**CALIFORNIA OLIVES**

This scenario is intended to represent olive production in California's
San Joaquin Valley, primarily in Tulare, Madera, Fresno, and Kings
Counties, hereafter referred to as the Area of Interest (AOI). Nearly
65% of California's olive acreage is located in the AOI, primarily in
Tulare County (53% of the total) (USDA, 1999). Moreover, based on 2005
California Pesticide Usage Reporting (CalPIP, 2006), approximately 80%
of pesticides used on California olives (by pounds of chemical) were
applied in the AOI. Lesser amounts of olives are grown and lesser
amounts of pesticides are applied in the Sacramento Valley, primarily
Butte, Glenn and Tehama counties (CalPIP, 2006). Scenario parameters
were selected to be generally representative of Tulare County. The
County is located on the extreme southern end of the Great San Joaquin
Valley and is partially surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped rim of
mountains (NOAA 2006).

Over 99% of the olives grown in the United States are grown in
California with approximately 35,300 bearing acres of olives (USDA,
1999). The olive is a thick evergreen tree that is cultivated in
California for use in the table olive industry. The table olive industry
includes four commercially grown olive (*[Olea europea]{.underline}* L.)
cultivars (CVs): Manzanillo (the most common), Sevillano, Ascolano, and
Mission which account for over 99% of the total olive acreage in the
State (USDA, 1999). Olives grown in California cover approximately
33,051 acres in the San Joaquin Valley and Northern Sacramento Valley
and yields approximately 4-7 tons/acre (University of California, 1995).
The numbers of acreage in increasing aaccording to the USDA Crop Profile
for Olives in California in which there are approximately 35,300 acres
of olives (USDA, 1999) in 1999 and in 2002 the USDA Census of
Agriculture estimated 38,783 acres of olives in California (USDA, 2002).

Olives can grow on a wide range of soils and soil quality with
approximately 38-39 acre inches of water per acre per year required for
optimal production in the San Joaquin Valley (USDA, 1999). Drip and
micro-sprinkler irrigation are the most popular methods of irrigation,
used by approximately 70% of the acreage (USDA, 1999). Other types of
irrigation methods used include flood, furrow, sprinkler, drip and micro
sprayer. The typical spacing of olive trees are: standard: 30\' x 30\'
(48 trees/acre); high density: 30\'x 30\' hexagonal/equilateral triangle
design (56 trees/acre); and hedgerow: 15\' x 30\' (97 trees/acre)
(University of California, 1995). Harvesting begins when 50% of the
olives taken in daily samples fall within standard medium, large, or
extra large size and the percentage is increasing at a rate of 3-5% per
week, beginning in mid-September and finishing in mid-November
(University of California, 1995).

The Porterville series is the third most common soil found in the AOI
where olives are grown, accounting for 25% of olive bearing soils (USDA,
2006; Table 5). It is a fine, smectitic, thermic Aridic Haploxererts
soil found on slopes of 0 to 15% (USDA, 1997; USDA, 2006). The soils are
of moderate extent and are used mainly for range, pasture, irrigated
oranges, lemons, olives, figs and some grapes (USDA, 1997). A local
extension agent also confirmed that olives are grown on Porterville
soils in the AOI (B. Peacock, personal communication). Location and
metfile selections are often the most important developments affecting
scenario vulnerability and protectiveness. Because some olive production
occurs in Northern California where it is generally wetter (NOAA, 2006),
a comparison of soils in both Area I (Tulare, Madera, Fresno, and Kings
Counties) and Area II (Butte, Glenn and Tehama Counties) was performed.
In Area I (primary olive growing area), nearly 65% of olive bearing
soils are in hydrologic group D. Conversely, nearly 97% of olive bearing
soils in Area II are in hydrologic group C. Because hydrologic group
significantly impacts curve number selection, the most sensitive
parameter in PRZM (hydrologic group D soils have a higher tendency for
runoff), this scenario is based in the San Joaquin Valley due to the
extensive hydrologic group D olive bearing soils in the area. Based on
USDA soils data (USDA, 2006), olive bearing soils in Area I (Table 5),
are also located on steeper slopes than olive bearing soils in Area II
(Table 6), which also increase runoff vulnerability (Table 5).

[]{.mark}

Porterville is a Hydrologic Group D soil, which includes nearly 65%
percent of olive bearing soils in drainage. Porterville soils have a
USLE K factor of 0.24-0.37 and includes the 90^th^ percentile of soils
in erodibility. Less than 2% of soils in the AOI have a USLE K factor
greater than 0.37 (Table 5). 70% of olive bearing soils in the AOI have
a pH lower than Porterville soils (7.5). However, soil pH is not
currently a PRZM input parameter and is not expected to often affect
chemical fate in the acidic range. Porterville soils have an A horizon
from 0 to 27 inches (0-69 cm) deep and a C horizon from 27 to 71 inches
(69-180 cm) deep (USDA, 1997). No benchmark soils of California were
selected for this scenario because the benchmark soils identified (e.g.,
Exeter) was a less vulnerable soil for runoff based on hydrologic group
C (USDA, 2006).

[]{.mark}

Two metfiles are located roughly within 65 miles of Tulare County.
Bakersfield (Metfile W23155) is located approximately 61 miles to the
south of the center of Tulare County. Fresno is located approximately 64
miles to the northwest of the center of Tulare County; however it is a
more representative station of the AOI, which includes Fresno and Madera
Counties. Fresno was chosen since it receives approximately five inches
more rainfall per year than Bakersfield (NOAA, 2006), making it a more
conservative scenario. The Met station (W93193.dvf) is located at 36º
47' N, 119º 43' W and at an elevation of approximately 102 meters above
sea level. This station receives an average of approximately 11 inches
(28 cm) of rainfall annually, with the majority of rainfall occurring
between November and March (NOAA, 2006. Snow in the valley is
infrequent, with only a trace occurring in about one year out of seven).

+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| **Table 1. PRZM 3.12 |           |                                   |
| Climate and Time     |           |                                   |
| Parameters for       |           |                                   |
| Tulare County,       |           |                                   |
| California --        |           |                                   |
| Olives.**            |           |                                   |
+======================+===========+===================================+
| **Parameter**        | **Value** | **Source/Comments**               |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Starting Date        | Jan. 1,   | Meteorological File from Fresno,  |
|                      | 1961      | California (W93193).              |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Ending Date          | Dec. 31,  | Meteorological File from Fresno,  |
|                      | 1990      | California (W93193).              |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Pan Evaporation      | 0.70      | PRZM Manual, Figure 5.1 (EPA,     |
| Factor (PFAC)        |           | 1998). Value represents           |
|                      |           | south-central California.         |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Snowmelt Factor      | 0         | The Weather Channel Interactive,  |
| (SFAC)               |           | Inc. (TWCII, 2006) and PRZM       |
|                      |           | Manual, Table 5.1 (EPA, 1998).    |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Minimum Depth of     | 32.5 cm   | PRZM Manual, Figure 5.2 (EPA,     |
|                      |           | 1998). Midpoint of the reported   |
| Evaporation (ANETD)  |           | range for south-central           |
|                      |           | California.                       |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+

+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| **Table 2. PRZM 3.12 |           |                                   |
| Erosion and          |           |                                   |
| Landscape Parameters |           |                                   |
| for Tulare County,   |           |                                   |
| California --        |           |                                   |
| Olives.**            |           |                                   |
+======================+===========+===================================+
| **Parameter**        | **Value** | **Source/Comments**               |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Method to Calculate  | 4 (MUSS)  | Guidance for Selecting Field Crop |
| Erosion (ERFLAG)     |           | and Orchard Scenario Input        |
|                      |           | Parameters (EPA, 2004)            |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| USLE K Factor        | 0.37 tons | USDA NRCS Soil Data Mart          |
| (USLEK)              | EI^-1\*^  | (<htt                             |
|                      |           | p://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/>) |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | Value listed for the soil series  |
|                      |           | Porterville                       |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | Approximate values are listed in  |
|                      |           | PRZM Manual, [Table               |
|                      |           | 5-3](../../../M                   |
|                      |           | etadata%20Support%20Documents/Tab |
|                      |           | le%205-3_USLEK_PRZM%20Manual.pdf) |
|                      |           | (EPA, 1998).                      |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| USLE LS Factor       | 1.98      | PRZM Manual, Table 5-5 (EPA,      |
| (USLELS)             |           | 1998); LS equation (Haan and      |
|                      |           | Barfield, 1978)                   |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | LS value for 400' slope length    |
|                      |           | and 8% slope                      |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | Bill Peacock, Farm Advisor,       |
|                      |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| USLE P Factor        | 1.0       | PRZM Manual, Table 5-6 (EPA,      |
| (USLEP)              |           | 1998)                             |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | Default for olives with no        |
|                      |           | contour practices.                |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | Bill Peacock, Farm Advisor,       |
|                      |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Field Area (AFIELD)  | 172 ha    | Area of Shipman Reservoir         |
|                      |           | watershed (EPA, 1999)             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| NRCS Hyetograph      | 1         | PRZM Manual, Figure 5.12 (EPA,    |
| (IREG)               |           | 1998)                             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Slope (SLP)          | 8%        | Set to the midpoint for the soil  |
|                      |           | range (0-15%). This is a          |
|                      |           | reasonable value, but slopes can  |
|                      |           | be as high as 12% based according |
|                      |           | to Bill Peacock, Farm Advisor,    |
|                      |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension. Guidance   |
|                      |           | for Selecting Field Crop and      |
|                      |           | Orchard Scenario Input Parameters |
|                      |           | (EPA, 2004).                      |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Hydraulic Length     | 600 m     | Shipman Reservoir (EPA, 1999)     |
| (HL)                 |           |                                   |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Irrigation Flag      | 1         | Drip and micro-sprinkler          |
| (IRFLAG)             |           | irrigation are the most popular   |
|                      |           | methods of irrigation, used by    |
|                      |           | approximately 70% of the acreage  |
|                      |           | (USDA, 1999).                     |
|                      |           |                                   |
|                      |           | Fogger (low volume) irrigation    |
|                      |           | used on 80% of crops and the      |
|                      |           | remainder (20%, high volume) is   |
|                      |           | furrow irrigation. Bill Peacock,  |
|                      |           | Farm Advisor, University of       |
|                      |           | California Cooperative Extension  |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| IRTYPE               | 4 (drip)  | Drip and micro-sprinkler          |
|                      |           | irrigation are the most popular   |
|                      |           | methods of irrigation, used by    |
|                      |           | approximately 70% of the acreage  |
|                      |           | (USDA, 1999).                     |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Leaching Factor      | 0.0       | Irrigation Guidance for           |
| (FLEACH)             |           | developing PRZM Scenarios, Table  |
|                      |           | 3; (June 15, 2005). Default value |
|                      |           | for drip irrigation.              |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Fraction of Water    | 0.50      | Set to default value. Irrigation  |
| Capacity when        |           | Guidance for developing PRZM      |
| Irrigation is        |           | Scenario, Table 3; (EPA 2005).    |
| Applied (PCDEPL)     |           |                                   |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Maximum Rate at      | 0.037 cm  | Irrigation Guidance for           |
| which Irrigation is  | hr^-1^    | developing PRZM Scenarios, Table  |
| Applied (RATEAP)     |           | 1; (June 15, 2005). For CN = 85   |
|                      |           | and f = 0                         |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+

+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| **Table 3. PRZM 3.12 |           |                                   |
| Crop Parameters for  |           |                                   |
| Tulare County,       |           |                                   |
| California --        |           |                                   |
| Olives.**            |           |                                   |
+======================+===========+===================================+
| **Parameter**        | **Value** | **Source/Comments**               |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Initial Crop         | 1         | Set to one for all crops.         |
| (INICRP)             |           | Guidance for Selecting Field Crop |
|                      |           | and Orchard Scenario Input        |
|                      |           | Parameters (EPA, 2004).           |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Initial Surface      | 3         | Bill Peacock, Farm Advisor,       |
| Condition            |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
| (ISCOND)             |           |                                   |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Number of Different  | 1         | Set to number of crops in         |
| Crops (NDC)          |           | simulation.                       |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Number of Cropping   | 30        | Set to weather data in            |
| Periods (NCPDS)      |           | meteorological file from Fresno,  |
|                      |           | California (W93193).              |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Maximum rainfall     | 0.25      | Recommended value for orchards.   |
| interception storage |           | Guidance for Selecting Field Crop |
| of crop (CINTCP)     |           | and Orchard Scenario Input        |
|                      |           | Parameters (EPA, 2004).           |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Maximum Active Root  | 60 cm     | Bill Peacock, Farm Advisor,       |
| Depth (AMXDR)        |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Maximum Canopy       | 90%       | Bill Peacock, Farm Advisor,       |
| Coverage (COVMAX)    |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Soil Surface         | 3         | Bill Peacock, Farm Advisor,       |
| Condition After      |           | University of California          |
| Harvest (ICNAH)      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Date of Crop         | 01/01     | Values are set to keep E/T and    |
| Emergence            |           | canopy coverage terms working     |
|                      |           | correctly for this evergreen      |
| (EMD, EMM, IYREM)    |           | scenario.                         |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Date of Crop         | 02/01     | Values are set to keep E/T and    |
| Maturity             |           | canopy coverage terms working     |
|                      |           | correctly for this evergreen      |
| (MAD, MAM, IYRMAT)   |           | scenario.                         |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Date of Crop Harvest | 31/12     | Values are set to keep E/T and    |
| (HAD, HAM, IYRHAR)   |           | canopy coverage terms working     |
|                      |           | correctly for this evergreen      |
|                      |           | scenario.                         |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Maximum Dry Weight   | 0         | Not used in scenario (EPA, 2004)  |
| (WFMAX)              |           |                                   |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Maximum Canopy       | 457.2 cm  | Bill Peacock, Farm Advisor,       |
| Height (HTMAX)       |           | University of California          |
|                      |           | Cooperative Extension             |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| SCS Curve Number     | 87, 85,   | Gleams Manual Table H-4; meadows; |
| (CN)                 | 86        | no fallow conditions (USDA, 1990) |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| Manning's N Value    | 0.070     | RUSLE Project; C23OFOFN for       |
| (MNGN)               |           | California (Fresno) orchards with |
|                      |           | full cover (USDA, 2000). These    |
|                      |           | data are the closest data         |
|                      |           | available to represent olives in  |
|                      |           | Central CA.                       |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+
| USLE C Factor        | 0.003 -   | RUSLE Project; C23OFOFN for       |
| (USLEC)              | 0.029     | California (Fresno) orchards with |
|                      |           | full cover (USDA, 2000). These    |
|                      |           | data are the closest data         |
|                      |           | available to represent olives in  |
|                      |           | Central CA.                       |
+----------------------+-----------+-----------------------------------+

+--------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+
| **Table 4.   |                  |                                   |
| PRZM 3.12    |                  |                                   |
| Porterville  |                  |                                   |
| Clay, 9 To   |                  |                                   |
| 15 Percent   |                  |                                   |
| slopes Soil  |                  |                                   |
| Parameters   |                  |                                   |
| for Tulare   |                  |                                   |
| County,      |                  |                                   |
| California   |                  |                                   |
| -- Olives.** |                  |                                   |
+==============+==================+===================================+
| *            | **Value**        | **Source/Comments**               |
| *Parameter** |                  |                                   |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Total Soil   | 285 cm           | NRCS Official Soil Series         |
| Depth        |                  | Descriptions (OSD)                |
| (CORED)      |                  | (<http://soils.usda.gov/technica  |
|              |                  | l/classification/osd/index.html>) |
|              |                  | (USDA, 2006)                      |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Number of    | 4                | NRCS OSD (USDA, 2006); soil       |
| Horizons     |                  | consists of two horizons: A and   |
| (NHORIZ)     |                  | C. The A horizon spans scenario   |
|              |                  | horizons 1 and 2 in order to      |
|              |                  | conform to PRZM input             |
|              |                  | requirements.                     |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Horizon      | 10 cm (HORIZN =  | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)         |
| Thickness    | 1)               | ([http:                           |
| (THKNS)      |                  | //soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](htt |
|              | 71 cm (HORIZN =  | p://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)) |
|              | 2)               |                                   |
|              |                  | and NRCS OSD                      |
|              | 102 cm (HORIZN = |                                   |
|              | 3)               |                                   |
|              |                  |                                   |
|              | 102 cm (HORIZN = |                                   |
|              | 4)               |                                   |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Bulk Density | 1.35 g/cm^3^     | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)         |
| (BD)         | (HORIZN = 1)     | ([http:/                          |
|              |                  | /soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http |
|              | 1.35 g/cm^3^     | ://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)); |
|              | (HORIZN = 2)     | values are mean 1/3-bar moist     |
|              |                  | bulk densities.                   |
|              | 1.35 g/cm^3^     |                                   |
|              | (HORIZN = 3)     |                                   |
|              |                  |                                   |
|              | 1.35 g/cm^3^     |                                   |
|              | (HORIZN = 4)     |                                   |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Initial      | 0.366            | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)         |
| Water        | cm^3^/cm^3^      | ([http:/                          |
| Content      | (HORIZN =1)      | /soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http |
| (THETO)      |                  | ://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)); |
|              | 0.366            | values are mean 1/3-bar water     |
|              | cm^3^/cm^3^      | contents of a soil sampled as a   |
|              | (HORIZN =2)      | Porterville soil.                 |
|              |                  |                                   |
|              | 0.395            |                                   |
|              | cm^3^/cm^3^      |                                   |
|              | (HORIZN =3)      |                                   |
|              |                  |                                   |
|              | 0.395            |                                   |
|              | cm^3^/cm^3^      |                                   |
|              | (HORIZN =4)      |                                   |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Compartment  | 0.1 cm (HORIZN = | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)         |
| Thickness    | 1)               | ([http:/                          |
| (DPN)        |                  | /soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http |
|              | 1.0 cm (HORIZN = | ://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)); |
|              | 2)               | Guidance for Selecting Field Crop |
|              |                  | and Orchard Scenario Input        |
|              | 3.0 cm (HORIZN = | Parameters ([EPA,                 |
|              | 3)               | 2004](../../../Metadata%          |
|              |                  | 20Support%20Documents/EPA%202004, |
|              | 3.0 cm (HORIZN = | %20Guidance%20for%20Selecting%20F |
|              | 4)               | ield%20Crop%20and%20Orchard%20Sce |
|              |                  | nario%20Input%20Parameters.pdf)). |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Field        | 0.366            | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)         |
| Capacity     | cm^3^/cm^3^      | ([http:/                          |
| (THEFC)      | (HORIZN =1)      | /soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http |
|              |                  | ://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)); |
|              | 0.366            | values are mean 1/3-bar water     |
|              | cm^3^/cm^3^      | contents of a soil sampled as a   |
|              | (HORIZN =2)      | Porterville soil.                 |
|              |                  |                                   |
|              | 0.395            |                                   |
|              | cm^3^/cm^3^      |                                   |
|              | (HORIZN =3)      |                                   |
|              |                  |                                   |
|              | 0.395            |                                   |
|              | cm^3^/cm^3^      |                                   |
|              | (HORIZN =4)      |                                   |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Wilting      | 0.264            | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)         |
| Point        | cm^3^/cm^3^      | ([http:/                          |
| (THEWP)      | (HORIZN =1)      | /soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http |
|              |                  | ://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)); |
|              | 0.264            | values are mean 15-bar water      |
|              | cm^3^/cm^3^      | contents of a soil sampled as a   |
|              | (HORIZN =2)      | Porterville soil.                 |
|              |                  |                                   |
|              | 0.261            |                                   |
|              | cm^3^/cm^3^      |                                   |
|              | (HORIZN =3)      |                                   |
|              |                  |                                   |
|              | 0.261            |                                   |
|              | cm^3^/cm^3^      |                                   |
|              | (HORIZN =4)      |                                   |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Organic      | 1.16% (HORIZN =  | NRCS SDM; values for horizons 1   |
| Carbon       | 1)               | to 4 = mean %OM / 1.724.          |
| Content (OC) |                  |                                   |
|              | 1.16% (HORIZN =  |                                   |
|              | 2)               |                                   |
|              |                  |                                   |
|              | 0.44% (HORIZN =  |                                   |
|              | 3)               |                                   |
|              |                  |                                   |
|              | 0.44% (HORIZN =  |                                   |
|              | 4)               |                                   |
+--------------+------------------+-----------------------------------+

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- -------- -------------- ----------------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------------- -------------
  **Table 5. Olive Bearing Soils of Tulare Counties Area, California --                                                                                                                               
  Ranked by Area.**                                                                                                                                                                                   

  **Soil**                                                                   **Total     **%      **Drainage**   **Erodibility**   **Slopes   **pH**    **OM      **%       **%       **Olives**      
                                                                             Acreage**   Area**                                    (%)**                (%)**     Sand**    Silt**                    

                                                                                                                                                                                      **Irrigated**   **Non-Irr**

  [CENTERVILLE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CENTERVILLE.html)   56,886      33.75%   D              0.2-0.24          0-30       7.3-7.5   1.5       22-22.1   27.9-28   3               \-

  [EXETER](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/E/EXETER.html)             46,249      27.44%   C              0.24-0.37         0-9        6.7       0.5-1.5   44-66     19-41     4               \-

  [PORTERVILLE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/P/PORTERVILLE.html)   43,154      25.61%   D              0.24-0.37         0-15       7.5       1.5-2     22-22.1   27.9-28   3-4             \-

  [HILDRETH](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/H/HILDRETH.html)         5,100       3.03%    D              0.24              0-5        7.2-7.5   2         22-49.8   7.7-28    2.5             \-

  [WYMAN](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/W/WYMAN.html)               4,892       2.90%    B              0.37-0.43         0-5        6.7       1.5       43        39.5      4               \-

  [YETTEM](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/Y/YETTEM.html)             4,833       2.87%    B              0.24              0-2        6.7       1.5       66        22.5      4               \-

  [HONCUT](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/H/HONCUT.html)             2,952       1.75%    B              0.32              0-2        6.7       1.5       67.3      23.2      4               \-

  [SEVILLE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/S/SEVILLE.html)           2,262       1.34%    D              0.2               0-2        7.5       1.5       22.1      27.9      3               \-

  [RAYNOR](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/R/RAYNOR.html)             1,269       0.75%    D              0.24              0-8        7.5       1.5       22.1      27.9      3               \-

  [LEWIS](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/L/LEWIS.html)               940         0.56%    D              0.43              0-1        8.5       0.75      39.2      37.3      1               \-
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- -------- -------------- ----------------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------------- -------------

  ------------- ----------- -------- -------------- ----------------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- --------- -------- --------------- -------------
  **Table 6.                                                                                                                                       
  Olive Bearing                                                                                                                                    
  Soils of                                                                                                                                         
  Tehema,                                                                                                                                          
  Glenn, and                                                                                                                                       
  Butte                                                                                                                                            
  Counties                                                                                                                                         
  Area,                                                                                                                                            
  California --                                                                                                                                    
  Ranked by                                                                                                                                        
  Area.**                                                                                                                                          

  **Soil**      **Total     **%      **Drainage**   **Erodibility**   **Slopes   **pH**    **OM (%)** **%       **%       **%      **Olives**      
                Acreage**   Area**                                    (%)**                           Sand**    Silt**    Clay**                   

                                                                                                                                   **Irrigated**   **Non-Irr**

  TEHAMA        62,581      96.62%   C              0.37-0.43         0-5        6.1-6.3   0.5-1.25   11.4-68   16-70.1   16-20    2               \-

  STOCKTON      1,271       1.96%    D              0.24              0-1        6.7       1.5        22.1      27.9      50       3               \-

  PORTERVILLE   919         1.42%    D              0.28              0-10       6.3       2          22.1      27.9      50       4               \-
  ------------- ----------- -------- -------------- ----------------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- --------- -------- --------------- -------------

***Works Cited***

CalPIP. 2006. 2005 Pesticide Usage Reporting. California Pesticide
Information Portal, CA Department of Pesticide Regulation. Accessed
December 4, 2006. Online at:
<http://calpip.cdpr.ca.gov/cfdocs/calpip/prod/main.cfm>.

EPA. 1998. Carsel, R.F., J.C. Imhoff, P.R. Hummel, J.M. Cheplick, and
A.S. Donigian, Jr. PRZM-3, A Model for Predicting Pesticide and Nitrogen
Fate in the Crop Root and Unsaturated Soil Zones: Users Manual for
Release 3.0. National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research
and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA.
Online at: <http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/gwater/przm3/przm312b.htm>.

EPA. 1999. Jones, R.D., J. Breithaupt, J. Carleton, L. Libelo, J. Lin,
R. Matzner, and R. Parker. Guidance for Use of the Index Reservoir in
Drinking Water Exposure Assessments. Environmental Fate and Effects
Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC.

EPA. 2004. Abel, S.A. Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM) Field and Orchard
Crop Scenarios: Guidance for Selecting Field Crop and Orchard Scenario
Input Parameters. Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of
Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC. Online at:
[www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/przm_scenario_metadata.wpd](http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/przm_scenario_metadata.wpd).

EPA. 2005. Irrigation Guidance for developing PRZM Scenarios. June 15,
2005.

Haan, C.T. and B.J. Barfield. 1978. Hydrology and Sedimentology of
Surface Mined Lands. Office of Continuing Education and Extension,
College of Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington KY 40506. pp
286.

NOAA. 2005. Comparative Climatic Data -- Bakersfield, CA Mean Annual
Precipitation: 1971-2000. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), National Weather Service Forecast Office. Online
at: <http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/nrmpcp.txt>; and
<http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/CCD_2005.pdf>

NOAA. 2006. National Climatic Data Center. Climate Data Inventories --
Bakersfield, CA Station. Online at:
<http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwDI~StnSrch~StnID~20002050>.

TWCII. 2006. Averages and Records for Bakersfield, CA. The Weather
Channel Interactive, Inc. Online at:
[http://www.weather.com](http://www.weather.com/) and
<http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/outdoors/wxclimatology/monthly/93307>.

University of California. Fruit and Nut Research Center. 1995. Olive
Fact Sheet. Online at:
<http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/crops/olive_factsheet.shtml>

University of California. Fruit and Nut Research Center. 2006. Olives.
Online at: <http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/crops/olive.shtml>.

USDA. 1997. Official Series Description -- PORTERVILLE Series. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service
(NRCS). Dec. 2006. Online at:
<http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/P/PORTERVILLE.html>.

USDA. 1990. Davis, F.M., R.A. Leonard, W.G. Knisel. GLEAMS User Manual,
Version 1.8.55. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service (ARS), Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, Tifton, GA.
SEWRL-030190FMD.

USDA. 1999. Crop Profile for Olives in California. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Pest Management Centers. Online at:
<http://www.ipmcenters.org/CropProfiles/docs/Caolives.html>

USDA. 2000. Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) EPA Pesticide
Project. U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Resources Conservation
Service (NRCS) and Agricultural Research Service (ARS).

USDA. 2002. 2002 Census of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). Online at:
<http://www.nass.usda.gov/census/census02/preliminary/2002censusdates.htm>.

**Contacts:**

**Bill Peacock**

Farm Advisor

University of California Cooperative Extension -- Tulare County

4437-B S. Laspina St.

Tulare, CA 93274

Phone: (559) 685-3309 Ext. 217

Fax: (559) 685-3319

Email: <wlpeacock@ucdavis.edu>