   | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Cryptantha cana         | Borage         | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Cryptantha celosioides  | Borage         | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Cymopterus acaulis      | Wild parsley   | F |                       |
|                         |                | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Dalea candida var.      | White prairie  | F |                       |
| oligophylla             | clover         | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Dalea purpurea          | Purple prairie | F |                       |
|                         | clover         | o |                       |
|                         |                | r |                       |
|                         |                | b |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| # *                     |                |   |                       |
| *Appendix C. Agate Foss |                |   |                       |
| il Beds National Monume |                |   |                       |
| nt, Nebraska, cont'd.** |                |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Scientific Name         | ######         |   | Plant Community       |
|                         | ## Common Name |   | Guilds                |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Descurainia pinnata     | Tansy-mustard  |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Descurainia sophia      | Herb-sophia,   |   | Forb                  |
|                         | tansy-mustard  |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Ellisia nyctelea        | Water-pod      |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Elymus elymoides        | Wild rye       |   | cool season grass     |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Elymus lanceolatus ssp. | Wild rye       |   | cool season grass     |
| Lanceolatus             |                |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Equisetum laevigatum    | Smooth         |   | Forb                  |
|                         | scouring       |   |                       |
|                         | rushes         |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Erigeron bellidiastrum  | Fleabane       |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Erigeron pumilus        | Fleabane       |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Eriogonum annuum        | Annual         |   | Forb                  |
|                         | eriogonum      |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Eriogonum cernuum       | Nodding wild   |   | Forb                  |
|                         | buckwheat      |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Eriogonum flavum        | Yellow wild    |   | Forb                  |
|                         | buckwheat      |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Erysimum asperum        | Western        |   | Forb                  |
|                         | wallflower     |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Euphorbia glyptosperma  | Ridge-seeded   |   | Forb                  |
|                         | spurge         |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Euphorbia missurica     | Prairie spurge |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Euphorbia robusta       | Spurge         |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Gaura coccinea          | Scarlet gaura  |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Gaura parviflora        | Gaura          |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Gutierrezia sarothrae   | Matchbrush     |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Hedeoma drummondii      | Drummond false |   | Forb                  |
|                         | pennyroyal     |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Hedeoma hispidum        | Mint           |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Helianthus annuus       | Common         |   | Forb                  |
|                         | sunflower      |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Helianthus petiolaris   | Plains         |   | Forb                  |
|                         | sunflower      |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Heterotheca villosa     | Golden aster   |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Hymenopappus filifolius | Aster          |   | Forb                  |
| var. polycephalus       |                |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Iva xanthifolia         | Big            |   | Forb                  |
|                         | marsh-elder    |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Kochia scoparia         | Summer-cypress |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Koeleria macrantha      | Junegrass      |   | cool season grass     |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Lactuca Serriola        | Prickly        |   | Forb                  |
|                         | lettuce        |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Lactuca tatarica var.   | Blue lettuce   |   | Forb                  |
| pulchella               |                |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Lappula occidentalis    | Western        |   | Forb                  |
| var. occidentalis       | stickseed      |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Lathyrus polymorphus    | Vetchling,     |   | Forb                  |
|                         | wild pea       |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Lepidium densiflorum    | Prai           |   | Forb                  |
|                         | rie-pepperweed |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Lesquerella arenosa     | Great Plains   |   | Forb                  |
|                         | bladderpod     |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Lesquerella ludoviciana | Mustard        |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Liatris punctata        | Blazing star,  |   | Forb                  |
|                         | gay feather    |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Linum puberulum         | Plains flax    |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Linum rigidum           | Stiffstem      |   | Forb                  |
|                         | yellow flax    |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Lithospermum incisum    | Narrow-leaved  |   | Forb                  |
|                         | puccoon        |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Lupinus plattensis      | Lupine         |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Lupinus pusillus        | Lupine         |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Lygodesmia juncea       | Skeleton-weed  |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Machaeranthera          | Rayless aster  |   | Forb                  |
| grindelioides           |                |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Machaeranthera          | Aster          |   | Forb                  |
| pinnatifida ssp.        |                |   |                       |
| Pinnatifida var.        |                |   |                       |
| pinnatifida             |                |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Melilotus ssp.          | M. albus , M.  |   | Forb                  |
|                         | officinalis    |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Mirabilis hirsuta       | Hairy          |   | Forb                  |
|                         | umbrella-wort  |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Mirabilis linearis      | Narrow-leaved  |   | Forb                  |
|                         | umbrella-wort  |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Muhlenbergia pungens    | Muhly          |   | warm season grass     |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Musineon tenuifolium    | Parsley        |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Oenothera albicaulis    | Ev             |   | Forb                  |
|                         | ening-primrose |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Oenothera cespitosa     | Ev             |   | Forb                  |
|                         | ening-primrose |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| **Appendix C. Agate     |                |   |                       |
| Fossil Beds National    |                |   |                       |
| Monument, Nebraska,     |                |   |                       |
| cont'd.**               |                |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Scientific Name         | ######         |   | Plant Community       |
|                         | ## Common Name |   | Guilds                |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Oenothera nuttallii     | White-stemmed  |   | Forb                  |
|                         | ev             |   |                       |
|                         | ening-primrose |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Oenothera villosa       | Ev             |   | Forb                  |
|                         | ening-primrose |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Opuntia fragilis        | Little prickly |   | Forb                  |
|                         | pear           |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Opuntia macrorhiza      | Plains prickly |   | Forb                  |
|                         | pear           |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Opuntia polyacantha     | Plains prickly |   | Forb                  |
|                         | pear           |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Orobanche fasciculata   | Clustered      |   | Forb                  |
|                         | broom-rape     |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Oryzopsis hymenoides    | Indian         |   | cool season grass     |
|                         | ricegrass      |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Oxytropis sericea       | White locoweed |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Paronychia depressa     | Whitlow-wort   |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Paronychia sessiliflora | Nailwort       |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Pascopyrum smithii      | Western        |   | cool season grass     |
|                         | wheatgrass     |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Penstemon angustifolius | Beard-tongue   |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Penstemon eriantherus   | Beard-tongue   |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Phacelia hastata        | Phacelia       |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Phlox andicola          | Phlox, Sweet   |   | Forb                  |
|                         | William        |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Phlox hoodii            | Phlox, Sweet   |   | Forb                  |
|                         | William        |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Physalis hispida        | P              |   | Forb                  |
|                         | lains-sandhill |   |                       |
|                         | ground cherry  |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Plantago patagonica     | Wooly plantain |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Poa pratensis           | Kentucky       |   | cool season grass     |
|                         | bluegrass      |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Poa secunda             | Bluegrass      |   | cool season grass     |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Polygonum ramosissimum  | Smartweed      |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Psoralea esculenta      | Breadroot      |   | Forb                  |
|                         | scurf-pea      |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Psoralidium lanceolatum | Pea, Bean      |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Psoralidium tenuiforum  | Gray scurf-pea |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| # Rhus trilobata        | Squaw-bush     |   | woody (shrubs and     |
|                         |                |   | vines)                |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Ribes americanum        | Gooseberry     |   | woody (shrubs and     |
|                         |                |   | vines)                |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Rumex venosus           | Veiny dock     |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Salix exigua            | Sandbar willow |   | woody (shrub and      |
|                         |                |   | vines)                |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Salsola spp.            | Russian        |   | Forb                  |
|                         | thistle (S.    |   |                       |
|                         | kali or S.     |   |                       |
|                         | collina)       |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Schizachyrium scoparium | Little         |   | warm season grass     |
|                         | bluestem       |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Senecio canus           | Gray groundsel |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Senecio riddellii       | Groundsel,     |   | Forb                  |
|                         | ragwort        |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Silene drummondii       | Drummond\'s    |   | Forb                  |
|                         | campion        |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Sisymbrium altissimum   | Tu             |   | Forb                  |
|                         | mbling-mustard |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Sphaeralcea coccinea    | Scarlet mallow |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Sporobolus cryptandrus  | Sand dropseed  |   | warm season grass     |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Stipa comata            | Nee            |   | cool season grass     |
|                         | dle-and-thread |   |                       |
|                         | grass          |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Symphoricarpos          | Western        |   | woody (shrubs and     |
| occidentalis            | snowberry      |   | vines)                |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Taraxacum officinale    | Common         |   | Forb                  |
|                         | dandelion      |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Tetraneuris acaulis     | Bitterweed     |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Thermopsis rhombifolia  | Buckbean       |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Townsendia grandiflora  | Easter daisy   |   | Forb                  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Tradescantia            | Prairie        |   | Forb                  |
| occidentalis            | spiderwort     |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Tragopogon dubius       | Fistulous      |   | Forb                  |
|                         | goat\'s beard  |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Viola nuttallii         | Yellow prairie |   | Forb                  |
|                         | violet         |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Vulpia octoflora        | Six-weeks      |   | cool season grass     |
|                         | fescue         |   |                       |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+
| Yucca glauca            | Soap plant     |   | woody (shrubs and     |
|                         |                |   | vines)                |
+-------------------------+----------------+---+-----------------------+

# **Appendix C. cont"d.**

# 

# Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas

  ------------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------
  ScientificName            Common Name      Plant Community Guild

  Acalypha ostryifolia      Rough-pod        Forb
                            copperleaf       

  Acalypha spp                               Forb

  Acalypha virginica        Virginia         Forb
                            copperleaf       

  Achillea millefolium      Common yarrow    Forb

  Aegilops cylindrica       Jointed          cool season grass
                            goatgrass        

  Aesculus glabra           Western buckeye  woody (shrub or small tree)

  Agalinis aspera           Tall false       Forb
                            foxglove         

  Agalinis densiflora       Fineleaf         Forb
                            gerardia         

  Agalinis spp.-TAPR                         Forb

  Agalinis tenuifolia       Slender gerardia Forb

  Agastache nepetoides      Catnip giant     Forb
                            hyssop           

  Ageratina altissima       Tall ageratina   Forb

  Agrimonia parviflora      Many-flowered    Forb
                            agrimony         

  Agrostis hyemalis         Ticklegrass      cool season grass

  Alisma subcordatum        Water plantain   Forb

  Alliaria petiolata        Garlic-mustard   Forb

  Allium canadense          Onion            Forb

  Alopecurus carolinianus   Carolina foxtail cool season grass

  Amaranthus blitoides      Prostrate        Forb
                            pigweed          

  Amaranthus retroflexus    Rough pigweed    Forb

  Amaranthus rudis          Water hemp       Forb

  Amaranthus spinosus       Spiny pigweed    Forb

  Ambrosia artemisiifolia   Common ragweed   Forb

  Ambrosia psilostachya     Western ragweed  Forb

  Ambrosia trifida          Giant ragweed    Forb

  Ammannia coccinea         Purple ammannia  Forb

  Amorpha canescens         Lead-plant       woody (shrubs and vines)

  Amorpha fruticosa         False indigo     woody (shrubs and vines)

  Amphiachyris              Broomweed        Forb
  dracunculoides                             

  Andropogon gerardii       Big bluestem     warm season grass

  Androsace occidentalis    Western          Forb
                            androsace        

  Anemone caroliniana       Carolina anemone Forb

  Antennaria neglecta       Field pussytoes  Forb

  Apocynum cannabinum       Hemp dogbane     Forb

  Aquilegia canadenis       Wild columbine   Forb

  Arctium minus             Common burdock   Forb

  Arenaria serpyllifolia    Thyme-leaved     Forb
                            sandwort         

  Arisaema dracontium       Dragonroot       Forb

  Aristida oligantha        Prairie          warm season grass
                            three-awn        

  Arnoglossum               Pale indian      Forb
  atriplicifolium           plantain         

  Arnoglossum plantagineum  Tuberous Indian  Forb
                            plantain         

  Artemisia ludoviciana     White sage       Forb

  Asclepias amplexicaulis   Clasping         Forb
                            milkweed         

  Asclepias asperula        Antelope horns   Forb

  Asclepias spp.                             Forb
  ------------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **Appendix C.         |                       |                       |
| Tallgrass Prairie     |                       |                       |
| National Preserve,    |                       |                       |
| Kansas, cont\'d.**    |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| ScientificName        | Common Name           | Plant Community Guild |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Asclepias stenophylla | Narrow-leaved         | Forb                  |
|                       | milkweed              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Asclepias sullivantii | Smooth milkweed       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Asclepias syriaca     | Common milkweed       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Asclepias tuberosa    | Butterfly-weed        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Asclepias             | Whorled milkweed      | Forb                  |
| verticillata          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Asclepias viridiflora | Green milkweed        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Asclepias viridis     | Ozark milkweed        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Aster drummondii      | Hairy heart-leaved    | Forb                  |
|                       | wild aster            |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Aster ericoides       | Squarrose white wild  | Forb                  |
|                       | aster                 |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Aster laevis          | Smooth wild aster     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Aster oblongifolius   | Aromatic wild aster   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Aster sericeus        | Western silvery wild  | Forb                  |
|                       | aster                 |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Astragalus            | Ground-plum, prairie  | Forb                  |
| Crassicarpus          | plum                  |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Astragalus lotiflorus | Lotus milk-vetch      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Baptisia australis    | blue wild indigp      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Baptisia bracteata    | Plains wild indigo    | Forb                  |
| var. leucophaea       |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Bassia scoparia       | Summer cypress        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Bidens aristosa       | Coreopsis             | Forb                  |
|                       | beggar-ticks          |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Bidens cernua         | Nodding beggar-ticks  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Bidens frondosa       | Beggar-ticks          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Bothriochloa bladii   | Caucasian bluestem    | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Bothriochloa          | Silver bluestem       | warm season grass     |
| saccharoides          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Botrychium            | Rattlesnake fern      | Forb                  |
| virginianum           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Bouteloua             | Side-oats grama-grass | warm season grass     |
| curtipendula          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Bouteloua gracilis    | Blue grama-grass      | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Bouteloua hirsuta     | Hairy grama-grass     | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Brickellia            | Aster                 | Forb                  |
| eupatorioides         |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Bromus inermis        | Smooth brome          | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Bromus japonicus      | Japanese brome        | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Bromus tectorum       | Downy brome           | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Buchloe dactyloides   | Buffalo-grass         | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Buglossoides arvensis | Corn gromwell         | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cacalia plantaginea   | Tuberous Indian       | Forb                  |
|                       | plantain              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Callirhoe alcaeoides  | Pale poppy-mallow     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Callirhoe involucrata | Purple poppy mallow   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Callitriche           | Water starwort        | Forb                  |
| heterophylla          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Calylophus serrulatus | Evening-primrose      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Calystegia macounii   | Macoun's bindweed     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Camelina microcarpa   | Small-seeded false    | Forb                  |
|                       | flax                  |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Capsella              | Shepherd\'s purse     | Forb                  |
| bursa-pastoris        |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carduus nutans        | Musk thistle          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carex amphibola       | Eastern narrowleaf    | grass-like (cool      |
|                       | sedge                 | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carex blanda          | Sedge                 | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carex brevior         | Sedge                 | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carex davisii         | Davis sedge           | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carex emoryi          | Emory sedge           | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carex frankii         | Frank's sedge         | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carex gravida         | Heavy sedge           | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carex hystericina     | Bottlebrush sedge     | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carex meadii          | Sedge                 | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **Appendix C.         |                       |                       |
| Tallgrass Prairie     |                       |                       |
| National Preserve,    |                       |                       |
| Kansas, cont\'d.**    |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| ScientificName        | Common Name           | Plant Community Guild |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carex mulilenbergii   | Muhlenberg sedge      | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carex spp.            |                       | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Carex vulpinoidea     | Fox sedge             | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ceanothus americanus  | New Jersey tea,       | woody (shrubs and     |
|                       | redroot               | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ceanothus herbaceus   | Prairie-redroot       | woody (shrubs and     |
|                       |                       | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Celastrus scandens    | American bittersweet  | vine                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cenchrus longispinus  | Sandbur               | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cephalanthus          | Buttonbush            | Shrub                 |
| occidentalis          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cerastium brachypodum | Mouse-ear chickweed   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ceratophyllum         | Hornwort              | Forb                  |
| demersum              |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Chaerophyllum         | Spreading chervil     | Forb                  |
| procumbens            |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Chamaecrista          | Showy partridge pea   | Forb                  |
| fasciculata           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Chamaesyce            | Ridge-seed spurge     | Forb                  |
| glyptosperma          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Chamaesyce missurica  | Missouri spurge       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Chamaesyce nutans     | Eyebane               | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Chamaesyce prostrata  | Spurge                | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Chenopodium album     | Lamb\'s quarters,     | Forb                  |
|                       | pigweed               |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Chenopodium           | Pitseed goosefoot     | Forb                  |
| berlandieri           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Chenopodium simplex   | Mapleleaf goosefoot   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Chenopodium spp.      |                       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Chloris verticillata  | Windmill finger-grass | Cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cirsium altissimum    | Tall thistle          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cirsium undulatum     | Wavy-leaved thistle   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Clematis pitcheri     | Pitcher's clematis    | vine                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Clematis terniflora   | Sweet autumn          | woody (shrubs and     |
|                       | virginbower           | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Commelina erecta      | Erect dayflower       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Conium maculatum      | Poison hemlock        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Convolvulus arvensis  | Field-bindweed        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Conyza Canadensis     | Horseweed             | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Coreopsis grandiflora | Bigflower coreopsis   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cornus drummondii     | Rough-leaved dogwood  | woody (shrubs and     |
|                       |                       | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Corydalis micrantha   | Slender corydalis     | annual-biennial       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Crataegus mollis      | Downy hawthorn        | woody (shrub or small |
|                       |                       | tree)                 |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Croton capitatus      | Woolly croton         | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Croton monanthogynus  | Prairie-tea, one-seed | Forb                  |
|                       | croton                |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Croton spp            |                       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Croton texensis       | Texas croton          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cucurbita             | Buffalo-gourd         | Forb                  |
| foetidissima          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cynanchum laeve       | Honey vine            | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cyperus esculentus    | Yellow nutsedge       | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cyperus lupulinus     | Houghton flatsedge    | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cyperus odoratus      | Fragrant flatsedge    | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cyperus setigerus     | Roughedge flatsedge   | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cyperus spp.          |                       | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cyperus strigosus     | False nutgrass        | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Cystopteris           | Tennessee bladder     | Forb                  |
| tennesseensis         | fern                  |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Dalea aurea           | Golden prairie clover | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Dalea candida         | White prairie clover  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Dalea multiflora      | roundhead             | Forb                  |
|                       | prairieclover         |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Dalea purpurea        | Purple prairie clover | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Dalea spp             |                       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **Appendix C.         |                       |                       |
| Tallgrass Prairie     |                       |                       |
| National Preserve,    |                       |                       |
| Kansas, cont\'d.**    |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| ScientificName        | Common Name           | Plant Community Guild |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Datura stramonium     | Jimson weed           | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Delphinium            | Prairie larkspur      | Forb                  |
| carolinianum spp.     |                       |                       |
| Virescens             |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Descurainia pinnata   | Tansy-mustard         | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Desmanthus            | Bundleflower          | Forb                  |
| illinoensis           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Desmodium cuspidatum  | Big tick-trefoil      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Desmodium illinoense  | Prairie tick-trefoil  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Desmodium             | Sessile tickclover    | Forb                  |
| sessilifolium         |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Desmodium spp.        |                       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Dichanthelium         | Panic grass           | cool season grass     |
| acuminatum            |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Dichanthelium         | Panic grass           | cool season grass     |
| oligosanthes          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Dichanthelium spp.    |                       | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Digitaria cognata     | Carolina crab grass   | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Digitaria sanguinalis | Hairy crabgrass       | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Draba branchycarpa    | Mustard               | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Draba cuneifolia      | Mustard               | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Draba reptans         | Mustard               | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Dyssodia papposa      | Fetid marigold        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Echinacea             | Prairie coneflower    | Forb                  |
| angustifolia          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Echinochloa           | Barnyard grass        | warm season grass     |
| crus-galli            |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Echinochloa muricata  | Rough barnyard grass  | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Eclipta prostrata     | Yerba-de-tajo         | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Eleocharis compressa  | Spike-rush            | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Eleocharis            | Longstem spike sedge  | cool season grass     |
| macrostachya          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Eleocharis obtusa     | Blunt spike sedge     | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Eleocharis spp.       |                       | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ellisia nyctelea      | Water-pod             | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Elymus canadensis     | Canada wild rye       | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Elymus spp.           |                       | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Elymus virginicus     | Virginia wild rye     | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Equisetum laevigatum  | Smooth horsetail      | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Eragrostis            | Stinkgrass            | warm season grass     |
| cilianensis           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Eragrostis            | Purple lovegrass      | warm season grass     |
| spectabilis           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Erigeron              | Philadelphia daisy    | Forb                  |
| philadelphicus        |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Erigeron spp.         |                       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Erigeron strigosus    | Rough fleabane        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Eriochloa contracta   | Prairie cupgrass      | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Erysimum repandum     | Bushy wallflower      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Erythronium           | Midland fawn lily     | Forb                  |
| mesochoreum           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Escobaria             | Missouri coryphanthe  | Forb                  |
| missouriensis var.    |                       |                       |
| missouriensis         |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Euonymus atropurpurea | Wahoo                 | shrub                 |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Eupatorium altissimum | Tall Joe-Pye weed     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Euphorbia corollata   | Flowering spurge      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Euphorbia cyathophora | Fire-on-the-mountain  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Euphorbia dentata     | Toothed spurge        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Euphorbia marginata   | Snow-on-the-mountain  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Euphorbia spathulata  | Prairie spurge        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Euthamia              | Great Plains          | Forb                  |
| gymnospermoides       | flat-topped goldenrod |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Evolvulus             | Evolvulus             | Forb                  |
| nuttallianus          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Festuca               | Nodding fescue        | cool season grass     |
| subverticillata       |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Fuirena simplex       | Umbrella grass        | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **Appendix C.         |                       |                       |
| Tallgrass Prairie     |                       |                       |
| National Preserve,    |                       |                       |
| Kansas, cont\'d.**    |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| ScientificName        | Common Name           | Plant Community Guild |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Galium aparine        | Cleavers              | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Galium circaezans     | Forest bedstraw, wild | Forb                  |
|                       | licorice              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Galium triflorum      | Sweet-scented         | Forb                  |
|                       | bedstraw              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Gaura longiflora      | Large flowered gaura  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Gaura mollis          | Velvety gaura         | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Geranium carolinianum | Carolina              | Forb                  |
|                       | crane\'s-bill         |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Geum canadense        | White avens           | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Glandularia           | Rose verbena          | Forb                  |
| canadensis            |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Glyceria striata      | Fowl mannagrass       | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Glycyrrhiza lepidota  | Wild licorice         | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Grindelia squarrosa   | Curly-top gumweed     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Hedeoma hispidum      | Mint                  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Hedyotis nigricans    | Madder                | Forb                  |
| var. nigricans        |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Helianthus annuus     | Common sunflower      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Helianthus            | Maximilian sunflower  | Forb                  |
| maximiliani           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Helianthus            | Stiff sunflower       | Forb                  |
| pauciflorus           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Helianthus            | Willow-leaved         | Forb                  |
| salicifolius          | sunflower             |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Helianthus spp.       |                       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Helianthus tuberosus  | Jerusalem artichoke   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Heliopsis             | False sunflower       | Forb                  |
| helianthoides         |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Heterotheca canescens | Golden aster          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Hieracium longipilum  | Long-haired hawkweed  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Holcus lanatus        | Common velvet-grass   | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Hordeum pusillum      | Little barley         | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Hybanthus             | Nodding green violet  | Forb                  |
| verticillatus         |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Hymenopappus          | Carolina woollywhite  | Forb                  |
| scabiosaeus           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Hypericum perforatum  | Common ST. Johns-wort | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ipomoea hederacea     | Ivyleaf morning-glory | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Iva annua             | Annual sumpweed       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Juncus dudleyi        | Dudley rush           | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Juncus interior       | Rush                  | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Juncus spp.           |                       | grass-like (cool      |
|                       |                       | season grass)         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Juncus tenuis         | Path rush             | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Juncus torreyi        | Torrey's rush         | cool season grass     |
| coville               |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Justicia americana    | Water willow          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Kochia scoparia       | Summer-cypress        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Koeleria macrantha    | Junegrass             | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Krigia cespitosa      | Sunflower             | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Kummerowia stipulacea | Korean clover         | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lactuca ludoviciana   | Western wild lettuce  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lactuca Serriola      | Prickly lettuce       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lactuca spp.          |                       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lamium amplexicaule   | Henbit                | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Laportea canadensis   | Nettle                | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Leersia oryziodes     | Rice cut-grass        | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lemna minor           | Duckweed              | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lepidium densiflorum  | Prairie-pepperweed    | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lespedeza capitata    | Bush-clover           | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lespedeza violacea    | Violet lespedeza      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lespedeza virginica   | Slender bush          | Forb                  |
|                       | lespedeza             |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Leucospora multifida  | Leucospora            | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **Appendix C.         |                       |                       |
| Tallgrass Prairie     |                       |                       |
| National Preserve,    |                       |                       |
| Kansas, cont\'d.**    |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| ScientificName        | Common Name           | Plant Community Guild |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Liatris aspera        | Lacerate blazing star | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Liatris mucronata     | Gayfeather            | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Liatris punctata      | Blazing star, gay     | Forb                  |
|                       | feather               |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Liatris spp.--TAPR    | L. mucronata, L.      | Forb                  |
|                       | punctata              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Linum sulcatum        | Grooved yellow flax   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lithospermum Incisum  | Narrow-leaved puccoon | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lobelia cardinalis    | Cardinal-flower       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lobelia siphilitica   | Blue lobelia          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lomatium              | Yellow wild parsley   | Forb                  |
| foeniculaceum         |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ludwigia peploides    | Floating evening      | Forb                  |
|                       | primrose              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lycopus americanus    | American bugleweed    | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Lythrum alatum        | Winged loosestrife    | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Medicago lupulina     | Black medick          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Melilotus albus       | White sweet clover    | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Melilotus officinalis | Sweet clover          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Menispermum canadense | Moonseed              | woody (shrubs and     |
|                       |                       | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Mentha arvensis       | Field mint            | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Mentzelia oligosperma | Stickleaf mentzelia   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Mimosa nuttallii      | Catclaw sensitive     | Forb                  |
|                       | brier                 |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Mirabilis albida      | White four o'clock    | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Mirabilis linearis    | Narrow-leaf Four      | Forb                  |
|                       | o'clock               |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Mirabilis nyctaginea  | Heart-leaved          | Forb                  |
|                       | umbrella-wort         |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Mirabilis spp. --     | M. albida, M.         | Forb                  |
| TAPR                  | linearis              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Monarda fistulosa     | Wild bergamot         | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Monolepis nuttalliana | Poverty weed          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Muhlenbergia frondosa | Muhly                 | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Muhlenenbergia        | Muhly                 | cool season grass     |
| cuspidata             |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Myagrum perfoliatum   | Bird's-eye cress      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Myosotis verna        | Early scorpion grass  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Myosurus minimus      | Tiny mousetail        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Myriophyllum          | Water milfoil         | Forb                  |
| heterophyllum         |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Nepeta cataria        | Catnip                | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Nothocalais cuspidata | Wavyleaf agoseris     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Nothoscordum bivalve  | Lily                  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Oenothera biennis     | Common                | Forb                  |
|                       | evening-primrose      |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Oenothera macrocarpa  | Wing-fruit            | Forb                  |
|                       | evening-primrose      |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Oenothera speciosa    | White                 | Forb                  |
|                       | evening-primrose      |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Oligoneuron rigidum   | Rigid goldenrod       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Onosmodium molle      | Western false         | Forb                  |
|                       | gromwell              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Opuntia macrorhiza    | Plains prickly pear   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Osmorhiza longistylis | Anise root            | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Oxalis dillenii       | Southern yellow       | Forb                  |
|                       | wood-sorrel           |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Oxalis spp.           | wood-sorrel           | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Oxalis violacea       | Violet wood-sorrel    | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Packera plattensis    | Prairie ragwort       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Panicum capillare     | Witch-grass           | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Panicum               | Fall panicum          | warm season grass     |
| dichotomiflorum       |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Panicum obtusum       | Vine-mesquite         | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Panicum virgatum      | Switchgrass           | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Parietaria            | Pennsylvania          | Forb                  |
| pensylvanica          | pellitory             |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Parthenocissus        | Virginia-creeper,     | woody (shrubs and     |
| quinquefolia          | woodbine              | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| ######## **Appe       |                       |                       |
| ndix C. Tallgrass Pra |                       |                       |
| irie National Preserv |                       |                       |
| e, Kansas, cont\'d.** |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| ScientificName        | Common Name           | Plant Community Guild |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Pascopyrum smithii    | Western wheatgrass    | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Paspalum pubiflorum   | Hairyseen paspalum    | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Paspalum spp.-TAPR    |                       | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Pediomelum            | Silver-leaf scurf pea | Forb                  |
| argophyllum           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Pediomelum esculentum | Breadroot scurf-pea   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Pediomelum            | Wild alfalfa          | Forb                  |
| tenuiflorum           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Pellaea atropurpurea  | Purple cliff-brake    | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Pennisetum glaucum    | Yellow foxtail        | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Penstemon cobaea      | cobaea beardtongue    | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Penstemon             | Large beard-tongue    | Forb                  |
| grandiflorus          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Penstemon tubiflorus  | Tube beard-tongue     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Penthorum sedoides    | Ditch stonecrop       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Phlox divaricata      | Forest phlox          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Phlox spp.            |                       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Phryma leptostachya   | Lopseed               | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Phyla lanceolata      | Northern frog fruit   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Physalis heterophylla | Clammy ground cherry  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Physalis longifolia   | Longflower ground     | Forb                  |
|                       | cherry                |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Physalis pumila       | Prairie ground cherry | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Physalis spp.         |                       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Physalis virginiana   | Virginia ground       | Forb                  |
|                       | cherry                |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Phytolacca americana  | Pokeweed, pokeberry   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Plantago patagonica   | Wooly plantain        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Plantago rhodosperma  | Plantain              | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Plantago rugelii      | American plantain     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Plantago spp.         |                       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Plantago virginica    | Pale-seeded plantain  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Poa arida             | Plains bluegrass      | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Poa pratensis         | Kentucky bluegrass    | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Poa spp.              |                       | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Polanisia dodecandra  | Clammy-weed           | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Polygala verticllata  | Whorled milkwort      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Polygonatum biflorum  | Solomon's seal        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Polygonum             | Pale smartweed        | Forb                  |
| lapathifolium         |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Polygonum             | Pink smartweed        | Forb                  |
| pensylvanicum         |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Polygonum persicaria  | Lady's-thumb          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Polygonum punctatum   | Dotted smartweed      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Polygonum             | Smartweed             | Forb                  |
| ramosissimum          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Polygonum scandens    | False buckwheat       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Polygonum virginianum | Jumpseed              | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Polytaenia nuttallii  | Nuttall's prairie     | Forb                  |
|                       | parsley               |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Portulaca oleracea    | Common purslane       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Potamogeton foliosus  | Leafy pondweed        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Potamogeton nodosus   | Longleaf pondweed     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Prenanthes aspera     | Rough rattlesnake     | Forb                  |
|                       | root                  |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Prunella vulgaris     | Selfheal              | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Prunus americana      | American wild plum    | Tree/shrub            |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Prunus virginiana     | Choke cherry          | Tree/shrub            |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Psoralea argophylla   | Silvery scurf-pea     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Psoralea esculenta    | Breadroot scurf-pea   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **Appendix C.         |                       |                       |
| Tallgrass Prairie     |                       |                       |
| National Preserve,    |                       |                       |
| Kansas, cont\'d.**    |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| ScientificName        | Common Name           | Plant Community Guild |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Psoralidium           | Gray scurf-pea        | Forb                  |
| tenuiflorum           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ranunculus sceleratus | Cursed crowfoot       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ratibida columnifera  | Columnar coneflower   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Rhus aromatica        | Fragrant sumac        | shrub                 |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Rhus glabra           | Smooth sumac          | woody (shrubs and     |
|                       |                       | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ribes aureum          | Buffalo currant       | shrub                 |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ribes missouriense    | Missouri gooseberry   | woody (shrubs and     |
|                       |                       | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Rorippa nasturtium    | Watercress            | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Rosa arkansana        | Dwarf prairie rose    | woody (shrubs and     |
|                       |                       | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Rosa multiflora       | Multiflora rose       | shrub                 |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ruellia humilis       | Fringeleaf ruellia    | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ruellia strepens      | Acanthus              | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Rumex altissimus      | Pale dock             | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Rumex crispus         | Curly dock            | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Rumex spp.            | Dock                  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sagittaria            | Arrowhead             | Forb                  |
| brevirostra           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Salvia azurea         | Sage                  | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Salvia reflexa        | Lance-leaved sage     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sambucus canadensis   | Common elder          | woody (shrubs and     |
|                       |                       | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sambucus nigra        | Common elderberry     | Tree/shrub            |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sanicula canadensis   | Black snakeroot       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Schizachyrium         | Little bluestem       | warm season grass     |
| scoparium             |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Schoenoplectus        | Soft-stem bulrush     | cool season grass     |
| tabernaemontani       |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Schrankia nuttallii   | Sensitive brier       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Scirpus atrovirens    | Darkgreen bulrush     | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Scirpus pallidus      | Pale bulrush          | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Scirpus pendulus      | Rusty bulrush         | cool season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Scrophularia          | Maryland figwort      | Forb                  |
| marilandica           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Scutellaria parvula   | Little skullcap       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Senecio plattensis    | Platte groundsel      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Senna marilandica     | Wild senna            | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Setaria spp.          |                       | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Setaria viridis       | Green foxtail-grass   | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sicyos angulatus      | Bur cucumber          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sida spinosa          | Prickly spinosa       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Silene antirrhina     | Catchfly, campion     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Silene stellata       | Starry campion        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Silphium              | Showy rosinweed       | Forb                  |
| integrifolium         |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Silphium laciniatum   | Compass-plant         | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sisyrinchium          | Blue-eyed grass       | Forb                  |
| campestre             |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Smilax tamnoides      | Catbrier              | woody (shrubs and     |
|                       |                       | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Solanum carolinense   | Horse-nettle          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Solanum               | Silver-leaf           | Forb                  |
| elaeagnifolium        | nightshade            |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Solanum rostratum     | Buffalo-bur           | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Solidago canadensis   | Common goldenrod      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Solidago Canadensis   | Common goldenrod      | Forb                  |
| var.                  |                       |                       |
|                       |                       |                       |
| gilvocanescens        |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Solidago              | Missouri goldenrod    | Forb                  |
| missouriensis         |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Solidago petiolaris   | Downy goldenrod       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Solidago rigida       | Stiff goldenrod       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Solidago spp.         |                       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **Appendix C.         |                       |                       |
| Tallgrass Prairie     |                       |                       |
| National Preserve,    |                       |                       |
| Kansas, cont\'d.**    |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| ScientificName        | Common Name           | Plant Community Guild |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sonchus asper         | Prickly sow thistle   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sorghastrum nutans    | Indian grass          | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sorghum halepense     | Johnson grass         | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Spartina pectinata    | Prairie cordgrass     | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Spermolepis inermis   | Western spermolepis   | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Spiranthes cernua     | Nodding ladies\'      | Forb                  |
|                       | tresses               |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Spiranthes vernalis   | Twisted lady's        | Forb                  |
|                       | tresses               |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sporobolus asper      | Tall dropseed         | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sporobolus compositus | Rough dropseed        | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sporobolus neglectus  | Dropseed              | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Sporobolus spp.       |                       | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Stellaria media       | Common chickweed      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Stenosiphon           | Stenosiphon           | Forb                  |
| linifolius            |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Strophostyles helvula | Annual woolly bean    | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Strophostyles         | Small-flowered woolly | Forb                  |
| leiosperma            | bean                  |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Symphoricarpos        | Coralberry            | woody (shrubs and     |
| orbiculatus           |                       | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Symphyotrichum        | Drummond aster        | Forb                  |
| drummondii            |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Symphyotrichum        | White aster           | Forb                  |
| ericoides             |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Symphyotrichum        | Simple panicled aster | Forb                  |
| lanceolatum           |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Symphyotrichum        | Aromatic aster        | Forb                  |
| oblongifolium         |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Symphyotrichum        | Silky aster           | Forb                  |
| sericeum              |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Taraxacum officinale  | Common dandelion      | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Teucrium canadense    | American germander    | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Thalictrum dasycarpum | Purple meadow rue     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Thelesperma           | Greenthread           | Forb                  |
| filifolium            |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Thlaspi arvense       | Field penny-cress     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Toxicodendron         | Common poison-ivy     | woody (shrubs and     |
| radicans              |                       | vines)                |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Tradescantia          | Sticky spiderwort     | Forb                  |
| bracteata             |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Tradescantia ohiensis | Ohio spiderwort       | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Tragia betonicifolia  | Many-flowered         | Forb                  |
|                       | noseburn              |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Tragia ramosa         | branched noseburn     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Tragopogon dubius     | Goats beard           | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Tribulus terrestris   | Puncture vine         | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Trichostema           | Blue curls            | Forb                  |
| brachiatum            |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Tridens flavus        | Purpletop             | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Trifolium repens      | White clover          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Triodanis leptocarpa  | Narrow-leaved         | Forb                  |
|                       | triodanis             |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Triodanis perfoliata  | Round-leaved          | Forb                  |
|                       | triodanis             |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Tripsacum dactyloides | Eastern gammagrass    | warm season grass     |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Typha latifolia       | Common cattail        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ulmus pumila          | Siberian elm          | Tree/shrub            |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Urtica dioica ssp.    | Nettle, stinging      | Forb                  |
| Gracilis              | nettle                |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Verbascum blattaria   | Moth mullein          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Verbascum thapsus     | Common mullein        | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Verbena bracteata     | Prostrate vervain     | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Verbena hastata       | Blue vervain          | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Verbena simplex       | Narrow-leaved vervain | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Verbena stricta       | Hoary vervain         | Forb                  |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Verbesina             | Wingstem              | Forb                  |
| alternifolia          |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| ########                |                |                           |
| **Appendix C. Tallgrass |                |                           |
|  Prairie National Prese |                |                           |
| rve, Kansas, cont\'d.** |                |                           |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| ScientificName          | Common Name    | Plant Community Guild     |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Vernonia baldwinii      | Western        | Forb                      |
|                         | ironweed       |                           |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Veronica                | Water          | Forb                      |
| anagallis-aquatica      | speedwell      |                           |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Veronica arvensis       | Corn speedwell | Forb                      |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Veronica peregrina      | Purslane       | Forb                      |
|                         | speedwell      |                           |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Vicia americana         | American vetch | Forb                      |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Viola bicolor           | Violet         | Forb                      |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Viola nephrophylla      | Blue prairie   | Forb                      |
|                         | violet         |                           |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Viola pedatifida        | Wood violet    | Forb                      |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Viola pratincola        | Violet         | Forb                      |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Viola sororia           | Downy Blue     | Forb                      |
|                         | violet         |                           |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Viola spp.              |                | Forb                      |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Vitis riparia           | Frost grape    | woody (shrubs and vines)  |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Vulpia octoflora        | Six-weeks      | cool season grass         |
|                         | fescue         |                           |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Xanthium strumarium     | Common         | Forb                      |
|                         | cocklebur      |                           |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Yucca glauca            | Yucca          | Forb                      |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Zanthoxylum americanum  | Common prickly | woody (shrubs and vines)  |
|                         | ash            |                           |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Zigadenus nuttallii     | Nuttall\'s     | Forb                      |
|                         | deathcamas     |                           |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+
| Zizia aurea             | Common golden  | Forb                      |
|                         | alexanders     |                           |
+-------------------------+----------------+---------------------------+

**Appendix D. Common tree species found on Tallgrass Prairie National
Preserve, Kansas.**

  ------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------
  Scientific Name           Common Name       Plant Community Guild

  Acer negundo              Box elder         Tree

  Acer saccharinum          Silver maple      Tree

  Carya cordiformis         Bitternut Hickory Tree

  Carya illinoensis         Pecan             Tree

  Catalpa bignonioides      Catalpa           Tree

  Celtis occidentalis       Hackberry         Tree

  Cercis canadensis         Redbud            Tree

  Cornus drummondii         Rough-leaved      Tree
                            dogwood           

  Fraxinus pennsylvanica    Green ash         Tree

  Gleditsia triacanthos     Honey locust      Tree

  Gymnocladus dioica        Kentucky coffee   Tree
                            tree              

  Juglans nigra             Black Walnut      Tree

  Juniperus virginiana      Red cedar         Tree

  Maclura pomifera          Osage-orange      Tree

  Morus alba                White mulberry    Tree

  Platanus occidentalis     Sycamore          Tree

  Populus deltoides         Eastern           Tree
                            cottonwood        

  Quercus macroarpa         Bur oak           Tree

  Robinia pseud-acacia      Black locust      Tree

  Salix amygdaloides        Peachleaf willow  Tree

  Salix caroliniana         Carolina willow   Tree

  Salix nigra               Black willow      Tree

  Ulmus americana           American elm      Tree
  ------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------