*TITLE:* **Liquid Lead Technology Development for High-Power Neutron
Target Applications**

*PARTICIPANTS:* S. Wender, P-23; F. Venneri, LANSCE-3; N. Li, MST-10; M.
Williamson, NMT-6;

J. Zumbro, P-25; R. Werbeck, LANSCE -7; M. Houts, TSA-10; K. Woloshun,
ESA-EPE; W. Sommer, MST-4

*FUNDING REQUEST:* \$1M/year for five years.

*EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:*

*Concept:* **The primary objective of this CD thrust is to develop the
liquid lead and lead/bismuth eutectic (LBE) expertise needed to
successfully design, test and operate liquid lead/LBE targets as
high-power spallation neutron sources. The CD will assimilate and extend
existing Russian nuclear technology to spallation target applications.
The LANSCE deployment of a 1-MW Russian-built liquid LBE target, to be
delivered by the year 2000, will drive and assist the competency
development.**

***Los Alamos Interests:*** Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is
actively pursuing research and development in the Accelerator Production
of Tritium (APT), the Long-Pulse Spallation Source (LPSS), and the
Accelerator-Driven Transmutation of Nuclear Waste (ATW). Because of
limitations in the power density that can be handled by solid targets,
these programs will benefit from the development of liquid metal neutron
spallation sources.

In particular, liquid lead and LBE seem to be the best option for
applications where low neutron absorption and low vapor pressure are
important. Liquid lead has been suggested as an advanced target for APT
because of its ability to handle a large beam power with fewer concerns
for radiation damage. Many accelerator-driven waste transmutation
concepts, including the Los Alamos design, use molten lead or LBE as
neutron production target and nuclear system coolant.

***Russian Experience:*** Considerable expertise in liquid lead/LBE
technology exists at the Institute for Physics and Power Engineering
(IPPE in Obninsk, Russia) where LBE has been developed as a *nuclear
coolant* for submarine reactors. We presently have the opportunity to
assimilate the Russian lead/LBE knowledge, extending it to *target
applications*, to rapidly become the leading Laboratory in high-power
liquid metal targets.

IPPE is currently funded through the International Science and
Technology Center (ISTC) to collaborate with Los Alamos in the design
and construction of a 1 MW LBE target for LANSCE. LANL active
participation to the project is crucial to its success. The competency
developed through this CD thrust will allow the IPPE target to be safely
and effectively used at LANSCE, and will be applied to our own
objectives in the field of high-power targets.

***State of Art Advancement:*** State of the art of the lead/LBE
technology will be advanced by extending the Russian expertise in
nuclear coolant applications to the field of spallation neutron targets.
Assimilation of the Russian expertise will require extensive testing and
verification of their technology base through a well defined series of
experiments. Extension of the technology to spallation target
applications will require resolution of new thermohydraulics and
materials issues, because of the introducton of spallation products,
high-energy protons and internal heat sources, which were not present in
the nuclear reactor applications developed in Russia.

***Benefits to Other Programs:*** Development of this competency will
benefit not only the APT, LPSS and ATW projects at Los Alamos, but also
external programs, such as the National Spallation Neutron Source
(NSNS), the European Spallation Source (ESS) and the Japanese Omega
Project. Los Alamos could become a desirable partner to these programs.
The testing and operation of the IPPE target at LANSCE, will also be of
great value to several Los Alamos based neutron-science and physics
projects, including the Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND)
Collaboration, Ultra Cold Neutron (UCN) Physics and High-energy Neutron
Radiography.

The LDRD/CD will include the following efforts:

***I. Technology development***

1\. [Materials]{.underline}. To test materials compatibility and
corrosion rates in static and dynamic lead/LBE environment.

2\. [Thermohydraulics]{.underline}. To characterize thermohydraulic
properties of lead/LBE coolants.

***II. Implementation and testing***

1\. [Analysis and design]{.underline}. To develop appropriate
models/tools to design and analyze liquid lead/LBE neutron targets.

2\. [Instrumentation and controls]{.underline}. To develop techniques
for handling and monitoring lead/LBE.

3\. [Systems Integration]{.underline}. To build on lead/LBE Russian
technology base and extend it to neutron target applications. To use
experience from the test/use of IPPE target at LANSCE to develop
LANL-specific designs.

The proposed CD thrust will incorporate expertise from the LANSCE, P,
TSA, MST, ESA and NMT Divisions.

*Connection to Director and Program Director Priorities:* This thrust
will develop the competency needed for high-power spallation target
applications, which is valuable to national (APT, NSNS), and LANSCE
(LPSS, ATW) programs. It will provide a critical technology component
for forefront nuclear systems (e.g. ATW) that offer promises as
effective tools in regional and global nuclear material management. The
nuclear applications will help maintain and strengthen the nuclear core
competency.

**LIQUID LEAD TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FOR**

**HIGH-POWER NEUTRON SPALLATION TARGET APPLICATIONS**

S. Wender, P-23; F. Venneri, LANSCE-3; N. Li, MST-10; M. Williamson,
NMT-6;

J. Zumbro, P-25; R. Werbeck, LANSCE-7; M. Houts, TSA-10;

K. Woloshun, ESA-EPE; W. Sommer, MST-4

**OBJECTIVES**

**The primary objective of this CD Thrust is to develop the liquid lead
and lead/bismuth eutectic (LBE) expertise needed to design, test and
operate liquid lead/LBE targets as high-power spallation neutron
sources. Achieving this objective, by assimilating and extending
existing Russian nuclear technology, will establish a world-leading
position for the Laboratory in the area of High-Power Neutron Spallation
Targets and substantially enhance its neutron science and physics
capabilities.**

**PROJECT DESCRIPTION**

**Why Liquid Lead/LBE in Spallation Targets**

***Advantages of Liquid Metal Targets:*** Liquid heavy metal spallation
targets offer the following advantages over solid targets:

• Liquid metals may be the only way to achieve high beam power
densities. Solid targets lose neutron production efficiency as the
coolant-to-solid ratio increases with the beam power.

• Liquid metal targets are not subject to the types of radiation damage
encountered in solids (e.g., dislocations, embrittlement) and so will
not require frequent replacement. Radiation damage only occurs in the
the window and container material, not in the production region. In
addition to mitigating the radiation damage issue, the waste streams
from liquid targets is likely to be lower than in solid targets because
the fluid can be reused.

• The neutronic performance of liquid metal targets may exceeds that of
solid targets since it is not reduced by thermalizing coolants (H2O,
D2O) traditionally used in high-power solid targets. The use of water
adds an additional safety issue because of its low boiling point and the
need to design a high pressure system.

• The water used to cool solid targets can produce radiation induced
corrosion effects. Energetic particle beams cause the cooling water to
dissociate into corrosive species that attack and dissolve the solid
targets. Such corrosion effects do not exist in liquid metal targets.

***Liquid Metal Target Candidates:*** Materials with high atomic number
and high densities are required for good proton-to-neutron conversion
efficiency. Three liquid heavy metals hold particular promise as
spallation target materials: mercury, lead, and lead-bismuth eutectic
(LBE). Mercury is currently the choice for the ESS and the NSNS
short-pulse sources. For longer pulse sources, and in general for
applications where high time-averaged neutron leakage from the target is
important, the large thermal absorption cross section of mercury
introduces substantial performance penalties. In these cases, Pb or LBE,
or other lead eutectics with low thermal and resonance integral
absorption cross sections, are better suited. A major advantage of
mercury as a target material is that it is a liquid at room temperature;
however its boiling point of 357°C is very close to the typical
operating temperatures. The low boiling point and high vapor pressure of
mercury raise safety concerns in situations where the temperature can
rise above the boiling point and create high pressures in the container,
with possible release of volatile radioactive isotopes. The boiling
points of Pb (1737°C) and LBE

(1670°C) on the other hand, are much higher than the expected operating
temperatures; the vapor pressure of lead or LBE is nearly 10,000 times
lower than mercury at the respective operating temperatures. This allows
the construction of Pb and LBE systems operating at or slightly above
atmospheric pressure.

Because liquid lead has a higher melting point (327°C) than LBE (125°C)
its use would require higher operating temperatures and possibly more
exotic structural materials. In the Russian experience, the operation of
LBE in nuclear systems is significantly better established than for
lead. A specific problem with LBE is that polonium is produced from
neutron-induced reactions on bismuth: polonium is a dangerous
radioactive hazard and methods are implemented to periodically remove it
from the target.

***Los Alamos Choice:*** Most of the applications in which Los Alamos is
interested (e.g., APT, ATW, LPSS) require continuous or nearly
continuous (long-pulse) neutron sources, with high time-averaged flux.
Therefore we propose to concentrate on liquid metals with low neutron
absorption properties. LBE seems to be the best choice for the
construction and fielding of targets, because of its lower operating
temperature and existing technology base. We will explore the
possibility of using unalloyed liquid lead in loop investigations. If we
are going to be able to push for higher power applications for
spallation neutron sources, we need to develop competencies based on the
existing expertise in order to solve the materials, thermohydraulics,
handling and instrumentation, system design and integration problems.

**Materials Issues**

Materials study constitutes a major component of the technology
development program. For safe and reliable operations, we must
understand material compatibility, corrosion, radiation effects and
other materials issues so that techniques to reduce and prevent
detrimental consequences can be developed.

***Corrosion Mechanisms:*** We will first focus on understanding and
controlling the corrosion of liquid Pb/LBE contained in ferritic steel
systems, based on Russian nuclear reactor experience, international
fusion technology experience, and the concerns of target operation,
which include the presence of intense neutron and proton fluxes and the
effects of spallation products. Other materials of interest that will be
investigated include tantalum, molybdenum and its alloys. Four types of
corrosion phenomena can occur in a system of solid structures and liquid
metals: dissolution, impurity and interstitial reactions, alloying, and
compound formation. We plan to examine each phenomenon in isothermal and
non-isothermal, stagnant and circulating environments. Temperature
dependence results can also be used to derive activation energies for
the corrosion reactions. In addition, we will also study the effect of
fluid flow on corrosion rates, since the dominant corrosion mechanism in
circulating systems is via mass transfer through temperature gradients.

***Research Paths:*** Liquid metal test loops will be used in these
corrosion studies. The loops will allow for insertion of test coupons
and easy removal of sections for analysis. We will establish corrosion
rates as a function of temperature and flow conditions for species of
interest in the containment materials (i.e., Fe, Ni, Cr) by traditional
techniques such as weight loss/gain of specimens. *In situ* monitoring
and measuring techniques and probes (such as electrochemical impedance
and noise transducers) will also be developed.

Prevention or reduction of corrosion can be accomplished by passivation
of the surface of the containment material or by dissolving corrosion
inhibitors in the liquid alloy. We will focus on establishing the
passivation and regeneration mechanisms by controlling the oxygen level
in the liquid alloy. This is the corrosion control technique developed
by the Russians for LBE operation. The containment materials form more
stable oxides than the liquid alloy but we must experimentally establish
the optimum oxygen activity and the allowable operating range for oxygen
concentration. Excess oxygen can cause damaging oxidation of the liquid
metals. If necessary, we will also study the effect of corrosion
inhibitors, such as titanium or zirconium, on the system. Building on
the Russian experience, we expect to advance in the understanding of the
corrosion mechanisms and kinetics, and to acquire the techniques to
monitor and reduce corrosion.

***Radiation Effects:*** Because of the application of the lead/LBE
technology to spallation targets, it is very important to understand the
radiation effects on materials in intense proton and neutron flux
environments. Specifically, high and very hard neutron fluxes are
expected in the target container, high neutron and proton fluxes are
expected on the target window. Building on the ongoing APT sponsored
research on radiation damage, we will utilize the LANSCE capability to
study radiation induced dislocations, embrittlement,

swelling and cracking. Metal surfaces of components in the proton beam
at a spallation target encounter highly ionizing environment. High
energy particles can displace atoms and produce gaseous impurities in
structural materials. Mechanical property degradation, such as stress
corrosion cracking, may be accelerated.

***Spallation Products:*** In high power neutron production targets the
spallation products inside the liquid metal could have undesirable
effects on structural materials. This is especially true when targets
are compact and total liquid mass is low. Spallation product inventory
will be computed for specific target geometries and compositions.
Spallation nuclear data will be analyzed, where available. Decay heat
from spallation products also need to be estimated since it can have an
effect on shutdown procedures during emergencies and accidents.

**Thermohydraulics Issues**

Using liquid metals for spallation neutron production and coolant within
one system, as planned by current designs for liquid lead/LBE spallation
targets, will place high demands on comprehensive thermohydraulics
studies and tool development for simulations and design work.

***Specific Issues for Spallation Targets:*** There are many
thermohydraulic issues unique to Pb or LBE neutron production targets
that have not been adequately addressed in the current state of the
technology. Especially notable are the window cooling and the unique
temporal and spatial distribution of energy deposition within the target
(internal heat generation). Most practical window configurations involve
curved surfaces with very high heat fluxes that require careful coolant
flow control, e.g. direct impingement of coolant or cross-flow on the
curved surface, to eliminate hot spots. Both thermal and hydraulic
boundary layers are typically undeveloped in these cases. The
correlation of heat transfer and flow data base with these geometries
and flow conditions is virtually nonexistent. Predicting flow
distributions, pressure drops, and heat transfer coefficients under
these conditions can only be done with a high degree of uncertainty,
necessitating experimental investigations of window cooling and
hydraulics in prototypes.

Other factors contributing to the uncertainty of thermohydraulic
predictions for liquid metal targets are the possibility of non
condensable gases entrainment in the coolant, window surface defects or
scaling with time in-beam, possible non wetting of surfaces by the
liquid metal, and steep fluid property gradients due to large
temperature gradients in certain regions of the target.

A considerable part of the lead/LBE thermohydraulic behavior can be
inferred from the extensive sodium data base obtained through decades of
nuclear reactor research. However the non wetting tendency of lead or
LBE, especially when gas content is necessary (i.e. oxygen for corrosion
prevention), does lead to additional contact thermal resistance and
considerable uncertainties on the overall heat transfer properties.
These issues need to be resolved experimentally.

***Thermal Shocks in Pulsed Beams:*** The pulsed nature of the proton
beam typical of existing accelerators, coupled with a nonuniform spatial
distribution of energy within the target, generates pressure pulses
within the molten metal that propagate to the target containment vessel.
These pressure pulses have the potential for creating very high stress
conditions in the target walls. These pulses can also initiate
cavitation within the liquid, with resulting structural damage upon
bubble collapse. Unacceptable conditions are not expected for the LANSCE
beam parameter. However, extended exposure of structures to cyclic
stress could lead to significantly shortened lifetime. Therefore,
modeling of the shock generation and propagation within the target will
be important to insure the integrity of point designs.

***Systems and Components:*** Considerable engineering effort is
required to develop credible, operable target system designs and target
test facilities. The Russian database, as it becomes available, will
require validation. Some of the issues that must be addressed with
respect to specific target system objectives are materials selection,
system packaging, structural analysis, mechanical design (forming,
fabrication, welding, fasteners, fittings, parts repair and replacement,
etc.), component selection (heat exchangers, pumps, instrumentation,
etc.), control systems, design for startup and shutdown transients as
well as anticipated performance transients, and secondary heat transfer
loop design and equipment selection. These system considerations all
require a deep level of understanding of the thermohydraulics issues.

**PROJECT PLAN**

**I. Technology development**

1\. **Materials:** • Perform corrosion tests to verify structural
materials compatibility. • Study the effect of oxygen on the corrosion
rate in static (in furnace) and dynamic (in test loop) experiments on
oxygen level monitoring and control for corrosion prevention (this will
require us to work closely with Russian scientists from IPPE). • Develop
*in situ* corrosion monitoring techniques and instruments. • Study
micro- and macro-structural evolution under high energy deposition and
radiation. • Evaluate spallation product effects on materials.

2\. **Thermohydraulics:** • Study hydrodynamic flows, heat transfer,
instrumentation, component fabrication and performance. • Perform
thermohydraulics scoping studies on velocity and temperature profiles,
pressure drop, flow cavitation, gas entrainment, flow-induced
vibrations, forced and free convection in liquid metals, overheating and
undercooling transients. • Use flow test loops to perform experiments on
velocity, temperature and pressure measurement and control, in parallel
to theoretical and numerical studies. Tests of larger extent will be
developed and carried out based on the first test loop. • Investigate
target window thermal-mechanical performance enhancement. Cooling by the
spallation fluid alone or a secondary coolant in a jacket would be
studied and compared. • Design and perform heat transfer experiments
specific to target window geometries. Extend the existing correlation
database for liquid metal heat transfer.

**II. Implementation and testing**

1\. **Analysis and design:** • Use, adapt and/or develop appropriate
computer simulation tools. • Incorporate neutronics to thermohydraulics
codes for spallation source design use. • Analyse stress on windows and
other structural assemblies. • Simulate pulsed proton beam induced
thermal shock effects with shock physics codes. • Calculation of
neutronic performance, spallation product inventory, and decay heat.

2\. **Instrumentation and controls:** • Develop techniques for handling
lead/LBE, monitoring and maintaining its purity. • Develop the
instrumentation to control a circulating lead/LBE system with provisions
for safe startup, shutdown and emergency containment. • Develop *in
situ* techniques to monitor and adjust the oxygen concentration in
lead/LBE. • Measure and control temperature, velocity, pressure and
auxiliary systems.

3\. **Systems Integration:** • Definition of the IPPE target design,
with input from application specifications, scale-up considerations, and
thermohydraulics simulations. • Adapt and extend the IPPE design and
technology to new target designs for our specific applications.• Develop
auxiliary systems including heat exchangers, secondary coolant loops,
etc. based on IPPE technologies and related nuclear power plant designs.
• Design support systems and assist testing of IPPE target. • Design a
new 1-5 MW target for future use at LANSCE. • Perform safety and
accident analysis of target operations.

**Deliverables**

• Transfer of Russian lead/LBE nuclear technology, adaptation and
extension to prototypical neutron target applications.

• Analysis of results of the APT program on radiation effects on beam
windows and structures, and extension to specific requirements for
lead-based systems.

• Modeling tools for neutron target and auxiliary systems design and
safety analysis. Calculations for neutron production, radioactive
inventory, decay heat, structures, thermohydraulics, etc.

• New 1-5MW target design for future use at LANSCE, based on technology
development and the IPPE target testing.

**RELEVANCE TO LANL**

We have the right mix of technical expertise and initiative at Los
Alamos to develop this competency. LANSCE also offers the world's best
accelerator capability for high-power spallation neutron target
development. This competency fits well into the Laboratory core
competency portofolio and will benefit several important technical
programs.

**Los Alamos Expertise**

LANL has unique facilities for addressing high-power spallation sources.
Experimentally, the LANSCE accelerator is capable of producing
approximately 1 MW of beam in a long pulse configuration and 100 kW of
beam in a short pulse mode with the proton storage ring. LANSCE has
considerable experience designing targets for the Manuel Lujan Neutron
Science Center (MLNSC), the Weapons Neutron Research (WNR) facility and
for APT. There is extensive expertise in the Lab to develop the
requisite technologies on target neutronics, corrosion and materials,
thermohydraulics, and system integration. Funding of this proposal will
allow Los Alamos to make substantive contribution to the national and
international effort to develop high-power spallation targets.

**Synergy with other Technical Programs at Los Alamos**

The liquid lead/LBE technology expertise developed through this project
could be utilized by many programs at Los Alamos. Lead/LBE competency
would benefit these programs either directly or through the proposed
target testing facility at LANSCE.

• Establishment of liquid lead/LBE technology is important to the
development of **Advanced High Power Spallation Targets** in which LANL
are currently involved, including the Accelerator Production of Tritium
(APT), Long Pulse Spallation Source (LPSS) and National Spallation
Neutron Source (NSNS) projects. The LANSCE beam is currently the highest
power proton beam in the world. Access to this high power beam will be
very important as high-power targets are designed and need to be tested.

• There is very large interest world-wide in the applications of liquid
lead/LBE technology to nuclear systems, particularly concerning the
**Transmutation of Nuclear Waste** in subcritical devices. The ATW
project at LANL and its technology-supporting groups would benefit
directly from the expertise acquired through this proposed CD-thrust.

• The **Liquid Scintillator Neutrino Detector** (LSND) collaboration
would like to collect more data at a different source-to-detector
distance in order to verify its oscillation signal. In order to
determine whether the LSND event excess is really due to neutrino
oscillations, LSND would like to collect an additional 16 months of
high-intensity data at a different neutrino source distance. Development
and operation of a spallation source in an appropriate location at
LANSCE (as envisioned by this CD thrust) will allow collection of this
data.

• A very exciting possibility for developing an **Ultra Cold Neutron**
(UCN) source with a much higher intensity than any existing in the world
can use a cryogenic moderator installed at a 1 MW spallation source such
as the planned LPSS. The likelihood of success in developing a world
class, superthermal UCN source would be greatly enhanced by the early
availability of a moderator/target test facility such as proposed in the
CD thrust.

• The recent results from fast **Neutron Radiography** experiments at
WNR show that a small diameter \"pencil\" target oriented along the
neutron flight path can detect mm size defects in mockup systems. The
WNR tests used 8 µA of proton beam current and took approximately 4
hours for one exposure. If a small pencil target were located in the
target test area and illuminated with 1 mA of proton current, the time
for one exposure could be reduced to less than 3 minutes.Other
optimization in the geometry of the target not possible at current WNR
may reduced the exposure time by another factor of 10. The development
and use of this technology would address important issues in the SBSS
program.

**Funding Profile**

  ------------------- ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------
                            1998         1999         2000         2001         2002

  ------------------- ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  I. Technology                                                             
  Developemnt                                                               

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  1\. Material                                                              

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  Staff               1.00   130   0.50   65    1.00   130   1.00   130   1.00   130

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  Tech                1.00   76    0.00   0     0.50   38    1.00   76    1.00   76

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  PostDoc             0.50   28    0.50   28    0.50   28    0.50   28    0.50   28

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  M/S                       40          40          50          80          100

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  Materials                 274         133         246         314         334

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
                                                                            

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  2\.                                                                       
  Thermohydraulics                                                          

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  Staff               0.50   65    0.50   65    0.25   33    0.20   26    0.20   26

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  Tech                0.00   0     0.50   38    0.50   38    0.50   38    0.50   38

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  PostDoc             0.50   28    0.50   28    0.00   0     0.00   0     0.00   0

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  M/S                       60          40          40          40          40

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  Thermohydraulics          153         171         111         104         104

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
                                                                            

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------------ -- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  II\. Implementation and                                                     
  Testing                                                                     

  ------------------------ -- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  1\. Analysis and                                                          
  Design                                                                    

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  Staff               0.50   65    0.50   65    0.25   33    0.20   26    0.75   98

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  Tech                0.00   0     0.00   0     0.00   0     0.00   0     0.50   38

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  PostDoc             0.00   0     0.00   0     0.00   0     0.00   0     0.00   0

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  M/S                       30          30          20          20          50

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  Analysis and Design       95          95          53          46          186

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
                                                                            

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------------ -- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  2\. Instrumentation and                                                     
  Controls                                                                    

  ------------------------ -- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  Staff               1.00   130   0.50   65    0.50   65    0.50   65    0.25   33

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  Tech                1.00   76    0.50   38    0.50   38    0.50   38    0.25   19

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  PostDoc             0.50   28    0.50   28    0.00   0     0.00   0     0.00   0

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  M/S                       100         60          50          40          30

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------------ -- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  Instrumentation and         334         191         153         143         82
  Controls                                                                    

  ------------------------ -- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
                                                                            

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  3\. System                                                                
  Integration                                                               

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  Staff               0.50   65    1.50   195   1.00   130   1.50   195   1.00   130

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  Tech                0.50   38    1.00   76    2.00   152   1.00   76    1.00   76

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----
  PostDoc             0.00   0     0.00   0     0.50   28    0.50   28    0.50   28

  ------------------- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  M/S                       41          139         128         94          61

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
  System Integration        144         410         438         393         295

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----
                                                                            

  ------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----

  ------------------- ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------ ----- ------
  Total (\$k)               1000         1000         1000         1000         1000

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  LDRD Rates (\$k/yr)                                                       

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  Staff               130                                                   

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  Tech                76                                                    

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  PostDoc             56                                                    

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![](media/image1.pct){width="5.888888888888889in"
height="3.3055555555555554in"}

**RELEVANT SKILLS AND EXPERIENCE OF KEY PERSONNEL**

This CD thrust team consists of personnel from P, LANSCE, MST, NMT, TSA
and ESA Divisions, covering expertise from nuclear physics and
engineering, accelerator engineering, to thermohydraulics and mechanical
engineering, material science and chemistry. This composition reflects
the diverse skills needed for the lead technology development.

**Steve Wender:** P-23; Ph.D. in Physics; operations manager of
high-energy spallation source at WNR.

**Francesco Venneri**: LANSCE-3; Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering;
neutronics of liquid lead/LBE targets; system, neutronic and thermal
analysis of critical and driven nuclear concepts.

**Ning Li:** MST-10; Ph. D. in Physics, experiemental research on
turbulence; analytical and computational thermohydraulics; chemical
kinetics modeling.

**Mark A. Williamson:** NMT-6; Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry;
thermodynamics and vaporization chemistry of inorganic compounds.

**Keith Woloshun:** ESA-EPE; analytical, computational, and experimental
heat transfer and

fluid mechanics; liquid metals in 1- and 2-phase systems for high
temperature applications.

**Mike Houts:** TSA-10; Ph.D. in Nuclear Engineering; neutronic,
shielding, and thermal analysis of special purpose nuclear systems.

**Walt Sommer:** MST-4; Ph. D. in Metallurgy; irradiated materials at
LANSCE, including the current very large APT arrangement.

**J. Zumbro:** P-25; Ph.D. in Physics; proton radiography; development
and maintenance of beamlines; secondary beamline experiments in area A
using H+.

**R. Werbeck:** LANSCE-7; Ph.D. in Physics; high power beam transport;
high power spallation targets.