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**RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPACE**

**DATA SYSTEM STANDARDS**

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| **RADIO FREQUENCY AND MODULATION SYSTEMS---**                         |
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| PART 1                                                                |
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| EARTH STATIONS AND SPACECRAFT                                         |
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**CCSDS 401.0-B**

**BLUE BOOK**

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AUTHORITY

  -- --------------------------- -------------------------------------- --
                                                                        

     Issue::                     Blue Book, Issue 1 & 2 Recs.           

     First Release:              September 1989                         

     Latest Revision:            May 2000                               

     Revision Meeting:           N/A                                    

     Meeting Location:           N/A                                    

                                                                        
  -- --------------------------- -------------------------------------- --

This document has been approved for publication by the Management
Council of the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) and
represents the consensus technical agreement of the participating CCSDS
Member Agencies. The procedure for review and authorization of CCSDS
Recommendations is detailed in Reference \[1\] and the record of Agency
participation in the authorization of this document can be obtained from
the CCSDS Secretariat at the address below.

This document is published and maintained by:

> CCSDS Secretariat
>
> Program Integration Division (Code MT)
>
> National Aeronautics and Space Administration
>
> Washington, DC 20546, USA

STATEMENT OF INTENT

The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) is an
organization officially established by the management of member space
Agencies. The Committee meets periodically to address data systems
problems that are common to all participants, and to formulate sound
technical solutions to these problems. Inasmuch as participation in the
CCSDS is completely voluntary, the results of Committee actions are
termed **Recommendations** and are not considered binding on any Agency.

These **Recommendations** are issued by, and represent the consensus of,
the CCSDS Plenary body. Agency endorsement of these **Recommendations**
are entirely voluntary. Endorsement, however, indicates the following
understandings:

o Whenever an Agency establishes a CCSDS‑related **standard**, this
**standard** will be in accord with the relevant **Recommendation**.
Establishing such a **standard** does not preclude other provisions
which an Agency may develop.

o Whenever an Agency establishes a CCSDS‑related **standard**, the
Agency will provide other CCSDS member Agencies with the following
information:

‑‑ The **standard** itself.

‑‑ The anticipated date of initial operational capability.

‑‑ The anticipated duration of operational service.

o Specific service arrangements shall be made via memoranda of
agreement. Neither these **Recommendations** nor any ensuing
**standards** are a substitute for a memorandum of agreement.

No later than five years from its date of issuance, these
**Recommendations** will be reviewed by the CCSDS to determine whether
they should: (1) remain in effect without change; (2) be changed to
reflect the impact of new technologies, new requirements, or new
directions; or (3) be retired or canceled.

In those instances when a new version of a **Recommendation** is issued,
existing CCSDS-related Agency standards and implementations are not
negated or deemed to be non-CCSDS compatible. It is the responsibility
of each Agency to determine when such standards or implementations are
to be modified. Each Agency is, however, strongly encouraged to direct
planning for its new standards and implementations towards the later
version of the Recommendation.

FOREWORD

This document, which is a set of technical Recommendations prepared by
the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS), is intended
for use by participating space Agencies in their development of Radio
Frequency and Modulation systems for earth stations and spacecraft.

These Recommendations allow implementing organizations within each
Agency to proceed coherently with the development of compatible
Standards for the flight and ground systems that are within their
cognizance. Agency Standards derived from these Recommendations may
implement only a subset of the optional features allowed by the
Recommendations herein, or may incorporate features not addressed by the
Recommendations.

In order to establish a common framework within which the Agencies may
develop standardized communications services, the CCSDS advocates
adoption of a layered systems architecture. These Recommendations
pertain to the physical layer of the data system. Within the physical
layer, there are additional layers covering the technical
characteristics, policy constraints, and procedural elements relating to
communications services provided by radio frequency and modulation
systems. Recommendations contained in this document have been grouped
into separate sections representing technical, policy, and procedural
matters.

These Recommendations for Radio Frequency and Modulation Systems, Part
1: Earth Stations and Spacecraft, were developed for conventional
near-earth and deep-space missions having moderate communications
requirements. Part 2 will be concerned with data relay satellites and
will address the needs of users requiring services not provided by the
earth stations covered in this document.

The CCSDS will continue to develop Recommendations for Part 1: Earth
Stations and Spacecraft, to ensure that new technology and the present
operating environment are reflected. New Recommendations for Part 1,
which are developed in the future, will utilize the same format and be
designed to be inserted into this book. Holders of this document should
make periodic inquiry of the CCSDS Secretariat, at the address on page
i, to make sure that their book is fully current.

Through the process of normal evolution, it is expected that expansion,
deletion, or modification to individual Recommendations in this document
may occur. This document is therefore subject to CCSDS document
management and change control procedures which are defined in reference
\[1\]. Current versions of CCSDS documents are maintained at the CCSDS
Web site:

http://www.ccsds.org/

Questions relating to the contents or status of this document should be
addressed to the CCSDS Secretariat at the address indicated on page i.

At the time of the latest revision, the active Member and Observer
Agencies of the CCSDS were

[Member Agencies]{.underline}

> -- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)/Italy.
>
> -- British National Space Centre (BNSC)/United Kingdom.
>
> -- Canadian Space Agency (CSA)/Canada.
>
> -- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES)/France.
>
> -- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)/Germany.
>
> -- European Space Agency (ESA)/Europe.
>
> -- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)/Brazil.
>
> -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/USA.
>
> -- National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)/Japan.
>
> -- Russian Space Agency (RSA)/Russian Federation.

[Observer Agencies]{.underline}

> -- Austrian Space Agency (ASA)/Austria.
>
> -- Central Research Institute of Machine Building (TsNIIMash)/Russian
> Federation.
>
> -- Centro Tecnico Aeroespacial (CTA)/Brazil.
>
> -- Chinese Academy of Space Technology (CAST)/China.
>
> -- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
> (CSIRO)/Australia.
>
> -- Communications Research Laboratory (CRL)/Japan.
>
> -- Danish Space Research Institute (DSRI)/Denmark.
>
> -- European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological
> Satellites (EUMETSAT)/Europe.
>
> -- European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
> (EUTELSAT)/Europe.
>
> -- Federal Service of Scientific, Technical & Cultural Affairs
> (FSST&CA)/Belgium.
>
> -- Hellenic National Space Committee (HNSC)/Greece.
>
> -- Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/India.
>
> -- Industry Canada/Communications Research Centre (CRC)/Canada.
>
> -- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/Japan.
>
> -- Institute of Space Research (IKI)/Russian Federation.
>
> -- KFKI Research Institute for Particle & Nuclear Physics
> (KFKI)/Hungary.
>
> -- MIKOMTEK: CSIR (CSIR)/Republic of South Africa.
>
> -- Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI)/Korea.
>
> -- Ministry of Communications (MOC)/Israel.
>
> -- National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/USA.
>
> -- National Space Program Office (NSPO)/Taipei.
>
> -- Swedish Space Corporation (SSC)/Sweden.
>
> -- United States Geological Survey (USGS)/USA.

DOCUMENT CONTROL

  --------------- ----------------------- ------------ ---------------------
  **DOCUMENT**    **TITLE**               **DATE**     **STATUS/REMARKS**

                                                       

  CCSDS 401.0-B   Radio Frequency and     January\     Original Issue
                  Modulation              1987         
                  Systems---Part 1: Earth              
                  Stations and Spacecraft              

                                                       

  CCSDS 401.0-B   Radio Frequency and     September\   New RF and Mod.
                  Modulation              1989         recom­mendations added
                  Systems---Part 1: Earth              to Book at September
                  Stations and Spacecraft              1989 Ottawa Plenary.

                                                       

  CCSDS 401.0-B   Radio Frequency and     June\        New RF and Mod.
                  Modulation              1993         recom­mendations added
                  Systems---Part 1: Earth              to book at May 1992
                  Stations and Spacecraft              and June 1993
                                                       Meetings. See dates
                                                       in Table of Contents.

                                                       

  CCSDS 401.0-B   Radio Frequency and     November\    New RF and Mod.
                  Modulation              1994         recom­mendations
                  Systems---Part 1: Earth              2.6.7B, 2.6.8B,
                  Stations and Spacecraft              3.1.4A, and 3.3.4.

                                                       

  CCSDS 401.0-B   Radio Frequency and     May\         New RF and Mod.
                  Modulation              1996         recom­mendations
                  Systems---Part 1: Earth              3.6.1, 3.6.2, 4.2.2,
                  Stations and Spacecraft              and 4.2.3.

                                                       

  CCSDS 401.0-B   Radio Frequency and     May\         New RF and Mod.
                  Modulation              1997         recom­mendations
                  Systems---Part 1: Earth              2.4.8, 2.4.14A,
                  Stations and Spacecraft              2.4.14B, 2.4.15A,
                                                       2.4.15B, 2.4.16, and
                                                       2.4.6.B.

                                                       

  CCSDS 401.0-B   Radio Frequency and     June\        Deleted RF and Mod.
                  Modulation              1998         recommendations
                  Systems---Part 1: Earth              3.1.3A and 3.1.5B.
                  Stations and Spacecraft              

                                                       

  CCSDS 401.0-B   Radio Frequency and     May\         Adds new
                  Modulation              1999         recommendations 2.2.7
                  Systems---Part 1: Earth              and 2.4.12B; updates
                  Stations and Spacecraft              recommendation
                                                       2.4.12A.

                                                       

  CCSDS 401.0-B   Radio Frequency and     May\         Updates
                  Modulation              2000         recommendations
                  Systems---Part 1: Earth              3.1.1, 3.1.2A,
                  Stations and Spacecraft              3.1.6B, and 3.2.1
                                                       (changed to 3.2.1A).
  --------------- ----------------------- ------------ ---------------------

REFERENCES

\[1\] *Procedures Manual for the Consultative Committee for Space Data
Systems*. CCSDS A00.0‑Y‑7. Yellow Book. Issue 7. Washington, D.C.:
CCSDS, November 1996.

\[2\] *Radio Frequency and Modulation---Part 1: Earth Stations*. Report
Concerning Space Data System Standards, CCSDS 411.0-G-3. Green Book.
Issue 3. Washington, D.C.: CCSDS, May 1997.

\[3\] *Radio Regulations*, International Telecommunication Union,
Geneva, Switzerland, 1992.

\[4\] *Recommendations and Reports of the CCIR*, 1986 Plenary Assembly,
Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, 1986.

\[5\] *Radio Frequency and Modulation Systems---Spacecraft-Earth Station
Compatibility Test Procedures*. Report Concerning Space Data Systems
Standards, CCSDS 412.0-G-1. Green Book. Issue 1. Washington, D.C.:
CCSDS, May 1992.

The latest issues of CCSDS documents may be obtained from the CCSDS
Secretariat at the address indicated on page i.

CONTENTS

SECTION TITLE ISSUE PAGE

NO. DATE NO.

AUTHORITY 05-99 i

STATEMENT OF INTENT 05-99 ii

FOREWORD 05-99 iii

DOCUMENT CONTROL 05-99 v

REFERENCES 05-99 vi

1.0 INTRODUCTION 06-93 1.0-1

1.1 PURPOSE 06-93 1.0-1

1.2 SCOPE 06-93 1.0-1

1.3 APPLICABILITY 06-93 1.0-1

1.4 DOCUMENT FORMAT 06-93 1.0-1

1.5 DEEP SPACE AND NON--DEEP SPACE 06-93 1.0-3

2.0 TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS 06-93 2.0-1

EARTH-TO-SPACE RF RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY 06-93 2.0-2

TELECOMMAND RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY 05-99 2.0-3

SPACE-TO-EARTH RF RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY 06-93 2.0-4

TELEMETRY RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY 06-93 2.0-5

RADIO METRIC RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY 06-93 2.0-6

SPACECRAFT RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY 06-93 2.0-7

2.1 EARTH-TO-SPACE RF RECOMMENDATIONS

2.1.1 RF CARRIER MODULATION OF THE EARTH-TO-SPACE\
LINK 01-87 2.1.1-1

2.1.2 POLARIZATION OF EARTH-TO-SPACE LINKS 01-87 2.1.2-1

2.1 EARTH-TO-SPACE RF RECOMMENDATIONS (Continued)

2.1.3A TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY SWEEP RANGE ON\
EARTH-TO-SPACE LINK, CATEGORY A 01-87 2.1.3A-1

2.1.3B TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY SWEEP RANGE ON\
EARTH-TO-SPACE LINK, CATEGORY B 01-87 2.1.3B-1

2.1.4A TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY SWEEP RATE ON\
EARTH-TO-SPACE LINK, CATEGORY A 01-87 2.1.4A

2.1.4.B TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY SWEEP RATE ON\
EARTH-TO-SPACE LINK, CATEGORY B 01-87 2.1.4B

2.1.5 RELATIONSHIP OF MODULATOR INPUT VOLTAGE\
TO RESULTANT RF CARRIER PHASE SHIFT 01-87 2.1.5-1

2.1.6 RF CARRIER SUPPRESSION ON EARTH-TO-SPACE\
LINKS FOR RESIDUAL CARRIER SYSTEMS 01-87 2.1.6-1

2.1.7B OPERATIONAL AND EQUIPMENT CONSTRAINTS\
RESULTING FROM SIMULTANEOUS TELECOMMAND\
AND RANGING IN RESIDUAL CARRIER\
SYSTEMS, CATEGORY B 09-89 2.1.7B-1

2.1.8A MINIMUM EARTH STATION TRANSMITTER\
FREQUENCY RESOLUTION FOR SPACECRAFT\
RECEIVER ACQUISITION, CATEGORY A 09-89 2.1.8A-1

2.1.8B MINIMUM EARTH STATION TRANSMITTER\
FREQUENCY RESOLUTION FOR SPACECRAFT\
RECEIVER ACQUISITION, CATEGORY B 09-89 2.1.8B-1

2.2 TELECOMMAND RECOMMENDATIONS

2.2.2 SUBCARRIERS IN TELECOMMAND SYSTEMS 01-87 2.2.2-1

2.2.3 CHOICE OF WAVEFORMS IN TELECOMMAND LINKS 01-87 2.2.3-1

2.2.4 RANGE OF TELECOMMAND BIT RATES 01-87 2.2.4-1

2.2.5 TELECOMMAND SUBCARRIER FREQUENCY STABILITY 01-87 2.2.5-1

2.2.6 SYMMETRY OF BASEBAND MODULATING WAVEFORMS 09-89 2.2.6-1

2.2.7 MEDIUM-RATE TELECOMMAND SYSTEMS 05-99 2.2.7-1

2.3 SPACE-TO-EARTH RF RECOMMENDATIONS

2.3.1 RESIDUAL CARRIERS FOR LOW RATE TELEMETRY,\
SPACE-TO-EARTH LINKS 01-87 2.3.1-1

2.3.2 SUPPRESSED CARRIERS FOR HIGH RATE TELEMETRY,\
SPACE-TO-EARTH LINKS 01-87 2.3.2-1

2.3.3A EARTH STATION RECEIVER ACQUISITION\
FREQUENCY SWEEP RANGE, CATEGORY A 01-87 2.3.3A-1

2.3.3B EARTH STATION RECEIVER ACQUISITION\
FREQUENCY SWEEP RANGE, CATEGORY B 01-87 2.3.3B-1

2.3.4A EARTH STATION RECEIVER ACQUISITION\
FREQUENCY SWEEP RATE, CATEGORY A 09-89 2.3.4A-1

2.3.4B EARTH STATION RECEIVER ACQUISITION\
FREQUENCY SWEEP RATE, CATEGORY B 01-87 2.3.4B-1

2.3.5 POLARIZATION OF SPACE-TO-EARTH LINKS 01-87 2.3.5-1

2.3.6 RELATIONSHIP OF MODULATOR INPUT VOLTAGE\
TO RESULTANT RF CARRIER PHASE SHIFT 01-87 2.3.6-1

2.3.7 EARTH STATION OSCILLATOR REFERENCE\
FREQUENCY STABILITY 01-87 2.3.7-1

2.3.8 RF CARRIER SUPPRESSION ON SPACE-TO-EARTH\
LINKS FOR RESIDUAL CARRIER SYSTEMS 06-93 2.3.8-1

2.4 TELEMETRY RECOMMENDATIONS

2.4.2 MODULATING PCM WAVEFORMS FOR SUPPRESSED\
CARRIER SYSTEMS 01-87 2.4.2-1

2.4.3 SUBCARRIERS IN LOW BIT RATE RESIDUAL\
CARRIER TELEMETRY SYSTEMS 01-87 2.4.3-1

2.4.4 PSK MODULATION FOR TELEMETRY SUBCARRIERS 01-87 2.4.4-1

2.4.5 TELEMETRY SUBCARRIER WAVEFORMS 01-87 2.4.5-1

2.4.6 TELEMETRY SUBCARRIER FREQUENCY STABILITY 01-87 2.4.6-1

2.4.7 CHOICE OF PCM WAVEFORMS IN RESIDUAL\
CARRIER TELEMETRY SYSTEMS 01-87 2.4.7-1

2.4 TELEMETRY RECOMMENDATIONS (Continued)

2.4.8 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SYMBOL ASYMMETRY FOR\
DIGITAL SIGNALS AT THE INPUT TO THE RF MODULATOR 05-97 2.4.8-1

2.4.9 MINIMUM MODULATED SYMBOL TRANSITION\
DENSITY ON THE SPACE-TO-EARTH LINK 09-89 2.4.9-1

2.4.10 CHANNEL INPUT AND CODING CONVENTIONS\
FOR QPSK SYSTEMS 09-89 2.4.10-1

2.4.11 PHASE-AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION FOR QPSK\
MODULATION SYSTEMS 05-92 2.4.11-1

2.4.12A MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE PHASE AND AMPLITUDE\
IMBALANCES FOR SUPPRESSED CARRIER (BPSK/QPSK)\
RF MODULATORS FOR SPACE-TO-EARTH LINKS,\
CATEGORY A 05-99 2.4.12A-1

2.4.12B MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE PHASE AND AMPLITUDE\
IMBALANCES FOR SUPPRESSED CARRIER (BPSK/QPSK)\
RF MODULATORS FOR SPACE-TO-EARTH LINKS,\
CATEGORY B 05-99 2.4.12B-1

2.4.13B MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE PHASE AND AMPLITUDE\
IMBALANCES FOR SPACECRAFT SUBCARRIER\
MODULATORS, CATEGORY B 06-93 2.4.13B-1

2.4.14A ALLOWABLE VALUES FOR TELEMETRY SUBCARRIER\
FREQUENCY-TO-SYMBOL RATE RATIOS FOR\
PCM/PSK/PM MODULATION IN THE 2 AND 8 GHz\
BANDS, CATEGORY A 05-97 2.4.14A-1

2.4.14B ALLOWABLE VALUES FOR TELEMETRY SUBCARRIER\
FREQUENCY-TO-SYMBOL RATE RATIOS FOR\
PCM/PSK/PM MODULATION IN THE 2 AND 8 GHz\
BANDS, CATEGORY B 05-97 2.4.14B-1

2.4.15A MINIMUM SYMBOL RATE FOR PCM/PM/Bi-φ\
MODULATION ON A RESIDUAL RF CARRIER,\
CATEGORY A 05-97 2.4.15A-1

2.4.15B MINIMUM SYMBOL RATE FOR PCM/PM/Bi-φ\
MODULATION ON A RESIDUAL RF CARRIER,\
CATEGORY B 05-97 2.4.15B-1

2.4.16 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SPURIOUS EMISSIONS 05-97 2.4.16-1

2.5 RADIO METRIC RECOMMENDATIONS

2.5.1A MINIMUM EARTH STATION GROUP DELAY\
CALIBRATION ACCURACY, CATEGORY A 09-89 2.5.1A-1

2.5.2A MINIMUM EARTH STATION RANGING GROUP\
DELAY STABILITY, CATEGORY A 09-89 2.5.2A-1

2.5.2B MINIMUM EARTH STATION RANGING GROUP\
DELAY STABILITY, CATEGORY B 09-89 2.5.2B-1

2.5.3A MINIMUM SPACECRAFT RANGING CHANNEL\
GROUP DELAY STABILITY, CATEGORY A 09-89 2.5.3A-1

2.5.3B MINIMUM SPACECRAFT RANGING CHANNEL\
GROUP DELAY STABILITY, CATEGORY B 09-89 2.5.3B-1

2.5.4A RANGING TRANSPONDER BANDWIDTH FOR\
RESIDUAL CARRIER SYSTEMS, CATEGORY A 09-89 2.5.4A-1

2.5.4B RANGING TRANSPONDER BANDWIDTH FOR\
RESIDUAL CARRIER SYSTEMS, CATEGORY B 09-89 2.5.4B-1

2.5.5A PN CODE PHASE SHIFT STABILITY REQUIRED\
IN SPACECRAFT SPREAD SPECTRUM REGENERATIVE\
RANGING TRANSPONDERS, CATEGORY A 09-89 2.5.5A-1

2.5.6B DIFFERENTIAL ONE-WAY RANGING FOR SPACE-TO-\
EARTH LINKS IN ANGULAR SPACECRAFT POSITION\
DETERMINATION, CATEGORY B 05-97 2.5.6B-1

2.6 SPACECRAFT RECOMMENDATIONS

2.6.1 TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS\
FOR THE 2025 - 2120 MHz AND 2200 - 2300 MHz BANDS 01-87 2.6.1-1

2.6.2 TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS\
FOR THE 7145 - 7235 MHz AND 8400 - 8500 MHz BANDS 01-87 2.6.2-1

2.6.3A TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS\
FOR THE 2025 - 2110 MHz AND 8450 - 8500 MHz BANDS,\
CATEGORY A 01-87 2.6.3A-1

2.6.4A TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS\
FOR THE 7190 - 7235 MHz AND 2200 - 2290 MHz BANDS,\
CATEGORY A 01-87 2.6.4A-1

2.6 SPACECRAFT RECOMMENDATIONS (Continued)

2.6.5B TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS\
FOR THE 2110 - 2120 MHz AND 8400 - 8450 MHz BANDS,\
CATEGORY B 01-87 2.6.5B-1

2.6.6B TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS\
FOR THE 7145 - 7190 MHz AND 2290 - 2300 MHz BANDS,\
CATEGORY B 01-87 2.6.6B-1

2.6.7B TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS\
FOR THE 7145 - 7190 MHz AND 31.8 - 32.3 GHz BANDS,\
CATEGORY B 11-94 2.6.7B-1

2.6.8B TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS\
FOR THE 31.8 - 32.3 GHz AND 34.2 - 34.7 GHz BANDS,\
CATEGORY B 11-94 2.6.8B-1

2.6.12 SPACECRAFT TRANSPONDER IF AND AGC AMPLIFIER\
BANDWIDTHS FOR COHERENT OPERATION 09-89 2.6.12-1

3.0 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 06-93 3.0-1

FREQUENCY UTILIZATION RECOMMENDATION\
SUMMARY 06-98 3.0-2

POWER LIMITATIONS RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY 06-93 3.0-3

MODULATION METHODS RECOMMENDATION\
SUMMARY 06-93 3.0-4

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES RECOMMENDATION\
SUMMARY 06-93 3.0-5

TESTING RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY 06-93 3.0-6

SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS RECOMMENDATION\
SUMMARY 05-96 3.0-7

3.1 FREQUENCY UTILIZATION

3.1.1 EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF THE 2 GHz BANDS FOR\
SPACE OPERATION 05-00 3.1.1-1

3.1.2A USE OF THE 8450 - 8500 MHz BAND FOR SPACE\
RESEARCH, CATEGORY A 05-00 3.1.2A-1

3.1 FREQUENCY UTILIZATION (Continued)

3.1.3A USE OF THE 13.25 - 15.35 GHz BANDS FOR SPACE\
RESEARCH, CATEGORY A (DELETED) 06-98 3.1.3A-1

3.1.4A CONSTRAINTS ON THE USE OF THE 14.00 - 15.35 GHz\
AND THE 16.6 - 17.1 GHz BANDS FOR SPACE RESEARCH,\
CATEGORY A 11-94 3.1.4A-1

3.1.5B USE OF THE 31.8 - 34.7 GHz BANDS FOR SPACE\
RESEARCH, CATEGORY B (DELETED) 06-98 3.1.5B-1

3.1.6B CHANNEL FREQUENCY PLAN FOR 2, 7, 8, 32, AND\
34 GHz, CATEGORY B 05-00 3.1.6B-1

3.2 POWER LIMITATIONS

3.2.1A LIMITATIONS ON EARTH-TO-SPACE LINK POWER\
LEVELS, CATEGORY A 05-00 3.2.1-1

3.3 MODULATION METHODS

3.3.1 OPTIMAL RANGING MODULATION WAVEFORMS FOR\
SIMULTANEOUS RANGING, TELECOMMANDING AND\
TELEMETRY OPERATIONS 09-89 3.3.1-1

3.3.2A CRITERIA FOR USE OF DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD\
SPECTRUM MODULATION, CATEGORY A 09-89 3.3.2A-1

3.3.3A CRITERIA FOR USE OF QPSK MODULATION IN\
SUPPRESSED CARRIER SYSTEMS, CATEGORY A 09-89 3.3.3A-1

3.3.4 USE OF SUBCARRIERS ON SPACECRAFT TELEMETRY\
CHANNELS 11-94 3.3.4-1

3.4 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES

3.4.1 SIMULTANEOUS TELECOMMAND, TELEMETRY,\
AND RANGING OPERATIONS 09-89 3.4.1-1

3.4.2 CHARGED PARTICLE MEASUREMENTS IN THE\
TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROPAGATION PATH 09-89 3.4.2-1

3.4.3A OPTIMAL CHARGED PARTICLE CALIBRATION\
TECHNIQUES FOR RANGING DATA UNDER VARIOUS\
PROPAGATION CONDITIONS, SINGLE STATION\
TRACKING, CATEGORY A 05-92 3.4.3A-1

3.5 TESTING RECOMMENDATIONS

3.5.1 MINIMUM SET OF SPACECRAFT - EARTH STATION\
TESTS REQUIRED TO ENSURE COMPATIBILITY 09-89 3.5.1-1

3.6 SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS

3.6.1A INTERFERENCE REDUCTION IN THE 2200 - 2290 MHz\
BANDS, CATEGORY A 05-96 3.6.1A-1

3.6.2A INTERFERENCE FROM SPACE-TO-SPACE LINKS\
BETWEEN NON-GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES TO\
OTHER SPACE SYSTEMS IN THE 2025 - 2110 AND\
2200 - 2290 MHz BANDS, CATEGORY A 05-96 3.6.2A-1

4.0 PROCEDURAL RECOMMENDATIONS 06-93 4.0-1

DESIGN TOOLS RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY 06-93 4.0-2

COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHMS RECOMMENDATION\
SUMMARY 05-96 4.0-3

4.1 DESIGN TOOLS

4.1.1 SELECTION OF OPTIMUM MODULATION INDICES FOR\
SIMULTANEOUS RANGING, TELECOMMAND, AND\
TELEMETRY OPERATIONS 09-89 4.1.1-1

4.1.2 TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL\
TABLE 09-89 4.1.2-1

4.1.3 STANDARD TERMINOLOGY FOR\
TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK PERFORMANCE\
CALCULATIONS 09-89 4.1.3-1

4.1.4 DEFAULT PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS FOR LINK\
COMPUTATION IN THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATIONS\
LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE 09-91 4.1.4-1

4.1.5 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEAN AND\
VARIANCE OF THE MODULATION LOSSES FOUND IN\
THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATION LINK DESIGN\
CONTROL TABLE 06-93 4.1.5-1

4.2 COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHMS

4.2.1 COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING\
THE OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH OF UNFILTERED\
PCM/PM SIGNALS 06-93 4.2.1-1

4.2.2 COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING\
THE OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH OF UNFILTERED\
PCM/PSK/PM MODULATION WITH A SINEWAVE\
SUBCARRIER 05-96 4.2.2-1

4.2.3 COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING\
THE OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH OF UNFILTERED\
PCM/PSK/PM MODULATION WITH A SQUAREWAVE\
SUBCARRIER 05-96 4.2.3-1

5.0 TERMINOLOGY AND GLOSSARY 09-89 5.0-1

5.1 TERMINOLOGY 09-89 5.1-1

5.2 GLOSSARY 09-89 5.2-1

**1.0 INTRODUCTION**

**1.1 PURPOSE**

This document recommends standards for radio frequency and modulation
systems operated by the Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
(CCSDS) member and observer agencies.

**1.2 SCOPE**

Recommendations contained in this document, *Radio Frequency and
Modulation Systems, Part 1*, focus upon the standardization of RF and
modulation systems for earth stations and spacecraft. *Part 2*, when
completed, will comprise Recommendations relating to data relay
satellite systems. Unlike the CCSDS *Radio Frequency and Modulation
Report*, Reference \[2\], these Recommendations describe the
capabilities, policies, and procedures that the CCSDS agencies believe
will be needed in future years. By proposing specific characteristics
and attributes for subjects in these categories, the CCSDS hopes that
the ensuing designs will be sufficiently similar so as to permit cross
support of one agency\'s spacecraft by another agency\'s network.

These Recommendations are complementary to the information contained in
the *RF and Modulation Report*. To obtain a complete understanding of an
agency\'s tracking facilities, readers should consult both documents.
The *Report* describes the RF and modulation characteristics of
spacecraft tracking systems that the CCSDS member and observer agencies
are planning for the mid‑1990 time period. It comprises a multiplicity
of tables summarizing the technical characteristics of those systems.

These Recommendations do not provide specific designs. Rather they
describe certain capabilities and provide technical characteristics in
sufficient detail so that an agency may design compatible equipment.
Guidelines are also provided for the use of agencies\' RF and modulation
systems, as well as their use of the RF spectrum. Because an ability to
provide cross support implies some standardization of design and
operations, certain procedural Recommendations have been included to
assist in these areas. Recommendations are assigned to one of three
sections depending upon whether their primary focus is technical,
policy, or procedural in nature.

These Recommendations are intended to promote an orderly transition to
RF and modulation systems that are internationally compatible. The CCSDS
believes that this course will not only assure better engineering
practices but, also, that it will facilitate international cross support
agreements.

**1.3 APPLICABILITY**

These Recommendations apply to future implementation of RF and
modulation systems. In combination with the *RF and Modulation Report*,
Reference \[2\], this document describes the physical transport system
used to carry data to and from spacecraft and earth stations.

**1.4 DOCUMENT FORMAT**

These introductory remarks are followed by three sections containing
technical, policy, and procedural Recommendations, respectively. Often,
it is not obvious to which section a Recommendation belongs because it
may be concerned with more than one area. The decision usually turns
upon whether the primary focus is quantitative, directive, or
instructive.

Section 2 contains Technical Recommendations. Following the format
established in the CCSDS *RF and Modulation Report*, technical
Recommendations are subdivided into groups representing the various
subsystems. These are:

2.1 *Earth‑to‑Space Radio Frequency* 2.4 *Telemetry*

2.2 *Telecommand* 2.5 *Radio Metric*

2.3 *Space‑to‑Earth Radio Frequency* 2.6 *Spacecraft*

Recommendations pertaining to each of these subjects are grouped
together for easy accessibility. This approach facilitates cross
referencing with the *Report*. If a reader wishes to determine whether
an agency follows a specific CCSDS Recommendation, he need only turn to
the corresponding section in the *Report* to determine that agency\'s
capabilities.

Section 3 comprises Policy Recommendations. Because of the requirement
for sharing the radio frequency spectrum, it is desirable to establish
guidelines to promote its efficient use. Accordingly, these
Recommendations are directive in nature and are principally concerned
with operational aspects. Specific sections are:

3.1 *Frequency Utilization* 3.4 *Operational Procedures*

3.2 *Power Limitations* 3.5 *Testing Recommendations*

3.3 *Modulation Methods* 3.6 *Spacecraft Systems*

Section 4 holds Procedural Recommendations. Here will be found
Recommendations intended to assist agencies with procedures or
processes. At this juncture, only two subsections have been identified.
These are:

4.1 *Design Tools* 4.2 *Computational Algorithms*

As additional procedural topics are identified, this section will be
expanded with appropriate subsections.

Section 5 defines Terms and provides a Glossary for acronyms used in
these Recommendations. This section is intended as an aid for readers to
facilitate a uniform interpretation of the Recommendations. Two
subsections are required:

5.1 *Terminology* 5.2 *Glossary*

Because the Recommendations are designed to be easily removable from
this book to facilitate copying, a unique page numbering system has been
employed. Recommendation page numbers contain information about the
section, subsection, position, mission category, and page number. Thus,
Page 2.5.3A-1 tells the reader, in order, that this is: a Technical
Recommendation (2), for Radio Metric systems (5), the third in that
subsection (3), concerned with Category A missions (A), the first page
of that Recommendation (1). This numbering system is intended to avoid
confusion and errors when returning pages to the book by uniquely
describing the position of each page in the document.

Unlike other CCSDS Recommendations which focus upon specific topics such
as channel coding or SFDUs, this document contains several subjects
related to radio frequency and modulation systems. To promote brevity,
clarity, and expandability, the authors have adopted a Recommendation
format which is similar to the one used by the International
Telecommunications Union\'s (ITU) International Radio Consultative
Committee (CCIR).

Each Recommendation consists of brief statements and generally requires
only one or two pages. Reasons justifying each Recommendation are set
forth in clear, crisp sentences. When appropriate, additional
information providing the rationale for a Recommendation is included as
an annex to this document. This modular format permits inclusion of
additional Recommendations as the CCSDS agencies\' RF and modulation
systems grow and as technology matures.

**1.5 DEEP SPACE AND NON--DEEP SPACE**

Much of the radio frequency standardization has already been
accomplished by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and
will be found in the Radio Regulations. The provisions contained in the
ITU Radio Regulations, as well as applicable CCIR documents, are adopted
and incorporated here by reference.

Four *radiocommunication services* are of interest to the CCSDS. In
accordance with the ITU definitions, these are the Space Research
Service, the Space Operation Service, the Earth Exploration Satellite
Service, and the Meteorological Satellite Service.

Within the Space Research Service, a distinction is made between *Deep
Space* and *non--Deep Space* spacecraft. Those bands allocated to *Space
Research/Deep Space* shall only be used by spacecraft engaged in
interplanetary research, whose range exceeds a specified distance.

Earth station-spacecraft distance is important for two reasons. First,
certain frequencies are reserved for spacecraft operating in *Deep
Space*. Second, the RF and modulation characteristics may be different
for the two categories.

Formerly, the Radio Regulations set the *Deep Space* boundary at lunar
distance. However, the advent of spacecraft in highly elliptical earth
orbits that go beyond lunar distance, or which may be in orbits around
the sun‑earth libration points, resulted in non-optimum use of the *Deep
Space* bands when frequency assignments for these missions were based
upon the former definition.

In October 1988, the World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC) ORB-88
revised the boundary for *Deep Space* contained in Article 1 of the ITU
Radio Regulations. The new boundary for *Deep Space*, which became
effective on 16 March 1990, has been established to be at a distance
equal to, or greater than, 2.0 × 10 ^6^ km.

While the Radio Regulations contain a definition for *Deep Space*, they
do not specifically name that zone lying closer to the earth. Thus,
there is no internationally recognized term for *non--Deep Space*
missions.

Several years ago, the CCSDS recognized the deficiencies with the ITU\'s
lunar distance *Deep Space* boundary. Accordingly, CCSDS members agreed
among themselves to establish the *Deep Space* boundary at 2.0 × 10 ^6^
km whenever that was possible under the then existing Radio Regulations.
To avoid confusion with the ITU\'s definition for *Deep Space*, as well
as to simplify the nomenclature for missions at any distance, the CCSDS
defined the following mission categories:

Category A Those missions having an altitude above the earth of less
than, 2.0 × 10 ^6^ km.

Category B Those missions having an altitude above the earth of greater
than, or equal to, 2.0 × 10 ^6^ km.

Figure 1.5-1 pictorially depicts the Category A and B mission regions.

Because this terminology has become well established over the years, and
because the ITU has still failed to define that region lying closer to
earth than 2.0 × 10 ^6^ km, the CCSDS will continue to use the two
Categories to represent the applicability of a Recommendation to a
specific class of mission.

Therefore, the letter A or B following the Recommendation number means
that the Recommendation applies solely to Category A or Category B
missions, respectively. If the Recommendation number stands alone, with
neither an A or B following, then that Recommendation applies equally to
both Category A and Category B missions.

![](media/image3.emf){width="5.347222222222222in"
height="6.055555555555555in"}

**FIGURE 1.5-1: MISSION CATEGORIES**

**2.0 TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS**

Section 2 focuses upon the technical characteristics of RF and
modulation systems for earth stations and spacecraft. Each recommended
standard delineates a specific capability which the CCSDS agencies
believe will be needed in future years. Some suggested standards argue
for retaining existing facilities, while others propose developing
systems not presently used by any agency. The goal is to set forth
recommended standards with which the agencies can create a group of
uniform capabilities.

To facilitate the document\'s use, this section has been subdivided into
six modules, each containing an individual subject:

2.1 *Earth‑to‑Space Radio Frequency* 2.4 *Telemetry*

2.2 *Telecommand* 2.5 *Radio Metric*

2.3 *Space‑to‑Earth Radio Frequency* 2.6 *Spacecraft*

Note that these subsections are identical to, and have been arranged in
the same order as, those found in the CCSDS Radio Frequency and
Modulation Report. However, an additional subsection for spacecraft has
been included. Here, one can find those characteristics pertaining to
spacecraft radio frequency and modulation systems.

Six summary tables corresponding to the six modules follow these
introductory remarks. These tables contain the subject matter of each
recommendation, its number, and a summary description. Using these
tables, the reader can quickly locate specific recommendations contained
in Section 2.

EARTH-TO-SPACE RF RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | Phase Modulation      | Use with residual carriers.           |
| .1.1 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | Circular Polarization | Use on earth-to-space RF links.       |
| .1.2 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | ± (1-150) kHz; ±      | Min Cat A acquisition sweep range at  |
| 1.3A | (1-500) kHz           | 2 and 7 GHz.                          |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | ± (1-300) kHz; ±      | Min Cat B acquisition sweep range at  |
| 1.3B | (1-1000) kHz          | 2 and 7 GHz.                          |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 500 Hz/s ≤ 50 kHz/s   | Min Cat A acquisition sweep rate      |
| 1.4A |                       | range.                                |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 1 Hz/s ≤ 10 kHz/s     | Min Cat B acquisition sweep rate      |
| 1.4B |                       | range.                                |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | Pos Voltage → Pos     | Modulator input voltage to carrier    |
| .1.5 | Phase Shift           | phase shift.                          |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | 10 dB Carrier         | Max carrier suppression resulting     |
| .1.6 | Suppression           | from all signals.                     |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | Mod Indices; Data     | Constraints from simultaneous service |
| 1.7B | Rates Codes           | operations.                           |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | Uplink Freq Steps ≤   | Min Cat A earth station transmitter   |
| 1.8A | 100 Hz                | freq resolution.                      |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | Uplink Freq Steps     | Min Cat B earth station transmitter   |
| 1.8B | 0.01 ≤ 5 Hz           | freq resolution.                      |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

TELECOMMAND RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | Reserved              |                                       |
| .2.1 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | 8 or 16 kHz, PSK,     | Subcarrier frequencies, modulation,   |
| .2.2 | Sine Wave             | and waveform.                         |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | NRZ-L, M              | Choice of telecommand data waveforms. |
| .2.3 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | 4000/2^n^; n = 0, 1,  | Range of telecommand bit rates.       |
| .2.4 | 2 \... 9              |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | ± 2x10^-4^f~sc~; ±    | Subcarrier frequency offset and       |
| .2.5 | 1x10^-5^; ± 5x10^-5^  | stabilities.                          |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | 0.98 ≤ 1.02           | Symmetry of baseband modulating       |
| .2.6 |                       | waveforms.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | PCM/PM/Bi-φ;          | Medium-rate modulation; range of TC   |
| .2.7 | 4000/2^n^; n =        | bit rates.                            |
|      | 1\...,6               |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

SPACE-TO-EARTH RF RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | Residual Carriers     | Use with low bit rate telemetry       |
| .3.1 |                       | systems.                              |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | Suppressed Carriers   | Use where residual carriers exceed    |
| .3.2 |                       | PFD limits.                           |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | ± 150 kHz; ± 600 kHz  | Min Cat A acquisition sweep range at  |
| 3.3A |                       | 2 & 8 GHz.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | ± 300 kHz; ± 1 MHz    | Min Cat B acquisition sweep range at  |
| 3.3B |                       | 2 & 8 GHz.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 100 Hz/s ≤ 420 kHz/s  | Min Cat A acquisition sweep rate at 2 |
| 3.4A |                       | & 8 GHz.                              |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 1 Hz/s ≤ 10 kHz/s     | Min Cat B acquisition sweep rate at 2 |
| 3.4B |                       | & 8 GHz.                              |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | RCP or LCP            | Polarization of space-to-earth links. |
| .3.5 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | Pos Voltage → Pos     | Modulator input voltage to carrier    |
| .3.6 | Phase Shift           | phase shift.                          |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | ± 5 × 10^-13^ (0.2 ≤  | Min earth station reference frequency |
| .3.7 | s ≤ 100)              | stability.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | 10 dB Sin; 15 dB Sq   | Max carrier suppression resulting     |
| .3.8 |                       | from all signals.                     |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

TELEMETRY RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | Reserved              |                                       |
| .4.1 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | NRZ-M (DNRZ)          | Use with suppressed carrier systems.  |
| .4.2 | Modulation            |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | Subcarriers           | Use with very low rate residual       |
| .4.3 |                       | carrier subsystems.                   |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | PSK Modulation        | Use with telemetry subcarriers.       |
| .4.4 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | Sine Wave; Square     | Cat A, Cat B subcarrier waveforms.    |
| .4.5 | Wave                  |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | ± 1x10^-4^f~sc~; ±    | Subcarrier frequency offset and       |
| .4.6 | 1x10^-6^; ± 1x10^-5^  | stabilities.                          |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | NRZ-L; SP-L           | Choice of PCM waveforms in resid.     |
| .4.7 |                       | carrier systems.                      |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | 0.2 %                 | Max symbol asymmetry at RF modulator  |
| .4.8 |                       | input.                                |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | 64; 125/1000;         | Min Cat A, Cat B symbol transition    |
| .4.9 | 275/1000              | densities.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 00=0^o^; 01=90^o^;    | Channel coding conventions for QPSK   |
| 4.10 | 11=180^o^; 10=270^o^  | systems.                              |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | Phase Ambiguity in    | Use sync marker to resolve.           |
| 4.11 | QPSK Sys.             |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.4  | 2 Degrees; 0.2 dB     | Max Cat A phase & amplitude BPSK mod. |
| .12A |                       | imbal.                                |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.4  | 2 Degrees; 0.2 dB     | Max Cat A phase & amplitude BPSK/QPSK |
| .12B |                       | mod. imbal.                           |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.4  | 2 Degrees; 0.2 dB     | Max Cat B phase & amplitude subcar.   |
| .13B |                       | mod. imbal.                           |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.4  | 4 for freq. \> 60 kHz | Cat A Subcarrier frequency-to-symbol  |
| .14A |                       | ratios.                               |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.4  | 5 for freq. \> 60 kHz | Cat B Subcarrier frequency-to-symbol  |
| .14B |                       | ratios.                               |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.4  | Operating Region      | Min Cat A symbol rate for mod. on     |
| .15A |                       | residual RF carrier.                  |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.4  | Operating Region      | Min Cat B symbol rate for mod. on     |
| .15B |                       | residual RF carrier.                  |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | ≤-60 dBc              | Max spurious emissions.               |
| 4.16 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

RADIO METRIC RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 10 ns                 | Min Cat A group delay calibration     |
| 5.1A |                       | accuracy.                             |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 20 ns                 | Min Cat A earth station group delay   |
| 5.2A |                       | stability in 12h.                     |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 2 ns                  | Min Cat B earth station group delay   |
| 5.2B |                       | stability in 12h.                     |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | ± 50 ns               | Min Cat A spacecraft group delay      |
| 5.3A |                       | stability.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | ± 30 ns               | Min Cat B spacecraft group delay      |
| 5.3B |                       | stability.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | ± 0.5 dB (3 kHz ≤ 110 | Min Cat A ranging transponder         |
| 5.4A | kHz)                  | bandwidth.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | ± 0.5 dB (3 kHz ≤ 1.1 | Min Cat B ranging transponder         |
| 5.4B | MHz)                  | bandwidth.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 20 ns                 | Max Cat A regen. transponder PN code  |
| 5.5A |                       | delay.                                |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | Sinewaves             | Cat B one-way ranging in S/C position |
| 5.6B |                       | determination                         |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

SPACECRAFT RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | 221/240 Transponder   | Freq ratio 2025-2120 MHz to 2200-2300 |
| .6.1 | Ratio                 | MHz.                                  |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | 749/880 Transponder   | Freq ratio 7145-7235 MHz to 8400-8500 |
| .6.2 | Ratio                 | MHz.                                  |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 221/900 Transponder   | Cat A Freq ratio 2025-2110 MHz to     |
| 6.3A | Ratio                 | 8450-8500.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 765/240 Transponder   | Cat A Freq ratio 7190-7235 MHz to     |
| 6.4A | Ratio                 | 2200-2290.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 221/880 Transponder   | Cat B Freq ratio 2110-2120 MHz to     |
| 6.5B | Ratio                 | 8400-8450 MHz.                        |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 749/240 Transponder   | Cat B Freq ratio 7145-7190 MHz to     |
| 6.6B | Ratio                 | 2290-2300 MHz.                        |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 749/3344 Transponder  | Cat B Freq ratio 7145-7190 MHz to     |
| 6.7B | Ratio                 | 31.8-32.3 GHz.                        |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 3599/3344 Transponder | Cat B Freq ratio 34.2-34.7 GHz to     |
| 6.8B | Ratio                 | 31.8-32.3 GHz.                        |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2    | Reserved              | Transponder Ratio                     |
| .6.9 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | Reserved              | Transponder Ratio                     |
| 6.10 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | Reserved              | Transponder Ratio                     |
| 6.11 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 2.   | 15 ≤ 45 Hz; 1 ≤ 3 Hz  | Min Cat A; Cat B transponder AGC      |
| 6.12 |                       | amplifier BW.                         |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

**2.1.1 RF CARRIER MODULATION OF THE EARTH‑TO‑SPACE LINK**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that most space agencies currently utilize spacecraft receivers
employing phase-locked loops;

\(b\) that conventional phase-locked loop receivers require a residual
carrier to operate efficiently;

\(c\) that phase modulation results in efficient demodulation;

**recommends**

that CCSDS agencies provide a capability to support phase modulation
with a residual carrier for their earth‑to‑space links.

**2.1.2 POLARIZATION OF EARTH‑TO‑SPACE LINKS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that a linear electric field polarization on links to spacecraft,
having nearly omnidirectional antenna patterns, may vary considerably
with aspect angle;

\(b\) that the aspect angle of a near‑earth orbiting satellite varies
greatly during a pass;

\(c\) that for satellites having a stable linear polarization in the
direction of the earth station (e.g., geostationary satellites with
suitable attitude stabilization or satellites using tracking antennas)
the propagation effects such as Faraday rotation may cause substantial
rotation in the received polarization at lower carrier frequencies;

\(d\) that automatic correction of rotation in the earth station\'s
polarization adds undesirable complexity to the system;

\(e\) that most existing earth stations are equipped for RCP and LCP
polarization;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies use circular polarization on their
earth‑to‑space RF links for telecommand and ranging;

\(2\) that payload service links use circular polarization in those
cases where TTC is carried out in the payload service band or where
on‑board antennas are shared with payload functions;

\(3\) that the earth station be designed to switch between LCP and RCP
polarization without causing an interruption of the transmitted carrier
exceeding 5 seconds in those cases where changes of polarization are
desired.

**2.1.3A TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY SWEEP RANGE ON EARTH‑TO‑SPACE LINKS,
CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the Doppler frequency shift on the earth‑to‑space link,
resulting from relative motion between earth stations and Category A
spacecraft, can achieve values up to:

± 80 kHz at 2 GHz

± 300 kHz at 7 GHz;

\(b\) that the rest frequency uncertainties in spacecraft receivers are
in the order of:

± 50 kHz at 2 GHz

± 200 kHz at 7 GHz;

\(c\) that the lock‑in frequency range of spacecraft receivers is much
smaller than the frequency deviations given in (a) and (b);

\(d\) that the Doppler frequency shift can usually be predicted to an
accuracy of better than ± 1 kHz;

\(e\) that most of the spacecraft receivers have a tracking range up to:

± 150 kHz at 2 GHz

± 500 kHz at 7 GHz;

\(f\) that the acquisition time should be kept to a minimum;

**recommends**

that the earth station\'s transmitter should have a minimum sweep range
capability of at least:

± 1 kHz

and a maximum sweep range capability of:

± 150 kHz at 2 GHz

± 500 kHz at 7 GHz.

**2.1.3B TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY SWEEP RANGE ON EARTH‑TO‑SPACE LINKS,
CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the Doppler frequency shift on the earth‑to‑space link,
resulting from relative motion between earth stations and category B
spacecraft, can achieve values up to:

± 250 kHz at 2 GHz

± 900 kHz at 7 GHz;

\(b\) that the rest frequency uncertainties in spacecraft receivers are
on the order of:

± 1 kHz at 2 GHz

± 4 kHz at 7 GHz;

\(c\) that the Doppler frequency shift can usually be predicted to an
accuracy of ± 1 kHz;

\(d\) that most of the spacecraft receivers have tracking ranges less
than or equal to:

± 300 kHz at 2 GHz

± 1 MHz at 7 GHz;

\(e\) that the lock‑in frequency range of spacecraft receivers is much
smaller than the frequency deviations given in (a) and (b) above;

\(f\) that the effect on the radio link, resulting from variation in the
columnar charged‑particle content, is generally negligible;

\(g\) that the acquisition time should be kept to a minimum;

**recommends**

that the earth station\'s transmitter should have a minimum sweep range
capability of:

± 1 kHz at 2 and 7 GHz

and a maximum sweep range capability of at least:

± 300 kHz at 2 GHz

± 1 MHz at 7 GHz.

**2.1.4A TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY SWEEP RATE ON EARTH‑TO‑SPACE LINKS,
CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the rate of change of the Doppler frequency shift on the
earth‑to‑space link, resulting from relative motion between earth
stations and Category A spacecraft, is smaller than:

3 kHz/s at 2 GHz

10 kHz/s at 7 GHz;

\(b\) that most of the spacecraft receivers have a phase-locked loop
with a bandwidth (2 B~LO~) in the range 200 Hz to 800 Hz at their
threshold;

\(c\) that the maximum permissible rate of input frequency variation for
most types of spacecraft receivers is between 2 kHz/s and 30 kHz/s at
their threshold;

\(d\) that the frequency sweep rate on the earth‑to‑space link should be
chosen such that the total rate of frequency variation, resulting from
both the transmitter\'s sweep rate and the orbital Doppler rate, does
not unlock the spacecraft\'s phase-locked loop;

\(e\) that the acquisition time should be kept to a minimum for each
mission phase;

**recommends**

that the earth station\'s transmitter should have a minimum frequency
sweep rate capability of:

500 Hz/s

and a maximum frequency sweep rate capability of at least:

50 kHz/s.

**2.1.4B TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY SWEEP RATE ON EARTH‑TO‑SPACE LINKS,
CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the rate of change of the Doppler frequency shift on the
earth‑to‑space link, resulting from relative motion between earth
stations and category B spacecraft, is smaller than:

60 Hz/s at 2 GHz

200 Hz/s at 7 GHz;

\(b\) that most of the spacecraft receivers have a phase-locked loop
with a bandwidth (2 B~LO~) in the range 10 Hz to 100 Hz at their
threshold;

\(c\) that the maximum permissible rate of input frequency variation for
this type of spacecraft receiver is between 6 Hz/s and 1 kHz/s at its
threshold;

\(d\) that the maximum permissible rate of input frequency variation for
signals above the receiver\'s threshold can be as much as 10 kHz/s;

\(e\) that the frequency sweep rate on the earth‑to‑space link should be
chosen such that the total rate of frequency variation, resulting from
both the transmitter\'s sweep rate and the orbital Doppler rate, does
not unlock the spacecraft\'s phase-locked loop;

\(f\) that the acquisition time should be kept to a minimum for each
mission phase;

**recommends**

that the earth station\'s transmitter should have a minimum frequency
sweep rate capability of:

1 Hz/s

and a maximum frequency sweep rate capability of at least:

10 kHz/s.

**2.1.5 RELATIONSHIP OF MODULATOR INPUT VOLTAGE TO RESULTANT RF CARRIER
PHASE SHIFT**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

that a clear relationship between the modulating signal and the RF
carrier\'s phase is desirable to avoid unnecessary ambiguity problems;

**recommends**

that a positive‑going voltage at the modulator input should result in an
advance of the phase of the radio frequency signal.

**NOTE:**

**1. This Recommendation is also filed as Rec. 401 (2.3.6) B-1.**

**2.1.6 RF CARRIER SUPPRESSION ON EARTH‑TO‑SPACE LINKS FOR RESIDUAL
CARRIER SYSTEMS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

that high modulation indices may make the residual carrier difficult to
detect with a conventional phase-locked loop receiver;

**recommends**

that CCSDS agencies select modulation indices such that the reduction in
carrier power, with respect to the total unmodulated carrier power, does
not exceed 10 dB.

**2.1.7B OPERATIONAL AND EQUIPMENT CONSTRAINTS RESULTING FROM
SIMULTANEOUS TELECOMMAND AND RANGING IN RESIDUAL CARRIER SYSTEMS,
CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that coherent transmissions are generally employed for making
range measurements to a Category B mission spacecraft;

\(b\) that conventional phase locked loop receivers require a residual
carrier component to operate properly;

\(c\) that sufficient power must be reserved to the residual carrier so
that the spacecraft receiver can track with an acceptable phase jitter;

\(d\) that sufficient power must be allocated to the command data
channel to obtain the required bit error rate;

\(e\) that in two-way operation, the noise contained in the
transponder\'s ranging channel bandwidth will be retransmitted to the
earth station along with the ranging signal;

\(f\) that sufficient power must be allocated to the ranging signal to
obtain the required accuracy and probability of error;

\(g\) that some ranging systems permit the simultaneous transmission of
several tone frequencies from the earth station and that a proper choice
of these frequencies will minimize the cross-modulation and interference
to the telecommand signal by the ranging signal;

\(h\) that transmission of a single, low frequency ranging tone by the
earth station may result in interference in the telecommand channel on
the spacecraft;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the telecommand modulation index shall not be less than 0.2
radians peak;

\(2\) that the telecommand data bit rate shall not exceed 2000 b/s when
simultaneous telecommand and ranging operations are required;

\(3\) that the earth station\'s ranging modulation index shall not
exceed 1.4 radians peak;

\(4\) that the telecommand subcarrier\'s period should be an integer
subdivision of the data bits\' period;

\(5\) that for those ranging systems which do not conform with
*recommends (6)* below, the telecommand subcarrier\'s period should be a
coherent multiple of the ranging tone\'s period;

\(6\) that, where necessary, each and every lower frequency ranging tone
be chopped (modulo-2 added) with the highest frequency ranging tone.

**2.1.8A MINIMUM EARTH STATION TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY RESOLUTION FOR
SPACECRAFT RECEIVER ACQUISITION, CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that Category A spacecraft receivers typically have phase-locked
loop bandwidths (2 B~LO~) in the range of 200 to 800 Hz at their
thresholds;

\(b\) that, for spacecraft receivers having a second order
phase-locked-loop with the threshold bandwidths shown in (a), the
frequency lock-in range is typically 267 to 1067 Hz;

\(c\) that steps in earth station\'s transmitter frequency which exceed
the spacecraft receiver\'s lock-in range can result in long acquisition
times or complete failure of the spacecraft to acquire the signal;

\(d\) that some margin should be included to ensure proper acquisition
of the earth station\'s signal by the spacecraft receiver\'s
phase-locked loop;

\(e\) that the spacecraft\'s receiver may fail to acquire or remain
locked to the earth station\'s transmitted signal if abrupt phase
discontinuities in that signal occur during the acquisition of that
signal;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the earth station transmitter\'s frequency be adjustable over
its specified operating range in increments (step size) of 100 Hz or
less;

\(2\) that the earth station transmitter\'s RF phase continuity be
maintained at all times during tuning operations, using frequency sweep
rates that are in accordance with Recommendation 401 (2.1.4A) B-1, which
will ensure that the spacecraft\'s receiver remains locked following
acquisition.

**2.1.8B MINIMUM EARTH STATION TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY RESOLUTION FOR
SPACECRAFT RECEIVER ACQUISITION, CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that Category B spacecraft receivers typically have phase-locked
loop bandwidths (2 B~LO~) in the range of 10 to 100 Hz at their
thresholds;

\(b\) that for spacecraft receivers having a second order
phase-locked-loop with the threshold bandwidths shown in (a), the
frequency lock-in range is typically 13 to 133 Hz;

\(c\) that steps in earth station\'s transmitter frequency which exceed
the spacecraft receiver\'s lock-in range can result in long acquisition
times or complete failure of the spacecraft to acquire the signal;

\(d\) that some margin should be included to ensure proper acquisition
of the earth station\'s signal by the spacecraft receiver\'s
phase-locked loop;

\(e\) that, with certain Category B missions, it is desirable to
continuously tune the earth-to-space link\'s transmitter frequency to
maintain its value, at the spacecraft, at a single, optimal frequency;

\(f\) that the spacecraft\'s receiver may fail to acquire or remain
locked to the earth station\'s transmitted signal if abrupt phase
discontinuities in that signal occur during the acquisition of that
signal;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the earth station\'s transmitter frequency be variable over
its specified operating range in increments (step size) which can be
adjusted from 0.01 Hz to 5 Hz;

\(2\) that the earth station transmitter\'s RF phase continuity be
maintained at all times during tuning operations, using frequency sweep
rates that are in accordance with Recommendation 401 (2.1.4B) B-1, which
will ensure that the spacecraft\'s receiver remains locked following
acquisition.

**RESERVED for RECOMMENDATION 401 (2.2.1)**

**2.2.2 SUBCARRIERS IN TELECOMMAND SYSTEMS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that most space agencies presently utilize either 8 kHz or 16 kHz
subcarriers for telecommand transmissions where data rates are less than
or equal to 4 kb/s;

\(b\) that modulation schemes employing subcarriers reduce the
interference to the RF carrier loop resulting from data sidebands;

\(c\) that PSK modulation is the most efficient type of digital
modulation because of its bit error performance;

\(d\) that it is important to limit the occupied bandwidth;

**recommends**

that CCSDS agencies use a sine wave subcarrier for telecommand, with a
frequency of either 8 kHz or 16 kHz, which has been PSK modulated.

**2.2.3 CHOICE OF WAVEFORMS IN TELECOMMAND LINKS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that NRZ‑L, ‑M waveforms result in efficient spectrum utilization;

\(b\) that present telecommand bit rates are generally less than or
equal to 4 kb/s;

\(c\) that telecommand data sidebands are separated from the carrier by
employing a PSK subcarrier;

\(d\) that NRZ‑L waveforms result in very good signal‑to‑noise
performance;

\(e\) that NRZ-M waveforms avoid ambiguity errors;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies use NRZ‑L, ‑M waveforms with PSK subcarriers
for telecommand data;

\(2\) that due consideration be given to the bit transition density of
the telecommand modulation to ensure proper operation of the
spacecraft\'s receiving equipment.

**2.2.4 RANGE OF TELECOMMAND BIT RATES**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that many space agencies utilize PCM‑PSK modulation for the
telecommand links;

\(b\) that phase coherency between the PCM signal and the subcarrier
facilitates system implementation;

\(c\) that subcarrier frequencies of either 8 kHz or 16 kHz are commonly
used;

\(d\) that many space agencies have developed, or will develop,
equipment using telecommand data rates in the range 8‑4000 b/s;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies provide telecommand bit rates in the range
4000/2^n^ b/s, where n = 0, 1, 2, \..., 9;

\(2\) that data bit and subcarrier transitions should coincide.

**NOTE:**

**1. A 4000 b/s rate should only be used with a 16 kHz subcarrier and
care should be taken to ensure that harmful interactions with other
signals do not occur.**

**2.2.5 TELECOMMAND SUBCARRIER FREQUENCY STABILITY**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the present use of subcarriers for modulating the
earth‑to‑space RF links represents a mature technique for both
Categories A and B missions and, therefore, is a well settled standard;

\(b\) that modifications of this standard imply costly changes to space
agencies\' networks;

**recommends**

that CCSDS agencies\' earth stations be designed to provide telecommand
subcarriers with characteristics which are equal to or better than:

Maximum Subcarrier Frequency Offset ± (2 × 10 ^-4^)f~sc~;

Minimum Subcarrier Frequency Stability ± 1 × 10 ^-5^

(1 second);

Minimum Subcarrier Frequency Stability ± 5 × 10 ^-5^

(24 hours).

**NOTE:**

**1. f~sc~ = frequency of telecommand subcarrier.**

**2.2.6 SYMMETRY OF BASEBAND DATA MODULATING WAVEFORMS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the earth station\'s transmitter power should be used as
efficiently as possible;

\(b\) that undesired spectral components in the earth station\'s
transmitted signal should be minimized;

\(c\) that time-asymmetry in the modulating waveform results in a
DC-component;

\(d\) that such a DC-component in the modulating waveform results in a
data power loss because of AC-coupling in the modulator;

\(e\) that, in addition to the power loss, time-asymmetry results in
matched filter losses;

\(f\) that the above losses should not exceed 0.1 dB;

\(g\) that the out-of-band emissions resulting from the time-asymmetry
in the modulating waveform can be reduced by additional filtering;

**recommends**

that, the symmetry of all baseband square wave modulating waveforms
should be such that the mark-to-space ratio will lie between 0.98 and
1.02.

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

**NOTE:**

**1. This Recommendation is also filed as Rec. 401 (2.4.8) B-1 for the
space-to-earth link.**

**2. Where Bi-Phase modulation is utilized, larger baseband signal
losses, than are permitted by *considering (f)*, may result.**

**2.2.7 MEDIUM-RATE TELECOMMAND SYSTEMS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that most space agencies presently utilize either 8 kHz or 16 kHz
subcarriers for telecommand transmissions where data rates are less than
or equal to 4kbps;

\(b\) that missions in the near future may require higher rates
telecommanding capabilities, in the range 8 kbps to 256 kbps;

\(c\) that the possibility of simultaneous ranging, telecommand
transmission and telemetry reception can result in optimal utilization
of the Earth station coverage time;

\(d\) that ranging requires that a distinct carrier component be present
in the up- and down-link signals;

\(e\) that subcarrier modulation techniques require substantially more
spectrum compared to other modulation techniques;

(f) that the use of PCM/PM/Bi-phase modulation is justified when a
    distinct carrier component is required and only for bit rates below
    2 Mbps;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies use PCM/PM/Bi-phase modulation direct on the
carrier for medium rate telecommand data transmission;

\(2\) that CCSDS agencies provide medium telecommand bit rates in the
range R = 4000\*2n where n=1...,6.

**2.3.1 RESIDUAL CARRIERS FOR LOW RATE TELEMETRY, SPACE‑TO‑EARTH LINKS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that many space agencies own and/or operate earth stations for
communication with spacecraft in which they have substantial
investments;

\(b\) that these earth stations contain receiving equipment employing
phase-locked loops;

\(c\) that conventional phase-locked loop receivers require a residual
carrier component to operate properly;

\(d\) that most space agencies use autotrack systems for Category A
missions, which need a residual carrier;

**recommends**

that CCSDS agencies retain residual carrier receiving systems in their
earth stations for use with missions having low rate telemetry
requirements.

**2.3.2 SUPPRESSED CARRIERS FOR HIGH RATE TELEMETRY, SPACE-TO-EARTH
LINKS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that present technology makes the implementation of suppressed
carrier systems practicable;

\(b\) that a comparison of carrier signal‑to‑noise ratios in a
conventional residual carrier phase-locked loop with those in a
suppressed carrier loop shows that the latter provides a substantial
advantage over the former, frequently exceeding 10 dB;

\(c\) that a comparison of data symbol errors occurring in a
conventional residual carrier phase-locked loop system with those
occurring in a suppressed carrier loop system shows that the latter\'s
performance is no worse, and frequently is better, than that of the
former;

\(d\) that suppressed carrier systems lend themselves to compliance with
PFD limits on the Earth\'s surface more readily than do residual carrier
systems;

\(e\) that some space agencies still use autotrack systems for their
Category A missions, which need a residual carrier;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies utilize suppressed carrier systems for
space‑to‑earth communications when a residual carrier system would
exceed the PFD limits on the Earth\'s surface;

\(2\) that CCSDS agencies may provide a beacon for autotracking their
Category A missions using suppressed carrier modulation.

**2.3.3A EARTH STATION RECEIVER ACQUISITION FREQUENCY SWEEP RANGE,
CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the space‑to‑earth link may be operated in either a coherent
turnaround mode, or in a one‑way mode;

\(b\) that for the coherent turnaround mode, the Doppler frequency shift
induced on both the earth‑to‑space and the space‑to‑earth links is the
major factor to be considered in selecting the frequency sweep range;

\(c\) that for the one‑way mode, both the Doppler frequency shift
induced on the space‑to‑earth link and the frequency stability of the
spacecraft\'s oscillator are the major factors to be considered in
selecting the frequency sweep range;

\(d\) that the maximum rate of change of distance between the earth
station and Category B spacecraft can reach values of up to 10 km/s;

\(e\) that the minimum frequency stability found in Category A
spacecraft reference frequency oscillators is about ± 2 × 10^-5^;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies\' earth station receivers be capable of
frequency sweep ranges of at least:

± 150 kHz at 2 GHz

± 600 kHz at 8 GHz

\(2\) that CCSDS agencies provide a minimum sweep range that is
consistent with their ability to predict the Doppler frequency shift.

**2.3.3B EARTH STATION RECEIVER ACQUISITION FREQUENCY SWEEP RANGE,
CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the space‑to‑earth link may be operated in either a coherent
turnaround mode, or in a one-way mode;

\(b\) that in the coherent turnaround mode, the Doppler frequency shift
induced on both the earth‑to‑space and the space‑to‑earth links is the
major factor to be considered in selecting the frequency sweep range;

\(c\) that the effect on the radio link, resulting from variation in the
columnar charged‑particle content, is generally negligible;

\(d\) that the maximum rate of change of distance between the earth
station and Category B spacecraft can reach values of up to 35 km/s;

\(e\) that the minimum frequency stability found in Category B
spacecraft reference frequency oscillators is about 1 × 10^-6^;

**recommends**

that CCSDS agencies\' earth station receivers be capable of frequency
sweep ranges of at least:

± 300 kHz at 2 GHz

± 1 MHz at 8 GHz.

**2.3.4A EARTH STATION RECEIVER ACQUISITION FREQUENCY SWEEP RATE,
CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the space-to-earth link may be operated in either a coherent
turn-around mode or in a one-way mode;

\(b\) that in the coherent turn-around mode, the Doppler frequency rates
induced on both the earth-to-space and the space-to-earth links are the
major factors to be considered in selecting the earth station
receiver\'s frequency sweep rate;

\(c\) that in the one-way mode, the Doppler frequency rate on the
space-to-earth link and the earth station receiver\'s phase locked loop
bandwidth (2 B~LO~), with its resulting maximum permissible input
frequency variation, are the major factors to be considered in selecting
the sweep rate;

\(d\) that the rate-of-change of velocity between the earth station and
Category A spacecraft can reach values up to 380 m/s^2^ at orbital
altitudes of 300 km, which results in frequency variation rates of
approximately 3 kHz/s at 2 GHz and 10 kHz/s at 8 GHz in the one-way mode
(or 6 kHz/s and 20 kHz/s respectively in the coherent turn-around mode);

\(e\) that the earth station\'s receivers generally have phase locked
loop bandwidths (2 B~LO~) in the range of 30 Hz to 2 kHz at their
threshold;

\(f\) that, for an acquisition probability of 0.9, the maximum
permissible rate of input frequency variation for this type of earth
station receiver is between 100 Hz/s and 400 kHz/s at its threshold;

\(g\) that the earth station receiver\'s frequency sweep rate plus the
spacecraft\'s Doppler frequency rate must not exceed the receiver\'s
ability to achieve phase-locked operation;

\(h\) that the acquisition time should be kept to a minimum for each
mission phase;

**recommends**

that CCSDS agencies\' earth station receivers operating in the 2 and 8
GHz bands should have a minimum frequency sweep rate not exceeding 100
Hz/s and a maximum frequency sweep rate of at least 420 kHz/s.

**2.3.4B EARTH STATION RECEIVER ACQUISITION FREQUENCY SWEEP RATE,
CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the space‑to‑earth link may be operated in either a coherent
turnaround mode, or in a one-way mode;

\(b\) that in the coherent turnaround mode, the Doppler frequency rates
induced on both the earth‑to‑space and the space‑to‑earth links are the
major factors to be considered in selecting the earth station
receiver\'s frequency sweep rate;

\(c\) that in the one‑way mode, the Doppler rate on the space‑to‑earth
link and the earth station receiver\'s phase-locked loop bandwidth (2
B~LO~), with its resulting maximum permissible input frequency
variation, are the major factors to be considered in selecting the sweep
rate;

\(d\) that the rate of change of velocity between the earth station and
category B spacecraft can reach values up to 10 m/s^2^;

\(e\) that the earth station\'s receivers have phase-locked loop
bandwidths (2 B~LO~) in the range of 1 Hz to 1 kHz at their thresholds;

\(f\) that typical earth station receivers, operating in the 2 and 8 GHz
bands, allow a maximum permissible rate of input frequency variation of
between 1 Hz/s and 10 kHz/s;

\(g\) that the receiver\'s frequency sweep rate, plus the orbital
Doppler frequency rate, must not exceed the earth station receiver\'s
ability to achieve phase-locked operation;

\(h\) that the acquisition time should be kept to a minimum for each
mission phase;

\(i\) that a lower limit for the signal-to-noise ratio in the earth
station receiver\'s phase-locked loop is approximately 8.5 dB;

**recommends**

that CCSDS agencies\' earth station receivers, operating in the 2 and 8
GHz bands, should have a minimum sweep rate not exceeding 1 Hz/s and a
maximum sweep rate of at least 10 kHz/s.

**2.3.5 POLARIZATION OF SPACE‑TO‑EARTH LINKS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that a linear electric field polarization on links from
spacecraft, having nearly omnidirectional antenna patterns, may vary
considerably with aspect angle;

\(b\) that the aspect angle of a near‑earth orbiting satellite varies
greatly during a pass;

\(c\) that for satellites having a stable linear polarization in the
direction of the earth station (e.g., geostationary satellites with
suitable attitude stabilization or satellites using tracking antennas),
the propagation effects such as Faraday rotation may cause changes in
the received polarization at lower carrier frequencies;

\(d\) that many earth stations are equipped with polarization diversity
receivers;

\(e\) that many existing spacecraft TTC antenna designs provide circular
polarization;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies utilize LCP or RCP polarization for satellite
TTC space‑to‑earth links unless sharing of equipment with payload
functions requires a different approach;

\(2\) that automatic polarization tracking should be used for reception
of satellite signals wherever possible;

\(3\) that polarization diversity reception should be used to meet the
required system time constants at earth stations used for Category A
missions.

**2.3.6 RELATIONSHIP OF MODULATOR INPUT VOLTAGE TO RESULTANT RF CARRIER
PHASE SHIFT**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

that a clear relationship between the modulating signal and the RF
carrier\'s phase is desirable to avoid unnecessary ambiguity problems;

**recommends**

that a positive‑going voltage at the modulator input should result in an
advance of the phase of the radio frequency signal.

**NOTE:**

**1. This Recommendation is also filed as Rec. 401 (2.1.5) B-1.**

**2.3.7 EARTH STATION OSCILLATOR REFERENCE FREQUENCY STABILITY**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that most of the space agencies use a reference frequency standard
to which the earth station\'s receiver and transmitter local oscillators
are locked;

\(b\) that the short term frequency stability of the local oscillator
substantially determines the range rate measurement\'s accuracy for
Category A missions;

\(c\) that the long term frequency stability of the local oscillator
substantially determines the range rate measurement\'s accuracy for
Category B missions;

\(d\) that it is desirable for many missions to determine range rate
with an accuracy of 1 mm/s or better;

\(e\) that the oscillator\'s frequency shall be sufficiently stable such
that its effect upon the range rate measurement\'s error shall be
significantly less than 1 mm/s;

\(f\) that, in addition to the foregoing, the long term stability of the
local oscillator is also determined by the drift permitted in the earth
station\'s clock which should not exceed 10 microseconds per month;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the short term frequency stability (Allan Variance) shall be
better than ± 5 × 10 ^-13^ for time intervals between 0.2 s and 100 s;

\(2\) that for Category B missions and for timekeeping, the long term
frequency stability shall be better than ± 2 × 10 ^-12^ for any time
interval greater than 100 s.

**2.3.8 RF CARRIER SUPPRESSION ON SPACE-TO-EARTH LINKS FOR RESIDUAL
CARRIER SYSTEMS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that high modulation indices may make a residual carrier difficult
to detect with a conventional phase-locked loop receiver;

\(b\) that, for sine wave modulation, the carrier suppression should not
exceed 10 dB as otherwise the recoverable power in the data channel
decreases;

\(c\) that, for square wave modulation, increasing the carrier
suppression above 10 dB can result in a performance improvement in the
data channel provided that the additional demodulation losses, resulting
from the reduced carrier power, are less than the resulting data power
increase;

\(d\) that, where an error-detecting/correcting code is used on the data
channel, a carrier tracking loop signal-to-noise ratio below 15 dB will
result in demodulation losses which exceed the data power increase
obtained by using a carrier suppression above 10 dB;

**recommends**

\(1\) that, for sine wave modulation, the carrier suppression should not
exceed 10 dB;

\(2\) that, for square wave modulation, the carrier suppression may
exceed 10 dB provided that the carrier tracking loop\'s signal-to-noise
ratio remains above 15 dB.

**RESERVED for RECOMMENDATION 401 (2.4.1)**

**2.4.2 MODULATING PCM WAVEFORMS FOR SUPPRESSED CARRIER SYSTEMS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that interaction between data sidebands and their RF carrier
causes undesirable performance degradation;

\(b\) that suppressed carrier modulation schemes eliminate interaction
between data sidebands and the RF carrier;

\(c\) that the necessary bandwidth for a suppressed carrier system with
NRZ modulation is less than for a residual carrier system using
Manchester or subcarrier modulation schemes;

\(d\) that the lack of a carrier reference at the demodulator results in
a phase ambiguity of 180 degrees in the data;

\(e\) that this phase ambiguity is unacceptable and must be removed
either by providing periodic, recognizable bit patterns for polarity
determination, or by using a modulation that is insensitive to polarity;

\(f\) that DNRZ modulation is insensitive to polarity;

\(g\) that DNRZ inherently produces doublet errors, but bit pattern
polarity determination schemes can result in the loss of entire frames;

\(h\) that some CCSDS member agencies use DNRZ suppressed carrier
modulation in their relay satellites to reduce the necessary bandwidth
while preventing data‑carrier interaction;

\(i\) that either NRZ‑M or NRZ‑S is an acceptable DNRZ modulation
scheme;

\(j\) that NRZ‑M is currently in use;

**recommends**

\(1\) that suppressed carrier modulation schemes use NRZ‑M waveforms;

\(2\) that in convolutionally encoded systems requiring conversion
between NRZ‑L and NRZ‑M, the conversion from NRZ‑L take place before the
input to the Viterbi encoder, and the conversion from NRZ‑M to NRZ‑L
take place after the output from the Viterbi decoder in order to
maximize performance.

**2.4.3 SUBCARRIERS IN LOW BIT RATE RESIDUAL CARRIER TELEMETRY SYSTEMS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that at low bit rates, interaction between data sidebands and the
residual RF carrier causes a performance degradation;

\(b\) that subcarrier modulation schemes eliminate interaction between
data sidebands and the residual RF carrier;

\(c\) that some space agencies presently utilize ranging systems whose
minor tones are below 20 kHz and whose major tone is 100 kHz, while
others are planning to do so in the near future;

\(d\) that simultaneous ranging and telemetry operation should be
possible;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies use subcarriers with their residual carrier
systems when transmitting low bit rates;

\(2\) that the subcarrier be placed between the 20 kHz and 100 kHz
ranging tones, or above the 100 kHz tone.

**2.4.4 PSK MODULATION FOR TELEMETRY SUBCARRIERS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that PSK modulation is a very efficient type of digital modulation
because of its bit error performance;

\(b\) that many space agencies presently utilize PSK subcarrier
modulation techniques, while others are planning to do so in the near
future;

**recommends**

that CCSDS agencies use PSK subcarrier modulation if a telemetry
subcarrier is employed.

**2.4.5 TELEMETRY SUBCARRIER WAVEFORMS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that space agencies frequently employ subcarriers to separate data
sidebands from the RF carriers;

\(b\) that for Category A missions, it is more important to limit the
occupied bandwidth while for Category B missions, it is more important
to minimize the susceptibility to in‑band interference;

\(c\) that it is easier to generate square wave subcarriers;

**recommends**

\(1\) that for Category A mission telemetry transmissions, CCSDS
agencies use sine wave subcarriers when they are modulated in the PSK
mode;

\(2\) that for Category B mission telemetry transmissions, CCSDS
agencies use square wave subcarriers when they are modulated in the PSK
mode.

**2.4.6 TELEMETRY SUBCARRIER FREQUENCY STABILITY**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the present use of subcarriers for modulating the
space‑to‑earth RF links represents a mature technique for both
Categories A and B missions and, therefore, is a well settled standard;

\(b\) that modifications of this standard imply costly changes to space
agencies\' networks;

**recommends**

that spacecraft radio frequency subsystems generating telemetry
subcarriers be designed with characteristics equal to or better than:

Maximum Subcarrier Frequency Offset ± (1 × 10 ^-4^)f~sc~

Minimum Subcarrier Frequency Stability ± 1 × 10 ^-6^

(short term)

Minimum Subcarrier Frequency Stability ± 1 × 10 ^-5^

(long term)

**NOTES:**

**1. f~sc~ = frequency of telemetry subcarrier.**

**2. Short term time intervals are less than or equal, 100 times the
subcarrier\'s waveform period.**

**2.4.7 CHOICE OF PCM WAVEFORMS IN RESIDUAL CARRIER TELEMETRY SYSTEMS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that NRZ waveforms rely entirely on data transitions for symbol
clock recovery, and this recovery becomes problematical unless an
adequate transition density can be guaranteed;

\(b\) that due to the presence of the mid‑bit transitions, Split Phase
(SP) waveforms provide better properties for bridging extended periods
of identical symbols after initial acquisition;

\(c\) that convolutionally encoded data have sufficient data transitions
to ensure symbol clock recovery in accordance with the CCSDS recommended
standards;

\(d\) that with coherent PSK subcarrier modulation, it is possible by
adequate hardware implementation to bridge extended periods of identical
symbols even when NRZ waveforms are used;

\(e\) that NRZ waveforms without a subcarrier have a non‑zero spectral
density at the RF carrier;

\(f\) that coherent PSK subcarrier modulated by NRZ data and using an
integer subcarrier frequency to symbol rate ratio, as well as SP
waveforms, have zero spectral density at the RF carrier;

\(g\) that the ambiguity which is peculiar to NRZ‑L and SP‑L waveforms
can be removed by adequate steps;

\(h\) that use of NRZ‑M and NRZ‑S waveforms results in errors occurring
in pairs;

\(i\) that it is desirable to prevent unnecessary decoder node switching
by frame synchronization prior to convolutional decoding (particularly
true for concatenated convolutional Reed‑Solomon coding);

\(j\) that to promote standardization, it is undesirable to increase the
number of options unnecessarily, and that for any proposed scheme, those
already implemented by space agencies should be considered first;

**recommends**

\(1\) that for modulation schemes which use a subcarrier, the subcarrier
to bit rate ratio should be an integer;

\(2\) that in cases where a subcarrier is employed, NRZ‑L should be
used;

\(3\) that for direct modulation schemes having a residual carrier, only
Split Phase - Level (SP‑L) waveforms should be used;

\(4\) that ambiguity resolution should be provided.

**2.4.8 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SYMBOL ASYMMETRY FOR DIGITAL SIGNALS AT THE
INPUT TO THE RF MODULATOR**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that symbol asymmetry ^1,\ 2^ (also referred to as mark-to-space
ratio) results in unwanted spectral components in the spacecraft\'s
transmitted RF signal;

\(b\) that such unwanted spectral components can cause harmful
interference to other users of the frequency band;

\(c\) that for a wide range of symbol ^3^ rates, current technology
permits control of the symbol asymmetry such that these components can
be reduced to a level of -60 dBc or lower;

\(d\) that, in addition to unwanted spectral components, symbol
asymmetry results in data power and matched filter losses which should
be minimized;

\(e\) that rise and fall time of digital circuits sets a limit on
achievable symbol asymmetry;

**recommends**

> that the symbol asymmetry ^1,\ 2^ shall not exceed 0.2 %.

**NOTES:**

> **1. Definition of: *Symbol Asymmetry* = ;**
>
> **2. Symbol asymmetry shall be measured at 50% of the peak-to-peak
> amplitude point.**
>
> **3. A symbol is not unambiguously defined in the literature. For
> purposes of this Recommendation, a symbol shall be equivalent to:**
>
> **- a bit or an encoded bit or a chip in the case of NRZ waveforms;**
>
> **- half a bit or half an encoded bit or half an encoded chip in the
> case of Bi-φ waveforms;**
>
> **- half of the clock cycle for a squarewave subcarrier.**

**2.4.9 MINIMUM MODULATED SYMBOL TRANSITION DENSITY ON THE
SPACE-TO-EARTH LINK**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that symbol clock recovery systems usually extract the clock\'s
frequency from the received symbol transitions;

\(b\) that a large imbalance between ones and zeros in the data stream
could result in a bit-error-rate degradation in the symbol detection
process;

\(c\) that NRZ waveforms are widely used in standard modulation systems;

\(d\) that NRZ waveforms require sufficient symbol transitions for
symbol clock recovery;

\(e\) that the tracking system loop bandwidth is usually less than, or
equal to, one percent of the symbol rate;

\(f\) that, for Category A, the specified degradation in bit error rate,
due to symbol sync error, is usually less than 0.3 dB;

\(g\) that, for Category B, the specified degradation in bit error rate,
due to symbol sync error, is usually less than 0.1 dB;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the maximum string of either ones or zeros be limited to 64
bits;

\(2\) that, for Category A, a minimum of 125 transitions occur in any
sequence of 1000 consecutive symbols;^1^

\(3\) that, for Category B, a minimum of 275 transitions occur in any
sequence of 1000 consecutive symbols;^1^

**NOTE:**

**1. See: *CCSDS Recommendation for Packet Telemetry*, CCSDS 102-B-2,
January 1987, or later issue and *CCSDS Recommendation for Telemetry
Channel Coding*, CCSDS 101.0-B-2, January 1987, or later issue to
determine the recommended method(s) for ensuring adequate symbol
transition density.**

**2.4.10 CHANNEL INPUT AND CODING CONVENTIONS FOR QPSK SYSTEMS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that a clear relation between digital information and the
resulting RF carrier phase is necessary to reconstruct the digital data
stream following reception and demodulation;

\(b\) that the digital data format will conform to the CCSDS
Recommendation for *Packet Telemetry*;

\(c\) that some communications systems with high data rate transmission
requirements use QPSK modulation;

\(d\) that the phase states representing each of the possible dibit
values should be judiciously chosen so that a phase error of 90 degrees
can cause an error in no more than one bit;

\(e\) that it should be possible to have two logically independent
channels;

\(f\) that in the case of a single data stream the odd and even bits
should be forwarded to two independent channels;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the serial input digital data stream to QPSK systems be
divided so that odd bits are modulated on the I-channel and even bits
are modulated on the Q-channel.

\(2\) that carrier phase states have the following meanings:

\- 0 degrees represents a \"00\" bit pair,

\- 90 degrees represents a \"01\" bit pair,

\- 180 degrees represents a \"11\" bit pair,

\- 270 degrees represents a \"10\" bit pair.

**2.4.11 PHASE-AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION FOR QPSK MODULATION SYSTEMS ^1^**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that resolution of phase ambiguities in the earth station\'s
receiver is an inherent problem with systems using coherent Quaternary
Phase-Shift-Keying (QPSK) modulation;

\(b\) that coding conventions for QPSK systems are unambiguously defined
in CCSDS Recommendation 401 (2.4.10);

\(c\) that the phase ambiguity results from an inability of the
receiver\'s carrier recovery circuitry to select the correct reference
phase from the four possible stable lock points (Table 2.4.11-1);

\(d\) that the phase-ambiguity can be resolved by using the techniques
listed in Figure 2.4.11-1;

\(e\) that the several methods for resolving the phase ambiguity
depicted in Figure 2.4.11-1 are evaluated in Table 2.4.11-2;

\(f\) that most space agencies currently employ differential encoding
and synchronization (sync) markers for framed data transmission;

\(g\) that any of the four possible phase states result in an
unambiguously identifiable unique word pattern according to Table
2.4.11-1 which can be used to resolve the phase ambiguity;

\(h\) that the sync markers already existing in the framed data
transmission can be used as the unique words for resolving the phase
ambiguity;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the sync marker(s), if available, shall be used to resolve
the phase ambiguity;

\(2\) that the differential encoding technique shall be used when no
sync marker is available.

**NOTE:**

**1. Such systems employ a single, serial data stream and the channel
ambiguity is resolved in accordance with CCSDS Recommendation 401
(2.4.10) B-1.**

**2.4.11 PHASE-AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION FOR QPSK MODULATION SYSTEMS
(Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION**

┌─────────────┐

│ **QPSK SYSTEM** │

└──────┬──────┘

│

┌──────────────────┴───────────────────┐

│ │

┌───────┴──────┐ ┌──────┴─────┐

│ **UNCODED QPSK** │ │ **CODED QPSK** │

│ **SYSTEM** │ │ **SYSTEM** │

│ │ │ │

└───────┬──────┘ └──────┬─────┘

│ │

┌──────────┴────────┐ ┌─────────┴──────────┐

│ │ │ │

┌──────┴───────┐ ┌──────┴──────┐ ┌───────┴──────┐ ┌────────┴─────────┐

│ **DIFFERENTIAL** │ │ **UNIQUE WORD** │ │ **DIFFERENTIAL** │ │
**NON-DIFFERENTIAL** │

│ **CODING** │ │ **DETECTION** │ │ **CODING** │ │ **CODING** │

│ **TECHNIQUE** │ │ **TECHNIQUE** │ │ **TECHNIQUE** │ │ **TECHNIQUE** │

└──────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └───────┬──────┘ └────────┬─────────┘

│ │

┌────────────────────────────┘ ┌──────────┘

┌──────────┴────────┐ ┌─────────┴──────────┐

┌──────┴───────┐ ┌──────┴───────┐ ┌─────┴─────┐ ┌──────┴──────┐

│ **DIFFERENTIAL** │ │ **DIFFERENTIAL** │ │ **THRESHOLD** │ │ **UNIQUE
WORD** │

│ **INSIDE FEC** │ │ **OUTSIDE** │ │ **DECODER** │ │ **DETECTION** │

│ **CODEC** │ │ **CODEC** │ │ **TECHNIQUE** │ │ **TECHNIQUE** │

└──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ └───────────┘ └─────────────┘

**FIGURE 2.4.11-1: LIST OF PHASE-AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION TECHNIQUES**

**LEGEND:**

**FEC : Forward-Error-Correcting**

**CODEC: Encoder and Decoder Pair**

**2.4.11 PHASE-AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION FOR QPSK MODULATION SYSTEMS
(Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**TABLE 2.4.11-1: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE TRANSMITTED AND RECEIVED
DATA**

+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| CARRIER                 | RECEIVED DATA                              |
|                         |                                            |
| PHASE ERROR             | I~R~ Q~R~                                  |
|                         |                                            |
| (DEGREES)               |                                            |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 0                       | I~T~ Q~T~                                  |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 90                      | -Q~T~ I~T~                                 |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 180                     | -I~T~ -Q~T~                                |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| 270                     | Q~T~ -I~T~                                 |
+-------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

**NOTE:**

**1. The negative sign indicates the complement of the data.**

**2.4.11 PHASE-AMBIGUITY RESOLUTION FOR QPSK MODULATION SYSTEMS
(Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**TABLE 2.4.11-2: SUMMARY OF THE SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PREFERRED
TECHNIQUES**

+----------------------+---------------------+------------------------+
| **PREFERRED**        | **BIT ERROR RATE**  | **ADVANTAGES &**       |
|                      |                     |                        |
| **TECHNIQUES**       | **(BER)             | **DISADVANTAGE**       |
|                      | DEGRADATION**       |                        |
+----------------------+---------------------+------------------------+
| UNIQUE WORD          | NEGLIGIBLE          | \- REQUIRES UNIQUE     |
| DETECTION            |                     | WORDS                  |
|                      |                     |                        |
|                      |                     | \- INCREASE COMPLEXITY |
|                      |                     |                        |
|                      |                     | \- INCREASE BANDWIDTH  |
+----------------------+---------------------+------------------------+
| DIFFERENTIAL CODING  | INCREASES BY        | \- SIMPLE TO IMPLEMENT |
| WITHOUT              | APPROXIMATELY       |                        |
|                      |                     | \- CAN CAUSE           |
| FORW                 | A FACTOR OF TWO     | DEGRADATION IN THE     |
| ARD-ERROR-CORRECTING |                     |                        |
|                      |                     | DETECTION OF THE       |
| (FEC)                |                     | TRANSMITTED            |
|                      |                     |                        |
|                      |                     | SYNC MARKERS           |
+----------------------+---------------------+------------------------+
| DIFFERENTIAL CODING  | BIT SNR DEGRADATION | \- PROVIDES QUICK      |
| INSIDE THE           | IS ABOUT            | PHASE AMBIGUITY        |
|                      |                     |                        |
| FEC ENCODER AND      | 3 dB FOR            | RESOLUTION             |
| DECODER PAIR         | CONVOLUTIONAL       |                        |
|                      |                     |                        |
| (CODEC)              | CODE WITH R = ½, K  |                        |
|                      | = 7                 |                        |
+----------------------+---------------------+------------------------+
| DIFFERENTIAL CODING  | NEGLIGIBLE          | \- REQUIRES RELATIVELY |
| OUTSIDE              |                     | LONG TIME TO           |
|                      |                     |                        |
| THE FEC CODEC        |                     | RESOLVE THE PHASE      |
|                      |                     | AMBIGUITY              |
+----------------------+---------------------+------------------------+
| THRESHOLD DECODER    | NEGLIGIBLE          | \- REQUIRES LESS       |
|                      |                     | BANDWIDTH              |
|                      |                     |                        |
|                      |                     | \- REQUIRES RELATIVELY |
|                      |                     | LONG TIME              |
|                      |                     |                        |
|                      |                     | TO RESOLVE THE PHASE   |
|                      |                     | AMBIGUITY              |
|                      |                     |                        |
|                      |                     | \- DOES NOT PROVIDE AS |
|                      |                     | MUCH                   |
|                      |                     |                        |
|                      |                     | CODING GAIN AS VITERBI |
|                      |                     | AND                    |
|                      |                     |                        |
|                      |                     | SEQUENTIAL DECODERS    |
+----------------------+---------------------+------------------------+

**2.4.12A MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE PHASE AND AMPLITUDE IMBALANCES FOR
SUPPRESSED CARRIER (BPSK/QPSK) RF MODULATORS FOR SPACE-TO-EARTH LINKS,
CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that suppressed carrier modulation (PSK) is recommended by CCSDS
\[401 (2.3.2) B-1\] for spacecraft telemetry transmissions in the 2 and
8 GHz bands when residual carrier modulation would exceed PFD limits on
the Earth's surface;

\(b\) that the presence of unwanted discrete spectral lines in the
received spectrum may degrade the receiver's performance;

\(c\) that phase and amplitude imbalances in the modulated RF carrier,
caused by imperfections in the PSK modulator, contribute to the
generation of a spurious spectral line at the carrier's frequency which
can be detrimental to the performance of a PSK system and which may
exceed PFD constraints;

\(d\) that a phase imbalance of less than 2 degrees and an amplitude
imbalance of less than 0.2 dB will result in a carrier suppression of
between 25 and 42 dB;

\(e\) that for near-Earth missions where one can have excessive data
margin, the degradation due to the cross-talk caused by the phase and
amplitude imbalances in a balanced QPSK system can be tolerated up to
0.4 dB;

\(f\) that although the phase and amplitude imbalances in a balanced
QPSK modulator contribute to the generation of cross-talk between
channels which can be detrimental to the system performance, the actual
limiting factor is the PFD constraints for near-Earth missions where
excessive data margin can be available;

**recommends**

that the modulator's phase imbalance shall not exceed 2 degrees and the
amplitude imbalance shall not exceed 0.2 dB in a suppressed carrier RF
modulation system, provided however that the carrier suppression shall
always be 30 dB or more.

**2.4.12B MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE PHASE AND AMPLITUDE IMBALANCES FOR
SUPPRESSED CARRIER (BPSK/QPSK) RF MODULATORS FOR SPACE-TO-EARTH LINKS,
CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that suppressed carrier modulation (PSK) is recommended by CCSDS
\[401 (2.3.2) B-1\] for spacecraft telemetry transmissions in the 2 and
8 GHz Category B bands;

\(b\) that the presence of unwanted discrete spectral lines in the
received spectrum may degrade the receiver's performance;

\(c\) that phase and amplitude imbalances in the modulated RF carrier,
caused by imperfections in the PSK modulator, contribute to the
generation of a spurious spectral line at the carrier's frequency which
can be detrimental to the performance of a PSK system;

\(d\) that, for a balanced QPSK system of which the data rate and the
power are the same for both In-phase (I) and Quadrature (Q) channels,
the phase imbalance between channels caused by a deviation from the
ideal 90-degree separation occurs when the phase shifter at the
transmitter and/or the receiver is no longer operated in the linear
region;

\(e\) that, for a balanced QPSK system, the phase and amplitude
imbalances in the modulated RF carrier as well as the phase imbalance
between channels contribute to the generation of cross-talk between
channels through either a failure of maintaining the inter-channel
orthogonality or an imperfect carrier tracking, which can be detrimental
to the system performance;

\(f\) that a phase imbalance of less than 2 degrees and an amplitude
imbalance of less than 0.2 dB will result in a carrier suppression of
between 25 and 42 dB;

\(g\) that, for deep space missions with small data margins, the
degradation due to the cross-talk caused by the phase and amplitude
imbalances can be tolerated up to 0.35 dB;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the modulator's phase imbalance shall not exceed 2 degrees
and the amplitude imbalance shall not exceed 0.2 dB in order for a BPSK
system to have a degradation of 0.25 dB or less at bit error rate of
10^--3^;

\(2\) that the modulator's phase imbalance with unbalanced modulators as
well as the interchannel phase imbalance shall not exceed 2 degrees and
the amplitude imbalance shall not exceed 0.2 dB in order for a balanced
QPSK system to have a degradation of 0.35 dB or less at bit error rate
of 10^--3^.

**2.4.13B MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE PHASE AND AMPLITUDE IMBALANCES FOR
SPACECRAFT SUBCARRIER MODULATORS, CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the balanced modulator is widely used in phase-modulated
residual carrier systems as the product modulator for modulating
telemetry data on a subcarrier;

\(b\) that imperfect subcarrier modulation, caused by phase and
amplitude imbalances, results in subcarrier harmonics which, when
modulated on the RF carrier, produce an interfering component at the
carrier frequency;

\(c\) that the interfering component at the RF phase modulator\'s output
may be out of phase with respect to the RF residual carrier, making it
undesirable;

\(d\) that the magnitude of this interfering component is dependent upon
the phase and amplitude imbalances present in the subcarrier modulator;

\(e\) that, for a phase imbalance not exceeding 2 degrees and an
amplitude imbalance not exceeding 0.2 dB, the RF carrier tracking loop
is not significantly affected by the interfering component generated by
these phase and amplitude imbalances;

\(f\) that, in addition to the interfering component, the phase and
amplitude imbalances can contribute to the generation of spurious
spectral lines at the spacecraft transmitter\'s output;

\(g\) that these spurious spectral lines can degrade the telemetry bit
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR);

\(h\) that the telemetry bit SNR degradation, due to phase and amplitude
imbalances, can be considered as part of the detection loss and this
loss is usually less than 0.1 dB;

\(i\) that, for a phase imbalance not exceeding 2 degrees and an
amplitude imbalance not exceeding 0.2 dB, the telemetry bit SNR
degradation is negligible at bit-error-rates (BERs) less than 10 ^-6^;

\(j\) that a subcarrier modulator having a phase imbalance of less than
2 degrees and an amplitude imbalance less than 0.2 dB can be implemented
without excessive hardware complexity;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the maximum phase imbalance of the subcarrier modulator shall
not exceed 2 degrees;

\(2\) that the maximum amplitude imbalance of the subcarrier modulator
shall not exceed 0.2 dB.

**2.4.14A ALLOWABLE VALUES FOR TELEMETRY SUBCARRIER FREQUENCY-TO-SYMBOL
RATE RATIOS FOR PCM/PSK/PM MODULATION IN THE 2 AND 8 GHz BANDS, CATEGORY
A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that, for Category A missions, a PCM/PSK/PM modulation scheme with
a sinewave subcarrier is typically used for transmission of low data
rates;

\(b\) that integer subcarrier frequency-to-symbol rate ratios (n) result
in a data spectral density minimum around the carrier frequency;

\(c\) that the subcarrier frequency-to-symbol rate ratio (n) should be
minimized to avoid unnecessary occupation of the frequency spectrum in
accordance with Recommendation 401 (3.3.4) B-1;

\(d\) that the lowest practicable value of n can be determined by the
amount of acceptable interference from the data spectrum (I) into the
carrier tracking loop bandwidth (B~L~);

\(e\) that, for Category A missions, a 0.3 dB degradation in the symbol
detection process shall not be exceeded, which requires a 15 dB
Carrier-to-Noise ratio (C/N) in the carrier tracking loop, when using
CCSDS concatenated coding schemes;

\(f\) that any additional degradation, due to data interference in the
carrier tracking loop, shall be insignificant for which a C/I ratio
greater than 20 dB is considered adequate;

\(g\) that, for small ratios of symbol rate-to-carrier tracking loop
bandwidth, the modulation index has to be adjusted accordingly in order
to achieve the required loop SNR resulting in a nearly constant C/I
versus B~L~/R~S~;

\(h\) that, in the presence of only one telemetry signal, a small value
of n (n = 4) is generally sufficient to obtain the required performance
under typical operating conditions for subcarrier frequencies above
60 kHz;

\(i\) that for higher symbol rates, the presence of telecommand
feed-through and/or ranging signals may require the selection of a
slightly higher value of n;

\(j\) that CCSDS Recommendation 2.4.3 provides guidance regarding the
use of subcarriers in low bit rate residual carrier telemetry systems;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the subcarrier frequency-to-symbol rate ratio, n, be an
integer value;

\(2\) that a subcarrier frequency-to-symbol rate ratio of 4 be selected
for subcarrier frequencies above 60 kHz unless *recommends (3)* applies;

\(3\) that, in the case of spectral overlaps with other signal
components, the minimum integer value of n be selected to permit no more
than a 0.3 dB degradation in the symbol detection process.

**2.4.14B ALLOWABLE VALUES FOR TELEMETRY SUBCARRIER FREQUENCY-TO-SYMBOL
RATE RATIOS FOR PCM/PSK/PM MODULATION IN THE 2 AND 8 GHz BANDS, CATEGORY
B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that, for Category B missions, a PCM/PSK/PM modulation scheme with
a squarewave subcarrier is typically used for transmission of low data
rates;

\(b\) that integer subcarrier frequency-to-symbol rate ratios (n) result
in a data spectral density minimum around the carrier frequency;

\(c\) that the subcarrier frequency-to-symbol rate ratio (n) should be
minimized to avoid unnecessary occupation of the frequency spectrum in
accordance with Recommendation 401 (3.3.4) B-1;

\(d\) that the lowest practicable value of n can be determined by the
amount of acceptable interference from the data spectrum (I) into the
carrier tracking loop bandwidth (B~L~);

\(e\) that, for Category B missions, a 0.1 dB degradation in the symbol
detection process shall not be exceeded, which requires an 18 dB
Carrier-to-Noise ratio (C/N) in the carrier tracking loop, when using
CCSDS concatenated coding schemes;

\(f\) that any additional degradation, due to data interference in the
carrier tracking loop, shall be insignificant for which a C/I ratio
greater than 25 dB is considered adequate;

\(g\) that, for small ratios of symbol rate-to-carrier tracking loop
bandwidth, the modulation index has to be adjusted accordingly in order
to achieve the required loop SNR resulting in a nearly constant C/I
versus B~L~/R~S~;

\(h\) that, in the presence of only one telemetry signal, a small value
of n (n = 5) is generally sufficient to obtain the required performance
under typical operating conditions for subcarrier frequencies above
60 kHz;

\(i\) that for higher symbol rates, the presence of telecommand
feed-through and/or ranging signals may require the selection of a
slightly higher value of n;

\(j\) that CCSDS Recommendation 2.4.3 provides guidance regarding the
use of subcarriers in low bit rate residual carrier telemetry systems;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the subcarrier frequency-to-symbol rate ratio, n, be an
integer value;

\(2\) that a subcarrier frequency-to-symbol rate ratio of 5 be selected
for subcarrier frequencies above 60 kHz unless *recommends (3)* applies;

\(3\) that, in the case of spectral overlaps with other signal
components, the minimum integer value of n be selected to permit no more
than a 0.1 dB degradation in the symbol detection process.

**2.4.15A MINIMUM SYMBOL RATE FOR PCM/PM/Bi-φ MODULATION ON A RESIDUAL
RF CARRIER, CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that Recommendation 3.3.4 emphasizes the avoidance of a PCM/PSK/PM
\[subcarrier\] modulation scheme whenever possible;

\(b\) that data modulated on a residual carrier have spectral components
which fall into the carrier tracking loop\'s bandwidth reducing the
Carrier-to-Noise ratio (C/N);

\(c\) that the level of interference is a function of the carrier
tracking loop\'s bandwidth (B~L~), the symbol rate (R~S~), and the
modulation index (m);

\(d\) that a 0.3 dB degradation in the symbol detection process should
not be exceeded requiring a Carrier-to-Noise (C/N) ratio in the carrier
tracking loop of 10 dB (uncoded case) or 15 dB (CCSDS concatenated coded
case);

\(e\) that any additional degradation resulting from data interference
in the carrier tracking loop must be insignificant requiring a
Carrier-to-Interference (C/I) ratio greater than 15 dB (uncoded case)
and 20 dB (CCSDS concatenated coded case);

**recommends**

\(1\) that, when no coding is employed, Figure 2.4.15A-1 should be used
for determining symbol rates (R~S~), relative to loop bandwidth (B~L~)
where PCM/PM/Bi-φ modulation is not permitted;

\(2\) that, when CCSDS Concatenated coding is employed, Figure 2.4.15A-2
should be used for determining symbol rates (R~S~), relative to loop
bandwidth (B~L~), where PCM/PM/Bi-φ modulation is not permitted.

**2.4.15A MINIMUM SYMBOL RATE FOR PCM/PM/Bi-φ MODULATION ON A RESIDUAL
RF CARRIER, CATEGORY A (Continued)**

![](media/image4.emf)

**FIGURE 2.4.15A-1: OPERATING REGION FOR USE OF PCM/PM/Bi-φ MODULATION
WHEN NO CODING IS EMPLOYED**

**2.4.15A MINIMUM SYMBOL RATE FOR PCM/PM/Bi-φ MODULATION ON A RESIDUAL
RF CARRIER, CATEGORY A (Continued)**

![](media/image5.emf)

**FIGURE 2.4.15A-2: OPERATING REGION FOR USE OF PCM/PM/Bi-φ MODULATION
WHEN CCSDS CONCATENATED CODING IS EMPLOYED**

**2.4.15B MINIMUM SYMBOL RATE FOR PCM/PM/Bi-φ MODULATION ON A RESIDUAL
RF CARRIER, CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that Recommendation 3.3.4 emphasizes the avoidance of a PCM/PSK/PM
\[subcarrier\] modulation scheme whenever possible;

\(b\) that data modulated on a residual carrier have spectral components
which fall into the carrier tracking loop\'s bandwidth reducing the
Carrier-to-Noise ratio (C/N);

\(c\) that the level of interference is a function of the carrier
tracking loop\'s bandwidth (B~L~), the symbol rate (R~S~), and the
modulation index (m);

\(d\) that a 0.1 dB degradation in the symbol detection process should
not be exceeded requiring a Carrier-to-Noise (C/N) ratio in the carrier
tracking loop of 12 dB (uncoded case) or 18 dB (CCSDS concatenated coded
case);

\(e\) that any additional degradation resulting from data interference
in the carrier tracking loop must be insignificant requiring a
Carrier-to-Interference (C/I) ratio greater than 17 dB (uncoded case)
and 25 dB (CCSDS concatenated coded case);

**recommends**

\(1\) that, when no coding is employed, Figure 2.4.15B-1 should be used
for determining symbol rates (R~S~), relative to loop bandwidth (B~L~)
where PCM/PM/Bi-φ modulation is not permitted;

\(2\) that, when CCSDS Concatenated coding is employed, Figure 2.4.15B-2
should be used for determining symbol rates (R~S~), relative to loop
bandwidth (B~L~), where PCM/PM/Bi-φ modulation is not permitted.

**2.4.15B MINIMUM SYMBOL RATE FOR PCM/PM/Bi-φ MODULATION ON A RESIDUAL
RF CARRIER, CATEGORY B (Continued)**

![](media/image6.emf)

**FIGURE 2.4.15B-1: OPERATING REGION FOR USE OF PCM/PM/Bi-φ MODULATION
WHEN NO CODING IS EMPLOYED**

**2.4.15B MINIMUM SYMBOL RATE FOR PCM/PM/Bi-φ MODULATION ON A RESIDUAL
RF CARRIER, CATEGORY B (Continued)**

![](media/image7.emf)

**FIGURE 2.4.15B-2: OPERATING REGION FOR USE OF PCM/PM/Bi-φ MODULATION
WHEN CCSDS CONCATENATED CODING IS EMPLOYED**

**2.4.16 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE SPURIOUS EMISSIONS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that spurious emissions (ITU-RR-139) in the form of spectral lines
can cause harmful interference to receiving stations operating in the
allocated or adjacent frequency bands;

\(b\) that such spurious emissions are caused by technological
imperfections in the transmitting station, such as asymmetry of the
baseband modulating waveform and crosstalk of the operating frequencies
on the electronic power conditioners;

\(c\) that current technology permits reduction of these spectral
components to -60 dBc or lower;

\(d\) that protection criteria specified for neighboring
*radiocommunication services* may require additional reduction of
spectral components;

\(e\) that filtering can be applied if further reduction in the level of
spectral components is required;

**recommends**

> that the total power contained in any single spurious emission shall
> not exceed -60 dBc 1.

**NOTE:**

> **1.** dBc is measured with respect to the unmodulated carrier level's
> total power.

**2.5.1A MINIMUM EARTH STATION GROUP DELAY CALIBRATION ACCURACY,
CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that earth station group delay calibrations must include all
equipment used for ranging measurements;

\(b\) that the path used for earth station group delay calibration is
not always identical with the path used for ranging measurements;

\(c\) that earth station group delay calibrations require frequency
translation to close the loop between the earth station\'s transmitting
and receiving equipment;

\(d\) that frequency translation requires the use of a transponder or
frequency translator which will not be in the path during ranging
measurements;

\(e\) that the group delay measurement error, exclusive of frequency
translation, can reasonably be kept as low as 2 nanoseconds;

\(f\) that the group delay measurement error of the frequency
translation equipment can also be kept as low as 2 nanoseconds;

\(g\) that, where a frequency translator is employed to close the loop
between the earth station\'s transmitting and receiving equipment, the
ranging tone modulation indices used for up- and/or down-link during
calibrations are generally not the same as those used during ranging
measurements;

\(h\) that the group delay variation of the earth station receiver
resulting from the use of different modulation indices does not exceed 4
nanoseconds;

\(i\) that the calibration error due to spurious modulation in the earth
station\'s equipment does not exceed 2 nanoseconds;

**recommends**

that the earth station\'s group delay be calibrated with an accuracy
better than, or equal to, 10 nanoseconds for Category A missions.

**2.5.2A MINIMUM EARTH STATION RANGING GROUP DELAY STABILITY, CATEGORY
A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that most space agencies use ranging measurements for spacecraft
orbit or trajectory determination;

\(b\) that a ranging accuracy of 10 meters is generally adequate to meet
the orbit or trajectory determination accuracy required by Category A
missions;

\(c\) that the accuracy of the ranging measurement is dependent upon the
following factors:

\- the accuracy with which the station has been located on a geodetic
grid;

\- the accuracy with which the medium can be modeled;

\- the accuracy of the frequency and timing system;

\- the accuracy with which the ranging channel\'s group delay has been
calibrated;

\- the ranging data noise;

\- the group delay variations between calibrations;

\(d\) that the ground system\'s contribution to the total 10 meter
ranging error can be limited to 30 percent of the total;

\(e\) that the elapsed time between the ranging calibration and the
actual measurement can be limited to 12 hours or less;

**recommends**

that the total group delay variation in the ground station ranging
equipment, over any 12-hour period, shall not exceed 20 nanoseconds.

**2.5.2B MINIMUM EARTH STATION RANGING GROUP DELAY STABILITY,**

**CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that most space agencies use ranging measurements for spacecraft
orbit or trajectory determination;

\(b\) that precision range measurements are frequently required to meet
the scientific objectives of Category B missions;

\(c\) that the ranging data can yield scientific information about the
medium and other physical phenomena;

\(d\) that the value of the information obtained from the ranging
measurement for scientific purposes is directly related to its accuracy;

\(e\) that to satisfy the needs of all users, the ranging system should
be capable of measurement accuracies of three meters or better;

\(f\) that the accuracy of the ranging measurement is dependent upon the
following factors:

\- the accuracy with which the station has been located on a geodetic
grid;

\- the accuracy with which the medium can be modeled;

\- the accuracy of the frequency and timing system;

\- the accuracy with which the ranging channel\'s group delay has been
calibrated;

\- the ranging data noise;

\- the group delay variations between calibrations;

\(g\) that, in order to meet the measurement accuracies set forth in (e)
above, it is important to control the magnitude of the error sources
listed in (f) above;

\(h\) that group delay variations in the ground station ranging
equipment, which occur between calibrations of that delay, should not
exceed ten percent of the total error budget;

\(i\) that the elapsed time between the ranging calibration and the
actual measurement can be limited to 12 hours or less;

\(j\) that short term variations in group delay affect range rate
measurements which are sometimes required for range measurement;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the total group delay variation in the ground station ranging
equipment, over any 12 hour period, shall not exceed 2 nanoseconds.

\(2\) that the derivative of the group delay (in a mean square sense)
with time is within ± 0.1 mm/s.

**2.5.3A MINIMUM SPACECRAFT RANGING CHANNEL GROUP DELAY STABILITY,
CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that most space agencies use ranging measurements for spacecraft
orbit or trajectory determination;

\(b\) that a distance measurement accuracy of 10 meters is generally
adequate to meet the orbit or trajectory determination accuracies
required by Category A missions;

\(c\) that the highest frequency ranging signal determines the precision
of the range measurement;

\(d\) that the principal delay encountered by the highest frequency
ranging signal results from the narrow band filter in the transponder\'s
ranging channel;

\(e\) that, in the absence of thermal noise, the spacecraft
transponder\'s contribution to the total 10‑meter ranging error should
not exceed 15 percent of the total;

\(f\) that transponder ranging channel phase linearity is desirable
since it facilitates removing the range ambiguities;

\(g\) that a linear phase response of transponder\'s ranging channel can
be achieved with a four-pole Bessel bandpass filter having a one-sided
bandwidth of 200 kHz and a group delay of 10 microseconds;

\(h\) that a group delay stability of a few percent is easily achievable
for such a filter;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the delay variation of the highest frequency ranging signal,
which occurs in the spacecraft\'s transponder, shall not exceed ± 50
nanoseconds;

\(2\) that pre-launch calibrations, together with telemetered data
(voltage, temperature, static phase error, etc.) be sufficient to permit
calculation of the transponder\'s ranging channel group delay with an
accuracy of ± 5 nanoseconds at any time;

\(3\) that recommendations (1) and (2) are applicable over the full
range of Doppler frequencies, input signal level, temperatures, and
voltages encountered during the mission\'s lifetime;

**NOTE:**

**1. For ranging transponder bandwidth, refer to Recommendation 401
(2.5.4A).**

**2.5.3B MINIMUM SPACECRAFT RANGING CHANNEL GROUP DELAY STABILITY,
CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that most space agencies use ranging measurements for spacecraft
orbit or trajectory determination;

\(b\) that a distance measurement accuracy of 3 meters is generally
adequate to meet the orbit or trajectory determination accuracies
required by Category B missions;

\(c\) that the highest frequency ranging signal determines the precision
of the range measurement;

\(d\) that the principal delay encountered by the highest frequency
ranging signal results from the narrow band filter in the transponder\'s
ranging channel;

\(e\) that, in the absence of thermal noise, the spacecraft
transponder\'s contribution to the total 3‑meter ranging error should
not exceed 25 percent of the total;

\(f\) that transponder ranging channel phase linearity is desirable
since it facilitates removing the range ambiguities;

\(g\) that a linear phase response of transponder\'s ranging channel can
be achieved with a four-pole Bessel bandpass filter having a one-sided
bandwidth of 3.5 MHz and a group delay of 600 nanoseconds;

\(h\) that a filter group delay stability of a few percent is easily
achievable;

\(i\) that transponders with two or more space-to-earth links having
frequency diversity provide a means for determining range measurement
errors induced by charged particles if the group delay difference(s)
between the transponder\'s ranging channels is known with great
accuracy;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the delay variation of the highest frequency ranging signal,
which occurs in the spacecraft\'s transponder, shall not exceed ± 30
nanoseconds;

\(2\) that pre-launch calibrations, together with telemetered data
(voltage, temperature, static phase error, etc.) be sufficient to permit
calculation of the transponder\'s ranging channel group delay with an
accuracy of ± 2.5 nanoseconds at any time;

\(3\) that the variation in differential delay between any two channels
in a single transponder be less than ± 2 nanoseconds;

\(4\) that the above recommendations are applicable over the full range
of Doppler frequencies, input signal level, temperatures, and voltages
encountered during the mission\'s lifetime;

**NOTE:**

**1. For ranging transponder bandwidth, refer to Recommendation 401
(2.5.4B).**

**2.5.4A RANGING TRANSPONDER BANDWIDTH FOR RESIDUAL CARRIER SYSTEMS,
CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that, for most missions, the ranging signals occupy a larger
bandwidth than telecommand or housekeeping telemetry signals;

\(b\) that it is important to limit the occupied bandwidth in the
Category A mission frequency bands;

\(c\) that sine-wave ranging modulation is used for limiting the
occupied bandwidth;

\(d\) that range measurement precision increases with the frequency of
the highest frequency (major) ranging tone;

\(e\) that most space agencies presently utilize a 100 kHz major tone as
a compromise between range measurement precision and bandwidth
occupancy;

\(f\) that most space agencies currently employ tones at or above 4 kHz;

\(g\) that the spacecraft transponder\'s ranging filter must reject d.c.
and very low frequencies so that the residual carrier energy is not
re-modulated on the return link;

\(h\) that it is important to minimize earth-to-space link noise which
is re-modulated on the space-to-earth link;

\(i\) that high phase linearity of the spacecraft transponder\'s ranging
channel filter over its bandwidth facilitates removing range ambiguities
when multiple range tones are used;

\(j\) that the ranging transponder\'s bandwidth can be adequately
controlled using a 4-pole Bessel linear-phase bandpass filter which
properly defines the attenuation roll-off characteristics;

**recommends**

\(1\) that spacecraft transponders incorporate a bandpass filter in
their ranging channel;

\(2\) that the transponder ranging channel\'s baseband frequency
response be uniform within ± 0.5 dB within the frequency range 3 kHz to
110 kHz;

\(3\) that the transponder\'s ranging channel be designed to not deviate
more than ± 6 degrees from a linear phase-frequency relationship within
the bandwidth stated in *recommends (2)*.

**2.5.4B RANGING TRANSPONDER BANDWIDTH FOR RESIDUAL CARRIER SYSTEMS,
CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that range measurement precision increases with the frequency of
the highest frequency (major) range code component;

\(b\) that some space tracking systems for Category B missions employ
square-wave ranging modulation having range code component frequencies
from 1 Hz to 1 MHz;

\(c\) that other spacecraft tracking systems for Category B missions
employ sine wave tones, which can be selected in frequency from 100 kHz
to 1 MHz, which may be phase modulated by a square wave code;

\(d\) that these systems are designed to bi-phase modulate the high
frequency code component with the low frequency code components to
reduce interference with the telecommand and telemetry signals;

\(e\) that the ranging transponder\'s bandwidth required to accommodate
the ranging codes described in (b) permit flexibility in the selection
of the types of ranging codes and modulation techniques;

\(f\) that the ranging transponder\'s bandwidth can be adequately
controlled using a 4-pole Bessel linear-phase bandpass filter which
properly defines the attenuation roll-off characteristics;

\(g\) that some margin should be included in the transponder filter\'s
bandwidth to ensure proper operation with the commonly used 1 MHz tone
or code;

**recommends**

\(1\) that spacecraft transponders incorporate a bandpass filter in
their ranging channel;

\(2\) that the transponder ranging channel\'s baseband frequency
response be uniform within ± 0.5 dB within the frequency range 3 kHz to
1.1 MHz;

\(3\) that the one-half power (-3 dB) bandpass frequencies of the
transponder\'s ranging channel be greater than 3 MHz and less than 1
kHz;

\(4\) that the transponder\'s ranging channel be designed to not deviate
more than ± 6 degrees from a linear phase-frequency relationship within
the bandwidth stated in *recommends (3)*;

\(5\) that the one-sided equivalent noise bandwidth be limited to 3.5
MHz.

**2.5.5A PN CODE PHASE SHIFT STABILITY REQUIRED IN SPACECRAFT SPREAD
SPECTRUM REGENERATIVE RANGING TRANSPONDERS, CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that most agencies use ranging measurements for spacecraft orbit
or trajectory determination;

\(b\) that Pseudo-Noise (PN) code sequences are used by some spacecraft
transponders to make ranging measurements;

\(c\) that, in the ranging mode, these transponders must synchronize an
on-board PN code generator to the received PN code;

\(d\) that, usually, the earth-to-space link\'s signal-to-noise ratio in
the ranging code\'s tracking loop is sufficiently large so that the
phase error in the spacecraft\'s code tracking loop is an insignificant
part of the ranging measurement error;

\(e\) that a 1-sigma distance measurement accuracy of 10 meters is
generally sufficient to meet the orbit or trajectory determination
requirements of Category A missions;

\(f\) that the spacecraft transponder\'s contribution to the total 10
meter distance measurement error should not exceed 30 percent of the
total;

\(g\) that the variation of transponder\'s temperature is the principal
cause of instability in the time delay and is normally measured and
recorded prior to launch;

**recommends**

that the time delay of PN codes through a spacecraft\'s transponder
should not vary from its calibrated, pre-launch value by more than 20
nanoseconds.

**2.5.6B DIFFERENTIAL ONE-WAY RANGING FOR SPACE-TO-EARTH LINKS IN
ANGULAR SPACECRAFT POSITION DETERMINATION, CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) measurement allow
determination of geometric delay for space radio sources by the
simultaneous reception and processing of radio signals at two stations;

\(b\) that using the VLBI geometric delay measurements from two
stations, the angular position of a spacecraft can be accurately
determined for navigational purposes;

\(c\) that the VLBI technique requires differencing phase measurements
of sinusoidal tones or harmonics (known as Differential One-way Ranging
\[DOR\] tones), modulated on the spacecraft\'s downlink RF carrier,
which have been acquired at two (or more) stations;

\(d\) that VLBI accuracy depends upon a priori knowledge of both the
length and orientation of the baseline vector between the stations, the
station clock drift, and the media delays;

\(e\) that measurement errors can be greatly reduced by observing a
quasar or Extra-Galactic Radio source (EGRS), that is angularly near the
spacecraft, and then differencing the delay measured from the ERGS
observation with the delay measured from observing the spacecraft
(∆DOR);

\(f\) that the spacecraft delay measurement\'s precision depends upon
the received power (P~DOR~) in the two most widely spaced DOR tones, f
~BW~ Hz apart, as shown in the error relationship:

ετ = --1 seconds, where:

ƒ*BW* = DOR tone spanned bandwidth (Hz)

*Tobs* = observation time (seconds);

\(g\) that a narrow spanned bandwidth is needed for integer cycle
ambiguity resolution because the ∆DOR time delay ambiguity equals the
reciprocal of the minimum spanned bandwidth;

\(h\) that, contrary to *considering (g)*, a wide spanned bandwidth is
needed for high measurement accuracy;

\(i\) that doubling the spanned bandwidth of spacecraft DOR tones, while
holding the other parameters fixed, will reduce errors resulting from
low spacecraft SNR, low quasar SNR, and instrument phase ripple by half;

\(j\) that delay ambiguities in observables generated from wider
bandwidths are resolved successively by using delay estimates from the
narrower spanned bandwidths;

**2.5.6B DIFFERENTIAL ONE-WAY RANGING FOR SPACE-TO-EARTH LINKS IN
ANGULAR SPACECRAFT POSITION DETERMINATION, CATEGORY B (Cont.)**

\(k\) that a typical ∆DOR error budget is dominated by errors due to low
quasar SNR, quasar position uncertainty, instrument phase ripple, and
the troposphere;

\(l\) that EGRS delay measurement precision and instrument errors vary
as 1/*f ~BW~* ;

\(m\) that direct phase modulation of a sinewave tone on the downlink RF
carrier is more spectrum efficient than squarewave modulation and allows
appropriate choices of spanned bandwidth and tone power;

\(n\) that the received spacecraft DOR tone power must be adequate for
tone detection, with the threshold approximately determined by:

= 13 dB • Hz if no carrier aiding is used;

\(o\) that the DOR tone threshold reduces to:

= 1 dB • Hz provided that the spacecraft RF carrier\'s SNR is greater
than 13 dB and that the extracted carrier phase is used to aid in
tracking the DOR\
tone whose frequency is a coherent submultiple of the spacecraft\'s RF
carrier frequency;

\(p\) that the stability of the spacecraft\'s RF carrier stability, over
a 1-second averaging time, must be adequate for signal detection;

\(q\) that the stability of the spanned bandwidth of the DOR tones, over
a 1000-second averaging time, must be adequate for converting the
measured phase difference to time delay;

\(r\) that the *Space Research service* frequency allocation for
Category B missions is 10 MHz in the 2 GHz band, 50 MHz in the 8 GHz
band, 400 MHz in the 32 GHz band, and 1 GHz in the 37 GHz band;

\(s\) that quasar flux is reduced and system noise temperature is higher
at 32 and 37 GHz as compared to 8 GHz;

**recommends**

\(1\) that DOR tone be sinewaves;

\(2\) that either direct tone detection or carrier-aided tone detection
be used;

\(3\) that DOR tones be coherent with the downlink RF carrier frequency
if carrier-aided detection is used;

\(4\) that one DOR tone pair be used in the 2 GHz band, two DOR tone
pairs be used in the 8 GHz band, and three DOR tone pairs be used in the
32 and 37 GHz bands;

**2.5.6B DIFFERENTIAL ONE-WAY RANGING FOR SPACE-TO-EARTH LINKS IN
ANGULAR SPACECRAFT POSITION DETERMINATION, CATEGORY B (Cont.)**

\(5\) that the approximate DOR tone frequencies used in each band be
those in Table 2.5.6-1;

**TABLE 2.5.6-1: RECOMMENDED DOR TONES**

+-------------------+------------------+------------------------------+
| *                 | **Number of**    | **Approximate DOR**          |
| *Space-to-Earth** |                  |                              |
|                   | **DOR Tones**    | **Tone Frequencies (± 10%)** |
| **Frequency       |                  |                              |
| Band**            |                  |                              |
+-------------------+------------------+------------------------------+
| 2 GHz             | 1                | 4 MHz                        |
+-------------------+------------------+------------------------------+
| 8 GHz             | 2                | 4 MHz and 20 MHz             |
+-------------------+------------------+------------------------------+
| 32 & 37 GHz       | 3                | 4 MHz, 20 MHz, and 120 MHz   |
+-------------------+------------------+------------------------------+

\(6\) that, if spacecraft DOR data are to be acquired in the one-way
mode, the spacecraft\'s oscillator stability shall be:

∆f/f ≤ 4.0 × 10 ^-10^ at 2 GHz,

∆f/f ≤ 1.0 × 10 ^-10^ at 8 GHz,

∆f/f ≤ 0.3 × 10 ^-10^ at 32 and 37 GHz

where: ∆f/f denotes the spacecraft oscillator\'s frequency variations;

\(7\) that the frequency stability of the spanned bandwidth, f ~BW~, of
the DOR tones must satisfy:

∆f ~BW~/f ~BW~ ≤ 1 × 10 ^-9^ over a 1000-second averaging time

> where: ∆f~BW~ denotes spanned bandwidth variations due to on-board
> oscillator instabilities.

**2.6.1 TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS FOR THE**

**2025 --- 2120 MHz AND 2200 --- 2300 MHz BANDS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that a great number of space missions, which require coherency
between the earth‑to‑space and space‑to‑earth links for development of
navigational data, operate in the above frequency bands;

\(b\) that for space missions which require coherency, a turnaround
frequency ratio must be defined;

\(c\) that many CCSDS agencies have used the 221/240 turnaround ratio in
their space missions for many years;

\(d\) that many CCSDS agencies have developed equipment using this ratio
for their spacecraft and earth stations which represent a large
financial investment;

\(e\) that the 221/240 turnaround frequency ratio adequately translates
the 2025 - 2120 MHz band to the 2200 - 2300 MHz band;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies continue to use the 221/240 turnaround
frequency ratio for Category A and Category B space missions which are
operating in the above bands;

\(2\) that this turnaround frequency ratio is only necessary for those
space missions which require both cross support from other agencies\'
earth stations and coherency between the earth-to-space and
space‑to‑earth links.

**2.6.2 TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS FOR THE**

**7145 --- 7235 MHz AND 8400 --- 8500 MHz BANDS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that a great number of space missions which require coherency
between the earth‑to‑space and space‑to‑earth links for development of
navigational data operate in the above frequency bands;

\(b\) that for space missions which require coherency, a turnaround
frequency ratio must be defined;

\(c\) that some CCSDS agencies have used the 749/880 turnaround ratio
for several years and others are planning its use for the near future;

\(d\) that some CCSDS agencies have developed equipment using this ratio
for their spacecraft and earth stations and others are planning to do so
in the near future, representing a large financial investment;

\(e\) that the 749/880 turnaround frequency ratio adequately translates
the 7145 - 7235 MHz band to the 8400 - 8500 MHz band;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies use the 749/880 turnaround frequency ratio for
their Category A and Category B space missions operating in the 7145 -
7235 and 8400 - 8500 MHz bands;

\(2\) that this turnaround frequency ratio is only necessary for those
space missions which require both cross support from other agencies\'
earth stations and coherency between the earth‑to‑space and
space‑to‑earth links.

**2.6.3A TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS FOR THE**

**2025 --- 2110 MHz AND 8450 --- 8500 MHz BANDS, CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that future Category A space missions will use earth‑to‑space
links in the 2025 - 2110 MHz band in conjunction with space‑to‑earth
links in the 8450 - 8500 MHz band;

\(b\) that these space missions may require coherency between the
earth‑to‑space and space‑to‑earth links for the development of
navigational data;

\(c\) that for space missions which require coherency, a turnaround
frequency ratio must be defined;

\(d\) that the two frequency bands under consideration differ regarding
the available bandwidth;

\(e\) that the lower and upper parts of the 2025‑2110 MHz band are
already rather densely occupied by long term missions and, consequently,
they should be avoided;

\(f\) that for reasons of standardization of the on‑board receiver
design, a ratio between the two bands under consideration should be
chosen in such a way as to conserve the number \"221\" of the
\"221/240\" ratio for 2 GHz downlink/uplink systems;

\(g\) that for reasons of simplicity of on‑board transmitter design, a
ratio which can be divided down to small integers should be selected;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies use a turnaround frequency ratio of 221/900
for systems operating in the 2075 - 2087 MHz and 8450 - 8500 MHz bands;

\(2\) that this turnaround frequency ratio is only necessary for those
space missions which require both cross support from other agencies\'
earth stations and coherency between the earth‑to‑space and
space‑to‑earth links.

**2.6.4A TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS FOR THE**

**7190 --- 7235 MHz AND 2200 --- 2290 MHz BANDS, CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that future Category A space missions will use earth‑to‑space
links in the 7190 - 7235 MHz band in conjunction with space‑to‑earth
links in the 2200 - 2290 MHz band;

\(b\) that these space missions may require coherency between
earth‑to‑space and space‑to‑earth links for the development of
navigational data;

\(c\) that for space missions which require coherency, a turnaround
frequency ratio must be defined;

\(d\) that the two frequency bands under consideration differ regarding
the available bandwidth;

\(e\) that the lower and upper parts of the 2200 - 2290 MHz band are
already rather densely occupied by long term missions and, consequently,
they should be avoided;

\(f\) that in many cases, the 2 GHz transponder will not be modified,
and the 7 GHz earth‑to‑space link can be considered as optional;

\(g\) that a design goal of the 2/8 GHz transponder should be a
simplicity of interfaces and system flexibility;

\(h\) that similarity of the circuit layout with the transponders
developed for the deep space frequency bands may make hardware reuse
possible;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies use a turnaround frequency ratio of 765/240
for systems operating in the 7190 - 7235 MHz and 2256 - 2270 MHz bands;

\(2\) that this turnaround frequency ratio is only necessary for those
space missions which require both cross support from other agencies\'
earth stations and coherency between the earth‑to‑space and
space‑to‑earth links.

**2.6.5B TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS FOR THE 2110 --- 2120
MHz AND 8400 --- 8450 MHz BANDS, CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that Category B space missions use earth‑to‑space links in the
2110 - 2120 MHz band in conjunction with space‑to‑earth links in the
8400 - 8500 MHz band;

\(b\) that many of these space missions require coherency between the
earth‑to‑space and space‑to‑earth links for the development of
navigational data;

\(c\) that for space missions which require coherency, a turnaround
frequency ratio must be defined;

\(d\) that for reasons of standardization of the on‑board receiver
design, a ratio between the two bands under consideration should be
chosen in such a way as to conserve the number \"221\" of the
\"221/240\" ratio for 2 GHz uplink/downlink systems;

\(e\) that for reasons of simplicity of on‑board transmitter design, a
ratio which can be divided down to small integers should be selected;

\(f\) that some CCSDS agencies utilize a turnaround frequency ratio of
221/880 and others are planning to do so in the near future;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies use a turnaround frequency ratio of 221/880
for their Category B missions operating in the 2110 - 2120 MHz and
8400 - 8450 MHz bands;

\(2\) that this turnaround frequency ratio is only necessary for those
space missions which require both cross support from other agencies\'
earth stations and coherency between the earth‑to‑space and
space‑to‑earth links.

**2.6.6B TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS FOR THE 7145 --- 7190
MHz AND 2290 --- 2300 MHz BANDS, CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that Category B space missions will use earth‑to‑space links in
the 7145 - 7190 MHz band in conjunction with space‑to‑earth links in the
2290 - 2300 MHz band;

\(b\) that many of these space missions require coherency between the
earth‑to‑space and space‑to‑earth links for the generation of
navigational data;

\(c\) that for space missions which require coherency, a turnaround
frequency ratio must be defined;

\(d\) that for reasons of standardization of on‑board receiver design, a
turnaround frequency ratio containing the number \"749\" of the
\"749/880\" ratio for the 7 GHz uplink/8 GHz downlink systems should be
selected;

\(e\) that for reasons of standardization of on‑board transmitter
design, a turnaround frequency ratio containing the number \"240\" of
the \"221/240\" ratio for 2 GHz uplink/downlink systems should be
selected;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies use a turnaround frequency ratio of 749/240
for Category B missions operating in the 7145 - 7190 MHz and 2290 - 2300
MHz bands;

\(2\) that this turnaround frequency ratio is only necessary for those
space missions which require both cross support from other agencies\'
earth stations and coherency between the earth‑to‑space and
space‑to‑earth links.

**2.6.7B TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS FOR THE 7145 - 7190 MHz
AND 31.8 - 32.3 GHz BANDS, CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that Category B space missions use earth-to-space links in the
7145-7190 MHz band in conjunction with space-to-earth links in the
31.8-32.3 GHz band;

\(b\) that many of these space missions require coherency between the
earth-to-space and space-to-earth links for the generation of navigation
data;

\(c\) that for space missions which require coherency, a Transponder
Turnaround Frequency Ratio (TTFR) that provides a maximum number of
coherent channels must be defined;

\(d\) that for reasons of standardization, of the on-board receiver
design, a TTFR should be chosen in such a way as to conserve 749 as the
numerator of the ratio for the 7 GHz uplink / 32 GHz downlink system
^1^;

\(e\) that an odd number is selected as the uplink factor (numerator of
the TTFR) and an even number is selected as the downlink factor
(denominator of the TTFR) to prevent downlink harmonic interference with
uplink signals;

\(f\) that, if the denominator of the TTFR can be factored into prime
numbers ≤ 19, then conventional frequency multiplying devices, followed
by band-pass filters, can be implemented;

\(g\) that, if the difference between the numerator and the denominator
of the TTFR can be factored into prime numbers ≤ 19, then conventional
frequency multiplying devices, followed by band-pass filters, can be
implemented;

\(h\) that the number of frequency multipliers should be reduced to
minimize the delay in the spacecraft receiver\'s closed
phase-locked-loop path;

\(i\) that the denominator of the TTFR should be chosen to allow maximum
Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO), Automatic Gain Control (AGC), and
Diplexer implementation flexibility;

\(j\) that the denominator of the TTFR should be chosen to generate a
minimum number of channels that fall into the *Inter-Satellite Service*
allocation in the 32-33 GHz band;

**recommends**

that CCSDS Agencies use a Transponder Turnaround Frequency Ratio of
749/3344 for Category B missions operating in the 7145-7190 MHz and the
31.8-32.3 GHz bands.

**NOTE:**

**1. See CCSDS Recommendations 401 (2.6.2) B-1 and 401 (2.6.6B) B-1**.

**2.6.8B TRANSPONDER TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS FOR THE 31.8 - 32.3 GHz
AND 34.2 - 34.7 GHz BANDS, CATEGORY B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that Category B space missions use earth-to-space links in the
34.2-34.7 GHz band in conjunction with space-to-earth links in the
31.8-32.3 GHz band;

\(b\) that many of these space missions require coherency between the
earth-to-space and space-to-earth links for the generation of navigation
data;

\(c\) that for space missions which require coherency, a Transponder
Turnaround Frequency Ratio (TTFR) that provides a maximum number of
coherent channels must be defined;

\(d\) that for reasons of standardization, of the on-board receiver
design, a TTFR should be chosen in such a way as to conserve 3344 as the
denominator of the ratio for the 34 GHz uplink / 32 GHz downlink system
^1^;

\(e\) that an odd number is selected as the uplink factor (numerator of
the TTFR) and an even number is selected as the downlink factor
(denominator of the TTFR) to prevent downlink harmonic interference with
uplink signals;

\(f\) that, if the denominator of the TTFR can be factored into prime
numbers ≤ 19, then conventional frequency multiplying devices, followed
by band-pass filters, can be implemented;

\(g\) that, if the difference between the numerator and the denominator
of the TTFR can be factored into prime numbers ≤ 19, then conventional
frequency multiplying devices, followed by band-pass filters, can be
implemented;

\(h\) that the number of frequency multipliers should be reduced to
minimize the delay in the spacecraft receiver\'s closed
phase-locked-loop path;

\(i\) that the denominator of the TTFR should be chosen to allow maximum
Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO), Automatic Gain Control (AGC), and
Diplexer implementation flexibility;

\(j\) that the denominator of the TTFR should be chosen to generate a
minimum number channels that fall into the *Inter-Satellite Service*
allocation in the 32-33 GHz band;

**recommends**

that CCSDS Agencies use a Transponder Turnaround Frequency Ratio of
3599/3344 for Category B missions operating in the 34.2-34.7 GHz and the
31.8-32.3 GHz bands.

**NOTE:**

**1. See CCSDS Recommendations 401 (2.6.7) B-1.**

**RESERVED FOR**

**RECOMMENDATIONS**

**2.6.9**

**THROUGH**

**2.6.11**

**14 --- 17 GHz AND**

**32 --- 34 GHz TRANSPONDER**

**TURNAROUND FREQUENCY RATIOS**

**2.6.12 SPACECRAFT TRANSPONDER IF AND AGC AMPLIFIER BANDWIDTHS FOR
COHERENT OPERATION**

The CCSDS,

**considering**

\(a\) that most space agencies utilize spacecraft receivers employing
phase-locked loops;

\(b\) that most of these receivers are implemented as double conversion
superhetrodyne radios with two stage i.f. bandpass filters, and
automatic gain controls (AGC);

\(c\) that a spacecraft\'s transponder is said to be operating
coherently if its receiver is phase-locked to a signal, f~r~ , an earth
station and the spacecraft\'s transmitted signal, f~t~ , is a rational
multiple of f~r~ , such that: f~t~ = (m/n)f~r~ , where m and n are
integer numbers and the ratio (m/n) is called the transponder turnaround
frequency ratio;

\(d\) that the predetection i.f. bandpass filters\' bandwidths and the
carrier AGC loop\'s bandwidth are very important in determining the
spacecraft receiver\'s phase-locked loop operation;

\(e\) that the predetection bandwidths must be neither too large nor too
small because the former can result in a degraded signal-to-noise ratio
while the latter produces false locks during acquisition of the
earth-to-space link;

\(f\) that for Category A missions, where the earth-to-space signal
strength can vary both rapidly and substantially, it is the practice to
design AGC loops with a fast response;

\(g\) that for Category B missions, where the earth-to-space signal
strength generally changes slowly and slightly, it is the practice to
design AGC loops with a slow response;

\(h\) that, when the spacecraft\'s receiver is operating in an unlocked
mode, the AGC amplifier\'s gain is determined by the total received
signal plus noise power while, when it is operating in a phase-locked
mode, the AGC amplifier\'s gain is determined solely by the received
carrier\'s signal power;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the spacecraft transponder\'s turnaround frequency ratios be
selected from those contained in Section 2.6 of this book;

\(2\) that the spacecraft\'s transponder have two-sided predetection
filter bandwidths of not less than 250 kHz followed by a second filter
of not less than 3 kHz;

\(3\) that, for Category A missions, spacecraft transponders be designed
to permit selection of the two-sided carrier AGC loop bandwidth over a
range of at least 15 Hz to 45 Hz depending upon mission conditions;

\(4\) that, for Category B missions, spacecraft transponders be designed
to permit selection of the two-sided carrier AGC loop bandwidth over a
range of at least 1 Hz to 3 Hz depending upon mission conditions;

\(5\) that the spacecraft transponder\'s AGC include coherent and
non-coherent detectors.

**3.0 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS**

Section 2 concerns itself with Recommendations pertaining to Radio
Frequency and Modulation systems\' technical characteristics. By
contrast, this chapter focuses upon radio frequency spectrum usage.

Rules governing a user\'s operations in the frequency bands are as
important as the equipment\'s\' technical specifications. As crowding of
the RF spectrum increases, standards become an imperative to maintaining
order. In a broad sense, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
establishes high‑level spectrum policy with its Radio Regulations. Here,
the principal concern is to establish lower‑level Recommendations
promoting the most efficient use of the ITU\'s frequency allocations.

These policies are intended to supplement, not supplant, those
promulgated by the ITU. This goal is reached by increasing the relevance
of specific ITU regulations to spacecraft communications. Each
Recommendation begins with applicable provisions of the ITU\'s Radio
Regulations as a foundation and provides additional guidelines for that
particular application.

By establishing the following agreements, the CCSDS agencies hope to
significantly reduce spectrum congestion. Then, the potential for mutual
interference in spacecraft communications should decrease accordingly.

A significant number of new Recommendations are concerned with *Policy*.
Filing all such Recommendations in a single section makes them difficult
to locate and promotes disorder. Accordingly, there are now six *Policy*
sub-sections:

3.1 *Frequency Utilization* 3.4 *Operational Procedures*

3.2 *Power Limitations* 3.5 *Testing Recommendations*

3.3 *Modulation Methods* 3.6 *Spacecraft Systems*

These sub-sections are intended to be general categories into which
*Policy* Recommendations can be filed and which will simplify a
reader\'s task in locating specific items.

FREQUENCY UTILIZATION RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3    | 2 GHz System          | Efficient use of 2 GHz bands for      |
| .1.1 | Parameters            | space operation.                      |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3.   | 10 MHz Occupied BW    | Max Cat A telemetry bandwidth in 8    |
| 1.2A |                       | GHz band.                             |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3.   |                       | Deleted.                              |
| 1.3A |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3.   | Constraints           | Cat A constraints on use of 14-17 GHz |
| 1.4A |                       | bands.                                |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3.   |                       | Deleted.                              |
| 1.5B |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3.   | Channel Frequencies   | Cat B channel frequency plan for 2,   |
| 1.6B |                       | 7, 8, 32, 34 GHz.                     |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

POWER LIMITATIONS RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3.   | EIRP Levels           | Cat A Limitations on earth-to-space   |
| 2.1A |                       | link.                                 |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

MODULATION METHODS RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3    | Sine Wave; Square     | Cat A; Cat B ranging modulation       |
| .3.1 | Wave                  | waveforms.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3.   | Spread Spectrum       | Cat A criteria for use of spread      |
| 3.2A |                       | spectrum. modulation.                 |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3.   | OQPSK; QPSK           | Cat A criteria for use.               |
| 3.3A |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3    | Limit Tlm. Subcarrier | Criteria for use of telemetry         |
| .3.4 | Use                   | subcarriers.                          |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3    | Simultaneous Rng,     | Design spacecraft for simultaneous    |
| .4.1 | Cmd, Tlm              | operations.                           |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3    | Measurement Methods   | Charged particle measurement methods. |
| .4.2 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3.   | Charged Particle      | Cat A, Optimal methods for single     |
| 4.3A | Calibration           | station tracking.                     |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

TESTING RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3    | Test Names            | Min spacecraft-earth station          |
| .5.1 |                       | compatibility tests.                  |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3.   | Power Spectral        | Interference reduction in the         |
| 6.1A | Density               | 2200-2290 MHz bands.                  |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 3.   | Power Spectral        | Constraints on space-to-space links.  |
| 6.2A | Density               |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

**3.1.1 EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF THE 2 GHz BANDS FOR SPACE OPERATION**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the frequency bands 2025--2110 and 2200--2290 MHz are shared
co‑equally by the Space Research, Space Operation, and Earth Exploration
Satellite services;

\(b\) that bands allocated to the Space Operation service may be used
for space tracking, space telemetry, and space telecommand (TTC) by
other space services;

\(c\) that the definition of the Space Operation service (SI.23)
postulates that these TTC activities by other space services normally be
carried out in their service bands;

\(d\) that the bands 2025--2110 and 2200--2290 MHz, which are already
now densely occupied, are of prime importance for space science missions
of CCSDS agencies and will remain so for many years to come as no
comparable alternative frequency allocations are available;

**recommends**

that, in order to make maximum use of these bands for satellite missions
of all kinds, appropriate technical and operational constraints be
observed, particularly:

i Geostationary space systems of space services other than the space
science services[^1] which are designed to operate in mission bands
other than 2025--2110 and 2200--2290 MHz, but which utilize TTC systems
within these bands, shall limit the use of such TTC systems to a single
frequency pair per satellite and to launch, orbit insertion, and
emergency operations.

ii TTC systems for geostationary satellites of space services other than
the space science services should be designed in accordance with the
general characteristics as contained in Table 3.1.1-1.

iii Non-geostationary satellites of services other than the space
science services avoid using these bands for TTC.

**3.1.1 EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF THE 2 GHz BANDS FOR SPACE OPERATION
(Continued)**

**TABLE 3.1.1-1**

**TYPICAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS FOR SPACE OPERATION OF\
GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES AT 2 GHz**

  ---------------------- ----------------------------- -------------------
  MODE                   SYSTEM PARAMETERS             

                                                       

  Reception at\          Telemetry bandwidth           100 kHz
  Earth station                                        

                         Tracking bandwidth            400 kHz

                         G/T, Earth stations           20 dB/K

                                                       

                                                       

  Transmission\          Telecommand bandwidth         100 kHz
  from Earth\                                          
  stations                                             

                         Tracking bandwidth            400 kHz

                         EIRP, Earth station           65 dBW

                                                       
  ---------------------- ----------------------------- -------------------

**3.1.2A USE OF THE 8450 --- 8500 MHz BAND FOR SPACE RESEARCH, CATEGORY
A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the Radio Regulations permit the use of the 8450--8500 MHz
band for Category A and Category B space missions;

\(b\) that the band is one of only three primary allocations to the
Space Research service below 40 GHz;

\(c\) that the band, because of crowding at 2200--2290 MHz, is
particularly suitable for distant missions such as to the Libration
points;

\(d\) that the 8400--8450 MHz band is allocated for and restricted to
Category B missions;

\(e\) that the 14.0--15.35 GHz and 37--38 GHz bands have been identified
by SFCG[^2] as appropriate for Category A missions requiring wide
(greater than 10 MHz ) bandwidth;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the 8450--8500 MHz band be used for Category A missions
requiring an occupied bandwidth of up to 10 MHz per mission;

\(2\) that the band be used in particular for the missions to the
Libration points with bandwidth requirements up to 10 MHz;

\(3\) that utmost care be taken in the assignment of frequencies in this
band in order to make optimum use of the limited bandwidth available to
Category A missions and that the maximum bandwidth, postulated in
*recommends (1)* be strictly respected;

\(4\) that the 8450--8500 MHz band should not be used for Category B
missions.

**3.1.3A USE OF THE 13.25 --- 15.35 GHz BANDS FOR SPACE RESEARCH,
CATEGORY A**

This recommendation has been deleted (CCSDS resolution MC-S98-3).

**3.1.4A CONSTRAINTS ON THE USE OF THE 14.0 - 15.35 GHz AND THE 16.6 -
17.1 GHz BANDS FOR SPACE RESEARCH, CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that some [missions operating in the *Space Research
Service*]{.underline} require very large bandwidths (e.g., spaceborne
VLBI, Geodesy, and Geodynamics);

\(b\) that bandwidth requirements in excess of 10 MHz are increasingly
difficult to satisfy in the frequency bands allocated to the *Space
Research Service* below 10 GHz;

\(c\) that the 8450-8500 MHz band has been determined to be
inappropriate for Category A missions requiring more than 10 MHz
bandwidth [\[see Recommendation 401 (3.1.2A) B-1\]]{.underline};

\(d\) that the 14.00-15.35 GHz band is densely occupied by the *Fixed
Service* (14.30-15.35 GHz) and the earth-to-space links of the *Fixed
Satellite Service* (14.0-14.8 GHz), consequently, assignment of
earth-to-space links [for]{.underline} the *Space Research Service* is
difficult;

\(e\) that the 16.6-17.1 GHz band is allocated to [the]{.underline}
*Radiolocation [Service]{.underline}* (primary), and to
[the]{.underline} *Space Research [Service]{.underline}* (deep space,
earth-[to]{.underline}-space, secondary);

\(f\) that [CCSDS Agencies currently have no plans to use the 16.6-17.1
GHz band for deep space missions operating in the *Space Research
Service*]{.underline};

\(g\) that the sharing situation in the 14.00-15.35 GHz and
[the]{.underline} 16.6-17.1 GHz bands, where the *Space Research
Service* has only secondary status, is difficult and does not lend
itself to the use of classical modulation schemes which exhibit a high
interference potential and [which have]{.underline} a high
susceptibility to interference;

\(h\) that spectrum spreading modulation [methods]{.underline} can
considerably alleviate the sharing problems [noted]{.underline} above;

\(i\) that CCSDS [Agencies]{.underline} should ensure compatibility
between their operations in the 14.00-15.35 GHz and [the]{.underline}
16.6-17.1 GHz bands;

\(j\) that certain parts of the 14.00-15.35 GHz band have existing and
planned assignments to data relay satellite
(earth-[to]{.underline}-space [and]{.underline}
space-[to]{.underline}-space);

**recommends**

\(1\) that the 14.00-15.35 GHz band be used for space-to-earth
transmissions of Category A missions [operating in the *Space Research
Service*]{.underline} ^1^;

**NOTE:**

**1. The 14.3-14.4 GHz and the 14.47-14.50 GHz bands are not allocated
to *Space Research Service* and will have to be used in accordance with
the provisions of RR 342.**

**3.1.4A CONSTRAINTS ON THE USE OF THE 14.0 - 15.35 GHz AND THE 16.6 -
17.1 GHz BANDS FOR SPACE RESEARCH, CATEGORY A (Continued)**

\(2\) that the 16.6-17.1 GHz band be used for earth-to-space
transmissions of Category A missions [operating in the *Space Research
Service*]{.underline};

\(3\) that the spectrum of data transmissions in [these]{.underline}
bands be sufficiently spread so as to ensure adequate protection for
services operating in the band;

\(4\) that existing and planned frequency assignments for data relay
satellites [operating in the 14.00-15.35 GHz band]{.underline} be
protected.

**3.1.5B USE OF THE 31.8 --- 34.7 GHz BANDS FOR SPACE RESEARCH, CATEGORY
B**

This recommendation has been deleted (CCSDS resolution MC-S98-3).

**3.1.6B CHANNEL FREQUENCY PLAN FOR 2, 7, 8, 32, AND 34 GHZ, CATEGORY
B**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that channel frequency plans for Category B missions exist for the
2, 7, 8, 32, and 34 GHz bands;

\(b\) that the sets of channel frequency pairs in these existing plans
are based upon the recommended turnaround ratios;

\(c\) that members of the Space Frequency Coordination Group (SFCG) have
resolved to select frequencies for their Category B missions from the
existing channel frequency plans;

\(d\) that most past, existing, and planned Category B missions have
assigned frequencies that were selected on the basis of these existing
channel frequency plans;

\(e\) that CCSDS agencies conducting Category B missions have
coordinated the selection of frequencies from those embodied in the
existing channel frequency plans in order to avoid interference between
missions;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies select frequencies for their Category B
missions operating in the 2, 7, 8, 32, and 34 GHz bands from the channel
frequency plan contained in Table 3.1.6B-1;

\(2\) that frequency selection be coordinated with an appropriate
organization, such as the SFCG, to ensure the orderly use of the channel
frequency plan.

> **TABLE 3.1.6B-1 - Channel Frequencies for Category B (Deep-Space)
> Missions**

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 14%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 14%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 14%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 14%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BAND (GHz):</td>
<td colspan="2">2 E-S</td>
<td colspan="2">2 S-E</td>
<td colspan="2">7 E-S</td>
<td colspan="2">8 S-E</td>
<td colspan="2">32 S-E</td>
<td>34 E-S</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FACTOR:</td>
<td colspan="2">221</td>
<td colspan="2">240</td>
<td colspan="2">749</td>
<td colspan="2">880</td>
<td colspan="2">3344</td>
<td>3599</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><u>CHANNEL</u></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"><u>F2DN</u></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>1</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2108.878858</td>
<td colspan="2">2290.185185</td>
<td colspan="2">7147.286265</td>
<td colspan="2">* 8397.345679</td>
<td colspan="2"># 31909.913580</td>
<td># 34343.235339</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>2</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2109.219908</td>
<td colspan="2">2290.555556</td>
<td colspan="2">7148.442132</td>
<td colspan="2">* 8398.703706</td>
<td colspan="2"># 31915.074083</td>
<td># 34348.789361</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>3</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2109.560957</td>
<td colspan="2">2290.925926</td>
<td colspan="2">7149.597994</td>
<td colspan="2">8400.061729</td>
<td colspan="2"># 31920.234571</td>
<td># 34354.343368</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>4</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2109.902006</td>
<td colspan="2">2291.296296</td>
<td colspan="2">7150.753857</td>
<td colspan="2">8401.419752</td>
<td colspan="2"># 31925.395059</td>
<td># 34359.897374</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>5</td>
<td colspan="2">2110.243056</td>
<td colspan="2">2291.666667</td>
<td colspan="2">7151.909724</td>
<td colspan="2">8402.777780</td>
<td colspan="2">31930.555562</td>
<td>34365.451396</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>6</td>
<td colspan="2">2110.584105</td>
<td colspan="2">2292.037037</td>
<td colspan="2">7153.065587</td>
<td colspan="2">8404.135803</td>
<td colspan="2">31935.716050</td>
<td>34371.005402</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>7</td>
<td colspan="2">2110.925154</td>
<td colspan="2">2292.407407</td>
<td colspan="2">7154.221450</td>
<td colspan="2">8405.493826</td>
<td colspan="2">31940.876538</td>
<td>34376.559408</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>8</td>
<td colspan="2">2111.266204</td>
<td colspan="2">2292.777778</td>
<td colspan="2">7155.377316</td>
<td colspan="2">8406.851853</td>
<td colspan="2">31946.037042</td>
<td>34382.113431</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>9</td>
<td colspan="2">2111.607253</td>
<td colspan="2">2293.148148</td>
<td colspan="2">7156.533179</td>
<td colspan="2">8408.209876</td>
<td colspan="2">31951.197530</td>
<td>34387.667437</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>10</td>
<td colspan="2">2111.948303</td>
<td colspan="2">2293.518519</td>
<td colspan="2">7157.689045</td>
<td colspan="2">8409.567903</td>
<td colspan="2">31956.358033</td>
<td>34393.221460</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>11</td>
<td colspan="2">2112.289352</td>
<td colspan="2">2293.888889</td>
<td colspan="2">7158.844908</td>
<td colspan="2">8410.925927</td>
<td colspan="2">31961.518521</td>
<td>34398.775466</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>12</td>
<td colspan="2">2112.630401</td>
<td colspan="2">2294.259259</td>
<td colspan="2">7160.000771</td>
<td colspan="2">8412.283950</td>
<td colspan="2">31966.679009</td>
<td>34404.329472</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>13</td>
<td colspan="2">2112.971451</td>
<td colspan="2">2294.629630</td>
<td colspan="2">7161.156637</td>
<td colspan="2">8413.641977</td>
<td colspan="2">31971.839512</td>
<td>34409.883494</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>14</td>
<td colspan="2">2113.312500</td>
<td colspan="2">2295.000000</td>
<td colspan="2">7162.312500</td>
<td colspan="2">8415.000000</td>
<td colspan="2">31977.000000</td>
<td>34415.437500</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>15</td>
<td colspan="2">2113.653549</td>
<td colspan="2">2295.370370</td>
<td colspan="2">7163.468363</td>
<td colspan="2">8416.358023</td>
<td colspan="2">31982.160488</td>
<td>34420.991506</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>16</td>
<td colspan="2">2113.994599</td>
<td colspan="2">2295.740741</td>
<td colspan="2">7164.624229</td>
<td colspan="2">8417.716050</td>
<td colspan="2">31987.320991</td>
<td>34426.545528</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>17</td>
<td colspan="2">2114.335648</td>
<td colspan="2">2296.111111</td>
<td colspan="2">7165.780092</td>
<td colspan="2">8419.074073</td>
<td colspan="2">31992.481479</td>
<td>34432.099534</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>18</td>
<td colspan="2">2114.676697</td>
<td colspan="2">2296.481481</td>
<td colspan="2">7166.935955</td>
<td colspan="2">8420.432097</td>
<td colspan="2">31997.641967</td>
<td>34437.653540</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>19</td>
<td colspan="2">2115.017747</td>
<td colspan="2">2296.851852</td>
<td colspan="2">7168.091821</td>
<td colspan="2">8421.790124</td>
<td colspan="2">32002.802470</td>
<td>34443.207563</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>20</td>
<td colspan="2">2115.358796</td>
<td colspan="2">2297.222222</td>
<td colspan="2">7169.247684</td>
<td colspan="2">8423.148147</td>
<td colspan="2">32007.962958</td>
<td>34448.761569</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>21</td>
<td colspan="2">2115.699846</td>
<td colspan="2">2297.592593</td>
<td colspan="2">7170.403550</td>
<td colspan="2">8424.506174</td>
<td colspan="2">32013.123462</td>
<td>34454.315592</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="12"><blockquote>
<p>Notes: Channel frequencies marked " * " are not within the Category B
band allocation.</p>
<p>Channel frequencies marked " # " may be used in conjunction with the
corresponding channel in a lower frequency band if that channel is not
marked by " * ".</p>
<p>F2DN = N(10/27) + 2295 MHz, where N is in the range -13 to +28 for
this Table. The value of F2DN is rounded to the nearest Hz. Frequencies
in the 2 GHz E-S band are then computed and rounded to the nearest Hz.
Channel numbers are equal to N + 14. Frequencies in other bands are
derived from the 2 GHz E-S frequencies by using the corresponding ratio
of frequency factors, and then rounding to the nearest Hz.</p>
</blockquote></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

> **TABLE 3.1.6B-1 (continued): Channel Frequencies for Category B
> (Deep-Space) Missions**

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>BAND (GHz):</td>
<td colspan="2">2 E-S</td>
<td>2 S-E</td>
<td colspan="3">7 E-S</td>
<td colspan="2">8 S-E</td>
<td>32 S-E</td>
<td colspan="2">34 E-S</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>FACTOR:</td>
<td colspan="2">221</td>
<td>240</td>
<td colspan="3">749</td>
<td colspan="2">880</td>
<td>3344</td>
<td colspan="2">3599</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><u>CHANNEL</u></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"><u>F2DN</u></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>22</td>
<td colspan="2">2116.040895</td>
<td>2297.962963</td>
<td colspan="3">7171.559413</td>
<td colspan="2">8425.864197</td>
<td>32018.283950</td>
<td colspan="2">34459.869598</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>23</td>
<td colspan="2">2116.381944</td>
<td>2298.333333</td>
<td colspan="3">7172.715276</td>
<td colspan="2">8427.222220</td>
<td>32023.444438</td>
<td colspan="2">34465.423604</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>24</td>
<td colspan="2">2116.722994</td>
<td>2298.703704</td>
<td colspan="3">7173.871143</td>
<td colspan="2">8428.580248</td>
<td>32028.604941</td>
<td colspan="2">34470.977626</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>25</td>
<td colspan="2">2117.064043</td>
<td>2299.074074</td>
<td colspan="3">7175.027006</td>
<td colspan="2">8429.938271</td>
<td>32033.765429</td>
<td colspan="2">34476.531632</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>26</td>
<td colspan="2">2117.405092</td>
<td>2299.444444</td>
<td colspan="3">7176.182868</td>
<td colspan="2">8431.296294</td>
<td>32038.925917</td>
<td colspan="2">34482.085639</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>27</td>
<td colspan="2">2117.746142</td>
<td>2299.814815</td>
<td colspan="3">7177.338735</td>
<td colspan="2">8432.654321</td>
<td>32044.086420</td>
<td colspan="2">34487.639661</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>28</td>
<td colspan="2">2118.087191</td>
<td>* 2300.185185</td>
<td colspan="3">7178.494597</td>
<td colspan="2">8434.012344</td>
<td># 32049.246908</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34493.193667</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>29</td>
<td colspan="2">2118.428241</td>
<td>* 2300.555556</td>
<td colspan="3">7179.650463</td>
<td colspan="2">8435.370371</td>
<td># 32054.407411</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34498.747689</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>30</td>
<td colspan="2">2118.769290</td>
<td>* 2300.925926</td>
<td colspan="3">7180.806327</td>
<td colspan="2">8436.728395</td>
<td># 32059.567899</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34504.301695</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>31</td>
<td colspan="2">2119.110339</td>
<td>* 2301.296296</td>
<td colspan="3">7181.962190</td>
<td colspan="2">8438.086418</td>
<td># 32064.728387</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34509.855701</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>32</td>
<td colspan="2">2119.451389</td>
<td>* 2301.666667</td>
<td colspan="3">7183.118056</td>
<td colspan="2">8439.444445</td>
<td># 32069.888891</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34515.409724</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>33</td>
<td colspan="2">2119.792438</td>
<td>* 2302.037037</td>
<td colspan="3">7184.273919</td>
<td colspan="2">8440.802468</td>
<td># 32075.049379</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34520.963731</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>34</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2120.133487</td>
<td>* 2302.407407</td>
<td colspan="3">7185.429782</td>
<td colspan="2">8442.160491</td>
<td># 32080.209867</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34526.517737</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>35</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2120.474537</td>
<td>* 2302.777778</td>
<td colspan="3">7186.585648</td>
<td colspan="2">8443.518518</td>
<td># 32085.370370</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34532.071759</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>36</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2120.815586</td>
<td>* 2303.148148</td>
<td colspan="3">7187.741511</td>
<td colspan="2">8444.876542</td>
<td># 32090.530858</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34537.625765</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>37</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2121.156636</td>
<td>* 2303.518519</td>
<td colspan="3">7188.897377</td>
<td colspan="2">8446.234569</td>
<td># 32095.691361</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34543.179787</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>38</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2121.497685</td>
<td>* 2303.888889</td>
<td colspan="3">* 7190.053240</td>
<td colspan="2">8447.592592</td>
<td># 32100.851849</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34548.733793</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>39</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2121.838734</td>
<td>* 2304.259259</td>
<td colspan="3">* 7191.209103</td>
<td colspan="2">8448.950615</td>
<td># 32106.012337</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34554.287799</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>40</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2122.179784</td>
<td>* 2304.629630</td>
<td colspan="3">* 7192.364969</td>
<td colspan="2">* 8450.308642</td>
<td># 32111.172840</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34559.841822</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>41</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2122.520833</td>
<td>* 2305.000000</td>
<td colspan="3">* 7193.520832</td>
<td colspan="2">* 8451.666665</td>
<td># 32116.333328</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34565.395828</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>42</td>
<td colspan="2">* 2122.861882</td>
<td>* 2305.370370</td>
<td colspan="3">* 7194.676696</td>
<td colspan="2">* 8453.024689</td>
<td># 32121.493816</td>
<td colspan="2"># 34570.949834</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="11"><blockquote>
<p>Notes: Channel frequencies marked " * " are not within the Category B
band allocation.</p>
<p>Channel frequencies marked " # " may be used in conjunction with the
corresponding channel in a lower frequency band if that channel is not
marked by " * ".</p>
<p>F2DN = N(10/27) + 2295 MHz, where N is in the range -13 to +28 for
this Table. The value of F2DN is rounded to the nearest Hz. Frequencies
in the 2 GHz E-S band are then computed and rounded to the nearest Hz.
Channel numbers are equal to N + 14. Frequencies in other bands are
derived from the 2 GHz E-S frequencies by using the corresponding ratio
of frequency factors, and then rounding to the nearest Hz.</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**3.2.1A LIMITATIONS ON EARTH‑TO‑SPACE LINK POWER LEVELS, CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that spectral occupation of frequency bands used by space agencies
is increasing rapidly;

\(b\) that in many cases the same frequencies will be shared by several
spacecraft;

\(c\) that the 2025--2110 MHz band is also shared with space-to-space
links from data relay satellites to user satellites, which are limited
to relatively small power levels by the provisions of RR S21.16 and are
consequently particularly susceptible to interference;

\(d\) that excessive EIRP from Earth stations will make intra-service
frequency sharing increasingly difficult and result in inefficient use
of the radio frequency spectrum;

\(e\) that excessive EIRP from Earth stations likewise unnecessarily
complicates the coordination with terrestrial services and may in some
cases increase the coordination area;

\(f\) that the required EIRP from an Earth station is determined by
Pc/No, Eb/No, and the minimum signal level required by the spacecraft
receiver;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies limit the EIRP on the Earth‑to‑space links to
that required for safe spacecraft operation by means of one or several
of the following:

‑ CCSDS agencies avoid, whenever practicable, using high power
transmitters having a fixed output but instead adjust their transmitted
power level to the minimum needed to meet project requirements;

‑ CCSDS agencies obtain the required EIRP by using reasonable antenna
diameters in order to reduce both sidelobe radiation and transmitter
power (Guideline: antenna diameter/RF wavelength equal to or greater
than 70);

‑ CCSDS agencies make Recommendation ITU-R SA.509 a requirement in
antenna specifications;

\(2\) that spacecraft equipment designers endeavour to provide similar
margins with regard to minimum Pc/No, minimum Eb/No and the minimum
signal required by the spacecraft receiver.

**3.3.1 OPTIMAL RANGING MODULATION WAVEFORMS FOR SIMULTANEOUS RANGING,
TELECOMMANDING, AND TELEMETRY OPERATIONS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that two-way transmissions are employed for making range
measurements to a distant spacecraft;

\(b\) that telecommand and telemetry signals are phase shift-keyed onto
the subcarriers and then phase-modulated onto a sinusoidal residual RF
carrier \[see Recommendations 401 (2.1.1) B-1, 401 (2.4.3) B-1, 401
(2.4.4) B-1\];

\(c\) that telemetry signals may also be directly modulated on the RF
carrier in conformance with Recommendation 401 (2.4.7) B-1;

\(d\) that sine-wave subcarriers are recommended for the telecommand
channel \[see Recommendation 401 (2.2.2) B-1\];

\(e\) that sine-wave subcarriers are recommended for Category A
mission\'s telemetry channels, and square-wave subcarriers are
recommended for Category B mission\'s telemetry channels \[see
Recommendation 401 (2.4.5) B-1\];

\(f\) that, for simultaneous telecommand and ranging on the
earth-to-space link, the telecommand performance suffers some
degradation due to command-ranging cross-modulation components;

\(g\) that, for simultaneous telemetry and ranging on the space-to-earth
link, the telemetry performance may be degraded due to interference from
the filtered versions of the uplink ranging, feed-through telecommand,
cross-modulation components and noise;

\(h\) that the timing offset due to different clocks between the
telecommand and telemetry may cause serious telemetry bit error rate
(BER) degradation;

\(i\) that the telecommand BER performance is virtually identical for
either sine wave or square wave ranging modulation;

\(j\) that, for Category B missions, the telemetry BER performance is
insensitive to the type of ranging waveforms used when operated
simultaneously with the ranging on the space-to-earth link;

\(k\) that the use of a square-wave ranging signal makes the telemetry
BER performance more susceptible to data-to-data interference (resulting
from the timing offset due to different clocks between the telecommand
and telemetry) than the sine-wave ranging;

\(l\) that, for Category A missions, the telemetry BER performance is
sensitive to the timing offset when operated simultaneously with either
a square-wave or sine-wave ranging signal;

\(m\) that for Category B missions, it is important to minimize the
required transmitted power level on the space-to-earth link;

**3.3.1 OPTIMAL RANGING MODULATION WAVEFORMS FOR SIMULTANEOUS RANGING,
COMMANDING, AND TELEMETRY OPERATIONS (Continued)**

\(n\) that for Category A missions, it is necessary to minimize the
adjacent channels interference;

\(o\) that the use of a sine-wave ranging signal will minimize the
occupied bandwidth;

**recommends**

\(1\) that, for Category B mission\'s earth-to-space links, either a
sine wave or a square wave ranging signal may be used when operated
simultaneously with the telecommand;

\(2\) that, for Category A mission\'s earth-to-space links, sine wave
ranging shall be used when operated simultaneously with the telecommand;

\(3\) that, for Categories A and B mission\'s space-to-earth links, sine
wave ranging should be used when operated simultaneously with the
telemetry.

**3.3.2A CRITERIA FOR USE OF DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION,
CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that frequency bands must often be shared between several users
which can result in mutual interference;

\(b\) that such mutual interference can result in significant link
degradation or even unusable links for certain periods of time;

\(c\) that spread spectrum systems can be designed to tolerate a high
level of interference from other communications systems;

\(d\) that, in some cases, spread spectrum modulation can assist in
meeting the PFD limits set forth in the International Telecommunication
Union\'s *(ITU) Radio Regulations*;

\(e\) that direct sequence spread spectrum systems can be designed to
provide ranging measurements by using the spreading code which
eliminates the need for a separate ranging signal;

**recommends**

\(1\) that direct sequence spread spectrum modulation be used in any of
the following cases:

\- where the intra-service sharing conditions are such that other
modulation methods will not provide the required performance or mutual
compatibility with other transmissions assigned to the same frequency
band;

\- where the inter-service sharing conditions are such that the
susceptibility to actual or potential interference from transmissions in
other services assigned to the same frequency band cannot be kept within
acceptable limits by other modulation methods;

\- where the power flux density limits, as set forth in the *ITU Radio
Regulations, Article 28,* cannot be met using other methods;

\(2\) that spread spectrum systems shall be designed to minimize
unwanted emissions in the same allocated frequency band;

\(3\) that unwanted emissions generated by spread spectrum systems shall
conform with applicable protection criteria of radio communications
services in other frequency bands.

**3.3.3A CRITERIA FOR USE OF QPSK MODULATION IN SUPPRESSED CARRIER
SYSTEMS, CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that efficient use of RF spectrum resources is becoming
increasingly important;

\(b\) that suppressed carrier systems are more bandwidth and power
efficient than are residual carrier systems;

\(c\) that OQPSK systems are less sensitive to non-linear channel
effects than are standard QPSK systems;

\(d\) that sync word detection hardware for phase ambiguity resolution
is simpler in a OQPSK system than is the case with a standard QPSK
system;

\(e\) that standard QPSK and OQPSK systems are widely used modulation
techniques in bandwidth limited systems;

**recommends**

that OQPSK or standard QPSK modulation be used in communications systems
operating at frequencies where the available bandwidth is limited (e.g.,
in the 2 and 8 GHz bands);

**3.3.4 USE OF SUBCARRIERS ON SPACECRAFT TELEMETRY CHANNELS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that frequency bands allocated to the space science services are
becoming more congested as space missions multiply, data rates increase,
and other services enter these bands;

\(b\) that it is becoming imperative that all users restrict their
transmissions to the minimum bandwidth necessary to achieve the
communication;

\(c\) that most space agencies have been using subcarriers on their
telemetry channels to separate various signals and to ensure that the
modulated data\'s RF spectrum does not overlap the residual RF
carrier\'s frequency causing interference to the earth station
receiver\'s carrier tracking loop;

\(d\) that the bandwidth of systems using subcarrier modulation is
substantially greater than that needed to communicate the information
and is often increased as the subcarrier frequency-to- symbol rate ratio
becomes larger;

\(e\) that subcarriers required for low rate housekeeping telemetry data
can still result in a small bandwidth if low subcarrier-to-symbol rate
ratios are used;

\(f\) that alternative modulation schemes are available which are more
bandwidth and power efficient;

\(g\) that subcarriers are not required to separate telemetry data
streams because several channels can be present simultaneously on a
single RF carrier if Virtual Channels are used in accordance with the
CCSDS Recommendation for Packet Telemetry (CCSDS 102.0-B-2);

\(h\) that eliminating subcarriers simplifies both the spacecraft\'s and
the earth station\'s data system complexity and reduces losses in the
modulation-demodulation process;

**recommends**

\(1\) that space agencies use the most bandwidth-efficient modulation
scheme practicable for their mission;

\(2\) that space agencies avoid the use of telemetry subcarriers except
when they are required for technical reasons;

\(3\) that, if a subcarrier is required, the subcarrier
frequency-to-telemetry symbol-rate ratio be minimized.

**3.4.1 SIMULTANEOUS TELECOMMAND, TELEMETRY, AND RANGING OPERATIONS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that most space agencies use ranging measurements for spacecraft
orbit or trajectory determination;

\(b\) that precision range measurements are frequently required to meet
the scientific objectives of the mission;

\(c\) that the ranging data can yield scientific information about the
medium and other physical phenomena;

\(d\) that the value of the information obtained from the ranging
measurement for scientific purposes is directly related to its accuracy;

\(e\) that the earth stations tend to be large, complex, and expensive
to construct and to operate;

\(f\) that it is desirable to minimize the amount of earth station time
required for the support of missions;

\(g\) that the quantity of telecommands transmitted to a spacecraft may
be sufficiently large that it is desirable to have simultaneous
telecommand and ranging operations;

\(h\) that telemetry transmissions are generally continuous and an
interruption for ranging operations may result in the loss of valuable
data;

\(i\) that the amount and accuracy of ranging required for missions
makes it desirable to preserve an ability for simultaneous telecommand,
telemetry, and ranging operations;

**recommends**

that all CCSDS agencies design their spacecraft to permit simultaneous
telecommand, telemetry, and ranging operations.

**3.4.2 CHARGED PARTICLE MEASUREMENTS IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
PROPAGATION PATH**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the telecommunication system\'s performance can be affected
by the columnar content of charged particles in the propagation path;

\(b\) that charged particles in the propagation path can result in
errors in the range and range rate measurements reducing navigation
accuracy;

\(c\) that navigation accuracy requirements can be very high for some
Category B missions;

\(d\) that the four regions through which a telecommunications signal
may pass which contain charged particles are: the Earth\'s ionosphere,
the interplanetary medium, the planetary ionosphere, and the solar
corona;

\(e\) that the Sun-Earth-Probe (SEP) angle is important in selecting a
means for measuring charged particles;

\(f\) that geostationary satellites are not useful for measuring charged
particle content for regions beyond the Earth\'s ionosphere;

\(g\) that Differenced Range vs. Integrated Doppler (DRVID) only
measures variations in the total columnar electron content;

\(h\) that method(s) utilized for measuring the charged particle content
in the propagation path depends upon the region involved;

\(i\) that Figure 3.4.2-1 shows alternative spacecraft tracking methods
which provide information about charged particles in the propagation
path;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies utilize the appropriate methods in Table
3.4.2-1 to measure charged particles in the propagation path for the
specified operating modes.

\(2\) that CCSDS agencies utilize the methods and signal sources in
Table 3.4.2-2 to measure charged particles in the named regions and to
correct the specified data.

**3.4.2 CHARGED PARTICLE MEASUREMENTS IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
PROPAGATION PATH (Continued)**

![](media/image8.emf){width="8.208333333333334in"
height="5.291666666666667in"}

**FIGURE 3.4.2-1: POSSIBLE TRACKING MODES**

**3.4.2 CHARGED PARTICLE MEASUREMENTS IN THE TELECOMMUNICATIONS
PROPAGATION PATH (Continued)**

**TABLE 3.4.2­-1: RECOMMENDED CHARGED PARTICLE CALIBRATION METHODS**

+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| TRACKING MODE         | FA    |       | DRVID | DUAL  |       |   |
|                       | RADAY |       |       | FREQ  |       |   |
|                       | ROT   |       |       |       |       |   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| (see Figure 3.4.2A-1) | user  | geo   | user  | user  | geo   | s |
|                       | s/c   | sat   | s/c   | s/c   | sat   | l |
|                       |       |       |       |       |       | i |
|                       |       |       |       |       |       | c |
|                       |       |       |       |       |       | ^ |
|                       |       |       |       |       |       | ( |
|                       |       |       |       |       |       | b |
|                       |       |       |       |       |       | ) |
|                       |       |       |       |       |       | ^ |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| I.1a (1-way range)    | X     | X     |       | X     | X     | X |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| I.1b (1-way Doppler)  | X     | X     | X     | X     | X     | X |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| I.2.1a (2-way coh     | X     | X     |       | X     | X     | X |
| Rng)                  |       |       |       |       |       |   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| I.2.1b (2-way coh     | X     | X     | X     | X     | X     | X |
| Dop)                  |       |       |       |       |       |   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| I.2.2.a (2-way        |       |       |       |       |       |   |
| non-coh Rng)          |       |       |       |       |       |   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| I.2.2b (2-way non-coh |       |       | X     |       |       |   |
| Dop)                  |       |       |       |       |       |   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| II.1 Alternate Rng    | X     | X     |       | X     | X     | X |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| II.2 Simultaneous Rng | X     | X     |       | X     | X     | X |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| II.3 S/C VLBI         | X     | X     |       | \(a\) |       | X |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| II.4a (2-way; 3-way   | X     | X     |       | X     | X     | X |
| Rng)                  |       |       |       |       |       |   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| II.4b (2-way; 3-way   | X     | X     | X     | X     | X     | X |
| Dop)                  |       |       |       |       |       |   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+
| NOTES: (a) is         |       |       |       |       |       |   |
| applicable to 2/8 GHz |       |       |       |       |       |   |
| downlink only.        |       |       |       |       |       |   |
|                       |       |       |       |       |       |   |
| \(b\) slic is         |       |       |       |       |       |   |
| satellite L-band      |       |       |       |       |       |   |
| Ionospheric           |       |       |       |       |       |   |
| Calibration.          |       |       |       |       |       |   |
+-----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+

**TABLE 3.4.2-2: APPLICABILITY OF CALIBRATION METHODS**

+-----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| CALIBRATION           | SOURCE | EA     | Beyond | RANGE  | RANGE  |
|                       | USED   | RTH\'s | IONO-  | ERROR  | RATE   |
| METHOD                |        | IONO-  | SPHERE |        | ERROR  |
|                       |        | SPHERE |        |        |        |
+-----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| FARADAY               | S/C    | X      |        | X(1)   | X(1)   |
+-----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| ROTATION              | Geo    | X      |        | X(2)   | X(2)   |
|                       | Sat    |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|                       | S/C    | X      | X      | X(3)   | X(3)   |
+-----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| DUAL                  | Geo    | X      |        | X(2)   | X(2)   |
|                       | Sat    |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| FREQUENCY             | slic   | X      |        | X(2)   | X(2)   |
+-----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| DIFFERENCED RANGE vs. | S/C    | X      | X      |        |        |
+-----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| INTEGRATED DOP        | Geo    |        |        |        |        |
|                       | Sat    |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| **NOTES: (1) should   |        |        |        |        |        |
| not be used for SEPs  |        |        |        |        |        |
| below 5 degrees.**    |        |        |        |        |        |
|                       |        |        |        |        |        |
| **(2) must translate  |        |        |        |        |        |
| ray path to user S/C  |        |        |        |        |        |
| line of sight.**      |        |        |        |        |        |
|                       |        |        |        |        |        |
| **(3) 2/8 GHz         |        |        |        |        |        |
| downlink only,        |        |        |        |        |        |
| inaccurate below SEP  |        |        |        |        |        |
| = 20 deg.**           |        |        |        |        |        |
+-----------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

**3.4.3A OPTIMAL CHARGED PARTICLE CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES FOR RANGING
DATA UNDER VARIOUS PROPAGATION CONDITIONS, SINGLE STATION TRACKING,
CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the Total (Columnar) Electron Content (TEC) in the
telecommunications ray path may be a function of both the
spacecraft-earth station distance and the Sun-Earth-Probe (SEP) angle;

\(b\) that, for Category A missions, the Round-Trip-Light-Time (RTLT) is
always less than or equal to 13.3 seconds;

\(c\) that, for RTLTs typically found with Category A missions, the TEC
results primarily from the Earth\'s Ionosphere and is substantially
independent of SEP angle;

\(d\) that for short telecommunications RTLTs, the TEC is relatively
invariant with time;

\(e\) that, for Category A missions, the charged-particle environment
can be assumed to be identical for both up and down links because of the
short RTLTs;

\(f\) that it may be necessary to calibrate the TEC for Category A
missions which have very high navigational or orbit positional accuracy
requirements;

\(g\) that charged particle calibration techniques such as dual
frequency up/dual frequency down (or round-trip dual frequency), single
frequency up/dual frequency down, and Faraday rotation can be used to
calibrate the range data;

\(h\) that, for Category A missions, use of the round-trip dual
frequency technique does not offer any significant improvements in range
error uncertainty when compared to a single frequency X-band (or higher)
uplink/dual frequency downlink technique (see Figure 3.4.3A-1);

\(i\) that the use of Faraday Rotation technique may not provide the
desired accuracy because it may require a mapping of total columnar
electron content (TEC) to the line-of-sight for range error calibration;

\(j\) that selection of the simplest qualified charged particle
calibration technique should be based upon the (1) maximum permissible
range error and RMS range error uncertainty, (2) minimum hardware
requirements, and (3) requirement for a capability to calibrate the
range data errors resulting from the variation of the total columnar
electron content;

**recommends**

\(1\) that space agencies use the single frequency up/dual frequency
down technique to measure the TEC and then correct the range data;

\(2\) that space agencies use the highest available frequency band for
transmitting the single frequency uplink.

**3.4.3A OPTIMAL CHARGED PARTICLE CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES FOR RANGING
DATA UNDER VARIOUS PROPAGATION CONDITIONS, SINGLE STATION TRACKING,
CATEGORY A (Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION**

![](media/image9.emf){width="6.594444444444444in"
height="4.293055555555555in"}

6445-445ab

**FIGURE 3.4.3A-1: RANGING ACCURACY VERSUS RMS EQUIPMENT UNCERTAINTY FOR
SINGLE STATION, CATEGORY A ^1^**

**Legend**

σ~SF-A/S~ = RMS range error uncertainty in meters for single frequency,
S-Band up/dual frequencies S and X down for single station Category A
missions.

σ~SF-A/X~ = RMS range error uncertainty in meters for single frequency
X-Band up/dual frequency S and X down for single station Category A
missions.

σ~DF-A~ = RMS range error uncertainty in meters for dual frequency S and
X up/dual frequency S and X down for single station Category A missions.

**NOTE:**

**1. See *Report of the Proceedings of the Subpanel 1E Meeting at the
Ames Research Center,* \"Optimal Charged-Particle Calibration Technique
for Ranging Data Channel\", p 215, September 1989.**

**3.5.1 MINIMUM SET OF SPACECRAFT - EARTH STATION TESTS REQUIRED TO
ENSURE COMPATIBILITY**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that cross support will frequently be required for Telemetry,
Tracking, and/or Command operation;

\(b\) that it is desirable to assure compatibility of the spacecraft
with the ground network before the launch of a spacecraft;

\(c\) that this compatibility is usually verified by compatibility
tests;

\(d\) that all parties have a common understanding of the tests;

**recommends**

that, in accordance with the required cross support, all relevant tests
set forth in Table 3.5.1-1 shall be performed.

**3.5.1 MINIMUM SET OF SPACECRAFT - EARTH STATION TESTS REQUIRED TO
ENSURE COMPATIBILITY (Continued)**

**TABLE 3.5.1-1**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| TEST TYPES ^1^                                                        |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| SPACECRAFT RADIO FREQUENCY                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Transmitter frequency and frequency stability                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Transmitter residual carrier phase jitter                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Transmitter RF spectrum measurement                                 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Receiver rest frequency determination                               |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Receiver acquisition frequency range and rate                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Receiver tracking frequency range and rate                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| TELEMETRY                                                             |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Telemetry modulation index                                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Telemetry receiver carrier threshold                                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Telemetry bit error rate                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Telemetry spectrum                                                  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| TELECOMMAND                                                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > S/C receiver command and carrier threshold                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > S/C receiver telecommand phase modulation index variation           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Telecommand receiver spurious carrier immunity                      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Telecommand receiver spurious modulation immunity                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| RANGING                                                               |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Transponder ranging delay                                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Ranging downlink modulation index vs. uplink modulation index       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Ranging downlink spectrum                                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Ranging downlink modulation index vs. uplink signal-to-noise power  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| EARTH STATION ANTENNA TRACKING SYSTEM                                 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > Receiver carrier signal level threshold                             |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**NOTE:**

**1. See CCSDS *Radio Frequency and Modulation Systems, Spacecraft-Earth
Station Compatibility Test Procedures*, CCSDS 412.0 G-1, May 1992, for
descriptions of the test procedures and equipment.**

**3.6.1A INTERFERENCE REDUCTION IN THE 2200 - 2290 MHz BANDS, CATEGORY
A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the planned increase in the number of links in the 2 GHz
bands will raise the likelihood of harmful interference;

\(b\) that channel coding techniques, such as the CCSDS concatenated
codes, can reduce the power spectral density by more than 10 dB while
lowering the susceptibility to interference;

\(c\) that the use of suppressed carrier modulation techniques as
recommended by the CCSDS, can further reduce the power spectral density;

**recommends**

> that the power spectral density of space radiocommunication links be
> reduced by using appropriate modulation techniques and channel coding
> in accordance with CCSDS Recommendations in order to reduce the
> potential for harmful interference.

**3.6.2A INTERFERENCE FROM SPACE-TO-SPACE LINKS BETWEEN
NON-GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES TO OTHER SPACE SYSTEMS IN THE 2025 - 2110
AND 2200 - 2290 MHz BANDS, CATEGORY A**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that space-to-space transmissions between two or more
non-geostationary satellites shall not impose any constraints on other
space transmissions (ITU-RR-750A);

\(b\) that the planned increase in the number of space-to-space links
between non-geostationary satellites will raise the likelihood of
harmful interference;

**recommends**

> that the power spectral density of space-to-space links between any
> two non-geostationary satellites be reduced by using appropriate
> modulation techniques and channel coding in accordance with CCSDS
> Recommendations, in order to reduce the potential for harmful
> interference to space-to-Earth, Earth-to-space, and space-to-space
> transmissions involving at least one geostationary satellite.

**4.0 PROCEDURAL RECOMMENDATIONS**

As telecommunications systems become more sophisticated, it is
imperative that aids be developed to assist in the design, performance
evaluation, and perhaps even validation of these systems. Early on, the
CCSDS was only concerned with technical Recommendations which promoted a
uniformity in data systems. However, Subpanel 1E soon discovered that
efficient use of the radio frequency spectrum was an imperative. Such
efficient use implies constraints, and the first Blue Book included a
*Policy* section. This section contained many Recommendations limiting
CCSDS Agencies\' use of radio frequencies beyond those already imposed
by the ITU\'s Radio Regulations.

However, efficient use also implies optimal designs. The more
efficiently a communications link can be made to operate, the more the
frequency spectrum can be shared with other users. Use of the radio
frequency bands is increasing so rapidly that sharing has become
essential.

This section contains procedural Recommendations intended to assist the
CCSDS Agencies to efficiently design and operate their
telecommunications links. These Recommendations are, in effect, tools to
optimize the design and performance of those links. Presently,
Recommendations in this section will be found in two categories.

4.1 *Design Tools* 4.2 *Computational Algorithms*

However, it is likely that future Recommendations will also cover such
areas as performance evaluation and validation.

Many of these tools can be most efficiently applied if they are in the
form of computer programs. Work is underway to develop such programs for
several Recommendations. These programs are being designed to run on
small personal computers of the IBM AT class. Periodically, readers may
wish to contact either the CCSDS Secretariat, or CCSDS Subpanel 1E
members, to ascertain what programs are available.

DESIGN TOOLS RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 4    | Mod Index             | Procedure for optimizing.             |
| .1.1 | Determination         |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 4    | Link Design Control   | Standard form for information         |
| .1.2 | Table                 | exchange.                             |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 4    | Terminology           | Definitions of terms found in DCT.    |
| .1.3 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 4    | Probability Density   | Default values for link performance   |
| .1.4 | Functions             | computation.                          |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 4    | P~C~/P~T~, P~D~/P~T~, | Modulation loss equations used in     |
| .1.5 | P~R~/P~T~             | CCSDS DCT.                            |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 4    | Reserved for DCT      |                                       |
| .1.6 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 4    | Reserved for DCT      |                                       |
| .1.7 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHMS RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY

+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| **RE | **RECOMMENDED**       | **RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY**            |
| C.** |                       |                                       |
|      | **CHARACTERISTICS**   |                                       |
| **N  |                       |                                       |
| O.** |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 4    | B/W PCM/PM            | Approximations for calculating.       |
| .2.1 |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 4    | B/W with sine wave    | Approximations for calculating.       |
| .2.2 | subcarrier            |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
| 4    | B/W with square wave  | Approximations for calculating.       |
| .2.3 | subcarrier            |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+
|      |                       |                                       |
+------+-----------------------+---------------------------------------+

**4.1.1 SELECTION OF OPTIMUM MODULATION INDICES FOR SIMULTANEOUS
RANGING, TELECOMMAND, AND TELEMETRY OPERATIONS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that two-way transmissions are generally employed for making range
measurements to a distant spacecraft;

\(b\) that, for simultaneous telecommand and ranging on the
earth-to-space link, the telecommand performance may suffer some
degradation due to telecommand-ranging cross-modulation components;

\(c\) that, for simultaneous telemetry and ranging on the space-to-earth
link, the telemetry performance may be degraded due to interference from
the filtered versions of the uplink ranging, feed-through telecommand,
cross-modulation components and noise;

\(d\) that the timing offset due to asynchronous clocks between the
telecommand and telemetry may cause serious telemetry bit error rate
(BER) degradation when the two subcarriers are not separated in
frequency sufficiently;

\(e\) that the performance degradation in the telecommand and telemetry
due to the factors named in considerations in (b), (c) and (d) can be
minimized if the modulation indices for telecommand, range, telemetry
are chosen properly;

\(f\) that the ranging receiver is usually not susceptible to
interference from unwanted emissions which fall outside the receiver\'s
bandwidth;

\(g\) that the selected modulation indices will provide the optimum
power division between the data (telecommand/telemetry) and the ranging
channels for a required ranging accuracy, and a specified bit error rate
degradation in the data channel;

\(h\) that the selected modulation indices will result in adequate power
for carrier tracking without degrading the specified data channel
performance;

\(i\) that the selected modulation indices will provide the required
link performance margins for the carrier, range and data signals;

**recommends**

that the CCSDS agencies utilize the technique illustrated in Annex 1 and
Figure 4.1.1-1 to select the optimum set of modulation indices for
simultaneous ranging, telecommand, and telemetry operations;

**4.1.1 SELECTION OF OPTIMUM MODULATION INDICES FOR SIMULTANEOUS
RANGING, TELECOMMAND, AND TELEMETRY OPERATIONS (Continued)**

ANNEX 1

The constants A~1~, A~2~, A~3~, A~4~, A~5~, and the design factor K
shown in Figure 4.1.1-1 are defined as follows:

(SNR)~D~

A~1~ = ──────

(SNR)~C~

(SNR)~D~

A~2~ = ──────

(SNR)~R~

(SNR)~R~ 1

A~3~ = ────── = ───

(SNR)~D~ A~2~

A~4~ = (SNR)~R~

{∆~D~(dB)/10}

A~5~ (dB) = 10 log~10~ \[10 - 1\]

┌ ┐ ┌ ┐

│ (SNR)~R~ │ │ 1 │

k = │ ─────── │ × │ ─── │

│ (SNR)~D~ │ │ ∆S │

└ ┘ └ ┘

where:

∆~D~ (dB) = Degradation in the Data Channel due to the interference from
the ranging channel.

∆s (dB) = A~5~ (dB) - \[(SNR)~REQ~ + P~I~ (dB)\]

(SNR)~REQ~ = Required data signal-to-noise ratio to achieved a desired
bit error rate.

P~I~ = The maximum ranging channel power level which falls into the data
channel.

(SNR)~D~ = Threshold signal-to-noise power density ratio in the data
channel.

(SNR)~C~ = Threshold signal-to-noise power density ratio in the carrier
channel.

(SNR)~R~ = Threshold signal-to-noise power density in the ranging
channel.

**4.1.1 SELECTION OF OPTIMUM MODULATION INDICES FOR SIMULTANEOUS
RANGING, TELECOMMAND, AND TELEMETRY OPERATIONS (Continued)**

![](media/image10.emf){width="5.194444444444445in"
height="7.527777777777778in"}

6485-23012An

**FIGURE 4.1.1-1 MT\'s ALGORITHM: AN ALGORITHM TO SEARCH FOR A SET OF
OPTIMUM MODULATION INDICES FOR SIMULTANEOUS COMMAND / TELEMETRY / RANGE
OPERATIONS**

**4.1.1 SELECTION OF OPTIMUM MODULATION INDICES FOR SIMULTANEOUS
RANGING, TELECOMMAND, AND TELEMETRY OPERATIONS (Continued)**

![](media/image11.emf){width="5.416666666666667in"
height="3.7083333333333335in"}

> LEGEND:
>
> (Eb/No) (dB) = REQUIRED BIT SNR TO ACHIEVE A DESIRED BER IN dB
>
> 2 BLO(dB-Hz) = TWO-SIDED PLL NOISE BANDWIDTH IN dB-Hz
>
> (SNR)2 BLO (dB) = REQUIRED OPERATING THRESHOLD IN dB
>
> BR(dB-Hz) = REQUIRED DATA BIT RATE IN dB-Hz
>
> (SNR) ∆D (dB) = SNR DEGRADATION DUE TO RECEIVER HARDWARE IN dB
>
> BWR(dB-Hz) = RANGING BANDWIDTH IN dB-Hz (2-SIDED)
>
> (SNR) BW (dB) = REQUIRED RANGING SNR BWR, EXPRESSED IN dB
>
> (SNR) ∆R (dB) = SNR DEGRADATION DUE TO RANGING RECEIVER HARDWARE IN dB
>
> ∆S = RANGING SUPPRESSION RELATIVE TO DATA POWER LEVEL IN dB
>
> K = DESIGN FACTOR
>
> ∆D(dB) = DEGRADATION IN THE DATA CHANNEL DUE TO THE INTERFERENCE FROM
> THE RANGING CHANNEL
>
> mD = DATA CHANNEL MODULATION INDEX IN RADIAN
>
> mR = RANGING CHANNEL MODULATION INDEX IN RADIAN
>
> PD = THE RECOVERABLE POWER IN THE FIRST-ORDER SIDEBAND OF THE DATA
> CHANNEL
>
> PR = THE RECOVERABLE POWER IN THE FIRST-ORDER SIDEBAND OF THE RANGING
> CHANNEL
>
> PT = TOTAL TRANSMITTED POWER
>
> PC = THE RECOVERABLE POWER IN THE CARRIER CHANNEL
>
> CMC = CALCULATED CARRIER PERFORMANCE MARGIN
>
> DMC = CALCULATED DATA PERFORMANCE MARGIN
>
> RMC = CALCULATED RANGING MARGIN
>
> CMREQ = REQUIRED CARRIER PERFORMANCE MARGIN
>
> DMREQ = REQUIRED DATA PERFORMANCE MARGIN
>
> RMREQ = REQUIRED RANGING PERFORMANCE MARGIN

**FIGURE 4.1.1-1 MT\'s ALGORITHM: AN ALGORITHM TO SEARCH FOR A SET OF
OPTIMUM MODULATION INDICES FOR SIMULTANEOUS COMMAND / TELEMETRY / RANGE
OPERATIONS**

**4.1.1 SELECTION OF OPTIMUM MODULATION INDICES FOR SIMULTANEOUS
RANGING, TELECOMMAND, AND TELEMETRY OPERATIONS (Continued)**

![](media/image12.emf){width="5.486111111111111in"
height="6.611111111111111in"}

**FIGURE 4.1.1-1 MT\'s ALGORITHM: AN ALGORITHM TO SEARCH FOR A SET OF
OPTIMUM MODULATION INDICES FOR SIMULTANEOUS COMMAND / TELEMETRY / RANGE
OPERATIONS**

**4.1.1 SELECTION OF OPTIMUM MODULATION INDICES FOR SIMULTANEOUS
RANGING, TELECOMMAND, AND TELEMETRY OPERATIONS (Continued)**

![](media/image13.emf){width="2.986111111111111in"
height="3.111111111111111in"}

6485-23012Dn

**FIGURE 4.1.1-1 MT\'s ALGORITHM: AN ALGORITHM TO SEARCH FOR A SET OF
OPTIMUM MODULATION INDICES FOR SIMULTANEOUS COMMAND / TELEMETRY / RANGE
OPERATIONS**

**4.1.2 TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE**

**(Link and Weather Not Combined)**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that an ability to exchange telecommunications link performance
information is necessary for agencies to engage in cooperative space
missions, conduct joint space ventures, and provide ground station cross
support to another agency\'s spacecraft;

\(b\) that a uniform method for presenting link parameters and
calculating link performance will facilitate the exchange of
information;

\(c\) that a uniform Design Control Table (DCT) is a convenient method
for displaying telecommunications link performance information;

\(d\) that the order in which the parameters are arranged in the Design
Control Table can affect its clarity and the ease with which a signal
can be traced through a telecommunications system;

\(e\) that nominal link parameter values, representing the expected
performance by the link, are important to an understanding of the
telecommunications system;

\(f\) that favorable and adverse tolerances on the nominal link
parameter values are required to provide confidence in the link\'s
performance;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the uniform Design Control Table, consisting of the general
information and link performance pages contained in the Annex, be used
as a means for comparing telecommunications link performance
calculations between agencies;

\(2\) that in computing favorable and adverse tolerances on the nominal
performance values, agencies should use 3-sigma values for the
telecommand system and use 2-sigma values for all other systems.

**4.1.2 ANNEX - TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE**

CCSDS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE

GENERAL INFORMATION

(Link and Weather Not Combined)

Page 1

  ------ ----------------------- ----------------------------------------
                                 

  1      Owner CCSDS Agency      

                                 

                                 

  2      Name of Mission         

                                 

                                 

  3      Name of Spacecraft      

                                 

                                 

  4      Mission Category        

         a\. A = Alt.\<2,000,000 
         km                      

         b\. B = Alt.\>2,000,000 
         km                      

                                 

                                 

  5      Link Budget Number      

                                 

                                 

  6      Revision No. /          
         Conditions              

                                 

                                 

  7      Date                    

                                 

                                 

  8      File Name               

                                 

                                 

         Project ­Name:           

         Cognizant Person Title: 

         Address:                

  9                              

                                 

         Telephone No:           

         Fax No:                 

         E-Mail No:              

                                 

         Network Name:           

         Cognizant Person        
         Address:                

  10                             

                                 

         Telephone No:           

         FAX No:                 

         E-Mail No:              
  ------ ----------------------- ----------------------------------------

**4.1.2 ANNEX (Cont.) - TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE**

CCSDS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE

COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM OPERATING CONDITIONS

(Link and Weather Not Combined)

Page 2

+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
| * |                  |          | *  |                  |          |
| * |                  |          | *S |                  |          |
| E |                  |          | PA |                  |          |
| A |                  |          | CE |                  |          |
| R |                  |          |  - |                  |          |
| T |                  |          | E  |                  |          |
| H |                  |          | AR |                  |          |
|   |                  |          | TH |                  |          |
| - |                  |          |  - |                  |          |
| S |                  |          | LI |                  |          |
| P |                  |          | NK |                  |          |
| A |                  |          | ** |                  |          |
| C |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| E |                  |          |    |                  |          |
|   |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| - |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| L |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| I |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| N |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| K |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
| * |                  |          | ** |                  |          |
| * |                  |          | *S |                  |          |
| * |                  |          | /C |                  |          |
| E |                  |          | TR |                  |          |
| / |                  |          | AN |                  |          |
| S |                  |          | SM |                  |          |
| T |                  |          | IT |                  |          |
| R |                  |          | TI |                  |          |
| A |                  |          | NG |                  |          |
| N |                  |          | RF |                  |          |
| S |                  |          | C  |                  |          |
| M |                  |          | HA |                  |          |
| I |                  |          | NN |                  |          |
| T |                  |          | EL |                  |          |
| T |                  |          | :* |                  |          |
| I |                  |          | ** |                  |          |
| N |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| G |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| R |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| F |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| C |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| H |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| A |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| N |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| N |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| E |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| L |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| : |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
| 1 | > RF Carrier     |          | 11 | > RF Carrier     |          |
|   | > Modulation     |          |    | > Modulation     |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > a\. Ch 1 Type  |          |    | > a\. Ch 1 Type  |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > b\. Ch 1       |          |    | > b\. Ch 1       |          |
|   | > Format         |          |    | > Format         |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > c\. Ch 2 Type  |          |    | > c\. Ch 2 Type  |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > d\. Ch 2       |          |    | > d\. Ch 2       |          |
|   | > Format         |          |    | > Format         |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
| * |                  |          | ** |                  |          |
| * |                  |          | *S |                  |          |
| * |                  |          | /C |                  |          |
| E |                  |          | TR |                  |          |
| / |                  |          | AN |                  |          |
| S |                  |          | SM |                  |          |
| T |                  |          | IT |                  |          |
| R |                  |          | TI |                  |          |
| A |                  |          | NG |                  |          |
| N |                  |          | DA |                  |          |
| S |                  |          | TA |                  |          |
| M |                  |          | C  |                  |          |
| I |                  |          | HA |                  |          |
| T |                  |          | NN |                  |          |
| T |                  |          | EL |                  |          |
| I |                  |          | :* |                  |          |
| N |                  |          | ** |                  |          |
| G |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| D |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| A |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| T |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| A |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| C |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| H |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| A |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| N |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| N |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| E |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| L |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| : |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
| 2 | > Baseband Data  |          | 12 | > Baseband Data  |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > a\. Ch 1 Bit   |          |    | > a\. Ch 1 Bit   |          |
|   | > Rate, b/s      |          |    | > Rate, kb/s     |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > b\. Ch 1 Bit   |          |    | > b\. Ch 1 Bit   |          |
|   | > Error Rate     |          |    | > Error Rate     |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > c\. Ch 2 Bit   |          |    | > c\. Ch 2 Bit   |          |
|   | > Rate, b/s      |          |    | > Rate, kb/s     |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > d\. Ch 2 Bit   |          |    | > d\. Ch 2 Bit   |          |
|   | > Error Rate     |          |    | > Error Rate     |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
| 3 | > Data Coding    |          | 13 | > Data Coding    |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > a\. Ch 1 Type  |          |    | > a\. Ch 1 Rate  |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > b\. Ch 1 No.   |          |    | > b\. Ch 1       |          |
|   | > Info Bits      |          |    | > Constraint     |          |
|   |                  |          |    | > Length         |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > c\. Ch 1 Block |          |    | > c\. Ch 1       |          |
|   | > Length         |          |    | > Concatenated   |          |
|   |                  |          |    | > Code           |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   |                  |          |    | > d\. Ch 1       |          |
|   |                  |          |    | > Data/Total     |          |
|   |                  |          |    | > Bits           |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > d\. Ch 2 Type  |          |    | > e\. Ch 2 Rate  |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > e\. Ch 2 No.   |          |    | > f\. Ch 2       |          |
|   | > Info Bits      |          |    | > Constraint     |          |
|   |                  |          |    | > Length         |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > f\. Ch 2 Block |          |    | > g\. Ch 2       |          |
|   | > Length         |          |    | > Concatenated   |          |
|   |                  |          |    | > Code           |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   |                  |          |    | > h\. Ch 2       |          |
|   |                  |          |    | > Data/Total     |          |
|   |                  |          |    | > Bits           |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
| 4 | > Subcarrier     |          | 14 | > Subcarrier     |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > a\. Ch 1       |          |    | > a\. Ch 1       |          |
|   | > Waveform       |          |    | > Waveform       |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > b\. Ch 1       |          |    | > b\. Ch 1       |          |
|   | > Frequency      |          |    | > Frequency      |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > c\. Ch 1 Mod   |          |    | > c\. Ch 1       |          |
|   | > Type           |          |    | > Modulation     |          |
|   |                  |          |    | > Type           |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > d\. Ch 2       |          |    | > d\. Ch 2       |          |
|   | > Waveform       |          |    | > Waveform       |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > e\. Ch 2       |          |    | > e\. Ch 2       |          |
|   | > Frequency      |          |    | > Frequency      |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > f\. Ch 2 Mod   |          |    | > f\. Ch 2       |          |
|   | > Type           |          |    | > Modulation     |          |
|   |                  |          |    | > Type           |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
| * |                  |          | ** |                  |          |
| * |                  |          | *S |                  |          |
| * |                  |          | /C |                  |          |
| E |                  |          |  - |                  |          |
| / |                  |          | E  |                  |          |
| S |                  |          | /S |                  |          |
| T |                  |          | R  |                  |          |
| R |                  |          | NG |                  |          |
| A |                  |          | C  |                  |          |
| N |                  |          | HA |                  |          |
| S |                  |          | NN |                  |          |
| M |                  |          | EL |                  |          |
| I |                  |          | :* |                  |          |
| T |                  |          | ** |                  |          |
| T |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| I |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| N |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| G |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| R |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| N |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| G |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| C |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| H |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| A |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| N |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| N |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| E |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| L |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| : |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
| 5 | > a\. System     |          | 15 | > a\. Code       |          |
|   | > Type           |          |    | > Regeneration   |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > b\. Tone/Code  |          |    | > b\. Coherent   |          |
|   | > Wavfrm         |          |    | > Ops Reqd       |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > c\. Highest    |          |    | > c\. Required   |          |
|   | > Frequency      |          |    | > Accuracy (m)   |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > d\. Lowest     |          |    | > d\. Bandwidth  |          |
|   | > Frequency      |          |    | > T/C 1 (Hz)     |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > e\. Total Comp |          |    | > e\. Bandwidth  |          |
|   | > No.            |          |    | > T/C 2 (Hz)     |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
| * |                  |          | *  |                  |          |
| * |                  |          | ** |                  |          |
| * |                  |          | SP |                  |          |
| E |                  |          | AC |                  |          |
| A |                  |          | E- |                  |          |
| R |                  |          | TO |                  |          |
| T |                  |          | -E |                  |          |
| H |                  |          | AR |                  |          |
| - |                  |          | TH |                  |          |
| T |                  |          | PA |                  |          |
| O |                  |          | TH |                  |          |
| - |                  |          | P  |                  |          |
| S |                  |          | ER |                  |          |
| P |                  |          | FO |                  |          |
| A |                  |          | RM |                  |          |
| C |                  |          | AN |                  |          |
| E |                  |          | CE |                  |          |
| P |                  |          | :* |                  |          |
| A |                  |          | ** |                  |          |
| T |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| H |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| P |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| E |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| R |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| F |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| O |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| R |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| M |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| A |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| N |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| C |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| E |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| : |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
| * |                  |          |    |                  |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
| 6 | > a\. Weather    |          | 16 | > a\. Weather    |          |
|   | > Avail (%)      |          |    | > Avail (%)      |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+
|   | > b\. S/C        |          |    | > b\. S/C        |          |
|   | > Distance (km)  |          |    | > Distance (km)  |          |
+---+------------------+----------+----+------------------+----------+

**4.1.2 ANNEX (Cont.) - TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE**

CCSDS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE

EARTH - SPACE - LINK

INPUT DATA SHEET

(Link and Weather Not Combined)

Page 3

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="6"><strong>MISSION AND SPACECRAFT</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="4"><strong>CHANNEL 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>CHANNEL 2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>UNITS</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>DESIGN</strong></p>
<p><strong>VALUE</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>FAV</strong></p>
<p><strong>TOL</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>ADV</strong></p>
<p><strong>TOL</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>DESIGN</strong></p>
<p><strong>VALUE</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>FAV</strong></p>
<p><strong>TOL</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>ADV</strong></p>
<p><strong>TOL</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14"><em><strong>E/S TRANSMITTING RF CARRIER CHANNEL
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>1</td>
<td colspan="5">Transmitter Power</td>
<td>dBW</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>2</td>
<td colspan="5">Transmitter Frequency</td>
<td>MHz</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>3</td>
<td colspan="2">Antenna Gain</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td>dBi</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>4</td>
<td colspan="5">Antenna Circuit Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>5</td>
<td colspan="5">Antenna Pointing Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14"><em><strong>E/S TRANSMITTING DATA CHANNEL
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>6</td>
<td colspan="5">Information Bit Rate</td>
<td>b/s</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>7</td>
<td colspan="5">Subcarrier Frequency</td>
<td>kHz</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>8</td>
<td colspan="5">Subcarrier Waveform</td>
<td>Sin-Sq</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>9</td>
<td colspan="5">RF Modulation Index</td>
<td>Rad-pk</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="14"><em><strong>E/S TRANSMITTING RANGING CHANNEL
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>10</td>
<td colspan="5">Simultaneous With Data</td>
<td>Yes-No</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>11</td>
<td colspan="5">Ranging Waveform</td>
<td>Sin-Sq</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>12</td>
<td colspan="5">a. Mod Index Tone/Code 1</td>
<td>Rad-pk</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td colspan="5">b. Mod Index Tone/Code 2</td>
<td>Rad-pk</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14"><em><strong>EARTH - TO - SPACE PATH
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>13</td>
<td colspan="5">Topocentric Range</td>
<td>km</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>14</td>
<td colspan="5">Atmospheric Attenuation</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>15</td>
<td colspan="5">Ionospheric Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>16</td>
<td colspan="5">Antenna Elevation Angle</td>
<td>deg</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="14"><em><strong>S/C RECEIVING RF CARRIER CHANNEL
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>17</td>
<td colspan="5">Antenna Gain</td>
<td>dBi</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>18</td>
<td colspan="5">Polarization Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>19</td>
<td colspan="5">Antenna Pointing Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>20</td>
<td colspan="5">Antenna Circuit Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>21</td>
<td colspan="5">Carrier Circuit Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>22</td>
<td colspan="5">Total Noise Temperature</td>
<td>K</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="5">a. Receiver Operating Temp</td>
<td>K</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td colspan="5">b. Feed Through Noise</td>
<td>K</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="5">c. Hot Body Noise</td>
<td>K</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>23</td>
<td colspan="5">Threshold Loop Noise BW</td>
<td>Hz</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>24</td>
<td colspan="5">Reqd Threshold SNR in 2 BLO</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="14"><em><strong>S/C RECEIVING DATA CHANNEL
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>25</td>
<td colspan="5">Phase Jitter Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>26</td>
<td colspan="5">Demodulator / Detector Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>27</td>
<td colspan="5">Waveform Distortion Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>28</td>
<td colspan="5">Max Rng Interference to Data</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>29</td>
<td colspan="5">Reqd Data Eb/No</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="14"><em><strong>S/C RECEIVING RNG CHANNEL
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>30</td>
<td colspan="5">Ranging Demodulator Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>31</td>
<td colspan="5">Ranging Filter Bandwidth</td>
<td>MHz</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>32</td>
<td colspan="5">Required Tone/Code 1 SNR</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>33</td>
<td colspan="5">Required Tone/Code 2 SNR</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**4.1.2 ANNEX (Cont.) - TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE**

CCSDS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE

SPACE - EARTH - LINK

INPUT DATA SHEET

(Link and Weather Not Combined)

Page 4

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="6"><strong>MISSION AND SPACECRAFT</strong></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>CHANNEL 1</strong></td>
<td colspan="3"><strong>CHANNEL 2</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td><strong>UNITS</strong></td>
<td><p><strong>DESIGN</strong></p>
<p><strong>VALUE</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>FAV</strong></p>
<p><strong>TOL</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>ADV</strong></p>
<p><strong>TOL</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>DESIGN</strong></p>
<p><strong>VALUE</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>FAV</strong></p>
<p><strong>TOL</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>ADV</strong></p>
<p><strong>TOL</strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="13"><em><strong>S/C TRANSMITTING RF CARRIER CHANNEL
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>51</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Transmitter Power</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>dBW</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>52</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Transmitter Frequency</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>MHz</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>53</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Antenna Gain</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>dBi</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>54</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Antenna Circuit Loss</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>55</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Antenna Pointing Loss</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="13"><em><strong>S/C TRANSMITTING DATA CHANNEL
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>56</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Information Bit Rate</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>kb/s</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>57</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Subcarrier Frequency</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>kHz</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>58</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Subcarrier Waveform</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Sin-Sq</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>59</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>RF Modulation Index</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Rad-pk</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="13"><em><strong>S/C TRANSMITTING RNG CHANNEL
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>60</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Simultaneous With Data</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Yes-No</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>61</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Mod Index Tone/Code</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>Rad-pk</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="13"><em><strong>SPACE - TO - EARTH PATH
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>62</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Topocentric Range</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>km</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>63</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Atmospheric Attenuation</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>64</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Ionospheric Loss</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>65</td>
<td colspan="5"><blockquote>
<p>Antenna Elevation Angle</p>
</blockquote></td>
<td>deg</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="13"><em><strong>E/S RECEIVING RF CARRIER CHANNEL
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>66</td>
<td colspan="2">Ant Gain</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td></td>
<td>dBi</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>67</td>
<td colspan="5">Polarization Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>68</td>
<td colspan="5">Antenna Pointing Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>69</td>
<td colspan="5">Antenna Circuit Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>70</td>
<td colspan="5">Total Noise Temperature</td>
<td>K</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td colspan="5">a. Receiver Operating Temp</td>
<td>K</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="5">b. Feed Through Noise</td>
<td>K</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td colspan="5">c. Hot Body Noise</td>
<td>K</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td colspan="5">d. Weather Temp Increase</td>
<td>K</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>71</td>
<td colspan="5">Threshold Loop Noise BW</td>
<td>Hz</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>72</td>
<td colspan="5">Reqd Threshold SNR in 2 BLO</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="13"><em><strong>E/S RECEIVING DATA CHANNEL
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>73</td>
<td colspan="5">Phase Jitter Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>74</td>
<td colspan="5">Demodulator / Detector Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>75</td>
<td colspan="5">Waveform Distortion Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>76</td>
<td colspan="5">Max Rng Interference to Data</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>77</td>
<td colspan="5">Required Data Eb/No</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="13"><em><strong>E/S RECEIVING RNG CHANNEL
PARAMETERS:</strong></em></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>78</td>
<td colspan="5">Ranging Demodulator Loss</td>
<td>dB</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>79</td>
<td colspan="5">Required Tone/Code 1 Pwr/No</td>
<td>dB-Hz</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>80</td>
<td colspan="5">Required Tone/Code 2 Pwr/No</td>
<td>dB-Hz</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

**4.1.2 ANNEX (Cont.) - TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE**

CCSDS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE

EARTH - TO - SPACE LINK

LINK COMPUTATIONS

(Link and Weather Not Combined)

Page 5

+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| *  |                  | **U | *   | **  | *   | *   | *          |
| *M |                  | NIT | *DE | MEA | *VA | *PD | *REMARKS** |
| IS |                  | S** | SIG | N** | RI- | F** |            |
| SI |                  |     | N** |     | ANC |     |            |
| ON |                  |     |     | **V | E** | *   |            |
| A  |                  |     | **V | ALU |     | *RE |            |
| ND |                  |     | ALU | E** |     | F** |            |
| SP |                  |     | E** |     |     |     |            |
| AC |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EC |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FT |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *E |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| /S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TR |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| SM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| IT |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RF |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AR |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| HA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EL |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmitter      | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 01 | Power            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Antenna | dB  |     |     |     | UNI |            |
| 02 | Gain \[Effect\]  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit EIRP    | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 03 |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Carrier | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 04 | Power            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Carrier | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 05 | Power/PT         |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *E |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| /S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TR |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| SM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| IT |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| DA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| HA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EL |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Ch 1    | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 06 | Data Power       |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Ch 1    | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 07 | Data Power/PT    |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Ch 2    | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 08 | Data Power       |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Ch 2    | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 09 | Data Power/PT    |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *E |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| /S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TR |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| SM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| IT |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| R  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| HA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EL |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Tone - Code 1    | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 10 | Power            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Tone - Code 1    | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 11 | Power/PT         |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Tone - Code 2    | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 12 | Power            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Tone - Code 2    | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 13 | Power/PT         |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *E |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AR |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TH |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|  - |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|  - |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| S  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| PA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| PA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TH |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Free Space Loss  | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 14 |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Atmospheric      | dB  |     |     |     | GAU |            |
| 15 | Attenuation      |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Ionospheric Loss | dB  |     |     |     | GAU |            |
| 16 |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| /C |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| R  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EC |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| VI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RF |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AR |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| HA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EL |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Receiving        | dBi |     |     |     | UNI |            |
| 17 | Antenna Gain     |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|    | \[Effect\]       |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Noise Spectral   | dBW |     |     |     | GAU |            |
| 18 | Density          | /Hz |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Threshold Loop   | Hz  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 19 | BW, 2 BLO        |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Received Carrier | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 20 | Power            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Carrier          | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 21 | Performance      |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|    | Margin           |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| /C |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| R  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EC |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| VI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| DA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| HA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EL |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Ch 1 Data Loss   | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 22 | Due to Rng       |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Received Ch 1    | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 23 | Eb/No            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Required Ch 1    | dB  |     |     |     |     |            |
| 24 | Eb/No            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Ch 1 Data        | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 25 | Performance      |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|    | Margin           |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Ch 2 Data Loss   | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 26 | Due to Rng       |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Received Ch 2    | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 27 | Eb/No            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Required Ch 2    | dB  |     |     |     |     |            |
| 28 | Eb/No            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Ch 2 Data        | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 29 | Performance      |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|    | Margin           |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| /C |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| R  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EC |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| VI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| R  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| HA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EL |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Received Code 1  | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 30 | Power / No       | -Hz |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Received Code 2  | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 31 | Power / No       | -Hz |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Received Total   | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 32 | Rng Power / No   | -Hz |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Ranging Margin   | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 33 |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+

**4.1.2 ANNEX (Cont.) - TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE**

CCSDS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE

SPACE - TO - EARTH LINK

LINK COMPUTATIONS

(Link and Weather Not Combined)

Page 6

+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| *  |                  | **U | *   | **  | *   | *   | *          |
| *M |                  | NIT | *DE | MEA | *VA | *PD | *REMARKS** |
| IS |                  | S** | SIG | N** | RI- | F** |            |
| SI |                  |     | N** |     | ANC |     |            |
| ON |                  |     |     | **V | E** | *   |            |
| A  |                  |     | **V | ALU |     | *RE |            |
| ND |                  |     | ALU | E** |     | F** |            |
| SP |                  |     | E** |     |     |     |            |
| AC |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EC |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FT |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| /C |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TR |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| SM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| IT |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RF |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AR |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| HA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EL |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmitter      | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 51 | Power            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Antenna | dB  |     |     |     | UNI |            |
| 52 | Gain \[Effect\]  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit EIRP    | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 53 |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Carrier | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 54 | Power            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Carrier | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 55 | Power/PT         |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| /C |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TR |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| SM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| IT |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| DA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| HA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EL |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Ch 1    | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 56 | Data Power       |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Ch 1    | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 57 | Data Power/PT    |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Ch 2    | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 58 | Data Power       |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Transmit Ch 2    | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 59 | Data Power/PT    |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| /C |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TR |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| SM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| IT |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| R  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| HA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EL |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Tone - Code 1    | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 60 | Power            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Tone - Code 1    | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 61 | Power/PT         |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Tone - Code 2    | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 62 | Power            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Tone - Code 2    | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 63 | Power/PT         |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| PA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|  - |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|  - |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| E  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AR |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TH |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| PA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TH |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Free Space Loss  | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 64 |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Atmospheric      | dB  |     |     |     | GAU |            |
| 65 | Attenuation      |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Ionospheric Loss | dB  |     |     |     | GAU |            |
| 66 |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *E |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| /S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| R  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EC |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| VI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RF |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AR |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| HA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EL |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Receiving        | dBi |     |     |     | UNI |            |
| 67 | Antenna Gain     |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|    | \[Effect\]       |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Noise Spectral   | dBW |     |     |     | GAU |            |
| 68 | Density          | /Hz |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Threshold Loop   | Hz  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 69 | BW, 2 BLO        |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Received Carrier | dBW |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 70 | Power            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Carrier          | dB  |     |     |     | GAU |            |
| 71 | Performance      |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|    | Margin           |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *E |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| /S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| S  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ON |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| R  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EC |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| VI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| DA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| HA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EL |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Ch 1 Data Loss   | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 72 | Due to Rng       |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Received Ch 1    | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 73 | Eb/No            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Required Ch 1    | dB  |     |     |     |     |            |
| 74 | Eb/No            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Ch 1 Data        | dB  |     |     |     | GAU |            |
| 75 | Performance      |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|    | Margin           |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Ch 2 Data Loss   | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 76 | Due to Rng       |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Received Ch 2    | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 77 | Eb/No            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Required Ch 2    | dB  |     |     |     |     |            |
| 78 | Eb/No            |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Ch 2 Data        | dB  |     |     |     | GAU |            |
| 79 | Performance      |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|    | Margin           |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| *E |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| /S |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| S  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| TI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ON |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| R  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EC |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| VI |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| R  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NG |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| C  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| HA |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| NN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| EL |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| P  |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ER |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| FO |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| RM |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| AN |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| CE |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| :* |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
| ** |                  |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Received Code 1  | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 80 | Power / No       | -Hz |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Received Code 2  | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 81 | Power / No       | -Hz |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Received Total   | dB  |     |     |     | TRI |            |
| 82 | Rng Power / No   | -Hz |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+
| 1  | Ranging          | dB  |     |     |     | GAU |            |
| 83 | Performance      |     |     |     |     |     |            |
|    | Margin           |     |     |     |     |     |            |
+----+------------------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+------------+

**4.1.2 ANNEX (Cont.) - TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE**

CCSDS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE

EXPLANATION OF REMARKS

(Link and Weather Not Combined)

Page 7

+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > |                                                                  |
|   |                                                                  |
| * |                                                                  |
| * |                                                                  |
| * |                                                                  |
| U |                                                                  |
| P |                                                                  |
| L |                                                                  |
| I |                                                                  |
| N |                                                                  |
| K |                                                                  |
| * |                                                                  |
| * |                                                                  |
| * |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Design value of the Transmitted Carrier Power (dBW) is         |
|   | > computed using the design value of Pc/Pt and the EIRP. The     |
|   | > design value of Pc/Pt is computed by using the design values   |
|   | > of the several modulation indices.                             |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | > Mean Transmitted Carrier Power (dBW) is computed by examining  |
|   | > all combinations of favorable and adverse tolerances for the   |
|   | > several modulation indices, selecting the best and worst       |
|   | > cases, and computing Pc/Pt and EIRP. The variance on           |
|   | > Transmitted Carrier Power (dBW) is computed by using the EIRP  |
|   | > with the favorable and adverse tolerances of Pc/Pt.            |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2 | > A triangular probability density is used for Pc/Pt ratio.      |
| A |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 3 | > Design value of the Transmitted Data Power (dBW) is computed   |
|   | > using design value of Pd/Pt and of the EIRP. The design value  |
|   | > of Pd/Pt is computed by using the design values of the several |
|   | > modulation indices.                                            |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | > Mean Transmitted Data Power (dBW) is computed by examining all |
|   | > combinations of favorable and adverse tolerances for the       |
|   | > several modulation indices, selecting the best and worst       |
|   | > cases, and computing Pd/Pt and EIRP. The variance on           |
|   | > Transmitted Data Power (dBW) is computed by using the EIRP     |
|   | > with the favorable and adverse tolerances of Pd/Pt.            |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 4 | > A triangular probability density is used for the Pd/Pt ratio.  |
| A |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 5 | > Design value of the Transmitted Ranging Power (dBW) is         |
|   | > computed using the design value of Pr/Pt and of the EIRP. The  |
|   | > design value of Pr/Pt is computed by using the design values   |
|   | > of the several modulation indices.                             |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | > Mean Transmitted Ranging Power (dBW) is computed by examining  |
|   | > all combinations of favorable and adverse tolerances for the   |
|   | > several modulation indices, selecting the best and worst       |
|   | > cases, and computing Pr/Pt and EIRP. The variance of           |
|   | > Transmitted Ranging Power (dBW) is computed by using the EIRP  |
|   | > with the favorable and adverse tolerances of Pr/Pt.            |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 6 | > A triangular probability density is used for the Pr/Pt ratio.  |
| A |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 7 | > Space Loss: Mean and variance on the space loss are computed   |
| , | > using the favorable and adverse tolerances of the earth        |
| 8 | > station - spacecraft range.                                    |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 9 | > Atmospherics losses are assumed to be statistically            |
|   | > independent of the link when computing margins. Mean and       |
|   | > variance are computed using the appropriate weather model.     |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|   |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > |                                                                  |
|   |                                                                  |
| * |                                                                  |
| * |                                                                  |
| * |                                                                  |
| D |                                                                  |
| O |                                                                  |
| W |                                                                  |
| N |                                                                  |
| L |                                                                  |
| I |                                                                  |
| N |                                                                  |
| K |                                                                  |
| * |                                                                  |
| * |                                                                  |
| * |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Same as remark 1 but applied for the downlink.                 |
| 0 |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Same as remark 2 but applied for the downlink.                 |
| 1 |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Same as remark 2a but applied for the downlink.                |
| 1 |                                                                  |
| A |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Same as remark 3 but applied for the downlink.                 |
| 2 |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Same as remark 4 but applied for the downlink.                 |
| 3 |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Same as remark 4a but applied for the downlink.                |
| 3 |                                                                  |
| A |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Same as remark 5 but applied for the downlink.                 |
| 4 |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Same as remark 6 but applied for the downlink.                 |
| 5 |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Same as remark 6a but applied for the downlink.                |
| 5 |                                                                  |
| A |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Same as remark 7 but applied for the downlink.                 |
| 6 |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Same as remark 8 but applied for the downlink.                 |
| 7 |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 | > Same as remark 9 but applied for the downlink.                 |
| 8 |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+
|   |                                                                  |
+---+------------------------------------------------------------------+

**4.1.2 ANNEX (Cont.) - TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE**

CCSDS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE

EXPLANATION OF REMARKS (Cont.)

(Link and Weather Not Combined)

Page 8

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NOTES:::::::                                                          |
|                                                                       |
| **UPLINK**                                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1\. Required Tone/Code 1 SNR means the required tone / code 1 ranging |
| power divided by the noise power in the ranging bandwidth. The user   |
| is expected to enter the value in sheet 3, line 32.                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2\. When the ranging margin is computed, the ranging bandwidth is     |
| used to obtain the required power-to-noise density ratio. Thereafter, |
| this required ranging power-to-noise density ratio is subtracted from |
| the received ranging power-to-noise density ratio to obtain the       |
| ranging margin.                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **DOWNLINK**                                                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1\. Required ranging Tone/Code Pwr/No ratio is computed automatically |
| for DSN square wave and GSFC sidetone sinewave ranging systems. For   |
| other systems, the Required Tone/Code Pwr/No ratio must be provided   |
| by the user. The following steps should be followed.                  |
|                                                                       |
| > a\. Specify Tone/Code integration time needed meet accuracy         |
| > requirements.                                                       |
| >                                                                     |
| > b\. Compute effective bandwidth (e.g., 1/Integration Time).         |
| >                                                                     |
| > c\. Using appropriate data for the ranging system in use, find      |
| > required Pr/No needed to meet the specified accuracy, given the     |
| > desired integration time, and enter this value on line 79.          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2\. Ranging margin is based on effective bandwidth computed in 1b     |
| above.                                                                |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**4.1.3 STANDARD TERMINOLOGY FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK PERFORMANCE
CALCULATIONS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that a uniform method for computing telecommunications link
performance is desirable in order to facilitate the exchange of
information among agencies;

\(b\) that it is necessary to agree upon the definitions of certain key
terms before a uniform method for computing telecommunications link
performance can be adopted;

\(c\) that definitions which have been adopted by internationally
recognized organizations for such key terms should be used whenever
possible;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the terms listed in Article 1 of the Radio Regulations and in
the Annex below be used together with the meaning ascribed to them in
the corresponding definition.

\(2\) that the telecommunications link, together with the noise sources
and losses, be described as shown in Figure 4.1.3-1.

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 4.1.3**

![](media/image14.emf){width="8.319444444444445in"
height="5.444444444444445in"}

**FIGURE 4.1.3-1: TYPICAL SPACE COMMUNICATIONS LINK SHOWING LOSS AND
NOISE SOURCES**

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION**

*TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE (Link and Weather Not
Combined)*: A set of informational and input data tables for the user to
provide the salient earth-to-space and space-to-earth telecommunications
equipment and link characteristics together with tables containing the
computed performance of these links without regard to weather induced
effects.

**[GENERAL INFORMATION]{.underline}**

\(1\) *OWNER CCSDS AGENCY*: The CCSDS member agency having primary
responsibility for the success or failure of the mission.

\(2\) *NAME OF MISSION*: The name given to the mission by the CCSDS
member agency owner.

\(3\) *NAME OF SPACECRAFT*: The name given to a specific spacecraft,
which is part of the named mission, by the CCSDS member agency owner.

\(4\) *MISSION CATEGORY*: The mission\'s category, either Category B for
deep space missions (missions whose altitude above the Earth\'s surface
exceeds 2 × 10 6 km) or Category A for non-deep space missions (those
whose altitude above the Earth\'s surface are less than, or equal to, 2
× 10^6^ km).

\(5\) *LINK BUDGET NUMBER*: A number which is assigned to this link
budget study under the conditions and with the configuration stated on
the following pages to distinguish it from other such studies.

\(6\) *REVISION No. / CONDITIONS*: The most recent revision of this
telecommunications link budget study, which is contained in this table,
for the named spacecraft and mission together with a short description
of the study conditions (e.g., transmitter power, station used, etc.).

\(7\) *DATE*: The date that this study or revision was made.

\(8\) *FILE NAME*: The name or number of the file, whether on a computer
disk or other media, where this DCT is stored.

\(9\) *PROJECT COGNIZANT PERSON*:

*Name*: The name of the cognizant person in the owner agency with whom
inputs to, or outputs from, this Design Control Table should be
discussed and approved.

*Title*: The cognizant person\'s position or title.

*Address*: The full agency center\'s name and address which is required
to contact the cognizant person in an efficient manner.

*Telephone No*: The cognizant person\'s telephone number, including
country and area code.

*FAX No*: The cognizant person\'s FAX number, including country and area
code.

*E-Mail No.*: The cognizant person\'s full e-mail address, including any
relevant node.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[GENERAL INFORMATION (Continued)]{.underline}**

\(10\) *NETWORK COGNIZANT PERSON*:

*Name*: The name of the cognizant person in the agency operating the
supporting network with whom inputs to, or outputs from, this Design
Control Table should be discussed and approved.

*Address*: *The full network agency center\'s name and address which is
required to contact the cognizant person in an efficient manner.*

*Telephone No:* The cognizant person\'s telephone number, including
country and area code.

*FAX No*: The cognizant person\'s FAX number, including country and area
code.

*E-Mail No*: The cognizant person\'s full e-mail address, including any
relevant node.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM OPERATING CONDITIONS]{.underline}**

**[EARTH-TO-SPACE LINK]{.underline}**

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) TRANSMITTING RF CHANNEL]{.underline}**

\(1\) *RF CARRIER MODULATION*:

(1a) *Ch 1 Type*: The earth station\'s carrier modulation method.
Generally, only phase modulation is recommended by the CCSDS for the RF
carrier.

(1b) *Ch 1 Format*: The method used in the earth station to represent
the modulated Telecommand symbols on the carrier (e.g., NRZ-L, NRZ-M,
SP-L, etc.).

(1c) *CH 2 Type*: Same definition as (1a) above except that it is
applicable to RF channel 2.

(1d) *Ch 2 Format*: Same definition as (1b) above except that it is
applicable to RF channel 2.

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) TRANSMITTING DATA CHANNEL]{.underline}**

\(2\) *BASEBAND DATA*:

(2a) *Ch 1 Bit Rate, b/s*: The rate, usually the maximum, at which
uncoded telecommand or other data on channel 1 is to be transmitted from
the earth station and for which the link performance is to be evaluated,
expressed in b/s.

(2b) *Ch 1 Bit Error Rate*: The maximum information bit error rate
providing acceptable performance for data channel 1 under consideration,
expressed as a dimensionless fraction.

(2c) *Ch 2 Bit Rate*, b/s: Same definition as (2a) above except that it
is applicable to channel 2.

(2d) *Ch 2 Bit Error Rate*: Same definition as (2b) above except that it
is applicable to channel 2.

\(3\) *DATA CODING*:

(3a) *Ch 1 Type*: The type or name (e.g., block, Reed-Solomon, etc.) of
the error detecting-correcting code used on data channel 1 by the earth
station.

(3b) *Ch 1 No. Info Bits*: The number of information bits contained in a
block code on data channel 1 which is transmitted from the earth
station, expressed as a number.

(3c) *Ch 1 Block Length*: The total length of the block used on data
channel 1 from the earth station, expressed as a number.

(3d) *Ch 2 Type*: Same definition as (3a) above except that it is
applicable to data channel 2.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

(3e) *Ch 2 No. Info Bit*s: Same definition as (3b) above except that it
is applicable to channel 2.

(3f) *Ch 2 Block Length*: Same definition as (3c) above except that it
is applicable to channel 2.

\(4\) *SUBCARRIER*:

(4a) *Ch 1 Waveform*: The earth station\'s subcarrier waveform on data
channel 1. Sine wave subcarriers are recommended by the CCSDS for
telecommand.

(4b) *Ch 1 Frequency*: The earth station\'s subcarrier frequency on data
channel 1, expressed in kHz.

(4c) *Ch 1 Mod Type*: The method used by the earth station for
modulating the subcarrier with the data. PSK modulation is recommended
by the CCSDS for telecommand subcarriers.

(4d) *Ch 2 Waveform*: Same definition as (4a) except that it is
applicable to channel 2.

(4e) *Ch 2 Frequency*: Same definition as (4b) above except that it is
applicable to channel 2.

(4f) *Ch 2 Mod Type*: Same definition as (4c) above except that it is
applicable to channel 2.

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) TRANSMITTING RNG CHANNEL]{.underline}**

(5a) *System Type*: The name, or descriptive term used to identify the
specific ranging equipment (e.g., sidetone, square wave, DLR sine wave,
CNES sine wave, ESA sine wave, DSN square wave, etc.).

(5b) *Tone/Code Wavfrm*: The ranging tone or code waveform (e.g., sine
or square).

(5c) *Highest Frequency*: The highest ranging tone or code frequency to
be used for this mission, expressed in kHz.

(5d) *Lowest Frequency*: The lowest ranging tone or code frequency to be
used for this mission, expressed in kHz.

(5e) *Total Comp No:* The total number of ranging tone or code
components which will be used in measuring the range, expressed as a
number.

**[EARTH-TO-SPACE PATH PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

(6a) *Weather Avail (%)*: The amount of time that the earth-to-space
link must be available when considering the degradation due to weather,
expressed as a percent.

(6b) *S/C Distance (km):* The distance, measured along a ray path,
between the earth station transmitting antenna\'s radiation point and
the spacecraft receiving antenna\'s reference point, expressed in
kilometers (km).

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM OPERATING CONDITIONS (Cont.)]{.underline}**

**[SPACE-TO-EARTH LINK]{.underline}**

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) TRANSMITTING RF CHANNEL]{.underline}**

\(11\) *RF CARRIER MODULATION*:

(11a) *Ch 1 Type*: The spacecraft\'s carrier modulation method.
Generally, only phase modulation is recommended by the CCSDS for the RF
carrier.

(11b) *Ch 1 Format*: The method used by the spacecraft to represent the
modulated Telemetry symbols on the carrier (e.g., NRZ-L, NRZ-M, SP-L,
etc.).

(11c) *CH 2 Type*: Same definition as (11a) above except that it is
applicable to RF channel 2.

(11d) *Ch 2 Format*: Same definition as (11b) above except that it is
applicable to RF channel 2.

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) TRANSMITTING DATA CHANNEL]{.underline}**

\(12\) *BASEBAND DATA*:

(12a) *Ch 1 Bit Rate, kb/s*: The rate, usually the maximum, at which
uncoded telemetry or other data on channel 1 is to be transmitted from
the spacecraft and for which the link performance is to be evaluated,
expressed in kilo b/s.

(12b) *Ch 1 Bit Error Rate*: The maximum information bit error rate
providing acceptable performance for data channel 1 under consideration,
expressed as a dimensionless fraction.

(12c) *Ch 2 Bit Rate, kb/s*: Same definition as (12a) above except that
it is applicable to channel 2.

(12d) *Ch 2 Bit Error Rate*: Same definition as (12b) above except that
it is applicable to channel 2.

\(13\) *DATA CODING*:

(13a) *Ch 1 Rate*: The ratio of the number of data bits to the total
number of convolutionally encoded symbols transmitted from the
spacecraft, generally expressed as a fraction (e.g., for the CCSDS
recommended code).

(13b) *Ch 1 Constraint Length*: The constraint length of the
convolutional encoder on the spacecraft, expressed as a number (e.g., 7
for the CCSDS recommended code).

(13c) *Ch 1 Concatenated Code*: The type or name of the code which is
concatenated with the convolutional code on the spacecraft (e.g.,
Reed-Solomon, Golay, block, etc.). The CCSDS recommends Reed-Solomon.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

(13d) *Ch 1 Data/Total Bit*s: The number of data bits to total bits in a
spacecraft block code, expressed as a ratio (e.g., 223/255 for the CCSDS
recommended Reed-Solomon code).

(13e) *Ch 2 Rate*: Same definition as (13a) above except that it is
applicable to channel 2.

(13f) *Ch 2 Constraint Length*: Same definition as (13b) above except
that it is applicable to channel 2.

(13g) *Ch 2 Concatenated Code*: Same definition as (13c) above except
that it is applicable to channel 2.

(13h) *Ch 2 Data/Total Bits*: Same definition as (13d) above except that
it is applicable to channel 2.

\(14\) SUBCARRIER:

(14a) *Ch 1 Waveform*: The spacecraft\'s subcarrier waveform on data
channel 1 (e.g., sine or square).

(14b) *Ch 1 Frequency*: The spacecraft\'s subcarrier frequency on data
channel 1, expressed in kHz.

(14c) *Ch 1 Modulation Type*: The spacecraft\'s method used for
modulating the subcarrier with the data. PSK modulation is recommended
by the CCSDS for telemetry subcarriers.

(14d) *Ch 2 Waveform*: Same definition as (14a) above except that it is
applicable to channel 2.

(14e) *Ch 2 Frequency*: Same definition as (14b) above except that it is
applicable to channel 2.

(14f) *Ch 2 Modulation Type*: Same definition as (14c) above except that
it is applicable to data channel 2.

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) - EARTH STATION (E/S) RNG CHANNEL]{.underline}**

(15a) *Code Regeneration*: A statement (Yes or No) indicating whether
the spacecraft regenerates the ranging code prior to transmitting it to
the earth station.

(15b) *Coherent Ops Reqd*: A statement (Yes or No) indicating whether
the earth station\'s ranging equipment requires a coherent spacecraft RF
channel.

(15c) *Required Accuracy (m)*: The required ranging measurement
accuracy, expressed in meters.

(15d) *Bandwidth T/C 1 (Hz)*: The earth station\'s effective bandwidth
(1/integration time) required to obtain the ranging measurement accuracy
stated in 5c, above, with the Pr / No stated on the Input Data Sheet,
expressed in Hz.

(15e) *Bandwidth T/C 2 (Hz)*: The earth station\'s effective bandwidth
(1/integration time) required to obtain the required probability of
success in the ranging measurement, expressed in Hz.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[SPACE-TO-EARTH PATH PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

(16a) *Weather Avail (%)*: The amount of time that the space-to-earth
link must be available when considering the degradation due to weather,
expressed as a percent.

(16b) *S/C Distance (km):* The distance, measured along a ray path,
between the spacecraft transmitting antenna\'s radiation point and the
earth station receiving antenna\'s reference point, expressed in
kilometers (km).

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[INPUT DATA SHEET FOR EARTH-TO-SPACE LINK]{.underline}**

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) TRANSMITTING RF CARRIER CHANNEL
PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(1\) *TRANSMITTER POWER*: That power actually produced at the
transmitter power amplifier\'s output terminals, expressed as a positive
or negative value in dBW (10 Log~10~ \[Watts\]).

\(2\) *TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY*: The unmodulated transmitter carrier
frequency, expressed in Megahertz (MHz).

\(3\) *ANTENNA GAIN* (ITU/RR/154): \"The ratio, usually expressed in
decibels, of the power required at the input of a loss-free reference
antenna to the power supplied to the input of the given antenna to
produce, in a given direction, the same field strength or power
flux-density at the same distance. When not specified otherwise, the
gain refers to the direction of maximum radiation.\" In this
application, the reference antenna is an isotropic antenna located in
free space. The antenna\'s gain is expressed as a positive or negative
value in dBi.

Placing the network\'s name (e.g., DSN) in the box to the right of
Antenna Gain and the antenna\'s diameter (e.g., 70) in box to the right
of the network in row 3 will cause the computer program to consult its
data base for all required information regarding that station.

\(4\) *ANTENNA CIRCUIT LOSS*: The attenuation in rf power occurring
between the output terminals of the transmitting power amplifier and the
point of electromagnetic radiation from that antenna, expressed as a
negative value in dB.

\(5\) *ANTENNA POINTING LOSS*: The reduction in signal power at the
receiving antenna resulting from imperfect pointing of the transmitting
antenna such that the actual ray path from transmitting antenna to
receiving antenna differs from the optimum ray path containing the point
of maximum transmitting antenna gain, expressed as a negative value in
dB.

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) TRANSMITTING DATA CHANNEL
PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(6\) *INFORMATION BIT RATE*: The rate at which uncoded Telecommand
information bits are to be sent from the transmitting station to the
receiving station, expressed in bits per second (b/s).

\(7\) *SUBCARRIER FREQUENCY*: The unmodulated Telecommand subcarrier\'s
frequency, either 8 kHz or 16 kHz, expressed in kHz.

\(8\) *SUBCARRIER WAVEFORM*: The Telecommand subcarrier\'s waveform is
always sine wave.

\(9\) *RF MODULATION INDEX*: The angle by which the rf carrier is phase
shifted, with respect to the unmodulated rf carrier, as a result of the
data on Telecommand channel of the modulator, expressed in radians peak.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) TRANSMITTING RANGING CHANNEL
PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(10\) *SIMULTANEOUS WITH DATA*: A statement showing whether the
computed performance is based upon simultaneous ranging and
telecommanding operations ( e.g., Yes or No).

\(11\) *RANGING WAVEFORM*: The waveform of the ranging modulation, sine
wave for tone modulation, square wave for code modulation, expressed as
Sin or Sq.

(12a) *MOD INDEX TONE / CODE 1*: The angle by which the rf carrier is
phase shifted, with respect to the unmodulated rf carrier, as a result
of the highest frequency (major) ranging Tone / Code modulation,
expressed in radians peak (Rad-pk).

(12b) *MOD INDEX TONE / CODE 2*: The angle by which the rf carrier is
phase shifted, with respect to the unmodulated rf carrier, as a result
of the lower frequency (minor) ranging Tones / Codes modulation,
expressed in radians peak (Rad-pk).

**[EARTH-TO-SPACE PATH PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(13\) *TOPOCENTRIC RANGE*: The distance, measured along a ray path,
between the earth station transmitting antenna\'s radiation point and
the spacecraft receiving antenna\'s reference point, expressed in
kilometers (km).

\(14\) *ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION*: The reduction in signal power at the
receiving antenna, considering such factors as the earth station\'s
antenna elevation angle, weather, and geographical location, which
results from absorption, reflection, and scattering of the rf signal as
it passes through the Earth\'s atmosphere, expressed as a negative value
in dB.

\(15\) *IONOSPHERIC LOSS*: The reduction in signal power at the
receiving antenna, considering such factors as the earth station\'s
elevation angle and communication\'s frequency, resulting from the
dispersive loss in radiated signal as it passes through the Ionosphere
of the Earth and/or other bodies, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(16\) *ANTENNA ELEVATION ANGLE*: The angle between a ray, representing
the boresight of the earth-station\'s antenna beam pattern, and a
locally horizontal line, when both ray and line are contained in a
vertical plane which also contains the center of the earth, expressed in
degrees (deg).

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) RECEIVING CARRIER RF CHANNEL
PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(17\) *ANTENNA GAIN*: The ratio of the power flux density required at
the input of a loss-free isotropic antenna to that power flux density
needed at the input of the spacecraft\'s receiving antenna which
produces the same output at the antenna\'s terminals for a source which
is at equal distance from both antennas. The gain of the spacecraft\'s
receiving antenna refers to the direction of maximum sensitivity, except
in the case of a non-directional antenna in which case the gain refers
to a minimum value corresponding to the antenna\'s specified coverage.
The gain of the subject antenna, at the receiving frequency, is
expressed as a positive or negative value in dBi.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

\(18\) *POLARIZATION LOSS*: The reduction in transferred signal power
between transmitting and receiving stations resulting from differences
in the radiated and received polarization patterns between the two
antennas, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(19\) *ANTENNA POINTING LOSS*: Same definition as (5) above except that
it is applicable to the pointing error of the spacecraft\'s receiving
antenna, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(20\) *ANTENNA CIRCUIT LOSS*: The attenuation in rf power occurring
between the point of electromagnetic radiation on the spacecraft\'s
antenna and the input terminals of the low noise amplifier, expressed as
a negative value in dB.

\(21\) *CARRIER CIRCUIT LOSS*: The sum of resistive (cable and
circuitry), transmission line mismatches, and other implementation
losses, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(22\) *TOTAL NOISE TEMPERATURE*: The sum of the following noise
temperature components (a) + (b) + (c). expressed in dBK. ***This sum is
a computed entry and is [not]{.underline} supplied by the user.***

\(a\) *Receiver Operating Temp*: Overall Noise Temperature (CCIR/Rec
573-1): \"For an antenna, or a receiving system including the antenna,
the value to which the temperature of the resistive component of the
source impedance should be brought, if it were the only source of noise,
to cause the noise power at the output of the receiver to be the same as
in real case.\"

In the Link Design Control Table, this parameter represents a receiving
system reference temperature, at the received frequency, which excludes
all contributions enumerated in (b), and (c), below, expressed in
Kelvin. The reference temperature is measured at the input to the
low-noise amplifier with the antenna viewing a cold sky background and
which includes contributions from the: 1) cosmic background; 2) low
noise amplifier and/or receiver; 3) circuit losses before the low-noise
amplifier and/or receiver.

\(b\) *Feed Through Noise*: The increase in the receiver\'s operating
temperature resulting from a portion of the transmitted signal leaking
into the receiver\'s low-noise amplifier, expressed in Kelvin (K).

\(c\) *Hot Body Noise*: The predicted increase from the reference
temperature (Tr), resulting from the receiving antenna being directed
toward a body having a temperature greater than that of the cold sky
reference, expressed in Kelvin (K).

\(23\) *THRESHOLD LOOP NOISE BW*: The total (2-sided) bandwidth of the
rf carrier\'s phase-locked-loop, measured at the point when the SNR in
that phase-locked-loop is +10 dB (carrier threshold), expressed in Hz.

\(24\) *REQD THRESHOLD SNR IN 2 B~LO\ ~*: The ratio of received carrier
power in 2 B~LO~ to the noise power density required to maintain
receiver lock at threshold which has been defined to be +10 dB,
expressed as a positive or negative value in dB.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) RECEIVING DATA CHANNEL PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(25\) *PHASE JITTER LOSS*: The loss in symbol detection efficiency
resulting from phase noise on the received rf carrier, which produces a
non-orthogonal, noisy phase relationship between the demodulator\'s
reference and the rf carrier to be demodulated, plus losses from the
partial tracking of the modulated symbols by the rf carrier phase locked
loop, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(26\) *DEMODULATOR / DETECTOR LOSS*: The loss in data demodulation and
detection efficiency resulting from phase noise on the demodulated
subcarrier, which produces a non-orthogonal, noisy phase relationship
between the demodulator\'s reference and the subcarrier to be
demodulated, plus losses from the partial tracking of the data bits by
the subcarrier loop, plus losses due to timing errors in the symbol
synchronizer\'s tracking loop, plus losses from non-linearities in the
demodulator, which reduce the device\'s efficiency, expressed as a
negative value in dB.

\(27\) *WAVEFORM DISTORTION LOSS*: The loss in the recovered data signal
power resulting from distortion in the modulated signal\'s (subcarrier
and data) waveform, which has been introduced by filtering and
non-linearities in the data channel or medium, expressed as a negative
value in dB.

\(28\) *MAX RNG INTERFERENCE TO DATA*: The ratio of the ranging
modulation\'s maximum spectral power level, lying within the data
spectrum bandwidth \[*data spectrum bandwidth equals the data symbol
rate in Hz*\], to the total ranging power level, expressed as a negative
value in dB.

\(29\) *REQUIRED DATA Eb / No* : The energy per data bit divided by the
noise spectral density which is required to obtain the stated Bit Error
Rate, considering the improvement due to coding, expressed in dB.

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) RECEIVING RANGING (RNG) CHANNEL
PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(30\) *RANGING DEMODULATOR LOSS*: The loss in ranging demodulation and
detection efficiency resulting from phase noise on the demodulated
subcarrier, which produces a non-orthogonal, noisy phase relationship
between the demodulator\'s reference and the i.f. carrier to be
demodulated, plus losses from non-linearities in the demodulator, which
reduce the device\'s efficiency, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(31\) *RANGING FILTER BANDWIDTH*: The bandwidth of the ranging channel
filter in the spacecraft receiver, expressed in Megahertz (MHz).

\(32\) *REQUIRED TONE/CODE 1 SNR*: The ranging tone/code 1
signal-to-noise ratio required in the spacecraft\'s transponder to
achieve the desired ranging measurement accuracy, expressed as a
positive or negative number in dB.

\(33\) *REQUIRED TONE/CODE 2 SNR*: The ranging tone/code 2
signal-to-noise ratio required in the spacecraft\'s transponder to
achieve the desired ranging ambiguity resolution, expressed as a
positive or negative number in dB.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[INPUT DATA SHEET FOR SPACE-TO-EARTH LINK]{.underline}**

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) TRANSMITTING RF CARRIER CHANNEL
PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(51\) *TRANSMITTER POWER*: That power actually produced at the
transmitter power amplifier\'s output terminals, expressed as a positive
or negative value in dBW (10Log~10~ \[Watts\]).

\(52\) *TRANSMITTER FREQUENCY*: The unmodulated transmitter carrier
frequency, expressed in Megahertz.

\(53\) *ANTENNA GAIN*: The ratio of the power required at the input
terminals of a loss-free isotropic antenna to the power supplied to the
input terminals of the spacecraft\'s transmitting antenna which is
needed to produce, in a specified direction, the same field strength
(power flux density at an equivalent distance). The gain refers to the
direction of maximum radiation except for non-directional antennas, in
which case, the gain refers to a minimum value corresponding to the
specified antenna coverage. The gain of the subject antenna, at the
transmitting frequency, is expressed as a positive or negative value in
dBi.

\(54\) *ANTENNA CIRCUIT LOSS*: The attenuation in rf power occurring
between the output terminals of the transmitting power amplifier and the
point of electromagnetic radiation from that antenna, expressed as a
negative value in dB.

\(55\) *ANTENNA POINTING LOSS*: The reduction in signal power at the
receiving antenna resulting from imperfect pointing of the transmitting
antenna such that the actual ray path from transmitting antenna to
receiving antenna differs from the optimum ray path containing the point
of maximum transmitting antenna gain, expressed as a negative value in
dB.

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) TRANSMITTING DATA CHANNEL PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(56\) *INFORMATION BIT RATE*: The basic telemetry data rate generated
by the flight data system, prior to any encoding or spectrum spreading
procedures, for transmission to the receiving earth station, expressed
in kilo-bits per second (kb/s).

\(57\) *SUBCARRIER FREQUENCY*: The unmodulated Telemetry subcarrier\'s
frequency, expressed as a positive value in kilo-Hertz (kHz).

\(58\) *SUBCARRIER WAVEFORM*: The waveform of the Telemetry subcarrier,
either sine wave or square wave, expressed as Sin or Sq.

\(59\) *RF MODULATION INDEX*: The angle by which the rf carrier is phase
shifted, with respect to the unmodulated rf carrier, as a result of the
data on Telemetry channel of the modulator, expressed in radians peak.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) TRANSMITTING RANGING (RNG) CHANNEL
PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(60\) *SIMULTANEOUS WITH DATA*: A statement showing whether or not the
computed performance is based upon simultaneous ranging and telemetry
operations (e.g., Yes or No).

\(61\) *MOD INDEX TONE / CODE*: The angle by which the rf carrier is
phase shifted, with respect to the unmodulated rf carrier, as a result
of the ranging Tones / Codes modulation, expressed in radians peak
(Rad-pk).

**[SPACE-TO-EARTH PATH PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(62\) *TOPOCENTRIC RANGE*: The distance, measured along a ray path,
between the spacecraft antenna\'s radiation point and ground station
antenna\'s reference point, expressed in kilometers (km).

\(63\) *ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION*: The reduction in signal power at the
receiving antenna, considering such factors as the earth station\'s
antenna elevation angle, weather, and geographical location, which
results from absorption, reflection, and scattering of the rf signal as
it passes through the Earth\'s atmosphere, expressed as a negative value
in dB.

\(64\) *IONOSPHERIC LOSS*: The reduction in signal power at the
receiving antenna, considering such factors as the earth station\'s
elevation angle and communication\'s frequency, resulting from the
dispersive loss in radiated signal as it passes through the Ionosphere
of the Earth and/or other bodies, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(65\) *ANTENNA ELEVATION ANGLE*: The angle between a ray, representing
the boresight of the earth-station\'s antenna beam pattern, and a
locally horizontal line, when both ray and line are contained in a
vertical plane which also contains the center of the earth, expressed in
degrees (Deg).

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) RECEIVING RF CARRIER CHANNEL
PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(66\) *ANTENNA GAIN*: Same definition as (3) above except that it is
applicable to the earth station\'s receiving frequency. See second
paragraph of (3) above to access earth station data base.

\(67\) *POLARIZATION LOSS*: The reduction in transferred signal power
between transmitting and receiving stations resulting from differences
in the radiated and received polarization patterns between the two
antennas, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(68\) *ANTENNA POINTING LOSS*: Same definition as (5) above except that
it is applicable to the pointing error of the earth station\'s receiving
antenna.

\(69\) *ANTENNA CIRCUIT LOSS*: The attenuation in rf power occurring
between the point of electromagnetic radiation on the earth station\'s
antenna and the input terminals of the low noise amplifier, expressed as
a negative value in dB.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

\(70\) *TOTAL NOISE TEMPERATURE*: The sum of the following noise
temperature components (a) + (b) + (c) + (d), expressed in dBK. ***This
sum is a computed entry and is [not]{.underline} supplied by the
user.***

\(a\) *Receiver Operating Temp*: Overall Noise Temperature (CCIR/Rec
573-1): \"For an antenna, or a receiving system including the antenna,
the value to which the temperature of the resistive component of the
source impedance should be brought, if it were the only source of noise,
to cause the noise power at the output of the receiver to be the same as
in real case.\"

In the Link Design Control Table, this parameter represents a receiving
system reference temperature, at the received frequency, which excludes
all contributions enumerated in (b), and (c), below, expressed in
Kelvin. The reference temperature is measured at the input to the
low-noise amplifier with the antenna viewing a cold sky background and
which includes contributions from the: 1) cosmic background; 2) low
noise amplifier and/or receiver; 3) circuit losses before the low noise
amplifier and/or receiver.

\(b\) *Feed Through Noise*: The increase in the receiver\'s operating
temperature resulting from a portion of the transmitted signal leaking
into the receiver\'s low-noise amplifier, expressed in Kelvin (K).

\(c\) *Hot Body Noise*: The predicted increase from the reference
temperature (Tr), resulting from the receiving antenna being directed
toward a body having a temperature greater than that of the cold sky
reference, expressed in Kelvin (K).

\(d\) *Weather Temp Increase*: The predicted increase from the reference
temperature, resulting from the selected ground station weather model,
and which excludes contributions from Atmospheric Attenuation (63),
Ionospheric Loss (64), and from (b) and (c) above, expressed as a
positive value in Kelvin.

\(71\) *THRESHOLD LOOP NOISE BW*: The total (2-sided) bandwidth of the
rf carrier phase-locked-loop, measured at carrier threshold, expressed
in Hz.

\(72\) *REQD THRESHOLD SNR IN 2 B~LO\ ~*: The ratio of received carrier
power in 2 B~LO~ to the noise power density required to maintain
receiver lock at threshold which has been defined to be +10 dB,
expressed in dB.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) RECEIVING DATA CHANNEL PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(73\) *PHASE JITTER LOSS*: The loss in symbol detection efficiency
resulting from phase noise on the received rf carrier, which produces a
non-orthogonal, noisy phase relationship between the demodulator\'s
reference and the rf carrier to be demodulated, plus losses from the
partial tracking of the modulated symbols by the rf carrier phase locked
loop, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(74\) *DEMODULATOR / DETECTOR LOSS*: The loss in data demodulation and
detection efficiency resulting from phase noise on the demodulated
subcarrier, if any, which produces a non-orthogonal, noisy phase
relationship between the demodulator\'s reference and the subcarrier to
be demodulated, plus losses from the partial tracking of the data bits
by the subcarrier loop, plus losses due to timing errors in the symbol
synchronizer\'s tracking loop, plus losses from non-linearities in the
demodulator, which reduce the device\'s efficiency, expressed as a
negative value in dB.

\(75\) *WAVEFORM DISTORTION LOSS*: The loss in the recovered data signal
power, which results from distortion in the modulated signal\'s
(subcarrier and data) waveform, which has been introduced by
non-linearities in the data channel or medium, expressed as a negative
value in dB.

\(76\) *MAX RNG INTERFERENCE TO DATA*: The ratio of the ranging
modulation\'s maximum spectral power level, lying within the data
spectrum bandwidth \[*data spectrum bandwidth equals the data symbol
rate in Hz*\], to the total ranging power level, expressed as a negative
value in dB.

\(77\) *REQUIRED DATA Eb / No* : The energy per data bit divided by the
noise spectral density which is required to obtain the stated Bit Error
Rate, considering the improvement due to coding, expressed in dB.

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) RECEIVING RANGING (RNG) CHANNEL
PARAMETERS]{.underline}**

\(78\) *RANGING DEMODULATOR LOSS*: The loss in ranging demodulation and
detection efficiency resulting from phase noise on the demodulated
subcarrier, which produces a non-orthogonal, noisy phase relationship
between the demodulator\'s reference and the i.f. carrier to be
demodulated, plus losses from non-linearities in the demodulator, which
reduce the device\'s efficiency, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(79\) *REQUIRED TONE/CODE 1 PWR / No* : The magnitude of range
tone/code 1 ST/No required to achieve the desired Range accuracy,
expressed as a positive or negative value in dB-Hz.

\(80\) *REQUIRED TONE/CODE 2 PWR / No* : The magnitude of range
tone/code 2 ST/No required to achieve the desired probability of error
in the ranging measurement, expressed as a positive or negative value in
dB-Hz.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[LINK COMPUTATIONS FOR EARTH-TO-SPACE LINK]{.underline}**

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) TRANSMITTING RF CARRIER CHANNEL
PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(101\) *TRANSMITTER POWER*: That power actually produced at the
transmitter power amplifier\'s output terminals, expressed as a positive
or negative value in dBW (10 Log~10~ \[Watts\]).

\(102\) *TRANSMIT ANTENNA GAIN \[Effect\]*: The computed antenna gain
found by subtracting the Antenna Circuit Loss and Antenna Pointing Loss
from the Antenna Gain \[(3)\]-\[(4)+(5)\], expressed as a positive or
negative value in dBi.

\(103\) *TRANSMIT EIRP*: The computed effective isotopically radiated
power found by adding Transmitter Power and Effective Antenna Gain
\[(101)+(102)\], expressed as a positive or negative value in dBW.

\(104\) *TRANSMIT CARRIER POWER*: The computed portion of the total
transmitted power remaining in the rf carrier channel after subtracting
the power in the sidebands due to the modulating signals, expressed as a
positive or negative value in dBW.

\(105\) *TRANSMIT CARRIER POWER / P~T\ ~*: The power computed in (104)
above, divided by the total earth station transmitted power, expressed
as a negative value in dB.

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) TRANSMITTING DATA CHANNEL
PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(106\) *TRANSMIT CH 1 DATA POWER*: The computed power in the rf
carrier\'s data sidebands resulting from the modulating signal on data
Channel 1, expressed as a positive or negative value in dBW.

\(107\) *TRANSMIT CH 1 DATA POWER / P~T\ ~*: The Channel 1 data power
computed in (106) above, divided by the total earth station transmitted
power, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(108\) *TRANSMIT CH 2 DATA POWER*: The computed power in the rf
carrier\'s data sidebands resulting from the modulating signal on data
Channel 2, expressed as a positive or negative value in dBW.

\(109\) *TRANSMIT CH 2 DATA POWER / P~T\ ~*: The Channel 2 data power
computed in (108) above, divided by the total earth station transmitted
power, expressed as a negative value in dB.

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) TRANSMITTING RANGING (RNG) CHANNEL
PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(110\) *TONE - CODE 1 POWER*: The computed power in the rf carrier\'s
ranging sidebands resulting from either Tone 1 (major) or Code 1
modulation, expressed as a positive or negative value in dBW.

\(111\) *TONE - CODE 1 POWER / P~T\ ~*: The Tone or Code 1 power
computed in (110) above, divided by the total earth station transmitted
power, expressed as a negative value in dB.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

\(112\) *TONE - CODE 2 POWER*: The computed power in the rf carrier\'s
ranging sidebands resulting from either Tone 2 (minor) or Code 2
modulation, expressed as a positive or negative value in dBW.

\(113\) *TONE - CODE 2 POWER / P~T\ ~*: The Tone or Code 2 power
computed in (112) above, divided by the total earth station transmitted
power, expressed as a negative value in dB.

**[EARTH-TO-SPACE PATH PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(114\) *FREE SPACE LOSS*: The computed loss resulting from the
spreading of the signal as it propagates from transmitting to receiving
stations, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(115\) *ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION*: The reduction in signal power at the
receiving antenna, considering such factors as the earth station\'s
antenna elevation angle, weather, and geographical location, which
results from absorption, reflection, and scattering of the rf signal as
it passes through the Earth\'s atmosphere, placed on this page for
reference purposes, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(116\) *IONOSPHERIC LOSS*: The reduction in signal power at the
receiving antenna, considering such factors as the earth station\'s
elevation angle and communication\'s frequency, resulting from the
dispersive loss in radiated signal as it passes through the Ionosphere
of the Earth and/or other bodies, placed on this page for reference
purposes, expressed as a negative value in dB.

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) RECEIVING RF CARRIER CHANNEL
PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(117\) *RECEIVING ANTENNA GAIN \[Effect\]*: The computed antenna gain
found by subtracting the Polarization Loss, Antenna Pointing Loss, and
Antenna Circuit Loss from the Antenna Gain (17)-\[(18)+(19)+(20)\],
expressed as a positive or negative value in dBi.

\(118\) *NOISE SPECTRAL DENSITY*: The computed noise, generally
resulting from the receiver\'s low noise amplifier, in a 1 Hz bandwidth,
expressed in dBW/Hz.

\(119\) *THRESHOLD LOOP BW, 2 B~LO\ ~*: Same definition as (24) above,
placed on this page for reference purposes.

\(120\) *RECEIVED CARRIER POWER*: The computed carrier power in the
receiver\'s phase locked loop bandwidth of 2 B~LO~ , expressed as a
positive or negative value in dBW.

\(121\) *CARRIER PERFORMANCE MARGIN*: The computed excess in rf carrier
signal over +10 dB SNR in the phase-locked-loop, which is defined to be
carrier threshold, expressed in dB.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) RECEIVING DATA CHANNEL PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(122\) *CH 1 DATA LOSS DUE TO RNG*: The computed loss in data
channel\'s performance resulting from the presence of a simultaneous
ranging signal on the earth-to-space link, expressed in dB.

\(123\) *RECEIVED CH 1 Eb / No* : The computed received energy per bit
in Data Channel 1 divided by the noise spectral density, expressed in
dB.

\(124\) *REQUIRED CH 1 Eb / No* : The computed energy per bit divided by
the noise spectral density (Eb~ ~/ No) found by adding the Phase Jitter
Loss, Demodulator/Detector Loss, Waveform Distortion Loss, and Maximum
Ranging Interference to Data to the Required Data Eb~ ~/ No \[(29)\] +
\[(25)+(26)+(27)+(28)\], expressed in dB.

\(125\) *CH 1 DATA PERFORMANCE MARGIN*: The computed excess of Channel 1
received Eb~ ~/ No over the required Eb~ ~/ No , \[(123)-(124)\],
expressed in dB.

\(126\) *CH 2 DATA LOSS DUE TO RNG*: Same definition as (122) above
except that it is applicable to data channel 2.

\(127\) *RECEIVED CH 2 Eb / No* : Same definition as (123) above except
that it is applicable to data channel 2.

\(128\) *REQUIRED CH 2 Eb / No* : Same definition as (124) above except
that it is applicable to data channel 2.

\(129\) *CH 2 DATA PERFORMANCE MARGIN*: The computed excess of Channel 2
received Eb / No over the required Eb / No ,\[(127)-(128)\], expressed
in dB.

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) RECEIVING RANGING (RNG) CHANNEL
PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(130\) *RECEIVED CODE 1 POWER / No* : The computed received power
(P~R~) in the ranging Tone 1 (major) or Code 1 divided by the noise
spectral density, expressed as a positive or negative value in dB-Hz.

\(131\) *RECEIVED CODE 2 POWER / No* : Same definition as (130) above
except that it is applicable to Tone or Code 2.

\(132\) *RECEIVED TOTAL RNG POWER / No* : The computed total received
power in all ranging Tones or Codes, if several are present
simultaneously, or Tone/Code 1 if Tones or Codes are transmitted
sequentially, divided by the noise spectral density, expressed as a
positive or negative value in dB-Hz.

\(133\) *RANGING MARGIN*: The computed excess of received total ranging
power over the required ranging power, expressed in dB.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[LINK COMPUTATIONS FOR SPACE-TO-EARTH LINK]{.underline}**

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) TRANSMITTING RF CARRIER CHANNEL
PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(151\) *TRANSMITTER POWER*: That power actually produced at the
transmitter power amplifier\'s output terminals, expressed as a positive
or negative value in dBW (10 Log~10~ \[Watts\]).

\(152\) *TRANSMIT ANTENNA GAIN \[Effect\]*: The computed antenna gain
found by subtracting the Antenna Circuit Loss and Antenna Pointing Loss
from the Antenna Gain (53)-\[(54)+(55)\], expressed as a positive or
negative value in dBi.

\(153\) *TRANSMIT EIRP*: The computed effective isotopically radiated
power found by adding Transmitter Power and Effective Antenna Gain
\[(151)+(152)\], expressed as a positive or negative value in dBW.

\(154\) *TRANSMIT CARRIER POWER*: The computed portion of the total
transmitted power remaining in the rf carrier channel after subtracting
the power in the sidebands due to the modulating signals, expressed as a
positive or negative value in dBW.

\(155\) *TRANSMIT CARRIER POWER / P~T\ ~*: The power computed in (154)
above, divided by the total spacecraft transmitted power, expressed as a
negative value in dB.

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) TRANSMITTING DATA CHANNEL PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(156\) *TRANSMIT CH 1 DATA POWER*: The computed power in the rf
carrier\'s data sidebands resulting from the modulating signal on data
Channel 1, expressed as a positive or negative value in dBW.

\(157\) *TRANSMIT CH 1 DATA POWER / P~T\ ~*: The Channel 1 data power
computed in (156) above, divided by the total spacecraft transmitted
power, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(158\) *TRANSMIT CH 2 DATA POWER*: The computed power in the rf
carrier\'s data sidebands resulting from the modulating signal on data
Channel 2, expressed as a positive or negative value in dBW.

\(159\) *TRANSMIT CH 2 DATA POWER / P~T\ ~*: The Channel 2 data power
computed in (158) above, divided by the total spacecraft transmitted
power, expressed as a negative value in dB.

**[SPACECRAFT (S/C) TRANSMITTING RANGING (RNG) CHANNEL
PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(160\) *TONE - CODE 1 POWER*: The computed power in the rf carrier\'s
ranging sidebands resulting from either Tone 1 (major) or Code 1
modulation, expressed as a positive or negative value in dBW.

\(161\) *TONE - CODE 1 POWER / P~T\ ~*: The Tone or Code 1 power
computed in (160) above, divided by the total earth station transmitted
power, expressed as a negative value in dB.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

\(162\) *TONE - CODE 2 POWER*: The computed power in the rf carrier\'s
ranging sidebands resulting from either Tone 2 (major) or Code 2
modulation, expressed as a positive or negative value in dBW.

\(163\) *TONE - CODE 2 POWER / P~T\ ~*: The Tone or Code 2 power
computed in (162) above, divided by the total spacecraft transmitted
power, expressed as a negative value in dB.

**[SPACE-TO-EARTH PATH PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(164\) *FREE SPACE LOSS*: The computed loss resulting from the
spreading of the signal as it propagates from transmitting to receiving
station, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(165\) *ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION*: The reduction in signal power at the
receiving antenna, considering such factors as the earth station\'s
antenna elevation angle, weather, and geographical location, which
results from absorption, reflection, and scattering of the rf signal as
it passes through the Earth\'s atmosphere, placed on this page for
reference purposes, expressed as a negative value in dB.

\(166\) *IONOSPHERIC LOSS*: The reduction in signal power at the
receiving antenna, considering such factors as the earth station\'s
elevation angle and communication\'s frequency, resulting from the
dispersive loss in radiated signal as it passes through the Ionosphere
of the Earth and/or other bodies, placed on this page for reference
purposes, expressed as a negative value in dB.

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) RECEIVING RF CARRIER CHANNEL
PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(167\) *RECEIVING ANTENNA GAIN \[Effect\]*: The computed antenna gain
found by subtracting the Polarization Loss, Antenna Pointing Loss, and
Antenna Circuit Loss from the Antenna Gain
(66) - \[(67) + (68) + (69)\], expressed as a positive or negative value
in dBi.

\(168\) *NOISE SPECTRAL DENSITY*: The computed noise, generally
resulting from the receiver\'s low noise amplifier, in a 1 Hz bandwidth,
expressed in dBW/Hz.

\(169\) *THRESHOLD LOOP BW, 2 B~LO\ ~*: Same definition as (71) above,
placed on this page for reference purposes.

\(170\) *RECEIVED CARRIER POWER*: The computed carrier power in the
receiver\'s phase locked loop bandwidth of 2 B~LO~ , expressed in dBW.

\(171\) *CARRIER PERFORMANCE MARGIN*: The computed excess in rf carrier
signal over +10 dB SNR in the phase-locked-loop, which is defined to be
carrier threshold, expressed in dB.

**4.1.3 ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION (Continued)**

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) RECEIVING DATA CHANNEL PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(172\) *CH 1 DATA LOSS DUE TO RNG*: The computed loss in data
channel\'s performance resulting from the presence of a simultaneous
ranging signal on the space-to-earth link, expressed in dB.

\(173\) *RECEIVED CH 1 Eb / No* : The computed received energy per bit
in Data Channel 1 divided by the noise spectral density, expressed in
dB.

\(174\) *REQUIRED CH 1 Eb / No* : The computed energy per bit divided by
the noise spectral density (Eb / No) found by adding the Phase Jitter
Loss, Demodulator/Detector Loss, Waveform Distortion Loss, and Maximum
Ranging Interference to Data to the Required Data Eb / No \[(77)\] +
\[(73)+(74)+(75)+(76)\], \[includes the improvement due to coding\],
expressed in dB.

\(175\) *CH 1 DATA PERFORMANCE MARGIN*: The computed excess of Channel 1
received Eb / No over the required Eb / No , \[(173)-(174)\], expressed
in dB.

\(176\) *CH 2 DATA LOSS DUE TO RNG*: Same definition as (172) above
except that it is applicable to data channel 2.

\(177\) *RECEIVED CH 2 Eb / No* : Same definition as (173) above except
that it is applicable to data channel 2.

\(178\) *REQUIRED CH 2 Eb / No* : Same definition as (174) above except
that it is applicable to data channel 2.

\(179\) *CH 2 DATA PERFORMANCE MARGIN*: The computed excess of Channel 2
received Eb / No over the required Eb / No , \[(177)-(178)\], expressed
in dB.

**[EARTH STATION (E/S) RECEIVING RANGING (RNG) CHANNEL
PERFORMANCE]{.underline}**

\(180\) *RECEIVED CODE 1 POWER / No* : The computed received power
(P~R~) in the ranging Tone 1 (major) or Code 1 divided by the noise
spectral density, expressed as a positive or negative value in dB-Hz.

\(181\) *RECEIVED CODE 2 POWER / No* : Same definition as (180) above
except that it is applicable to Tone or Code 2.

\(182\) *RECEIVED TOTAL RNG POWER / No* : The computed total received
power in all ranging Tones or Codes, if several are present
simultaneously, or Tone/Code 1 if Tones or Codes are transmitted
sequentially, divided by the noise spectral density, expressed as a
positive or negative value in dB-Hz.

\(183\) *RANGING PERFORMANCE MARGIN*: The computed excess of received
total ranging power over the required ranging power, expressed in dB.

**4.1.4 DEFAULT PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS FOR LINK COMPUTATION IN
THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that several parameters used in the telecommunications link Design
Control Table (DCT) \[*CCSDS Recommendation 401 (4.1.2) B-1*\] are
random variables whose values can only be estimated using statistical
methods;

\(b\) that such statistical computations require a knowledge of the
statistical properties of the non-deterministic parameters;

\(c\) that a Probability Density Function (PDF) is useful in
representing the statistical properties of a random variable;

\(d\) that the PDFs, shown in Figure 4.1.4-1 of the Annex, are
considered to be sufficient to estimate the statistical values of the
parameters in the telecommunications link DCT;

\(e\) that empirical evidence, obtained from many years of experience in
telecommunication link design, demonstrates that the PDFs, published in
References \[1\] and \[2\] and reproduced in Tables 4.1.4-1 and 4.1.4-2
of the Annex hereto, provide the best estimates of the statistical
values for the named parameters;

\(f\) that many of the non-deterministic parameters found in the CCSDS
link DCT \[*CCSDS Recommendation 401 (4.1.2) B-1*\] are independent of
the specific implementation methods used by agencies in their earth
stations and spacecraft while others are not;

**recommends**

\(1\) that CCSDS agencies employ the three PDFs shown in Figure 4.1.4-1
of the Annex to approximate the PDFs of parameters found in the CCSDS
link DCT, when computing their statistical values;

\(2\) that, **when a CCSDS Agency has not independently specified some,
or all, of the PDFs,** the default set of PDFs shown in Tables 4.1.4-1
and 4.1.4-2 of the Annex hereto should be used to estimate the value of
the correspondingly named parameter;

\(3\) that, **where a CCSDS Agency has specified some, or all, of the
PDFs for non-deterministic parameters,** either the Agency\'s set of
PDFs or the default set of PDFs, found in Tables 4.1.4-1 and 4.1.4-2,
may be used.

**REFERENCES**

**1. Joseph Yuen, Editor, \"Deep Space Telecommunications Systems
Engineering,\" Plenum Press, New York, 1983, Chapter 1.**

**2. Joseph Yuen, \"A Practical Statistical Model for Telecommunications
Performance Uncertainty,\" Technical Memorandum 33-732, NASA/Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute Of Technology, Pasadena,
June 15, 1975.**

**4.1.4 DEFAULT PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS FOR LINK COMPUTATION IN
THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

![](media/image15.emf){width="4.777777777777778in"
height="4.805555555555555in"}

6445-442ab

**FIGURE 4.1.4-1: PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS**

D = Design value, in dB

μ = Mean value, in dB

σ^2^ = Variance, in dB^2^

A = Adverse tolerance, which is defined as the worst case of a parameter
minus the design value in dB. Adverse tolerance generally has a negative
value for all link parameters except noise spectral density and noise
bandwidth.

F = Favorable tolerance, which is defined as the best case of a
parameter minus the design value in dB. Favorable tolerance generally
has a positive value for all link parameters except noise spectral
density and noise bandwidth.

**NOTE:** **The above formulas assume that (D + A) and (D + F) are at (μ
± 3σ) points.**

**4.1.4 DEFAULT PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS FOR LINK COMPUTATION IN
THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX**

**TABLE 4.1.4-1: EARTH-TO-SPACE (UPLINK) DATA ELEMENT TYPES**

**Element Description Probability**

**Number Density Function**

3 Antenna Gain Uniform

4 Antenna Circuit Loss (TX) Uniform

5 Antenna Pointing Loss (TX) Uniform

17 S/C Antenna Gain Triangular

18 Polarization Loss (RX) Uniform

19 S/C Antenna Pointing Loss (RX) Triangular

20 S/C Antenna Circuit Loss (RX) Uniform

21 Carrier Circuit Loss Triangular

25 Phase Jitter Loss Uniform

26 Demodulator/Detector Loss Triangular

27 Waveform Distortion Loss Uniform

28 Maximum Ranging Interference to Data Deterministic

30 Ranging Demodulation Loss Triangular

101 Station Transmitter Power Triangular

102 Trans. Ant. Gain \[Effective\] Uniform

103 Transmitting EIRP Triangular

104 Transmitted Carrier Power Triangular

105 Trans. Carrier Power/P~T~ Triangular

106 Trans. Chan. 1 Data Power Triangular

107 Trans. Chan. 1 Data Power/P~T~ Triangular

108 Trans. Chan. 2 Data Power Triangular

109 Trans. Chan. 2 Data Power/P~T~ Triangular

110 Tone - Code 1 Power Triangular

**4.1.4 DEFAULT PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS FOR LINK COMPUTATION IN
THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX**

**TABLE 4.1.4-1: EARTH-TO-SPACE (UPLINK) DATA ELEMENT TYPES
(Continued)**

**Element Description Probability**

**Number Density Function**

111 Tone - Code 1 Power/P~T~ Triangular

112 Tone - Code 2 Power Triangular

113 Tone - Code 2 Power/P~T~ Triangular

114 Free Space Loss Triangular

115 Atmospheric Attenuation Gaussian

116 Ionospheric Loss Gaussian

117 Receiving Antenna Gain \[Effective\] Uniform

118 Noise Spectral Density Gaussian

119 Threshold Loop BW, 2B~LO~ Triangular

120 Received Carrier Power Triangular

121 Carrier Performance Margin Triangular

122 Channel 1 Data Loss Due to Ranging Triangular

123 Received Channel 1 Eb/No Triangular

124 Required Channel 1 Eb/No Deterministic

125 Channel 1 Data Performance Margin Triangular

126 Channel 2 Data Loss Due to Ranging Triangular

127 Received Channel 1 Eb/No Triangular

128 Required Channel 2 Eb/No Deterministic

129 Channel 2 Data Performance Margin Triangular

130 Received Code 1 Power/No Triangular

131 Received Code 2 Power/No Triangular

132 Rcvd Total Ranging Power/No Triangular

133 Ranging Power at S/C Receiver Output

(Uplink Ranging Margin) Triangular

**4.1.4 DEFAULT PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS FOR LINK COMPUTATION IN
THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX**

**TABLE 4.1.4-2: SPACE-TO-EARTH (DOWNLINK) DATA ELEMENT TYPES**

**Element Description Probability**

**Number Density Function**

53 S/C Antenna Gain Triangular

54 S/C Antenna Circuit Loss (TX) Uniform

55 Antenna Pointing Loss (TX) Triangular

66 E/S Antenna Gain Uniform

67 Polarization Loss (RX) Uniform

68 Antenna Pointing Loss (RX) Uniform

69 Antenna Circuit Loss (RX) Uniform

70a Receiver Operating Temperature Gaussian

70b Feed Through Noise Gaussian

70c Hot Body Noise Gaussian

70d Weather Temperature Increase Gaussian

73 Phase Jitter Loss Uniform

74 Demodulator/Detector Loss Triangular

75 Waveform Distortion Loss Uniform

76 Maximum Ranging Interference to Data Deterministic

78 Ranging Demodulation Loss Triangular

151 S/C Transmitter Power Triangular

152 Trans. Ant. Gain \[Effective\] Uniform

153 Transmitting EIRP Triangular

154 Transmitted Carrier Power Triangular

155 Trans. Carrier Power/P~T~ Triangular

156 Trans. Chan. 1 Data Power Triangular

157 Trans. Chan. 1 Data Power/P~T~ Triangular

158 Trans. Chan. 2 Data Power Triangular

**4.1.4 DEFAULT PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTIONS FOR LINK COMPUTATION IN
THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATIONS LINK DESIGN CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX**

**TABLE 4.1.4-2: SPACE-TO-EARTH (DOWNLINK) DATA ELEMENT TYPES
(Continued)**

**Element Description Probability**

**Number Density Function**

159 Trans. Chan. 2 Data Power/P~T~ Triangular

160 Tone - Code 1 Power Triangular

161 Tone - Code 1 Power/P~T~ Triangular

162 Tone - Code 2 Power Triangular

163 Tone - Code 2 Power/P~T~ Triangular

164 Free Space Loss Triangular

165 Atmospheric Attenuation Gaussian

166 Ionospheric Loss Gaussian

167 Receiving Antenna Gain \[Effective\] Uniform

168 Noise Spectral Density Gaussian

169 Threshold Loop BW, 2B~LO~ Triangular

170 Received Carrier Power Triangular

171 Carrier Performance Margin Gaussian

172 Chan. 1 Data Loss Due to Ranging Triangular

173 Received Channel 1 Eb/No Triangular

174 Required Channel 1 Eb/No Deterministic

175 Channel 1 Data Performance Margin Gaussian

176 Chan. 2 Data Loss Due to Ranging Triangular

177 Received Channel 2 Eb/No Triangular

178 Required Channel 2 Eb/No Deterministic

179 Channel 2 Data Performance Margin Gaussian

180 Received Code 1 Power/No Triangular

181 Received Code 2 Power/No Triangular

182 Rcvd Total Ranging Power/No Triangular

183 Ranging Margin Gaussian

**4.1.5 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE
MODULATION LOSSES FOUND IN THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATION LINK DESIGN
CONTROL TABLE**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the term \"modulation loss\" as used in the CCSDS Link Design
Control Table (DCT) \[CCSDS Recommendation 401 (4.1.2) B-1\] means
\"that fraction of the total transmitted power allotted to a designated
channel\";

\(b\) that the computation of the carrier, telecommand, telemetry and
ranging link margins found in the CCSDS DCT requires an evaluation of
the modulation losses;

\(c\) that the CCSDS DCT employs a statistical technique for computing
the mean and variance of modulation losses for which most input
parameters in the DCT require the specification of a design value
together with its favorable and adverse tolerances;

\(d\) that computation of the modulation loss tolerances are based upon
variations at the peak phase deviations (peak modulation indices);

\(e\) that the calculation of the variance on link performance can be
tedious because it requires the designer to evaluate the several
modulation losses for all possible combinations of favorable and adverse
tolerances;

\(f\) that, for systems employing a coherent-turnaround ranging channel
with a constant-power AGC simultaneously with telecommand and telemetry
(Figure 4.1.5-1), there are 128 possible combinations of favorable and
adverse tolerances affecting the several modulation losses which must be
evaluated to compute the telemetry channel\'s performance;

\(g\) that computing a telecommunication system\'s performance by
evaluating all possible combinations of favorable and adverse tolerances
on the several modulation loss input parameters results in an
unnecessary increase in computational complexity since the combinations
producing the extreme performance variations are deterministic;

\(h\) that based on the mathematical expressions for the modulation
losses, simple algorithms can be developed to avoid this unnecessary
increase in computational complexity;

\(i\) that, due to the modulation schemes recommended by the CCSDS,
\[CCSDS Recommendations 401 (2.2.2) B-1, 401 (2.2.3) B-1, 401 (2.3.1)
B-1, 401 (2.4.2) B-1, 401 (2.4.3) B-1, 401 (2.4.4) B-1 and 401 (2.4.5)
B-1\], computation of tolerances on the several modulation losses
requires the use of Bessel, trigonometric and exponential functions;

\(j\) that, when the maximum modulation indices are less than 1.4
radians \[see CCSDS Recommendations 401 (2.1.6) B-1 and 401 (2.3.8)
B-2\], the maximum and minimum values of some modulation losses do not
occur when all modulation indices are simultaneously at their upper or
lower bounds, respectively (see Figure 4.1.5-2);

**4.1.5 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE
MODULATION LOSSES FOUND IN THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATION LINK DESIGN
CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

\(k\) that a common set of computation algorithms will ease the
information exchange between space agencies;

**recommends**

\(1\) that parameters defined in Tables 4.1.5-1a and 4.1.5-1b be used in
the formulas for the computation of the maxima and minima of the
modulation losses;

\(2\) that Algorithm 1 be used to compute the mean and variance of the
earth-to-space modulation losses for simultaneous range and telecommand
operations using sinewave subcarriers;

\(3\) that Algorithm 2 be used to compute the mean and variance of the
space-to-earth modulation losses when a power-controlled AGC is employed
on the turnaround ranging channel.

**4.1.5 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE
MODULATION LOSSES FOUND IN THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATION LINK DESIGN
CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 4.1.5**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **TABLE 4.1.5-1a: Definitions of Parameters in Uplink Modulation Loss |
| Formulas**                                                            |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *mCD* = telecommand peak modulation index;                            |
|                                                                       |
| *mR*1 = uplink peak ranging modulation index;                         |
|                                                                       |
| *PT*1 = total uplink signal power;                                    |
|                                                                       |
| *PC*1, *PCD*, *PR*1 = uplink carrier, telecommand and ranging powers, |
| respectively;                                                         |
|                                                                       |
| N~01~ = uplink noise power spectral density.                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **TABLE        |                                                     |
| 4.1.5-1b:      |                                                     |
| Definitions of |                                                     |
| Parameters in  |                                                     |
| Downlink       |                                                     |
| Modulation     |                                                     |
| Loss           |                                                     |
| Formulas**     |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| *mTM*1 ,       |                                                     |
| *mTM*2 =       |                                                     |
| telemetry      |                                                     |
| channels 1 and |                                                     |
| 2 peak         |                                                     |
| modulation     |                                                     |
| indices;       |                                                     |
|                |                                                     |
| *mR*2 =        |                                                     |
| downlink peak  |                                                     |
| ranging        |                                                     |
| modulation     |                                                     |
| index;         |                                                     |
|                |                                                     |
| P*T*2 = total  |                                                     |
| downlink       |                                                     |
| signal power;  |                                                     |
|                |                                                     |
| *PC*2, *PTM*1, |                                                     |
| *PTM*2, *PR*2  |                                                     |
| = powers of    |                                                     |
| downlink       |                                                     |
| carrier, of    |                                                     |
| telemetry      |                                                     |
| channels 1 and |                                                     |
| 2 and of       |                                                     |
| ranging,       |                                                     |
| respectively.  |                                                     |
|                |                                                     |
| [Ranging       |                                                     |
| Modulation     |                                                     |
| Type           |                                                     |
| Coefficient    |                                                     |
| ]{.underline}: |                                                     |
| γ =  if only   |                                                     |
| the            |                                                     |
| fundamental    |                                                     |
| harmonic of an |                                                     |
|                |                                                     |
| uplink ranging |                                                     |
| square wave    |                                                     |
| signal passes  |                                                     |
| through the    |                                                     |
| transponder\'s |                                                     |
| ranging        |                                                     |
| filter; γ = 1  |                                                     |
| if a\          |                                                     |
| sinusoidal     |                                                     |
| ranging signal |                                                     |
| is modulated   |                                                     |
| on the uplink  |                                                     |
| carrier.       |                                                     |
|                |                                                     |
| Actual         |                                                     |
| (n             |                                                     |
| oise-modified) |                                                     |
| modulation     |                                                     |
| indices for    |                                                     |
| feed-through   |                                                     |
| command        |                                                     |
| (peak),        |                                                     |
| ranging (peak) |                                                     |
| and noise      |                                                     |
| (rms),         |                                                     |
| respectively:  |                                                     |
|                |                                                     |
| τ1 = *mR*2 ,   |                                                     |
| τ2 = *mR*2 ,   |                                                     |
| τ3 =           |                                                     |
|                |                                                     |
| α*R* = :       |                                                     |
| ranging        |                                                     |
| s              |                                                     |
| ignal-to-noise |                                                     |
| power ratio at |                                                     |
| the output of  |                                                     |
| the            |                                                     |
| transponder    |                                                     |
| filter;        |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| α*C* =         | : feed-through telecommand-to-noise power ratio at  |
|                | the transponder\                                    |
|                | ranging filter\'s output (with no telecommand       |
|                | subcarrier attenuation);                            |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| B~R~ =         |                                                     |
| one-sided      |                                                     |
| bandwidth of   |                                                     |
| the            |                                                     |
| transponder    |                                                     |
| ranging        |                                                     |
| channel.       |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+

**4.1.5 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE
MODULATION LOSSES FOUND IN THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATION LINK DESIGN
CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 4.1.5 (Continued)**

**ALGORITHM 1 : Computation of the Mean and Variance of Uplink
Modulation Losses.**

**1.** Compute the maxima and minima of uplink ranging and telecommand
modulation indices by adding the favorable and adverse tolerances to the
nominal values of the modulation indices.

**2**. Compute the nominal uplink modulation losses by substituting the
nominal (design) modulation index values in the modulation loss
equations in Table 4.1.5-2:

  ----------------- --------------------------- --------------------------
  **TABLE 4.1.5-2:                              
  Nominal Uplink                                
  Modulation                                    
  Losses**                                      

  **Channel**       **Square-Wave Ranging**     **Sinusoidal Ranging**

  **Carrier**       = cos2(*mR*1)*J* (*mCD*)    = *J* (*mR*1)*J* (*mCD*)

  **Telecommand**   = 2cos2(*mR*1)*J* (*mCD*)   = 2*J* (*mR*1)*J* (*mCD*)

  **Ranging**       = sin2(*mR*1)*J* (*mCD*)    = 2*J* (*mR*1)*J* (*mCD*)
  ----------------- --------------------------- --------------------------

**3**. Compute minima and maxima of uplink modulation losses using the
equations of Table 4.1.5-3, as shown in Tables 4.1.5-3a and 4.1.5-3b:

  ------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
  **TABLE 4.1.5-3a:                                 
  Minima and Maxima                                 
  of Uplink                                         
  Modulation Losses                                 
  / Square-Wave                                     
  Ranging**                                         

  **Carrier**        = cos2(*mR*1(min))*J*          = cos2(*mR*1(max))*J*
                     (*mCD*(min))                   (*mCD*(max))

  **Tele-command**   = 2cos2(*mR*1(min))*J*         = 2cos2(*mR*1(max))*J*
                     (*mCD*(max))                   (*mCD*(min))

  **Ranging**        = sin2(*mR*1(max))*J*          = sin2(*mR*1(min))*J*
                     (*mCD*(min))                   (*mCD*(max))
  ------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------

**4.1.5 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE
MODULATION LOSSES FOUND IN THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATION LINK DESIGN
CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 4.1.5 (Continued)**

  ------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
  **TABLE 4.1.5-3b:                                 
  Minima and Maxima                                 
  of Uplink                                         
  Modulation Losses                                 
  / Sine-Wave                                       
  Ranging**                                         

  **Carrier**        = *J* (*mR*1(min))*J*          = *J* (*mR*1(max))*J*
                     (*mCD*(min))                   (*mCD*(max))

  **Tele-command**   = 2*J* (*mR*1(min))*J*         = 2*J* (*mR*1(max))*J*
                     (*mCD*(max))                   (*mCD*(min))

  **Ranging**        = 2*J* (*mR*1(max))*J*         = 2*J* (*mR*1(min))*J*
                     (*mCD*(min))                   (*mCD*(max))
  ------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------

**4.** Compute the tolerances of the modulation losses using the
following formulas:

\(a\) Favorable Tolerance: *Fx* = (max) - (*nominal*); and

\(b\) Adverse Tolerance: *Ax* = (min) - (*nominal*);

where x = C~1~, CD or R~1~.

**5.** Compute the mean and variance of the uplink modulation losses,
using the PDF assigned to each modulation loss in accordance with CCSDS
Recommendation 401 (4.1.4) B-1.

**ALGORITHM 2 : Computation of the Mean and Variance of Downlink
Modulation Losses**

**1**. Compute the maxima and minima of downlink ranging and telemetry
modulation indices by adding the favorable and adverse tolerances to the
nominal values of the modulation indices.

**2**. Compute the minima and maxima of actual modulation indices τ1,
τ2, τ3 for feed through command, ranging and noise, respectively (see
parameter definitions in Table 4.1.5-1b).

**Note:** Signal-to-noise ratios α*R*, α*C* depend on uplink parameters
and the ranging channel\'s bandwidth; therefore, α*R*, α*C* maximization
or minimization is obtained by substituting the maxima and/or minima of
uplink parameters in the α*R*, α*C* expressions as shown in Table
4.1.5-5.

**4.1.5 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE
MODULATION LOSSES FOUND IN THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATION LINK DESIGN
CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 4.1.5 (Continued)**

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
  **TABLE 4.1.5-4: Maxima and Minima  
  of Actual Downlink Modulation       
  Indices**                           

  τ1(max) =                           τ1(min) =

  τ2(max) =                           τ2(min) =

  τ3(max) =                           τ3(min) =
  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

**3.** Compute the nominal downlink modulation losses by substituting
the nominal (design) values in the expressions in Tables 4.1.5-5a,
4.1.5-5b, and 4.1.5-5c assuming that only the first harmonic of the
square wave ranging signal passes through the transponder\'s ranging
filter or that a sinewave ranging signal is used.

+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **TABLE        |                                                     |
| 4.1.5-5a:      |                                                     |
| Modulation     |                                                     |
| Losses**       |                                                     |
|                |                                                     |
| **Downlink     |                                                     |
| Carrier,       |                                                     |
| Two-Chann      |                                                     |
| el/Square-Wave |                                                     |
| Telemetry, and |                                                     |
| Ranging**      |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **Carrier**    | = cos2(*mTM1*)cos2(*mTM2*)*J* (τ1)*J* (τ2)*e*       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **Telemetry    | = sin2(*mTM1*)cos2(*mTM2*)*J* (τ1)*J* (τ2)*e*       |
| Channel 1**    |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **Telemetry    | = cos2(*mTM1*)sin2(*mTM2*)*J* (τ1)*J* (τ2)*e*       |
| Channel 2**    |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **Ranging**    | = 2cos2(*mTM1*)cos2(*mTM2*)*J* (τ1)*J* (τ2)*e*      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+

**4.1.5 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE
MODULATION LOSSES FOUND IN THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATION LINK DESIGN
CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 4.1.5 (Continued)**

+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **TABLE        |                                                     |
| 4.1.5-5b:      |                                                     |
| Modulation     |                                                     |
| Losses**       |                                                     |
|                |                                                     |
| **Downlink     |                                                     |
| Carrier,       |                                                     |
| Two-Channel /  |                                                     |
| Sine-Wave      |                                                     |
| Telemetry, and |                                                     |
| Ranging**      |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **Carrier**    | = *J* (*mTM1*)*J* (*mTM2*)*J* (τ1)*J* (τ2)*e*       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **Telemetry    | = 2*J* (*mTM1*)*J* (*mTM2*)*J* (τ1)*J* (τ2)*e*      |
| Channel 1**    |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **Telemetry    | = 2*J* (*mTM1*)*J* (*mTM2*)*J* (τ1)*J* (τ2)*e*      |
| Channel 2**    |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **Ranging**    | = 2*J* (*mTM1*)*J* (*mTM2*)*J* (τ1)*J* (τ2)*e*      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+

+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **TABLE        |                                                     |
| 4.1.5-5c:      |                                                     |
| Modulation     |                                                     |
| Losses**       |                                                     |
|                |                                                     |
| **Downlink     |                                                     |
| Carrier,       |                                                     |
| Two-Channel /  |                                                     |
| Square and     |                                                     |
| Sine Wave      |                                                     |
| Telemetry, and |                                                     |
| Ranging**      |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **Carrier**    | = cos2(*mTM1*)*J* (*mTM2*)*J* (τ1)*J* (τ2)*e*       |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **Telemetry    | = sin2(*mTM1*)*J* (*mTM2*)*J* (τ1)*J* (τ2)*e*       |
| Channel 1**    |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **Telemetry    | = 2cos2(*mTM1*)*J* (*mTM2*)*J* (τ1)*J* (τ2)*e*      |
| Channel 2**    |                                                     |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| **Ranging**    | = 2cos2(*mTM1*)*J* (*mTM2*)*J* (τ1)*J* (τ2)*e*      |
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------------+

**4.** Compute lower and upper bounds of the downlink modulation loss
minima and maxima by substituting the minima and maxima of modulation
indices *mTM1*, *mTM2*, τ1, τ2, τ3 in the expressions of Tables
4.1.5-6a, 4.1.5-6b and 4.1.5-6c. These lower and upper bounds (denoted
lb and ub, respectively) of modulation loss minima and maxima as
computed in Tables 4.1.5-7a, 4.1.5-7b, 4.1.5-7c differ with respect to
the actual minima and maxima of the modulation losses because τ1, τ2, τ3
are not independent variables. However, extensive computations
demonstrated that the difference is always less than 0.1 dB, for the
applicable ranges of modulation indices *mTM1*, *mTM2*, τ1, τ2, τ3.

**4.1.5 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE
MODULATION LOSSES FOUND IN THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATION LINK DESIGN
CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 4.1.5 (Continued)**

+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---+
| **TABLE     |                                                        |   |
| 4.1.5-6a:   |                                                        |   |
| Downlink    |                                                        |   |
| Modulation  |                                                        |   |
| Loss Maxima |                                                        |   |
| and Minima  |                                                        |   |
| /           |                                                        |   |
| Square-Wave |                                                        |   |
| Telemetry** |                                                        |   |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---+
| **Carrier** | (*ub*) = cos2(*mTM1*(min))cos2(*mTM2*(min))*J*         |   |
|             | (τ1(min))*J* (τ2(min))*e*                              |   |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---+
|             | (*lb*) = cos2(*mTM1*(max))cos2(*mTM2*(max))*J*         |   |
|             | (τ1(max))*J* (τ2(max))*e*                              |   |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---+
| **          | (*ub*) = sin2(*mTMi*(max))cos2(*mTMj*(min))*J*         |   |
| Telemetry** | (τ1(min))*J* (τ2(min))*e*                              |   |
| **i, j=1,   |                                                        |   |
| 2**         |                                                        |   |
|             |                                                        |   |
| **i≠j**     |                                                        |   |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---+
|             | (*lb*) = sin2(*mTMi*(min))cos2(*mTMj*(max))*J*         |   |
|             | (τ1(max))*J* (τ2(max))*e*                              |   |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---+
| **Ranging** | (*ub*) = 2cos2(*mTM1*(min))cos2(*mTM2*(min))*J*        |   |
|             | (τ1(min))*J* (τ2(max))*e*                              |   |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---+
|             | (*lb*) = 2cos2(*mTM1*(max))cos2(*mTM2*(max))*J*        |   |
|             | (τ1(max))*J* (τ2(min))*e*                              |   |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+---+

+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **TABLE      |                                                       |
| 4.1.5-6b:    |                                                       |
| Downlink     |                                                       |
| Modulation   |                                                       |
| Loss Maxima  |                                                       |
| and Minima / |                                                       |
| Sine-Wave    |                                                       |
| Telemetry**  |                                                       |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Carrier**  | (*ub*) = *J* (*mTM1*(min))*J* (*mTM2*(min))*J*        |
|              | (τ1(min))*J* (τ2(min))*e*                             |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|              | (*lb*) = *J* (*mTM1*(max))*J* (*mTM2*(max))*J*        |
|              | (τ1(max))*J* (τ2(max))*e*                             |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| *            | (*ub*) = 2*J* (*mTMi*(max))*J* (*mTMj*(min))*J*       |
| *Telemetry** | (τ1(min))*J* (τ2(min))*e*                             |
| **i, j=1,    |                                                       |
| 2**          |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| **i≠j**      |                                                       |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|              | (*lb*) = 2*J* (*mTMi*(min))*J* (*mTMj*(max))*J*       |
|              | (τ1(max))*J* (τ2(max))*e*                             |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Ranging**  | (*ub*) = 2*J* (*mTM1*(min))*J* (*mTM2*(min))*J*       |
|              | (τ1(min))*J* (τ2(max))*e*                             |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
|              | (*lb*) = 2*J* (*mTM1*(max))*J* (*mTM2*(max))*J*       |
|              | (τ1(max))*J* (τ2(min))*e*                             |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+

**4.1.5 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE
MODULATION LOSSES FOUND IN THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATION LINK DESIGN
CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 4.1.5 (Continued)**

+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| **TABLE       |                                                      |
| 4.1.5-6c:     |                                                      |
| Downlink      |                                                      |
| Modulation    |                                                      |
| Loss Maxima   |                                                      |
| and Minima /  |                                                      |
| Square and    |                                                      |
| Sine Wave     |                                                      |
| Telemetry**   |                                                      |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| **Carrier**   | (*ub*) = cos2(*mTM1*(min))*J* (*mTM2*(min))*J*       |
|               | (τ1(min))*J* (τ2(min))*e*                            |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+
|               | (*lb*) = cos2(*mTM1*(max))*J* (*mTM2*(max))*J*       |
|               | (τ1(max))*J* (τ2(max))*e*                            |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| **Telemetry   | (*ub*) = sin2(*mTM1*(max))*J* (*mTM2*(min))*J*       |
| Channel 1**   | (τ1(min))*J* (τ2(min))*e*                            |
| **Square      |                                                      |
| Wave**        |                                                      |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+
|               | (*lb*) = sin2(*mTM1*(min))*J* (*mTM2*(max))*J*       |
|               | (τ1(max))*J* (τ2(max))*e*                            |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| **Telemetry   | (*ub*) = 2cos2(*mTM1*(min))*J* (*mTM2*(max))*J*      |
| Channel 2**   | (τ1(min))*J* (τ2(min))*e*                            |
|               |                                                      |
| **Sine Wave** |                                                      |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+
|               | (*lb*) = 2cos2(*mTM1*(max))*J* (*mTM2*(min))*J*      |
|               | (τ1(max))*J* (τ2(max))*e*                            |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+
| **Ranging**   | (*ub*) = 2cos2(*mTM1*(min))*J* (*mTM2*(min))*J*      |
|               | (τ1(min))*J* (τ2(max))*e*                            |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+
|               | (*lb*) = 2cos2(*mTM1*(max)) *J* (*mTM2*(max))*J*     |
|               | (τ1(max))*J* (τ2(min))*e*                            |
+---------------+------------------------------------------------------+

**5.** Compute the tolerances of downlink modulation losses, using
formulas as in Algorithm 1 Part 4 with x = C~2~, TM1, TM2, and R~2~.

**6.** Compute the mean and variance of the downlink modulation losses,
using the PDF assigned to each modulation loss.

**4.1.5 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE
MODULATION LOSSES FOUND IN THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATION LINK DESIGN
CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 4.1.5 (Continued)**

![](media/image16.emf){width="6.111111111111111in" height="6.375in"}

**FIGURE 4.1.5-1: SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR TWO-WAY SIMULTANEOUS
TELECOMMAND/RANGING AND TELEMETRY/RANGING OPERATIONS**

**4.1.5 COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEAN AND VARIANCE OF THE
MODULATION LOSSES FOUND IN THE CCSDS TELECOMMUNICATION LINK DESIGN
CONTROL TABLE (Continued)**

**ANNEX TO RECOMMENDATION 4.1.5 (Continued)**

![](media/image17.emf){width="5.75in" height="6.680555555555555in"}

6445-446ab

**FIGURE 4.1.5-2: BESSEL, TRIGONOMETRIC, AND EXPONENTIAL CURVES FOR 0 TO
π/2 RADIANS**

**4.2.1 COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH OF
UNFILTERED PCM/PM SIGNALS**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that the occupied bandwidth is defined as that band of frequencies
which contain 99% of the total radiated power (ITU RR 147);

\(b\) that the occupied bandwidth of unfiltered modulated signals
provides a useful indication as to whether filtering may be necessary to
optimally use the allocated frequency band;

\(c\) that a simple, closed-form expression for calculating the occupied
bandwidth of PCM/PM signals, using either NRZ or Bi-Phase formats, is
not available;

\(d\) that approximations for computing occupied bandwidth of PCM/PM
signals, having an accuracy of better than 90% over the specified ranges
of modulation indices, have been developed and are compared with
theoretical values in Figure 4.2.1-1;

**recommends**

that the occupied bandwidth of PCM/PM signals containing 99% of the
total radiated power can be calculated, with an accuracy of better than
90%, using the following approximations:

BW = 2 × (26.2m - 5.16)R~S~ for Bi-Phase format: (0.4 rads. ≤ m ≤ 1.4
rads.);

BW = 2 × (8.93m - 1.75)R~S~ for NRZ format: (0.4 rads. ≤ m ≤ 1.4 rads.);

**NOTES:**

**BW = Occupied Bandwidth is the band of frequencies containing 99% of
the total radiated power,**

**R~S~ = Modulated Symbol Rate,**

**m = Modulation Index (in radians).**

**4.2.1 COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH OF
UNFILTERED PCM/PM SIGNALS (Continued)**

![](media/image18.emf){width="6.375in" height="6.541666666666667in"}

6445-444ab

**FIGURE 4.2.1-1: COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL AND COMPUTED APPROXIMATE
VALUES FOR OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH**

**4.2.2 COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH OF
UNFILTERED PCM/PSK/PM MODULATION WITH A SINEWAVE SUBCARRIER**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that prior to the design of spacecraft and the assignment of
frequencies, the *Occupied Bandwidth* must be known;

\(b\) that the *Occupied Bandwidth* is defined as the frequency band
containing 99% of the emitted power (ITU-RR-147);

\(c\) that for PCM/PSK/PM modulation with an NRZ data format, a simple,
exact closed form expression to calculate the *Occupied Bandwidth* is
not available over the full range of applicable modulation indices;

\(d\) that an approximation having better than 10% accuracy has been
developed for a representative range of modulation indices;

\(e\) that the *Occupied Bandwidth* can be computed with high precision
using numerical integration techniques and can be plotted for easy use;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the *Occupied Bandwidth*, B, for PCM/PSK/PM with a sinewave
subcarrier be estimated by:

B = 4n • R~S~ for 0.8 \< m \< 1.35 and n \> 7 (in Hz)

where: n = subcarrier frequency-to-symbol rate ratio

R~S~ = symbol rate (s/s)

m = modulation index (radians peak)

\(2\) that B for any other combination of m and n be determined by using
Figure 4.2.2-1.

**4.2.2 COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH OF
UNFILTERED PCM/PSK/PM MODULATION WITH A SINEWAVE SUBCARRIER
(Continued)**

![](media/image19.emf)

**FIGURE 4.2.2-1: OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH OF UNFILTERED PCM/PSK/PM SIGNAL
WITH A SINEWAVE SUBCARRIER**

**4.2.3 COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH OF
UNFILTERED PCM/PSK/PM MODULATION WITH A SQUAREWAVE SUBCARRIER**

**The CCSDS,**

**considering**

\(a\) that prior to the design of spacecraft and the assignment of
frequencies, the *Occupied Bandwidth* must be known;

\(b\) that the *Occupied Bandwidth* is defined as the frequency band
containing 99% of the emitted power (ITU-RR-147);

\(c\) that for PCM/PSK/PM modulation with an NRZ data format, a simple,
exact closed form expression to calculate the *Occupied Bandwidth* is
not available over the full range of applicable modulation indices;

\(d\) that an approximation having better than 10% accuracy has been
developed for a representative range of modulation indices;

\(e\) that the *Occupied Bandwidth* can be computed with high precision
using numerical integration techniques and can be plotted for easy use;

**recommends**

\(1\) that the *Occupied Bandwidth*, B, for PCM/PSK/PM with a squarewave
subcarrier be estimated by:

> B = \[(- 43.2 m ^3^ + 103 m ^2^ - 2 m-1) n + 11\] • R~S~ for m \> 0.5
> radians (in Hz)

where: n = subcarrier frequency-to-symbol rate ratio

R~S~ = symbol rate (s/s)

m = modulation index (radians peak)

\(2\) that B for any other combination of m and n be determined by using
Figure 4.2.3-1.

**4.2.3 COMPUTATIONAL METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH OF
UNFILTERED PCM/PSK/PM MODULATION WITH A SQUAREWAVE SUBCARRIER
(Continued)**

![](media/image20.emf)

**FIGURE 4.2.3-1: OCCUPIED BANDWIDTH OF UNFILTERED PCM/PSK/PM SIGNAL
WITH A SQUAREWAVE SUBCARRIER**

**5.0 TERMINOLOGY AND GLOSSARY**

Section 5 is included to assist the reader in interpreting the
Recommendations found in Sections 2, 3, and 4 of this document. It does
so by providing an explanation of key words, terms, phrases,
abbreviations, and acronyms used in these Recommendations. Presently,
there are two subsections:

5.1 *Terminology* 5.2 *Glossary*

Section 5.1, Terminology, defines specific words, terms, and phrases
which have special, but uniform, meanings throughout the text.
Additionally, this section also includes quantitative values for some
terms which are intended to assist the reader in interpreting the
Recommendations.

Section 5.2, Glossary, contains the full name for the abbreviations and
acronyms used throughout this document. If a reader is uncertain as to
the meaning any abbreviation or acronym, this Section should be
consulted. Here, entries are arranged alphabetically.

**5.1 TERMINOLOGY**

*Autotrack* A system which causes earth station\'s antenna to
automatically follow \[track\] a moving spacecraft.

*Bit Rate* The baseband data rate exclusive of coding for either error
correction or spectrum shaping purposes.

*Category A Missions* Those missions whose altitude above the earth is
less than, or equal to, 2 × 10^6^ km.

*Category B Missions* Those missions whose altitude above the earth is
greater than 2 × 10^6^ km.

*Dibit* A group of two bits in 4-phase modulation, each possible *dibit*
is encoded in the form of one of four unique phase shifts of the RF
carrier.

*Loop Bandwidth* The resultant phase locked bandwidth when the
signal-to-noise ratio in the phase locked loop is 10 dB.

*Loop Threshold* That signal level producing a signal-to-noise ratio of
10 dB in the phase locked loop\'s bandwidth.

*Libration Point* A point of equal potential gravitational fields
between two or more large bodies such as the Sun and the Earth.

*Link Design Control Table* A set of tables used to display the
operating parameters of a telecommunications link and to calculate the
expected performance of that link.

*Link and Weather Not Combined* With a Link Design Control Table,
calculations are made assuming clear and dry weather conditions.
Thereafter, the values obtained under such ideal conditions are adjusted
using a correction factor representing the loss due to weather effects.

*Modulo-2 Addition* Also called an *\"exclusive or\"*, this term refers
to the manner in which a pair of bits are added such that like bits
result in a 0 and unlike bits produce a 1.

*Occupied Bandwidth* (ITU/RR/147): \"The width of a frequency band such
that, below the lower and above the upper frequency limits, the mean
powers emitted are each equal to a specified percentage ß/2 of the total
mean power of a given emission.\" \[Unless otherwise specified by the
CCIR for the appropriate class of emission, the value of ß/2 should be
taken as 0.5%.\"\]

**5.1 TERMINOLOGY (Continued)**

*Radiocommunication Service* (ITU/RR/RR1-3.1) \"A Service . . .
involving the transmission, emission and/or reception of radio waves for
specific telecommunication purposes.\"

*Ranging Measurement A process for establishing, usually by a time delay
measurement, the one-way distance between an earth station and a
spacecraft.*

*Symbol Rate* The baseband bit rate following error correction coding
but excluding any spectrum modification encoding.

**5.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS**

ACQ or Acq Acquisition

AGC Automatic Gain Control

AM Amplitude Modulation

BER Bit Error Rate

Bi-φ-L Bi-Phase-Level modulation

Bi-φ-M Bi-Phase-Mark modulation

Bi-φ-S Bi-Phase-Space modulation

B~LO~ Phase Locked Loop Bandwidth

BNSC British National Space Centre

bps or b/s Bits Per Second

BW Bandwidth

Cat Category

Category A Missions Those missions whose altitude above the Earth is
less than, or equal to, 2 × 10^6^ km

Category B Missions Those missions whose altitude above the Earth is
greater than 2 × 10^6^ km

CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee

CCSDS Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems

Cmd Telecommand

CNES Centre National D\'Etudes Spatiales

COHER or Coh Coherent

CRL Communications Research Laboratory

CSA Canadian Space Agency

dB Decibel(s)

dBi Decibel(s) relative to an isotropically radiated signal

dB/K Decibel(s) per degree Kelvin

dBm Decibel(s) relative to one milliwatt

dBW Decibel(s) relative to one Watt

DCT Design Control Table \[Link\]

deg Degree

DLR Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fuer Luft-und Raumfahrt e. V.

DNRZ Differential Non-Return to Zero

**5.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS (Continued)**

DOC/CRC Department of Communications, Communications Research Centre

DRVID Differenced Range vs. Integrated Doppler

Eb Energy per data bit

Eb/No Energy per data bit to Noise ratio in a 1 Hz bandwidth

EES Earth Exploration Service

EIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power

ELEV Elevation

E/S Earth-to-Space

ESA European Space Agency

exp Exponent

f or Freq Frequency

f~c~ RF carrier frequency

f~d~ Doppler frequency shift

f~sc~ Subcarrier frequency

FM Frequency Modulation

FN or Fn Footnote

FSK Frequency Shift Keying

GHz Gigahertz

GND Ground

GPS Global Positioning System

G/T Antenna gain divided by the receiving system\'s noise temperature in
degrees Kelvin (usually expressed in dB)

h Hours

Hz Hertz

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

IFRB International Frequency Registration Board

INPE Instituto De Pesquisas Espaciais

ISAS Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

ISRO Indian Space Research Organization

ITU International Telecommunication Union

ITU/RR International Telecommunication Union Radio Regulations

k Kilo (thousands)

**5.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS (Continued)**

K Degrees Kelvin

kb/s Kilobits Per Second

kHz Kilohertz

km Kilometers

Ku Ku-band (approximately 13 to 15 gigahertz)

LCP Left Circular Polarization

LIM or Lim Limitation(s)

LIN or Lin Linear

L.O. or LO Local Oscillator

M Mega (million)

m Meter(s)

MAX or Max Maximum

MHz Megahertz

MIN or Min Minimum

Mod Modulation

n Nano

ns Nanosecond(s)

NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASDA National Space Development Agency of Japan

NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NRZ Non-Return to Zero

NRZ-L Non-Return to Zero-Level

NRZ-M Non-Return to Zero-Mark

NRZ-S Non-Return to Zero-Space

Pc Carrier power

PCM Pulse Code Modulation

PDF Probability Density Function

PFD Power Flux Density

Pk or pk Peak

P~LL~ Phase Locked Loop

PM Phase Modulation

**5.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS (Continued)**

PN Pseudo Noise

ppm Parts Per Million

PRN Pseudo Random Noise

PSK Phase Shift Keying

PWR Power

QPSK Quadra-Phase Shift Keying \[modulation\]

OQPSK Offset Quadra-Phase Shift Keying \[modulation\]

r Range

Rad Radian

RCP Right Circular Polarization

RCVR or Rcvr Receiver

Rec Receive

REF or Ref Reference

regen. regenerative

resid. residual

RF Radio Frequency

RFI Radio Frequency Interference

RLIN Rotatable Linear polarization

rms Root Mean Square

Rng Ranging

RSS Root Sum Square

S/C Spacecraft

s or sec Second(s)

S/E Space-to-Earth

SEP Sun-Earth-Probe \[angle\]

seq Sequential

SFDU Standard Formatted Data Unit (CCSDS)

SFCG Space Frequency Coordination Group

SIG or sig Signal

Sim Simultaneous

SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio

**5.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS (Continued)**

SP Split Phase

SP-L Split Phase - Level

sps or s/s Symbols Per Second

SSC Swedish Space Corporation

STA Station

STAB Stability

SUBCARR Subcarrier

SYM or sym Symbol

TBD To Be Determined

TDRSS Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System

Tlm Telemetry

Trans or Tr Transmit

TTC Tracking, Telemetry, and Command

UTC Universal Time Coordinated

VLBI Very Long Baseline Interferometry

w/m^2^ Watts per square Meter

X-band Approximately 8000 megahertz

XMIT or Xmit Transmit

yr Year

∆ Delta (change or variation)

φ Phase

μ Micro

[^1]: Space Science Services include the Space Research, Space
    Operations, Earth Exploration Satellite and Meteorological Satellite
    Services

[^2]: See SFCG recommendation 5-1R5.