# Receptor Activities and Usage Rates

This appendix presents the seven exposure scenarios assumed for Phase
III of the Savannah River Site (SRS) Dose Reconstruction Project, along
with the derivation of base case values for those radiological
assessment parameters that depend on the behaviors of the human
receptors comprising the exposure scenarios. Seven human receptors were
modeled using the GENII[^1] computer code for each exposure scenario (28
receptors total). Assumptions about the behavior of each receptor were
used to develop values for many of the parameters comprising the
mathematical relationships used in GENII for radiological assessment
(see [Appendix D](../Appendix_D_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc)). These
parameters address human-oriented behavior such as the assumed breathing
rates of the four receptors associated with each scenario, their food
consumption rates, and the times spent in various exposure locations.

The assessments that were performed were complex. Radiation doses and
risks were determined for each receptor for each of years of nuclear
material production at the SRS. The behavior of each receptor, as well
as the receptor's age, changed over time. Therefore, the radiation
exposure calculations were made using GENII and assuming "unit"
quantities for receptor-specific parameters such as food consumption
rates. This output from GENII was then modified in the post-processor
(software created for this Phase III study) to arrive at the proper
doses and risks for each receptor. These modifications were performed
using a set of receptor- and pathway-specific *exposure* and *adjustment
factors*.

To link the exposure scenarios, the computational procedures outlined in
[Appendix D](../Appendix_D_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc), the
receptor-specific parameters and their values input to GENII, and the
exposure and adjustment factors used to modify the output from GENII,
this appendix is organized in the following manner:

-   [Section E.1]{.underline}: Scenarios proposed by the Centers for
    Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and considered by the Savannah
    River Site Health Effects Subcommittee (SRSHES).

-   [Section E.2]{.underline}: Additional assumptions about scenarios.

-   [Section E.3]{.underline}: Overview of final exposure scenarios.

-   [Section E.4]{.underline}: Linkage of GENII variables to exposure
    and adjustment factors.

-   [Section E.5]{.underline}: Exposure and adjustment factors for each
    exposure pathway.

Except for radiation dosimetry assumptions, other GENII parameter values
that are not clearly receptor-specific (such as food crop production
rates, soil density, etc.) are presented in [Appendix
F](../Appendix_F%20tables%20-%20Ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc).
Radiation dosimetry assumptions are presented in Section D.4 of
[Appendix D](../Appendix_D_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc).

## Scenarios Proposed by CDC and Considered by the SRSHES

The exposure scenarios considered for this report evolved over time.
Originally, CDC proposed the following six scenarios (1):

-   A rural family just downwind of the site boundary.

-   An urban/suburban family just downwind of the site boundary.

-   A delivery person scenario.

-   An outdoors person (hunting, fishing, camping, etc.).

-   A family living near the river.

-   A migrant worker family living mostly outdoors.

These scenarios were meant to represent hypothetical families that might
have lived in the SRS vicinity and engaged in activities that were
typical for the area. The activities postulated for these scenarios were
intended to represent a broad range of lifestyles.

CDC presented proposed assumptions about these six scenarios to the
SRSHES at a meeting of the SRSHES held in January 2002 in Charleston,
South Carolina. Shortly thereafter, these assumptions were somewhat
modified, and the SRSHES formed a work group to consider the proposed
scenarios. On September 6, 2002, a SRSHES meeting was held, and J.
Lockridge, the chair of the SRSHES Scenario Work Group, presented
comments on the proposed scenarios to the CDC and the preparers of this
report (1). Table E-1 summarizes the CDC proposed scenarios (as
modified) and the SRSHES Work Group comments on the proposed scenarios.
The SRSHES also made suggestions about further modifying the scenarios,
and Table E-2 summarizes these suggested modifications (1).

The preparers of this report discussed the proposed scenarios with CDC
staff in early 2003. Two key references that address these discussions
are memoranda from the preparers of this report to CDC (2,3). These
discussions principally addressed overall decisions about the number of
exposure scenarios to be considered and where the hypothetical families
comprising the exposure scenarios would live, work, attend church and
school, obtain food, and recreate.

Table E‑1 Summary of CDC Proposed Scenarios and SRSHES Comments

+-------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Pro   | Scenario Description      | SRSHES Work Group Comments (1)   |
| posed |                           |                                  |
| Sce   |                           |                                  |
| nario |                           |                                  |
+=======+===========================+==================================+
| Rural | -   Use the closest       | -   Farm in rural Burke County,  |
|       |     downwind location     |     GA. Girard, GA - 3 miles     |
|       |     where there could     |     west of Savannah River, SW   |
|       |     have been farms in    |     from SRS. Population about   |
|       |     1955.                 |     200 in 1950s. Located in SRS |
|       |                           |     plume path.                  |
|       | -   Consider an adult, an |                                  |
|       |     infant born in 1955,  | -   In 1950's, a family of two   |
|       |     and an infant born in |     parents, five children. In   |
|       |     1964 (year of largest |     1960's, a family of two      |
|       |     iodine release). Use  |     parents, three children.     |
|       |     default consumption   |                                  |
|       |     values.               | -   Schools: Girard Elementary,  |
|       |                           |     Waynesboro High School.      |
|       | -   Assume a lot of time  |                                  |
|       |     outdoors working in   | -   Cash crops: peanuts, corn,   |
|       |     soil.                 |     cotton. Vegetables grown for |
|       |                           |     family consumption.          |
|       | -   Assume they drank     |                                  |
|       |     milk from a backyard  | -   Religion: Methodist.         |
|       |     cow.                  |                                  |
|       |                           | -   In 1950's, 50% of meat &     |
|       | -   Assume the crops were |     vegetables grown on farm. In |
|       |     irrigated from        |     1960s, 25% grown on farm;    |
|       |     Savannah River.       |     most milk from one of two    |
|       |                           |     dairies in Girard. Family    |
|       | -   Assumption of         |     had a few dairy cows.        |
|       |     "working in soil"     |                                  |
|       |     also included         | -   Some swimming, but minimal   |
|       |     resuspension of soil  |     camping. No recreational     |
|       |     contaminants in the   |     boating.                     |
|       |     breathing zone.       |                                  |
|       |                           | -   Lots of fishing from Briar   |
|       | -   In addition to two    |     Creek, 2 miles east of       |
|       |     infants, consider the |     Girard. Significant hunting  |
|       |     mother nursing at     |     for deer, quail and dove.    |
|       |     least one of the      |     Limited trapping.            |
|       |     infants.              |                                  |
+-------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+
| U     | -   Use the closest       | -   Family resided in Augusta,   |
| rban/ |     downwind location     |     GA (region of Broad and      |
|       |     where urban or        |     Greene Streets).             |
| Sub   |     suburban families     |                                  |
| urban |     could have lived in   | -   In 1950's, a family of two   |
|       |     1955.                 |     parents, two children of     |
|       |                           |     varying ages. In 1960's, a   |
|       | -   Consider an adult, an |     family of two parents, three |
|       |     infant born in 1955,  |     children.                    |
|       |     and an infant born in |                                  |
|       |                           | -   Schools: Augusta             |
|       | -   1964 (year of largest |     neighborhood schools.        |
|       |     iodine release).      |                                  |
|       |                           | -   Assume father to have worked |
|       | -   Use default           |     in the SRS F-Area Canyon     |
|       |     consumption values.   |     Building from 1955 to 1992.  |
|       |                           |                                  |
|       | -   Assume the adult      | -   Assume the mother to have    |
|       |     worked at the nearest |     stayed home to raise the     |
|       |     industrial location   |     children. Mother worked      |
|       |     downwind in 1955.     |     onsite until well into her   |
|       |                           |     pregnancy.                   |
|       | -   Assume milk drunk     |                                  |
|       |     from nearest dairy or | -   Attended local church in     |
|       |     rural neighbor.       |     Augusta, GA.                 |
|       |                           |                                  |
|       | -   Assume the adult      | -   Food and milk were obtained  |
|       |     worked onsite at SRS  |     from local grocery stores in |
|       |     in lieu of the        |     Augusta, GA. Milk was        |
|       |     "nearest industrial   |     supplied to local stores     |
|       |     location."            |     from dairies in the Aiken    |
|       |                           |     and Augusta area.            |
|       | -   Assume the onsite     |                                  |
|       |     work location was     | -   Occasional swimming and      |
|       |     associated with       |     boating in Clark's Hill      |
|       |     higher radiological   |     Lake.                        |
|       |     exposures (e.g., SRS  |                                  |
|       |     Canyons).             | -   No hunting, but fishing in   |
|       |                           |     Clark's Hill Reservoir.      |
|       |                           |     Fishing two weekends per     |
|       |                           |     month.                       |
+-------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Del   | -   Same as               | -   Family resided in Barnwell,  |
| ivery |     Urban/Suburban        |     SC. Father provided weekly   |
|       |     Family.               |     beverage deliveries to SRS.  |
|       |                           |                                  |
|       | -   Use the closest       | -   In 1950's, family of two     |
|       |     downwind location     |     parents, two children of     |
|       |     where urban or        |     varying ages. In 1960's, a   |
|       |     suburban families     |     family of two parents, three |
|       |     could have lived in   |     children.                    |
|       |     1955.                 |                                  |
|       |                           | -   Schools: Barnwell, SC,       |
|       | -   Consider an adult, an |     school system.               |
|       |     infant born in 1955,  |                                  |
|       |     and an infant born in | -   Assume the delivery person   |
|       |     1964 (year of largest |     worked at the Allendale Coca |
|       |     iodine release).      |     Cola Bottling Plant in       |
|       |                           |     Allendale, SC, and made      |
|       | -   Use default           |     routine deliveries to SRS    |
|       |     consumption values.   |     (various locations) spending |
|       |                           |     8 hours per week onsite.     |
|       | -   Assume the adult      |                                  |
|       |     worked at the nearest | -   Attended Mount Hope Baptist  |
|       |     industrial location   |     Church, Martin, SC.          |
|       |     downwind in 1955.     |                                  |
|       |                           | -   Food Sources: Barnwell, SC,  |
|       | -   Assume they drank     |     grocery stores, and Furses'  |
|       |     milk from the nearest |     Grocery Store, Martin, SC.   |
|       |     dairy or rural        |                                  |
|       |     neighbor.             | -   Swimming in Lower Three Runs |
|       |                           |     Creek outside Martin, SC.    |
|       | -   Assume that the       |     Boating and camping at       |
|       |     person spent 8 hours  |     Little Hell Landing on       |
|       |     per week onsite.      |     Savannah River (south        |
|       |                           |     boundary of SRS).            |
|       |                           |                                  |
|       |                           | -   Hunting at Lower Three Runs  |
|       |                           |     Creek area (known for        |
|       |                           |     poaching). Fishing at Lower  |
|       |                           |     Three Runs Creek, and        |
|       |                           |     Savannah River's Smith Lake. |
|       |                           |                                  |
|       |                           | -   Family drank lots of         |
|       |                           |     carbonated beverages         |
|       |                           |     (including beer).            |
+-------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Ou    | -   Assume camping at the | -   Family resided in Jackson,   |
| tdoor |     nearest downwind      |     SC.                          |
|       |     location that would   |                                  |
|       |     make sense with the   | -   In 1950's, a family of two   |
|       |     season (hunting,      |     parents, two children of     |
|       |     fishing, etc.).       |     varying ages. In 1960's, a   |
|       |                           |     family of two parents, three |
|       | -   Assume that the       |     children.                    |
|       |     person was always     |                                  |
|       |     outdoors.             | -   Schools: (1950) Jackson      |
|       |                           |     Elementary (29,831). (1986)  |
|       | -   Use default           |     Redcliff Elementary          |
|       |     consumption values.   |     (29,803). Jackson High       |
|       |                           |     School.                      |
|       | ```{=html}                |                                  |
|       | <!-- -->                  | ```{=html}                       |
|       | ```                       | <!-- -->                         |
|       | -   Assume the person     | ```                              |
|       |     spent 8 hours per day | -   Worked as a hunter/trapper   |
|       |     on the Savannah River |     subcontractor to the primary |
|       |     in the summer.        |     SRS Contractor (DuPont,      |
|       |                           |     WSRC, etc.) or the U.S.      |
|       | ```{=html}                |     Forest Service.              |
|       | <!-- -->                  |                                  |
|       | ```                       | ```{=html}                       |
|       | -   Assume the person     | <!-- -->                         |
|       |     spent 8 hours per     | ```                              |
|       |     week on site hunting  | -   Religion: First Baptist      |
|       |     or fishing (in        |     Church, Jackson, SC.         |
|       |     season).              |                                  |
|       |                           | -   50% of vegetables locally    |
|       | -   Assume the person     |     grown and irrigated from a   |
|       |     obtained fish and     |     surface creek. 75% of meat   |
|       |     meat (deer, game      |     obtained from SRS. Fish      |
|       |     birds, turtles) from  |     obtained from Savannah       |
|       |     hunting and fishing   |     River. Water obtained from   |
|       |     onsite (some          |     well on home property.       |
|       |     authorized, some      |                                  |
|       |     not---a "poacher"     | -   Boating in Savannah River    |
|       |     assumption.)          |     from Jackson, SC, boat ramp. |
|       |                           |                                  |
|       |                           | -   Obtained deer, hogs from     |
|       |                           |     work at SRS trapping. Fished |
|       |                           |     in Savannah River.           |
+-------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Near  | -   Use the nearest       | -   Scenario location: Consider  |
| River |     docking location      |     Martin-Millet area           |
|       |     downwind where people |                                  |
|       |     could have lived on   | -   Family: To be developed      |
|       |     the house boats in    |     (TBD).                       |
|       |     1955.                 |                                  |
|       |                           | -   Schools: TBD.                |
|       | -   Consider an adult, an |                                  |
|       |     infant born in 1955   | -   Work: TBD.                   |
|       |     and an infant born in |                                  |
|       |     1964 (year of largest | -   Religion: TBD.               |
|       |     iodine release).      |                                  |
|       |                           | -   Food sources: Shell fishing, |
|       | -   Use default           |     shrimping, crabbing.         |
|       |     consumption values.   |                                  |
|       |                           | -   Swimming, boating, camping,  |
|       | -   Assume always         |     hunting, & fishing: TBD.     |
|       |     outdoors in contact   |                                  |
|       |     with Savannah River.  |                                  |
|       |                           |                                  |
|       | -   Assume they obtained  |                                  |
|       |     their food from the   |                                  |
|       |     nearest local farm or |                                  |
|       |     grocery store.        |                                  |
|       |                           |                                  |
|       | -   Validate with the     |                                  |
|       |     Citizens Advisory     |                                  |
|       |     Board that the boat   |                                  |
|       |     scenario is           |                                  |
|       |     plausible, and if so, |                                  |
|       |     define a location.    |                                  |
|       |                           |                                  |
|       | -   If not plausible,     |                                  |
|       |     replace the boat      |                                  |
|       |     scenario with a new   |                                  |
|       |     scenario of a site    |                                  |
|       |     construction worker   |                                  |
|       |     living in a trailer.  |                                  |
+-------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+
| Mi    | -   Use the closest       | -   Scenario location: TBD.      |
| grant |     downwind location.    |                                  |
| W     |                           | -   In 1950's, a family of two   |
| orker | -   Consider an adult, an |     parents, two children of     |
|       |     infant born in 1955   |     varying ages. In 1960's, a   |
|       |     and an infant born in |     family of two parents, three |
|       |     1964 (year of largest |     children.                    |
|       |     iodine release).      |                                  |
|       |                           | -   Schools: TBD.                |
|       | -   Use default           |                                  |
|       |     consumption values.   | -   Work: TBD.                   |
|       |                           |                                  |
|       | -   Assume always         | -   Religion: TBD.               |
|       |     outdoors in contact   |                                  |
|       |     with the soil.        | -   Food sources: TBD.           |
|       |                           |                                  |
|       | -   Assume that crops     | -   Swimming, boating, camping,  |
|       |     were irrigated by the |     hunting, & fishing: TBD.     |
|       |     Savannah River.       |                                  |
|       |                           |                                  |
|       | -   Assume they obtained  |                                  |
|       |     their food from the   |                                  |
|       |     nearest local farm or |                                  |
|       |     grocery store.        |                                  |
+-------+---------------------------+----------------------------------+

Table E‑2 SRSHES Work Group Suggested Modifications to CDC Proposed
Scenarios

+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Proposed    | SRSHES Work Group Suggested Modifications to Scenarios |
| Scenario    |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Rural       | -   Milk source was most likely the local dairies near |
|             |     Girard, but not to the exclusion of the backyard   |
|             |     cow.                                               |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   Assume the family had dogs for pets.               |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   Assume the family had chickens.                    |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Urban/      | -   Milk was obtained from a local grocery in Augusta, |
|             |     and not the "nearest dairy or a rural neighbor."   |
| Suburban    |     Backyard cow is also included for the purpose of   |
|             |     dose modeling.                                     |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   Add that the mother also worked at the site during |
|             |     the early months of her first pregnancy (actual    |
|             |     anecdotal). Stayed home after birth of her first   |
|             |     child.                                             |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   Include a family pet.                              |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Delivery    | -   No dosimetry issued for this person.               |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   Consider backyard chickens and/or rabbits at       |
|             |     residence.                                         |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Outdoor     | -   Scenario also includes the hypothetical poacher.   |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   Hunting dogs were also family pets.                |
|             |                                                        |
|             | -   Some potential onsite exposure from trapping       |
|             |     activities, streams, ponds, etc.                   |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Near River  | -   Scenario modifications to be developed.            |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Migrant     | -   Scenario modifications to be developed.            |
| Worker      |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Source:     |                                                        |
| Lockridge,  |                                                        |
| 2002 (1).   |                                                        |
+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------+

### Exposure Scenarios and Locations

As discussed in [Chapter
6](../Chapter_06_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc), releases to the air
from any SRS source were modeled as being transported in each of 16
sectors defined by the 16 major compass directions, consistent with the
meteorological data obtained for the SRS. Figure E-1 shows that, in any
sector, at a given distance from a source, concentrations were modeled
as being the same along all points of an arc defined by the radial
distance from the source. It shows the relative radionuclide
concentration from a unit source at a distance of 10 miles from the
source. In each sector, the relative concentration is constant across
the sector width. ![](media/image1.wmf){width="3.4451388888888888in"
height="2.9458333333333333in"}

The meaning of this modeling simplification is that at a given distance
from a source, the same concentrations will be determined anywhere is a
sector. Thus, two hypothetical exposure locations that are fairly close
together will generally not differ significantly in modeled
concentrations.

#### Exposure Scenarios and Locations Considered for Phase III

In addition to the six exposure scenarios originally proposed by CDC, a
seventh was added. When the scenario locations were plotted on a map of
the area surrounding the SRS, it was noted that approximately 90° out of
360°---generally towards the northeast---was without an exposure
scenario. Therefore, a seventh---identified as Rural Family Two---was
added with concurrence from CDC and the SRSHES.

Each of the seven exposure scenarios consisted of a family living at a
designated location. In each scenario, exposure locations were
identified to represent where family members lived, worked, attended
school, and engaged in recreational activities; where their food was
grown; and where other activities were located. For all 7 scenarios, a
total of 10 exposure locations were considered for radionuclides that
had been transported through the air, while 2 exposure locations were
considered for radionuclides that had been transported through surface
water.

Figure E-2 shows the exposure locations assumed for the seven exposure
scenarios.

![](media/image2.wmf){width="5.93125in" height="5.214583333333334in"}

Figure E‑2 Exposure Locations for Exposure Scenarios

Tables E-3 and E-4 summarize the exposure locations for contamination
released into the air, while Tables E-5 and E-6 summarize the exposure
locations for contamination released to surface water. The Lower Three
Runs Creek exposure location is in the vicinity of Martin, South
Carolina. The downstream Savannah River exposure location is
representative of multiple possible locations downstream from the site.

**Table E‑3 Summary of Exposure Locations for SRS Air Releases**

  ---------------- ------------------- ---------- ------------ -------- --------- ----------- -------- ---------- ----------- --------- ----------
  CDC Scenario     Activity            Exposure                                                                                         
                                       Location                                                                                         

                                       Girard     Waynesboro   Martin   Augusta   Williston   SRS      Barnwell   Allendale   Jackson   New
                                                                                              Onsite                                    Ellenton

  Rural Family One All except high     X                                                                                                
                   school                                                                                                               

                   High school                    X                                                                                     

  Rural Family Two All activities                                                 X                                                     

  Urban/Suburban   All except                                           X                                                               
  Family           employment                                                                                                           

                   Employment                                                                 X                                         

  Delivery Person  All except noted                                                                    X                                
                   below                                                                                                                

                   Employment                                                                 X                   X                     

                   Church, hunting.                            X                                                                        
                   Partial grocery,                                                                                                     
                   swimming, fishing                                                                                                    

  Outdoors Person  All except                                                                                                 X         
                   employment                                                                                                           

                   Employment                                                                 X                                         

  Near River       All activities                              X                                                                        
  Family                                                                                                                                

  Migrant Family   All activities                                                                                                       X
  ---------------- ------------------- ---------- ------------ -------- --------- ----------- -------- ---------- ----------- --------- ----------

The scenarios and exposure locations are:

-   [Rural Family One]{.underline}. This family lived on a farm near
    Girard, Georgia. The Girard exposure location was where the family
    hunted, fished, and grew or produced much of their food. Although
    the adults always stayed near the farm, the children attended high
    school in Waynesboro, Georgia.

-   [Rural Family Two]{.underline}. This family lived on a farm near
    Williston, South Carolina. The Williston exposure location was where
    the family hunted, fished, and grew or produced much of their food.
    All family members lived at the Williston exposure location for all
    39 years, including grade and high school for the children.

-   [Urban/Suburban Family]{.underline}. This family lived near the
    intersection of Broad and Greene Streets in Augusta, Georgia. The
    Augusta exposure location was assumed for most family activities
    including swimming, boating, and fishing. It was the exposure
    location where much of the family's food was grown or produced,
    including half of their milk. The other half of their milk came from
    cows located

    **Table E‑4** Exposure Locations for Air Releases by Scenario and
    Pathway

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th rowspan="3">Scenario</th>
<th rowspan="3">Individual</th>
<th colspan="13">Pathway</th>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<th colspan="2">External Exposure</th>
<th colspan="2">Inhalation</th>
<th colspan="9">Ingestion</th>
</tr>
<tr class="header">
<th>Air</th>
<th>Soil</th>
<th>Air</th>
<th>Resus-pended Soil</th>
<th>Beef</th>
<th>Poultry</th>
<th>Milk</th>
<th>Eggs</th>
<th>Leafy Veg</th>
<th>Root Veg</th>
<th>Fruit</th>
<th>Grain</th>
<th>Soil</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="4">Rural Family One</td>
<td>Adult Male</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult Female</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Child Born 1955</td>
<td><p>Girard,</p>
<p>Waynesboro</p></td>
<td><p>Girard,</p>
<p>Waynesboro</p></td>
<td><p>Girard,</p>
<p>Waynesboro</p></td>
<td><p>Girard,</p>
<p>Waynesboro</p></td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Child Born 1964</td>
<td><p>Girard,</p>
<p>Waynesboro</p></td>
<td><p>Girard,</p>
<p>Waynesboro</p></td>
<td><p>Girard,</p>
<p>Waynesboro</p></td>
<td><p>Girard,</p>
<p>Waynesboro</p></td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Girard</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="4">Rural Family Two</td>
<td>Adult Male</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult Female</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Child Born 1955</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Child Born 1964</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Williston</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="4">Urban/ Suburb Family</td>
<td>Adult Male</td>
<td><p>Augusta,</p>
<p>Onsite SRS</p></td>
<td><p>Augusta,</p>
<p>Onsite SRS</p></td>
<td><p>Augusta,</p>
<p>Onsite SRS</p></td>
<td><p>Augusta,</p>
<p>Onsite SRS</p></td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta, New Ellenton</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult Female</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta, New Ellenton</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Child Born 1955</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta, New Ellenton</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Child Born 1964</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta, New Ellenton</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="4">Delivery Person</td>
<td>Adult Male</td>
<td>Barnwell, Martin, Allendale, Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Barnwell, Martin, Allendale, Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Barnwell, Martin, Allendale, Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Barnwell, Martin, Allendale, Onsite SRS</td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult Female</td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Child Born 1955</td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Child Born 1964</td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
<td><p>Barnwell,</p>
<p>Martin</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="4">Outdoors Person</td>
<td>Adult Male</td>
<td>Jackson, Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Jackson, Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Jackson, Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Jackson, Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Jackson, Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult Female</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson, Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Child Born 1955</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson, Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Child Born 1964</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson, Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="4">Near River Family</td>
<td>Adult Male</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult Female</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Child Born 1955</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Child Born 1964</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>Martin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="4">Migrant Worker Family</td>
<td>Adult Male</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult Female</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Child Born 1955</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Child Born 1964</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
<td>New Ellenton</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Table E‑5 Exposure Locations for Water Releases by Scenario and Pathway

+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Family     | Ext   |   |        |       | Inge  |   |           |
|         | Member     | ernal |   |        |       | stion |   |           |
|         |            | Exp   |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | osure |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+=========+============+=======+===+========+=======+=======+===+===========+
|         |            | Shor  |   | Sw     | Bo    | Fish  | S |           |
|         |            | eline |   | imming | ating |       | w |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | i |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | m |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | m |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | i |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | n |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | g |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
| Rural   | Adult Male | This  |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Family  |            | f     |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| One     |            | amily |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | was   |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | as    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | sumed |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | to do |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | no    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | bo    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | ating |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | in    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | accor |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | dance |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | with  |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | Lock  |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | ridge |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | 2002  |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | (1).  |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Adult      |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | Female     |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1955       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1964       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
| Rural   | Adult Male | This  |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Family  |            | f     |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Two     |            | amily |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | was   |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | as    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | sumed |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | to do |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | no    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | bo    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | ating |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | in    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | accor |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | dance |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | with  |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | Lock  |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | ridge |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | 2002  |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | (1).  |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Adult      |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | Female     |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1955       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1964       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
| Urban/  | Adult Male | Activ |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Suburb  |            | ities |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Family  |            | were  |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | unaff |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | ected |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | by    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | rad   |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | ionuc |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | lides |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | rel   |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | eased |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | to    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | su    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | rface |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | wa    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | ters. |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Adult      |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | Female     |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1955       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1964       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
| D       | Adult Male | LTRC  | L |        | Sav   | LTRC  |   | LTRC      |
| elivery |            | &     | T |        | annah | &     |   |           |
| Person  |            | SR\*  | R |        | River |       |   |           |
|         |            |       | C |        |       | SR\*  |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Adult      |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | Female     |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1955       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1964       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
| Outd    | Adult      | Sav   |   | Sa     | Sav   | Sav   | S |           |
| oors^†^ | Male^†^    | annah |   | vannah | annah | annah | a |           |
| Person  |            | Riv   |   | Ri     | Riv   | Riv   | v |           |
|         |            | er^†^ |   | ver^†^ | er^†^ | er^†^ | a |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | n |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | n |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | a |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | h |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | R |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | i |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | v |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | e |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | r |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | ^ |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | † |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       | ^ |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Adult      |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | Female     |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1955       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1964       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
| Near    | Adult Male | Sav   |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| River   |            | annah |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Family  |            | R     |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | iver, |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | all   |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | pat   |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | hways |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Adult      |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | Female     |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1955       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1964       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
| Migrant | Adult Male | Activ |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Worker  |            | ities |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Family  |            | were  |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | unaff |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | ected |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | by    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | rad   |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | ionuc |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | lides |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | rel   |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | eased |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | to    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | su    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | rface |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | wa    |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            | ters. |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Adult      |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | Female     |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1955       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
|         | Child Born |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         | 1964       |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+
| \*LTRC  |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| --      |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Lower   |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Three   |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Runs    |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Creek;  |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| SR ---  |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| S       |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| avannah |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| River.  |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
|         |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| ^†^The  |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Adult   |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Male    |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| and     |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| grown   |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| c       |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| hildren |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| r       |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| eceived |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| e       |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| xternal |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| sh      |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| oreline |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| exp     |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| osures. |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| The     |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Adult   |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Female  |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| did     |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| not.    |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| Family  |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| members |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| r       |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| eceived |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| ex      |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| posures |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| from    |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| boating |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| and     |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| from    |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| eating  |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| fish,   |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| but not |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| from    |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| sw      |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
| imming. |            |       |   |        |       |       |   |           |
+---------+------------+-------+---+--------+-------+-------+---+-----------+

Table E‑6 Summary of Exposure Locations for SRS Water Releases

+----------------+--------------------+---------+---------+-----------+
| Scenario       | Activities /       | Dow     | Lower   | No        |
|                | Pathways           | nstream | Three   | Exposure  |
|                |                    | S       | Runs    | to        |
|                |                    | avannah | Creek   | Affected  |
|                |                    | River   |         | Water^\*^ |
+----------------+--------------------+---------+---------+-----------+
| Rural Family   | All activities^†^  |         |         | X         |
| One            |                    |         |         |           |
+----------------+--------------------+---------+---------+-----------+
| Rural Family   | All                |         |         | X         |
| Two            | activities**^†^**  |         |         |           |
+----------------+--------------------+---------+---------+-----------+
| Urban/Suburban | All                |         |         | X         |
| Family         | activities**^†^**  |         |         |           |
+----------------+--------------------+---------+---------+-----------+
| Delivery       | Fishing, swimming, |         | X       |           |
| Person         | shoreline          |         |         |           |
+----------------+--------------------+---------+---------+-----------+
|                | Boating (and       | X       |         |           |
|                | fishing)           |         |         |           |
+----------------+--------------------+---------+---------+-----------+
| Outdoors       | Fishing,           | X^‡^    |         |           |
| Person         | shoreline, boating |         |         |           |
+----------------+--------------------+---------+---------+-----------+
|                | Swimming           |         |         | X^§^      |
+----------------+--------------------+---------+---------+-----------+
| Near River     | All activities^†^  | X       |         |           |
| Family         |                    |         |         |           |
+----------------+--------------------+---------+---------+-----------+
| Migrant Worker | All activities^†^  |         |         | X         |
| Family         |                    |         |         |           |
+----------------+--------------------+---------+---------+-----------+
| \*Either the   |                    |         |         |           |
| activity       |                    |         |         |           |
| occurred in    |                    |         |         |           |
| unaffected     |                    |         |         |           |
| water or the   |                    |         |         |           |
| activity did   |                    |         |         |           |
| not occur.     |                    |         |         |           |
|                |                    |         |         |           |
| ^†^"All        |                    |         |         |           |
| activities"    |                    |         |         |           |
| included       |                    |         |         |           |
| fishing,       |                    |         |         |           |
| boating,       |                    |         |         |           |
| swimming, and  |                    |         |         |           |
| shoreline.     |                    |         |         |           |
|                |                    |         |         |           |
| ^‡^Only the    |                    |         |         |           |
| adult male and |                    |         |         |           |
| grown children |                    |         |         |           |
| received       |                    |         |         |           |
| shoreline      |                    |         |         |           |
| exposures,     |                    |         |         |           |
| while working  |                    |         |         |           |
| at SRS.        |                    |         |         |           |
|                |                    |         |         |           |
| ^§^For entire  |                    |         |         |           |
| family while   |                    |         |         |           |
| recreating on  |                    |         |         |           |
| the Savannah   |                    |         |         |           |
| River.         |                    |         |         |           |
+----------------+--------------------+---------+---------+-----------+

in New Ellenton, South Carolina. The father worked onsite at the SRS.
(The children also worked onsite at the SRS when they grew up.) A
representative location on the SRS site, near the K-Reactor, was assumed
as a work exposure location.

-   [Migrant Worker Family]{.underline}. This family lived in New
    Ellenton, South Carolina, for half of any year. The New Ellenton
    exposure location was assumed for all exposures and activities
    (home, schools, church, work, recreation, and the source for locally
    grown vegetables, milk, and meat).

-   [Delivery Person Family]{.underline}. This family lived in Barnwell,
    South Carolina, and attended church in Martin, South Carolina. Some
    of the food eaten by this family was obtained from Barnwell and some
    from Martin. The father worked in Allendale, South Carolina, and
    onsite at the SRS. (The children also worked onsite when they grew
    up.) A representative location on the SRS site, near the K-Reactor,
    was assumed as a work exposure location. The father hunted deer and
    wild fowl near Martin. The family engaged in recreation on the shore
    of Lower Three Runs Creek (at Martin) and on the shore of the
    Savannah River below its confluence with Lower Three Runs Creek. The
    family boated on, and ate fish from, the Savannah River at this same
    exposure location. The family also ate fish caught in Lower Three
    Runs Creek.

-   [Outdoors Person Family]{.underline}. This family lived in Jackson,
    South Carolina, where the family also attended church and the
    children went to grade and high school. Much of the food eaten by
    the family was grown in Jackson. The father worked and hunted on the
    SRS site (as did the children when they grew up). The same location
    on the SRS site, near the K-Reactor, was assumed for the work
    exposure location and the hunting exposure location. The father
    boated on the Savannah River while working and with his family for
    recreation. The family swam and spent time along the shoreline at
    the Jackson Boat Ramp, which is upstream of the SRS discharge to the
    Savannah River. All family members ate fish that were caught in the
    Savannah River below its confluence with Lower Three Runs Creek.

-   [Near River Family]{.underline}. This family lived in Martin, South
    Carolina.[^2] The Martin exposure location was assumed for all
    activities (home, schools, church, work, recreation, source of milk,
    and the source of locally grown vegetables). In addition, the family
    boated in, and ate fish from, the Savannah River below its
    confluence with Lower Three Runs Creek.

[Discussion of Assumptions About Exposure Scenarios and
Locations]{.underline}

The following discussion provides additional information about the
selection of exposure scenarios and the locations:

-   Two rural farming families---Rural Family One and Rural Family
    Two---were assumed rather than one. Rural Family Two was added to
    the area near Williston, South Carolina. CDC staff had suggested
    adding an exposure scenario to the northeast of the SRS to assure
    that possible radiation exposures in that direction would be
    considered (3). It was decided that this exposure scenario would be
    a rural family similar to the farming family located near Girard,
    Georgia (Rural Family One).

-   New Ellenton, South Carolina, was chosen as the exposure location
    for the Migrant Worker Family. Although a migrant worker scenario
    had been proposed by CDC, the location where the scenario would be
    sited was undetermined. (The SRSHES Work Group did not recommend a
    location \[1\].) The Migrant Worker Scenario was located in New
    Ellenton to assure that exposures from radionuclides released to the
    north from the SRS would be considered and because migrant farm
    families were probably present in the New Ellenton area during much
    of the period of interest (2). In addition, the New Ellenton area
    was chosen as the location of a dairy patronized by the
    Urban/Suburban Family (2).

-   The Urban/Suburban Family was assumed to fish, swim, and boat at the
    Augusta exposure location. The SRSHES Scenarios Work Group had
    proposed using Clark's Hill Lake (now called the Strom Thurmond
    Reservoir) for these activities (1). The Augusta location was chosen
    as an alternative to help limit the number of exposure locations
    that had to be modeled. Because both Clark's Hill Lake and Augusta
    are well above any point of surface water discharge from the SRS, no
    receptors at either location would have experienced radiological
    exposures from radionuclides released by the SRS to surface water.
    The only potential exposures would have been from radionuclides
    released into the air. Because Augusta is closer to the SRS than
    Clark's Hill Lake and both locations are northeast of the SRS,
    Augusta was a more conservative choice than Clark's Hill Lake.

-   Any person exposed on the SRS site was assumed not to have been a
    radiological worker whose radiation exposures would have been
    routinely measured. This person would have had access to the site
    but not to areas controlled for purposes of radiation protection.
    Two candidate locations were identified: (1) near K-Reactor, and (2)
    the F- and H-Areas. Although hunting was probably more likely near
    K-Reactor, more people were employed in the F- and H-Areas. The
    K-Reactor vicinity was chosen to represent the exposure location for
    all onsite receptors, whether working or hunting.

-   For all scenarios, all hypothetical family members stayed in the SRS
    area over the entire 39-year period. Children born and raised in the
    area always remained at home except for participating in specified
    activities such as school and recreation. After finishing high
    school, the children lived in their home communities. Each child
    adopted the same occupation and recreational activities as the adult
    male in their family from age 18 on.

-   All radiation exposures associated with the Savannah River (boating,
    swimming, shoreline, and fishing) were assumed to occur at a
    location below the confluence of the Savannah River with Lower Three
    Runs Creek. Below the confluence, the Savannah River contained
    radionuclides that were discharged into the river through the
    Savannah River Swamp as well as radionuclides that were discharged
    into the river from Lower Three Runs Creek. The flow rate was not
    significantly larger than further upstream. For purposes of
    calculating air exposures while recreating on the Savannah River
    (e.g., immersion and inhalation doses), the Martin location was
    assumed as representative. Martin, Smith Lake, and Little Hell
    Landing are all within a few miles of one another.

### E.1.2 Additional Refinements to Proposed Exposure Scenarios {#e.1.2-additional-refinements-to-proposed-exposure-scenarios .unnumbered}

In addition to the overall decisions described above, the following
several refinements were made to the specifics of the exposure scenarios
proposed by CDC and addressed by the SRSHES:

-   [Consumption of locally acquired milk]{.underline}. It was assumed
    for all scenarios that family members drank milk from cows located
    in the SRS vicinity, meaning that all milk contained radionuclides
    that had been released into the air from the SRS. This assumption
    met the intent of the SRSHES Work Group's suggestion that the
    urban/suburban and rural families should drink milk from family cows
    (1).

-   [Consumption of poultry]{.underline}. It was assumed that much of
    the poultry eaten by all members of all scenarios was produced in
    the SRS vicinity. This assumption largely met the intent of the
    SRSHES Work Group's suggestion to include family chickens in some
    scenarios (1).

-   [Hunting and similar outdoors activities]{.underline}. It was
    assumed for several scenarios that the adult male performed outdoor
    activities such as hunting, trapping, and fishing. Radiation
    exposures received through consumption of game animals was modeled
    for the two rural families (i.e., the Delivery Person and Outdoors
    Person Families) by assuming that meat from game animals could be
    represented as either a form of beef or poultry (see [Section
    E.2.2](#overview-of-food-product-consumption) of this appendix and
    Section D.1.1.2 of [Appendix
    D](../Appendix_D_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc).) Radiation
    exposures received through consumption of fish was modeled for the
    Delivery Person, Outdoor Person, and Near River Families ([see
    Section E.5.2.3](#aquatic-food-ingestion)).

-   [Consumption of crustaceans]{.underline}. All radiation exposures
    from eating aquatic animals were assumed to come from eating fish.
    The SRSHES Work Group had suggested that shell fishing, shrimping,
    and crabbing should be considered as food sources for the Near River
    Family scenario (1). However, the level of contamination at brackish
    downriver water locations is small and unlikely to add to radiation
    exposures in the vicinity of the SRS.

-   [Irrigation]{.underline}. Irrigation with water contaminated with
    radionuclides from the SRS was not modeled as an exposure pathway.
    Although the proposed CDC scenario had envisioned that the rural
    family and migrant families would irrigate crops with water taken
    from the Savannah River (1), it was determined that such a pathway
    would be unrealistic for the SRS area.

-   [Houseboating]{.underline}. The Near River Family was assumed to
    live in Martin, South Carolina, an exposure location that was
    consistent with the recommendations of the SRSHES Work Group (1).
    CDC had proposed that the family living near the river should live
    on a houseboat (1). Yet there was no evidence that persons lived on
    houseboats in the SRS area.

-   [Family composition]{.underline}. Each exposure scenario consists of
    two adults and two children. The SRSHES Work Group had suggested
    that five children be assumed for the rural family and three for the
    delivery person family (1). However, it was determined that this
    additional information would only confirm the assumptions of the
    proposed CDC scenarios. Each scenario proposed by CDC included two
    children who were born during years that SRS released large
    quantities of radionuclides into the air (1).

-   [Religion]{.underline}. It was assumed that all family members
    attended religious services for a few hours each week. This
    assumption was consistent with the SRSHES Work Group's suggestions
    (1). For most scenarios, it was assumed that the place of worship
    was near the family residence. The scope of the study did not
    support making distinctions between the specific locations of the
    structures within a small geographical area.

-   [Pets]{.underline}. Pets were not modeled as a separate exposure
    pathway. The SRSHES Work Group suggested that persons living in the
    SRS vicinity would probably have had pets such as hunting dogs (1).
    These pets may have brought radionuclides into a house from dust or
    dirt caught in their fur. However, the Phase III radiological
    assessment made no distinction between radionuclide concentrations
    indoors or outdoors, either in the air or deposited on the ground.

-   [Nursing mothers]{.underline}. The rural family scenario as proposed
    by CDC called for a mother nursing at least one of the children (1).
    Separate exposures through this pathway were not modeled because a
    standard approach could not be used to simulate this pathway.
    However, the Phase III radiological assessment did consider the
    consumption of contaminated foodstuffs by infants, including cow's
    milk.

-   [*In utero* exposures]{.underline}. It was assumed that the Adult
    Female for the Urban/Suburban Family scenario always worked at home.
    The SRSHES Work Group had suggested that the mother of the
    urban/suburban family be assumed to work onsite until well into her
    pregnancy (1). It was recognized that the Work Group's proposed
    assumption was directed at assessing *in utero* exposure to an
    unborn child. However, neither the modeling approach used nor the
    dose and risk coefficients that were used as principal components of
    the analysis address such exposures.[^3]

## Additional Assumptions About Scenarios

To perform the Phase III radiological assessments, it was necessary to
add several additional assumptions to those provided by CDC and the
SRSHES to address specific features of the exposure scenarios. These
assumptions are addressed in detail in [Appendix
E](../Appendix_E%20ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) and summarized here.

### Composition of Exposure Scenario Families

It was assumed that each of the seven hypothetical families had the same
composition:

-   A male who was an adult (over age 18) in 1954.

-   A female who was an adult (over age 18) in 1954.

-   A male child born in 1955.

-   A male child born in 1964.

This family composition was chosen to model infant exposures during 1955
and 1964 when releases of radionuclides to the environment were
relatively large. Male children were modeled because males receive
slightly larger radiation exposures for some pathways than females
(e.g., males eat more than females) and therefore provide more
conservative estimates of doses and risks. It was desirable to make both
children the same sex to allow direct observation of the effect of being
born at different times.

Figure E-3 presents the age and gender of each receptor for each year of
exposure. A 39-year period was modeled starting at the beginning of 1954
and finishing at the end of 1992. Information about the age and gender
of each member of the scenario families was used to determine the
ingestion rates of certain foods (Section E.2.2), the times spent
performing different activities (Section E.2.3), and other activities.
In addition, information about each individual's age and gender was used
to convert exposure levels to lifetime radiation dose and cancer risk as
discussed in [Chapter 10](../Chapter_10_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc)
and [Appendix D](../Appendix_D_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc).

As the children grew from infants to adults, assumptions about parameter
values were made that were appropriate for their age. Each child was
assumed to grow from a male infant (his first year), to a preschooler (3
years from ages 2-4), to a grade-school aged child (7 years from ages
5-11), to a teenager (6 years from ages 12-17) years), to an adult age
(all remaining years from age 18 on). After each child reached age 18,
parameter values appropriate for an adult were maintained for the rest
of the study period. The Child Born in 1955 became an adult in 1973; the
Child Born in 1964 became an adult in 1982.

![](media/image3.wmf){width="6.038194444444445in"
height="4.16875in"}Figure E‑3 Age and Gender Categories of Modeled
Receptors by Year

### Overview of Food Product Consumption 

To address radiation exposures through consumption of food and animal
products, quantities of each food product eaten by each receptor were
estimated as well as the fraction of each food product that had been
contaminated with radionuclides released by the SRS. Assumptions were
made for each family member about the consumption rates of the food
products listed below. The primary data source for these assumptions was
EPA's "Exposure Factors Handbook" (5):

+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| -   Leafy vegetables            | -   Beef                           |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| -   Root vegetables             | -   Poultry                        |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| -   Fruit                       | -   Milk                           |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| -   Grain                       | -   Eggs                           |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+
|                                 | -   Fish                           |
+---------------------------------+------------------------------------+

The quantity of each food product consumed annually depended on the age
of the receptor. Adults living in the SRS vicinity at the start of SRS
operations in 1954 ate a constant annual quantity of each food product
over the 39 years of the study. Adult females generally ate less food
than did the adult males. The children ate different quantities of each
food product depending on their age. After each child reached age 18,
they ate each food product in annual quantities appropriate for an adult
male.

Assumptions about food product contamination depended on the food
product and scenario. If the food product was grown or produced locally
(e.g., from local farms or dairies), then it was assumed that all was
contaminated. If the food product was from a local store, then it was
assumed that some (generally half) was obtained locally (and therefore
contaminated) and the remainder was obtained from sources external to
the SRS vicinity.

Radiation exposure from eating game animals taken near the SRS site was
modeled by assuming that meat from all game animals could be represented
as forms of beef (e.g., venison) or poultry (e.g., wild fowl). Members
of Rural Family One and Two, the Delivery Person Family, and the
Outdoors Person Family were assumed to eat game animal meat. The total
quantities of beef and poultry that these members ate were the same as
that eaten by comparable members of the other three scenarios. However,
larger fractions of this meat were assumed to be locally produced for
these four scenarios compared to the other three scenarios.

### Scenario Exposure Time Assumptions 

To perform the exposure assessments outlined in Section E.5, it is
necessary to document the time spent by each family member performing
each of their assumed activities. Each family member was assigned a time
spent at home, at work (for the adult male and for the children after
they became adults), at church, and while performing other activities
including hunting, fishing, swimming, and boating. Times spent
performing these activities were determined from Lockridge (1), the 1997
EPA "Exposure Factors Handbook" (5), and Hamby (6). [Appendix
Q](../Appendix_Q_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) includes a matrix
showing the times performing each activity by each member of each family
exposure scenario.

Except for the Migrant Worker Family, the total time spent by each
family member performing all activities added to 8,760 hours each year
(24 hours/day x 365 days/year). This reflects the conservative
assumption that no family member was ever away from the SRS vicinity.
The total time spent by each member of the Migrant Worker Family was
only 4,380 hours/year, reflecting their presence in New Ellenton for
only half of any year.

A distinction is made between hours spent indoors vs. hours spent
outdoors because the information is used to help determine external
radiation exposures from contaminated soil (Section E.5.1.2). For each
exposure scenario, the split between indoor and outdoors hours changed
for the two children as they grew from infant to adult; however, it was
assumed to be constant for the two adults. This assumption was made to
reduce modeling complexity despite the expectation that an infant and an
Adult Female would have the same number of outside hours. But because
each of the children were infants for only a single year, it was
determined that adjusting the outside hours of the Adult Female to
closely correspond to that of the children as they grew up was not
warranted.

The hours spent indoors and outdoors were determined principally based
on (1) the definition of the exposure pathways and (2) data from
Lockridge (1) and EPA, 1997 (5). For some exposure pathways, the time
spent indoors and outdoors was contained within the definition of a
receptor's actions. For example, it was assumed that swimming, boating,
or walking a river shoreline were all outdoor activities. When indoor
and outdoor hours were not defined under the scenario specifications,
assumptions about the split between indoor and outdoor hours were made
as addressed below.

-   [Church]{.underline}. Except for the Migrant Worker Family, all
    members of all exposure scenarios spent 104 hours per year in church
    (52 weeks/year x 2 hours/week). All members of the Migrant Worker
    Family spent 52 hours per year in church. All hours in church were
    spent indoors.

-   [School]{.underline}. Except for the Migrant Worker Family, for all
    exposure scenarios, the school-aged and teenaged children all spent
    1,260 hours per year in school (180 days/year x 7 hours/day). (The
    school-aged children attended grade school and the teenagers
    attended high school.) Of these 1,260 hours per year, 900 hours were
    spent indoors and 360 hours were spent outdoors \[(5 hours
    indoors/day, 2 hours outdoors/day) x 180 days/year\]. The
    school-aged and teenaged children of the Migrant Worker Family spent
    630 hours per year in school (90 days/year x 7 hours/day). Of these
    630 hours/year; 450 hours were spent indoors and 180 hours were
    spent outdoors \[(5 hours indoors/day, 2 hours outdoors/day) x 90
    days/year\].

-   [Work]{.underline}. Except for the Migrant Worker Family, the Adult
    Male of all exposure scenarios spent 2,000 per year at work (40
    hours/week x 50 weeks/year).[^4] The Adult Male of the Migrant
    Worker Scenario spent 1,000 hours per year at work. The split
    between indoors and outdoors hours depended on the nature of the
    work. The Adult Males of Rural Family One, Rural Family Two, and
    Migrant Worker Family were farmers, spending one working hour per
    day indoors, and seven working hours per day outdoors. The Adult
    Males of the Urban/Suburban Family and Near River Family mainly
    worked within buildings, spending seven working hours per day
    indoors, and one working hour per day outdoors. The Adult Male of
    the Delivery Person Family worked 400 hours per year making
    deliveries to the SRS and the remaining 1,600 hours per year in
    Allendale. Of the annual 400 hours working onsite at the SRS, 200
    hours were indoors and 200 hours were outdoors. At Allendale, the
    remaining annual 1,600 hours were divided into 1,350 hours indoors
    and 250 hours outdoors (1 hr/day for 250 days/year spent outdoors).
    The Adult Male of the Outdoors Person Family spent all of his 2,000
    working hours at the SRS outside. Of these working hours, 260
    hours/year were spent along the SRS shoreline (where he was exposed
    to radionuclides deposited from the Savannah River on the
    shoreline), and 260 hours/year were spent boating in the Savannah
    River. The exposures from these working activities were in addition
    to recreational shoreline and boating activities addressed below.
    Thus, the following are the annual working hours for the Adult Males
    of each exposure scenario:

    \-- Rural Family One: 250 hours indoors, 1,750 hours outdoors.

    \-- Rural Family Two: 250 hours indoors, 1,750 hours outdoors.

    \-- Urban/Suburban Family: 1,750 hours indoors, 250 hours outdoors.

    \-- Migrant Worker Family: 125 hours indoors, 875 hours outdoors.

    \-- Delivery Person Family: Allendale -- 1,350 hours indoors, 250
    hours outdoors; SRS -- 200 hours indoors, 200 hours outdoors.

    \-- Outdoors Person Family: 2,000 hours outdoors, including 260
    hours on the shoreline and 260 hours boating.

    \-- Near River Family: 1,750 hours indoors, 250 hours outdoors.

Note that all children of all exposure scenarios adopted the same work
habits (and annual times spent indoors and outdoors) as did the Adult
Male of the exposure scenario when each of the children reached age 18.

-   [Hunting and fishing]{.underline}. For all receptors, hunting and
    fishing were outside activities. Except for the Adult Male of the
    Outdoors Person Scenario, the time spent hunting and fishing was
    included with the residential outside hours (see below). For the
    Adult Male of the Outdoors Person Scenario, time spent outdoors
    hunting and fishing was included with his work hours. This
    assumption also applied to the two children of the Outdoors Person
    Scenario when they reached age 18 and began working on the SRS site.

-   [Recreational swimming, shoreline, and boating]{.underline}. Except
    for members of the Migrant Worker and Near River Family, members of
    all exposure scenarios (including all members of the Outdoors Person
    Scenario) spent 21 hours/year swimming and 85 hours/year along a
    river or creek shoreline. Members of the Migrant Worker Family swam
    for 11 hours per year and spent 43 hours along a shoreline. Members
    of the Near River Family swam for 91 hours per year and spent 365
    hours per year along a shoreline. (See Section E.5.1.4 for the
    derivation of the swimming hours, and Section E.5.1.3 for the
    derivation of shoreline hours.)

Members of Rural Family One, Rural Family Two, and the Migrant Worker
Family did no boating. Members of the Urban/Suburban Family, Delivery
Person Family, and Outdoors Person Family recreationally boated for 96
hours per year, while members of the Near River Family boated for 192
hours per year. (See Section E.5.1.5 for the derivation of the boating
hours.) All swimming, shoreline, and boating hours were spent outside.

-   [Home]{.underline}. Times spent at home were determined for each
    member of each exposure scenario by adding all hours spent while at
    church, work, and school, and while swimming, boating, and spending
    time along a shoreline. These summed hours were subtracted from the
    total hours spent in the SRS vicinity each year (generally 8,760
    hours). The remaining hours were distributed between indoors and
    outdoors hours using data from the EPA "Exposure Factors
    Handbook" (5) as summarized in Table E-7. This table summarizes data
    from the EPA "Exposure Factors Handbook" (5) that presents mean
    values for the times spent indoors and outdoors for various age and
    gender categories (first column). Table E-7 also shows the
    corresponding grouping of age and gender categories that were
    modeled for this study (second column).

Table E‑7 Time Spent Outdoors -- EPA 1997 Age and Gender Categories and
Rate Data, and Corresponding Modeled Age and Gender Categories and
Calculated Rates

+--------+----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------+
| EPA    | Corresponding  | Time   | Ca       | Time      | Ca       |
| Age    | Modeled Age    | Spent  | lculated | Spent     | lculated |
| and    | and Gender     | Ou     | Time     | Indoors   | Time     |
| Gender | Categories     | tdoors | Spent    | (min      | Spent    |
| Cate   |                | (mi    | Outdoors | utes/day) | Indoors  |
| gories |                | nutes/ | (hou     |           | (hou     |
|        |                |        | rs/year) |           | rs/year) |
|        |                | day)   |          |           |          |
+========+================+========+==========+===========+==========+
| 1 -- 4 | Infant (\<1)   | 196    | 1,190    | 1,212     | 7,371    |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------+
| 1 -- 4 | Pre-School     | 196    | 1,190    | 1,212     | 7,371    |
|        | (1-7)          |        |          |           |          |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------+
| 5 --   | Child (\<7 --  | 188    | 1,141    | 1,005     | 6,115    |
| 11     | 12)            |        |          |           |          |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------+
| 12 --  | Teenager (\<12 | 135    | 823      | 970       | 5,898    |
| 17     | -- 17)         |        |          |           |          |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------+
| 18 --  | Adult Male     | 144    | 877      | 948       | 5,766    |
| 64     | (\>17)         |        |          |           |          |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------+
| 18 --  | Adult Female   | 144    | 877      | 948       | 5,766    |
| 64     | (\>17)         |        |          |           |          |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------+
| S      |                |        |          |           |          |
| ource: |                |        |          |           |          |
| Table  |                |        |          |           |          |
| 15-132 |                |        |          |           |          |
| (mean  |                |        |          |           |          |
| v      |                |        |          |           |          |
| alues) |                |        |          |           |          |
| from   |                |        |          |           |          |
| EPA,   |                |        |          |           |          |
| 1997   |                |        |          |           |          |
| (5).   |                |        |          |           |          |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------+
|        |                |        |          |           |          |
+--------+----------------+--------+----------+-----------+----------+

As an example, the Infant of Rural Family One annually spent 104 hours
in church, 21 hours swimming, and 85 hours along a shoreline. This
leaves (8,760 -- 104 -- 21 -- 85 = 8,550 hours. Using Table 3-7, the
hours spent indoors were calculated as 8,550 x 7371/(1190 + 7371) =
7,362 hours. The hours spent outdoors were calculated as 8,850 x
1190/(1190 + 7371) = 1,188 hours.

Hours for the remaining members of the exposure scenarios were
calculated in a similar manner and are listed in [Appendix
Q](../Appendix_Q_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc).

## Overview of Final Exposure Scenarios

The seven scenarios and the assumed home locations for each of the
hypothetical families making up these scenarios are described in detail
in the following sections.

### Rural Family One

This hypothetical family lived in Girard, Georgia. All family members
spent much of their work, home activities, and recreation time outdoors.
The Adult Male was a farmer, and the Adult Female worked at home. The
family hunted, fished, and swam in the Girard area and in the nearby
area of Briar Creek. The family did no boating. The children stayed at
home until they reached school age; then they attended grade schools in
Girard and high school in Waynesboro, Georgia. When not attending
school, the children remained in the Girard area. When the children grew
to adulthood, they became farmers and fished, hunted, and engaged in
recreational activities in the Girard area. All family members remained
permanently in the Girard area. Figure E-4 shows the exposure locations
of Rural Family One.

![](media/image4.wmf){width="4.717361111111111in" height="4.33125in"}

Figure E‑4 Exposure Locations of Rural Family One

All the family's milk and eggs came from cows and hens located in
Girard. The fish eaten by the family was caught in Briar Creek or other
nearby locations. Because Briar Creek is not located hydrologically
downstream from the SRS, none of the fish consumed by the family was
affected by SRS release of radionuclides to surface water. During the
1950's, half of the beef, poultry, leafy and root vegetables, and fruit
eaten by the family was grown or produced on the family farm. The
remainder came from other sources such as stores in Girard. Half of this
remaining food was locally grown or produced. Beginning in 1960, only 25
percent of their beef, poultry, vegetables, and fruit was grown or
produced on the family farm. The remaining 75 percent came from sources
such as stores. Half of this remaining food was grown or produced in
Girard, and half came from sources outside the SRS. It was assumed that
all of the locally grown grain eaten by the family was corn.[^5]
Drinking water and water used to irrigate the food grown and eaten by
the family came from local ground water or surface water sources that
were unaffected by SRS releases.

### ![](media/image5.wmf){width="4.256299212598425in" height="5.353543307086614in"}Rural Family Two

Rural Family Two was a hypothetical family substantially similar to
Rural Family One, except that the family lived and spent all their time
in Williston, South Carolina. Figure E-5 shows the exposure location of
Rural Family Two.

All family members spent much of their work, home activities, and
recreation time outdoors. The adult male was a farmer, and the adult
female worked at home. The family hunted, fished, and swam in the
Williston area. Like Rural Family One, this family did no boating. The
children stayed at home until they reached school age, and then they
attended schools in Williston. When not attending school, the children
remained in the Williston area. When the children grew to adulthood,
they became farmers. The family always lived, engaged in recreational
activities, and worked in and around the Williston area.

All of the family's milk and eggs came from cows and hens located in
Williston (on the family farm or nearby). All of the fish eaten by the
family were caught in streams or ponds in or near Williston. Because
these streams and ponds are not hydrologically downstream from the SRS,
none of the fish eaten by the family was affected by SRS releases of
radioactive material to surface water.

During the 1950's, half of the beef, poultry, leafy and root vegetables,
and fruit eaten by the family was grown or produced on the family farm.
The remaining half came from other sources such as stores in Williston.
Half of this remaining food (i.e., food not grown or raised on the
family farm) was grown or produced in Williston and the other half came
from outside the SRS area. Beginning in 1960, only 25 percent of their
beef, poultry, vegetables, and fruit was grown or produced on the family
farm. The remaining 75 percent was obtained from other sources such as
stores in Williston. Half of this remaining food was locally grown or
produced, and half came from outside the SRS area.

All locally grown grain eaten by the family was corn. Drinking water and
water used to irrigate any food grown and eaten by the family came from
ground- or surface-water sources assumed to be unaffected by SRS
releases

### Urban/Suburban Family

This hypothetical family lived in Augusta, Georgia, and all family
members were present there for most activities including school and
church. The Adult Male worked onsite at the SRS for the duration of the
study period (39 years). The children worked onsite at the SRS beginning
in 1973 for the Child Born in 1955 and 1982 for the Child Born in 1964.
All family members swam, boated, and fished in the Savannah River
flowing through the Augusta area, a location well upstream of any point
of radionuclide discharge to surface water from the SRS. Figure E-6
shows the exposure locations of the Urban/Suburban Family.

![](media/image6.wmf){width="4.23125in" height="3.6993055555555556in"}

Figure E‑5 Exposure Locations of Urban/Suburban Family

Half the family's milk came from cows in the Augusta area and half from
cows in the New Ellenton area. All eggs came from hens located in the
Augusta area. Half of their beef, poultry, leafy vegetables, root
vegetables, and fruit was grown or produced in the Augusta area, and
half came from unaffected nonlocal sources. All locally grown grain
eaten by the family was corn. Fish came from sources unaffected by
liquid releases from the SRS (e.g., from the nearby Savannah River).
Drinking water and water used to irrigate any food grown and eaten by
the family came from ground- or surface-water sources assumed to be
unaffected by SRS releases

### Migrant Worker Family

All family members spent much of their work, home activities, and
recreation time outdoors in New Ellenton, South Carolina. Figure E-7
shows the exposure location of the Migrant Worker Family. Because the
Adult Male and Adult Female worked as migrant farm workers, the family
lived in New Ellenton for only half of any year. While living in New
Ellenton, the family participated in hunting, trapping, and other
outdoor activities. The family did no boating but did participate in
other water sports such as fishing and swimming in local pools, ponds,
and creeks. The children stayed at home until they reached school age
and attended schools in New Ellenton. When the children grew to
adulthood, they became migrant farmers spending half the year in New
Ellenton and half the year away from the SRS vicinity.

![](media/image7.wmf){width="4.4631944444444445in"
height="5.054166666666666in"}

Figure E‑6 Exposure Location of Migrant Worker Family

During the six months of each year that the family lived in New
Ellenton, all of their milk and eggs were produced or collected in or
near New Ellenton. Half of the family's beef, poultry, leafy vegetables,
root vegetables, and fruit was grown or produced in the New Ellenton
area and half came from sources outside the SRS vicinity. All of their
corn was grown in the New Ellenton area. Because ponds and creeks in the
vicinity of New Ellenton are not hydrologically downstream from the SRS,
none of the fish eaten by the family was affected by SRS releases.
Drinking water and water used to irrigate foods eaten by the family came
from ground water or surface water sources unaffected by SRS liquid
releases.

### Delivery Person Family

This hypothetical family lived in Barnwell, South Carolina, where the
children attended grade and high school. Because the Adult Male worked
as a delivery driver for a bottling plant located in Allendale, South
Carolina, he spent portions of his time in Allendale and portions onsite
at the SRS where he made periodic deliveries. (When the children reached
18, they lived in Barnwell and became delivery drivers like the Adult
Male.) All family members attended religious services in Martin, South
Carolina, for two hours each week. All family members swam, fished, and
spent time along the shoreline at Lower Three Runs Creek near Martin.
The adult male hunted for deer and fowl in the Martin vicinity. Figure
E-8 shows the exposure locations of the Delivery Person Family.

![](media/image8.wmf){width="4.435416666666667in"
height="5.320138888888889in"}

Figure E‑7 Exposure Locations of Delivery Person Family

The family boated on the Savannah River using the boat ramp at Little
Hell Landing, which is upstream of the confluence of the Savannah River
with Lower Three Runs Creek. The family then moved the boat to the Smith
Lake area for fishing and activities along the Savannah River shoreline.
Smith Lake is located just below the confluence of the Savannah River
with Lower Three Runs Creek. The family did not swim in the Savannah
River.

Half of the family's milk and eggs came from cows and hens in the
Barnwell area and half came from cows and hens in the Martin area. In
addition, half the family's beef and poultry came from Barnwell and half
from Martin. Half of the beef and poultry from Barnwell was actually
produced in the Barnwell area, and half was acquired from sources away
from the SRS area. Of the beef and poultry from Martin, 25 percent
consisted of meat from hunting deer and wild fowl. That is, 25 percent
of the beef from Martin consisted of locally hunted venison while 25
percent of the poultry from Martin consisted of locally hunted wild
fowl. Of the remaining 75 percent of the beef and poultry from Martin,
half was produced in the Martin area and half was acquired (e.g., by
stores) from sources well away from the SRS.

Half the leafy vegetables, root vegetables, and fruit came from
Barnwell, and half came from Martin. Half of the produce obtained in the
Barnwell area was grown in areas away from the SRS vicinity and half of
the produce obtained in the Martin area was grown in areas away from the
SRS vicinity. Half of the corn eaten by the family was grown in Barnwell
and half in Martin.

Half of the fish eaten by the family was caught in Lower Three Runs
Creek at Martin and half was caught in the Savannah River.

### Outdoors Person Family

This hypothetical family lived in Jackson, South Carolina, and all
family members were present there for most activities including school
and religious services. When the children grew to adulthood, they
continued to live in Jackson. Family members were not present in Jackson
during employment for the Adult Male and employment for the children
when they each reached age 18. The Adult Male worked onsite at the SRS
as a hunter, as did the children when they grew up. During the time the
Adult Male spent onsite at the SRS annually, he took game animals in the
form of deer and birds, and caught fish from the Savannah River. His job
required him to spend 260 hours per year along on the Savannah River
shoreline as well as 260 hours per the year boating on the Savannah
River. Figure E-9 shows the exposure locations of the Outdoors Person
Family.

All family members (including the Adult Male) engaged in recreational
swimming in the Savannah River and spent time along the Savannah River
shoreline near the Jackson boat ramp (upstream of sources of SRS
radionuclide release to the Savannah River). All family members boated
in the Savannah River downstream of the SRS.[^6]

All milk and eggs came from cows and hens located in Jackson. Half the
leafy and root vegetables and fruit were grown in Jackson, and half came
from sources away from the SRS area. All of the family corn was grown in
Jackson.

Three-quarters of the family's beef and poultry consisted of venison and
wild fowl that was hunted by the Adult Male on the SRS site. Their
remaining beef and poultry came from other sources such as stores. Of
this, half was produced in Jackson and half came from sources away from
the SRS area. All fish taken from the Savannah River contained
radionuclides from SRS operations.

![](media/image9.wmf){width="4.844444444444444in"
height="4.895138888888889in"}

Figure E‑8 Exposure Locations of Outdoors Person Family

### Near River Family

This hypothetical family lived in Martin, South Carolina. All members
spent much of their work, home activities, and recreation time outdoors.
The family lived, worked, and went to school and church in Martin, and
participated in outdoor activities such as hunting, fishing, and
boating. Figure 3-10 shows the exposure locations for the Near River
Family.

This family spent twice as much time boating (in the Savannah River) as
did other families. Each family member spent an average of an hour per
day of each year on the Savannah River shoreline and an average of an
hour a day swimming during the summer in the Savannah River. When the
children grew up, they continued to live in Martin. The family's milk
and eggs all came from cows and hens located in Martin. Half of the
family's beef, poultry, leafy vegetables, root vegetables, and fruit was
grown or produced in Martin and half came from sources outside the SRS
vicinity. All of the corn eaten by the family was grown in Martin. All
of the fish eaten by the family was caught in the Savannah River below
its confluence with Lower Three Runs Creek. Drinking water and any
irrigation used to produce the food eaten by the family came from
sources unaffected by SRS releases.

![](media/image10.wmf){width="5.0993055555555555in"
height="6.129861111111111in"}

Figure E‑9 Exposure Locations for Near River Family

## Linkage of GENII Variables to Exposure and Adjustment Factors

Because of the size and complexity of the computational requirements,
radiological assessment calculations were performed using the GENII code
assuming "unit" quantities for receptor-specific usage factors such as
food consumption rates. The output from the GENII code was then modified
in the post-processor (software specially created for this Phase III
study) to arrive at the proper doses and risks as a function of year for
each receptor. These adjustments were performed using a series of
receptor- and pathway-specific *exposure* and *adjustment factors* that
were multiplied by the GENII output. Mathematically, the use of the
exposure and adjustment factors to calculate annual dose may be
envisioned as follows:

D~PPrp~ = D~Grp~ EF~rp~ AF~rp~

Where D~PPrp~ = The dose (Sv) calculated from the post-processor for
each receptor and for each pathway.

> D~Grp~ = The dose (Sv) calculated from GENII for each receptor and for
> each pathway, assuming unit quantities for usage factors.

EF~rp~ = A receptor- and pathway-specific exposure factor.

AF~rp~ = A receptor- and pathway-specific adjustment factor.

A similar relationship may be envisioned to calculate the use of
exposure and adjustment factors to link risks calculated from GENII runs
and those calculated using the post-processor.

Exposure and adjustment factors are discussed in Sections E.4.1 and
E.4.2, respectively.

### Creation of Exposure Factors

An *exposure factor* was created for each pathway by multiplication of
two or more GENII variables used to describe receptor-specific usage
factors. The creation of an exposure factor may be illustrated using the
example provided below.

The mathematical relationship used in the GENII code to calculate
radiation exposures received by a receptor from inhaling air containing
radionuclides is presented in the GENII Software Design Document
(Napier, 2002) and summarized in Section D.3.1 of [Appendix
D](../Appendix_D_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc). The total amount of
radioactive material inhaled over a period of time (in this case one
year) is given as follows (7):

I~aaig~(T) = C~aag~ U~aag~ T~aag~ ED~aag~

Where I~aaig~(T) = total intake of radionuclide i from air inhalation
over the period T

> at air usage location a for individuals in age group g (Bq)
>
> C~aag~ = average air concentration for radionuclide i at air usage
> location a
>
> over time period T (Bq/m^3^)

U~aag~ = inhalation rate at air usage location a for individuals in age
group g

> (m^3^/d)

T~aag~ = annual intake factor giving days per year that air inhalation
occurs

> at air usage location a for individuals in age group g (d/y)

ED~aag~ = exposure duration for the air inhalation pathway at air usage

> location a for individuals in age group g (y).

The total intake of radionuclide i, or I~aaig~(T), was then input to the
dose and risk computational module described in Section D.4, and doses
and risks were calculated for each receptor for each year of SRS
operation. To calculate I~aaig~(T), C~aag~, U~aag~, T~aag~, and ED~aag~
had to be numerically specified. The exposure duration (ED~aag~) was one
year in all cases. The average concentration (C~aag~) was determined for
each year and receptor location using the Gaussian plume air dispersion
model described in Section D.2.

The remaining parameters, U~aag~ and T~aag~, had to be input to GENII
for each code run using the FRAMES interface. The GENII variable names
for these parameters are UINH and TINH, respectively (7). Under normal
circumstances, assuming year-round presence of an adult male at the
location of interest, one would have input a value for UNIH of 15.2
m^3^/ day, which is the average daily breathing rate of an adult male
according to EPA data in its 1997 Exposure Factors Handbook (5). One
would have also input 365 days per year for TINH. (The product of UINH
and TINH is 15.2 x 365 = 5,548 m^3^/year.)

But to address computational needs as discussed above, GENII was run
(determining values for I~aaig~(T)) assuming that UINH and TINH both
equaled unity (i.e., UINH = TINH = 1). After completing the GENII
computer runs, the output from GENII was fed into the postprocessor, and
the GENII calculations were adjusted using appropriate exposure factors.
For this example, the exposure factor was calculated as the product of
the above example values for UINH and TINH. For an adult male, the
exposure factor would have been 5,548 m^3^/year. The exposure factor for
another person (say, an infant or an adult female) would have been
different because that person would have had a different average daily
breathing rate.

Similar procedures were performed for each of the pathways. Table E-8
lists, for each pathway, the GENII variables that were input as unit
values to the GENII calculations. This table also identifies the
computational parameter that the GENII variable represents, as well as
that section in [Appendix
D](../Appendix_D_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) where the use of the
parameter in the mathematical expressions codified in GENII can be
found.

Table E‑8 GENII Variables Input as Unit Values and Adjusted in
Post-Processor

+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| T   | Transfer | Exposure  | P   | GENII Variable Name and         |
| ran | Process  | Pathway   | ara | Description                     |
| s-p | or       |           | m-e |                                 |
| ort | Activity | (Section) | ter |                                 |
+=====+==========+===========+=====+=================================+
| Air | Plume    | External  | U~e | UEXAIR -- Daily exposure factor |
|     | I        | Exposure  | ag~ | (h/d)                           |
|     | mmersion |           |     |                                 |
|     |          | (Section  | T~e | TEXAIR -- Annual exposure       |
|     |          | D.3.2.1)  | ag~ | factor (d/y)                    |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| Air | Ground   | External  | SH  | SHIN -- Indoor shielding factor |
|     | Conta    | Exposure  | ~h~ | (dimensionless)\*               |
|     | mination |           |     |                                 |
|     |          | (Section  | SH  | SHOUT -- Outdoor shielding      |
|     |          | D.3.2.2)  | ~o~ | factor (dimensionless)\*        |
|     |          |           |     |                                 |
|     |          |           | U~e | UEXGRD -- Daily external        |
|     |          |           | sg~ | exposure time (h/d)             |
|     |          |           |     |                                 |
|     |          |           | T~e | TEXGRD -- Yearly external       |
|     |          |           | sg~ | exposure time (d/y)             |
|     |          |           |     |                                 |
|     |          |           | FT~ | FTIN -- Fraction of time        |
|     |          |           | hg~ | indoors (dimensionless)\*       |
|     |          |           |     |                                 |
|     |          |           | FT~ | FTOUT -- Fraction of time       |
|     |          |           | og~ | outdoors (dimensionless)\*      |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| S   | Conce    | External  | F   | EVSHOR -- Frequency of          |
| urf | ntration | Exposure  | E~s | shoreline use (event/d)         |
| ace | in       | (Section  | rg~ |                                 |
| Wa  | Sediment | D.3.2.3)  |     | TESHOR -- Duration of shoreline |
| ter |          |           | T   | use (h/event)                   |
|     |          |           | E~s |                                 |
|     |          |           | rg~ | TSHOR -- Shoreline days (d/y)   |
|     |          |           |     |                                 |
|     |          |           | T~s |                                 |
|     |          |           | rg~ |                                 |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| S   | Recr     | External  | F   | EVSWIM -- Frequency of swimming |
| urf | eational | Exposure  | E~w | (event/d)                       |
| ace | Swimming | (Section  | rg~ |                                 |
| Wa  |          | D.3.2.4)  |     | TESWIM -- Duration of swimming  |
| ter |          |           | T   | event (h/event)                 |
|     |          |           | E~w |                                 |
|     |          |           | rg~ | TSWIM -- Swimming days (d/y)    |
|     |          |           |     |                                 |
|     |          |           | T~w |                                 |
|     |          |           | rg~ |                                 |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| S   | Recr     | External  | F   | EVBOAT -- Frequency of boating  |
| urf | eational | Exposure  | E~b | event (event/d)                 |
| ace | Boating  | (Section  | rg~ |                                 |
| Wa  |          | D.3.2.5)  |     | TEBOAT -- Duration of boating   |
| ter |          |           | T   | event (h/event)                 |
|     |          |           | E~b |                                 |
|     |          |           | rg~ | TBOAT -- Boating days (d/y)     |
|     |          |           |     |                                 |
|     |          |           | T~b |                                 |
|     |          |           | rg~ |                                 |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| Air | Food     | Leafy     | U~c | UCRP 1 -- Leafy vegetable       |
|     | Crop     | Veg.      | sg~ | consumption rate (kg/y)         |
|     | Conce    | Ingest.   |     |                                 |
|     | ntration | (Section  | T~c | TCRP 1 -- Leafy vegetable       |
|     |          | D.3.3.1)  | sg~ | consumption period (d/y)        |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
|     |          | Root Veg. | U~c | UCRP 2 -- Root vegetable        |
|     |          | Ingest.   | sg~ | consumption rate (kg/y)         |
|     |          | (Section  |     |                                 |
|     |          | D.3.3.1)  | T~c | TCRP 2 -- Root vegetable        |
|     |          |           | sg~ | consumption period (d/y)        |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
|     |          | Fruit     | U~c | UCRP 3 -- Fruit consumption     |
|     |          | Ingestion | sg~ | rate (kg/y)                     |
|     |          | (Section  |     |                                 |
|     |          | D.3.3.1)  | T~c | TCRP 3 -- Fruit consumption     |
|     |          |           | sg~ | period (d/y)                    |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
|     |          | Grain     | U~c | UCRP 4 -- Grain consumption     |
|     |          | Ingestion | sg~ | rate (kg/y)                     |
|     |          | (Section  |     |                                 |
|     |          | D.3.3.1)  | T~c | TCRP 4 -- Grain consumption     |
|     |          |           | sg~ | period (d/y)                    |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| Air | Animal   | Beef      | U~a | UNAM 1 -- Beef consumption rate |
|     | Product  | Ingestion | sg~ | (kg/y)                          |
|     | Conce    | (Section  |     |                                 |
|     | ntration | D.3.3.2)  | T~a | TANM 1 -- Beef consumption      |
|     |          |           | sg~ | period (d/y)                    |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
|     |          | Poultry   | U~a | UNAM 2 -- Poultry consumption   |
|     |          | Ingestion | sg~ | rate (kg/y)                     |
|     |          | (Section  |     |                                 |
|     |          | D.3.3.2)  | T~a | TANM 2 -- Poultry consumption   |
|     |          |           | sg~ | period (d/y)                    |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
|     |          | Milk      | U~a | UNAM 3 -- Milk consumption rate |
|     |          | Ingestion | sg~ | (kg/y)                          |
|     |          | (Section  |     |                                 |
|     |          | D.3.3.2)  | T~a | TANM 3 -- Milk consumption      |
|     |          |           | sg~ | period (d/y)                    |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
|     |          | Egg       | U~a | UNAM 4 -- Egg consumption rate  |
|     |          | Ingestion | sg~ | (kg/y)                          |
|     |          | (Section  |     |                                 |
|     |          | D.3.3.2)  | T~a | TANM 4 -- Egg consumption       |
|     |          |           | sg~ | period (d/y)                    |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| S   | Aquatic  | Fish      | U~f | UAQU 1 -- Fish consumption rate |
| urf | Accu     | Ingestion | wg~ | (kg/y)                          |
| ace | mulation | (Section  |     |                                 |
| Wa  |          | D.3.3.3)  | T~f | TAQU 1 -- Fish consumption      |
| ter |          |           | wg~ | period (d/y)                    |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| Air | Ground   | Soil      | U~d | USOIL -- Daily soil consumption |
|     | Conta    | Ingestion | sg~ | rate (mg/d)                     |
|     | mination |           |     |                                 |
|     |          | (Section  | T~d | TSOIL -- Days of ingestion in a |
|     |          | D.3.3.4)  | sg~ | year (d/y)                      |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| S   | Recr     | Ingestion | F   | EVSWIM -- Frequency of swimming |
| urf | eational | (Section  | E~w | (event/d)                       |
| ace | Swimming | D.3.3.5)  | rg~ |                                 |
| Wa  |          |           |     | TESWIM -- Duration of swimming  |
| ter |          |           | T   | event (h/event)                 |
|     |          |           | E~w |                                 |
|     |          |           | rg~ | TSWIM -- Swimming days (d/y)    |
|     |          |           |     |                                 |
|     |          |           | T~w | USWIM -- Ingestion rate while   |
|     |          |           | rg~ | swimming (L/h)                  |
|     |          |           |     |                                 |
|     |          |           | U~w |                                 |
|     |          |           | wg~ |                                 |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| Air | Cont     | I         | U~a | UINH -- Air inhalation rate     |
|     | aminated | nhalation | ag~ | (m^3^/d)                        |
|     | Plume    | (Section  |     |                                 |
|     |          | D.3.4.1)  | T~a | TINH -- Intake factor (d/y)     |
|     |          |           | ag~ |                                 |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| Air | Ground   | I         | U~s | UINHR -- Resuspended soil       |
|     | Conta    | nhalation | ag~ | inhalation rate (m^3^/d)        |
|     | mination |           |     |                                 |
|     |          | (Section  | T~s | TINHR -- Resuspended soil       |
|     |          | D.3.4.2)  | ag~ | inhalation period (d/y)         |
|     |          |           |     |                                 |
|     |          |           | F~s | FRINHR -- Fraction of day       |
|     |          |           | ag~ | resuspended inhalation occurs   |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+
| \*  |          |           |     |                                 |
| S   |          |           |     |                                 |
| HIN |          |           |     |                                 |
| and |          |           |     |                                 |
| F   |          |           |     |                                 |
| TIN |          |           |     |                                 |
| w   |          |           |     |                                 |
| ere |          |           |     |                                 |
| b   |          |           |     |                                 |
| oth |          |           |     |                                 |
| set |          |           |     |                                 |
| eq  |          |           |     |                                 |
| ual |          |           |     |                                 |
| to  |          |           |     |                                 |
| ze  |          |           |     |                                 |
| ro. |          |           |     |                                 |
| SH  |          |           |     |                                 |
| OUT |          |           |     |                                 |
| and |          |           |     |                                 |
| FT  |          |           |     |                                 |
| OUT |          |           |     |                                 |
| w   |          |           |     |                                 |
| ere |          |           |     |                                 |
| b   |          |           |     |                                 |
| oth |          |           |     |                                 |
| set |          |           |     |                                 |
| eq  |          |           |     |                                 |
| ual |          |           |     |                                 |
| to  |          |           |     |                                 |
| un  |          |           |     |                                 |
| ity |          |           |     |                                 |
| (   |          |           |     |                                 |
| see |          |           |     |                                 |
| S   |          |           |     |                                 |
| ect |          |           |     |                                 |
| ion |          |           |     |                                 |
| E.5 |          |           |     |                                 |
| .1. |          |           |     |                                 |
| 2). |          |           |     |                                 |
|     |          |           |     |                                 |
| S   |          |           |     |                                 |
| our |          |           |     |                                 |
| ce: |          |           |     |                                 |
| N   |          |           |     |                                 |
| api |          |           |     |                                 |
| er, |          |           |     |                                 |
| 2   |          |           |     |                                 |
| 002 |          |           |     |                                 |
| (   |          |           |     |                                 |
| 7). |          |           |     |                                 |
+-----+----------+-----------+-----+---------------------------------+

The exposure factors that were used in the post-processor to modify the
GENII output from the calculations performed assuming unit quantities
for these GENII variables are presented for each pathway in Section E.5.

### Creation of Adjustment Factors

Adjustment factors were created as needed for certain pathways and
receptors. The adjustment factors were created when the use of a single
factor to modify GENII exposures using the post-processor was
insufficient for computational needs. Therefore, an adjustment factor
supplements an exposure factor.

Adjustment factors were most commonly used to correct for the
consumption of foods that were grown or produced outside the vicinity of
the SRS and therefore could not be contaminated by SRS operations. GENII
does not include any direct mechanism to address this situation except
for reducing the amounts of certain foods consumed during the year. This
approach was not taken, however, because it would have been more
difficult to compare assumptions taken for Phase III with those for
other studies. It was clearer to separate the two considerations: (1)
food quantities consumed and (2) the fraction of the consumed food that
was contaminated. Each consideration could then be considered
separately, and compared to other studies separately.

Section E.5 addresses the derivation of adjustment factors for each
receptor and pathway.

## Exposure and Adjustment Factors for Each Exposure Pathway

Exposure and adjustment factors are presented for each exposure pathway
in the same order as the pathways summarized in Table E-8. That is, they
are organized by exposure route:

-   [Section E.5.1]{.underline}: External Exposure Route

> E.5.1.1 Immersion in a Plume of Contaminated Air
>
> E.5.1.2 Exposure to Contaminated Soil
>
> E.5.1.3 Exposure to a Contaminated Shoreline
>
> E.5.1.4 Exposure to Contaminated Water While Swimming
>
> E.5.1.5 Exposure to Contaminated Water While Boating

-   [Section E.5.2]{.underline}: Ingestion Exposure Route

> E.5.2.1 Ingestion of Food Crops
>
> E.5.2.2 Ingestion of Animals and Animal Products
>
> E.5.2.3 Aquatic Food Ingestion
>
> E.5.2.4 Inadvertent Soil Consumption
>
> E.5.2.5 Inadvertent Ingestion of Water While Swimming

-   [Section E.5.3]{.underline}: Inhalation Exposure Route

> E.5.3.1 Inhalation of a Contaminated Plume of Air
>
> E.5.3.2 Inhalation of Resuspended Soil

### External Radiation Exposure Route

#### Immersion in a Plume of Contaminated Air

This exposure pathway accounts for external radiation exposure from
immersion in a plume of contaminated air. The following are GENII
variables for this exposure pathway:

-   UEXAIR: Daily plume immersion exposure time (hours/day).

-   TEXAIR: Yearly plume immersion exposure time (days/year).

The combination of these two variables resulted in an exposure factor in
units of hours/year. It was assumed that each receptor spent 8,760 hours
out of the year in the SRS vicinity at one or more exposure locations
(i.e., 365 days/year x 24 hours/day = 8,760 hours/year). Similar to that
for inhalation of contaminated air (Section E.5.3.1), no adjustments in
exposure factors were assumed for receptors being indoors for a portion
of each day. That is, indoor air concentrations were equal to outdoor
air concentrations. Because indoor air concentrations would likely
contain lower concentrations of airborne radioactivity, this assumption
contributed to conservative (i.e., increased) estimates of dose and
risk.

The exposure factors for the teenagers of Rural Family One were split
between Girard and Waynesboro, where the teenagers attended high school.
Assuming a total of 1,260 hours per year spent in high school, out of a
total 8,760 hours in a year, the teenagers' exposure factors were 1,260
hours/year for the time spent in high school, and 7,500 hours/year for
the remaining time spent in Girard. For the remaining family members,
exposure factors were calculated assuming that they spent the entire
year in Girard.

The split in exposure factors between Girard and Waynesboro for the
teenagers was applied for the entire time they were teenagers (i.e., for
the six years comprising 1967 through 1972 for the Child Born in 1955
and the six years comprising 1976 through 1981 for the Child Born in
1964). Thus, these teenagers spent six years partially in the Waynesboro
area rather than four.[^7]

Exposure factors for the Adult Male of the Urban/Suburban Family were
split between Augusta and his job onsite at the SRS. The adult male
exposure factors were 2,000 hours/year for the time spent at work and
6,760 hour/year for the remaining time spent in Augusta. Exposure
factors for the Adult Female of this family were calculated assuming
that she spent all her time in Augusta. The two children spent all their
time in Augusta until they each age 18, and then they each worked onsite
for 2,000 hours per year.

For the Delivery Person Family, the Adult Male worked in Allendale
(1,600 hours/year) and also occasionally came onsite at the SRS for
deliveries (400 hours/year). The remainder of his time was spent between
Barnwell, where he lived with his family, and Martin, where he and his
family recreated and attended church.

For the Outdoors Person Family, exposure factors for the adult male were
split between Jackson and his job onsite at the SRS. Exposure factors
for the Adult Female of this family were calculated assuming that she
spent all her time in Jackson. The two children were assumed to spend
all their time in Jackson until they each reached age 18, and then they
each worked onsite for 2,000 hours per year.

Exposure factors for all members of the Near River Family were
calculated assuming that each member spent all their time in Martin. The
exposure factors for the members of the Migrant Worker Family were
calculated assuming that each member spent all their time in New
Ellenton, and that they were only in the SRS vicinity for half of any
year.

Table E-9 lists the calculated exposure factors for Rural Family One,
and Table E-10 lists the calculated exposure factors for all other
exposure scenarios. While the children were teenagers, each spent six
years in the Waynesboro area. For the remaining years, they stayed in
Girard.

Adjustment factors were assumed to be unity for all receptors.

Table E‑9 Exposure Factors (hours/year) for Air Immersion Pathway for
Rural Family One

+-----------------------+------------------------+---------------------+
| Individual            | Girard                 | Waynesboro          |
+-----------------------+------------------------+---------------------+
| Adult M               | 8,760                  | 0                   |
+-----------------------+------------------------+---------------------+
| Adult F               | 8,760                  | 0                   |
+-----------------------+------------------------+---------------------+
| Child Born in 1955    | 7,500 for 1967-72;     | 1,260 for 1967-72;  |
|                       |                        |                     |
|                       | 8,760 for other years  | 0 for other years   |
+-----------------------+------------------------+---------------------+
| Child Born in 1964    | 7,500 for 1976-81;     | 1,260 for 1976-81;  |
|                       |                        |                     |
|                       | 8,760 for other years  | 0 for other years   |
+-----------------------+------------------------+---------------------+

Table E‑10 Exposure Factors (hours/year) for Air Immersion Pathway for
Remaining Scenarios

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 23%" />
<col style="width: 15%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 5%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
<col style="width: 12%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2">Individual</td>
<td colspan="3">Rural Family Two</td>
<td colspan="3">Urban/Suburban Family</td>
<td colspan="7">Delivery Family</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="3">Williston</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td colspan="2">Onsite SRS</td>
<td colspan="3">Martin</td>
<td colspan="3">Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Allendale</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adult Male</td>
<td colspan="3">8,760</td>
<td>6,760</td>
<td colspan="2">2,000</td>
<td colspan="3">306</td>
<td colspan="3">400</td>
<td>1,600</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult Female</td>
<td colspan="3">8,760</td>
<td>8,760</td>
<td colspan="2">0</td>
<td colspan="3">306</td>
<td colspan="3">0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Child Born in 1955:</td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td colspan="3"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Thru 1972</td>
<td colspan="3">8,760</td>
<td>8,760</td>
<td colspan="2">0</td>
<td colspan="3">306</td>
<td colspan="3">0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Starting 1973</td>
<td colspan="3">8,760</td>
<td>6,760</td>
<td colspan="2">2,000</td>
<td colspan="3">306</td>
<td colspan="3">400</td>
<td>1,600</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>Child Born in 1964:</p>
<p>Thru 1981</p>
<p>Starting 1982</p></td>
<td colspan="3"><p>8,760</p>
<p>8,760</p></td>
<td><p>8,760</p>
<p>6,760</p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p>0</p>
<p>2,000</p></td>
<td colspan="3"><p>306</p>
<p>306</p></td>
<td colspan="3"><p>0</p>
<p>400</p></td>
<td><p>0</p>
<p>1,600</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2">Individual</td>
<td colspan="2">Delivery Family (continued)</td>
<td colspan="6">Outdoors Person Family</td>
<td colspan="2">Near River Family</td>
<td colspan="3">Migrant Worker Family</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Barnwell</td>
<td colspan="4">Onsite SRS</td>
<td colspan="2">Jackson</td>
<td colspan="4">Martin</td>
<td colspan="2">New Ellenton</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adult Male</td>
<td>6,454</td>
<td colspan="4">2,000</td>
<td colspan="2">6,760</td>
<td colspan="4">8,760</td>
<td colspan="2">4,380</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult Female</td>
<td>8,454</td>
<td colspan="4">0</td>
<td colspan="2">8,760</td>
<td colspan="4">8,760</td>
<td colspan="2">4,380</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Child Born in 1955:</td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Thru 1972</td>
<td>8,454</td>
<td colspan="4">0</td>
<td colspan="2">8,760</td>
<td colspan="4">8,760</td>
<td colspan="2">4,380</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Starting 1973</td>
<td>6,454</td>
<td colspan="4">2,000</td>
<td colspan="2">6,760</td>
<td colspan="4">8,760</td>
<td colspan="2">4,380</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Child Born in 1964:</td>
<td></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td colspan="4"></td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Thru 1981</td>
<td>8,454</td>
<td colspan="4">0</td>
<td colspan="2">8,760</td>
<td colspan="4">8,760</td>
<td colspan="2">4,360</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Starting 1982</td>
<td>6,454</td>
<td colspan="4">2,000</td>
<td colspan="2">6,760</td>
<td colspan="4">8,760</td>
<td colspan="2">4,380</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

#### Exposure to Contaminated Soil

This exposure pathway accounts for external radiation exposure resulting
from standing on the ground at a specified exposure location
contaminated by the deposition of radionuclides from the air. Exposures
may occur either indoors or outdoors. The following are GENII variables
for this exposure pathway:

-   UEXGRD (U~esg~): Daily external ground exposure time (hours/day).

-   TEXGRD (T~esg~): Yearly external ground exposure time (days/year).

-   SHIN (SH~h~): Indoor shielding factor (unitless).

-   SHOU (SH~o~): Outdoor shielding factor (unitless).

-   FTIN (FT~hg~): Fraction of time spent indoors (unitless).

-   FTOUT (FT~og~): Fraction of time spent outdoors (unitless).

For each exposure location, exposure and adjustment factors were
calculated as follows:

Exposure Factor = U~esg~ T~esg~ (hours/year)

Adjustment Factor = \[(SH~h~ FT~hg~) + (SH~o~ FT~og~)\] (units are
dimensionless)

Exposure factors represented the total hours spent out of the year by
each receptor at each location where the receptor may have been exposed.
The amount of time that receptors spent at each location exposed to
external radiation from contaminated ground surfaces was similar, but
not equal, to the amount of time that the receptors spent at those
locations exposed to external radiation from immersion in a plume of
contaminated air. External radiation exposures from surface-contaminated
soil did not occur when the receptor was either swimming or boating. A
matrix by which exposure factors were determined for each scenario and
receptor in accordance with these considerations is presented in
[Appendix Q](../Appendix_Q_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc). Table E-11
summarizes these exposure factors for Rural Family One, and Table E-12
summarizes the exposure factors for the remaining scenarios.

To determine adjustment factors, because structures provide shielding
against ionizing radiation, the fraction of a year that each receptor
spent inside and outside had to be determined. That is, values had to be
determined for FT~hg~ and FT~og~ , where FT~hg~ + FT~og~ = 1.

[Appendix Q](../Appendix_Q_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) provides a
matrix that lists the hours spent indoors and outdoors for each receptor
and exposure location. This matrix also provides the indoor and outdoor
fractions calculated from these hours as well as the total hours spent
"out of the water" (total hours out of the year excluding swimming and
boating times). The following example illustrates the calculation of
indoors and outdoors fractions.

The infant for Rural Family One was exposed to ground contamination at
Girard for 8,739 hours out of the year (8,760 total hours in a year --
21 hours swimming minus -- hours boating = 8,739 hours). These 8,739
hours were distributed as listed in Table E-13.

The fraction of the time spent indoors was 7,466/8,739 = 0.85. The
fraction of the time spent outdoors was 1,273/8,739 = 0.15.

All church hours were spent indoors. To determine the hours spent
indoors and outdoors while at home, the total time spent at home was
distributed between indoor and outdoor hours using information from
Table E-12. In this case, the infant spent 8,550 hours at home (8,760
hours/yr -- 85 hours at the shore -- 21 hours swimming -- 104 hours at
church = 8,550 hours/year at home). Inside hours were taken to be 8,550
x 1190 / (1190 + 7371) = 1188 hours. Outside hours were taken to be
8,550 x 7371 / (1190 + 7371) = 7362 hours.

Table E‑11 Exposure Factors (hours/year) for Ground Contamination
External Exposure Pathway for Rural Family One

+----------------------+------------------------+----------------------+
| Individual           | Girard                 | Waynesboro           |
+----------------------+------------------------+----------------------+
| Adult M              | 8,739                  | 0                    |
+----------------------+------------------------+----------------------+
| Adult F              | 8,739                  | 0                    |
+----------------------+------------------------+----------------------+
| Child Born in 1955   | 7,479 for 1967-72;\*   | 1,260 for 1967-72;\* |
|                      |                        |                      |
|                      | 8,739 for other years  | 0 for other years    |
+----------------------+------------------------+----------------------+
| Child Born in 1964   | 7,479 for 1976-81;\*   | 1,260 for 1976-81;\* |
|                      |                        |                      |
|                      | 8,739 for other years  | 0 for other years    |
+----------------------+------------------------+----------------------+
| **\***During the     |                        |                      |
| indicated years      |                        |                      |
| (1969-1972 for the   |                        |                      |
| Child Born in 1955   |                        |                      |
| and 1978-81 for the  |                        |                      |
| Child Born in 1964), |                        |                      |
| the children born in |                        |                      |
| 1955 and 1964 are    |                        |                      |
| classed as           |                        |                      |
| teenagers.           |                        |                      |
+----------------------+------------------------+----------------------+

Table E‑12 Exposure Factors (hours/year) for Ground Contamination
External Exposure Pathway for Remaining Scenarios

  ---------------- ------------- ---------------- --------- --------- ---------- -------- ---------- -----------
  Individual       Rural Family  Urban/Suburban                       Delivery                       
                   Two           Family                               Family                         

                   Williston     Augusta                    Onsite    Martin     Onsite              Allendale
                                                            SRS                  SRS                 

  Adult M          8,739         6,643                      2,000     189        400                 1,600

  Adult F          8,739         8,643                      0         189        0                   0

  Child Born in                                                                                      
  1955:                                                                                              

  Thru 1972        8,739         8,643                      0         189        0                   0

  Starting 1973    8,739         6,643                      2,000     189        400                 1,600

  Child Born in                                                                                      
  1964:                                                                                              

  Thru 1981        8,739         8,643                      0         189        0                   0

  Starting 1982    8,739         6,643                      2,000     189        400                 1,600

  Individual       Delivery      Outdoors Person                      Near River          Migrant    
                   Family        Family                               Family              Worker     
                   (continued)                                                            Family     

                   Barnwell      Onsite SRS       Jackson             Martin              New        
                                                                                          Ellenton   

  Adult M          6,454         1,740            6,643               8,447               4,370      

  Adult F          8,454         0                8,643               8,447               4,370      

  Child Born in                                                                                      
  1955:                                                                                              

  Thru 1972        8,454         0                8,643               8,447               4,370      

  Starting 1973    6,454         1,740            6,643               8,447               4,370      

  Child Born in                                                                                      
  1964:                                                                                              

  Thru 1981        8,454         0                8,643               8,447               4,370      

  Starting 1982    6,454         1,740            6,643               8,447               4,370      
  ---------------- ------------- ---------------- --------- --------- ---------- -------- ---------- -----------

Table E‑13 Indoor and Outdoor Hours for Infant of Rural Family One

  ------------------------- ------------------- --------------------------
  Activity                  Hours Indoor        Hours Outdoor

  At home                   7,362               1,188

  At work                   0                   0

  On the shoreline          0                   85

  At school                 0                   0

  At Church                 104                 0

  **Total:**                7,466               1,273
  ------------------------- ------------------- --------------------------

This accounting was performed for all receptors as addressed in
[Appendix Q](../Appendix_Q_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc). [Appendix
Q](../Appendix_Q_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc) presents the total
indoor and outdoor hours calculated for each receptor as well as the
corresponding overall indoor (FT~hg~) and outdoor (FT~og~) fractions.
Table E-14 summarizes the indoor and outdoor fractions for each receptor
calculated from [Appendix
Q](../Appendix_Q_ready%20for%20CDC%20031405.doc). (Note that FT~hg~ +
FT~og~ = 1.)

These fractions were used with the indoor and outdoor shielding factors
to create receptor-specific adjustment factors according to the equation
listed above. The outdoor shielding factor (SH~o~) was set equal to 1.0
for all scenarios, exposure locations, individuals, and years. The value
assumed for the indoor shielding factor (SH~h~) was conservatively taken
to be 0.7.

The authors of this report found occasions where values for the indoor
shielding factor of 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.8 had been used or recommended.
Values of 0.5 and 0.7 have been used for modeling population doses
resulting from SRS activities (8-10). EPA had at one time recommended
using a shielding factor of 0.8, but in 1996 recommended a shielding
factor of 0.4 (11). For this recommendation, EPA had reviewed a 1981 EPA
report (12) that performed a review of experimentally measured reduction
factors from fallout. The authors concluded that "reduction factors of
0.4 to 0.2 are recommended as representative values for above-ground
lightly constructed (wood frame) and heavily constructed (block and
brick) homes, respectively" (12). From this review, EPA suggested that a
default gamma shielding factor of 0.4 based solely on the contribution
of terrestrial radiation might be more appropriate for use at sites
having soil contaminated with radionuclides than the previous default
value of 0.8. This previous default value included the effects of cosmic
radiation and the radioactivity inherent in structural materials (11).

But it was assumed that doors and windows of structures tended to remain
open (see Section E.5.3.1), which meant that interior surfaces of
structures may have been more likely to be contaminated than the
situation assumed by EPA. Therefore, a larger value (0.7) was used for
the indoor shielding factor than the default value recommended by EPA
(0.4), resulting in somewhat larger exposures than would have been the
case using the EPA default value.

Adjustment factors calculated from these considerations are presented in
Table E-15.

Table E‑14 Indoor and Outdoor Fractions for Ground Contamination Pathway

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 14%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Scenario</td>
<td>Member*</td>
<td>Loca-tion<sup>†</sup></td>
<td>Out. Frac.</td>
<td>In. Frac.</td>
<td>Scenario</td>
<td>Mem-ber*</td>
<td>Loca-tion<sup>†</sup></td>
<td>Out. Frac.</td>
<td>In. Frac.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="7"><strong>Rural Family One</strong></td>
<td>Inf.</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
<td rowspan="8"><strong>Delivery Person Family (cont.)</strong></td>
<td>Teen</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>0.45</td>
<td>0.55</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Presch</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
<td>Teen</td>
<td>Barn</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>School</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>0.18</td>
<td>0.82</td>
<td>Ad. M</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>0.45</td>
<td>0.55</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Teen</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>0.13</td>
<td>0.87</td>
<td>Ad. M</td>
<td>Barn</td>
<td>0.13</td>
<td>0.87</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Teen</td>
<td>Wayne</td>
<td>0.29</td>
<td>0.71</td>
<td>Ad. M</td>
<td>SRS</td>
<td>0.50</td>
<td>0.50</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Ad. M</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>0.31</td>
<td>0.69</td>
<td>Ad. M</td>
<td>Allen</td>
<td>0.16</td>
<td>0.84</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Ad. F</td>
<td>Girard</td>
<td>0.14</td>
<td>0.86</td>
<td>Ad. F</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>0.45</td>
<td>0.55</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="6"><strong>Rural Family Two</strong></td>
<td>Inf.</td>
<td>Will</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
<td>Ad. F</td>
<td>Barn</td>
<td>0.13</td>
<td>0.87</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Presch</td>
<td>Will</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
<td rowspan="7"><strong>Outdoor Person</strong></td>
<td>Inf.</td>
<td>Jack</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>School</td>
<td>Will</td>
<td>0.18</td>
<td>0.82</td>
<td>Presch</td>
<td>Jack</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Teen</td>
<td>Will</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
<td>School</td>
<td>Jack</td>
<td>0.18</td>
<td>0.82</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Ad. M</td>
<td>Will</td>
<td>0.31</td>
<td>0.69</td>
<td>Teen</td>
<td>Jack</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Ad. F</td>
<td>Will</td>
<td>0.14</td>
<td>0.86</td>
<td>Ad. M</td>
<td>Jack</td>
<td>0.14</td>
<td>0.86</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="7"><strong>Urban/ Suburb. Family</strong></td>
<td>Inf.</td>
<td>Aug</td>
<td>0.14</td>
<td>0.86</td>
<td>Ad. M</td>
<td>SRS</td>
<td>1.0</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Presch</td>
<td>Aug</td>
<td>0.14</td>
<td>0.86</td>
<td>Ad. F</td>
<td>Jack</td>
<td>0.14</td>
<td>0.86</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>School</td>
<td>Aug</td>
<td>0.17</td>
<td>0.83</td>
<td rowspan="6"><strong>Near River Family</strong></td>
<td>Inf.</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>0.14</td>
<td>0.86</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Teen</td>
<td>Aug</td>
<td>0.14</td>
<td>0.86</td>
<td>Presch</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>0.14</td>
<td>0.86</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Ad. M</td>
<td>Aug</td>
<td>0.13</td>
<td>0.87</td>
<td>School</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>0.18</td>
<td>0.82</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Ad. M</td>
<td>SRS</td>
<td>0.13</td>
<td>0.87</td>
<td>Teen</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Ad. F</td>
<td>Aug</td>
<td>0.13</td>
<td>0.87</td>
<td>Ad. M</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>0.13</td>
<td>0.87</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="6"><strong>Delivery Person Family</strong></td>
<td>Inf.</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>0.45</td>
<td>0.55</td>
<td>Ad. F</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>0.13</td>
<td>0.87</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Inf.</td>
<td>Barn</td>
<td>0.14</td>
<td>0.86</td>
<td rowspan="6"><strong>Migrant Worker Family</strong></td>
<td>Inf.</td>
<td>N E</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Presch</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>0.45</td>
<td>0.55</td>
<td>Presch</td>
<td>N E</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Presch</td>
<td>Barn</td>
<td>0.14</td>
<td>0.86</td>
<td>School</td>
<td>N E</td>
<td>0.18</td>
<td>0.82</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>School</td>
<td>Martin</td>
<td>0.45</td>
<td>0.55</td>
<td>Teen</td>
<td>N E</td>
<td>0.15</td>
<td>0.85</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>School</td>
<td>Barn</td>
<td>0.18</td>
<td>0.82</td>
<td>Ad. M</td>
<td>N E</td>
<td>0.31</td>
<td>0.69</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>Ad. F</td>
<td>N E</td>
<td>0.14</td>
<td>0.86</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="10"><p>*Inf - infant; Presch - preschooler; School - school
child; Ad M - Adult Male; Ad F - adult female.</p>
<p><strong><sup>†</sup></strong>Wayne - Waynesboro; Will -Williston; Aug
- Augusta; Barn - Barnwell; Allen - Allendale; Jack - Jackson; N E - New
Ellenton.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

Table E‑15 Adjustment Factors for Ground Contamination External Exposure
Pathway

  ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------ ---------------- -------- ---------- ---------- --------
  Individual   Years         Rural Family                Rural Family Urban/Suburban            Delivery              
                             One                         Two          Family                    Person                
                                                                                                Family                

                             Girard        Waynes-boro   Willi-ston   Augusta          Onsite   Martin                Onsite
                                                                                       SRS                            SRS

  Adult M      All           0.7927        0             0.7927       0.7386           0.7375   0.8349                0.8500

  Adult F      All           0.7417        0             0.7417       0.7388           0        0.8349                0

  Children     Infant        0.7437        0             0.7437       0.7409           0        0.8349                0
  Born in 1955                                                                                                        
  and 1964                                                                                                            

               Preschool     0.7437        0             0.7437       0.7409           0        0.8349                0

               Schoolchild   0.7546        0             0.7546       0.7519           0        0.8349                0

               Teen          0.7392        0.7857        0.7459       0.7431           0        0.8349                0

               Adult         0.7927        0             0.7927       0.7386           0.7375   0.8349                0

  Individual   Years         Delivery                    Outdoors                      Near                Migrant    
                             Person Family               Person                        River               Family     
                             (continued)                 Family                        Family                         

                             Allendale     Barnwell      Onsite SRS   Jackson          Martin              New        
                                                                                                           Ellenton   

  Adult M      All           0.7469        0.7396        1.0          0.7423           0.7391              0.7927     

  Adult F      All           0             0.7396        0            0.7417           0.7396              0.7417     

  Child Born   Infant        0             0.7417        0            0.7437           0.7417              0.7437     
  in 1955                                                                                                             

               Preschool     0             0.7417        0            0.7437           0.7417              0.7437     

               Schoolchild   0             0.7529        0            0.7547           0.7528              0.7547     

               Teen          0             0.7440        0            0.7460           0.7440              0.7460     

               Adult         0.7469        0.7396        0            0.7423           0.7391              0.7927     
  ------------ ------------- ------------- ------------- ------------ ---------------- -------- ---------- ---------- --------

#### Exposure to a Contaminated Shoreline

This exposure pathway accounts for external radiation exposure resulting
from standing on the shoreline containing radioactive material deposited
by contaminated water. The following are GENII variables for this
exposure pathway:

-   EVSHOR - Frequency of shoreline use (event/day).

-   TESHOR - Duration of shoreline use events (hours/event).

-   TSHOR - Shoreline days (days/year).

Exposure factors were calculated by multiplying age- and
location-specific values for these variables, resulting in a set of
exposure factors in units of hours of exposure per year. Exposure
factors thus developed are summarized in Table E-16 in accordance with
the assumptions described in Sections E.5.1.3.1 through E.5.1.3.3.

Table E‑16 Exposure Factors for Shoreline External Exposure Pathway

+---------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| Scenario      | Shoreline External        | Exposure Factors         |
|               | Pathway                   |                          |
+===============+===========================+==========================+
| Rural Family  | No shoreline external     | Exposure Factors         |
| One           | exposure. Exposure        | (hours/year) = 0 (all    |
|               | location (Briar Creek     | years and individuals)   |
|               | near Girard) is not       |                          |
|               | hydrologically            |                          |
|               | downgradient from release |                          |
|               | points.                   |                          |
+---------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| Rural Family  | No shoreline external     | Exposure Factors = 0     |
| Two           | exposure. Exposure        | (all years and           |
|               | locations (Savannah River | individuals)             |
|               | upstream of the SRS and   |                          |
|               | farm ponds around         |                          |
|               | Williston) are not        |                          |
|               | hydrologically            |                          |
|               | downgradient from release |                          |
|               | points.                   |                          |
+---------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| U             | No shoreline external     | Exposure Factors = 0     |
| rban/Suburban | exposure. Exposure        | (all years and           |
| Family        | location (Savannah River  | individuals)             |
|               | at Augusta) is not        |                          |
|               | hydrologically            |                          |
|               | downgradient from release |                          |
|               | points.                   |                          |
+---------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| Delivery      | **Lower Three Runs Creek  | Exposure Factors         |
| Person        | (LTRC) at Martin (50%)    | (hours/year)             |
|               | and the Savannah River    |                          |
|               | down stream of the LTRC   |   -------------- ------  |
|               | confluence (50%).** All   | ----------- ------------ |
|               | individuals exposed for   |   **Receptor**   **LT    |
|               | 85 hours/year for all     | RC-Martin**   **Savannah |
|               | years, combined from both |                          |
|               | locations.                |                  River** |
|               |                           |                          |
|               |                           |   Adult M                |
|               |                           |   42.5              42.5 |
|               |                           |                          |
|               |                           |   Adult F                |
|               |                           |   42.5              42.5 |
|               |                           |                          |
|               |                           |   Child 1955             |
|               |                           |   42.5              42.5 |
|               |                           |                          |
|               |                           |   Child 1964             |
|               |                           |   42.5              42.5 |
|               |                           |   -------------- ------  |
|               |                           | ----------- ------------ |
+---------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| Outdoors      | **Savannah River upstream | Exposure Factors         |
| Person        | of the SRS:** No          | (hours/year)             |
|               | shoreline external        |                          |
|               | exposure for the adult    |   ---                    |
|               | female and children. The  | ----------- ------------ |
|               | exposure location is not  |   *                      |
|               | hydrologically            | *Receptor**   **Savannah |
|               | downgradient from release |                  River** |
|               | points.                   |                          |
|               |                           |   Adult M        260     |
|               | **Savannah River          |                          |
|               | Downstream of the SRS:**  |   Adult F        0       |
|               | The adult male is exposed |                          |
|               | for 260 hours/year for    |   Child 1955     0       |
|               | all years.                |                          |
|               |                           |   Child 1964     0       |
|               |                           |   ---                    |
|               |                           | ----------- ------------ |
+---------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| Near River    | **Savannah River          | Exposure Factors         |
| Family        | Downstream of SRS:** All  | (hours/year)             |
|               | individuals are exposed   |                          |
|               | for 365 hours/year for    |   ---                    |
|               | all years.                | ----------- ------------ |
|               |                           |   *                      |
|               |                           | *Receptor**   **Savannah |
|               |                           |                  River** |
|               |                           |                          |
|               |                           |   Adult M        365     |
|               |                           |                          |
|               |                           |   Adult F        365     |
|               |                           |                          |
|               |                           |   Child 1955     365     |
|               |                           |                          |
|               |                           |   Child 1964     365     |
|               |                           |   ---                    |
|               |                           | ----------- ------------ |
+---------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+
| Migrant       | No shoreline external     | Exposure Factors = 0     |
| Worker Family | exposure. Exposure        | (all years and           |
|               | locations (Savannah River | individuals)             |
|               | upstream of the SRS and   |                          |
|               | farm ponds around New     |                          |
|               | Ellenton) are not         |                          |
|               | hydrologically            |                          |
|               | downgradient from release |                          |
|               | points.                   |                          |
+---------------+---------------------------+--------------------------+

##### Exposure Factors for the Delivery Person Family 

Shoreline exposure rates were estimated using the following factors
based on South Carolina recreational patterns as cited on pages 6 and 24
of Hamby (6):

-   Average number of shoreline usage events/year -- 19.15.

-   Average hours/shoreline usage event -- 4.44.

This resulted in an exposure rate of 85 hours/year which was applied to
all members of the Delivery Person Family. The Hamby (6) values are
based on Ledbetter (13). The numbers apply to all age groups and
represent warm-water fishing activity. This exposure value is larger
than default values cited in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC)
Regulatory Guide 1.109 (14) for a maximum exposed individual (MEI). NRC
MEI exposure values for adults, teens, and children are 12, 67, and 14
hours/year, respectively (14). Hamby (6) calculated MEI values for
population doses in the area around the SRS using local data and
assumptions. The Hamby (6) MEI numbers for adults, teens, and children
are 23, 128, and 27 hours/year, respectively.

##### Exposure Factors for the Outdoors Person Family 

The only family members that were exposed to contaminated shorelines
were the Adult Male and the two children when they became adults at age
18. It was assumed the Adult Male was present in shoreline areas along
the Savannah River onsite at the SRS as part of his job. This time
included time spent fishing and hunting. It was assumed the Adult Male
was "on the river" 8 hours/day (40 hours/week) during the summer (13
weeks), as cited in Lockridge (1). It was further assumed that half the
time spent "on the river" was spent on the shoreline, and the other half
was spent on a boat. This resulted in an exposure factor of 260
hours/year on the shoreline for the Adult Male. The Adult Female always
spent time along the shoreline at the Jackson, South Carolina, boat
ramp, which is upstream from site discharges. Until they each reached
age 18, the two children also spent their shoreline time at the Jackson
boat ramp. After reaching age 18, they each spent the same time along
the shoreline while working at the SRS as did the Adult Male (260
hours/year).

##### Exposure Factors for the Near River Family 

For these receptors, Lockridge (1) states, "Assume they were always
outdoors in contact with the Savannah River." It was assumed that the
shoreline exposure rate would have been well above average values. An
average daily exposure level of 1 hour/day (365 hours/year) was assumed
for each receptor.

#### Exposure to Contaminated Water While Swimming

This exposure pathway accounts for external radiation exposure resulting
from swimming in contaminated water. The following are GENII variables
for this exposure pathway:

-   EVSWIM - Frequency of swimming use (event/day).

-   TESWIM - Duration of swimming events (hours/event).

-   TSWIM - Swimming days (days/year).

Exposure factors were calculated taking into account these three
variables which, when multiplied, result in receptor- and
location-specific exposure factors in units of hours per year. Swimming
exposures were determined only for members of the Delivery Person
Family, who swam on Lower Three Runs Creek near Martin, South Carolina,
and the Near River Family, who swam on the Savannah River downstream of
the SRS.

For the Delivery Person Family, swimming water exposure rates were
estimated using the following factors based on South Carolina
recreational patterns cited on pages 6 and 24 of Hamby (6). The Hamby
values are based on Ledbetter (13). The following values apply to all
age groups and represent warm-water fishing activity:

-   Average number of lake swimming events per year -- 8.12 events/y.

-   Average time of lake swimming event -- 2.61 h/event.

These data resulted in exposure factors of 21.2 hours/year for each
member of the Delivery Person Family.

For the Near River Family, it is stated in Lockridge (1) to "Assume they
were always outdoors in contact with the Savannah River." A swimming
rate was assumed during the summer months of 1 hour/day, leading to an
exposure rate of 91 hrs/yr for each receptor. Table E-17 summarizes
swimming water exposure factors.

Table E‑17 Exposure Factors for Swimming External Exposure Pathway

+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Scenario       | Swimming Water External  | Exposure Factors         |
|                | Pathway                  |                          |
+================+==========================+==========================+
| Rural Family   | No swimming water        | Exposure Factors = 0     |
| One            | external exposure.       | (all years and           |
|                | Exposure location (Briar | individuals)             |
|                | Creek near Girard) is    |                          |
|                | not hydrologically       |                          |
|                | downgradient from        |                          |
|                | release points.          |                          |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Rural Family   | No swimming water        | Exposure Factors = 0     |
| Two            | external exposure.       | (all years and           |
|                | Exposure locations (farm | individuals)             |
|                | ponds around Williston)  |                          |
|                | are not hydrologically   |                          |
|                | downgradient from        |                          |
|                | release points.          |                          |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Urban/Suburban | No swimming water        | Exposure Factors = 0     |
| Family         | external exposure.       | (all years and           |
|                | Exposure location        | individuals)             |
|                | (Savannah River at       |                          |
|                | Augusta) is not          |                          |
|                | hydrologically           |                          |
|                | downgradient from        |                          |
|                | release points.          |                          |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Delivery       | **Lower Three Runs Creek | Exposure Factors         |
| Person         | (LTRC) at Martin:** All  | (hours/year)             |
|                | individuals exposed for  |                          |
|                | 21.2 hours/year for all  |   --------               |
|                | years.                   | ------ ----------------- |
|                |                          |   **Rece                 |
|                |                          | ptor**   **LTRC-Martin** |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Adult M        21.2    |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Adult F        21.2    |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Child 1955     21.2    |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Child 1964     21.2    |
|                |                          |   --------               |
|                |                          | ------ ----------------- |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Outdoors       | No swimming water        | Exposure Factors = 0     |
| Person         | external exposure.       | (all years and           |
|                | Exposure location        | individuals)             |
|                | (Savannah River upstream |                          |
|                | of the SRS) is not       |                          |
|                | hydrologically           |                          |
|                | downgradient from        |                          |
|                | release points.          |                          |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Near River     | **Savannah River         | Exposure Factors         |
| Family         | Downstream of the SRS:** | (hours/year)             |
|                | All individuals exposed  |                          |
|                | for 91 hours/year for    |   ---                    |
|                | all years.               | ----------- ------------ |
|                |                          |   *                      |
|                |                          | *Receptor**   **Savannah |
|                |                          |                  River** |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Adult M        91      |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Adult F        91      |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Child 1955     91      |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Child 1964     91      |
|                |                          |   ---                    |
|                |                          | ----------- ------------ |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Migrant Worker | No swimming water        | Exposure Factors = 0     |
| Family         | external exposure.       | (all years and           |
|                | Exposure locations       | individuals)             |
|                | (Savannah River upstream |                          |
|                | of the SRS and farm      |                          |
|                | ponds around New         |                          |
|                | Ellenton) are not        |                          |
|                | hydrologically           |                          |
|                | downgradient from        |                          |
|                | release points.          |                          |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+

#### Exposure to Contaminated Water While Boating

This exposure pathway accounts for external radiation exposures received
while boating in contaminated water. The following are GENII variables
for this exposure pathway:

-   EVBOAT -- Frequency of boating event (event/d).

-   TEBOAT -- Duration of boating event (h/event).

-   TBOAT -- Boating days (d/y).

Exposure factors determined when multiplying these variables resulted in
exposure factors in units of hours/year. Boating exposure factors were
calculated for members of the Delivery Person Family, the Outdoors
Person Family, and the Near River Family. The rationale for these
exposure factors, summarized in Table E-18, is presented in Subsections
E.5.1.5.1 through E.6.1.5.3.

Table E‑18 Exposure Factors for Boating External Exposure Pathway

+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Scenario       | Boating External Pathway | Exposure Factors         |
+================+==========================+==========================+
| Rural Family   | No boating external      | Exposure Factors = 0     |
| One            | exposure. No boating     | (all years and           |
|                | performed by receptor.   | individuals)             |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Rural Family   | No boating external      | Exposure Factors = 0     |
| Two            | exposure. No boating     | (all years and           |
|                | performed by receptor.   | individuals)             |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Urban/Suburban | No boating external      | Exposure Factors = 0     |
| Family         | exposure. Exposure       | (all years and           |
|                | location (Savannah River | individuals)             |
|                | at Augusta) is not       |                          |
|                | hydrologically           |                          |
|                | downgradient from        |                          |
|                | release points.          |                          |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Delivery       | **Savannah River         | Exposure Factors         |
| Person         | Downstream of the SRS:** | (hours/year)             |
|                | All individuals exposed  |                          |
|                | for 96 hours/year for    |   ---                    |
|                | all years.               | ----------- ------------ |
|                |                          |   *                      |
|                |                          | *Receptor**   **Savannah |
|                |                          |                  River** |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Adult M        96      |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Adult F        96      |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Child 1955     96      |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Child 1964     96      |
|                |                          |   ---                    |
|                |                          | ----------- ------------ |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Outdoors       | **Savannah River         | Exposure Factors         |
| Person         | Downstream of the SRS:** | (hours/year)             |
|                | The adult male is        |                          |
|                | exposed 356 hours/year   |   -----                  |
|                | for all years, including | ----------- ------------ |
|                | 260 hours for work and   |   **I                    |
|                | 96 hours for recreation. | ndividual**   **Savannah |
|                | Boating exposure for all |                          |
|                | other individuals is 96  |                  River** |
|                | hours/year for all       |                          |
|                | years.                   |   Adult M          356   |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Adult F          96    |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Child 1955       96    |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Child 1964       96    |
|                |                          |   -----                  |
|                |                          | ----------- ------------ |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Near River     | **Savannah River         | Exposure Factors         |
| Family         | Downstream of the SRS:** | (hours/year)             |
|                | All individuals exposed  |                          |
|                | for 192 hours/year for   |   ---                    |
|                | all years.               | ----------- ------------ |
|                |                          |   *                      |
|                |                          | *Receptor**   **Savannah |
|                |                          |                  River** |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Adult M        192     |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Adult F        192     |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Child 1955     192     |
|                |                          |                          |
|                |                          |   Child 1964     192     |
|                |                          |   ---                    |
|                |                          | ----------- ------------ |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Migrant Worker | No boating external      | Exposure Factors         |
| Family         | exposure. No boating     | (hours/year) = 0 (all    |
|                | performed by receptor.   | years and individuals)   |
+----------------+--------------------------+--------------------------+

##### Delivery Person Family 

Boating exposure rates were estimated considering South Carolina
recreational patterns as cited on pages 6 and 24 of Hamby (6), and
summarized in Table E-19. These values are based on Ledbetter (13). The
values apply to all age groups and include two categories: canoeing and
boating/sailing.

Table E‑19 South Carolina Boating Usage Rates (adapted from Hamby \[6\])

  --------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------
  Boating Usage               Canoe Trails         Boating / Sailing

  Events / Year (average)     6.13                 18.77

  Hours / Event (average)     2.25                 4.38

  Hours / Year                13.8                 82.2

  **Total**                   96 hours/year        
  --------------------------- -------------------- ----------------------

An exposure factor of 96 hours/year was assumed for all members of the
Delivery Person Family.

##### Outdoors Person 

The Adult Male was exposed to radiation to a greater extent than other
family members. The exposure factor for the Adult Male includes two
components: one for work and one for recreation. For work, the Adult
Male was calculated to boat for 260 hours/year, or half the time spent
"on the river" as cited in Lockridge (1). Because the time spent "on the
river" was cited (1) as 8 hours/day (i.e., 40 hours/week) during the
summer (i.e., 13 weeks), it assumed that the Adult Male boated while at
work for 0.5 x 40 x 130 = 260 hours/year. For recreational boating, the
same rate (i.e., 96 hours/year adapted from Hamby \[6\]) was applied to
all members of the family, including the Adult Male.

##### Near River Family 

For these receptors, Lockridge (1) states, "Assume they were always in
contact with the Savannah River." An exposure factor was calculated
assuming that these receptors went boating for twice the average rates
cited in Hamby (6). An exposure factor of 192 hours/year was assumed for
each receptor.

### Ingestion Exposure Route

#### Ingestion of Food Crops

Exposures from ingestion of food crops include exposures from ingestion
of leafy vegetables, root and other vegetables, fruit, and grain. The
following are GENII variables for these exposure pathways:

-   UCRP 1 -- Leafy vegetable daily consumption rate on days that
    consumption occurs (kg/d).

-   TCRP 1 -- Leafy vegetable consumption period: days per year that
    consumption occurs (d/y).

-   UCRP 2 -- Root vegetable daily consumption rate on days that
    consumption occurs (kg/d).

-   TCRP 2 -- Root vegetable consumption period: days per year that
    consumption occurs (d/y).

-   UCRP 3 -- Fruit daily consumption rate on days that consumption
    occurs (kg/d).

-   TCRP 3 -- Fruit consumption period: in days out of the year that
    consumption occurs (d/y).

-   UCRP 4-- Grain daily consumption rate on days that consumption
    occurs (kg/d).

-   TCRP 4 -- Grain consumption period: in days out of the year that
    consumption occurs (d/y).

Four sets of exposure factors were calculated that were linked to these
GENII variables and given in units of kilograms per year for leafy
vegetables, root vegetables, fruit, and grain. Section E.5.2.1.1
presents exposure factors for leafy and root vegetables and fruit.
Section E.5.2.1.2 presents exposure factors for grain.

##### Exposure and Adjustment Factors for Leafy and Root Vegetables and Fruit

[Background]{.underline}

Consumption rate data for produce (leafy vegetables, root and other
vegetables, and fruit) was assessed from EPA, 1997 (5); Hamby (6); and
NRC (14). The first two of these references are secondary sources citing
data from U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) studies, including
National Food Consumption Surveys (NFCS) and the Continuing Surveys of
Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII). Consumption rates are specified in
these references for specific age and gender categories, and for produce
categories, as shown in Table E-20 (EPA \[5\]; Hamby \[6\]; NRC \[14\]).
Data sets listed in Table E-20 consisted of:

-   1989-91 CSFII (EPA \[5\]).

-   1977-78 NFCS (Data Set No. 1) (EPA \[5\]).

-   1977-78 NFCS (Data Set No. 2) (EPA \[5\]).

-   1987-88 NFCS (EPA \[5\]).

-   1994-95 CFSII (EPA \[5\]).

-   Hamby (6) regional estimates.

-   NRC defaults from Regulatory Guide 1.109 (NRC \[5\]).

EPA, 1997 (5) also presents consumption rates based on other factors
including geographic region, urbanization, season, and race (see Table
E-20). But because age and gender differentiations are not specified for
these factors, they were not used to create exposure factors. Although
data distinguishing between geographic regions were not reported in EPA,
1997 (5) as a function of age or gender categories, the data do indicate
that regional differences in consumption rates are small (i.e., \<10%).
EPA, 1997 (5) also compared consumption rates over time as illustrated
in Table E-21. The data indicate that fruit consumption has gradually
increased over time, and that vegetable consumption has fluctuated over
time but overall has decreased.

Table E‑20 Categories of Produce Consumption Data

+--------+---------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| Study  | Age and       | Produce              | Other Categories^†^ |
| \[rate | Gender        | Categories^\*^       |                     |
| u      | Categories    |                      |                     |
| nits\] |               |                      |                     |
+========+===============+======================+=====================+
| 1      | \<5           | Total fruits and     | Geographic region   |
| 989-91 |               | vegetables           | (northeast,         |
| CSFII  | 6 -- 11 male  |                      | midwest, south,     |
|        | / female      | Individual fruits    | west)               |
| (EPA   |               | and vegetables (28   |                     |
| \[5\]) | 12 -- 19 male | types)               | Urban (city,        |
|        | / female      |                      | suburban, nonmetro) |
| \[g /  |               | Exposed and          |                     |
| kg-d\] | \>20 male /   | protected fruits     | Season (spring,     |
|        | female        |                      | summer, fall,       |
|        |               | Exposed and          | winter)             |
|        | All           | protected vegetables |                     |
|        | individuals   |                      | Race (White, Black, |
|        |               | Root vegetables      | Asian, Native       |
|        |               |                      | American, other)    |
+--------+---------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| 1      | \<1, 1-2,     | Total fruits         | Geographic region   |
| 977-78 | 3-5, 6-8      |                      | (northeast, north   |
| NFCS   |               | Total vegetables     | central, south,     |
|        | 9 -- 11 male  |                      | west)               |
| (EPA   | / female      | Total produce        |                     |
| \[5\]) |               |                      |                     |
|        | 12 -- 14 male |                      |                     |
| \[g /  | / female      |                      |                     |
| d\]    |               |                      |                     |
|        | 15 -- 18 male |                      |                     |
| Data   | / female      |                      |                     |
| Set #1 |               |                      |                     |
|        | 19 -- 22 male |                      |                     |
|        | / female      |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
|        | 23 -- 34 male |                      |                     |
|        | / female      |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
|        | 35 -- 50 male |                      |                     |
|        | / female      |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
|        | 51 -- 64 male |                      |                     |
|        | / female      |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
|        | 65 -- 74 male |                      |                     |
|        | / female      |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
|        | \>75 male /   |                      |                     |
|        | female        |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
|        | All           |                      |                     |
|        | individuals   |                      |                     |
+--------+---------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| 1      | \<1           | Leafy produce        | Geographic region   |
| 977-78 |               |                      | (northeast, north   |
| NFCS   | 1 -- 4        | Exposed produce      | central, south,     |
|        |               |                      | west)               |
| (EPA   | 5 -- 9        | Protected produce    |                     |
| \[5\]) |               |                      |                     |
|        | 10 -- 14      | Other produce        |                     |
| \[g /  |               |                      |                     |
| d\]    | 15 -- 19      |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
| Data   | 20 -- 24      |                      |                     |
| Set #2 |               |                      |                     |
|        | 25 -- 29      |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
|        | 30 -- 39      |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
|        | 40 -- 59      |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
|        | \>60          |                      |                     |
+--------+---------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| 1      | \<6           | Total fruits         | None reported       |
| 987-88 |               |                      |                     |
| NFCS   | 6 -- 11 male  | Total vegetables     |                     |
|        | / female      |                      |                     |
| (EPA   |               |                      |                     |
| \[5\]) | 12 -- 19 male |                      |                     |
|        | / female      |                      |                     |
| \[g /  |               |                      |                     |
| d\]    | \>19 male /   |                      |                     |
|        | female        |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
|        | All           |                      |                     |
|        | individuals   |                      |                     |
+--------+---------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| 1      | \<6           | Total fruits         | None reported       |
| 994-95 |               |                      |                     |
| CSFII  | 6 -- 11 male  | Total vegetables     |                     |
|        | / female      |                      |                     |
| (EPA   |               |                      |                     |
| \[5\]) | 12 -- 19 male |                      |                     |
|        | / female      |                      |                     |
| \[g /  |               |                      |                     |
| d\]    | \>19 male /   |                      |                     |
|        | female        |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
|        | All           |                      |                     |
|        | individuals   |                      |                     |
+--------+---------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| Hamby  | Infant        | Leafy vegetables     | None reported       |
| (6)    |               |                      |                     |
| Re     | Child         | Other vegetables     |                     |
| gional |               |                      |                     |
| est    | Teen          |                      |                     |
| imates |               |                      |                     |
|        | Adult         |                      |                     |
| \[kg / |               |                      |                     |
| yr\]   |               |                      |                     |
+--------+---------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| NRC    | Infant        | Other vegetables     | None reported       |
| De     |               |                      |                     |
| faults | Child         |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
| (Hamby | Teen          |                      |                     |
| \[6\]) |               |                      |                     |
|        | Adult         |                      |                     |
| \[kg / |               |                      |                     |
| yr\]   |               |                      |                     |
+--------+---------------+----------------------+---------------------+
| ^\     |               |                      |                     |
| *^Data |               |                      |                     |
| for    |               |                      |                     |
| the    |               |                      |                     |
| listed |               |                      |                     |
| p      |               |                      |                     |
| roduce |               |                      |                     |
| cate   |               |                      |                     |
| gories |               |                      |                     |
| are    |               |                      |                     |
| re     |               |                      |                     |
| ported |               |                      |                     |
| by age |               |                      |                     |
| and    |               |                      |                     |
| gender |               |                      |                     |
| categ  |               |                      |                     |
| ories. |               |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
| ^      |               |                      |                     |
| †^Data |               |                      |                     |
| for    |               |                      |                     |
| these  |               |                      |                     |
| other  |               |                      |                     |
| cate   |               |                      |                     |
| gories |               |                      |                     |
| are    |               |                      |                     |
| not    |               |                      |                     |
| re     |               |                      |                     |
| ported |               |                      |                     |
| by age |               |                      |                     |
| and    |               |                      |                     |
| gender |               |                      |                     |
| categ  |               |                      |                     |
| ories. |               |                      |                     |
|        |               |                      |                     |
| So     |               |                      |                     |
| urces: |               |                      |                     |
| EPA,   |               |                      |                     |
| 1997   |               |                      |                     |
| (5);   |               |                      |                     |
| Hamby, |               |                      |                     |
| 1991   |               |                      |                     |
| (6);   |               |                      |                     |
| NRC,   |               |                      |                     |
| 1977   |               |                      |                     |
| (14).  |               |                      |                     |
+--------+---------------+----------------------+---------------------+

Table E‑21 Comparison of Produce Consumption Rates Over Time

  -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- --------------
  Produce        1977-78 NFCS   1987-88 NFCS   1989-91 CSFII  1995 CSFII
  Category                                                    

  Fruits         142            142            156            173

  Vegetables     201            182            179            188

  Source: Tables                                              
  9-12 of EPA,                                                
  1997 (5).                                                   
  -------------- -------------- -------------- -------------- --------------

[Selection of data sets]{.underline}

The two data sets from the 1977-78 NFCS in EPA, 1997 (5) were chosen as
the bases for the produce consumption rates. The following provided the
rationale for this selection:

-   The time period covered by this data set (1977-1978) was closer to
    the midpoint of the 1954-1992 period being modeled than the other
    data sets, which occur near or after 1992.

-   This data set provided numerous age and gender categories that could
    be more easily aligned with the CDC and GENII age and gender
    categories.

-   This data set was expressed in units that more easily converted to
    units required by GENII (g/day to kg/year). Additional conversions
    considering consumption rate variations by body weight were not
    needed.

[Consumption rates]{.underline}

Consumption rates for the three different produce categories (leafy
vegetables, root vegetables, and fruit) and the six different age and
gender-specific categories modeled in GENII were derived from the NFCS
data in the following manner:

-   [Leafy Vegetables]{.underline}. Age- and gender-specific consumption
    rates were calculated by averaging the NFCS age-specific categories
    for leafy vegetables in NFCS Data Set #2 using an approach similar
    to that used for meat consumption (see Section E.5.2.2.1). The data
    did not distinguish between male and female consumption of leafy
    vegetables.

-   [Root Vegetables]{.underline}. Age- and gender-specific consumption
    rates for root vegetables were determined using a two-step
    calculation. First, age- and gender-specific rates were calculated
    by averaging the NFCS age and gender categories for total vegetables
    in the NFCS Data Set #1, using an approach similar to that used for
    meat ingestion (see Section E.5.2.2.1). Second, the calculated leafy
    vegetable rates were subtracted from the total vegetable rates to
    yield age- and gender-specific consumption rates for root
    vegetables.

-   [Fruit]{.underline}. Age- and gender-specific consumption rates for
    fruit were calculated by averaging the NFCS age and gender
    categories for fruit in the NFCS Data Set #1 using an approach
    similar to that used for meat consumption.

For all three cases, the calculated rates were converted from g/day to
kg/yr. Table E-22 presents the results of these calculations and the
categories that were used for averaging.

Table E‑22 GENII-Modeled Age and Gender Categories for Leafy and Root
Vegetables and Fruit, Corresponding EPA 1997 (5) Age and Gender
Categories, and Calculated Rates

+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+-----+
| Modeled | Corr      |           | Calc   |        |        |     |
| Age     | esponding |           | ulated |        |        |     |
| Cat     | EPA 1997  |           | Value  |        |        |     |
| egories | C         |           | --     |        |        |     |
|         | ategories |           | A      |        |        |     |
|         | Averaged  |           | verage |        |        |     |
|         |           |           | Consu  |        |        |     |
|         |           |           | mption |        |        |     |
|         |           |           | (kg    |        |        |     |
|         |           |           | /year) |        |        |     |
+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+-----+
|         | Data Set  | Data Set  | Leafy  | Total  | Root   | Fr  |
|         | #1 (used  | #2        | Vege   | Vege   | Ve     | uit |
|         | for total |           | tables | tables | getabl |     |
|         | v         | (used for |        |        | es^\*^ |     |
|         | egetables | leafy     |        |        |        |     |
|         | and       | ve        |        |        |        |     |
|         | fruit)    | getables) |        |        |        |     |
+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+-----+
| Infant  | \<1       | \<1       | 1.2    | 27.7   | 26.6   | 6   |
| (\<1)   |           |           |        |        |        | 1.7 |
+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+-----+
| Pre     | 1 -- 2    | 1 -- 4    | 4.1    | 35.2   | 31.1   | 5   |
| -School |           |           |        |        |        | 0.7 |
|         | 3 -- 5    |           |        |        |        |     |
| (1 --   |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| 4)      |           |           |        |        |        |     |
+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+-----+
| Child   | 6 -- 8    | 5 -- 9    | 8.1    | 50.0   | 41.9   | 5   |
|         |           |           |        |        |        | 2.0 |
| (5 --   | 9 -- 11   | 10 -- 14  |        |        |        |     |
| 11)     | male      |           |        |        |        |     |
+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+-----+
| T       | 12 -- 14  | 15 -- 19  | 10.6   | 73.8   | 63.2   | 4   |
| eenager | male      |           |        |        |        | 9.4 |
|         |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| (12 --  | 15 -- 18  |           |        |        |        |     |
| 17)     | male      |           |        |        |        |     |
+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+-----+
| Adult   | 19 -- 22  | 20 -- 24  | 16.7   | 95.9   | 79.21  | 5   |
| Male    | male      |           |        |        |        | 5.2 |
|         |           | 25 -- 29  |        |        |        |     |
| (\>18)  | 23 -- 34  |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | male      | 30 -- 34  |        |        |        |     |
|         |           |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | 35 -- 50  | 40 -- 59  |        |        |        |     |
|         | male      |           |        |        |        |     |
|         |           | \>=60     |        |        |        |     |
|         | 51 -- 64  |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | male      |           |        |        |        |     |
|         |           |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | 65 -- 74  |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | male      |           |        |        |        |     |
|         |           |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | \>75 male |           |        |        |        |     |
+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+-----+
| Adult   | 19 -- 22  | 20 -- 24  | 16.7   | 73.9   | 57.2   | 5   |
| Female  | female    |           |        |        |        | 6.6 |
| (\>18)  |           | 25 -- 29  |        |        |        |     |
|         | 23 -- 34  |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | female    | 30 -- 34  |        |        |        |     |
|         |           |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | 35 -- 50  | 40 -- 59  |        |        |        |     |
|         | female    |           |        |        |        |     |
|         |           | \>=60     |        |        |        |     |
|         | 51 -- 64  |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | female    |           |        |        |        |     |
|         |           |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | 65 -- 74  |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | female    |           |        |        |        |     |
|         |           |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | \>75      |           |        |        |        |     |
|         | female    |           |        |        |        |     |
+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+-----+
| \*Root  |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| veg     |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| etables |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| are     |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| cal     |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| culated |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| by      |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| dif     |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| ference |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| (total  |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| veg     |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| etables |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| --      |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| leafy   |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| veg     |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| etables |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| = root  |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| veget   |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| ables). |           |           |        |        |        |     |
|         |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| Source: |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| Data    |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| adapted |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| from    |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| Tables  |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| 9-14.   |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| 9-16,   |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| and     |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| 9-22 of |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| EPA,    |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| 1997    |           |           |        |        |        |     |
| (5).    |           |           |        |        |        |     |
+---------+-----------+-----------+--------+--------+--------+-----+

Information from this table was used to calculate exposure and
adjustment factors for consumption of leafy vegetables, root vegetables,
and fruit. For many receptors, some of the consumed vegetables and fruit
were obtained from sources external to the SRS vicinity and therefore
did not contain radionuclides from SRS operations.

Table E-23 lists exposure factors. Exposure factors reflect the
assumptions that (1) half the leafy vegetables, root vegetables, and
fruit consumed by the Delivery Person Family were obtained from the
Barnwell area and half from the Martin area, and (2) the Migrant Worker
Family was in the SRS vicinity for only half of any year.

Table E-24 lists adjustment factors. For Rural Families One and Two,
during the 1950s, half of the vegetables and fruit was grown on the
farm, and all of this farm-grown produce had the potential for
contamination. The remaining vegetables and fruit were obtained from
local stores. Of this produce, it was assumed that half was grown
locally and half was grown outside the SRS vicinity. But beginning in
1960, only 25 percent of their vegetables and fruit was grown on the
farm. Of this produce, all had the potential for contamination. The
remaining 75 percent was obtained from local groceries. It was assumed
that half of this store-bought produce was grown locally, and half was
obtained from outside the SRS vicinity.

Table E‑23 Exposure Factors (kg/yr) for Three Produce Ingestion Pathways

<table style="width:100%;">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 19%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 7%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2">Individual</td>
<td colspan="3">Rural Families One and Two, Urban/Suburban Family,
Outdoors Person Family, Near River Family</td>
<td colspan="3">Delivery Person Family
(Barnwell/Martin)<sup>†</sup></td>
<td colspan="3">Migrant Worker Family</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>LV*</td>
<td>RV*</td>
<td>F*</td>
<td>LV</td>
<td>RV</td>
<td>F</td>
<td>LV</td>
<td>RV</td>
<td>F</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adult Male</td>
<td>16.7</td>
<td>79.2</td>
<td>55.2</td>
<td><p>8.35/</p>
<p>8.35</p></td>
<td><p>39.6/</p>
<p>39.6</p></td>
<td><p>27.6/</p>
<p>27.6</p></td>
<td>8.35</td>
<td>39.6</td>
<td>27.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult Female</td>
<td>16.7</td>
<td>57.2</td>
<td>56.6</td>
<td><p>8.35/</p>
<p>8.35</p></td>
<td><p>28.6/</p>
<p>28.6</p></td>
<td><p>28.3/</p>
<p>28.3</p></td>
<td>8.35</td>
<td>28.6</td>
<td>28.3</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="3">Children Born in 1955 and 1964:</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Infant</td>
<td>1.2</td>
<td>26.6</td>
<td>61.7</td>
<td><p>0.6/</p>
<p>0.6</p></td>
<td><p>13.3/</p>
<p>13.3</p></td>
<td><p>30.85/</p>
<p>30.85</p></td>
<td>0.6</td>
<td>13.3</td>
<td>30.85</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Preschool</td>
<td>4.1</td>
<td>31.1</td>
<td>50.7</td>
<td><p>2.05/</p>
<p>2.05</p></td>
<td><p>15.55/</p>
<p>15.55</p></td>
<td><p>25.35/</p>
<p>25.35</p></td>
<td>2.1</td>
<td>15.55</td>
<td>25.35</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>School</td>
<td>8.1</td>
<td>41.9</td>
<td>52.0</td>
<td><p>4.05/</p>
<p>4.05</p></td>
<td><p>20.95/</p>
<p>20.95</p></td>
<td><p>26.0/</p>
<p>26.0</p></td>
<td>4.05</td>
<td>20.95</td>
<td>26.0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Teen</td>
<td>10.6</td>
<td>63.2</td>
<td>49.4</td>
<td><p>5.3/</p>
<p>5.3</p></td>
<td><p>31.6/</p>
<p>31.6</p></td>
<td><p>24.7/</p>
<p>24.7</p></td>
<td>5.3</td>
<td>31.6</td>
<td>24.7</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult</td>
<td>16.7</td>
<td>79.2</td>
<td>55.2</td>
<td><p>8.35/</p>
<p>8.35</p></td>
<td><p>39.6/</p>
<p>39.6</p></td>
<td><p>27.6/</p>
<p>27.6</p></td>
<td>8.35</td>
<td>39.6</td>
<td>27.6</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="10"><p>*LV: Leafy Vegetables; RV: Root Vegetables; F:
Fruit.</p>
<p><strong><sup>†</sup></strong>The Delivery Person Family obtained half
its produce from Martin and half from Barnwell.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

The fraction of vegetables and fruit that may have originated locally
and been consumed by receptors was difficult to estimate, particularly
over the 39 years considered in this assessment. One could expect,
however, that the locally grown fraction had decreased over the years as
marketing networks built up in the SRS vicinity. Lockridge (1) had
recommended that for the rural family, the study should assume that 50
percent of the vegetables and meat originated from the farm during the
1950's, and only 25 percent thereafter. This recommendation was followed
for Rural Families One and Two for all vegetables and fruit. It was
reasoned that fruit was about as likely as vegetables to be grown
locally or imported from outside the SRS vicinity.

For all other scenarios, it was assumed that half of the receptors'
vegetables and fruit was imported from outside the SRS vicinity. The
authors of this report considered this assumption to be conservative in
that it corresponded to the recommendation made in Lockridge (1) for the
1950's, but was applied to all years. Note that the same adjustment
factors were assumed, for the Delivery Person Family, for vegetables and
fruit obtained respectively from Martin and Barnwell.

Table E‑24 Adjustment Factors (kg/y) for Leafy Vegetable, Root
Vegetable, and Fruit Ingestion Exposure Pathways

  ------------------ ------------------ ----------------------------------
  Individual         Rural Families One Urban/Suburban Family, Delivery
                     And Two            Person Family, Outdoors Person
                                        Family, Near River Family, Migrant
                                        Worker Family

  Adult Male:                           

  Thru 1959          0.75               0.50

  1960 & on          0.625              0.50

  Adult Female:                         

  Thru 1959          0.75               0.50

  1960 & on          0.625              0.50

  1955 Child:                           

  Infant 1955        0.75               0.50

  Preschool 1956-59  0.75               0.50

  School 1960-66     0.625              0.50

  Teen 1967-73       0.625              0.50

  Adult 1974-92      0.625              0.50

  1964 Child:                           

  All ages (1964 to  0.625              0.50
  1992)                                 
  ------------------ ------------------ ----------------------------------

##### Exposure and Adjustment Factors for Grain

No data regarding grain consumption were identified for the SRS
vicinity. Therefore, the authors of this report used data on per-capita
intake of corn from EPA, 1997 (5) to generate exposure factors for grain
consumption. It was assumed that although individuals in the SRS
vicinity would likely have consumed grain products such as breads,
pastas, or flours that would not have been derived from locally grown
grains, individuals in the SRS vicinity could plausibly have consumed a
considerable amount of locally grown corn. In this case, corn was
considered to be a grain rather than as a vegetable. Table E-25 shows
that consumption rates were combined and averaged for specific age- and
gender-categories.

These calculated rates for grain ingestion were used to determine
exposure factors for each receptor as summarized in Table E-26.

Exposure factors for the Delivery Person Family reflect the situation
that half the grain was obtained half from Barnwell and half from
Martin. Exposure factors for the Migrant Worker Family reflect the
situation that the family was only in the area for half of the year.

For all receptors and scenarios, adjustment factors were assumed to be
unity (i.e., all of the grain \[corn\] was obtained from the SRS
vicinity). It was assumed that because corn was commonly grown in the
vicinity, it could have been easily acquired by all receptors, rural or
urban.

Table E‑25 GENII-Modeled Age and Gender Categories for Grains,
Corresponding EPA 1997 Age and Gender Categories, and Calculated
Consumption Rates

+--------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| Modeled Age Categories   | Corresponding        | Average            |
|                          | Averaged EPA 1997    | Consumption        |
|                          | Categories           | (kg/year)          |
+==========================+======================+====================+
| Infant (\<1)             | \<1                  | 1.2                |
+--------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| Pre-School (1 -- 4)      | 1 -- 2               | 2.9                |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | 3 -- 5               |                    |
+--------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| Child (5 -- 11)          | 6 -- 8               | 4.0                |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | 9 -- 11 male         |                    |
+--------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| Teenager (12 -- 17)      | 12 -- 14 male        | 3.6                |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | 15 -- 18 male        |                    |
+--------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| Adult Male (\>18)        | 19 -- 22 male        | 4.1                |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | 23 -- 34 male        |                    |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | 35 -- 50 male        |                    |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | 51 -- 64 male        |                    |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | 65 -- 74 male        |                    |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | \>75 male            |                    |
+--------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
| Adult Female (\>18)      | 19 -- 22 female      | 3.4                |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | 23 -- 34 female      |                    |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | 35 -- 50 female      |                    |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | 51 -- 64 female      |                    |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | 65 -- 74 female      |                    |
|                          |                      |                    |
|                          | \>75 female          |                    |
+--------------------------+----------------------+--------------------+

Table E‑26 Exposure Factors (kg/y) for Grain Ingestion Exposure Pathway

  ----------------- ------------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------
  Individual        Rural Families One and   Delivery              Migrant
                    Two, Urban/Suburban      Person                Worker
                    Family, Outdoors Person  Family                Family
                    Family, and Near River                         
                    Family                                         

                                             Barnwell   Martin     

  Adult Male        4.1                      2.05       2.05       2.05

  Adult Female      3.4                      1.7        1.7        1.7

  1955 Child:                                                      

  Infant 1955       1.2                      0.6        0.6        0.6

  Preschool 1956-59 2.9                      1.45       1.45       1.45

  School 1960-66    4.0                      2.0        2.0        2.0

  Teen 1967-73      3.6                      1.8        1.8        1.8

  Adult 1974-92     4.1                      2.05       2.05       2.05

  1964 Child:                                                      

  Infant 1964       1.2                      0.6        0.6        0.6

  Preschool 1965-68 2.9                      1.45       1.45       1.45

  School 1969-75    4.0                      2.0        2.0        2.0

  Teen 1976-82      3.6                      1.8        1.8        1.8

  Adult 1983-92     4.1                      2.05       2.05       2.05
  ----------------- ------------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------

#### Ingestion of Animals and Animal Products

Exposures from ingestion of animals and animal products include
exposures from ingestion of beef, poultry, milk, and eggs. The following
are GENII variables for these exposure pathways:

-   UNAM 1 -- Beef daily consumption rate on days that consumption
    occurs (kg/d).

-   TANM 1 -- Beef consumption period: days out of the year that
    consumption occurs (d/y).

-   UNAM 2 -- Poultry daily consumption rate on days that consumption
    occurs (kg/d).

-   TANM 2 -- Poultry consumption period: days out of the year that
    consumption occurs (d/y).

-   UNAM 3 -- Milk daily consumption rate on days that consumption
    occurs (kg/d).

-   TANM 3 -- Milk period: days out of the year that consumption occurs
    (d/y).

-   UNAM 4 -- Eggs daily consumption rate on days that consumption
    occurs (kg/d).

-   TANM 4 -- Eggs consumption period: days out of the year that
    consumption occurs (d/y).

Four sets of exposure factors were determined, linked to these GENII
variables, in units of kilograms per year. Exposure factors for beef are
presented in Section E.5.2.2.1. Exposure factors for poultry are
presented in Section E.5.2.2.2. Exposure factors for milk and eggs are
presented in Section E.5.2.2.3.

##### Exposure and Adjustment Factors for Beef

The beef pathway was used to represent all non-poultry and non-fish meat
that was potentially affected by SRS releases. This pathway includes
beef, but serves as a surrogate for wild game, pork, and other
non-poultry meats. Several sets of data were evaluated to develop values
for meat consumption. The principal source was EPA, 1997 (5), which
provides national averages for adult and child meat and beef
consumption. Another reference for beef consumption was Hamby (6).
Neither of these sources provides values that align exactly with the
report scenarios or the age group categories of GENII. Additionally,
neither source is based on local (e.g., county- or State-level) data.
Therefore, the authors of this report made some adjustments of the raw
data to develop values that better corresponded with the scenarios and
GENII specifications. EPA, 1997 (5) was selected as a better source than
Hamby (6) because it provided separate categories for adult males and
females and multiple categories identifying different meat types. Tables
E-27 and E-28 present the categories of data included in each of the
sources.

Table E‑27 Ingestion Categories Presented in EPA 1997 Meat Consumption
Data

+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1987-88 NFCS    |                 | 1977-78 NFCS    |                 |
| and 1994/1995   |                 |                 |                 |
| CSFII           |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Age and Gender  | Meat Categories | Age and Gender  | Meat Categories |
| Categories      |                 | Categories      |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| \<5             | Total Meat,     | \<1             | Total Meat,     |
|                 | Poultry and     |                 | Poultry and     |
| 6 -- 11 male /  | Fish            | 1 -- 2          | Fish            |
| female          |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | Beef            | 3 -- 5          | Beef            |
| 12 -- 19 male / |                 |                 |                 |
| female          | Pork            | 6 -- 8          | Pork            |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
| \>20 male /     | Lamb, Veal,     | 9 -- 11 male /  | Lamb, Veal,     |
| female          | Game            | female          | Game            |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
| All individuals | Frankfurters,   | 12 -- 14 male / | Frankfurters,   |
|                 | sausages,       | female          | sausages,       |
|                 | luncheon meats  |                 | luncheon meats  |
|                 |                 | 15 -- 18 male / |                 |
|                 | Total Poultry   | female          | Total Poultry   |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 | Chicken Only    | 19 -- 22 male / | Chicken Only    |
|                 |                 | female          |                 |
|                 | Meat Mixtures   |                 | Meat Mixtures   |
|                 |                 | 23 -- 34 male / |                 |
|                 |                 | female          |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | 35 -- 50 male / |                 |
|                 |                 | female          |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | 51 -- 64 male / |                 |
|                 |                 | female          |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | 65 -- 74 male / |                 |
|                 |                 | female          |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | \>75 male /     |                 |
|                 |                 | female          |                 |
|                 |                 |                 |                 |
|                 |                 | All individuals |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Source: EPA,    |                 |                 |                 |
| 1997 (5).       |                 |                 |                 |
+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Table E‑28 Ingestion Categories in Hamby 1991 Meat Consumption Data\*

  ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
  Age and Gender Categories Considered  Meat Categories Considered

  Infant, Child, Teen, and Adult        Beef (households in the south
                                        only) All meat (nationwide only)

  ^\*^Hamby, 1991 (6) provides two sets 
  of data: NFCS 1977-78 data for        
  southern households, and NRC          
  defaults.                             
  ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------

The meat consumption assumptions used for this report were derived
primarily from EPA, 1997 (5) data derived from the 1977-78 NFCS. The
1977-78 NFCS data set was selected for four reasons:

1\. This data set included values for a broad range of individual meat
categories.

2\. The time period covered by this data set (1977-1978) was closer to
the midpoint of the 1954-1992 period being modeled than the other data
sets, which occur near or after 1992.

3\. This data set provides numerous age and gender categories that were
more easily aligned with the age and gender categories used for this
report.

4\. This data set was expressed in units that more easily convert to
units required by this report (g/day to kg/year). Additional conversions
considering consumption rate variations by body weight were not needed.

To calculate consumption rates for the beef pathway (i.e., meat that is
not poultry and not fish), the authors of this report added values from
EPA, 1997 (5) for intake of beef, pork, lamb/veal/game, meat mixtures,
and processed meats (frankfurters, sausages, luncheon meats, spreads).
For non-adult age and gender categories, male and female values were
averaged. Table E-29 shows the modeled age and gender categories, the
corresponding age and gender categories from EPA, 1997 (5) that were
averaged to calculate a comparable input value, and the calculated value
that was converted to units of kg consumed per year (or liters per year
in the case of milk).

These calculated ingestion rates were used to determine receptor and
location-specific exposure factors as summarized in Table E-30. These
exposure factors reflected the assumption that (1) the Delivery Person
Family consumed beef obtained from both Martin and Barnwell areas, (2)
the Migrant Worker Family is in the SRS vicinity for only half the year,
and (3) three-quarters of the beef consumed by the Outdoors Person
Family originated from the SRS site as venison and one-quarter (not
venison) originated from the Jackson area.

Adjustment factors took into account the following assumptions:

-   For Rural Families One and Two, it was assumed that up through the
    end of 1959, half the beef was grown on the farm and therefore
    contaminated. The other half came from local grocery stores, of
    which 50 percent was contaminated. Starting in 1960, 25 percent of
    the beef was grown on the farm. All this beef contained
    radionuclides from the SRS. The other 75 percent of the beef came
    from local grocery stores, of which half was contaminated. These
    assumptions are consistent with Lockridge (1) and reflect the
    assumption that half the beef acquired from local grocery stores
    came from local farms, and half came from sources outside the SRS
    vicinity.

-   For the Urban/Suburban Family, Near River Family, and the Migrant
    Worker Family, it was assumed that half the consumed beef came from
    sources local to the SRS, and half did not. (This assumption is
    equivalent to the assumption that all the beef came from local
    grocery stores, and that the grocery stores obtained only half their
    beef locally.) This assumption is conservative, in that it
    essentially assumed that 1950's conditions for meat consumption, as
    recommended in Lockridge (1), were applicable for all years for
    these families. This assumption is consistent with those made for
    vegetables and fruit for these families (see Section E.5.2.1.1).

-   For the Delivery Person Family, half the beef came from the Martin
    area and half came from the Barnwell area. Of the beef obtained from
    the Martin area, it was assumed that 25 percent was obtained from
    hunting deer, and all of this venison contained radionuclides from
    the SRS. The remaining beef obtained from the Martin area was
    acquired from stores, of which 50 percent was not contaminated
    because it was obtained from outside the SRS vicinity. Of the beef
    obtained from the Barnwell area, half came from sources local to the
    SRS, and half did not. Combining the venison obtained from hunting
    with other beef obtained in Martin, it was assumed that 62.5 percent
    of all beef obtained from Martin potentially contained radionuclides
    from the SRS.

-   For the Outdoors person family, half the beef obtained from stores
    in the Jackson area came from sources local to Jackson, and half
    came from sources outside the SRS vicinity. However, it was assumed
    that all the beef obtained onsite from the SRS was venison and all
    had the potential for contamination.

Adjustment factors determined according to these assumptions are listed
in Table E-31 for Rural Families One and Two. Adjustment factors for the
remaining families are listed in Table E-32.

Table E‑29 GENII-Modeled Age/Gender Categories for Beef, Poultry, Milk,
and Eggs, Corresponding EPA 1997 Age/Gender Categories, and Calculated
Consumption Rates

+---------------+-------------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Modeled Age   | Co          | Calc   |         |       |           |
| Categories    | rresponding | ulated |         |       |           |
|               | EPA 1997    | Value  |         |       |           |
|               | Categories  | --     |         |       |           |
|               | Averaged    | A      |         |       |           |
|               |             | verage |         |       |           |
|               |             | Consu  |         |       |           |
|               |             | mption |         |       |           |
|               |             | (k     |         |       |           |
|               |             | g/year |         |       |           |
|               |             | or     |         |       |           |
|               |             | L/yr)  |         |       |           |
+---------------+-------------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
|               |             | Beef   | Poultry | Milk  | Eggs      |
+---------------+-------------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Infant (\<1)  | \<1         | 25.2   | 1.5     | 131.8 | 1.8       |
+---------------+-------------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Pre-School    | 1 -- 2      | 31.4   | 6.5     | 130.2 | 7.7       |
|               |             |        |         |       |           |
| (1 -- 4)      | 3 -- 5      |        |         |       |           |
+---------------+-------------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Child         | 6 -- 8      | 50.6   | 8.0     | 146.5 | 8.0       |
|               |             |        |         |       |           |
| (5 -- 11)     | 9 -- 11     |        |         |       |           |
|               | male        |        |         |       |           |
+---------------+-------------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Teenager      | 12 -- 14    | 75.6   | 11.9    | 169.5 | 10.8      |
|               | male        |        |         |       |           |
| (12 -- 17)    |             |        |         |       |           |
|               | 15 -- 18    |        |         |       |           |
|               | male        |        |         |       |           |
+---------------+-------------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Adult Male    | 19 -- 22    | 78.1   | 11.3    | 73.7  | 13.9      |
|               | male        |        |         |       |           |
| (\>18)        |             |        |         |       |           |
|               | 23 -- 34    |        |         |       |           |
|               | male        |        |         |       |           |
|               |             |        |         |       |           |
|               | 35 -- 50    |        |         |       |           |
|               | male        |        |         |       |           |
|               |             |        |         |       |           |
|               | 51 -- 64    |        |         |       |           |
|               | male        |        |         |       |           |
|               |             |        |         |       |           |
|               | 65 -- 74    |        |         |       |           |
|               | male        |        |         |       |           |
|               |             |        |         |       |           |
|               | \>75 male   |        |         |       |           |
+---------------+-------------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Adult Female  | 19 -- 22    | 49.7   | 9.1     | 55.5  | 8.4       |
| (\>18)        | female      |        |         |       |           |
|               |             |        |         |       |           |
|               | 23 -- 34    |        |         |       |           |
|               | female      |        |         |       |           |
|               |             |        |         |       |           |
|               | 35 -- 50    |        |         |       |           |
|               | female      |        |         |       |           |
|               |             |        |         |       |           |
|               | 51 -- 64    |        |         |       |           |
|               | female      |        |         |       |           |
|               |             |        |         |       |           |
|               | 65 -- 74    |        |         |       |           |
|               | female      |        |         |       |           |
|               |             |        |         |       |           |
|               | \>75 female |        |         |       |           |
+---------------+-------------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+
| Source: EPA,  |             |        |         |       |           |
| 1997 (5).     |             |        |         |       |           |
+---------------+-------------+--------+---------+-------+-----------+

Table E‑30 Exposure Factors (kg/y) for Beef Ingestion Exposure Pathway

  --------------- ---------------- ---------- ----------- ---------- -------- ---------
  Individual      Rural Families   Delivery               Outdoors            Migrant
                  One and Two,     Person                 Person              Worker
                  Urban/ Suburban  Family                 Family              Family
                  Family, Near                                                
                  River Family                                                

                                   Martin     Barn-well   Jackson    SRS      
                                                                     Onsite   

  Adult Male      78.1             39.05      39.05       19.52      58.58    39.05

  Adult Female    49.7             24.85      24.85       12.42      37.28    24.85

  Children Born                                                               
  in 1955 and                                                                 
  1964:                                                                       

  Infant          25.2             12.6       12.6        6.3        18.9     12.6

  Preschool       31.4             15.7       15.7        7.85       23.55    15.7

  School          50.6             25.3       25.3        12.65      37.95    25.3

  Teen            75.6             37.8       37.8        18.9       56.7     37.8

  Adult           78.1             39.05      39.05       19.52      58.58    39.05
  --------------- ---------------- ---------- ----------- ---------- -------- ---------

Table E‑31 Adjustment Factors for Beef Exposure Pathway, Rural Families
One and Two

  ------------------ ----------------------------- -----------------------
  Individual                                       Adjustment Factors

  Adult Male         Through 1959                  0.75

                     1960 and on                   0.625

  Adult Female       Through 1959                  0.75

                     1960 and on                   0.625

  1955 Child:        Infant (In 1955)              0.75

                     Preschooler (1956 to 1959)    0.75

                     School child (1960 to 1966)   0.625

                     Teen (1967 to 1973)           0.625

                     Adult (1974 to 1992)          0.625

  1964 Child:        All ages (1964 to 1992)       0.625
  ------------------ ----------------------------- -----------------------

Table E‑32 Adjustment Factors for Beef Exposure Pathway, Remaining
Scenarios

  ----------------- ------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
  Individual        Urban/Suburban,    Delivery              Outdoors   
                    Near River, &      Person                Person     
                    Migrant Worker     Family                Family     
                    Families                                            

                                       Martin     Barnwell   Jackson    SRS Onsite

  Adult Male        0.5                0.625      0.5        0.5        1.0

  Adult Female      0.5                0.625      0.5        0.5        1.0

  1955 Child        0.5                0.625      0.5        0.5        1.0

  1964 Child        0.5                0.625      0.5        0.5        1.0
  ----------------- ------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

#####  Exposure and Adjustment Factors for Poultry

For the poultry ingestion exposure pathway, the authors of this report
adapted consumption rates from Table 11-10 of EPA, 1997 (5) (citing the
1977-78 NFCS), using the same approach as that for beef (Section
E.5.2.2.1). Consumption rates for poultry have been presented in Table
E-29. These consumption rates were used to develop exposure factors for
poultry ingestion as listed in Table E-33.

Table E‑33 Exposure Factors (kg/y) for Poultry Ingestion Exposure
Pathway

  -------------- ---------------- ---------- ----------- ---------- -------- ---------
  Individual     Rural Families   Delivery               Outdoors            Migrant
                 One and Two,     Person                 Person              Worker
                 Urban/ Suburban  Family                 Family              Family
                 Family, and Near                                            
                 River Family                                                

                                  Martin     Barn-well   Jackson    SRS      
                                                                    Onsite   

  Adult Male:    11.3             5.65       5.65        2.825      8.475    5.65

  Adult Female:  9.1              4.55       4.55        2.275      6.825    4.55

  Children Born                                                              
  in 1955 and                                                                
  1964:                                                                      

  Infant         1.5              0.75       0.75        0.375      1.125    0.75

  Preschool      6.5              3.25       3.25        1.625      4.875    3.25

  School         8.0              4.0        4.0         2.0        6.0      4.0

  Teen           11.9             5.95       5.95        2.975      8.925    5.95

  Adult          11.3             5.65       5.65        2.825      8.475    5.65
  -------------- ---------------- ---------- ----------- ---------- -------- ---------

Adjustment factors for poultry ingestion were determined in a similar
manner as that for beef. It was assumed that both the Outdoors Person
Family and the Delivery Person Family obtained some of their poultry as
hunted fowl. That is:

-   For Rural Families One and Two, it was assumed that up through the
    end of 1959, half the poultry was grown on the farm. All of this
    poultry contained radionuclides from the SRS. The other half came
    from local grocery stores, of which 50 percent was contaminated.
    Starting in 1960, 25 percent of the poultry was grown on the farm
    and contained radionuclides from the SRS. The other 75 percent of
    the poultry came from local grocery stores, of which half was
    contaminated. These assumptions are consistent with Lockridge (1) in
    that poultry was assumed to be a form of meat. Table E-34 lists the
    adjustment factors for Rural Families One and Two.

-   For the Urban/Suburban Family, the Near River Family, and the
    Migrant Worker Family, it was assumed that half the poultry came
    from sources local to the SRS and half did not. This assumption is
    conservative: 1950's conditions for poultry consumption, as
    recommended in Lockridge (1), were assumed to be applicable to all
    years for these families (Table E-35). This assumption is consistent
    with those made for vegetables and fruit for these families (see
    Section E.5.2.1.1).

-   For the Delivery Person Family, half the poultry came from the
    Martin area and half came from the Barnwell area. Of the poultry
    obtained from the Martin area, 25 percent was obtained from hunting
    wild fowl, and all of this poultry contained radionuclides from the
    SRS. The remaining poultry from the Martin area was acquired from
    stores, of which 50 percent was not contaminated because it was
    obtained from outside the SRS vicinity. Of the poultry obtained from
    the Barnwell area, half came from sources local to the SRS and half
    did not. Combining the wild fowl obtained from hunting with other
    poultry obtained in Martin, it was assumed that 62.5 percent of
    poultry (including wild fowl) obtained from Martin potentially
    contained radionuclides from the SRS (Table E-35).

-   For the Outdoors person family, it was assumed that half the poultry
    came from sources local to Jackson, and half the poultry came from
    sources outside the SRS vicinity. However, assumed that all the
    poultry obtained onsite from the SRS was hunted fowl (e.g., ducks),
    and all such fowl had the potential for contamination (Table E-35).

Table E‑34 Adjustment Factors (kg/y) for Poultry Exposure Pathway, Rural
Families One and Two

  ------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------
  Individual                                        Adjustment Factor

  Adult Male:         Through 1959                  

                      1960 and on                   0.75

  Adult Female:       Through 1959                  

                      1960 and on                   0.75

  1955 Child:         Infant (In 1955)              

                      Preschooler (1956 to 1959)    0.75

                      School child (1960 to 1966)   0.75

                      Teen (1967 to 1973)           0.625

                      Adult (1974 to 1992)          0.625

  1964 Child:         All ages (1964 to 1992)       
  ------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------

Table E‑35 Adjustment Factors (kg/y) for Poultry Pathway --- Remaining
Scenarios

  ---------------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ---------- -------- -------- ---------
                   Urban/      Delivery               Outdoors            Near     Migrant
                   Suburban    Person                 Person              River    Worker
                   Family      Family                 Family              Family   Family

  **Individual**               Martin     Barn-well   Jackson    SRS               
                                                                 Onsite            

  Adult Male       0.5         0.625      0.5         0.5        1.0      0.5      0.5

  Adult Female     0.5         0.625      0.5         0.5        1.0      0.5      0.5

  1955 Child       0.5         0.625      0.5         0.5        1.0      0.5      0.5

  1964 Child       0.5         0.625      0.5         0.5        1.0      0.5      0.5
  ---------------- ----------- ---------- ----------- ---------- -------- -------- ---------

##### Exposure and Adjustment Factors for Milk and Eggs

For the milk and egg ingestion exposure pathways, the authors of this
report adapted consumption rates from Table 11.12 of EPA, 1997 (5),
which cited the 1977-78 NFCS. These rates were adapted to the age and
gender categories used in this report, using the same approach as that
for beef and poultry. Table E-29 presents the consumption rates for milk
and eggs (in units of L/y for milk, and kg/y for eggs). Table E-36
summarizes the exposure factors for milk and egg ingestion.

It was assumed that all milk and eggs were obtained from sources local
to the SRS. Therefore, the adjustment factors for the milk and egg
ingestion pathways were assumed to be unity for all scenarios and
receptors.

Table E‑36 Exposure Factors (kg/y) for Milk and Egg Ingestion Exposure
Pathways

  ---------------- ---------- ------ ------ ---------- ------- ------------------ ------ ------ ---------- -------
  Individual       Rural                    Rural              Urban/Suburban\*                 Delivery   
                   Family One               Family Two                                          Person     

                   Milk              Eggs   Milk       Eggs    Milk                      Eggs   Milk       Eggs

  Adult Male       73.7              13.9   73.7       13.9    36.85/36.85               13.9   36.85      6.95

  Adult Female     55.5              8.4    55.5       8.4     27.75/27.75               8.4    27.75      4.2

  Children Born in                                                                                         
  1955 and 1964:                                                                                           

  Infant           131.8             1.8    131.8      1.8     65.9/65.9                 1.8    65.9       0.9

  Preschool        130.2             7.7    130.2      7.7     65.1/65.1                 7.7    65.1       3.85

  School           146.5             8.0    146.5      8.0     73.25/73.25               8.0    73.25      4.0

  Teen             169.5             10.8   169.5      10.8    84.75/84/75               10.8   84.75      5.4

  Adult            73.7              13.9   73.7       13.9    36.85/36.85               13.9   36.85      6.95

  Individual       Delivery                 Outdoors           Near River Family                Migrant    
                   Person                   Person                                              Worker     

                   Milk       Eggs          Milk       Eggs    Milk               Eggs          Milk       Eggs

  Adult Male       36.85      6.95          73.7       13.9    73.7               13.9          36.85      6.95

  Adult Female     27.8       4.2           55.5       8.4     55.5               8.4           27.75      4.2

  Children Born in                                                                                         
  1955 and 1964:                                                                                           

  Infant           65.9       0.9           131.8      1.8     131.8              1.8           65.9       0.9

  Preschool        65.1       3.85          130.2      7.7     130.2              7.7           65.1       3.85

  School           73.3       4.0           146.5      8.0     146.5              8.0           73.25      4.0

  Teen             84.8       5.4           169.5      10.8    169.5              10.8          84.75      5.4

  Adult            36.9       6.95          73.7       13.9    73.7               13.9          36.85      6.95

  \*Although the                                                                                           
  Urban/Suburban                                                                                           
  family obtained                                                                                          
  all of its eggs                                                                                          
  from the Augusta                                                                                         
  area, it                                                                                                 
  obtained half                                                                                            
  its milk from                                                                                            
  the Augusta area                                                                                         
  and half from                                                                                            
  the New Ellenton                                                                                         
  area. Hence (for                                                                                         
  example), the                                                                                            
  adult male                                                                                               
  annually                                                                                                 
  consumed 36.85                                                                                           
  kg of milk from                                                                                          
  Augusta, 36.85                                                                                           
  kg of milk from                                                                                          
  New Ellenton,                                                                                            
  and 13.9 kg of                                                                                           
  eggs from                                                                                                
  Augusta.                                                                                                 
  ---------------- ---------- ------ ------ ---------- ------- ------------------ ------ ------ ---------- -------

#### Aquatic Food Ingestion

Exposures from ingestion of aquatic food products include exposures from
ingestion of fish, mollusks, crustacea, and aquatic plants. The
following are GENII variables for these exposure pathways:

-   UAQU 1 -- Fish daily consumption rate on days that consumption
    occurs (kg/d).

-   TAQU 1 -- Fish consumption period: days out of the year that
    consumption occurs (d/y).

-   UAQU 2 -- Mollusk daily consumption rate on days that consumption
    occurs (kg/d).

-   TAQU 2 -- Mollusk consumption period: days out of the year that
    consumption occurs (d/y).

-   UAQU 3 -- Crustacea daily consumption rate on days that consumption
    occurs (kg/d).

-   TAQU 3 -- Crustacea consumption period: days out of the year that
    consumption occurs (d/y).

-   UAQU 4-- Aquatic plant daily consumption rate on days that
    consumption occurs (kg/d).

-   TAQU 4 -- Aquatic plant consumption period: days out of the year
    that consumption occurs (d/y).

Radiation exposure through the aquatic food consumption pathway was
modeled as occurring entirely from eating fish. Therefore, an exposure
factor was calculated for fish consumption, in units of kg of fish
consumed per year, in a manner linked to the UAQU 1 and TAQI2 GENII
variables. Exposure factors for mollusk, crustacea, and aquatic plant
consumption were set equal to zero (UAQU 2 = UAQU 3 = UAQU 4 = 0).

The authors of this report considered fish consumption rate data from
several references including EPA, 1997 (5); Hamby (6); EPA, 1991 (11);
EPA, 1994 (15); and EPA, 2002 (16). These sources are mainly secondary
references citing data from several studies, including the USDA, NFCS,
and CSFII studies and several State-level studies. No studies, however,
were local to South Carolina and Georgia. EPA, 1997 (5) values were
used.

Table E-37 summarizes age- and gender-specific fish consumption rates.

Table E‑37 GENII-Modeled Age and Gender Categories and Calculated\
Consumption Rates for Fish

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Modeled Age Categories             Fish Consumption Rate (kg/yr)
  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------
  Infant (\<1)                       4.2

  Pre-School (1 -- 4)                4.2

  Child (5 -- 11)                    5.0

  Teenager (12 -- 17)                4.5

  Adult Male (\>18)                  9.9

  Adult Female (\>18)                9.9
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Table E-38 summarizes the exposure factors determined using these
consumption rates.

Table E‑38 Exposure Factors (kg/yr) for Fish Ingestion Exposure Pathway

  ------------ -------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ------------ ----------
  Individual   Rural    Rural       Urban/     Delivery              Outdoors     Near River   Migrant
               Family   Family Two  Suburban   Person                Person       Family       Worker
               One                  Family     Family                Family                    Family

               Briar    Creeks,     Savannah   Lower      Savannah   Savannah     Savannah     Creeks,
               Creek    ponds near  River near Three Runs River      River        River        etc. near
                        Williston   Augusta    Creek      (Smith     (various     (various     New
                                                          Lake)      locations)   locations)   Ellenton

  Adult Male   9.9      9.9         9.9        4.95       4.95       9.9          9.9          4.95

  Adult Female 9.9      9.9         9.9        4.95       4.95       9.9          9.9          4.95

  Children                                                                                     
  Born in 1955                                                                                 
  and 1964:                                                                                    

  Infant       4.2      4.2         4.2        2.1        2.1        4.2          4.2          2.1

  Preschool    4.2      4.2         4.2        2.1        2.1        4.2          4.2          2.1

  School       5.0      5.0         5.0        2.5        2.5        5.0          5.0          2.5

  Teen         4.5      4.5         4.5        2.25       2.25       4.5          4.5          2.25

  Adult        9.9      9.9         9.9        4.95       4.95       9.9          9.9          4.95
  ------------ -------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ------------ ----------

All fish eaten by Rural Families One and Two, the Urban/Suburban Family,
and the Migrant Worker Family came from sources that are not
hydrologically downgradient of any release by the SRS to surface water.
For this reason, the adjustment factors for all members of these
families were set to zero. However, it was assumed that all of the fish
annually consumed by the members of the Delivery Person Family, the
Outdoors Person Family, and the Near River Family had the potential for
radionuclide contamination caused by SRS activities. Hence, the
adjustment factors for all these receptors were set to unity. Table E-39
summarizes adjustment factors according to these assumptions for the
fish ingestion pathway.

Table E‑39 Adjustment Factors (dimensionless) for Fish Ingestion
Exposure Pathway

  ------------ -------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ------------ ----------
  Individual   Rural    Rural       Urban/     Delivery              Outdoors     Near River   Migrant
               Family   Family Two  Suburban   Person                Person       Family       Worker
               One                  Family     Family                Family                    Family

               Briar    Creeks,     Savannah   Lower      Savannah   Savannah     Savannah     Creeks,
               Creek    ponds near  River near Three Runs River      River        River        ponds near
                        Williston   Augusta    Creek      (Smith     (various     (various     New
                                                          Lake)      locations)   locations)   Ellenton

  Adult Male   0        0           0          1.0        1.0        1.0          1.0          0

  Adult Female 0        0           0          1.0        1.0        1.0          1.0          0

  Children                                                                                     
  Born in 1955                                                                                 
  and 1964:                                                                                    

  Infant       0        0           0          1.0        1.0        1.0          1.0          0

  Preschool    0        0           0          1.0        1.0        1.0          1.0          0

  School       0        0           0          1.0        1.0        1.0          1.0          0

  Teen         0        0           0          1.0        1.0        1.0          1.0          0

  Adult        0        0           0          1.0        1.0        1.0          1.0          0
  ------------ -------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ------------ ----------

#### Inadvertent Soil Consumption

This exposure pathway considers exposures from inadvertent ingestion of
contaminated soil. The following are GENII variables for this exposure
pathway:

-   USOIL -- Daily soil ingestion rates (milligrams/d), when consumption
    occurs.

-   TSOIL -- Soil contact days (days out of the year that soil is
    consumed).

Exposure factors for this exposure pathway represented the total mass of
contaminated soil eaten during each year. They were calculated for each
receptor and exposure location by multiplying the daily soil ingestion
rate appropriate for that receptor by the days out of the year that the
receptor stayed in any exposure location. The results were exposure
factors in units of kg/y.

Soil ingestion rates were based on Table 4-23 of EPA, 1997 (5). Daily
rates of 100 milligrams per day for children, and 50 milligrams per day
for adults, were converted to annual rates (in units of kg/y) as
summarized in Table E-40.

Table E-41 summarizes the exposure factors. They were calculated in the
same manner as that used to determine exposure factors for the air
inhalation exposure pathway (Section E.5.3.1). For example, the Adult
Male of the Urban/Suburban family spent 2000 hours out of the year
(8,760 hours) working onsite at the SRS. The exposure factor for the
time spent at work was 0.0183 x (2000/8,760) = 0.00418 kg/year.

Adjustment factors were unity for all receptors and locations.

Table E‑40 GENII-Modeled Age and Gender Categories and Calculated Rates
for Soil Ingestion

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Modeled Age Categories              Soil Ingestion (g/yr)
  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
  Infant (\<1)                        0.0365

  Pre-School (1 -- 4)                 0.0365

  Child (5 -- 11)                     0.0365

  Teenager (12 -- 17)                 0.0365

  Adult Male (\>18)                   0.0183

  Adult Female (\>18)                 0.0183
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

*Table E‑41 Exposure Factors (kg/year) for Soil Ingestion Pathway*

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 4%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2">Individual</td>
<td rowspan="2">Years</td>
<td colspan="2">Rural Family One</td>
<td>Rural Family Two</td>
<td colspan="3">Urban/Suburban Family</td>
<td colspan="3">Delivery Person Family</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Waynes-boro</td>
<td><p>Willi-</p>
<p>ston</p></td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td colspan="2">Onsite SRS</td>
<td colspan="2">Martin</td>
<td>Onsite SRS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adult M</td>
<td>All</td>
<td>0.0183</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0183</td>
<td>0.0141</td>
<td colspan="2">0.00418</td>
<td colspan="2">0.000693</td>
<td>0.000836</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult F</td>
<td>All</td>
<td>0.0183</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0183</td>
<td>0.0183</td>
<td colspan="2">0</td>
<td colspan="2">0.000393</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="5"><p>Children Born in 1955 and</p>
<p>1964</p></td>
<td>Infant</td>
<td>0.0365</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0365</td>
<td>0.0365</td>
<td colspan="2">0</td>
<td colspan="2">0.001275</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Preschool</td>
<td>0.0365</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0365</td>
<td>0.0365</td>
<td colspan="2">0</td>
<td colspan="2">0.001275</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Schoolchild</td>
<td>0.0365</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0365</td>
<td>0.0365</td>
<td colspan="2">0</td>
<td colspan="2">0.001275</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Teen</td>
<td>0.03125</td>
<td>0.00525</td>
<td>0.0365</td>
<td>0.0365</td>
<td colspan="2">0</td>
<td colspan="2">0.001275</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adult M</td>
<td>0.0183</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0183</td>
<td>0.0141</td>
<td colspan="2">0.00418</td>
<td colspan="2">0.00693</td>
<td>0.000836</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2">Individual</td>
<td rowspan="2">Years</td>
<td colspan="2">Delivery Person Family (continued)</td>
<td colspan="3">Outdoors Person Family</td>
<td colspan="2">Near River Family</td>
<td colspan="2">Migrant Worker Family</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Allendale</td>
<td>Barnwell</td>
<td>Onsite SRS</td>
<td colspan="2">Jackson</td>
<td colspan="2">Martin</td>
<td colspan="2">New Ellenton</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult M</td>
<td>All</td>
<td>0.00334</td>
<td>0.0135</td>
<td>0.00418</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0141</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0183</td>
<td colspan="2">0.009125</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adult F</td>
<td>All</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0177</td>
<td>0</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0183</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0183</td>
<td colspan="2">0.009125</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="5">Children Born in 1955 and 1964</td>
<td>Infant</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0352</td>
<td>0</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0365</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0365</td>
<td colspan="2">0.01825</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Preschool</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0352</td>
<td>0</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0365</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0365</td>
<td colspan="2">0.01825</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Schoolchild</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0352</td>
<td>0</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0365</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0365</td>
<td colspan="2">0.01825</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Teen</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0.0352</td>
<td>0</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0365</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0365</td>
<td colspan="2">0.01825</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult M</td>
<td>0.0034</td>
<td>0.0135</td>
<td>0.00418</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0141</td>
<td colspan="2">0.0183</td>
<td colspan="2">0.009125</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

#### Inadvertent Ingestion of Surface Water While Swimming

This exposure pathway accounts for ingestion of contaminated water that
occurs when an individual swims in contaminated water. The following are
GENII variables for this exposure pathway:

-   EVSWIM - Frequency of swimming use (event/day).

-   TESWIM - Duration of swimming events (hours/event).

-   TSWIM - Swimming days (days/year).

-   USWIM -- Ingestion rate of water while swimming (L/h).

Exposure factors determined in consideration of these variables are in
units of L/y.

Swimming water ingestion rates were zero for Rural Families One and Two,
the Migrant Worker Family, the Urban/Suburban Family, and the Outdoors
Person Family because no swimming occurred in water that was
hydrologically downgradient from the site. For the Delivery Person and
the Near River Families, swimming water ingestion rates were estimated
based on the time spent swimming and the ingestion rates while swimming.
The swimming times were 21.2 hours/year for the Delivery Person Family,
and 91 hours per year for the Near River Family (see Section E.5.1.4).
The ingestion rate while swimming was 0.05 L/hr. This value was equal to
EPA's default rate of water ingestion while swimming (5).

Table E-42 summarizes the exposure factors for the swimming water
ingestion exposure pathway.

Table E‑42 Exposure Factors (L/yr) for Swimming Water Ingestion Exposure
Pathway

  ------------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------- ---------- ---------- ----------
  Individual   Rural    Rural      Urban/     Delivery           Outdoors   Near River Migrant
               Family   Family Two Suburban   Person             Person     Family     Worker
               One                 Family     Family             Family                Family

               Briar    Savannah   Savannah   Lower              Savannah   Savannah   Savannah
               Creek    River      River      Three Runs         River      River      River
                                              Creek                                    

  Adult Male   0        0          0          1.06               0          4.6        0

  Adult Female 0        0          0          1.06               0          4.6        0

  Children                                                                             
  Born in 1955                                                                         
  and 1964:                                                                            

  Infant       0        0          0          1.06               0          4.6        0

  Preschool    0        0          0          1.06               0          4.6        0

  School       0        0          0          1.06               0          4.6        0

  Teen         0        0          0          1.06               0          4.6        0

  Adult        0        0          0          1.06               0          4.6        0
  ------------ -------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------- ---------- ---------- ----------

### Inhalation Exposure Route

#### Inhalation of Contaminated Air

This exposure pathway accounts for radiation exposure resulting from
inhalation of airborne contaminants. The following are GENII variables
for this exposure pathway:

-   UINH: Air inhalation rate (m^3^/day).

-   TINH: Air inhalation period (days/year).

Exposure factors were created for each receptor by assuming a constant
daily inhalation rate that was appropriate for the age and gender of the
receptor, and by multiplying it by the number of days in a year that the
receptor was at a specified exposure location. The total time that the
receptor occupied all specified exposure locations was 365 days. The
result was an average air inhalation rate in units of m^3^ per year.

The authors of this report conservatively did not consider any
differences in radiation exposure based on whether the receptor was
inside or outside of a building. This was equivalent to assuming that
indoor concentrations for constituents such as fine particulate matter
and gasses were roughly equal to the outdoor concentrations. This
situation could have existed if the receptors routinely left windows
open or spent their time in structures that were not completely sealed.

Exposure factors for each receptor and exposure location were determined
using the exposure rates recommended by EPA on Table 5.26 of EPA, 1997
(5), and the assumed days out of the year spent by each receptor at each
exposure location. EPA, 1997 (5) provides recommended inhalation values
for a more detailed distribution of ages and genders than was assumed
for this study. Therefore, the EPA data were grouped into the age and
gender categories that were considered in this report, and the EPA data
in each group were averaged to align with the modeled categories. Table
E-43 specifies the categories and data from this reference and the
corresponding modeled categories and rates. Because both the modeled
children were male, average exposure rates were calculated for the child
(5-11) and teenage (12-17) years assuming male breathing rates (when
specified by EPA). (The average annual air inhalation rate for the child
was determined by averaging the three 6-8 years with the three 9-11 male
years. The average annual air inhalation rate for the teenager was
determined by averaging the three 12-14 male years with the four 15-18
male years.)

Table E‑43 Air Inhalation Age/Gender Categories and Rates, and
Corresponding GENII-Modeled Air Inhalation Age/Gender Categories and
Calculated Rates

+-------------------------+---------------+-----------------+----------+
| EPA 1997 Data (Table    |               | Corresponding   |          |
| 5-26)                   |               | Modeled         |          |
|                         |               | Exposure Rate   |          |
|                         |               | Values          |          |
+=========================+===============+=================+==========+
| Age/Gender Categories   | Air           | Modeled         | Air      |
|                         | Inhalation    | Age/Gender      | In       |
|                         | (m^3^/day)    | Categories      | halation |
|                         |               |                 | (m^      |
|                         |               |                 | 3^/year) |
+-------------------------+---------------+-----------------+----------+
| Infants (\<1)           | 4.5           | Infant (\<1)    | 1,643    |
+-------------------------+---------------+-----------------+----------+
| 1 -- 2                  | 6.8           | Pre-School      | 2.,811   |
|                         |               |                 |          |
| 3 -- 5                  | 8.3           | (1 -- 4)        |          |
+-------------------------+---------------+-----------------+----------+
| 6 -- 8                  | 10            | Child           | 4,380\*  |
|                         |               |                 |          |
| 9 -- 11 Male            | 14            | (5 -- 11)       |          |
|                         |               |                 |          |
| 9 -- 11 Female          | 13            |                 |          |
+-------------------------+---------------+-----------------+----------+
| 12 -- 14 Male           | 15            | Teenager        | 5,892^†^ |
|                         |               |                 |          |
| 12 -- 14 Female         | 12            | (12 -- 17)      |          |
|                         |               |                 |          |
| 15 -- 18 Male           | 17            |                 |          |
|                         |               |                 |          |
| 15 -- 18 Female         | 12            |                 |          |
+-------------------------+---------------+-----------------+----------+
| Adult Male 19 -- 65+    | 15.2          | Adult Male      | 5,548    |
|                         |               | (\>18)          |          |
+-------------------------+---------------+-----------------+----------+
| Adult Female 19 -- 65+  | 11.3          | Adult Female    | 4,125    |
|                         |               | (\>18)          |          |
+-------------------------+---------------+-----------------+----------+
| \*Averaged using the    |               |                 |          |
| three 6-8 years plus    |               |                 |          |
| the three 9-11 male     |               |                 |          |
| years.                  |               |                 |          |
|                         |               |                 |          |
| ^†^Averaged using the   |               |                 |          |
| three 12-14 male years  |               |                 |          |
| and the four 15-18 male |               |                 |          |
| years.                  |               |                 |          |
|                         |               |                 |          |
| Source: EPA, 1997 (5).  |               |                 |          |
+-------------------------+---------------+-----------------+----------+

Table E-44 lists the exposure factors calculated from the Table E-43
data, and from the assumed location times for each receptor.

The exposure factors for the teenagers of Rural Family One were split
between Girard and Waynesboro, where the teenagers attended high school.
Assuming a total of 1,260 hours per year spent in high school, out of a
total 8,760 hours in a year, the teenagers' exposure factors were
1260/8760 (5,892) = 847.5 m^3^ per year (rounded to 848 m^3^ per year)
for the time spent in high school, and 5,892 -- 847.5 = 5,044.5 m^3^ per
year (rounded to 5,045 m^3^ per year) for the remaining time spent in
Girard. For the remaining family members, exposure factors were
calculated assuming that they spent the entire year in Girard.

Table E‑44 Table E-44 Exposure Factors (m3/y) for Inhalation Exposure
Pathway

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 0%" />
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 11%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 12%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 9%" />
<col style="width: 1%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 2%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="2">Individual</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2">Years</td>
<td colspan="2"></td>
<td>Rural Family Two</td>
<td colspan="2">Urban/Suburban Family</td>
<td colspan="4">Delivery Person Family</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Girard</td>
<td>Waynes-boro</td>
<td>Williston</td>
<td>Augusta</td>
<td>Onsite SRS</td>
<td colspan="2">Martin</td>
<td colspan="2">Onsite SRS</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adult M</td>
<td colspan="2">All</td>
<td>5,548</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>5,548</td>
<td>4,281</td>
<td>1,267</td>
<td colspan="2">194</td>
<td colspan="2">253</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult F</td>
<td colspan="2">All</td>
<td>4,125</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>4,125</td>
<td>4,125</td>
<td>0</td>
<td colspan="2">144</td>
<td colspan="2">0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td rowspan="5">Children Born in 1955 and 1964</td>
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><p>Infant</p>
<p>Preschool</p></td>
<td>1,643</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1,643</td>
<td>1,643</td>
<td>0</td>
<td colspan="2">57</td>
<td colspan="2">0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>2,811</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2,811</td>
<td>2,811</td>
<td>0</td>
<td colspan="2">98</td>
<td colspan="2">0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">Schoolchild</td>
<td>4,380</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>4,380</td>
<td>4,380</td>
<td>0</td>
<td colspan="2">153</td>
<td colspan="2">0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">Teen</td>
<td>5,045</td>
<td>848</td>
<td>5,892</td>
<td>5,892</td>
<td>0</td>
<td colspan="2">206</td>
<td colspan="2">0</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">Adult M</td>
<td>5,548</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>5,548</td>
<td>5,281</td>
<td>1,267</td>
<td colspan="2">194</td>
<td colspan="2">128</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2" rowspan="2">Individual</td>
<td rowspan="2">Years</td>
<td colspan="2">Delivery Person Family (continued)</td>
<td colspan="2">Outdoors Person Family</td>
<td colspan="2">Near River Family</td>
<td colspan="2">Migrant Worker Family</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Allendale</td>
<td>Barnwell</td>
<td>Onsite SRS</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td colspan="2">Martin</td>
<td colspan="2">New Ellenton</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>Adult M</td>
<td colspan="2">All</td>
<td>1,013</td>
<td>4,088</td>
<td>1,267</td>
<td>4,281</td>
<td colspan="2">5,548</td>
<td colspan="2">2,774</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Adult F</td>
<td colspan="2">All</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>3,980</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>4,125</td>
<td colspan="2">4,125</td>
<td colspan="2">2,062</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="5">Children Born in 1955 and 1964</td>
<td colspan="2">Infant</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1,585</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>1,643</td>
<td colspan="2">1,643</td>
<td colspan="2">821</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">Preschool</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2,712</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>2,811</td>
<td colspan="2">2,811</td>
<td colspan="2">1,405</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">Schoolchild</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>4,227</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>4,380</td>
<td colspan="2">4,380</td>
<td colspan="2">2,190</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2">Teen</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>5,686</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>5,892</td>
<td colspan="2">5,892</td>
<td colspan="2">2,946</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2">Adult M</td>
<td>1,013</td>
<td>4088</td>
<td>1,267</td>
<td>4,281</td>
<td colspan="2">5,548</td>
<td colspan="2">2,774</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

As addressed in Section E.5.1.1, the split in exposure factors between
Girard and Waynesboro for the teenagers was applied for the entire time
they were teenagers: for the six years comprising 1967 through 1972 for
the Child Born in 1955, and the six years comprising 1976 through 1981
for the Child Born in 1964.

The exposure factors for the Adult Male of the Urban/Suburban Family
were split between Augusta and his job onsite at the SRS. Assuming a
total of 2,000 hours per year spent at work, again out of a total 8,760
hours in a year, the adult male exposure factors were 2000/8760 (5,548)
= 1,267 m^3^ per year for the time spent at work, and 5,548 -- 1,267 =
4,281 m^3^ per year for the remaining time spent in Augusta. Exposure
factors for the Adult Female of this family were calculated assuming
that she spent all her time was spent in Augusta. The two children spent
all their time in Augusta until the each reached 18. Both then worked
2,000 hours per year onsite.

For the Delivery Person Family, the Adult Male worked in Allendale and
also occasionally came onsite at the SRS for deliveries. The remainder
of his time was spent between Barnwell, where he lived with his family,
and Martin, where he and his family recreated and attended church. Table
E-45 lists the total hours spent at each location for each family
member.

Table E‑45 Hours Spent by Each Member of the Delivery Person Family at
Four Different Exposure Locations

  ---------------- ----------- -------------- -------------- --------------
  Family Member    Martin      Onsite SRS     Allendale      Barnwell

  Adult Male       306         400            1,600          6,454

  Adult Female     306         0              0              8,454

  Child Born in    306         0              0              8,454
  1955                                                       

  Child Born in    306         0              0              8,454
  1964                                                       
  ---------------- ----------- -------------- -------------- --------------

For the Outdoors Person Family, exposure factors for the Adult Male were
split between Jackson and his job onsite at the SRS. The adult male
exposure factors were 2,000/8,760 x 5,548 = 1,267 m^3^ per year for the
time spent at work, and 5,548 -- 1,267 = 4,281 m^3^ per year for the
time spent in Jackson. Exposure factors for the Adult Female of this
family were calculated assuming that she spent all her time in Jackson.
The two children were assumed to spend all their time in Jackson until
they each reached age 18, after which they each worked onsite for 2,000
hours per year.

Exposure factors for all members of the Near River Family were
calculated assuming that each member spent all their time in Martin.

The exposure factors for the members of the Migrant Worker Family were
calculated assuming that each member spent all their time in New
Ellenton, and that they were only in the SRS vicinity for half of any
year.

Adjustment factors equaled unity for each receptor and location.

#### Inhalation of Resuspended Soil

This exposure pathway addresses inhalation of resuspended contaminated
soil. The following are GENII variables for this exposure pathway:

-   UINHR - Resuspended soil inhalation rate (m^3^/day).

-   TINHR - Resuspended soil inhalation period (days/year).

-   FRINHR - Fraction of a day inhalation of resuspended soil occurs
    (unitless).

Exposure factors were calculated for each receptor and location based on
an assumed daily inhalation rate for each receptor, and an assumed time
spent at each location. It was assumed that resuspended contamination
was breathed for 24 hours out of the day (FRINHR = 1). Therefore, the
exposure factors for this exposure pathway were the same as those for
inhalation of contaminated air that are listed in Table E-44.

Adjustment factors were assumed to be unity for all receptors and
locations.

As discussed previously, no adjustments were made to account for any
differences in air concentrations between indoor and outdoor exposures.
The indoor and outdoor air concentrations were assumed to be the same.
(This is equivalent to the assumption that individuals left windows and
doors of living or working structures open for ventilation, or that the
structures were not perfectly sealed.)

## References

1\. Lockridge J. CY 2002 status report scenario working group
\[unpublished\]. South Carolina. Savannah River Site Health Effects
Site-Specific Advisory Board, Scenario Work Group. September 6, 2002.

2\. McDougall V. Receptor locations for atmospheric release
\[unpublished\]. ATL International, Inc. Germantown, Maryland. January
12, 2003.

3\. McDougall V. Update on receptor locations for atmospheric releases
\[unpublished\]. ATL International, Inc. Germantown, Maryland. February
26, 2003.

4\. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal guidance report 13,
cancer risk coefficients for environmental exposure to radionuclides: CD
supplement. EPA 402-C-99-001, Rev. 1. Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
April 2002.

5\. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development. Exposure factors handbook. EPA/600/P-95/002Fa. Washington,
D.C. 1997.

6\. Hamby DM. Land and water use characteristics in the vicinity of the
Savannah River Site. Westinghouse Savannah River Company, Savannah River
Site. Aiken, South Carolina. WSRC-RP-91-17. 1991.

7\. Napier BA, Strenge DL, Ramsdell JV Jr., Eslinger PW, Fosmire C.
GENII version 2 software design document. Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory. Washington. November 2002.

8\. Westinghouse Savannah River Company. Savannah River Site
environmental report for 1990. WSRC-IM-91-28. Aiken, South Carolina.
1991.

9\. Westinghouse Savannah River Company. Savannah River Site
environmental report for 1991. Aiken, South Carolina. 1992.

10\. Westinghouse Savannah River Company .Savannah River Site
environmental report for 1992. WSRC-TR-93-075 and --077. Aiken, South
Carolina. 1993.

11\. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response, Toxics Integration Branch. Risk assessment guidance
for Superfund, volume I: human health evaluation manual, supplemental
guidance, standard default exposure factors interim final. OSWER
Directive 9285.6-03, NTIS PB91-921314. Washington, D.C. March 25, 1991.

12\. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Population exposure to
external natural radiation background in the United States. 1981.

13\. Ledbetter JL. Outdoor recreation assessment and policy plan 1989 in
the Georgia recreation planning process. Georgia Department of Natural
Resources. Atlanta, Georgia. 1990.

14\. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Regulatory guide 1.109,
calculation of annual doses to man from routine releases of reactor
effluents for the purpose of evaluating compliance with 10 CFR Part 50,
appendix I. Revision 1. October 1977.

15\. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment, Exposure Assessment Group. Estimating exposure
to dioxin-like compounds, external review draft. EPA/600/6-88/005Ca.
Washington, D.C. June 1994.

16\. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science and
Technology. Estimated per capita fish consumption in the United States.
EPA-821-C-02-003. Washington, D.C. 2002.

[^1]: All references to the GENII code in this chapter refer to Version
    2 of GENII.

[^2]: Note that Martin, South Carolina, is not directly on the river.

[^3]: The dose and risk coefficients used are up-to-date coefficients
    issued by the Environmental Protection Agency in their 1992 update
    to Federal Guidance Report 13, "Cancer Risk Coefficients for
    Environmental Exposure to Radionuclides" (4).

[^4]: All two-week vacations from work were spent at home.

[^5]: This assumption was made for all receptors and scenarios.
    Individuals in the SRS vicinity would have consumed grain products
    such as breads, pasta, or flours; however, most of these grain
    products were likely grown or produced out of the SRS vicinity and
    therefore were not contaminated by SRS operations. But it is
    plausible to assume that individuals in the SRS vicinity consume
    locally grown corn. Such consumption could occur for those persons
    living in a suburban as well as a rural environment. Therefore, corn
    was treated as a grain for purposes of this study and as a grain
    surrogate for purposes of the assessments.

[^6]: After putting the boat in the water at the Jackson boat ramp, the
    family moved the boat to an area downstream of the confluence of the
    Savannah River with Lower Three Runs Creek. Therefore, the Adult
    Male received radiation exposures while recreationally boating as
    well as while working at the SRS.

[^7]: This was assumed to reduce the complexity of the computational
    procedures.