**SONGBIRD MONITORING - CONSTANT-EFFORT MIST-NETTING**

INTRODUCTION

In the past few decades, much concern has been raised about the sharp
and widespread population declines of songbirds. In the early 1990s, the
Partners in Flight (PIF) program began an attempt to enlist a concerted
effort among academic, government, and private sector scientists and
managers to understand the causes of, and then reverse, songbird
declines. Through this program, many important underlying causes of
declines have been identified, followed by successful strategies to
protect songbirds and their habitats. The National Park Service has
contributed an active role in the PIF program since its inception.

The Lassen region is critical to efforts to protect declining songbirds.
The area supports diverse bird communities including half of the
PIF-listed Species of Conservation Priority and all the species listed
by the Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project report as declining or likely
declining (Graber, 1996). Neotropical migrants are an especially
important avian group which are presently well-represented in the Lassen
region but continue to show alarming declines elsewhere.

Constant-effort mist-netting data collected during the breeding season
provides an annual index of abundance, productivity, and survivorship
(DeSante and Guepel 1987). Data can indicate whether populations are
sources (reproductive success is sufficient to balance mortality) or
sinks (mortality exceeds local production of young), and whether
existing conditions are capable of supporting breeding populations (Nur
and Geupel, 1993).

PROJECT HISTORY

From 1997-1999, Lassen Volcanic National Park (LVNP), Lassen National
Forest (LNF), and the Point Reyes Bird Observatory (PRBO) conducted a
3-year study of the songbird communities in selected areas of the park
and the forest. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the health
of existing bird populations, identify areas important to sensitive and
declining species, and provide recommendations to enhance declining
populations. All data collected during these efforts were done so in
accordance with standard methodologies and were contributed to national
monitoring programs including Monitoring Avian Productivity and
Survivorship (MAPS) and Breeding Biology Research and Monitoring
Database (BBIRD).

During all years of the project, intensive training in standard
methodologies (especially constant-effort mist-netting and
point-counting) was provided to LVNP and LNF field staff by PRBO
ornithologists to facilitate continuation of the project beyond the
3-year pilot period. At the conclusion of the study in 1999, the
Drakesbad mist-netting station was converted to a permanent MAPS station
as part of the park\'s long-term monitoring program. This year marked
the tenth full year of constant-effort mist-netting at Drakesbad.

METHODS

Mist-netting procedures were conducted according to the protocols
described in Ralph et al. (1993). See Table 3 for a summary of days of
operation. Nets were located approximately 50 meters apart and were
operated during the breeding season approximately once every 10 days
(Figure 4). Nets were opened 15 minutes after local sunrise, checked
every 30 to 40 minutes, and operated for five hours. Birds captured were
removed from the nets and processed immediately on-site. Each bird
captured (except hummingbirds and game birds) received a U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service band for permanent identification and to allow
estimates of survival from subsequent recaptures. Age, sex, skull
ossification, breeding condition, fat score, molt, flight feather wear
and fade, wing length and weight of each bird were recorded as described
by Pyle (1997). All data are stored in FOXPRO databases and analysis
programs developed by PRBO.

**Table 3. Summary of breeding season net results from 1997-2006 at
Drakesbad**

+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
|             | **[  |        |       | * |   |   |         |         |
|             | Days |        |       | * |   |   |         |         |
|             | of   |        |       | [ |   |   |         |         |
|             | Oper |        |       | N |   |   |         |         |
|             | atio |        |       | o |   |   |         |         |
|             | n]{. |        |       | . |   |   |         |         |
|             | smal |        |       | o |   |   |         |         |
|             | lcap |        |       | f |   |   |         |         |
|             | s}** |        |       | C |   |   |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | a |   |   |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | p |   |   |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | t |   |   |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | u |   |   |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | r |   |   |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | e |   |   |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | s |   |   |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | ^ |   |   |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | 1 |   |   |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | ^ |   |   |         |         |
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|             |      |        |       | } |   |   |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | * |   |   |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | * |   |   |         |         |
+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
| **[Year]{.s | **[  | **[Ra  | **[   | * | * | * | **      | **      |
| mallcaps}** | Tota | nge]{. | Total | * | * | * | [Birds/ | [Number |
|             | l]{. | smallc | ]{.sm | [ | [ | [ | 100 Net | of]     |
|             | smal | aps}** | allca | B | U | R | Hrs.]   | {.small |
|             | lcap |        | ps}** | ] | ] | ] | {.small | caps}** |
|             | s}** |        |       | { | { | { | caps}** |         |
|             |      |        | *     | . | . | . |         | **[S    |
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|             |      |        |       | } | } | } |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | * | * | * |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | * | * | * |         |         |
+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
|             |      |        |       |   |   |   |         |         |
+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
| [1997]{     | [6]  | [6/1   | [3    | [ | [ | [ | [78.4   | [2      |
| .smallcaps} | {.sm | 6-8/1] | 15]{. | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1]{.sma | 0]{.sma |
|             | allc | {.smal | small | 6 | 9 | 9 | llcaps} | llcaps} |
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|             |      |        |       | } |   |   |         |         |
+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
| [1998]{     | [4]  | [7/    | [2    | [ | [ | [ | [93.    | [2      |
| .smallcaps} | {.sm | 7-8/4] | 00]{. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5]{.sma | 4]{.sma |
|             | allc | {.smal | small | 2 | 3 | 7 | llcaps} | llcaps} |
|             | aps} | lcaps} | caps} | 7 | ] | ] |         |         |
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|             |      |        |       | p | s | s |         |         |
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|             |      |        |       | } |   |   |         |         |
+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
| [1999]{     | [7]  | [6/    | [3    | [ | [ | [ | [76.    | [2      |
| .smallcaps} | {.sm | 8-8/5] | 36]{. | 1 | 3 | 7 | 5]{.sma | 3]{.sma |
|             | allc | {.smal | small | 4 | 8 | 2 | llcaps} | llcaps} |
|             | aps} | lcaps} | caps} | 7 | ] | ] |         |         |
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|             |      |        |       | } |   |   |         |         |
+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
| [2000]{     | [7]  | [6/    | [2    | [ | [ | [ | [92.    | [2      |
| .smallcaps} | {.sm | 5-8/3] | 47]{. | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3]{.sma | 7]{.sma |
|             | allc | {.smal | small | 4 | 9 | 6 | llcaps} | llcaps} |
|             | aps} | lcaps} | caps} | 3 | ] | ] |         |         |
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+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
| [2001]{     | [7]  | [6/    | [313  | [ | [ | [ | [97.    | [2      |
| .smallcaps} | {.sm | 7-8/9] | .5]{. | 1 | 5 | 5 | 4]{.sma | 7]{.sma |
|             | allc | {.smal | small | 9 | 9 | 6 | llcaps} | llcaps} |
|             | aps} | lcaps} | caps} | 0 | ] | ] |         |         |
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+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
| [2002]{     | [7]  | [6/    | [3    | [ | [ | [ | [88.    | [2      |
| .smallcaps} | {.sm | 4-8/6] | 50]{. | 2 | 2 | 7 | 3]{.sma | 4]{.sma |
|             | allc | {.smal | small | 1 | 1 | 1 | llcaps} | llcaps} |
|             | aps} | lcaps} | caps} | 7 | ] | ] |         |         |
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|             |      |        |       | } |   |   |         |         |
+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
| [2003]{     | [7]  | [6/    | [349  | [ | [ | [ | [83.    | [3      |
| .smallcaps} | {.sm | 5-8/7] | .5]{. | 1 | 2 | 6 | 0]{.sma | 1]{.sma |
|             | allc | {.smal | small | 9 | 5 | 6 | llcaps} | llcaps} |
|             | aps} | lcaps} | caps} | 9 | ] | ] |         |         |
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+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
| [2004]{     | [7]  | [6/    | [3    | [ | [ | [ | [90.    | [3      |
| .smallcaps} | {.sm | 3-8/5] | 50]{. | 2 | 4 | 5 | 8]{.sma | 0]{.sma |
|             | allc | {.smal | small | 1 | 3 | 8 | llcaps} | llcaps} |
|             | aps} | lcaps} | caps} | 7 | ] | ] |         |         |
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+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
| [2005]{     | [7]  | [6/1   | [3    | [ | [ | [ | [74.    | [2      |
| .smallcaps} | {.sm | 0-8/4] | 35]{. | 1 | 1 | 6 | 0]{.sma | 6]{.sma |
|             | allc | {.smal | small | 7 | 3 | 4 | llcaps} | llcaps} |
|             | aps} | lcaps} | caps} | 1 | ] | ] |         |         |
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+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+
| [2006]{     | [7]  | [6/    | [3    | [ | [ | [ | [115.   | [3      |
| .smallcaps} | {.sm | 7-8/3] | 50]{. | 3 | 5 | 5 | 4]{.sma | 1]{.sma |
|             | allc | {.smal | small | 0 | 0 | 3 | llcaps} | llcaps} |
|             | aps} | lcaps} | caps} | 1 | ] | ] |         |         |
|             |      |        |       | ] | { | { |         |         |
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|             |      |        |       | } |   |   |         |         |
+-------------+------+--------+-------+---+---+---+---------+---------+

[^1^ B = banded, U = unbanded, R = Recapture]{.smallcaps}

RESULTS

The national average for number of individuals captured per 100 net
hours, from 410 MAPS stations, was 37.2 in 1996 (DeSante et al., 1998).
Drakesbad consistently has capture rates well above the national
average. Productivity indices (juvenile to adult ratio) by species are
presented in Table 4. These results indicate high productivity (defined
here as ratios ≥ 0.30) for many breeding species, in particular several
riparian species such as neotropical migrants MacGillivray\'s Warbler
(*Oporornis tolmiei*) and Wilson\'s Warbler (*Wilsonia pusilla*), in
addition to Song Sparrow (*Melospiza melodia*) (Figure 3). This is
noteworthy because two of these species, Wilson's Warbler (*W. pusilla*)
and Song Sparrow (*M. melodia*), are showing marked declines throughout
their ranges and are both listed by PIF as Species of Concern.

Suvivorship analysis for Drakesbad was conducted in 2004 by PRBO. For
Wilson's Warbler (*W .pusilla*) the survival rate was 33% for females
and 68% for males (Gardali et al. 2004). The MAPS N.W. region estimate
for this species was 45% (Gardali et al. 2004). For Song Sparrow
(*M.melodia*) the survival rate was 49% for females and 57% for males
(Gardali et al. 2004). The MAPS N.W. region estimate for this species
was 47% (Gardali et al.. 2004). MacGillivray's Warbler (*O. tolmiei*)
had a survival rate of 42% for females and 48% for males (Gardali et
al.. 2004). The MAPS N.W. region estimate for this species is 49%. It is
interesting to note the difference between male and female survival
rates for all three species. The females survival rates for all three
species are lower than the males. It is hypothesized that this is due to
the stress levels endured by females that take on the majority of the
effort during the breeding season in terms of egg production and
incubation (Gardali et al. 2004). This data suggests that with the
relatively high survival rates for these species, Drakesbad is high
quality habitat.

Data continue to show the importance of the Drakesbad area for
dispersing hatch year birds, such as Orange-crown Warbler (*Vermivora
celata*) and Rufous Hummingbird (*Selasphorus rufus*). Neither of these
species breeds at Drakesbad but dispersing juveniles use the area to
forage. This year 36 hatch year Rufous Hummingbirds and 112 hatch year
Orange-crowned Warblers were captured. Six after hatch year
Orange-crowned Warblers were also captured this year.

Between year recapture has revealed important data on site fidelity and
longevity. One Wison's Warbler was recaptured that was originally
captured in 2000 and aged as an after second year bird. This would mean
this bird is at least eight years old. One Warbling Vireo was recaptured
in 2006 that was originally banded in 2002 as an after hatch year. This
indicates this bird is at least five years old. One Western Wood-pewee
was recaptured in 2006 that was originally banded in 2003 as an after
second year. This bird would be at least 5 years old. All other birds
that were recaptured in 2006 were originally banded in 2004 or 2005 or
2006.

Two new species were also recorded this year. One after hatch year
female Brown-headed Cowbird (*Molothrus ater*) was captured on June 14th
and one hatch year House Wren (*Troglodytes aedon*) was also captured on
August 8th. Both of these species may occur in the park during the
summer. Brown-headed Cowbirds are usually associated with open disturbed
areas in lower elevations throughout the central valley, foothills, and
great basin (Burnett et al., 2004). In the park they are found in
montane shrub and riparian habitats where it parasitizes the nests of
other birds (Burnett et al. 2004). House Wrens use the park for juvenile
up mountain dispersal after hatching in lowland areas outside of the
park.

FUTURE DIRECTION

Long-term data collection from the Drakesbad station will continue
indefinitely as a part of the park's developing inventory and monitoring
program. Development of the Monitoring Concept Plan in 2000 will guide
the park in planning comprehensive, long-term programs for monitoring
bird populations (Humple et al., 2001). This plan recommended that the
park combine mist-net data collection with relative abundance monitoring
--- using Variable Circular Plot (VCP) point counts --- of bird
populations in other areas of the park. In addition, recommendations
were made to consider the establishment of 1 to 2 more mist-netting
stations. This approach is in accordance with direction from the NPS
Inventory and Monitoring program which states "the most effective and
useful avian monitoring programs will be those that incorporate
multiple, complementary approaches --- population distribution and trend
monitoring through Variable Circular Plot Points Counts, and
determination of vital rates through constant-effort mist-netting"
(Fancy and Sauer, 2000).

The Lassen National Forest plans to continue operating the Gurnsey Creek
mist-net station, companion station to Drakesbad during 1997-2006.
Resulting datasets will add greater resolution and value to Drakesbad
data.

![](media/image1.wmf){width="4.43125in" height="2.3854166666666665in"}

**Figure 3. Average [+]{.underline} SE of productivity as Expressed in
Ratios of Hatch Year to After Hatch Year Birds for Three Species
Captured at Drakesbad.**

![](media/image2.wmf) **Figure 4. Drakesbad Mist Net Stations**

Lassen Volcanic National Park 2004

**Table 4. Species and Age Class of Birds Banded at Drakesbad During
Constant-Effort Mist-Netting, 1997-2006.**

  ----------------- --------- -------- ------- -------- -------- ------- -------- --------- ------- --------- -------- ------- --------- --------- ------- -------- --------- ------- -------- --------- -------
                              1997                      1998                      1999                        2000                       2001                       2002                       2003      

  Species           HY        AHY      Ratio   HY       AHY      Ratio   HY       AHY       Ratio   HY        AHY      Ratio   HY        AHY       Ratio   HY       AHY       Ratio   HY       AHY       Ratio

                                                                                                                                                                                                         

  American Dipper   0         0                0        0                0        0                 1         0                0         0                 0        0                 0        0         

  American Robin    0         1        0.00    0        3        0.00    2        5         0.40    0         5        0.00    0         1         0.00    0        2         0.00    0        4         0.00

  Allen's           0         0                0        0                0        0                 1         0                0         0                 0        0                 0        1         0.00
  Hummingbird                                                                                                                                                                                            

  Anna's            2         1        2.00    2        0                0        0                 0         0                1         0                 0        0                                    
  Hummingbird                                                                                                                                                                                            

  Audubon's Warbler 0         1        0.00    0        3        0.00    0        7         0.00    0         4        0.00    3         8         0.37    0        5         0.00    0        4         0.00

  Brewer's          0         0                0        1        0.00    0        0                 0         0                0         0                 0        0                 0        0         
  Blackbird                                                                                                                                                                                              

  Brewer's Sparrow  0         0                0        0                0        0                 1         0                0         0                 0        0                 0        0         

  Brown Creeper     0         0                0        0                0        0                 0         1        0.00    3         0                 0        0                 0        3         0.00

  Calliope          0         0                0        0                0        0                 3         0                2         1         2.00    0        0                 0        0         
  Hummingbird                                                                                                                                                                                            

  Cassin's Finch    0         0                0        1        0.00    0        4         0.00    0         1        0.00    0         0                 0        1         1.00    1        12        0.08

  Cassin's Vireo    2         0                0        0                1        0                 0         0                0         0                 1        1         1.0     2        0         

  Common Snipe      0         0                0        0                0        0                 0         0                0         0                 0        0                 U        U         

  Dusky Flycatcher  0         0                0        0                0        0                 1         0                3         0                 0        0                 0        1         0.00

  Evening Grosbeak  0         11       0.00    0        8        0.00    0        3         0.00    1         0                0         4         0.00    0        13        0.00    0        9         0.00

  Golden-crowned    0         0                0        0                0        0                 0         0                1         1         1.0     0        0                 0        0         
  Kinglet                                                                                                                                                                                                

  Hairy Woodpecker  0         0                0        1        0.00    0        1         0.00    0         0                0         0                 0        1         0.00    0        0         

  Hammond's         2         0                0        0                4        0                 1         0                1         0                 1        0                 1        0         
  Flycatcher                                                                                                                                                                                             

  Hermit Thrush     0         0                0        1        0.00    0        0                 0         0                0         0                 0        0                 0        0         

  Hermit Warbler    0         0                0        0                0        2         0.00    2         0                0         0                 2        0                 0        1         0.00

  House Wren        0         0                0        0                2        0                 1         0                0         0                 0        0                 0        0         

  Lazuli Bunting    0         0                0        0                0        0                 0         0                0         2         0.00    0        0                 0        0         

  Lincoln's Sparrow 2         3        0.67    2        3        .067    1        4         0.25    2         2        1.0     0         1         0.00    2        6         0.33    0        5         0.00

  MacGillivray's.   14        11       1.27    3        9        0.33    5        16        0.31    14        8        1.75    17        12        1.42    12       21        0.57    10       8         1.25
  Warbler                                                                                                                                                                                                

  Mountain          0         0                0        1        0.00    0        2         0.00    0         1        0.00    2         0                 0        0                 0        2         0.00
  Chickadee                                                                                                                                                                                              

  Nashville Warbler 1         0                3        0                0        2         0.00    1         1        1.00    0         0                 1        2         0.50    0        2         0.00

  Olive-sided       0         0                0        0                0        0                 0         0                0         0                 0        0                 0        1         0.00
  Flycatcher                                                                                                                                                                                             

  Orange-crowned    39        2        19.5    25       2        12.5    28       1         28.0    28        6        4.67    37        9         4.11    35       11        3.18    27       11        2.45
  Warbler                                                                                                                                                                                                

  Oregon Junco      1         0                0        3        0.00    0        4         0.00    1         4        0.25    3         0                 0        2         0.00    0        0         

  Pine Siskin       0         0                0        1        0.00    0        1         0.00    0         2        0.00    0         2         0.00    0        0                 0        1         0.00

  Purple Finch      0         0                0        0                0        0                 0         0                2         1         2.00    0        0                 0        0         

  Red-breasted      0         0                0        0                0        0                 0         0                0         0                 0        0                 0        1         0.00
  Nuthatch                                                                                                                                                                                               

  Red-breasted      0         0                1        0                2        1         2.00    0         0                1         2         0.50    3        2         1.5     0        2         0.000
  Sapsucker                                                                                                                                                                                              

  Red-shafted       0         1        0.00    0        0                0        0                 0         0                0         0                 0        0                 0        0         
  Flicker                                                                                                                                                                                                

  Red-winged        0         1        0.00    0        1        0.00    0        0                 0         2        0.00    0         2         0.00    0        1         0.00    0        1         0.00
  Blackbird                                                                                                                                                                                              

  Rufous            27        9        3.00    19       1        19.0    37       1         37.0    29        6        4.83    39        16        2.44    20       1         20.0    22       0         
  Hummingbird                                                                                                                                                                                            

  Song Sparrow      17        12       1.42    4        17       0.24    5        18        0.28    16        13       1.23    13        16        0.81    8        22        0.36    6        19        0.31

  Tree Swallow      0         0                0        0                0        0                 0         0                0         0                 0        0                 0        1         0.00

  Warbling Vireo    1         8        0.13    0        1        0.00    0        7         0.00    1         4        0.25    1         10        0.10    0        8         0.00    0        3         0.00

  Western Tanager   0         0                0        3        0.00    1        4         0.25    0         2        0.00    0         6         0.00    0        3         0.00    0        3         0.00

  Western           0         2        0.00    0        3        0.00    0        6         0.00    0         0                0         4         0.00    1        1         1.0     0        6         0.00
  Wood-Peewee                                                                                                                                                                                            

  Willow Flycatcher 0         1        0.00    0        1        0.00    0        0                 0         0                0         3         0.00    0        1         0.00    0        0         

  Wilson's Warbler  22        13       1.69    12       21       0.57    9        19        0.47    16        17       0.94    20        16        1.25    6        28        0.21    22       21        1.05

  Yellow Warbler    1         0                0        0                0        0                 2         0                1         3         0.33    1        4         0.25    1        6         0.17

                                                                                                                                                                                                         

  **Totals**        **131**   **77**           **71**   **85**           **97**   **108**           **122**   **79**           **150**   **120**           **93**   **136**           **92**   **128**   
  ----------------- --------- -------- ------- -------- -------- ------- -------- --------- ------- --------- -------- ------- --------- --------- ------- -------- --------- ------- -------- --------- -------

**U=unknown age.**

**Table 4 (cont). Species and Age Class of Birds Banded at Drakesbad
During Constant-Effort Mist-Netting, 1997-2006.**

  ----------------- --------- --------- ------- -------- --------- ------- --------- --------- ------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
                              2004                       2005                        2006                                               

  Species           HY        AHY       Ratio   HY       AHY       Ratio   HY        AHY       Ratio                                    

                                                                                                                                        

  American Dipper   0         0         0       0        0                 0         0         0                                        

  American Robin    0         3         0.00    0        1         0.00    1         2         0.50                                     

  Allen's           0         0                 0        0                 0         0                                                  
  Hummingbird                                                                                                                           

  Anna's            1         0         0.00    0        0                 11        2         5.50                                     
  Hummingbird                                                                                                                           

  Audubon's Warbler 4         6         0.67    0        2         0.00    0         1         0.00                                     

  Black-headed      0         0                 1        0                 1         3         0.33                                     
  Grosbeak                                                                                                                              

  Brewer's          0         0                 0        0                 0         1         0.00                                     
  Blackbird                                                                                                                             

  Brewer's Sparrow  0         0                 0        0                 0         0                                                  

  Brown-headed      0         0                 0        0                 0         1         0.00                                     
  Cowbird                                                                                                                               

  Brown Creeper     0         0                 0        0                 2         1         2.00                                     

  Calliope          5         0         0.00    1        0                 0         1         0.00                                     
  Hummingbird                                                                                                                           

  Cassin's Finch    2         4         0.50    0        0                 0         8         0.00                                     

  Cassin's Vireo    1         0         0.00    0        1         0.00    0         0                                                  

  Dusky Flycatcher  0         1         0.00    0        0                 0         1         0.00                                     

  Evening Grosbeak  6         13        0.46    0        1         0.00    0         15        0.00                                     

  Golden-crowned    0         0                 0        0                 0         0                                                  
  Kinglet                                                                                                                               

  Hairy Woodpecker  0         1         0.00    0        0                 0         0                                                  

  Hammond's         0         0                 2        0                 3         1         3.00                                     
  Flycatcher                                                                                                                            

  Hermit Thrush     0         0                 0        0                 0         0                                                  

  Hermit Warbler    1         1         1.00    0        0                 1         0         0.00                                     

  House Wren        0         0                 0        0                 1         0         0.00                                     

  Lawrence's        1         0         0.00    0        0                 0         0                                                  
  Goldfinch                                                                                                                             

  Lazuli Bunting    5         1         5.00    0        1         0.00    0         3         0.00                                     

  Lincoln's Sparrow 2         4         0.50    4        8         0.50    4         2         2.00                                     

  MacGillivray's.   12        19        0.63    6        14        050     20        18        1.11                                     
  Warbler                                                                                                                               

  Mountain          0         0                 1        1         1.00    0         1         0.00                                     
  Chickadee                                                                                                                             

  Nashville Warbler 5         2         2.50    2        1         2.00    9         2         4.50                                     

  Olive-sided       0         0                 0        2         0.00    0         1         0.00                                     
  Flycatcher                                                                                                                            

  Orange-crowned    43        7         6.14    31       6         5.17    102       6         17.0                                     
  Warbler                                                                                                                               

  Oregon Junco      0         1         0.00    1        1         1.00    4         4         1.00                                     

  Pine Siskin       2         8         0.25    0        0                 0         0                                                  

  Purple Finch      0         0                 1        1         1.00    0         0                                                  

  Red-breasted      1         0         0.00    0        0                 0         0                                                  
  Nuthatch                                                                                                                              

  Red-breasted      1         6         0.17    0        1         0.00    0         1         0.00                                     
  Sapsucker                                                                                                                             

  Red-shafted       0         0         0.00    0        0                 0         0                                                  
  Flicker                                                                                                                               

  Red-winged        0         0         0.00    0        0                 0         0                                                  
  Blackbird                                                                                                                             

  Rufous Humminbird 36        0         0.00    8        4         2.00    36        0         0.00                                     

  Song Sparrow      12        9         1.33    5        12        .417    9         13        0.69                                     

  Spotted Sandpiper U         U         0       0        0                 0         0                                                  

  Swainson's Thrush 0         0                 0        1         0.00    0         0                                                  

  Townsend's        0         0                 0        1         0.00    0         0                                                  
  Solitaire                                                                                                                             

  Warbling Vireo    2         2         1.00    0        12        0.00    0         4         0.00                                     

  Western Tanager   0         0                 0        7         0.00    1         5         0.20                                     

  Western-Wood      0         5         0.00    0        6         0.00    1         10        0.10                                     
  Peewee                                                                                                                                

  Willow Flycatcher 0         3         0.00    0        0                 0         2         0.00                                     

  Wilson's Warbler  14        22        0.64    13       29        .448    20        21        0.95                                     

  Yellow Warbler    4         6         0.67    3        10        0300    1         1         1.00                                     

                                                                                                                                        

  **Totals**        **160**   **124**           **79**   **122**           **227**   **131**                                            
  ----------------- --------- --------- ------- -------- --------- ------- --------- --------- ------- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --