+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| # ITEM       | DESCRIPTION                                           |
+==============+=======================================================+
| ###          | Instructs DOI and U.S. Forest Service employees how   |
|              | to perform their job safely while working around      |
| ###          | helicopter and airplane operations. Topics include    |
|  Module Goal | passenger responsibilities, ground safety, air        |
|              | safety, "5 Steps to a Safe Flight," and flight        |
|              | following.                                            |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| *            | To provide a foundation for aviation safety awareness |
| *Performance | for employees, who use aircraft for "special use      |
| Objective**  | activities".                                          |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Pre        | **Employees who use aircraft for "special use         |
| requisites** | activities" are required to receive this module.**    |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Class      | Limited to classroom size.                            |
| Size**       |                                                       |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Course     | See the sections below on Class Time and Unit         |
| Structure**  | Instructor Guide.                                     |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Class      | Follow this time frame to complete the module.        |
| Time**       |                                                       |
|              |                                                       |
| ### Total    |                                                       |
|  = 1-1.5 hrs |                                                       |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Instructor | Instructors should meet 1 hour before class to        |
| Prep Time**  | prepare classroom.                                    |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Instructor | Level I, Interagency Aviation Trainer.                |
| Qual         |                                                       |
| ifications** |                                                       |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Module     | **[NOTE]{.underline}**: The Instructor notes are in   |
| I            | plain type with the action verbs in **bold**; the     |
| nstructor\'s | items to be read aloud are in regular *italics*.      |
| Guide**      |                                                       |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+
| **Materials, | Unit Instructors are responsible for obtaining the    |
| Equipment &  | necessary training materials.                         |
| Handouts**   |                                                       |
|              | [Equipment]{.underline}: **[NOTE]{.underline}**:      |
| **Items to   | Check the equipment at least 60 minutes before class  |
| be provided  | to ensure that it's operational.                      |
| by the       |                                                       |
| Students**   | 1.  Laptop computer                                   |
|              |                                                       |
|              | 2.  Digital Projector                                 |
|              |                                                       |
|              | 3.  Screen                                            |
|              |                                                       |
|              | 4.  TV, Monitor                                       |
|              |                                                       |
|              | 5.  VHS Tape Deck                                     |
|              |                                                       |
|              | [Handouts]{.underline}:                               |
|              |                                                       |
|              | 1.  Basic Aviation Safety Booklet (NFES 2097) and/or  |
|              |     Interagency Aviation User Pocket Guide (NFES      |
|              |     1373)                                             |
|              |                                                       |
|              | 2.  OAS 103 Card, "5 Steps to a Safe Flight" (NFES    |
|              |     1399)                                             |
|              |                                                       |
|              | 3.  Student Slide Reference (Power Point)             |
|              |                                                       |
|              | 4.  OPM-29                                            |
|              |                                                       |
|              | 5.  Pilot/Aircraft Data Card Handout                  |
|              |                                                       |
|              | 6.  A-101 Test                                        |
|              |                                                       |
|              | [Items provided by the Students]{.underline}:         |
|              |                                                       |
|              | # Pencil & Paper                                      |
+--------------+-------------------------------------------------------+

+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| # ITEM      | DESCRIPTION                                            |
+=============+========================================================+
| ####        |                                                        |
|  Activities |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| 1.          | **Welcome** everyone.                                  |
| **Welcome** |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| 2.          | **Introduce** yourself (your aviation background and   |
| **Intros.** | your role in presenting this course) and **introduce** |
|             | the teaching team and their backgrounds.               |
|             |                                                        |
|             | **Ask** the Students to introduce themselves (where    |
|             | they\'re from and how their aviation background        |
|             | brought them to this module).                          |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| 3           | **Give** a brief overview of the module to include the |
| .  **Course | following:                                             |
|             |                                                        |
|   Overview: | Module goal: To provide a foundation in aircraft       |
|     Goals & | safety awareness for employees and those supervised by |
|     O       | Government employees who use aircraft for "special use |
| bjectives** | activities."                                           |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| 4.  *       | **Provide** a transition to module. **Say** something, |
| *Transition | such as:                                               |
|     to      |                                                        |
|             | *Safe airplane and helicopter operations can only be   |
|   Module.** | accomplished when the employee is aware of and follows |
|             | proper safety procedures. Many accidents and near      |
| ![](me      | mid-air collisions could have been prevented if the    |
| dia/image1. | established policies and procedures were followed.     |
| jpeg){width | This module is designed to provide you the basic       |
| ="1.2298611 | information and skills to perform your job safely in   |
| 11111111in" | and around aircraft.*                                  |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | **GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS (PRE-FLIGHT)**            |
| 2222223in"} |                                                        |
|             | **Provide** students with overview of preflight        |
| ![](me      | precautions.                                           |
| dia/image2. |                                                        |
| jpeg){width | **[What is Special Use?]{.underline}** *Operations     |
| ="1.2298611 | involving the use of airplanes and helicopters in      |
| 11111111in" | support of DOI and U.S. Forest Service programs which  |
| height="    | are not point-to-point flight activities, which        |
| 0.922222222 | require special considerations due to their functional |
| 2222223in"} | use. These special considerations include special      |
|             | pilot qualifications and techniques, special aircraft  |
| ![](me      | equipment, and personal protective equipment.*         |
| dia/image3. |                                                        |
| jpeg){width | **[EXAMPLE:]{.underline}** *Flying low-level (below    |
| ="1.2298611 | 500 ft.) in an aircraft doing a wildlife survey        |
| 11111111in" | (black-footed ferret survey, eagle egg count, etc.).   |
| height="    | Herding wild horses with a helicopter would require    |
| 0.922222222 | special pilot technique.*                              |
| 2222223in"} |                                                        |
|             | *Special use activities require that everyone aboard   |
| ![](me      | the aircraft wear a full complement of personal        |
| dia/image4. | protective equipment (PPE).*                           |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | -   *Aviator\'s Flight Helmet*                         |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    | -   *Fire Resistant Clothing*                          |
| 0.922222222 |                                                        |
| 2222223in"} | -   *Leather or Nomex Gloves*                          |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](me      | -   *Leather Boots*                                    |
| dia/image5. |                                                        |
| jpeg){width | *Before any flight, you must ensure the pilot and      |
| ="1.2298611 | aircraft are approved for the planned mission.*        |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    | **[Pilot Qualification Card]{.underline} -** *The      |
| 0.922222222 | Pilot Qualification Card provides information about    |
| 2222223in"} | the types of aircraft and missions the pilot is        |
|             | approved to fly. For many missions the pilot must      |
| ![](me      | demonstrate the ability to perform to the satisfaction |
| dia/image6. | of an OAS or U.S. Forest Service pilot inspector.*     |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | *The back of the card will display a list of special   |
| 11111111in" | use missions. The pilot inspector will initial the     |
| height="    | card, identifying the missions the pilot is approved   |
| 0.922222222 | to perform.*                                           |
| 2222223in"} |                                                        |
|             | ***If a type of mission has a slash through it and is  |
| ![](me      | not initialed, Do Not Fly That Mission!***             |
| dia/image7. |                                                        |
| jpeg){width | **[Note to Instructor:]{.underline} All helicopter     |
| ="1.2298611 | pilots are approved for some type of special           |
| 11111111in" | mission.**                                             |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | In addition, employees should know the pilot has       |
| 2222223in"} | flight and duty limitations. The pilot cannot fly more |
|             | than 8 hours and cannot be on duty more than 14 hours  |
| ![](me      | during the day. When a pilot acquires 36 or more       |
| dia/image8. | flight hours in a consecutive six-day period, the      |
| jpeg){width | pilot shall be given the following 24-hour period of   |
| ="1.2298611 | rest (off duty) and a new six-day cycle shall begin.   |
| 11111111in" | It is required that the pilot receives two days off in |
| height="    | a fourteen-day period. We want to make sure the pilot  |
| 0.922222222 | has sufficient rest to safely accomplish the demanding |
| 2222223in"} | task of flying the aircraft.                           |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](me      | **[Note to Instructor:]{.underline} If needed, refer   |
| dia/image9. | to the Departmental Manual, Flight Crew Member Policy, |
| jpeg){width | 351 DM 3.5A(2). There are different standards for a    |
| ="1.2298611 | two-pilot and augmented flight crew.**                 |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    | **[Aircraft Data Card]{.underline} -** *The Aircraft   |
| 0.922222222 | Data Card contains information about the aircraft and  |
| 2222223in"} | authorized uses. An OAS or U.S. Forest Service         |
|             | aircraft inspector will inspect aircraft used for      |
| ![](med     | special use activities. The aircraft will be checked   |
| ia/image10. | for \"special use\" needs and equipment. A helicopter  |
| jpeg){width | data card with a red \"Interagency Fire\" stamp on it  |
| ="1.2298611 | indicates that it has the necessary equipment required |
| 11111111in" | for Interagency fire use.*                             |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | If the mission has a slash through it and is not       |
| 2222223in"} | initialed, DO NOT FLY THAT MISSION!                    |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](med     | *Airplanes [not approved]{.underline} for special use  |
| ia/image11. | missions are issued a*                                 |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | *Separate card. The card will state, \"Rental Only -   |
| 11111111in" | Not For Special Use\" or "Point-to-Point" Use. These   |
| height="    | aircraft can be used only for \"point-to-point\"       |
| 0.922222222 | flights (airport to airport). It is noted on the card  |
| 2222223in"} | a technical inspection has not been performed on the   |
|             | aircraft.*                                             |
| ![](medi    |                                                        |
| a/image12.j | ***Cooperator aircraft and pilots may not receive      |
| peg){width= | "cards" but shall be approved to fly DOI or U.S.       |
| "1.15972222 | Forest Service missions* *through a letter of          |
| 22222223in" | agreement or memorandum of understanding.***           |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.869444444 | It should be noted that mechanics also have duty       |
| 4444445in"} | limitations. Maintenance of the aircraft is as         |
|             | important as the ability of the pilot to perform the   |
| ![](med     | mission without fatigue. According to policy,          |
| ia/image13. | mechanics cannot work more than 16 hours within any    |
| jpeg){width | 24-hour period. Mechanics will have 2 days off during  |
| ="1.2298611 | any 14-day period. The mechanic is also restricted to  |
| 11111111in" | Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations for     |
| height="    | driving the service truck.                             |
| 0.922222222 |                                                        |
| 2222223in"} | **[Note to Instructor:]{.underline} If needed, refer   |
|             | to the Departmental Manual, Flight Operations          |
| ![](med     | Standards and Procedures, 351 DM 1.11.**               |
| ia/image14. |                                                        |
| jpeg){width | **[Do you have a flight plan?]{.underline}** *Flight   |
| ="1.2298611 | plans are required for all flights. Exceptions are     |
| 11111111in" | local flight training and maintenance test flights     |
| height="    | within a 25-mile radius of the base of operations.     |
| 0.922222222 | Exempt flights must maintain continuous radio contact  |
| 2222223in"} | with the base of operations. Flight plans shall be     |
|             | specific as to routing and filed prior to takeoff      |
| ![](med     | whenever possible. An agency flight plan may be used   |
| ia/image15. | in lieu of FAA flight plans provided:*                 |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | *Flight following will be accomplished under the       |
| 11111111in" | bureau/agency-written flight following policy.*        |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | *Radio contact can be made at pre-determined intervals |
| 2222223in"} | not to exceed one hour. (Most bureaus/agencies use     |
|             | pre-determined intervals of much less than one hour).  |
| ![](med     | Position reports or amendments are communicated and    |
| ia/image16. | recorded.*                                             |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | **[Note:]{.underline} Personnel tasked with flight     |
| 11111111in" | following responsibility must monitor the              |
| height="    | communications radio at all times during the flight.** |
| 0.922222222 |                                                        |
| 2222223in"} | *An FAA study on general aviation accidents found that |
|             | the response time for search and rescue (SAR) units to |
| ![](med     | arrive at the accident scene was significantly         |
| ia/image17. | decreased when a flight plan was used. Filing a        |
| jpeg){width | written flight plan may double your odds of surviving  |
| ="1.2298611 | an aircraft mishap.*                                   |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    | ***A flight plan is a \"Request for Search &           |
| 0.922222222 | Rescue.\"***                                           |
| 2222223in"} |                                                        |
|             | *When flight following is accomplished, the            |
| ![](med     | aircraft\'s flight route is known and a pre-determined |
| ia/image18. | check-in time is established.*                         |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | *The average time for a SAR response is about 30*      |
| 11111111in" | minutes.                                               |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | *Average time for SAR units to arrive on scene is      |
| 2222223in"} | about 4 hours.*                                        |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](med     | *A written flight plan with no flight following        |
| ia/image19. | dramatically increases the response time for SAR       |
| jpeg){width | efforts. It may require more than 5 hours for          |
| ="1.2298611 | individuals to check and confirm there is a missing    |
| 11111111in" | aircraft.*                                             |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | *The search area may be massive because only written   |
| 2222223in"} | information is available to determine the flight route |
|             | and destination. Deviation from a flight plan only     |
| ![](medi    | complicates the potential of locating a downed         |
| a/image20.j | aircraft. By the time SAR efforts locate the aircraft  |
| peg){width= | and arrive on scene, an average time of 38 hours has   |
| "1.15972222 | passed. What is the potential of surviving a trauma    |
| 22222223in" | injury if it takes more than a day to get to you?*     |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.869444444 | > *Without a flight a plan, in a downed aircraft, if   |
| 4444445in"} | > you have even minor injuries, the chances of your    |
|             | > survival are slim. It may take more than a day for   |
| ![](medi    | > someone to acknowledge that you\'re missing (FAA     |
| a/image21.j | > average of 35.5 hours).*                             |
| peg){width= | >                                                      |
| "1.15972222 | > *More than 3 days (FAA average of 82 hours) may pass |
| 22222223in" | > before someone arrives to the scene of the accident. |
| height="    | > What are your chances for survival?*                 |
| 0.869444444 |                                                        |
| 4444445in"} | **(combined on above slide**) - ***Post-Crash Survival |
|             | Time** - After an accident in a remote area, an        |
| ![](med     | injured person may survive for 1 day. An uninjured     |
| ia/image22. | person may survive for 3 days.*                        |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | Always consider the environment that you will be       |
| 11111111in" | flying in. Even on routine flights, remember to bring  |
| height="    | clothing and/or supplies commensurate with the         |
| 0.922222222 | conditions in the event you have a mishap.             |
| 2222223in"} |                                                        |
|             | ***PREFLIGHT BRIEFINGS***                              |
| ![](med     |                                                        |
| ia/image23. | *A preflight briefing must take place prior to the     |
| jpeg){width | start of each mission. Employees are responsible for   |
| ="1.2298611 | providing the pilot with a briefing specific to the    |
| 11111111in" | mission.*                                              |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | *The pilot should be provided a manifest with names    |
| 2222223in"} | and accurate weights of who will be on the flight. In  |
|             | addition, cargo should be weighed and accurate weights |
| ![](med     | provided to the pilot.*                                |
| ia/image24. |                                                        |
| jpeg){width | ***[Weigh All Cargo Before Loading]{.underline}** - It |
| ="1.2298611 | is our responsibility to provide the pilot with        |
| 11111111in" | accurate weights of cargo to be transported. The pilot |
| height="    | needs to be notified of the total weight and any       |
| 0.922222222 | hazardous material being transported.*                 |
| 2222223in"} |                                                        |
|             | ***[Hazardous Materials]{.underline}** can only be     |
| ![](med     | transported in accordance with the Aviation Transport  |
| ia/image25. | of Hazardous Materials Handbook/Guide. We must         |
| jpeg){width | transport hazardous materials according to the         |
| ="1.2298611 | Handbook/Guide. Additionally, an exemption is issued   |
| 11111111in" | by the Department of Transportation in accordance with |
| height="    | the Handbook/Guide. Both the Handbook/Guide and the    |
| 0.922222222 | exemption should be onboard the aircraft when          |
| 2222223in"} | transporting hazardous materials.*                     |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](med     | ***Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) regulations   |
| ia/image26. | require an oral safety briefing be provided to         |
| jpeg){width | individuals prior to each flight. The pilot usually    |
| ="1.2298611 | provides it. [Do not fly without a safety              |
| 11111111in" | briefing!]{.underline}***                              |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | ***A safety briefing should consist of the following   |
| 2222223in"} | items:***                                              |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](med     | ***[No Smoking]{.underline}**. No smoking in the       |
| ia/image27. | aircraft.*                                             |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | ***[Use of oxygen masks.]{.underline}** How do you use |
| 11111111in" | the masks? Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) require |
| height="    | that passengers be provided with supplemental oxygen   |
| 0.922222222 | when the cabin pressure is above 15,000 feet; the      |
| 2222223in"} | pilot must have oxygen when the cabin pressure is      |
|             | 12,500 feet for flights longer than 30 minutes. Most   |
| ![](med     | aircraft are equipped with supplemental/emergency      |
| ia/image28. | oxygen when flights are conducted above 12,000 feet.   |
| jpeg){width | **Personnel with breathing problems should notify the  |
| ="1.2298611 | pilot immediately.***                                  |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    | ***[Loading and Securing Cargo]{.underline}**. The     |
| 0.922222222 | pilot is responsible for weight and balance of the     |
| 2222223in"} | aircraft and should specify how much weight can be     |
|             | carried and where cargo is placed.*                    |
| ![](med     |                                                        |
| ia/image29. | -   *The pilot should load wing and nose               |
| jpeg){width |     compartments.*                                     |
| ="1.2298611 |                                                        |
| 11111111in" | -   *The doors should be locked before takeoff.*       |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | ***[Restrain All Cargo Before Flying.]{.underline}**   |
| 2222223in"} | Cargo straps or nets must restrain all cargo or        |
|             | baggage. Small items, such as cameras, canteens, or    |
| ![](med     | hand-held radios can become lethal projectiles during  |
| ia/image30. | a crash or heavy turbulence.*                          |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | ***[Cargo in baskets must be secured.]{.underline}**   |
| 11111111in" | Secure cargo using tie-down straps or stretch cords by |
| height="    | running cords through handles or pack straps. Check    |
| 0.922222222 | cords for wear or cracks in rubber. If it is in        |
| 2222223in"} | questionable condition, don\'t use it. Do not exceed   |
|             | weight indicated on placard of each basket.*           |
| ![](med     |                                                        |
| ia/image31. | *[**Cargo doors** **must be secured before             |
| jpeg){width | takeoff.**]{.underline} The pilot should brief you on  |
| ="1.2298611 | how the doors operate. You may be the person loading   |
| 11111111in" | or unloading. Do not exceed weight on placard on       |
| height="    | inside of door. Check and double-check that the door   |
| 0.922222222 | is closed and secure. A loose door in flight can have  |
| 2222223in"} | catastrophic results.*                                 |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](medi    | ***[Fasten Seatbelts]{.underline}** Seatbelt operation |
| a/image32.j | is different for many aircraft. You should be briefed  |
| peg){width= | on correct procedures. Seatbelts should be fitted snug |
| "1.15972222 | and low around the pelvic area. Front seat occupants   |
| 22222223in" | (including pilot) must wear shoulder restraints.*      |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.869444444 | ***[Secure Seatbelts Behind You When Leaving           |
| 4444445in"} | Aircraft.]{.underline}** A good habit to develop is to |
|             | fasten seatbelt buckles before exiting the aircraft. A |
| ![](med     | loose seatbelt buckle hanging out of the aircraft will |
| ia/image33. | damage the exterior and **you may be held responsible  |
| jpeg){width | for the costs of repair**.*                            |
| ="1.2298611 |                                                        |
| 11111111in" | ***[First Aid & Survival Equipment]{.underline}**.     |
| height="    | Know the location of the first aid and survival kits   |
| 0.922222222 | before you need them. DOI and the U.S. Forest Service  |
| 2222223in"} | require survival kit for \"special use\" activities.   |
|             | Ideally, survival kits should be designed to meet the  |
| ![](med     | needs of surviving in the environment you are flying   |
| ia/image34. | over and the weather conditions you are likely to      |
| jpeg){width | encounter.*                                            |
| ="1.2298611 |                                                        |
| 11111111in" | ***[Personal Floatation Devices (PFD).]{.underline}**  |
| height="    | Aviation Life Support Equipment (ALSE) Handbook        |
| 0.922222222 | (3.2A): PFDs must be worn by occupants aboard flights  |
| 2222223in"} | operating beyond gliding distance from shore. In       |
|             | addition to complying with applicable FARs, occupants  |
| ![](med     | must wear PFDs aboard flights when performing takeoffs |
| ia/image35. | or landings on water (including float and boat-hulled  |
| jpeg){width | aircraft) and when performing water bucket dipping or  |
| ="1.2298611 | snorkeling operations.*                                |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    | > *You should be briefed on how a PFD is worn, how to  |
| 0.922222222 | > inflate it, and procedures in exiting from an        |
| 2222223in"} | > aircraft in the event of the aircraft is forced to   |
|             | > land in water.*                                      |
| ![](med     |                                                        |
| ia/image36. | ***[Fire Extinguisher.]{.underline}** The pilot should |
| jpeg){width | brief you on the location of the fire extinguisher and |
| ="1.2298611 | how to operate it. To operate a typical fire           |
| 11111111in" | extinguisher; pull the safety pin, point the           |
| height="    | extinguisher nozzle at the base of the flame and press |
| 0.922222222 | the handle until empty. If the flame is not            |
| 2222223in"} | extinguished, move away!*                              |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](med     | ***[Emergency Shut-off Procedures.]{.underline}**      |
| ia/image37. | During the briefing, make sure the pilot instructs you |
| jpeg){width | on how to shut off the fuel and electrical system.     |
| ="1.2298611 | (Most aircraft require the fuel to be shut off prior   |
| 11111111in" | to shutting off the battery.) Accidents have occurred  |
| height="    | where the pilot is incapacitated and nobody knows how  |
| 0.922222222 | to shut off the engine. If the pilot is unconscious,   |
| 2222223in"} | we want to minimize the potential for a post-crash     |
|             | fire.*                                                 |
| ![](med     |                                                        |
| ia/image38. | ***[Emergency Locator Transmitter                      |
| jpeg){width | (ELT)]{.underline}** - ELTs are required to be onboard |
| ="1.2298611 | all DOI and U. S. Forest Service aircraft. The         |
| 11111111in" | transmitter is designed to be activated upon impact    |
| height="    | during a hard landing or crash, and can be manually    |
| 0.922222222 | turned on. They are usually located in the front of    |
| 2222223in"} | helicopters and in the back of airplanes. It transmits |
|             | on an emergency radio frequency of 121.5 Megahertz     |
| ![](medi    | (MHz) for civilian aircraft or 243 MHz for military.   |
| a/image39.j | The frequency is monitored by civilian and military    |
| peg){width= | aircraft, and aided by a satellite tracking system     |
| "1.15972222 | called, Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking     |
| 22222223in" | (SARSAT).*                                             |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.869444444 | *If the ELT can be removed, the pilot should brief you |
| 4444445in"} | on how to remove and activate it.*                     |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](med     | *A couple of things to remember:*                      |
| ia/image40. |                                                        |
| jpeg){width | -   *If in distress, manually turn on the ELT and      |
| ="1.2298611 |     leave it on.*                                      |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    | -   *Only test the ELT during the first five minutes   |
| 0.922222222 |     of any hour and limit your test to 3 audio beeps.* |
| 2222223in"} |                                                        |
|             | *It is important to provide the pilot with a map of    |
| ![](med     | the intended flight route with known hazards           |
| ia/image41. | identified. Encourage everyone onboard the aircraft to |
| jpeg){width | look for hazards while in flight and alert the pilot.  |
| ="1.2298611 | Aerial hazards such as other aircraft, wires, and      |
| 11111111in" | large birds continue to cause aircraft accidents*      |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | *Can your mission or flight be accomplished during     |
| 2222223in"} | daylight hours? Most pilots and aircraft are approved  |
|             | and equipped to perform according to FAA Visual Flight |
| ![](med     | Rules (VFR). Normally, VFR conditions require flights  |
| ia/image42. | to be accomplished only during hours between, ½ hour   |
| jpeg){width | before official sunrise to a ½ hour after official     |
| ="1.2298611 | sunset. Don't fly during poor visibility!*             |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    | *If your flight requires low-level flight, complete a  |
| 0.922222222 | high reconnaissance flight before flying at lower      |
| 2222223in"} | altitudes. Everybody should be looking for wires or    |
|             | other aerial hazards. Look for poles or towers         |
| ![](med     | indicating there may be wires in the vicinity. Wires   |
| ia/image43. | become invisible under certain light conditions or     |
| jpeg){width | when the background is similar in contrast. If you are |
| ="1.2298611 | looking only for the wire, it may be too late to       |
| 11111111in" | avoid.*                                                |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | *[**Look for aerial hazards and alert the              |
| 2222223in"} | pilot.**]{.underline}*                                 |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](medi    | *We can help the pilot by:*                            |
| a/image44.j |                                                        |
| peg){width= | -   *Using a hazard map showing known hazards.*        |
| "1.15972222 |                                                        |
| 22222223in" | -   *Not flying during poor visibility.*               |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.869444444 | -   *Helping to look for hazards and alerting the      |
| 4444445in"} |     pilot.*                                            |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](medi    | -   *Staying above 500 feet whenever possible. If you  |
| a/image45.j |     must accomplish a low-level flight, do a high      |
| peg){width= |     level reconnaissance above 500 feet before         |
| "1.15972222 |     descending.*                                       |
| 22222223in" |                                                        |
| height="    | #####                                                  |
| 0.869444444 |                                                        |
| 4444445in"} | ##### IN-FLIGHT EMERGENCY                              |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](med     | *During flight, it is important that we are always     |
| ia/image46. | prepared for an emergency.*                            |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | -   ***Pilot Declares the Emergency***                 |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    | -   ***Protective Clothing in Use***                   |
| 0.922222222 |                                                        |
| 2222223in"} |     -   ***Collars up, sleeves down***                 |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](med     |     -   ***Visors down on flight helmet***             |
| ia/image47. |                                                        |
| jpeg){width |     -   ***Gloves on***                                |
| ="1.2298611 |                                                        |
| 11111111in" | -   ***Seat Restraints Snug***                         |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | -   ***Keep Away From Controls***                      |
| 2222223in"} |                                                        |
|             | -   ***SECURE LOOSE GEAR*** (All capitalized to place  |
| ![](med     |     emphasis on the importance of securing loose       |
| ia/image48. |     items.)                                            |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | -   ***Locate Emergency Exits***                       |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    | -   ***Assume the Crash Position***                    |
| 0.922222222 |                                                        |
| 2222223in"} | -   ***WAIT FOR ALL MOTION TO STOP BEFORE EXITING***   |
|             |     (All capitalized to emphasize the importance of    |
| ![](medi    |     waiting before exiting the aircraft.)              |
| a/image49.j |                                                        |
| peg){width= | ***[Crash Positions.]{.underline}** Keep clear of the  |
| "1.15972222 | controls, secure loose gear, and note emergency        |
| 22222223in" | exits.*                                                |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.869444444 | -   ***Front Seat Occupant With Shoulder Harness***    |
| 4444445in"} |                                                        |
|             |     -   *Chin down.*                                   |
| ![](med     |                                                        |
| ia/image50. |     -   *Arms crossed.*                                |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 |     -   *Hold onto shoulder straps.*                   |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    |     -   *Sit in upright position.*                     |
| 0.922222222 |                                                        |
| 2222223in"} |     -   *Prepare for impact.*                          |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](med     | -   ***Rear Seat Occupant Facing Forward***            |
| ia/image51. |                                                        |
| jpeg){width |     -   *Bend at the waist.*                           |
| ="1.2298611 |                                                        |
| 11111111in" |     -   *Tuck head between legs.*                      |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 |     -   *Wrap arms around back of knees.*              |
| 2222223in"} |                                                        |
|             |     -   *Prepare for impact.*                          |
| ![](med     |                                                        |
| ia/image52. | -   ***Rear Seat Occupant Facing Rear***               |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 |     -   *Chin down.*                                   |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    |     -   *Sit in upright position.*                     |
| 0.922222222 |                                                        |
| 2222223in"} |     -   *Elbows locked.*                               |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](med     |     -   *Hands clasping knees.*                        |
| ia/image53. |                                                        |
| jpeg){width |     -   *Prepare for impact.*                          |
| ="1.2298611 |                                                        |
| 11111111in" | ***[Wait Until All Motion Stops Before Exiting Unless  |
| height="    | \...]{.underline}** there is a post-crash fire. The    |
| 0.922222222 | safest environment during a crash is in the aircraft.  |
| 2222223in"} | If there is a fire, it is important to get away as     |
|             | soon as practical. Time may be required to help those  |
| ![](med     | in need. The fire extinguisher may buy added time to   |
| ia/image54. | help others.*                                          |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | **Provide** students with overview of General Safety   |
| 11111111in" | Precautions.                                           |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | ***[Determining Wind Direction,]{.underline}** It is   |
| 2222223in"} | important that aircraft takeoff and land into the      |
|             | wind. A person on the ground can greatly improve       |
| ![](medi    | helicopter safety by providing the pilot indication of |
| a/image55.j | wind direction. A person can:*                         |
| peg){width= |                                                        |
| "1.15972222 | -   *Use standard hand signal or radio.*               |
| 22222223in" |                                                        |
| height="    | -   *Use a windsock, flagging streamer or item of      |
| 0.869444444 |     clothing.*                                         |
| 4444445in"} |                                                        |
|             | -   *Throw dry dirt in the air.*                       |
| ![](med     |                                                        |
| ia/image56. | -   *Use smoke grenade.*                               |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | ***[NOTE:]{.underline}** Use caution when using hand   |
| 11111111in" | signals around larger helicopters. The rotor wash can  |
| height="    | be extremely hazardous in dry, dusty conditions. Wear  |
| 0.922222222 | personal protective equipment (PPE). It may be best to |
| 2222223in"} | stay away and use a radio to provide wind direction    |
|             | and direct the helicopter.*                            |
| ![](med     |                                                        |
| ia/image57. | ***[Secure Loose Items!]{.underline}** - During        |
| jpeg){width | takeoffs and landings, light items such as clothing,   |
| ="1.2298611 | sleeping bags, ponchos, tarps, or visqueen can be      |
| 11111111in" | blown into the main rotor system and have catastrophic |
| height="    | results.*                                              |
| 0.922222222 |                                                        |
| 2222223in"} | ######                                                 |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](med     | *Wait for the pilot to indicate it is safe before      |
| ia/image58. | moving forward or leaving. The pilot may use a hand    |
| jpeg){width | signal, a nod, or the radio to let you know it is safe |
| ="1.2298611 | to move around the helicopter. The helicopter may not  |
| 11111111in" | be secure on the ground and the pilot may attempt to   |
| height="    | reposition to a more secure location. If the pilot     |
| 0.922222222 | attempted to do a pedal turn, unaware of your          |
| 2222223in"} | presence, you could be exposed to the tail rotor.*     |
|             |                                                        |
| ![](med     | ***[Approach & Departure Around                        |
| ia/image59. | Helicopters]{.underline}***                            |
| jpeg){width |                                                        |
| ="1.2298611 | -   *Always approach and depart a helicopter in view   |
| 11111111in" |     of the pilot.*                                     |
| height="    |                                                        |
| 0.922222222 | -   *Carry tools and long objects parallel to the      |
| 2222223in"} |     ground. A tool handle or long object, such as a    |
|             |     ski, can have disastrous results if hit by a main  |
| ![](med     |     rotor blade.*                                      |
| ia/image60. |                                                        |
| jpeg){width | -   *Always crouch when approaching and departing in   |
| ="1.2298611 |     full view of the pilot or as directed.*            |
| 11111111in" |                                                        |
| height="    | -   Don\'t run!                                        |
| 0.922222222 |                                                        |
| 2222223in"} | -   *Never approach or depart to the rear! The pilot   |
|             |     can\'t see you, and you may be walking into an     |
|             |     invisible and deadly tail rotor.*                  |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***[Don\'t Chase Loose Items!]{.underline}** Wear a    |
|             | hard hat with chinstrap or carry headwear when         |
|             | approaching and departing a helicopter. If something   |
|             | should be blown away, don\'t chase it. Chasing a ball  |
|             | cap into a moving tail rotor can be fatal.*            |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***[Always Approach & Depart From the Downhill         |
|             | Side]{.underline}** Main rotor blades can reach below  |
|             | head height. Think when you're walking uphill around a |
|             | helicopter: you\'re walking into the main rotor        |
|             | system.*                                               |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***[Approach & Departure Around                        |
|             | Airplanes]{.underline}** Avoid the area of the engine  |
|             | and propeller, even if the engine is not running. DOI  |
|             | and the U.S. Forest Service require that single-engine |
|             | airplanes be turned off and the propeller stopped      |
|             | before individuals enter or leave the airplane.*       |
|             |                                                        |
|             | *For multi-engine aircraft, it is required that the    |
|             | engine(s) on the passenger door side be turned off and |
|             | the propellers stopped. On some aircraft, an engine on |
|             | the opposite side of the airplane may be left running  |
|             | to aid in restarting.*                                 |
|             |                                                        |
|             | *Some airplanes have propellers in the front and back. |
|             | This reinforces the importance of approaching and      |
|             | leaving after the engines have stopped and the         |
|             | propellers have quit turning.*                         |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***[Use designated steps or wing walkways when         |
|             | entering or exiting.]{.underline}** Placing your       |
|             | weight on wings, flaps, or struts not designed for     |
|             | stepping can damage the aircraft. The pilot should     |
|             | brief you on proper entering and exiting procedures.*  |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***[How do the doors operate?]{.underline}** The       |
|             | operation of doors may vary for different aircraft.    |
|             | You need to be briefed on opening and closing.*        |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***[Note emergency exits.]{.underline}** Where are     |
|             | they located and how do they operate?*                 |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***[Hold onto the door after opening.]{.underline}**   |
|             | Aircraft doors are fragile; a wind gust can damage an  |
|             | unattended door. Do not use the door to support your   |
|             | weight as you enter the aircraft. Front seat           |
|             | passengers in helicopters should use caution, placing  |
|             | feet by the plastic chin bubble (window by feet\--do   |
|             | not place daypacks or equipment there).*               |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***[Do not use sliding Plexiglas window as a door      |
|             | handle!]{.underline}** Plexiglas is fragile and easy   |
|             | to break. Close doors gently. An aircraft door should  |
|             | not be slammed like a car door.*                       |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***[Seats must be in upright position during takeoff   |
|             | and landing.]{.underline}***                           |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***[Do not interfere with flight                       |
|             | controls.]{.underline}** Passengers sitting in the     |
|             | front or in tandem aircraft (Super Cub) must avoid     |
|             | interfering with the flight controls. Only approved    |
|             | pilots are allowed to manipulate rudder pedals, pilot  |
|             | yoke, fuel switches, etc.*                             |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***[Don\'t Pressure the Pilot.]{.underline}** Each of  |
|             | us has a different comfort level and different         |
|             | abilities. We can alter the safety of a flight by      |
|             | impressing or comparing the ability of pilots. If a    |
|             | pilot appears uncomfortable or objects to performing a |
|             | mission request, respect their decision.*              |
|             |                                                        |
|             | *The reverse is also true; if you feel uncomfortable,  |
|             | you have a right and personal obligation to have the   |
|             | pilot stop the mission.*                               |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***Remember that [everyone]{.underline} has a right to |
|             | a safe work environment!***                            |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***FUELING SUMMARY***                                  |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   ***No Passengers Onboard***                        |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   ***No Smoking Within 50 Feet***                    |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   ***Propellers or Rotors Stopped***                 |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   ***Engine(s) Off\--Except for Closed Circuit       |
|             |     System***                                          |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   ***Fuel Container & Aircraft Bonded***             |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   ***Fire Extinguisher Available***                  |
|             |                                                        |
|             | *[**SUMMARY** **-- "5 Steps to a Safe                  |
|             | Flight"**]{.underline}*                                |
|             |                                                        |
|             | 1.  ***Pilot/Aircraft Data Card -- Approved &          |
|             |     Current***                                         |
|             |                                                        |
|             | 2.  ***Flight Plan/Flight Following Initiated***       |
|             |                                                        |
|             | 3.  ***PPE in Use When Required***                     |
|             |                                                        |
|             | 4.  ***Pilot Briefed on Mission & Flight Hazards***    |
|             |                                                        |
|             | 5.  ***Crew & Passenger Briefed***                     |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***Remember! -- To Report Any Mishap Call:             |
|             | 1-888-464-7427***                                      |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***1-888-4MISHAP***                                    |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***Anyone can refuse or curtail a flight when an       |
|             | unsafe condition may exist.***                         |
|             |                                                        |
|             | ***Never let undue pressure (expressed or implied)     |
|             | influence your judgment decisions. Avoid mistakes      |
|             | don't hurry!***                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+