## Cultural, Archaeological, and Historical Resources

***E.L. Prendergast-Kennedy and D.W. Harvey***

The following section represents a summary of cultural, archaeological,
and historical resources that are known to be located on the Hanford
Site. The inventory is based on a review of archaeological, historical,
and ethnographic data collected from archival records, archaeological
surveys, and ethnographic interviews. It does not reflect a complete
inventory as presently only 24 percent of the Hanford Site has been
surveyed for archaeological resources (Figure 4.6-1).

The Hanford Site is one of the richest cultural resource areas remaining
in the western Columbia Plateau. The Hanford Site comprises a series of
cultural landscapes that have been documented and evaluated containing
the cumulative record of multiple occupations by both Native and
non-Native Americans. For management and interpretive purposes, these
cultural landscapes have been divided into the Native American
landscape, the Early Settlers/Farming landscape, and the Manhattan
Project and Cold War landscape. These landscapes contain numerous
well-preserved archaeological and above-ground resources representing
pre-contact, ethnographic, and historic periods. Period resources
include sites with cultural materials that are thousands of years old,
traditional cultural places, and buildings and structures from the
pre-Hanford, Manhattan Project, and Cold War eras (DOE 1997a). Site-wide
management of Hanford's cultural resources follows the *Hanford Cultural
Resources Management Plan* (DOE 2003).

Approximately 1447 cultural resources sites and isolated finds, and 531
buildings and structures have been documented since 1926 on the Hanford
Site. Early archaeological reconnaissance projects dating from 1926 to
1968 (Drucker 1948; Krieger 1928; Rice 1968a, b) and more recent
National Historic Preservation Act Section 110 and 106 archaeological
surveys conducted between 1987 and 2004 have resulted in formal
recording of these resources on archaeological site and isolate forms
and Washington State Historic Property Inventory forms. The DOE Hanford
Cultural Resources Laboratory archives these records.

Of the 127 sites that have been evaluated for listing in the National
Register of Historic Places (National Register), 49 have been listed
(Table 4.6-1). Except for B-Reactor, which is associated with the
Manhattan Project and Cold War period, the other listed sites are
associated with the Native American landscape. Most of these are part of
six Archaeological Districts and with the exception of the Rattlesnake
Springs sites and the Snively Canyon Archaeological District, are
situated on the shores and islands of the Columbia River.^(^[^1]^)^

Eleven individual archaeological sites and three historic districts
comprising 59 archaeological sites and 530 buildings or structures have
also been determined to be eligible for listing in the National Register
(Table 4.6-2). These sites are dispersed throughout the Hanford Site and
represent the three cultural landscapes found on the Hanford Site. In
addition to the National Register sites and districts, 47 of Hanford\'s
cultural resource sites (46 in three districts and one site) are listed
in the Washington Heritage Register (Table 4.6-3). These are associated
with the Native American cultural landscape and are located
predominantly along the Columbia River.

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="6.4944444444444445in"
height="8.472222222222221in"}

**Figure 4.6-1**. Areas Surveyed for Cultural Resources on the Hanford
Site, Washington

**Table 4.6-1**. Historic Buildings, Archaeological Sites, and Districts
Listed in the National Register of Historic Places on the Hanford Site,
Washington

+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **Property Name**                | **General       | > **Landscape   |
|                                  | Location**      | > Association** |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **Districts**:                   |                 |                 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Hanford North Archaeological     | 100-F           | > Native        |
| District                         |                 | > American      |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Locke Island Archaeological      | 100-H           | > Native        |
| District                         |                 | > American      |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Ryegrass Archaeological District | 100-K           | > Native        |
|                                  |                 | > American      |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Savage Island Archaeological     | Energy          | > Native        |
| District                         | Northwest       | > American      |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Snively Canyon Archaeological    | Rattlesnake     | > Native        |
| District                         | Hills           | > American      |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Wooded Island Archaeological     | 300 Area        | > Native        |
| District                         |                 | > American      |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **Sites**:                       |                 |                 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Hanford Island Archaeological    | Hanford         | > Native        |
| site                             | Townsite        | > American      |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Paris Archaeological site        | Vernita Bridge  | > Native        |
|                                  |                 | > American      |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Rattlesnake Springs sites        | Rattlesnake     | > Native        |
|                                  | Mountain        | > American      |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **Building**:                    |                 |                 |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 105-B Reactor                    | 100-B/C Area    | > Manhattan     |
|                                  |                 | > Project       |
+----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

**Table 4.6-2**. Historic Buildings, Archaeological Sites, and Districts
Determined Eligible for Listing in the National Register of Historic
Places on the Hanford Site, Washington

+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| **Property Name**             | >   |                               |
|                               | **G |                               |
|                               | ene |                               |
|                               | ral |                               |
|                               | > L |                               |
|                               | oca |                               |
|                               | tio |                               |
|                               | n** |                               |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| **Native American:**          |     |                               |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| *Wanawish* fishing village    |     | 600 Area                      |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| Gable Mountain/Gable Butte    |     | 200 East Area                 |
| Cultural District             |     |                               |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| 45BN423 ^(a)^                 |     | 100-K Area                    |
|                               |     |                               |
| 45BN434                       |     | 100-K Area                    |
|                               |     |                               |
| 45BN446                       |     | 100-B/C Area                  |
|                               |     |                               |
| 45BN606                       |     | 100-F Area                    |
|                               |     |                               |
| 45BN888                       |     | 100-D Area                    |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| **Early Settlers:**           |     | 600 Area                      |
|                               |     |                               |
| Midway-Benton transmission    |     | Cold Creek Valley             |
| line                          |     |                               |
|                               |     |                               |
| McGee Ranch/Cold Creek Valley |     |                               |
| District                      |     |                               |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| Fry and Conforth farm         |     | 100-B/C Area                  |
|                               |     |                               |
| White Bluffs Road             |     | 200 West to White Bluffs      |
|                               |     | townsite                      |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| First Bank of White Bluffs    |     | White Bluffs townsite         |
|                               |     |                               |
| Bruggemann's Warehouse        |     | 100-B/C Area                  |
|                               |     |                               |
| Hanford Electrical            |     | Hanford Townsite              |
| Substation-Switching Station  |     |                               |
|                               |     | Hanford Townsite              |
| Hanford High School           |     |                               |
|                               |     | 100-B/C Area                  |
| Coyote Rapids Hydroelectric   |     |                               |
| Pumping Plant                 |     |                               |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| **Manhattan Project/Cold      |     |                               |
| War:**                        |     |                               |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| Hanford Site Manhattan        |     | 100, 200-E and W, 300, 400,   |
| Project and Cold War          |     | 600, 700, and                 |
|                               |     |                               |
| Era Historic District         |     | 1100 Areas                    |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| Five Anti-Aircraft Artillery  |     | 600 Area                      |
| sites                         |     |                               |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| Hanford Atmospheric           |     | 600 Area                      |
| Dispersion Test Facility      |     |                               |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+
| \(a\) Smithsonian Trinomial   |     |                               |
| numbers are the standard      |     |                               |
| designation for               |     |                               |
| archaeological sites in the   |     |                               |
| United States. 45 represents  |     |                               |
| the state of Washington. BN,  |     |                               |
| GR and FR represent Benton,   |     |                               |
| Grant and Franklin counties.  |     |                               |
| The number that follows       |     |                               |
| indicates that the site was   |     |                               |
| the n^th^ archaeological site |     |                               |
| to be recorded.               |     |                               |
+-------------------------------+-----+-------------------------------+

**Table 4.6-3**. Archaeological Sites and Districts Listed in the
Washington Heritage Register on the Hanford Site, Washington

+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **Property Name**                       | **General Location**       |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **Districts:**                          | #####                      |
|                                         | ##  {#section .unnumbered} |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Coyote Rapids Archaeological District   | 100-K Area                 |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Hanford South Archaeological District   | 300 Area                   |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Wahluke Archaeological District         | 100-D Area                 |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| **Site:**                               |                            |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Gable Mountain Archaeological site      | 600 Area, North of 200     |
|                                         | East                       |
+-----------------------------------------+----------------------------+

DOE identified a National Register-eligible Hanford Site Manhattan
Project and Cold War Era Historic District (Historic District) that
serves to organize and delineate the evaluation and mitigation of
Hanford's plutonium production built environment (Table 4.6-2).
Standards for evaluating and mitigating the built environment were
established in accordance with National Register criteria, as well
as historic contexts and themes associated with nuclear technology for
national defense and non-military purposes, energy production, and human
health and environmental protection. DOE completed a programmatic
agreement that addresses management of the built environment (buildings
and structures) constructed during the Manhattan Project and Cold War
periods. The Federal Advisory Council on Historic Preservation and the
Washington State Historic Preservation Officer accepted this
programmatic agreement during 1996 (DOE 1996a).

Establishment of the Historic District resulted in the selection of 190
buildings, structures, and complexes as contributing properties within
the historic district recommended for individual documentation. Certain
property types, such as mobile trailers, modular buildings, storage
tanks, towers, wells, and structures with minimal or no visible surface
manifestations, were exempt from the identification and evaluation
requirements.

Approximately 900 buildings and structures were identified as either
contributing properties with no individual documentation requirement
(not selected for mitigation) or as non-contributing/exempt properties
(DOE 1998b).

Hanford Site projects that entail transfer or lease of property,
disturbing ground, and/or altering or demolishing existing structures
result in cultural resource reviews. These reviews ensure that
archeological sites, traditional cultural places, and buildings and
structures listed in or eligible for the National Register are
considered before impacts by proposed projects.

### Native American Cultural Landscape 

For thousands of years American Indians have utilized the lands both
within and around the Hanford Site (Relander 1956, Spier 1936, Walker
1998). When Euro-American explorers arrived in the early 1800s, peoples
presently referred to as the Wanapum were observed inhabiting numerous
villages and fishing camps scattered throughout this segment of the
mid-Columbia River. Neighboring groups known today as the Yakama,
Umatilla, Cayuse, Walla Walla, Palus, Nez Perce, and Middle Columbia
Salish frequented the area to trade, gather resources, and conduct other
activities. Many descendants of these tribes and bands are affiliated
with the Wanapum, Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation,
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Reservation, Nez Perce Tribe of
Idaho, or the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, and they
retain traditional, cultural, and religious ties to Hanford's places and
resources. The record of Native American use and history is reflected in
the archaeological sites and traditional cultural places that are
located across the Hanford Site.

#### Archaeological Resources

More than 8000 years of pre-contact human activity in the largely arid
environment of the mid- Columbia River region have left extensive
archaeological deposits along the river shores (DOE 2003, Greengo 1982,
Leonhardy and Rice 1970). Well-watered areas inland from the river also
show evidence of concentrated human activity (Chatters 1982, DOE 2003,
Daugherty 1952, Greene 1975, Leonhardy and Rice 1970, Rice 1980a) and
recent research (Woody 2003) has indicated ephemeral use of arid
lowlands for hunting and other resource procurement activities.
Throughout most of the region, hydroelectric development, agricultural
activities, and domestic and industrial construction have destroyed or
covered many of these deposits. Amateur artifact collectors have
impacted numerous sites. Because the areas included in the Hanford Site
were restricted to public access, archaeological deposits found in the
Hanford Reach of the Columbia River and on adjacent plateaus and
mountains are more protected than many other areas.

Approximately 720 archaeological sites and isolated finds associated
with the pre-contact period have been recorded on the Hanford Site; of
these, 80 contain historic components as well. Pre-contact period sites
common to the Hanford Site include pit house villages, various types of
open campsites, spirit quest monuments (rock cairns), hunting camps,
game drive complexes, and quarries in nearby mountains and rocky bluffs
(Rice 1968a, b; Rice 1980a); hunting/kill sites in lowland stabilized
dunes; and small temporary camps near perennial sources of water located
away from the river (Rice 1968b).

A historic context for the pre-contact period of the Hanford Site has
been prepared as part of a National Register Multiple Property
Documentation form to assist with the evaluation of the National
Register eligibility of pre-contact archaeological resources (DOE
1997a).

#### Traditional Cultural Places 

During 1990, the National Park Service formalized the concept of
traditional cultural property or traditional cultural place (TCP) as a
means to identify and protect cultural landscapes, places, and
objects that have special cultural significance to American Indians and
other ethnic groups (Parker and King 1990). A TCP eligible for the
National Register is associated with "cultural practices or
beliefs of a living community that are rooted in that community's
history and are important in maintaining the continuing cultural
identity of the community" (Parker and King 1990).

The Hanford Reach and the greater Hanford Site, a geographic center for
regional American Indian religious activities, is central to the
practice of Indian religion of the region, and many believe the
Creator made the first people here (DOI 1994). Indian religious leaders
such as *Smoholla*, a prophet of Priest Rapids who brought the Washani
religion to the Wanapum and others during the late 19^th^ century, began
their teachings here. Native plant and animal foods, some of which can
be found on the Hanford Site, are used in the ceremonies performed by
tribal members. Based on consultation with affected tribal members and
interviews with tribal elders, it is known that prominent landforms such
as Rattlesnake Mountain, Gable Mountain, and Gable Butte, as well as
various sites along and including the Columbia River, remain sacred to
them.

American Indian traditional cultural places within the Hanford Site
include, but are not limited to, a wide variety of places and
landscapes: archaeological sites, cemeteries, trails and pathways,
campsites and villages, fisheries, hunting grounds, plant gathering
areas, holy lands, landmarks, important places in Indian history and
culture, places of persistence and resistance, and landscapes of
the heart (Bard 1997). Because affected tribal members consider these
places sacred, many traditional cultural sites remain unidentified. The
DOE and HCRL continue to consult with Hanford Tribes for input on these
locations, as their importance is determined through methods that are
mutually agreed upon by DOE and the American Indian community.

A historic context for the Ethnographic/Contact Periods of the Hanford
Site has been prepared as part of a National Register Multiple Property
Documentation form to assist with the evaluation of the National
Register eligibility of American Indian ethnographic resources (DOE
1997a).

### Early Settlers/Farming Landscape

The Early Settlers/Farming landscape is comprised of those areas on the
Hanford Site where people, mainly of European descent, and some of other
ethnicity, settled in the Columbia River Plateau prior to the start of
the Manhattan Project during 1943. Non-Native American presence in the
mid-Columbia began during 1805 with the arrival of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition. It was not until the late 19^th^ and early 20^th^ centuries,
however, that non-Native American peoples began intensive settlement on
the Hanford Site. A record of their activities and use is present in the
archaeological sites, traditional cultural places, and buildings and
structures that are located throughout the Hanford Site.

A historic context for the Euro-American resettlement period
(pre-Hanford era) has been prepared as part of a National Register
Multiple Property Documentation form to assist with the evaluation of
the National Register eligibility of historic archaeological resources,
traditional cultural places, and historic structures (DOE 1997a).

#### Archaeological Resources

The first Euro-Americans to pass near the Hanford Site were part of the
Lewis and Clark expedition, which traveled along the Columbia and Snake
rivers during their 1803 to 1806 exploration of the Louisiana Territory.
The first European explorer to cross the Hanford Site was David
Thompson, who traveled along the Columbia River from Canada during his
1811 exploration of the Columbia River. Other visitors included fur
trappers, military units, and miners who traveled through the Hanford
Site on their way to lands up and down the Columbia River and across the
Columbia Basin. It was not until the 1860s that merchants set up stores,
a freight depot, and the White Bluffs Ferry on the Hanford Reach.
Chinese miners began to work the gravel bars for gold during the 1860s.
Cattle ranches were established in the 1880s and farmers followed during
the next two decades. Agricultural development, irrigation districts,
and roads were established in the eastern portion of the central Hanford
Site. Several small towns, including Hanford, White Bluffs, Richland,
and Ringold, grew up along the riverbanks during the early 20^th^
century. The communities' accessibility to outside markets expanded with
the arrival during 1913 of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific
Railroad branch line (Priest Rapids-Hanford Line) from Beverly,
Washington. Ferries were established at Richland, Hanford, Wahluke, and
Vernita (Figure 4.6-2). The towns and nearly all other structures were
razed in the years after the U.S. Government acquired the land for the
Hanford Engineer Works during 1943 (DOE 2003, ERTEC 1981, Rice 1980a).

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="6.340277777777778in"
height="7.720138888888889in"}

**Figure 4.6-2**. Map of the Hanford Site, Washington, showing towns,
ferries and prominent features associated with the Early Settlers
landscape (Parker 1986)

Approximately 650 historic archaeological sites associated with the
Early Settlers/Farming landscape including an assortment of towns,
farmsteads, corrals and domestic debris are recorded by the HCRL since
1987. Approximately 80 of these sites contain pre-contact components as
well. Archaeological resources from the Early Settlers/Farming period
are scattered over the entire Hanford Site and include numerous areas of
gold mining features along the riverbanks of the Columbia and remains of
homesteads, building foundations, agricultural equipment and fields,
ranches, and irrigation features. Archaeological properties from this
period include the Hanford Irrigation Canal; Hanford Townsite; Wahluke
Ferry; White Bluffs townsite; Vernita Ferry; White Bluffs Road; and
Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (Priest Rapids-Hanford
Line) and associated stops.

#### Traditional Cultural Places 

Traditional cultural places associated with the Early Settlers/Farming
landscape that are located on the Hanford Site include structures and
places that are important to descendants of pre-1943 settlers in
the region. These places are deeply rooted in the memories of local
residents and include but are not limited to numerous home sites and
townsites, orchards, fields, and places of former community activities,
e.g., swimming holes and town square. Previous residents of the region
and their descendents visit their homes annually with friends and
family.

#### Buildings and Structures

Although most of the Early Settlers/Farming structures were demolished
by the U.S. Government to build infrastructure for the Hanford Engineer
Works during 1943 (DOE 2003, ERTEC 1981, Rice 1980a), a small number of
buildings associated with the Early Settlers/Farming landscape remain
standing today. They include the Hanford Irrigation and Power Company's
pumping plant at Coyote Rapids, the high school and the electrical
substation at the Hanford Townsite, First Bank of White Bluffs,
Bruggemann\'s fruit warehouse, and the blacksmith cabin at the East
White Bluffs ferry landing. These structures are located near the
Columbia River.

### Manhattan Project and Cold War Cultural Landscape

The Manhattan Project and Cold War era landscape is comprised of
cultural resources associated with plutonium production, military
operations, research and development, waste management, and
environmental monitoring activities that took place beginning with the
establishment of the Hanford Site (Hanford Engineer Works) during 1943
to the end of the Cold War during 1990.

The Hanford Site built environment is an industrial landscape that
consists of buildings and structures constructed during the Manhattan
Project and Cold War period. This industrial landscape makes up the
Hanford Site Manhattan Project and Cold War Era Historic District. The
DOE Richland Operations Office, the State Historic Preservation Officer,
and the Federal Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, through a
programmatic agreement to manage the Manhattan Project and Cold War
built environment, determined that a historic district afforded the best
means to inventory, assess, and mitigate the most significant buildings
and structures constructed during the Manhattan Project and Cold War.
Industrial, scientific, administrative, environmental monitoring, waste
management, infrastructure, and military facilities constructed during
the Manhattan Project and Cold War era can be found in all of the Site
areas.

While buildings and structures representing this era are located
throughout the site, evidence of military operations consists mostly of
archaeological remains. Military operations in various forms took place
on the Site from World War II to the early 1960s. Most of the military
operations, however, took place beginning with the establishment of Camp
Hanford by the U.S. Army during 1950-51 until its closure in 1961. Camp
Hanford was a military outpost, with the main cantonment located in
North Richland and forward positions situated throughout the Site
consisting of anti-aircraft artillery sites and Nike missile
installations.

Historic contexts were completed for the Manhattan Project and Cold War
eras as part of a National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form
prepared for the Hanford Site to assist with the evaluation of National
Register eligibility of buildings and structures site wide (DOE 1997a).

Additionally, historical narratives and individual building
documentations have been completed for the *History of the Plutonium
Production Facilities at the Hanford Site Historic District, 1943-1990*
(DOE 2002c*)*. Five hundred twenty-eight Manhattan Project and Cold War
era buildings/structures and complexes are eligible for the National
Register as contributing properties within the Historic District.
Of that number, 190 were documented individually as required by the
programmatic agreement signed in 1996 (DOE 1996a). DOE/RL is undertaking
an assessment of the contents of the contributing buildings and
structures to locate and identify any Manhattan Project and Cold War era
artifacts that may have interpretive or educational value for museum
exhibit purposes (DOE 1998b).

#### Archaeological Resources

Archaeological remains of military sites associated with the Manhattan
Project and Cold War landscape are scattered throughout the Hanford
Site's 600 Area. These archaeological resources are mainly located
within the former Camp Hanford forward positions, the 16 anti-aircraft
artillery sites that encircled the 100 and 200 Areas, and the three Nike
missile installations on Wahluke Slope. (A fourth Nike position, in
relatively intact condition, is located at the base of Rattlesnake
Mountain on Fitzner-Eberhardt Arid Lands Ecology Reserve Unit.) The Nike
position on the reserve is eligible for inclusion in the National
Register as a contributing property within the Hanford Site Manhattan
Project and Cold War Era Historic District. Five of the 16 anti-aircraft
artillery sites are eligible for the National Register.

The anti-aircraft artillery and Nike sites were strategic components in
Camp Hanford's military defense of the Site's plutonium production
facilities during the 1950s. Potential archeological resources at these
sites include former gun emplacements, launch and radar sites, concrete
foundations and pads, pathways/sidewalks, associated dumpsites, small
arms firing ranges, and ammunition caches.

The archaeological remains of the Atmospheric Dispersion Test Facility
Grid are located in the Hanford Site east of the 200 West Area. The
facility was used for monitoring airborne waste dispersions during the
operation of the plutonium production facilities on the Hanford Site.

#### Buildings and Structures

Historic built resources documented from the Manhattan Project and Cold
War eras include buildings and structures found in the 100, 200, 300,
400, 600, 700, and the former 1100 Areas. The most significant of these
are the plutonium production and test reactors, chemical separation and
plutonium finishing buildings, and fuel fabrication/manufacturing
facilities. The first reactors, 105-B, 105-D, and 105-F, were
constructed during the Manhattan Project. Plutonium for the first atomic
explosion and the bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan, at the end of World
War II were produced at the Hanford Site. Additional reactors and
processing facilities were constructed after World War II during the
Cold War period. All reactor containment buildings still stand, although
many ancillary structures have been removed, and C, D, DR, F, and H
Reactors have been considerably modified.

DOE/RL will consider the retention of National Register-eligible
buildings and structures that may qualify for adaptive reuse as
interpretive centers, museums, industrial, or manufacturing facilities
(DOE 1996a).

### Site Areas

Archaeological sites, traditional cultural places, buildings, and
structures are found in each of several areas on the Hanford Site,
including the 100, 200, 300, 400, 600, and 700 Areas. Since it was
the Manhattan Project that established these areas as geographical
locations on the Hanford Site, many cultural resources located within
these areas are associated with that landscape. Many of these areas
were developed over the top of existing cultural resources from the
Native American and Early Settlers/Farming landscape. Hence, these
earlier landscapes were changed; however, many resources remain as they
were prior to 1943. A brief synopsis of known resources found in these
areas is presented in the following subsections.

#### 100 Areas

Field surveys were completed in the 100 Areas from 1991 to 1995
(Andrefsky et al. 1996, Chatters et al. 1992, Wright 1993). Much of the
surface area within the 100 Areas operable units has been disturbed by
the industrial activities that have taken place during the past 50
years. However, these areas still contain many cultural resources.

Each of the three landscapes is represented in the 100 Areas by the
presence of archaeological sites, traditional cultural properties, and
reactor facilities. Most of these resources reflect past use of river
resources such as open camps, fishing sites, farmsteads, pump houses,
gold mining pits, and water intake and outtake structures.

Plutonium production reactors and their ancillary and support facilities
were located in the 100 Areas. The production reactors functioned to
irradiate uranium fuel elements, the essential second step in the
plutonium production process. A complete inventory of 100 Areas
buildings and structures was completed during FY 1995, and a National
Register evaluation for each was finalized during 1996. To date, 146
buildings/structures have been inventoried in the 100 Areas. Of that
number, 55 have been individually documented and determined eligible for
the National Register as contributing properties within the Historic
District recommended for individual documentation (DOE 1998b). As
remediation continues in the 100 Areas, the potential exists for
inadvertent discoveries of archaeological resources. To understand
impacts to cultural resources and to reduce the need to perform
extensive reviews on highly disturbed areas, disturbance maps and
reports have been completed for 100-B/C, 100-D/DR, and 100-F Areas.

**100-B/C Area**

**Archaeological Resources.** There is a high density of archaeological
resources associated with the Native American cultural landscape in the
100-B/C Area. Three are located partially within the 100-B/C Area (Rice
1968a, Rice 1980a, b), and 35 have been recorded within the immediate
vicinity of the B/C Area during archaeological surveys completed during
1995.

Historic archaeological resources include the remains of Haven Station,
a small stop on the former Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific
Railroad, located to the west of the 100-B/C Area. One archaeological
site and the remains of the small community of Haven lie on the opposite
bank of the Columbia River.

Two archaeological sites (45BN447 and 45BN446 ^(^[^2]^)^) located near
100-B/C have been investigated. Test excavations conducted during 1991
at archaeological site 45BN447 revealed large quantities of deer and
mountain sheep bone, and projectile points dating from 500 to 1500 years
ago. The second archaeological site, 45BN446, is considered to be
eligible for listing in the National Register, in part, because it may
contain new information about the Frenchman Springs and Cayuse Phases of
mid-Columbia prehistory.

**Traditional Cultural Places.** Many sites related to hunting and
religious activities are located at the west end of Gable Butte. These
sites are associated with the Gable Mountain Cultural District.

**Buildings and Structures.** The only structure associated with the
Early Settlers/Farming landscape in the 100-B/C Area is the Hanford
Irrigation and Power Company pumping plant built at Coyote Rapids during
1908. It is located east of the 100-B/C Area.

The 105*-*B Reactor was the world\'s first full-scale plutonium
production reactor and is designated as a National Historic Mechanical
Engineering Landmark. It is also listed in the National Register, is a
National Civil Engineering Landmark, and was given the Nuclear Historic
Landmark Award. Historic American Engineering Record (HAER)
documentation of B Reactor was completed during 1999 (DOE 2001b). A
total of 14 buildings and structures within the reactor area have been
recorded on historic property inventory forms. Of that number, 10 were
selected as representative examples of buildings and structures eligible
for the National Register as contributing properties within the Historic
District recommended for individual documentation. These include 105-B
Reactor, 181-B River Pump house, 104-B-1 Tritium Vault, 104-B-2 Tritium
Laboratory, 105-B-Rod Tip Cave, 116-B Reactor Exhaust Stack, 117-B
Exhaust Air Filter Building, 118-B-1 Solid Waste Burial Trench, and
182-B Reservoir and Pump house (DOE 1998b).

An assessment of the contents of the 105-B Reactor was conducted to
locate and identify Manhattan Project and Cold War era artifacts that
may have interpretive or educational value in potential exhibits.
Thirty-nine industrial artifacts were identified and tagged, with many
on display as interpretive exhibits in the reactor. Tagged artifacts
from 105-D and F Reactors were transferred to B Reactor to be displayed
as interpretive exhibits.

**100-D/DR Area**

**Archaeological Resources.** Twenty-three known archaeological sites
lie within 1 km (0.6 mi) of the 100-D/DR Area: three on the northern
bank and the remainder on the southern bank of the Columbia River. The
Wahluke Archaeological District is located north of the reactor area.
Most remaining sites represent early Euro-American settlement
activities. The former community of Wahluke, which was at the landing of
a ferry of the same name, is situated on the river's north bank. Remains
of historic farmsteads are scattered throughout the nearby area. An
archaeological excavation was completed during 2001 of 45BN888, a camp
site associated with the Native American cultural landscape adjacent to
the reactor area.

**Traditional Cultural Places.** Twenty-seven individual rock cairns
located south of the reactor area are associated with an area known to
have traditional cultural importance to affected tribes.

**Buildings and Structures.** All the buildings and structures in the
100-D/DR Area were built during the Manhattan Project and Cold War eras.
Twenty buildings/structures have been inventoried, including the 105-D
and 105-DR Reactor buildings. Both reactors are eligible for the
National Register as contributing properties within the Historic
District. An assessment of the contents of 105-D and 105-DR was
conducted to locate and identify Manhattan Project and Cold War era
artifacts that may have interpretive or educational value in potential
exhibits. Twenty-four industrial artifacts were identified and tagged in
105-D, including control panels, a reactor curtain, lunch tables,
benches, tools, and signs. All the tagged artifacts in 105-D were
transferred to B Reactor. Ten industrial artifacts were identified and
tagged on 105-DR, including a radiological worker procedures poster, an
instrument ladder, three metal signs, a lead sampling chamber "pig," a
control panel, vintage ceiling lights, and graphite blocks. The
185/189-D buildings and adjoining facilities, all part of the 190-D
complex, are eligible for the National Register and were documented to
HAER standards (DOE 1998b). The 190-D Complex has been demolished.

**100-F Area**

**Archaeological Resources.** The 100-F Area is situated on the shore of
the Columbia River and contains many cultural sites associated with the
Native American cultural landscape. According to Relander (1956), a
nearly continuous string of camps and villages of the Wanapum extended
from the Hanford Townsite upstream to the White Bluffs Townsite.
Sixty-seven archaeological sites have been recorded within 1 km (0.6 mi)
of the 100-F Area. Sites of particular importance include a site that is
eligible to the National Register (45BN606) and an historic Wanapum
cemetery.

The principal site associated with the Early Settlers/Farming landscape
near 100-F is the White Bluffs Townsite and ferry landing. This location
was the upriver terminus of shipping during the mid-19^th^ century. It
was at this point that supplies for trappers, traders, and miners were
off-loaded, and commodities from the interior were transferred from pack
trains and wagons to riverboats. The first store and ferry of the
mid-Columbia region were located at the ferry landing (ERTEC 1981). A
log cabin, thought to have been a blacksmith shop built during the late
19^th^ century, still stands there. Test excavations conducted at the
cabin by the University of Idaho revealed historic and pre-contact
cultural materials. The structure was recorded according to standards of
the Historic American Buildings Survey (Rice 1976). Stabilization of the
structure was carried out by the USFWS during 2001. The only remaining
structure associated with the White Bluffs townsite (near the railroad)
is the First Bank of White Bluffs.

**Traditional Cultural Places.** Cemeteries associated with the Native
American landscape are known to be in the vicinity of the 100-F Area.

**Buildings and Structures.** Three Manhattan Project/Cold War era
buildings/structures have been inventoried in this area, including the
105-F Reactor building. An assessment of the contents of 105-F was
conducted to identify any artifacts that may have value as potential
museum exhibits. Eleven industrial artifacts were identified and tagged,
including a fuel scale, elevator control panel, two shop signs, four
safety signs, a hardhat, graphite blocks, and vintage ceiling lights.
All tagged artifacts were transferred to B Reactor or the Columbia River
Exhibition of History, Science and Technology (CREHST) museum in
Richland, Washington, for inclusion into the Hanford Collection.

**100-H Area**

**Archaeological Resources.** As of 2004, there have been 31
archaeological sites recorded within 1 km (0.6 mi) of the 100-H Area.
Included in this group are two historic Wanapum cemeteries, six camps,
and three house pit villages. The largest village contains approximately
100 house pits and numerous storage caches. It appears to have been
occupied consistently from 2500 years ago to 1943 (Rice 1968a). The
cemeteries, camps, and villages are included in the Locke Island
Archaeological District.

Archaeological sites associated with the Early Settlers/Farming
landscape in the 100-H Area include several 20^th^ century farmsteads
and associated domestic debris. None of these sites have yet been
evaluated for eligibility to the National Register. Remains of military
encampments associated with the Manhattan Project and Cold War landscape
are also located near the 100-H Area.

**Traditional Cultural Places.** Wanapum cemeteries are known to be
located in the vicinity of the 100-H Area.

**Buildings and Structures.** Four Cold War era buildings/structures
were inventoried in the 100-H Area. Of that number, only the 105-H
Reactor is eligible for the National Register as a contributing property
within the Historic District (DOE 1998b). An assessment of the contents
of 105-H was conducted to locate and identify Cold War era artifacts
that may have interpretive or educational value in potential exhibits.
No items were tagged.

**100-K Area**

**Archaeological Resources.** An archaeological survey of the 100-K Area
during 1991 revealed five previously unrecorded archaeological sites.
Archaeological surveys conducted in the 100-K Area during 1995 resulted
in documentation of 31 additional pre-contact and historic sites. Two of
these sites (45BN423 and 45BN434) are believed to date to the Cascade
Phase 8000 to 4000 years ago and are eligible for listing in the
National Register. The Coyote Rapids Archaeological District and the
Ryegrass Archaeological District are located near the 100-K Area.

The Hanford Irrigation Canal and the former Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul
and Pacific Railroad, two important linear features associated with the
Early Settlers/Farming landscape, are also present in the 100-K Area.
Archaeological remains of the Early Settlers/Farming community at Coyote
Rapids and a number of historic farmstead sites are located west of the
100-K Area.

**Traditional Cultural Places.** Events took place at this locale during
the mid-19^th^ century that are important to American Indian people of
the interior northwest (Relander 1956). The Washani religion (also known
as Seven Drums or Dreamer religion) was first practiced here, eventually
spreading to many neighboring tribes. A group of pit houses with an
associated long house and sweat lodge have been identified that may have
been the site of the Wanapum religious leader Smohalla's first *Washat*
dance. An area located a short distance upstream is also recognized as a
traditional cultural place because of its association with Wanapum
history and traditional cultural beliefs (Relander 1956).

**Buildings and Structures.** Thirty-eight buildings and structures have
been inventoried in the 100-K Area, including the 105-KE and KW Reactor
buildings. Of that number, 13 were selected as representative examples
of buildings and structures eligible for the National Register as
contributing properties within the Historic District recommended for
individual documentation. These include the 105-KW Reactor, 190-KW Main
Pump house, 107-KW Retention Basin, 183-KW Filter Plant, and 181-KW
River Pump house (DOE 1998b).

An assessment of the contents of 105-KE and KW was conducted to identify
any artifacts that may have educational or interpretive value as
potential museum exhibits. Twenty-two industrial artifacts
were identified and tagged in 105-KE Reactor, including tools, signage,
radiation monitoring equipment, and furniture. Nine artifacts were
identified and tagged from 105-KW Reactor, including furniture,
a measurement scale, tools, and a floodlight. An assessment of the
contents of the other historic buildings in the 100-K Area resulted in
23 additional artifacts being identified and tagged.

**100-N Area**

**Archaeological Resources.** Twenty archaeological sites associated
with the Native American cultural landscape have been recorded within
1 km (0.6 mi) of the 100-N Area perimeter. Three sites (two house pit
villages, 45BN150 and 45BN180, and one cemetery, 45BN151) comprise the
Ryegrass Archaeological District. Site 45BN179, once considered for a
National Register nomination as the Hanford Generating Plant Site, has
been found to be part of 45BN149, which is already listed in the
National Register. Extant knowledge about the archaeology of the 100-N
Area is based largely on reconnaissance-level archaeological surveys
conducted during the late 1960s to late 1970s (Rice 1968b; Rice 1980a,
b), which do not purport to produce complete inventories of the areas
covered.

The most common evidence of activities associated with the Early
Settlers/Farming landscape found near the 100-N Area consists of the
archaeological remains of farmhouses and agricultural fields. The
historic Hanford Irrigation Canal is adjacent to and south of the 100-N
Area.

**Traditional Cultural Places.** Three places near the 100-N Area are
known to have been of importance to the Wanapum. Cataclysmic flooding at
the end of the Pleistocene formed the numerous small rolling hills known
as *Mooli Mooli*, which means Little Stacked Hills. Gable Mountain
(called *Nookshai* or Otter) and Gable Butte, which lie to the south of
the river, are highly significant to the affected tribes. According to
Relander (1956) these are places where Wanapum youths would go on
overnight vigils seeking guardian spirits. Rock cairns located in these
areas indicate ethnographic use of these areas. Sites of religious
importance may also exist near the 100-N Area.

**Buildings and Structures**. The 100-N Reactor, completed during 1963,
was the last of the plutonium production, graphite-moderated reactors.
The design of N Reactor differed from the previous eight reactors in
several ways to afford greater safety and to enable co-generation of
electricity. Sixty-six Cold War era buildings and structures were
inventoried in the 100-N Area. Thirty 100-N Area buildings/structures
were selected as representative examples of facilities eligible for the
National Register as contributing properties within the Historic
District recommended for individual documentation (DOE 1998b). These
include the 105-N Reactor, 109-N Heat Exchanger Building, 181-N River
Water Pump house, 183-N Water Filter Plant, 184-N Plant Service
Powerhouse, 185-N Export Powerhouse, and the 1112-N Guard Station (DOE
1997d).

An assessment of the contents of 185-N was conducted to locate and
identify Cold War era artifacts that may have interpretive or
educational value in potential exhibits. Six artifacts were identified
and tagged, including control room panels, phone booths, a "hear-here"
phone, metal cart, and a safety sign. All the artifacts were
photographed and transferred to CREHST Museum in Richland, Washington,
for inclusion in the Hanford Collection. Building 185-N was recently
demolished.

#### 200 Areas

Much of the 200 Areas has been altered by Hanford operations. The
Hanford Cultural Resources Laboratory conducted a comprehensive
archaeological resources survey of the fenced portions of the 200 Areas
during 1987 and 1988 (Chatters and Cadoret 1990). The results indicate
that evidence of cultural resources associated with the Native American
cultural landscape and the Early Settlers/Farming landscape is minimal.
Archaeological surveys conducted since that time have revealed much the
same pattern.

**Archaeological Resources.** The most significant archaeological
resource located in the 200 Areas is an extensive linear feature known
as the White Bluffs Road, a portion of which passes diagonally southwest
to northeast through the 200 West Area. This road, in its entirety, is
eligible for listing in the National Register, except for
non-contributing segments of the White Bluffs Road that are located in
the 200 West Area. Non-contributing segments of the White Bluffs Road
are those sections that have been so considerably altered that they lack
historic integrity, but retain evidence of its contiguous bearing.
Originally a trail used by area tribes, it played a role in
Euro-American immigration, development, agriculture, and Hanford Site
operations. The survey conducted during 2000 on the White Bluffs Road
recorded an additional 54 historic isolated finds and 2 pre-contact
isolated finds, as well as six can dump features.

**Traditional Cultural Places.** Many sites related to hunting and
religious activities are located on Gable Mountain and Gable Butte north
of the 200 West and 200 East Areas. These sites are associated with the
Gable Mountain/Gable Butte Cultural District.

**Buildings and Structures.** The 200 Areas contain many significant
buildings and structures associated with the Manhattan Project and Cold
War landscape. They were formerly used as chemical separations
(processing) plants and ancillary and support facilities. The plants
functioned to dissolve the irradiated fuel elements to separate out the
plutonium, the essential third step in plutonium production.  Historic
property inventory forms have been completed for 72 buildings/structures
in the 200 Areas. Of that number, 58 were selected as representative
examples of buildings and structures eligible for the National Register
as contributing properties within the Historic District recommended for
individual documentation. These include the 202-A Purex Plant, 212-N Lag
Storage Facility, 221-T Plant, 222-S Redox Plant, 225-B Encapsulation
Building, 231-Z Plutonium Metallurgical Laboratory, 234-5Z Plutonium
Finishing Plant, 236-Z Plutonium Reclamation Facility, 242-Z Water
Treatment Facility, 282-E Pump house and Reservoir Building, 283-E Water
Filtration Plant, and the 284-W Powerhouse and Steam Plant*.* The 232-Z
Waste Incinerator Facility and the 233-S Plutonium Concentration
Building are also eligible for the National Register and along with
221-T Plant, have been documented to HAER standards (DOE 1998b). The
233-S building was recently demolished.

An assessment of the contents of nine facilities in the Plutonium
Finishing Plant (PFP) complex was conducted during 1998 and 2002, and a
letter report was completed entitled "Interpretive and Curation Plan for
the Deactivation and Decommissioning of Historic Buildings at the PFP
Complex". These buildings and structures included the 234-5Z PFP, 291-Z
Exhaust Stack, 232-Z Waste Recovery Facility, 236-Z Plutonium
Reclamation Facility, 2704-Z Safeguards and Security Building, the
2736-Z, ZA, and ZB Plutonium Storage Facilities, and 2736-ZC
(non-historic) Cargo Restraint Transport Facility. Because of
security/radiological exposure concerns, Buildings 2701-ZA and 242-Z
were not accessible for walkthroughs. In 234-5Z, the entire Remote
Mechanical C line (glove boxes) and control room, and the Remote
Mechanical A line (glove boxes) and control room were identified and
tagged. Ten additional Cold War era artifacts were identified and tagged
as a result of a walkthrough of the Analytical Laboratories in 234-5Z.
The assessment of the 2704-Z Building resulted in two tagged artifacts:
a typology of "cans" poster and demonstration training cans. A third
artifact, the classified documents vault, was identified but not tagged.
The non-historic 2736-ZA building contains historic metal pedestals and
a wooden mockup pedestal that were tagged.

Thirty-two industrial artifacts were identified and tagged in chemical
separations buildings located outside the PFP complex in the 200 Areas.
The following buildings were inspected for artifacts during the
walkthroughs: 202-A, 202-S, 221-T, 221-U, 224-U, 224-B, and 271-U. Types
of artifacts selected included electrical equipment, control panels,
tools, vintage lights, health and safety items, signage, and
communications equipment.

#### 300 Area

Much of the 300 Area has been used for industrial activities associated
with the Manhattan Project and Cold War cultural landscape. Prior to the
Manhattan Project during 1943, the 300 Area was used by Native Americans
as a camp location and by early settlers who developed a farming
community known as Fruitvale. Due to its proximity to the Columbia
River, many archaeological resources associated with both these
landscapes are located along the river shore outside of the 300 Area
fence. Subsurface archaeological deposits are likely to be located
underneath existing 300 Area facilities in pockets of undisturbed
ground.

**Archaeological Resources.** Five recorded archaeological sites,
including campsites, house pits, and a historic trash scatter, are
located at least partially within the 300 Area. Many more may be located
in subsurface deposits. Twenty-three archaeological sites and 10
isolated artifacts have been recorded within 1 km (0.6 mi) of the 300
Area fence. Archaeological site 45BN162 has been determined eligible for
listing in the National Register. Several archaeological sites in this
area are in the Hanford South Archaeological District, which is listed
in the Washington Heritage Register. Archaeological sites associated
with the Early Setters/Farming cultural landscape in the 300 Area are
comprised mainly of domestic debris scatters and roadbeds associated
with farmsteads.

**Traditional Cultural Places.** A documented historic Wanapum cemetery
is located near the 300 Area.

**Buildings and Structures.** The 300 Area, the location of the uranium
fuel fabrication plants that manufactured fuel rods to be irradiated in
the Hanford Site reactors, provided the first essential step in the
plutonium production process. The 300 Area was also the location of most
of the Hanford Site's research and development laboratories. One hundred
fifty-nine buildings/structures in the 300 Area have been documented on
historic property inventory forms. Of that number, 47 were selected as
representative examples of buildings and structures eligible for the
National Register as contributing properties within the Historic
District recommended for individual documentation. This total includes
the 305 Test Pile, 313 Fuels Fabrication Facility, 314 Metal
Press/Extrusion Building, 318 High Temperature Lattice Test Reactor,
321 Separation Building, 325 Radiochemistry Laboratory, 333 Fuel
Cladding Facility, 3706 Radiochemistry Laboratory, and the
3760 (former) Hanford Technical Library (DOE 1998b).

Assessments/walkthroughs of the contents of former fuel manufacturing
and reactor operations facilities in the 300 Area have been conducted
including the 303-A Magazine Product Storage Building, 305 Test Pile,
305-B Engineers Development Lab Annex, 306-W Materials Development
Laboratory, 306-E Fabrication Test Lab, 308 Plutonium Fabrication Pilot
Plant, 309 Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor, 313 Fuels Fabrication
Facility/Metal Fabrication Building, 314 Press Building, and the 333
Fuel Cladding Facility. The 27 Manhattan Project/Cold War era artifacts
that were identified and tagged are mainly industrial in nature
associated with the fuel manufacturing processes and reactor operations.
A second walkthrough of Building 333 resulted in an additional 12
artifacts being identified including a selection of safety
signs/posters, a control panel, a safety shower, protective worker
clothes, and a sample uranium fuel element.

Other 300 Area buildings assessed include the 303-K Fresh Metal Storage
Building, 304 Uranium Scrap Concentration Storage Facility, 324 Chemical
Engineering Laboratory, 325 Radiochemistry Laboratory, 327 Post
Irradiation Test Laboratory, 329 Biophysics Laboratory, 334 Chemical
Handling Facility, 334-A Acid Pump house, 3701-D (former) Hanford Patrol
Building, 3707-G Change House, 3716 Fuels Manufacturing
Storage/Automotive Repair Shop, 3727 Classified Storage Facility,
3746 Radiological Physics Building, 3762 Technical Safety Building, the
340 Waste Neutralization Complex, 3745-B Positive Ion Accelerator
Building, 3708 Radiochemical Lab, 3706 Radiochemistry Lab, 326 Physics
Lab, 3707-D Patrol Headquarters, 384 Power House, 328 Engineering
Services Building, 3720 Environmental Sciences Laboratory, 3745-A
Electron Accelerator Building, 3722 Area Shop, and the 3713 Storeroom.
Approximately 75 to 80 Manhattan Project/Cold War era artifacts were
identified and tagged in these buildings.

#### 400 Area

Most of the 400 Area has been so altered by construction activities that
archaeologists surveying the site during 1978 were able to find only
0.12 km^2^ (0.047 mi^2^) of land that was undisturbed (Rice et
al. 1978). They found no cultural resources in this area. No
archaeological sites are known to be located within 1 km (0.6 mi) of the
400 Area.

The 400 Area consists of the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) complex. The
405 Reactor Containment Building includes a 400-megawatt, sodium-cooled
test reactor designed primarily to test fuels and materials for advanced
nuclear power plants. All the buildings and structures in the 400 Area
were constructed during the Cold War era. Twenty-one building/structures
have been recorded on historic property inventory forms. Of that number,
six were selected as representative examples of buildings and structures
eligible for the National Register as contributing properties within the
Historic District recommended for individual documentation. These
include the 405 Reactor Containment Building, 436 Training Facility,
4621-W Auxiliary Equipment Facility, 4703 FFTF Control Building, 4710
Operation Support Building, and the 4790 Patrol Headquarters (DOE
1998b). In response to the production of a Curation Plan for the
Deactivation and Decommissioning of Historic Buildings at the FFTF,
walkthroughs were conducted of the contributing properties requiring
mitigation except for the 4790 patrol headquarters. In addition,
walkthroughs were also conducted of 16 contributing properties at
FFTF where no individual documentation was required. Operations carried
out in these facilities were closely related to the work conducted in
the five contributing buildings that required mitigation. Thirty
artifacts were identified and tagged in 8 of the 21 historic buildings:
405, 4703, 436, 403, 4621-W, 4621-E, 4710, and 4701-A. Two of the
identified artifacts are located in Building 4732-C, a non-historic
building. The types of artifacts included industrial equipment and
machinery, photographs, publications, control room panels, and models.

An assessment of the contents of Building 427 was also conducted to
locate and identify Cold War era artifacts that may have interpretive or
educational value in potential exhibits. Four artifacts were identified
and tagged, including fuel assembly components.

#### 600 Area 

The 600 Area includes all of the Hanford Site not occupied by the 100,
200, 300, and 400 Areas. Project-driven surveys have been conducted
throughout the area, but much of the 600 Area has not been surveyed.
Based on what is known, the 600 Area contains cultural resources
associated with all three cultural landscapes that exist on the Hanford
Site. Representing a full range of human activity across the Hanford
Site, the activities are best characterized for the Native American
cultural landscape by the gathering of inland resources (quarry sites,
hunting sites, religious use sites, plant gathering sites) and riverine
resources (fishing sites, open camp sites, root gathering). The Early
Settlers/Farming landscape is present in the 600 Area, mainly consisting
of the archaeological remains of former farmsteads, ranches, and
pre-1943 transportation routes. Evidence of cultural resources
associated with the Manhattan Project and Cold War Era landscape
consists of anti-aircraft artillery sites, meteorological towers, and
roads located in the 600 Area.

**Archaeological Resources.** Numerous National Register Districts
associated with the Native American landscape are located within the 600
Area including the Hanford Archaeological Site, Hanford North
Archaeological District, the Paris Archaeological Site (45GR317),
Rattlesnake Springs sites (45BN170 and 45BN171), Savage Island
Archaeological District, Snively Basin Archaeological District, and
Wooded Island Archaeological District.

Archaeological properties associated with the Early Settlers/Farming
landscape in the 600 Area include the Hanford Townsite; the White Bluffs
townsite and ferry landing; the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific
Railroad line and associated whistle stops; early settler's farmsteads;
and the Hanford Irrigation Canal and associated irrigation features. The
McGee Ranch/Cold Creek Valley District is located in the 600 Area and is
eligible for listing in the National Register.

Cold War era archaeological resources that are located in the 600 Area
include five National Register-eligible anti-aircraft artillery sites
associated with Camp Hanford's defense of the Hanford Site during the
1950s. The Hanford Atmospheric Dispersion Test Facility is a
contributing property within the Historic District. Numerous artifacts
in the facility were identified as having interpretive or educational
value in potential exhibits. A selected representative number of
artifacts were removed from the facility and curated into the Hanford
Collection.

**Traditional Cultural Places**. Areas of traditional cultural
importance include Rattlesnake Mountain and foothills, the Columbia
River, Gable Mountain, Gable Butte, and National Register-eligible
*Wanawish.* Cemeteries associated with the Native American cultural
landscape are also dispersed throughout the 600 Area.

**Buildings and Structures.** There are several structures associated
with the Early Settlers/Farming landscape that are located in the 600
Area. The Bruggemann Warehouse, located approximately 1.6 km (3 mi) west
of 100-B/C, is eligible for listing in the National Register. During
2002, the Hanford Electrical Substation-Switching Station, the Hanford
Townsite high school, the Coyote Rapids Pumping Plant, and the First
Bank of White Bluffs became eligible for listing in the National
Register.

Fifteen Cold War era buildings/structures, including the former
underground missile storage facility, have been inventoried at the
former 6652 Nike launch and control center in the Fitzner-Eberhardt Arid
Lands Ecology Reserve Unit. The 622 Meteorological Complex, located near
200 West, includes seven inventoried properties. Both complexes are
eligible for the National Register as contributing properties within the
Historic District. An assessment of the contents of 622-F and the 6652
Nike site were conducted. No artifacts of interpretive or educational
value were identified.

Five other 600 Area properties, the 604 Yakima Patrol Checking Station,
604-A Sentry House, 607 Batch Plant, 618-10 Solid Waste Burial Trench,
and Hanford Site Railroad System are eligible for the National Register
as contributing properties within the Historic District. Twenty-five
railcars located at the 212-N rail spur were designated
Register-eligible as contributing features of the Hanford Site Railroad.
Documentation/ mitigation of the 25 railcars was completed as an
addendum to the Expanded Historic Property Inventory form of the Hanford
Site Railroad system. Due to their high contamination levels, most of
the railcars have been removed from the Hanford Site.

The former Central Shops complex located in the 600 Area north of the
200 Areas is not eligible for the National Register (DOE 1997a).

Buildings 623 (Gable Mountain Relay Station) and 213 (Magazine/Waste
Storage Vault) are contributing properties within the Historic District.

#### 700 Area

The 700 Area was the location of the administrative functions of the
early Hanford Site period. Most of the 700 Area was altered by
industrial and demolition activities. Of the seven Manhattan Project and
Cold War era buildings/structures identified in this area, the 703
Administrative Building, 712 Records/Printing/Mail Office Facility, and
the 748 Emergency Decontamination Facility are eligible for listing in
the National Register as contributing properties within the Historic
District (DOE 1998b).

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[^1]: (?) In order to protect resources, the National Historic
    Preservation Act (16 USC 470) Section 304, and Archaeological
    Resources Protection Act (16 USC 470aa) Section 9 requires agencies
    to withhold from public disclosure information on the location and
    character of cultural resources.

[^2]: (?) Smithsonian Trinomial numbers are the standard designation for
    archaeological sites in the United States. 45 represents the state
    of Washington. BN, GR and FR represent Benton, Grant and Franklin
    counties. The number that follows indicates that the site was the
    n^th^ archaeological site to be recorded in that county.