**Supplemental references, AChEi briefing:**

# Citations 373-705

This provides supplemental citations in three richly cited areas:

**A. Pyridostigmine growth hormone response**

**B. Cognitive effects of AChEi and other cholinergic agonists in
Alzheimer\'s and other conditions; or use of AChEi in Alzheimer\'s**

**C. AChE changes in CSF in Alzheimer\'s**

373\. Andersen M, Stoving RK, Hangaard J, Petersen PH, Hagen C. The
effect of short-term cortisol changes on growth hormone responses to the
pyridostigmine-growth-hormone-releasing-hormone test in healthy adults
and patients with suspected growth hormone deficiency. *Clin Endocrinol
(Oxf)*. 1998;49:241-9.

374\. Arvat E, Cappa M, Casanueva FF, et al. Pyridostigmine potentiates
growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-induced GH release in both men and
women. *J Clin Endocrinol Metab*. 1993;76:374-7.

375\. Arvat E, Gianotti L, Ragusa L, et al. The enhancing effect of
pyridostigmine on the GH response to GHRH undergoes an accelerated
age-related reduction in Down syndrome. *Dementia*. 1996;7:288-92.

376\. Arvat E, Di Vito L, Ramunni J, et al. Low hexarelin dose and
pyridostigmine have additive effect and potentiate to the same extent
the GHRH-induced GH response in man. *Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)*.
1997;47:495-500.

377\. Barbarino A, Corsello SM, Tofani A, et al. Sexual dimorphism of
pyridostigmine potentiation of growth hormone (GH)-releasing
hormone-induced GH release in humans. *J Clin Endocrinol Metab*.
1991;73:75-8.

378\. Beccaria L, Benzi F, Sanzari A, Bosio L, Brambilla P, Chiumello G.
Impairment of growth hormone responsiveness to growth hormone releasing
hormone and pyridostigmine in patients affected by Prader-Labhardt-Willi
syndrome. *J Endocrinol Invest*. 1996;19:687-92.

379\. Beccaria L, Bosio L, Sanzari A, Aimaretti G, Ghigo E, Chiumello G.
GH secretion in Prader-Labhard-Willi syndrome: somatotrope
responsiveness to GHRH is enhanced by arginine but not by
pyridostigmine. *J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab*. 1996;9:577-83.

380\. Bellone J, Ghigo E, Procopio M, et al. Comparison of the
potentiating effect of pyridostigmine, arginine and propranolol on the
GHRH-induced GH release in short children. *Panminerva Med*.
1993;35:1-4.

381\. Borges MH, Castro RC, Kater CE, Lengyel AM. Different effects of
pyridostigmine on growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hormone
in endogenous and exogenous hypercortisolemic patients. *Braz J Med Biol
Res*. 1993;26:1191-200.

382\. Cappa M, Loche S, Salvatori R, et al. The growth hormone response
to pyridostigmine plus growth hormone releasing hormone is not
influenced by pubertal maturation. *J Endocrinol Invest*. 1991;14:41-5.

383\. Cappa M, Grossi A, Benedetti S, Drago F, Loche S, Ghigo E. Effect
of the enhancement of the cholinergic tone by pyridostigmine on the
exercise-induced growth hormone release in man. *J Endocrinol Invest*.
1993;16:421-4.

384\. Cappa M, Grossi A, Borrelli P, et al. Growth hormone (GH) response
to combined pyridostigmine and GH-releasing hormone administration in
patients with Prader-Labhard-Willi syndrome. *Horm Res*. 1993;39:51-5.

385\. Castro RC, Vieira JG, Chacra AR, Besser GM, Grossman AB, Lengyel
AM. Pyridostigmine enhances, but does not normalise, the GH response to
GH-releasing hormone in obese subjects. *Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)*.
1990;122:385-90.

386\. Coiro V, Volpi R, Bertoni P, et al. Effect of potentiation of
cholinergic tone by pyridostigmine on the GH response to GHRH in elderly
men. *Gerontology*. 1992;38:217-22.

387\. Coiro V, Volpi R, Capretti L, et al. Different effects of naloxone
on the growth hormone response to melatonin and pyridostigmine in normal
men. *Metabolism*. 1998;47:814-6.

388\. Cooney JM, Lucey JV, O\'Keane V, Dinan TG. Specificity of the
pyridostigmine/growth hormone challenge in the diagnosis of depression.
*Biol Psychiatry*. 1997;42:827-33.

389\. Cooney JM, Lucey JV, Dinan TG. Enhanced growth hormone responses
to pyridostigmine challenge in patients with panic disorder. *Br J
Psychiatry*. 1997;170:159-61.

390\. Cordido F, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. Cholinergic receptor
activation by pyridostigmine restores growth hormone (GH) responsiveness
to GH-releasing hormone administration in obese subjects: evidence for
hypothalamic somatostatinergic participation in the blunted GH release
of obesity. *J Clin Endocrinol Metab*. 1989;68:290-3.

391\. Cordido F, Dieguez C, Casanueva FF. Effect of central cholinergic
neurotransmission enhancement by pyridostigmine on the growth hormone
secretion elicited by clonidine, arginine, or hypoglycemia in normal and
obese subjects. *J Clin Endocrinol Metab*. 1990;70:1361-70.

392\. Cordido F, Penalva A, Peino R, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. Effect of
combined administration of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone,
GH-releasing peptide-6, and pyridostigmine in normal and obese subjects.
*Metabolism*. 1995;44:745-8.

393\. Corsello SM, Tofani A, Della Casa S, et al. Effects of sex and age
on pyridostigmine potentiation of growth hormone-releasing
hormone-induced growth hormone release. *Neuroendocrinology*.
1992;56:208-13.

394\. Corsello SM, Tofani A, Della Casa S, et al. Activation of
cholinergic tone by pyridostigmine reverses the inhibitory effect of
corticotropin-releasing hormone on the growth hormone-releasing
hormone-induced growth hormone secretion. *Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)*.
1992;126:113-6.

395\. Davis BM, Mohs RC, Greenwald BS, et al. Clinical studies of the
cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer\'s disease. I. Neurochemical and
neuroendocrine studies. *J Am Geriatr Soc*. 1985;33:741-8.

396\. De Marinis L, Mancini A, Zuppi P, et al. Influence of
pyridostigmine on growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hormone
pre- and postprandially in normal and obese subjects. *J Clin Endocrinol
Metab*. 1992;74:1253-7.

397\. del Balzo P, Salvatori R, Cappa M, Gertner JM. Pyridostigmine does
not reverse dexamethasone-induced growth hormone inhibition. *Clin
Endocrinol (Oxf)*. 1990;33:605-12.

398\. Del Rio G, Carani C, Velardo A, et al. Effect of testosterone
replacement therapy on the somatotrope responsiveness to GHRH alone or
combined with pyridostigmine and on sympathoadrenal activity in patients
with hypogonadism. *J Endocrinol Invest*. 1995;18:690-5.

399\. Delitala G, Tomasi PA, Palermo M, Fresu P. Interaction of glucose
and pyridostigmine on the secretion of growth hormone (GH) induced by
GH-releasing hormone (GHRH). *J Endocrinol Invest*. 1990;13:653-6.

400\. Dinan TG, O\'Keane V, Thakore J. Pyridostigmine induced growth
hormone release in mania: focus on the cholinergic/somatostatin system.
*Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)*. 1994;40:93-6.

401\. Dinan TG, Scott LV, Brady D, McNamara D, Keeling PW. Altered
hypothalamic cholinergic responses in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia:
a study of pyridostigmine-stimulated growth hormone release. *Am J
Gastroenterol*. 2002;97:1937-40.

402\. Farello G, De Simone M, Gentile T, de Matteis F. \[Effect of
pre-treatment with pyridostigmine on the stimulation of growth hormone
by clonidine and GRF\]. *Minerva Pediatr*. 1991;43:617-20.

403\. Friend K, Iranmanesh A, Login IS, Veldhuis JD. Pyridostigmine
treatment selectively amplifies the mass of GH secreted per burst
without altering GH burst frequency, half-life, basal GH secretion or
the orderliness of GH release. *Eur J Endocrinol*. 1997;137:377-86.

404\. Ghigo E, Mazza E, Imperiale E, et al. Growth hormone responses to
pyridostigmine in normal adults and in normal and short children. *Clin
Endocrinol (Oxf)*. 1987;27:669-73.

405\. Ghigo E, Mazza E, Imperiale E, et al. Enhancement of cholinergic
tone by pyridostigmine promotes both basal and growth hormone
(GH)-releasing hormone-induced GH secretion in children of short
stature. *J Clin Endocrinol Metab*. 1987;65:452-6.

406\. Ghigo E, Mazza E, Corrias A, et al. Effect of cholinergic
enhancement by pyridostigmine on growth hormone secretion in obese
adults and children. *Metabolism*. 1989;38:631-3.

407\. Ghigo E, Goffi S, Mazza E, et al. Acute administration of
pyridostigmine and clonidine has an additive stimulatory effect on GH
release in normal children. *J Endocrinol Invest*. 1989;12:99-101.

408\. Ghigo E, Imperiale E, Mazza E, et al. Cholinergic enhancement of
pyridostigmine potentiates spontaneous diurnal but not nocturnal growth
hormone secretion in short children. *Neuroendocrinology*.
1989;49:134-7.

409\. Ghigo E, Goffi S, Arvat E, et al. Pyridostigmine partially
restores the GH responsiveness to GHRH in normal aging. *Acta Endocrinol
(Copenh)*. 1990;123:169-73.

410\. Ghigo E, Bellone J, Imperiale E, et al. Pyridostigmine potentiates
L-dopa- but not arginine- and galanin-induced growth hormone secretion
in children. *Neuroendocrinology*. 1990;52:42-5.

411\. Ghigo E, Bellone J, Mazza E, et al. Arginine potentiates the GHRH-
but not the pyridostigmine-induced GH secretion in normal short
children. Further evidence for a somatostatin suppressing effect of
arginine. *Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)*. 1990;32:763-7.

412\. Ghigo E, Imperiale E, Boffano GM, et al. A new test for the
diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency due to primary pituitary
impairment: combined administration of pyridostigmine and growth
hormone-releasing hormone. *J Endocrinol Invest*. 1990;13:307-16.

413\. Ghigo E, Arvat E, Nicolosi M, Mazza E, Camanni F. Comparison of
growth hormone-releasing effect of growth hormone-releasing hormone,
clonidine and pyridostigmine in normal children and adolescents.
GH-releasing effect of GHRH, clonidine and pyridostigmine. *Panminerva
Med*. 1990;32:1-3.

414\. Ghigo E, Arvat E, Mazza E, et al. Failure of pyridostigmine to
increase both basal and GHRH-induced GH secretion in the night. *Acta
Endocrinol (Copenh)*. 1990;122:37-40.

415\. Ghigo E, Nicolosi M, Arvat E, et al. Growth hormone secretion in
Alzheimer\'s disease: studies with growth hormone-releasing hormone
alone and combined with pyridostigmine or arginine. *Dementia*.
1993;4:315-20.

416\. Ghigo E, Arvat E, Gianotti L, et al. Arginine but not
pyridostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, enhances the GHRH-induced GH
rise in patients with anorexia nervosa. *Biol Psychiatry*.
1994;36:689-95.

417\. Ghigo E, Arvat E, Gianotti L, Ramunni J, Maccario M, Camanni F.
Interaction of salbutamol with pyridostigmine and arginine on both basal
and GHRH-stimulated GH secretion in humans. *Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)*.
1994;40:799-802.

418\. Giusti M, Marini G, Sessarego P, et al. Growth hormone secretion
in aging. Effect of pyridostigmine on growth hormone responsiveness to
growth hormone-releasing hormone. *Recenti Prog Med*. 1991;82:665-8.

419\. Giustina A, Bossoni S, Cimino A, Pizzocolo G, Romanelli G,
Wehrenberg WB. Impaired growth hormone (GH) response to pyridostigmine
in type 1 diabetic patients with exaggerated GH-releasing
hormone-stimulated GH secretion. *J Clin Endocrinol Metab*.
1990;71:1486-90.

420\. Giustina A, Bodini C, Bossoni S, et al. Effects of calcitonin on
GH response to pyridostigmine in combination with hGHRH (1-29) NH2 in
normal adult subjects. *Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)*. 1990;33:375-80.

421\. Giustina A, Girelli A, Doga M, et al. Pyridostigmine blocks the
inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids on growth hormone-releasing hormone
stimulated growth hormone secretion in normal man. *J Clin Endocrinol
Metab*. 1990;71:580-4.

422\. Giustina A, Girelli A, Alberti D, et al. Effects of pyridostigmine
on spontaneous and growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulated growth
hormone secretion in children on daily glucocorticoid therapy after
liver transplantation. *Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)*. 1991;35:491-8.

423\. Giustina A, Bossoni S, Bodini C, et al. Effects of exogenous
growth hormone pretreatment on the pituitary growth hormone response to
growth hormone-releasing hormone alone or in combination with
pyridostigmine in type I diabetic patients. *Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)*.
1991;125:510-7.

424\. Giustina A, Bossoni S, Bodini C, et al. Pyridostigmine enhances
even if it does not normalize the growth hormone responses to growth
hormone-releasing hormone in patients with Cushing\'s disease. *Horm
Res*. 1991;35:99-103.

425\. Giustina A, Bussi AR, Conti C, et al. Comparative effect of
galanin and pyridostigmine on the growth hormone response to growth
hormone-releasing hormone in normal aged subjects. *Horm Res*.
1992;37:165-70.

426\. Giustina A, Bodini C, Bossoni S, Valentini U, Wehrenberg WB.
Variability in the growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing
hormone alone or combined with pyridostigmine in type 1 diabetic
patients. *J Endocrinol Invest*. 1993;16:585-90.

427\. Giustina A, Bresciani E, Tassi C, Girelli A, Valentini U. Effect
of pyridostigmine on the growth hormone response to growth
hormone-releasing hormone in lean and obese type II Diabetic patients.
*Metabolism*. 1994;43:893-8.

428\. Giustina A, Bussi AR, Doga M, Iacobello C, Wehrenberg WB. Effect
of pyridostigmine on the hydrocortisone-mediated decrease of circulating
growth hormone levels in acromegaly. *Horm Metab Res*. 1994;26:288-92.

429\. Grugni G, Guzzaloni G, Moro D, Bettio D, De Medici C, Morabito F.
Reduced growth hormone (GH) responsiveness to combined GH-releasing
hormone and pyridostigmine administration in the Prader-Willi syndrome.
*Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)*. 1998;48:769-75.

430\. Guzzaloni G, Grugni G, Ardizzi A, Moro D, Calo G, Morabito F.
\[Effect of sex on the increase of GH induced by galanin, alone or in
combination with GHRH with or without pyridostigmine in pubescent
subjects\]. *Minerva Endocrinol*. 1996;21:53-7.

431\. Guzzaloni G, Grugni G, Morabito F. Growth hormone response to
hexarelin, growth hormone-releasing hormone plus pyridostigmine and
arginine plus estrogen in prepubertal and early pubertal short children.
*Minerva Endocrinol*. 1998;23:99-104.

432\. Guzzaloni G, Grugni G, Morabito F. Hexarelin-induced growth
hormone response in short stature. Comparison with growth
hormone-releasing hormone plus pyridostigmine and arginine plus
estrogen. *J Endocrinol Invest*. 1999;22:360-8.

433\. Hanew K, Utsumi A, Sugawara A, Shimizu Y, Ikeda H, Abe K. The
evaluation of hypothalamic somatostatin tone using pyridostigmine and
thyrotropin releasing hormone in patients with acromegaly. *J Endocrinol
Invest*. 1994;17:313-21.

434\. Hanew K, Tanaka A, Utsumi A. Plasma GH responses to GHRH,
arginine, L-dopa, pyridostigmine, sequential administrations of GHRH and
combined administration of PD and GHRH in Turner\'s syndrome. *J
Endocrinol Invest*. 1998;21:72-7.

435\. Hoeck HC, Vestergaard P, Jakobsen PE, Falhof J, Laurberg P.
Diagnosis of growth hormone (GH) deficiency in adults with
hypothalamic-pituitary disorders: comparison of test results using
pyridostigmine plus GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), clonidine plus GHRH,
and insulin-induced hypoglycemia as GH secretagogues. *J Clin Endocrinol
Metab*. 2000;85:1467-72.

436\. Kirk JM, Ross RJ, Trainer PJ, et al. Pyridostigmine fails to
increase either spontaneous or GHRH-stimulated GH secretion during day
or night in growth hormone-insufficient children. *Clin Endocrinol
(Oxf)*. 1991;34:407-11.

437\. Lamperti E, Cocchi D, Parati EA, Caraceni T, Muller EE. Growth
hormone responses to cholinergically active drugs in patients with
dementia of the Alzheimer type. *Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord*.
1992;6:44-52.

438\. Leal-Cerro A, Pereira JL, Garcia-Luna PP, et al. Effect of
enhancement of endogenous cholinergic tone with pyridostigmine on growth
hormone (GH) responses to GH-releasing hormone in patients with
Cushing\'s syndrome. *Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)*. 1990;33:291-5.

439\. Lee EJ, Lee BS, Lee HC, Park KH, Song CH, Huh KB. Growth hormone
response to L-dopa and pyridostigmine in women with polycystic ovarian
syndrome. *Fertil Steril*. 1993;60:53-7.

440\. Lee EJ, Kim KR, Lee KM, et al. Reduced growth hormone response to
L-dopa and pyridostigmine in obesity. *Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord*.
1994;18:465-8.

441\. Lee EJ, Nam SY, Kim KR, et al. Acipimox potentiates growth hormone
(GH) response to GH-releasing hormone with or without pyridostigmine by
lowering serum free fatty acid in normal and obese subjects. *J Clin
Endocrinol Metab*. 1995;80:2495-8.

442\. Loche S, Pintor C, Cappa M, et al. Pyridostigmine counteracts the
blunted growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone of
obese children. *Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)*. 1989;120:624-8.

443\. Lucey JV, O\'Keane V, O\'Flynn K, Clare AW, Dinan TG. Gender and
age differences in the growth hormone response to pyridostigmine. *Int
Clin Psychopharmacol*. 1991;6:105-9.

444\. Lucey JV, Butcher G, Clare AW, Dinan TG. Elevated growth hormone
responses to pyridostigmine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence
of cholinergic supersensitivity. *Am J Psychiatry*. 1993;150:961-2.

445\. Mancini A, Valle D, Conte G, et al. Pre- and postprandial
pyridostigmine and oxiracetam effects on growth hormone secretion in
anorexia nervosa. *Psychoneuroendocrinology*. 1996;21:621-9.

446\. Martina V, Bruno G, Tagliabue M, et al. Repeated administration of
growth hormone-releasing hormone with or without previous administration
of pyridostigmine in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. *Horm Metab
Res*. 1997;29:180-3.

447\. Massara F, Ghigo E, Molinatti P, et al. Potentiation of
cholinergic tone by pyridostigmine bromide re-instates and potentiates
the growth hormone responsiveness to intermittent administration of
growth hormone-releasing factor in man. *Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)*.
1986;113:12-6.

448\. Murialdo G, Fonzi S, Torre F, et al. Effects of pyridostigmine,
corticotropin-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing hormone on
the pituitary-adrenal axis and on growth hormone secretion in dementia.
*Neuropsychobiology*. 1993;28:177-83.

449\. O\'Keane V, Dinan TG. Sex steroid priming effects on growth
hormone response to pyridostigmine throughout the menstrual cycle. *J
Clin Endocrinol Metab*. 1992;75:11-4.

450\. O\'Keane V, O\'Flynn K, Lucey J, Dinan TG. Pyridostigmine-induced
growth hormone responses in healthy and depressed subjects: evidence for
cholinergic supersensitivity in depression. *Psychol Med*.
1992;22:55-60.

451\. O\'Keane V, Abel K, Murray RM. Growth hormone responses to
pyridostigmine in schizophrenia: evidence for cholinergic dysfunction.
*Biol Psychiatry*. 1994;36:582-8.

452\. Penalva A, Burguera B, Casabiell X, Tresguerres JA, Dieguez C,
Casanueva FF. Activation of cholinergic neurotransmission by
pyridostigmine reverses the inhibitory effect of hyperglycemia on growth
hormone (GH) releasing hormone-induced GH secretion in man: does acute
hyperglycemia act through hypothalamic release of somatostatin?
*Neuroendocrinology*. 1989;49:551-4.

453\. Penalva A, Muruais C, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. Effect of
enhancement of endogenous cholinergic tone with pyridostigmine on the
dose-response relationships of growth hormone (GH)-releasing
hormone-induced GH secretion in normal subjects. *J Clin Endocrinol
Metab*. 1990;70:324-7.

454\. Penalva A, Carballo A, Pombo M, Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. Effect of
growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH), atropine, pyridostigmine,
or hypoglycemia on GHRP-6-induced GH secretion in man. *J Clin
Endocrinol Metab*. 1993;76:168-71.

455\. Procopio M, Invitti C, Maccario M, et al. Effect of arginine and
pyridostigmine on the GHRH-induced GH rise in obesity and Cushing\'s
syndrome. *Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord*. 1995;19:108-12.

456\. Procopio M, Maccario M, Savio P, et al. GH response to GHRH
combined with pyridostigmine or arginine in different conditions of low
somatotrope secretion in adulthood: obesity and Cushing\'s syndrome in
comparison with hypopituitarism. *Panminerva Med*. 1998;40:13-7.

457\. Procopio M, Maccario M, Savio P, et al. GH response to GHRH
combined with pyridostigmine or arginine in different conditions of low
somatotrope secretion in adulthood: obesity and Cushing\'s syndrome in
comparison with hypopituitarism. *Minerva Endocrinol*. 1999;24:107-11.

458\. Rico M, Rueda V, Lorenzo MT, Nunez A, De la Cruz LF. Effect of
growth hormone-releasing peptide 1-6 on GH secretion-stimulated by GHRH
and pyridostigmine in lambs. *J Physiol Biochem*. 1998;54:67-76.

459\. Ross RJ, Tsagarakis S, Grossman A, et al. GH feedback occurs
through modulation of hypothalamic somatostatin under cholinergic
control: studies with pyridostigmine and GHRH. *Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)*.
1987;27:727-33.

460\. Ross RJ, Savage MO, Kirk JM, Besser GM. Growth hormone response to
overnight growth hormone-releasing hormone infusion and oral
pyridostigmine in children with short stature. *Acta Paediatr Scand
Suppl*. 1989;349:114-6; discussion 123-4.

461\. Thakore JH, Coffey I, Dinan TG. Time dependency of
pyridostigmine-induced growth hormone response. *J Basic Clin Physiol
Pharmacol*. 1994;5:117-23.

462\. Thakore JH, Dinan TG. Loss of the diurnal variation of
pyridostigmine-induced growth hormone responses in depression: the
effect of cortisol. *Int Clin Psychopharmacol*. 1995;10:107-10.

463\. Trainer PJ, Kirk JM, Savage MO, Grossman AB, Besser GM.
Pyridostigmine partially reverses dexamethasone-induced inhibition of
the growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone. *J
Endocrinol*. 1992;134:513-7.

464\. Trojan DA, Collet JP, Shapiro S, et al. A multicenter, randomized,
double-blinded trial of pyridostigmine in postpolio syndrome.
*Neurology*. 1999;53:1225-33.

465\. Valcavi R, Dieguez C, Zini M, et al. Effect of pyridostigmine and
pirenzepine on GH responses to GHRH in hyperthyroid patients. *Clin
Endocrinol (Oxf)*. 1991;35:141-4.

466\. Valcavi R, Zini M, Davoli S, Portioli I. The late growth hormone
rise induced by oral glucose is enhanced by cholinergic stimulation with
pyridostigmine in normal subjects. *Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)*.
1992;37:360-4.

467\. Valcavi R, Valente F, Dieguez C, et al. Evidence against depletion
of the growth hormone (GH)-releasable pool in human primary
hypothyroidism: studies with GH-releasing hormone, pyridostigmine, and
arginine. *J Clin Endocrinol Metab*. 1993;77:616-20.

468\. Vierhapper H, Nardi A, Bieglmayer C. The use of the pyridostigmine
growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulation test to detect growth
hormone deficiency in patients with pituitary adenomas. *Metabolism*.
2002;51:34-7.

469\. Wang XD, Pan CY, Wang YZ. Application of pyridostigmine in
evaluation of growth hormone reserves in children and adolescents. *Chin
Med J (Engl)*. 1991;104:484-6.

470\. Wehrenberg WB, Wiviott SD, Voltz DM, Giustina A.
Pyridostigmine-mediated growth hormone release: evidence for
somatostatin involvement. *Endocrinology*. 1992;130:1445-50.

471\. Yang I, Woo J, Kim S, Kim J, Kim Y, Choi Y. Combined
pyridostigmine-thyrotrophin-releasing hormone test for the evaluation of
hypothalamic somatostatinergic activity in healthy normal men. *Eur J
Endocrinol*. 1995;133:457-62.

472\. Cochard A, Guilhermet R, Bonneau M. Effects of arginine, growth
hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and neostigmine administered singly or
in paired combinations on growth hormone (GH) release in pigs. *Reprod
Nutr Dev*. 1997;37:589-98.

473\. Ghigo E, Procopio M, Bellone J, et al. Intranasal administration
of neostigmine potentiates both intravenous and intranasal growth
hormone (GH)-releasing hormone-induced GH release in short children. *J
Clin Endocrinol Metab*. 1991;72:467-70.

474\. Gotoh M, Hirooka Y, Tajima T, Iguchi A, Smythe GA.
Adrenocorticotropin and growth hormone secretions after
intracerebroventricular administration of neostigmine in rats: their
relationships to hypothalamic monoaminergic neuronal activities. *Brain
Res*. 1994;659:259-62.

475\. Magnan E, Cataldi M, Guillaume V, et al. Neostigmine stimulates
growth hormone-releasing hormone release into hypophysial portal blood
of conscious sheep. *Endocrinology*. 1993;132:1247-51.

476\. Magnan E, Mazzocchi L, Cataldi M, et al. Effect of actively
immunizing sheep against growth hormone-releasing hormone or
somatostatin on spontaneous pulsatile and neostigmine-induced growth
hormone secretion. *J Endocrinol*. 1995;144:83-90.

477\. Joyce PR, Donald RA, Nicholls MG. Physostigmine reduces the plasma
cortisol response to methylphenidate in normal subjects. *J Psychiatr
Res*. 1986;20:151-7.

478\. Steinberg BJ, Trestman R, Mitropoulou V, et al. Depressive
response to physostigmine challenge in borderline personality disorder
patients. *Neuropsychopharmacology*. 1997;17:264-73.

479\. Karczmar A. Invited review: Anticholinesterases: dramatic aspects
of their use and misuse. *Neurochem Int*. 1998;32:401-11.

480\. Auriacombe S, Pere JJ, Loria-Kanza Y, Vellas B. Efficacy and
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