**Chapter I**

**Disaster Preparedness**

**In this chapter you will learn about**

 **Disasters and disaster workers:** What defines a disaster, and who
makes up the disaster workforce.

 **Disaster threats:** Characteristics of various types of disasters
and the potential for occurrence in your area.

 **Impact on the infrastructure:** The potential effect of disasters on
transportation, electrical service, telephone communication, fuel and
water supplies, and emergency services.

 **Structural and nonstructural hazards:** Potentially hazardous
conditions in various types of structures and their contents during a
disaster.

 **Safety precautions during a disaster:** What to do if you are
inside, outside, or driving a vehicle.

 **Individual and worksite preparedness:** How you can prepare in
advance to reduce structural and nonstructural hazards and survive the
initial period after a disaster.

 **Community preparedness:** How a community can prepare in advance to
respond in a disaster situation.

1

***Disasters And Disaster Workers***

***What Is A Disaster?***

According to Webster's Dictionary, a disaster is

*Any event that overwhelms existing resources to deal with the event.*

Disasters may be natural or caused by human actions, may occur in any
season of the year, and may cover a limited or a wide-ranging geographic
area. The following are some examples of the wide range of events that
may reach disaster proportions:

 Earthquake

 Hurricane

 Tornado

 Blizzard

 Flood

 Act of terrorism (e.g., bombing)

 Civil disturbance (e.g., riot)

 Hazardous materials incident

***What Is A Disaster?** (Continued)*

Whatever the cause, disasters have several key elements in common:

 The event is *relatively unexpected*, with little or no prior warning
or opportunity to prepare.

 Available personnel and emergency services may not be available during
the initial stages of a disaster because of demands for their services.

 Lives, health, and the environment are *endangered*.

***Who Are "Disaster Workers"?***

A variety of services, agencies, and programs work together to provide
emergency services and disaster assistance to local residents after a
disaster event. However, these service providers cannot be everywhere at
once, and initial needs may be greater than they can handle immediately
with available resources. During these initial hours after a disaster,
when damage is heavy or widespread and emergency services are stretched
thin, many people are called upon to provide assistance to those around
them.

Individuals and families help themselves. Neighbors help neighbors.
Coworkers help each other. Able-bodied people turn out to offer their
services to the emergency services workers. Volunteers play an extremely
important role in reducing the death, injury, and damage in the period
immediately after a disaster. They bring a wide variety of skills and
experience to the task, and through teamwork can help build a vital
network that links all parts of the disaster area. (See Figure I-1 on
page I-5.)

***Who Are "Disaster Workers"?** (Continued)*

![](media/image1.wmf){width="4.979166666666667in" height="5.0625in"}

**Figure I-1. Disaster Workers**

***Disaster Threats***

The potential threat of different types of disasters varies across the
United States. This section provides overviews of the following types of
disasters:

 Earthquakes

 Hurricanes And Coastal Storms

 Tornadoes

 Floods

 Hazardous Materials Accidents

You may wish to highlight key parts that relate especially to your area,
as outlined by your instructor.

***Earthquakes***

***Introduction***

Earthquakes are a shaking or trembling of the earth, caused by
underground volcanic forces or by breaking and shifting of rock beneath
the surface. Although the area of greatest earthquake risk is the west
coast, where tectonic activity occurs along the San Andreas fault, other
areas of the United States are also at risk of earthquakes. For example,
Memphis, Tennessee and St. Louis, Missouri are located along major
faults. The map in Figure I-2 on page I-9 shows locations of moderate or
greater earthquakes throughout the U.S.

***Earthquake Classifications***

Earthquakes are classified as *small, moderate, major,* or *great* based
on the Richter scale (a measure of energy released during the quake).
The Richter scale has a logarithmic base, so each increment on the scale
is multiplied by a factor that is 10 times larger than the previous
factor. (For example, an earthquake of magnitude 8.6 would not be twice
as violent as one of 4.3, but rather would be 10,000 times worse.)
Although there are other methods of determining earthquake intensity and
magnitude, the Richter scale is the most widely used method today.
Earthquake classifications based on Richter scale magnitudes are shown
in the table below.

  -------------------------- --------------------------------------------
  ***Classifications***      ***Richter Scale Magnitudes***

  Small                      5.05.9

  Moderate                   6.06.9

  Major                      7.07.9

  Great                      8.08.9
  -------------------------- --------------------------------------------

**Table I-1. Earthquake Classifications**

***Earthquake Prediction***

Although it is still impossible to predict earthquakes accurately,
scientists have been able to derive some probabilities about future
earthquakes in the United States, including:

 Areas along the west coast are at risk for earthquakes every day.

 Major earthquakes appear to occur in cycles of between 50 and 275
years.

 It is likely that a major earthquake will hit California and perhaps
other parts of the U.S. in the next decade or two.

***Earthquake Prediction** (Continued)*

**Figure I-2. Sites Of Moderate Or Greater Earthquakes**

***Hurricanes And Coastal Storms***

***Introduction***

Hurricanes are violent areas of low pressure forming in the tropical
Atlantic Ocean from June to November. (Similar Western Pacific Ocean
storms are called typhoons.) Hurricanes have winds of 75 miles per hour
or more and are accompanied by torrential rains andalong coastal
regionsa storm surge. Although coastal storms may have hurricane-force
winds and may cause similar kinds and amounts of damage, they are not
classified as hurricanes because they do not originate in the tropics.
Together, hurricanes and coastal storms cause billions of dollars in
damage annually in the United States.

***Hurricane Classifications***

Hurricane strength is classified using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane
Damage Potential Scale. This scale correlates hurricane strength to
barometric pressure, windspeed, and storm surge as shown in the table
below.

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ***Category***  | *               | ***Windspeed*** | ***Storm***     |
|                 | **Barometric*** |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | ***(Miles Per   | ***Surge        |
|                 | ***Pressure     | Hour)***        | (Feet)***       |
|                 | (Inches)***     |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| I - Minimal     | Above 28.94     | 74-95           | 4-5             |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| II - Moderate   | 28.50-28.91     | 96-110          | 6-8             |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| III - Extensive | 27.91-28.47     | 111-130         | 9-12            |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| IV - Extreme    | 27.17-27.88     | 131-155         | 13-18           |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| V -             | Less Than 27.17 | More Than 155   | More than 18    |
| Catastrophic    |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

**Table I-2. Hurricane Classifications**

***Hurricane Prediction***

On average, the coasts along the Gulf of Mexico and the Southeastern
seaboard are struck by more than five hurricanes each year. Although
meteorologists now have many ways in which to predict hurricanes,
tracking storm movement and landfall remains an inexact science. The
National Hurricane Center, located in Miami, Florida, has predicted that
1992 was the first year of a 10-year cycle of severe hurricane activity.
The map in Figure I-3 on page I-12 shows areas of high hurricane and
coastal storm activity.

***Hurricane Prediction** (Continued)*

**Figure I-3. Areas Of High Hurricane And Coastal Storm Activity**

***Tornadoes***

***Introduction***

Tornadoes are powerful, circular windstorms that may be accompanied by
winds of 200 or more miles per hour. Tornadoes may range in width from
several hundred yards to more than one mile across. Although tornadoes
may occur throughout most of the United States, areas in the Midwest and
South are particularly susceptible to tornado activity. Parts of Texas,
Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and
Florida are at highest risk of tornado strike. (See the map in Figure
I-4 on page I-15 showing tornado incidence.)

***Tornado Classifications***

Tornadoes are classified using the Fujita Wind Damage Scale. This scale
correlates damage with windspeed, as shown in the table below.

+-----------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| ***Category***  | ***Windspeed***         | ***Damage***            |
|                 |                         |                         |
|                 | ***(Miles Per Hour)***  |                         |
+-----------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| F0              | Up to 72                | Light                   |
+-----------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| F1              | 73-112                  | Moderate                |
+-----------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| F2              | 113-157                 | Considerable            |
+-----------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| F3              | 158-206                 | Severe                  |
+-----------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| F4              | 207-260                 | Devastating             |
+-----------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| F5              | More than 260           | Incredible              |
+-----------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+

**Table I-3. Tornado Classifications**

***Tornado Prediction***

With the help of sophisticated radar and other measures, meteorologists
are now able to predict when favorable conditions for tornado formation
exist and are better able to warn the public. However, even given an
average of 700 confirmed reports of tornadoes each year in the United
States, many remain unreported.

***Tornado Prediction** (Continued)*

**Figure I-4. Areas Of High Tornado Incidence**

***Floods***

***Introduction***

A flood occurs any time a body of water rises to cover what is usually
dry land. Floods have many causes, including heavy rain, spring
snowmelt, hurricanes and coastal storms, and dam or levee failure. When
flooding occurs, affected areas may sustain damage to structures and
personal property, as well as severe damage to the environment in the
form of soil erosion and deforestation, and damage to utilities and
transportation systems. Flash floods, for which there is little or no
warning, cause great risk to humans and animals. Land along rivers and
streams, lakeshores, and coastlines are particularly susceptible to
flooding. Under some conditions, however, even inland areas that are not
normally threatened by flooding may be immersed.

***Flood Classifications***

Floods are measured according to the heights the waters reach. Their
magnitude is based on the chances that water flow will equal or exceed a
certain level on a recurring basis.

***Flood Prediction***

Satellite technology combined with river forecast centers and hydrologic
service areas enable meteorologists to predict flood occurrence and
severity with reasonable accuracy and provide warnings to those in
high-risk areas. On average, rivers overflow their normal boundaries
once every 2 years. Severe coastal flooding, however, can result in
conjunction with any hurricane or coastal storm, the track of which
cannot be predicted with complete accuracy. Clearly, the risk of damage
or injury resulting from floods cannot be downplayed.

***Blizzards***

***Introduction***

The National Weather Service defines a blizzard as considerable falling
or blowing snow accompanied by winds of 35 miles per hour or more.
Blizzards are also accompanied by frigid temperatures and extremely
limited visibility. Blizzards in the United States occur most frequently
in the northern Midwestern States but may occur inland of Atlantic
coastal storms and at high altitudes in the Western States. When
blizzards occur, much of the infrastructure in the affected area may be
disrupted for several days.

***Blizzard Classification***

Blizzards are classified by their windspeed and concurrent visibility.
Blizzard classifications are shown in the table below.

+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| ***Type***       | ***Windspeed***         | ***Visibility***        |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| Blizzard         | 35 - 44 miles per hour  | Less than 500 feet      |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+
| Severe Blizzard  | 45 miles per hour       | Approaching zero        |
|                  |                         |                         |
|                  | or greater              |                         |
+------------------+-------------------------+-------------------------+

**Table I-4. Blizzard Classifications**

***Blizzard Prediction***

With the help of satellites and other methods, meteorologists can
predict when conditions are favorable for blizzard conditions to
develop, which allows them to issue blizzard watches and warnings to the
public. It remains impossible, however, to predict blizzards with
complete accuracy or to predict the exact track that a storm will
follow.

***Hazardous Materials Accidents***

***Introduction***

According to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, a
hazardous material is any product that corrodes other materials,
explodes or is easily ignited, reacts strongly with water, is unstable
when exposed to heat or shock, or is otherwise toxic to humans, animals,
or the environment. While the United States has a body of law governing
the safe handling, transport, and disposal of hazardous materials,
accidents can and do occur throughout the country on a regular basis.
Additionally, while the risk of exposure to radioactive materials in
nuclear power facilities, mining operations, and storage facilities is
strictly regulated, it remains possible for a radioactive materials
incident to occur.

***Hazardous Materials Classifications***

Hazardous materials are not classified in the same way as natural
hazards. Also, hazardous materials are classified differently depending
on whether they are being stored or transported. Both classification
systems are discussed more fully in Chapter II: Disaster Fire
Suppression.

***Hazardous Materials Accident Prediction***

While there is no way to predict hazardous materials accidents, certain
areas are at some degree of risk, including those located near
interstate highways; manufacturing, storage, or disposal facilities; and
nuclear power facilities. Prevention of accidents, rather than
prediction, is central to avoiding potential damage, loss, or other
contamination from hazardous materials.

***Impact On The Infrastructure***

***Introduction***

When a disaster occurs, it has a cascading effect because of its impact
on the infrastructure: transportation, utilities, communications
systems, fuel supplies, and water suppliesthe services and delivery
systems on which we depend. When one of these important elements in our
support system breaks down, it has a domino effect, causing other
elements to falter. When multiple elements break down, the effect can be
crippling. Some of the ways in which the infrastructure can be affected
in a disaster or emergency are shown in the table below.

+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| ***Service***      | ***Effect***                                    |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Transportation     |  Inability to get emergency service personnel  |
|                    | into the affected area.                         |
|                    |                                                 |
|                    |  Inability to transport victims away from the  |
|                    | area.                                           |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Electrical         |  Increased risk of fire and electrical shock.  |
|                    |                                                 |
|                    |  Possible disruption to transportation system  |
|                    | if downed lines are across roads.               |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Telephone          |  Lost contact between victims, service         |
|                    | providers, and family members.                  |
|                    |                                                 |
|                    |  System overload due to calls from or to       |
|                    | friends or relatives.                           |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Water              |  Disruption of service to homes, businesses,   |
|                    | and medical providers.                          |
|                    |                                                 |
|                    |  Inadequate water supply for firefighting.     |
|                    |                                                 |
|                    |  Increased risk to public health if there is   |
|                    | extensive damage to the water supply or if it   |
|                    | becomes contaminated.                           |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+
| Fuel Supplies      |  Increased risk of fire or explosion from      |
|                    | ruptured fuel lines.                            |
|                    |                                                 |
|                    |  Risk of asphyxiation from natural gas leaks   |
|                    | in confined areas.                              |
+--------------------+-------------------------------------------------+

**Table I-5. Possible Effects Of Damage To The Infrastructure**

***Emergency Services***

Each instance of damage to the infrastructure may severely restrict the
abilities of police, fire, and paramedic services to provide service
following a disaster. Some types of damage and their effects on
emergency services are shown in the table below.

+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| ***Type Of          | ***Effect On Emergency Services***             |
| Damage***           |                                                |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Road                |  Inability to assess damage accurately.       |
|                     |                                                |
|                     |  Ambulances prevented from reaching victims   |
|                     | and/or victims prevented from reaching         |
|                     | emergency medical services.                    |
|                     |                                                |
|                     |  Police prevented from reaching areas of      |
|                     | civil unrest.                                  |
|                     |                                                |
|                     |  Fire departments prevented from getting to   |
|                     | fires.                                         |
|                     |                                                |
|                     |  Flow of needed supplies is interrupted.      |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Structural          |  Damaged hospitals unable to receive          |
|                     | patients.                                      |
|                     |                                                |
|                     |  Increased risk of damage from falling        |
|                     | debris.                                        |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Disrupted           |  Victims unable to call for help.             |
| Communication       |                                                |
|                     |  Coordination of services is hampered.        |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Fuel Line Damage    |  Fire and paramedic services overburdened.    |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+
| Disrupted Water     |  Firefighting capabilities restricted.        |
| Service             |                                                |
|                     |  Medical facilities hampered.                 |
+---------------------+------------------------------------------------+

**Table I-6. Possible Effects Of Damage On Emergency Service Providers**

*Service Priorities*

Because emergency services are likely to have inadequate resources to
meet the needs in a disaster situation, those resources must be applied
according to highest priority need:

Police: Establish order and safe ingress/egress to and from the disaster
area.

Fire: Suppression of *major* fires.

Paramedic: *Life-threatening* injuries.

Lower priority needs may have to be met in other ways.

***Structural And Nonstructural Hazards***

***Introduction***

During and following a disaster, damage to building structures presents
one of the greatest hazards. Damage will vary according to the type of
disaster, the type and age of the structure, and location in relation to
the disaster center. The following is an overview of disaster hazards
related to building structures and their contents.

***Hazards Related To Structure Type***

*High-Rise And Apartment Buildings*

Engineered buildings, such as most high-rise structures, have performed
well in earthquakes and other disasters. Older high-rise buildings with
steel and concrete construction are more susceptible to damage than the
newer ones which use curtain construction and prefabricated panels.
Primary hazards in and around high-rise buildings include:

 Broken glass.

 Falling panels.

Hazards in and around apartment buildings depend largely on the age and
condition of the structure. Hazards may include:

 Collapsing walkways and stairways.

 Crumbling cornices and other trim.

 Broken glass.

*Detached Homes*

Age, type of construction, and type of disaster are major factors in
potential damage to detached homes and garages. Homes built before 1940
generally were not bolted to the foundation, making them subject to
being shaken, blown, or floated off their foundations. Older homes
constructed of unreinforced brick are less stable than newer
construction. Porches without support beams may collapse. Damage to
single homes from tornadoes and hurricanes can range from little damage
to total destruction. Following a disaster event, there is the potential
for further collapse and fire due to ruptured gas lines.

*Mobile Homes*

When mobile homes are displaced in a disaster (whether earthquake,
storm, flood, or other), utility connections are easily damaged, and
broken gas lines may cause fires.

*Other Public Places*

Malls, sports arenas, airports, places of worship, and other places
where people may gather may pose hazards in some types of disasters. For
example, in an earthquake, overhead structures may collapse. Widespread
panic in large crowds can result in casualties.

***Nonstructural Hazards***

Fixtures and items within a home, garage, or office can pose hazards
during or after a disaster event. The following are examples of some of
the nonstructural hazards that may be encountered:

 Gas line ruptures from water heaters or ranges displaced by shock or
water.

 Damage from falling books, dishes, or other cabinet contents.

 Risk of injury or electric shock from displaced appliances and office
equipment.

 Hazardous products within reach of children.

***Disaster Hazard Mitigation***

***Introduction***

Regardless of the event or the amount of warning offered, there are
safety precautions that one can take to reduce or prevent injury. These
measures include:

 Personal safety.

 Home and worksite preparation.

 Community preparation.

***Personal Safety***

The personal safety measures that you should take vary depending on the
circumstance. Precautions for natural hazards are shown in the table on
pages I-25 through I-30.

***Personal Safety** (Continued)*

+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| ***Ev  | ***T   | ***Take The Following Action***                    |
| ent*** | ime*** |                                                    |
+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Eart   | Before |  Have a home earthquake plan, and know what to do |
| hquake |        | after the earthquake occurs.                       |
|        | During |                                                    |
|        |        |  Have a plan for reuniting all family members     |
|        | After  | after an earthquake occurs.                        |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Have an out-of-state family phone contact.       |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Have supplies on hand including water, a         |
|        |        | flashlight, a portable radio, food, a fire         |
|        |        | extinguisher, and tools.                           |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Bolt bookshelves and water heaters into wall     |
|        |        | studs, and latch cabinets.                         |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Move beds away from windows.                     |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Move pictures and other hanging objects away     |
|        |        | from beds.                                         |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Keep a pair of shoes next to your bed.           |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Drop, cover, and hold.                           |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Get under a heavy table or desk and hold on, or  |
|        |        | sit or stand against an inside wall.               |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Keep away from windows.                          |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  If indoors, stay there.                          |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  If outdoors, stay outdoors away from falling     |
|        |        | debris, trees, and power lines.                    |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  If in your car, drive to a clear spot and stay   |
|        |        | in the car. Avoid stopping on or under overpasses. |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Do [not]{.underline} use elevators.              |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Expect aftershocks. They are just as serious as  |
|        |        | the main earthquake.                               |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Put on shoes to protect from broken glass.       |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Check for injuries and fires.                    |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Use a flashlight to inspect your residence for   |
|        |        | damage including gas, water, and electrical lines  |
|        |        | and appliances.                                    |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  If you smell gas of if there is a fire, turn off |
|        |        | the main gas valve. Switch off individual circuit  |
|        |        | breakers (or unscrew individual fuses), then       |
|        |        | switch off the main circuit breaker (or unscrew    |
|        |        | the main fuse).                                    |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Do not go into damaged areas.                    |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Do not use telephones except in emergencies.     |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Do not use vehicles except in emergencies.       |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Use a portable radio for information.            |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  If your home is unsafe, get everyone out.        |
+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

**Table I-7. Personal Precautions Against Natural Hazards**

***Personal Safety** (Continued)*

+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| ***Ev  | ***T   | ***Take The Following Action***                    |
| ent*** | ime*** |                                                    |
+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Hur    | Before |  Know the risks of the area, the evacuation       |
| ricane |        | routes, and the location of shelters.              |
| Or     | During |                                                    |
|        |        |  Have a home hurricane plan of action.            |
| C      |        |                                                    |
| oastal |        |  Know what a hurricane "watch" and "warning"      |
| Storm  |        | mean. \[[Note]{.underline}: A hurricane watch      |
|        |        | means a hurricane [may]{.underline} hit your area. |
|        |        | A hurricane warning means such a hurricane is      |
|        |        | [headed]{.underline} for your area.\]              |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Have a portable radio and flashlight, as well as |
|        |        | other supplies.                                    |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Ensure that enough nonperishable food and water  |
|        |        | supplies are on hand to last for at least 2 weeks. |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Floodproof your home.                            |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Tie down mobile homes.                           |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Keep trees and shrubbery trimmed.                |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Review your insurance policy to ensure that it   |
|        |        | provides adequate coverage.                        |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        | **Watch Phase (24-48 hours before landfall)**:     |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Board up all windows.                            |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Fill your car's gas tank and prepare to          |
|        |        | evacuate.                                          |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Check mobile home tie-downs.                     |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Check batteries and stock up on canned food,     |
|        |        | medical supplies, and drinking water.              |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Bring in outside objects (e.g., garbage cans,    |
|        |        | lawn furniture, bicycles).                         |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Listen to the advice of local officials, and     |
|        |        | evacuate if told to do so.                         |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        | **Warning Phase (24 hours or less before           |
|        |        | landfall)**:                                       |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Listen to the advice of local officials, and     |
|        |        | evacuate if told to do so.                         |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  If you are not advised to evacuate, stay indoors |
|        |        | and away from windows.                             |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Stay away from flood waters; never drive through |
|        |        | them.                                              |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Be aware of the calm "eye"; the storm is not     |
|        |        | over.                                              |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Be alert for tornadoes.                          |
+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

**Table I-7. Personal Precautions Against Natural Hazards**

(Continued)

***Personal Safety** (Continued)*

+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| ***Ev  | ***T   | ***Take The Following Action***                    |
| ent*** | ime*** |                                                    |
+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Hur    | After  |  Wait until an area is declared safe before       |
| ricane |        | entering.                                          |
| Or     |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Use a flashlight to inspect for damage including |
| C      |        | gas, water, and electrical lines and appliances.   |
| oastal |        |                                                    |
| Storm  |        |  Stay away from downed power lines.               |
|        |        |                                                    |
| (Cont  |        |  If you smell gas of if there is a fire, turn off |
| inued) |        | the main gas valve. Switch off individual circuit  |
|        |        | breakers (or unscrew individual fuses), then       |
|        |        | switch off the main circuit breaker (or unscrew    |
|        |        | the main fuse).                                    |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Do not use telephones except in emergencies.     |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Use a portable radio for information.            |
+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| T      | Before |  Know the tornado risks of the area.              |
| ornado |        |                                                    |
|        | During |  Prepare a home tornado plan, and know the safest |
|        |        | places to go during a tornado.                     |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Know what a tornado "watch" and "warning" mean.  |
|        |        | \[[Note]{.underline}: A tornado watch means a      |
|        |        | tornado [may]{.underline} hit your area. A tornado |
|        |        | warning means such a storm has been spotted and is |
|        |        | about to strike. Go to safety immediately.\]       |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Have a portable radio and flashlight and other   |
|        |        | emergency supplies.                                |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        | **Watch Phase (up to 6 hours before)**:            |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  When you hear a "watch," keep your eye out for   |
|        |        | the approaching storm or listen to the radio or    |
|        |        | TV.                                                |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Consider an immediate plan of action.            |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        | **Warning Phase (0-1 hour before)**:               |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Get away from all windows.                       |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Use telephones only for life-threatening         |
|        |        | emergencies.                                       |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Go to the basement, and get under sturdy         |
|        |        | furniture or stairs.                               |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  If you do not have a basement, go to an inside   |
|        |        | closet, a bathroom, or a hallway on the lowest     |
|        |        | level of the building.                             |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  If you are in a car, get out and go inside a     |
|        |        | sturdy house or building. Do not try to outrun a   |
|        |        | tornado with your car.                             |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  If you are caught outside, get into a ditch or   |
|        |        | low-lying area.                                    |
+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

**Table I-7. Personal Precautions Against Natural Hazards**

(Continued)

***Personal Safety** (Continued)*

+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| ***Ev  | ***T   | ***Take The Following Action***                    |
| ent*** | ime*** |                                                    |
+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| T      | During |  Keep away from buildings with widespan roofs     |
| ornado |        | like cafeterias, auditoriums, and shopping malls.  |
|        | (Cont  |                                                    |
| (Cont  | inued) |  If you are in a mobile home, go to a storm       |
| inued) |        | shelter or, if one is not available, get out and   |
|        | After  | lie in a ditch and cover your head.                |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Listen to a portable radio for information.      |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Use a flashlight to check for damage including   |
|        |        | gas, water, electrical lines, and appliances.      |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  If you smell gas or if there is a fire, turn off |
|        |        | the main gas valve. Switch off individual circuit  |
|        |        | breakers (or unscrew individual fuses), then       |
|        |        | switch off the main circuit breaker (or unscrew    |
|        |        | the main fuse).                                    |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Stay out of the disaster area.                   |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Do not use telephones except in emergencies.     |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Do not use vehicles except in emergencies.       |
+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Flood  | Before |  Know the flood risk and the elevation of the     |
|        |        | area.                                              |
|        | During |                                                    |
|        |        |  Prepare a home flood evacuation or escape plan.  |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Get flood insurance, if available.               |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Keep insurance papers, important documents, and  |
|        |        | other valuables in a safe-deposit box.             |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Know what a flood and a flash flood "watch" and  |
|        |        | "warning" mean. \[[Note]{.underline}: A flood      |
|        |        | watch means a slow-rising flood is possible for    |
|        |        | your area. A flood warning means flooding is       |
|        |        | already occurring or will occur soon in your area. |
|        |        | A flash flood watch means there is a chance that   |
|        |        | flash flooding could occur anytime within the next |
|        |        | few hours. A flash flood warning means you may     |
|        |        | only have seconds to evacuate to higher ground.\]  |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Have a family plan, and choose a safe area in    |
|        |        | advance.                                           |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Have a portable radio, flashlight, and emergency |
|        |        | supplies.                                          |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        | **Watch Phase (2-3 days for flood; 2-12 hours for  |
|        |        | flash flood)**:                                    |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Sandbag windows and doors.                       |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Move furniture and other items to higher levels. |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Fill your car's gas tank.                        |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Listen to radio or TV for up-to-the-minute       |
|        |        | information.                                       |
+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

**Table I-7. Personal Precautions Against Natural Hazards**

(Continued)

***Personal Safety** (Continued)*

+--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+
| ***Ev  | ***     | ***Take The Following Action***                   |
| ent*** | Time*** |                                                   |
+--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Flood  | During  | **Warning Phase (24-48 hours for flood; 0-1 hour  |
|        |         | for flash flood)**:                               |
| (Cont  | (Con    |                                                   |
| inued) | tinued) |  Use telephones only for life-threatening        |
|        |         | emergencies.                                      |
|        | After   |                                                   |
|        |         |  Evacuate, if necessary, and follow              |
|        |         | instructions.                                     |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  Do not walk or drive through flood waters.      |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  Stay off bridges where water is covering them.  |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  Heed barricades blocking roads.                 |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  Keep away from waterways during heavy rain. If  |
|        |         | you are in a canyon area and hear a warning, get  |
|        |         | out of your car and get to high ground            |
|        |         | immediately.                                      |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  Keep out of storm drains and irrigation         |
|        |         | ditches.                                          |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  Listen to a portable radio for information.     |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  Boil drinking water before using (rolling boil  |
|        |         | for 10 minutes). Wells should be pumped out and   |
|        |         | the water tested for purity before drinking.      |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  Use a flashlight to check for damage including  |
|        |         | gas, water, and electrical lines and appliances.  |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  If you smell gas or if there is a fire, turn    |
|        |         | off the main gas valve. Switch off individual     |
|        |         | circuit breakers (or unscrew individual fuses),   |
|        |         | then switch off the main circuit breaker (or      |
|        |         | unscrew the main fuse).                           |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  Stay out of the disaster area.                  |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  Do not use telephones except in emergencies.    |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  Do not use vehicles except in emergencies.      |
+--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+
| ***Ev  | ***If   | ***Take The Following Action***                   |
| ent*** | You Are |                                                   |
|        | . .     |                                                   |
|        | .***    |                                                   |
+--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Bl     | Outside |  Find shelter and try to stay dry.               |
| izzard |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  Cover all exposed parts of the body.            |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         |  If there is no shelter, you should:             |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         | \- Prepare a lean-to, wind-break, or snow cave    |
|        |         | for protection from the wind.                     |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         | \- Build a fire for heat and to attract           |
|        |         | attention.                                        |
|        |         |                                                   |
|        |         | \- Place rocks around the fire to absorb and      |
|        |         | reflect heat.                                     |
+--------+---------+---------------------------------------------------+

**Table I-7. Personal Precautions Against Natural Hazards**

(Continued)

***Personal Safety** (Continued)*

+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| ***Ev  | ***If  | ***Take The Following Action***                    |
| ent*** | You    |                                                    |
|        | Are .  |                                                    |
|        | . .*** |                                                    |
+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+
| Bl     | O      |  Mark your location for rescuers.                 |
| izzard | utside |                                                    |
|        |        |  Do not drink alcoholic beverages. Avoid falling  |
| (Cont  | (Cont  | asleep.                                            |
| inued) | inued) |                                                    |
|        |        |  Avoid eating snow. It will lower your body       |
|        | In a   | temperature. Melt it first.                        |
|        | car or |                                                    |
|        |        |  Stay in the vehicle. Disorientation occurs       |
|        | truck  | quickly in snow and cold.                          |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        | At     |  Run the motor about 10 minutes each hour for     |
|        | home   | heat.                                              |
|        | or in  |                                                    |
|        |        |  Open the window a little for fresh air to avoid  |
|        | a      | carbon monoxide poisoning. Make sure the exhaust   |
|        | bu     | pipe is not blocked.                               |
|        | ilding |                                                    |
|        |        |  Make yourself visible to rescuers.               |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        | \- Turn on the dome light at night when running    |
|        |        | the engine.                                        |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        | \- Tie a colored cloth (preferably red) to your    |
|        |        | antenna or door.                                   |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        | \- Raise the hood indicating trouble after snow    |
|        |        | stops falling.                                     |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Exercise from time to time to keep blood         |
|        |        | circulating and to keep warm.                      |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Stay inside.                                     |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Use telephones only for life-threatening         |
|        |        | emergencies.                                       |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Use fire safeguards for heat and properly        |
|        |        | ventilate.                                         |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  If there is no heat, close off unneeded rooms    |
|        |        | and stuff towels or rags in cracks under doors.    |
|        |        | Cover windows at night.                            |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Eat and drink plenty.                            |
|        |        |                                                    |
|        |        |  Wear layers of loose-fitting, lightweight, warm  |
|        |        | clothing. Remove layers to avoid overheating,      |
|        |        | perspiration, and chill. Wear a hat.               |
+--------+--------+----------------------------------------------------+

**Table I-7. Personal Precautions Against Natural Hazards**

(Continued)

***Personal Safety** (Continued)*

Prevention of injury from hazardous materials in the home lies in proper
storage and handling. The acronym for safe storage procedures is
*L.I.E.S.*:

 *Limit* the amount of hazardous materials in storage.

 *Isolate* products in approved containers, store them inside closed
cabinets, and protect them from sources of ignition. Keep containers
tightly covered.

 *Eliminate* products that are no longer necessary by disposing of them
properly.

 *Separate* incompatible materials (e.g., chlorine products and
ammonia).

When handling hazardous materials, be sure to:

 Read the warnings on product labels.

 Use the safety precautions (e.g., gloves, goggles, or breathing mask)
recommended by the manufacturer.

 Limit contact to the degree possible.

*If you are not sure of the product with which you are dealingor if the
product produces a noxious odor, smoke, or steamleave the area
immediately.* Call the local emergency service operator (usually 911)
and observe the material from uphill, upwind, and at a distance until
qualified personnel arrive. If necessary, enlist the help of neighbors
to warn others of the danger. If evacuation is required, evacuate to an
upwind location. Moving uphill and upwind will prevent reintroduction to
the hazard via the wind.

***Home And Worksite Preparations***

Preparedness is the key to survival in a disaster or emergency.
Individuals, families, and worksites can take steps that will help
minimize structural and nonstructural hazards during a disaster,
facilitate escape, and promote survival in the period immediately
following the event.

*Reducing Structural And Nonstructural Hazards*

Many injuries from structural and nonstructural hazards are easily
preventable. Some steps that you can take to reducing structural and
nonstructural hazards are shown in the table below.

+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| ***Type Of        | ***Precautions***                                |
| Hazard***         |                                                  |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Structural        |  Bolt older houses to the foundation.           |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   |  Board or place protective tape on windows and  |
|                   | glass doors to minimize flying glass.            |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   |  Strap mobile homes to their concrete pads.     |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Nonstructural     |  Anchor such furniture as bookshelves, hutches, |
|                   | and grandfather clocks to the wall.              |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   |  Secure appliances and office equipment in      |
|                   | place with industrial-strength Velcro.          |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   |  Secure cabinet doors with childproof           |
|                   | fasteners.                                       |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   |  Locate and label gas, electricity, and water   |
|                   | shut-offs before disasters occur. After a        |
|                   | disaster, shut off the utilities as needed to    |
|                   | prevent fires and other risks. (See page I-33.)  |
|                   | Store a shut-off wrench where it will be         |
|                   | immediately available.                           |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   |  Secure water heaters to the wall to safeguard  |
|                   | against a ruptured gas line or loose electrical  |
|                   | wires. (See page I-34.)                          |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

**Table I-8. Precautions Against Structural And Nonstructural Hazards**

*Reducing Structural And Nonstructural Hazards (Continued)*

Illustrations of utility shut-offs are shown below.

![](media/image8.wmf){width="8.104166666666666in"
height="5.020138888888889in"}4

**Figure I-5. Utility Shut-Offs**

*Reducing Structural And Nonstructural Hazards (Continued)*

The figure below shows how to brace a residential-use water heater.

![](media/image9.wmf){width="8.936111111111112in"
height="3.967361111111111in"}

**Figure I-6. Water Heater Bracing**

*Assembling And Storing Survival Supplies*

You can cope best by preparing for disaster [before]{.underline} it
strikes. One way to prepare is by assembling a Disaster Supplies Kit.
Once disaster hits, you won't have time to shop or search for supplies.
But if you've gathered supplies in advance, you and your family can
endure an evacuation or home confinement.

*To Prepare Your Kit*

1\. Review the checklist on the next few pages (from FEMA L-189, ARC
4463, [Your Family Disaster Supplies Kit]{.underline}).

2\. Gather the supplies that are listed.

3\. Place the supplies you're apt to need for an evacuation in an
easy-to-carry container. These supplies are listed with an asterisk
(\*).

*[Water]{.underline}*

Store water in plastic containers such as soft drink bottles. Avoid
using containers that will decompose or break, such as milk cartons or
glass bottles. A normally active person needs to drink at least 2 quarts
of water each day. Hot environments and intense physical activity can
double that amount. Children, nursing mothers, and ill people will need
more.

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
   Store 1 gallon of water per        Keep at least a 3-day supply of
  person per day (2 quarts for        water for each person in your
  drinking, 2 quarts for food         household.
  preparation/ sanitation.)\*         

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

*To Prepare Your Kit (Continued)*

*[Water]{.underline}*

*(Continued)*

If you have questions about the quality of the water, purify it before
drinking. You can heat water to a rolling boil for 10 minutes or use
commercial purification tablets to purify the water. You can also use
household liquid chlorine bleach if it is pure, unscented 5.25% sodium
hypochlorite. To purify water, use the following table as a guide:

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| ***WATER QUANTITY***              | ***BLEACH ADDED***                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| 1 Quart                           | 4 Drops                           |
|                                   |                                   |
| 1 Gallon                          | 16 Drops                          |
|                                   |                                   |
| 5 Gallons                         | 1 Teaspoon                        |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

**Table I-9. Ratios For Purifying Water With Bleach**

After adding bleach, shake or stir the water container and let it stand
thirty minutes before drinking.

\~

*To Prepare Your Kit (Continued)*

*[Food]{.underline}*

Store at least a 3-day supply of nonperishable food. Select foods that
require no refrigeration, preparation, or cooking and little or no
water. If you must heat food, pack a can of Sterno. Select food items
that are compact and lightweight. \*Include a selection of the following
foods in your Disaster Supplies Kit:

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|  Ready-to-eat canned meats,      |  Vitamins                        |
| fruits, and vegetables            |                                   |
|                                   |  Foods for infants, elderly      |
|  Canned juices, milk, soup (if   | persons or persons on special     |
| powdered, store extra water)      | diets                             |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Staplessugar, salt, pepper     |  Comfort/stress foodscookies,   |
|                                   | hard candy, sweetened cereals,    |
|  High-energy foodspeanut        | lollipops, instant coffee, tea    |
| butter, jelly, crackers, granola  | bags                              |
| bars, trail mix                   |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

\~

*[First Aid Kit]{.underline}*

Assemble a first aid kit for your home and one for each car. A first aid
kit\* should include:

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|  Sterile adhesive bandages in    |  2-inch sterile roller bandages  |
| assorted sizes                    | (3 rolls)                         |
|                                   |                                   |
|  2-inch sterile gauze pads (4-6) |  3-inch sterile roller bandages  |
|                                   | (3 rolls)                         |
|  4-inch sterile gauze pads (4-6) |                                   |
|                                   |  Scissors                        |
|  Hypoallergenic adhesive tape    |                                   |
|                                   |  Tweezers                        |
|  Triangular bandages (3)         |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

*To Prepare Your Kit (Continued)*

*[First Aid Kit]{.underline}*

*(Continued)*

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|  Needle                          | *Nonprescription Drugs*           |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Moistened towelettes            |  Aspirin or nonaspirin pain      |
|                                   | reliever                          |
|  Antiseptic                      |                                   |
|                                   |  Anti-diarrhea medication        |
|  Thermometer                     |                                   |
|                                   |  Antacid (for stomach upset)     |
|  Tongue blades (2)               |                                   |
|                                   |  Syrup of Ipecac (used to induce |
|  Tube of petroleum jelly or      | vomiting if advised by the Poison |
| other lubricant                   | Control Center)                   |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Assorted sizes of safety pins   |  Laxative                        |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Cleaning agent/soap             |  Activated charcoal (used if     |
|                                   | advised by the Poison Control     |
|  Latex gloves (2 pair)           | Center)                           |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Sunscreen                       |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

\~

*[Tools And Supplies]{.underline}*

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|  Mess kits, or paper cups,       |  Nonelectric can opener, utility |
| plates and plastic utensils\*     | knife\*                           |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Emergency preparedness manual\* |  Fire extinguisher: small        |
|                                   | canister, ABC type                |
|  Battery-operated radio and      |                                   |
| extra batteries\*                 |  Tube tent                       |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Flashlight and extra            |  Pliers                          |
| batteries\*                       |                                   |
|                                   |  Tape                            |
|  Cash or traveler's checks,      |                                   |
| change\*                          |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

*To Prepare Your Kit (Continued)*

*[Tools And Supplies]{.underline}*

*(Continued)*

+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|  Compass                          | *Sanitation*                    |
|                                    |                                 |
|  Matches in a waterproof          |  Toilet paper, towelettes\*    |
| container                          |                                 |
|                                    |  Soap, liquid detergent\*      |
|  Aluminum foil                    |                                 |
|                                    |  Feminine supplies\*           |
|  Plastic storage containers       |                                 |
|                                    |  Personal hygiene items\*      |
|  Signal flare                     |                                 |
|                                    |  Plastic garbage bags, ties    |
|  Paper, pencil                    | (for personal sanitation uses)  |
|                                    |                                 |
|  Needles, thread                  |  Plastic bucket with tight lid |
|                                    |                                 |
|  Medicine dropper                 |  Disinfectant                  |
|                                    |                                 |
|  Shut-off wrench, to turn off     |  Household chlorine bleach     |
| household gas and water            |                                 |
|                                    |                                 |
|  Whistle                          |                                 |
|                                    |                                 |
|  Plastic sheeting                 |                                 |
|                                    |                                 |
|  Map of the area (for locating    |                                 |
| shelters)                          |                                 |
+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+

\~

*[Clothing And Bedding]{.underline}*

\*Include at least one complete change of clothing and footwear per
person.

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|  Sturdy shoes or work boots\*    |  Hat and gloves                  |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Rain gear\*                     |  Thermal underwear               |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Blankets or sleeping bags\*     |  Sunglasses                      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

\~

*To Prepare Your Kit (Continued)*

*[Special Items]{.underline}*

Remember family members with special needs, such as infants and elderly
or disabled persons.

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| *For Baby\**                      |  *Entertainment*games and books |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Formula                         |  *Important Family Documents*   |
|                                   | Keep these records in a           |
|  Diapers                         | waterproof, portable container.   |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Bottles                         |  Will, insurance policies,       |
|                                   | contracts, deeds, stocks and      |
|  Powdered milk                   | bonds                             |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Medications                     |  Passports, social security      |
|                                   | cards, immunization records       |
| *For Adults\**                    |                                   |
|                                   |  Bank account numbers            |
|  Heart and high blood pressure   |                                   |
| medication                        |  Credit card account numbers and |
|                                   | companies                         |
|  Insulin                         |                                   |
|                                   |  Inventory of valuable household |
|  Prescription drugs              | goods, important telephone        |
|                                   | numbers                           |
|  Denture needs                   |                                   |
|                                   |  Family records (birth,          |
|  Contact lenses and supplies     | marriage, death certificates)     |
|                                   |                                   |
|  Extra eye glasses               |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

***Creating A Family Disaster Plan***

*Exit Drills In The Home*

**To get started . . .**

 Contact your local emergency management office and your local American
Red Cross chapter.

 Find out which disasters are most likely to happen in your community.

 Ask how you would be warned.

 Find out how to prepare for each type of disaster.

 Meet with your family.

 Discuss the types of disasters that could occur.

 Explain how to prepare and respond.

 Discuss what to do if advised to evacuate.

 Practice what you have discussed.

 Plan how your family will stay in contact if separated by disaster.

 Pick two meeting places:

\- A location a safe distance from your home in case of fire.

\- A place outside your neighborhood in case you can't return home.

*Exit Drills In The Home (Continued)*

 Choose an out-of-state friend as a "check-in contact" for everyone to
call.

 Complete the following steps.

 Post emergency telephone numbers by every phone.

 Show responsible family members how and when to shut off water, gas,
and electricity at main switches.

 Install a smoke detector on each level of your home, especially near
bedrooms; test them monthly and change the batteries two times each
year. (Change batteries when you change your clocks in the spring and
fall.)

 Contact your local fire department to learn about home fire hazards.

 Learn first aid and CPR. Contact your local American Red Cross chapter
for information and training.

 Meet with your neighbors.

 Plan how the neighborhood could work together after a disaster. Know
your neighbors' skills (medical, technical).

 Consider how you could help neighbors who have special needs, such as
elderly or disabled persons.

 Make plans for child care in case parents can't get home.

*Evacuation Planning*

Develop an escape plan that provides for escape from every room. As part
of your escape plan:

 Consider the needs of children and physically challenged individuals.

 Inform all family members or office coworkers of the plan.

 Run practice escape drills.

An example of an escape plan is shown in the figure below.

![](media/image10.wmf){width="6.952083333333333in"
height="3.9319444444444445in"}

**Figure I-7. Escape Plan**

***Community Preparations***

The community can also prepare by establishing Community Emergency
Response Teams to respond in the period immediately after a disaster.
CERTs assist existing response teams and assume the same functions as
response personnel. The CERT organizational structure is shown in Figure
I-8.

![](media/image11.wmf){width="6.229166666666667in"
height="3.6347222222222224in"}

**Figure I-8. CERT Organization**

There are checklists (starting on page I-51) following this chapter that
will help you plan and organize your CERT, and assemble the equipment
and supplies your team will need.

***Protection For Disaster Workers***

People who volunteer their services during a disaster are generally
protected by Federal, State, and/or local laws. Most states have "Good
Samaritan" laws that protect people who provide emergency care *in a
prudent and reasonable manner* to ill or injured persons. Other city,
county, or State laws may also apply. Your instructor will provide
information about laws that apply in your area. Record the key points
below for future reference.

  --------------------------- -------------------------------------------
  **Applicable Laws**         **Key Points**

                              
  --------------------------- -------------------------------------------

***Summary***

CERTs are among a variety of agencies and personnel that cooperate to
provide assistance in the aftermath of an emergency or disaster. The
keys to a CERT's effectiveness are in:

 Familiarity with the type of event and the types of damage that are
most likely to result.

 Adequate preparation for the event and its aftermath.

 Proper training in the functional areas to which CERTs are assigned,
including:

\- Fire suppression.

\- Light search and rescue.

\- Disaster medical operations.

\- Logistics.

Given these three keys, CERTs can be an invaluable asset to immediate
response efforts.

***Assignment***

Before the next session:

1\. Read and familiarize yourself with Chapter II: Disaster Fire
Suppression.

2\. Bring a pair of leather gloves and a pair of safety goggles.

3\. Begin food and water storage for at least 72 hours for yourself and
your family.

4\. Establish an out-of-state emergency contact. This is the person you
will contact in the event of a disaster in your area, to report your
status. Others can then contact that person to check on your status. Be
sure to let family and friends know who your contact person is.

***Assignment*** *(Continued)*

5\. Locate the utility shut-offs in your home.

6\. Wear appropriate clothes (no shorts, no open-toed shoes), because
you will practice putting out a small fire with an extinguisher.

***Additional Reading***

The references below are available if you would like to know more about
the information in this chapter.

[Emergency Food and Water Supplies]{.underline}. Federal Emergency
Management Agency, Washington, DC: 1993.

Filderman, Lynne D., [Natural Hazards Risk Profile: Hurricanes, Floods,
Tornadoes, Lightning, Earthquakes]{.underline}. American National Red
Cross, Washington, DC: 1991.

[Flood]{.underline}. Federal Emergency Management Agency, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and American Red Cross,
Washington, DC: 1992.

Ludlum, David M. [The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American
Weather]{.underline}. A. A. Knopf, New York, NY: 1992.

[Natural Hazards Risk Profile]{.underline}. American Red Cross,
Washington, DC: 1991.

[Reader's Digest Action Guide: What To Do in an Emergency]{.underline}.
Reader's Digest Association, Pleasantville, NY: 1988.

[Talking Points for Disaster Education Presentations]{.underline}.
American Red Cross, Washington, DC: 1991.

Williams, Jack. [The Weather Book: An Easy-To-Understand Guide to the
USA's Weather]{.underline}. Vintage Books, New York, NY: 1992.

***Additional Reading*** *(Continued)*

In addition, the following pamphlets are available through the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (L code), the American Red Cross (ARC code),
and the National Weather Service (PA code).

[Emergency Preparedness Catalog]{.underline} (L-164)

[Emergency Preparedness Checklist]{.underline} (L-154)

[Your Family Disaster Supplies Kit]{.underline} (L-189/ARC 4463)

[Your Family Disaster Plan]{.underline} (L-191/ARC 4466)

\* [Are You Ready for a Hurricane?]{.underline} (ARC 4454)

\* [Are You Ready for an Earthquake?]{.underline} (ARC 4455)

\* [Are You Ready for a Fire?]{.underline} (ARC 4456)

\* [Are You Ready for a Tornado?]{.underline} (ARC 4457)

\* [Are You Ready for a Flood?]{.underline} (ARC 4458)

\* [Are You Ready for a Winter Storm?]{.underline} (ARC 4464)

\* [Are You Ready for a Thunderstorm?]{.underline} (ARC 5009)

[Winter Storms: The Deceptive Killer]{.underline} (PA 91002/ARC 4467)

[Flash Floods and Floods: The Awesome Power]{.underline} (PA 92050/ARC
4493)

[Tornadoes: Nature's Most Violent Storm]{.underline} (PA 92052/ARC 5002)

\* Available in English and Spanish

**Additional Materials**

**Chapter I**

***Community Emergency Response Team Checklist***

**INSTRUCTIONS:** Use the list below when planning and organizing a
CERT. Keep this page in the front of the CERT plan of operation.

***Personal Preparedness** [Completed]{.underline} [Date
Checked]{.underline}*

 Food 

 Water 

 Out-of-State Phone Contact 

 Mitigation Measures:

 Water heater 

 Utilities 

 Cabinets, etc. 

 Other: 

***Community Emergency Response Team Checklist*** *(Continued)*

***Team Organization** [Completed]{.underline} [Date
Checked]{.underline}*

 Leadership

 Team leader 

 Group leaders 

 Membership

 Roster 

 Phone list 

 Skills inventory 

 Communications

 Telephone tree 

 Newsletter 

 Amateur radio 

 Runners 

***Community Emergency Response Team Checklist*** *(Continued)*

***Team Organization*** *(Continued) [Completed]{.underline} [Date
Checked]{.underline}*

 Resources And Locations

 Personnel 

 Equipment 

 Supplies 

 Response kits 

 Area Surveys

 Evacuation plans 

 Staging area 

 Casualty collection points 

 Specific hazard areas 

 Area maps 

 Response Plan

 Response criteria 

 Communications/notifications 

 Staging area/command post 

***Community Emergency Response Team Checklist*** *(Continued)*

***Team Organization*** *(Continued) [Completed]{.underline} [Date
Checked]{.underline}*

 Teamwork

 Meetings 

 Drills and exercises 

 Training:

\- First aid 

\- CPR 

\- Other: 

***Recommended CERT Equipment And Supplies***

The following equipment and supplies are recommended as a minimum supply
cache for all CERT teams. The equipment and supplies should be
maintained at or near the team staging area.

*[Equipment/Supply]{.underline} [Date Obtained]{.underline}
[Quantity]{.underline} [Date Checked]{.underline}*

 Nylon/canvas bag with

shoulder strap

 Water (two canteens/bottles per Search and

Rescue team)

 Dehydrated foods

 Water purification tablets

 Work gloves (leather)

 Goggles

 Dust masks

 Flashlight or miner's lamp

 Batteries and extra bulbs

 Secondary flashlight or

light sticks

***Recommended CERT Equipment And Supplies** (Continued)*

*[Equipment/Supply]{.underline} [Date Obtained]{.underline}
[Quantity]{.underline} [Date Checked]{.underline}*

 Utility knife

 Note pads

 Markers:

 Thin-point

 Thick-point

 Pens

 Duct tape

 Masking tape (2-inch)

 Scissors

 Crescent wrench

 First aid pouch containing:

 4  4 gauze dressings (6)

 Abdominal pads (4)

 Triangular bandages (4)

 Band-Aids

 Roller bandage