+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| # Chapter 4: Description of Even Start Participants                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

This chapter presents a description of the families, adults, and
children who participated in Even Start during the 2000-2001 program
year, and makes cross-year comparisons for selected characteristics. Key
findings from this chapter are:

-   The most common reason for participating in Even Start, cited by 47
    percent of the parents, was to "further my education, to get a GED."

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-   While many characteristics of newly-enrolled Even Start participants
    have remained consistent since the program's inception, the
    percentage of language-minority families as well as the percentage
    of families headed by a teen parent have each increased
    substantially over the past decade. Forty-six percent of Even Start
    parents identified themselves as Hispanic or Latino in 2000-2001,
    compared with 17 percent in 1989-1990.

-   Even Start continues to serve a very needy population, indicating
    that it is meeting its mandate to serve the "most in need" families.

-   Even Start families are a good deal poorer than Head Start families
    (41 percent vs. 13 percent with income under \$6,000) and Even Start
    parents are considerably less well-educated than Head Start parents
    (15 percent vs. 72 percent with a high school diploma or GED at
    entry to each program).

## Reasons for Participating in Even Start

Parents who were new to Even Start in 2000-2001 were asked why they were
interested in participating. One set of reasons had to do with
self-improvement. The most common reason, cited by 47 percent of the
parents, was to "further my education, to get a GED" (Exhibit 4.1).
Several other reasons were related to the desire to improve oneself,
including to learn English (28 percent), to improve my chances of
getting a job (24 percent) and to generally improve my self (20
percent). A second set of reasons for parents to join Even Start had to
do with improving life for their children: to become a better parent (38
percent), to become a better teacher of my child (29 percent) and to
improve my child's chance of school success (31 percent). Only 22
percent of parents joined Even Start "to get my child into an
infant/toddler or preschool program." This is surprising as the
availability of preschool care typically is an important drawing card
for parents with young children. These data show that parents tend to
join Even Start primarily to further their education, to get a job, or
to be a better parent. They appear less concerned with the availability
of Even Start's early childhood services.

## Age and Gender of Participating Parents and Children

To enroll in Even Start a family must have a parent[^1] who is eligible
for adult education services under the Adult Education and Family
Literacy Act or who is within the state's compulsory school attendance
age range, and a child under eight years of age.[^2] The average age of
Even Start parents has declined over the past decade as the percentage
of teen parents served by the program has tripled over time, from six
percent in 1989-1990 to 18 percent in 2000-2001 (Exhibit 4.2). While
remaining the largest age group served by Even Start, the percentage of
Even Start parents in their 20s and 30s decreased during this period. At
the same time, the percentage of parents in their 40s remained small and
roughly stable.

The average age of children served by Even Start has moved steadily
downward over time. This is due primarily to an increase in the
percentage of infants and toddlers in Even Start. The percentage of
children birth to two years old increased from 15 percent in the early
1990s to 40 percent in 2000-2001 (Exhibit 4.3). While children in the
three- to five-year-old age range have always comprised the largest
segment of Even Start children, they declined from 54 percent in
1992-1993 to 39 percent in 2000-2001. Similar declines occurred for six-
to seven-year olds and eight- to nine-year olds. Even Start's move to
serving younger children may reflect the mandate, effective in
1995-1996, that Even Start projects target at least a three-year
consecutive age range with their early childhood education services. It
also may reflect a growing national concern with providing early
services to children from birth to age three.

## Family Structure

The percentage of two-parent Even Start families has been consistent
over time, ranging from 46 to 51 percent. The middle and late 1990s saw
the percentage of extended families more than double, from 10 to 27
percent. This was offset by a decrease in the percentage of
single-parent families, from 40 to 25 percent (Exhibit 4.4).[^3] These
changes may be related to the rising enrollment of teen parents and
Hispanic families. Teenage mothers often live with their own parents,
and Hispanic families are less likely than others to be headed by a
single parent.

## Family Economic Status

Even Start does not use any specific income cutoff or threshold as an
eligibility criterion. However, local projects are mandated to serve
families in their communities that are most in need of Even Start
services, and projects are required to consider at least parents'
education level and income when deciding which families are the
neediest. Hence, Even Start families end up being drawn from the most
economically disadvantaged segment of the population. Thirty-nine
percent of the families who enrolled in Even Start in 2000-2001 reported
annual household income of less than \$9,000 and 91 percent reported
annual income of less than \$25,000 (Exhibit 4.5).[^4] Statistics from
the 2000 census show that 30 percent of all households nationally had
annual income of less than \$25,000 (Census Bureau, 2001a). In spite of
their low income level, the annual income of Even Start families has
increased over time. This may be due to inflation (the data shown in
Exhibit 4.5 are not adjusted for inflation) and changes in response
instructions in the mid 1990s when families were specifically asked to
include income from "all household members" rather than simply "the Even
Start family" as stated in previous questionnaires.

Because household income data are reported in income ranges (for
example, \$3,000-\$5,999), it is not possible to determine precisely
whether each family was above or below the federal poverty level.
However, by assuming that each family received the minimum of the income
range, the percentage of Even Start families below the federal poverty
level is estimated to be 85 percent in 2000-2001, 82 percent in
1999-2000, 85 percent in 1998-1999, and 90 percent in 1996-1997.
Although some Even Start families fell above the federal poverty level
using the method described above, these families still have literacy and
educational needs. Compared to families below the poverty level,
families above the poverty level were more likely to have a high school
diploma or GED (27 percent vs. 15 percent), more likely to be living as
a couple as opposed to a single parent or extended family (70 percent
vs. 45 percent), more likely to receive most of their income from wages
(94 percent vs. 56 percent), more likely to have received most of their
education outside the U.S. (42 percent vs. 33 percent), and less likely
to be a teenage parent (15 percent vs. 19 percent).

Differences in the way that income is measured complicate comparisons
between Even Start and Head Start families. Still, a comparison of the
available income data shows that Even Start families appear to be a good
deal poorer than Head Start families. In 1997, 41 percent of Even Start
families had annual household income under \$6,000 compared with 13
percent of Head Start families (Exhibits 5.5 and 5.6). At the upper end
of the income scale, 4 percent of Even Start families had annual income
over \$25,000 in 1997, while 15 percent of Head Start families had
annual income over \$24,000 in that same year.

The percentage of new Even Start families that rely primarily on job
wages increased from 46 percent in the mid 1990s to 66 percent in
2000-2001 (Exhibit 4.7). During this period, the percentage relying on
government assistance decreased from about 50 percent to 27 percent.
This substantial move away from reliance on government assistance and
toward job wages is likely due to the combined effects of welfare
reform, good economic times during the 1990s, and the rising percentage
of teen parents in Even Start, many of whom live with their parents. In
these extended households, the primary source of income often is the
wage earned by the teens' parents, even if the teen parent is also
receiving public assistance. This is corroborated by the finding that
only 23 percent of parents who enrolled in Even Start in 2000-2001 were
employed (see Exhibit 4.8). This means that there are many households in
which most of the income comes from wages but the parent participating
in Even Start is not a wage earner.

## Employment Status of Parents

Employment status is an important indicator of a family's capacity for
self-sufficiency and has become more critical to Even Start participants
in the context of welfare reform. As shown in Exhibit 4.7, wages from
employment represented the primary source of income for 66 percent of
Even Start families who enrolled in 2000-2001. However, only 23 percent
of the parents who joined Even Start during that same year were employed
full- or part-time when they enrolled (Exhibit 4.8), and this percentage
does not vary for single parents, two-parent families, and extended
families. This apparent contradiction is explained by the fact that
about half of Even Start families are headed by couples; and in most
families one parent (usually the mother---the child's primary caregiver)
participates in Even Start while the other parent often is a wage
earner.[^5] In addition, some teen parents who live with their parents
while attending high school may rely largely on incomes earned by their
parents. As is shown in Exhibit 4.8, Even Start primary caregivers are
less likely to be employed than the primary caregivers of Head Start
children (26 percent vs. 53 percent in 1997).

## Racial or Ethnic Background

The racial/ethnic background of Even Start participants has important
implications for the design and the delivery of instructional services.
Race and ethnicity are related to the languages that families use at
home and, for language-minority groups, their levels of English
proficiency. In multi-racial or ethnic communities, educational
activities offer opportunities to interact with members of different
racial/ethnic groups, providing benefits for individuals and the
community. At the same time, racial, ethnic, cultural, and linguistic
diversity increases the difficulty of developing culturally sensitive
and appropriate instructional materials and approaches.

The Even Start community includes a wide spectrum of racial and ethnic
backgrounds, and notable changes in the mix of major racial and ethnic
groups have occurred over time. The first two or three years of Even
Start saw some sharp shifts in the racial-ethnic mix of families served.
However, clear patterns have emerged since the early 1990s. The
representation of Hispanic families in Even Start has more than doubled
over time, from 18 percent in 1991-1992 to 46 percent in 2000-2001
(Exhibit 4.9). This rate of increase far surpassed the increase of
Hispanics in the national population from 10 percent in 1992 to 12.5
percent in 2000 (Census Bureau, 2001b). Offsetting the increase in
Hispanic families, the representation of Caucasian families in Even
Start has declined from 45 percent to 30 percent, and African American
families have declined from 27 percent to 19 percent. The percentage of
Asian/Pacific Islanders and American Indian families in Even Start have
remained roughly constant since the mid-1990s.

The racial and ethnic distribution of families in Even Start is quite
different from that of Head Start. Exhibit 4.9 shows that in 2000, 35
percent of Head Start families were African American, 30 percent
Caucasian, 29 percent Hispanic, 3 percent Asian, and 3 percent American
Indian (Head Start Bureau, 2000).

## Educational Background

To be eligible for Even Start prior to 2001, a family must have an adult
who is eligible for adult education services under the Adult Education
and Family Literacy Act or who is within the state's compulsory school
attendance age range. This means that we expect the parents of Even
Start children to have limited good experiences within the formal school
system, or have limited English proficiency.

In 2000-2001, 84 percent of the parents who were new enrollees in Even
Start did not have a high school diploma or a GED, while 15 percent did
have one of these credentials (Exhibit 4.10). National statistics for
2000 are that 81.6 percent of all adults over the age of 25 have an
education level of high school or higher (Census Bureau, 2001c). The
percentage of parents entering Even Start with at least a high school
diploma or GED has been steady at between 14 percent and 17 percent
since 1994-1995. Prior to that, more than 20 percent of entering parents
had a diploma or GED. At the other end of the education attainment
scale, about 40 percent of parents enter Even Start each year with a
ninth grade education or less. Thus, more than four-fifths of the
population of adults served by Even Start need a secondary level
educational credential, and the 40 percent of the Even Start population
that have not completed any high school face a long, difficult road
before meeting their basic education goals.

But what about the 15 percent of Even Start parents that had a high
school diploma or a GED when they enrolled in 2000-2001? Are they really
eligible for Even Start? It is unfortunate, but a high school diploma or
GED is not a guarantee of literacy, and some parents with these
credentials have only minimal literacy skills. Thus, parents who have a
high school diploma or GED and who remain in need of adult education
services are legitimately eligible for Even Start. Exhibit 4.11 uses
data from the Experimental Design Study to compare pretest scores on six
subtests of the Woodcock-Johnson battery (see Chapter 6 for a
description) for parents who entered Even Start with a GED or high
school diploma against the pretest scores of parents who entered Even
Start without these credentials. Having a GED or high school diploma
does not make a consistent difference to pretest scores. Parents who
entered with a GED or high school diploma scored higher on three
subtests, while parents who entered without these credentials scored
higher on three different subtests. This finding is consistent with
research showing that while the GED may be helpful in getting a job, it
is not a reliable indicator of literacy achievement (Boesel, Alsalam &
Smith, 1998).

Second, a large percentage of Even Start adults are not native English
speakers. Although these parents may have received a high school diploma
in another country, they need ESL instruction and so are legitimate
participants in Even Start. Compared to parents who did not have a high
school diploma or GED at entry to Even Start, parents with a diploma or
GED were more likely to be living as a couple (60 percent vs. 47
percent), more likely to receive most of their income from wages (73
percent vs. 60 percent), more likely to have received most of their
education outside the U.S. (43 percent vs. 34 percent), and less likely
to be a teenage parent (three percent vs. 22 percent).

A final note is that, on the whole, Even Start parents are considerably
less well-educated than Head Start parents. In 1997, 15 percent of Even
Start parents had a high school diploma or GED, compared with 72 percent
of Head Start parents.

## English Proficiency of ESL Parents

In 2000-2001, ESL parents comprised 45 percent of all newly-enrolled
Even Start parents. About 75 percent of these newly-enrolled ESL parents
reported difficulties in understanding, speaking, or reading English
(Exhibit 4.12). The remaining quarter of newly-enrolled parents who
reported speaking languages other than English at home were able to
read, speak, and understand English well or very well. Of the same group
of parents who spoke a language other than English at home when they
entered Even Start in 2000-2001, 16 percent reported difficulties
reading their native language, 10 percent had difficulties speaking
their native language, and 19 percent had difficulties writing their
native language (Exhibit 4.13).

On average, Hispanic parents had fewer years of formal education when
they entered Even Start than Caucasian, Asian, African American, and
American Indian parents (Exhibit 4.14). Parents in the latter groups had
a 10^th^- to 11^th^-grade education, while Hispanic parents' educational
experiences averaged around the ninth grade.

+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| **[Exhibit 4.1]{.smallcaps}**          |              |              |
|                                        |              |              |
| **[Percent of Even Start               |              |              |
| Families,]{.smallcaps}**               |              |              |
|                                        |              |              |
| **[by Reasons for Participating in     |              |              |
| Even Start, and by Year]{.smallcaps}** |              |              |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| **[Reasons for Participating in Even   | **[Year]{.   |              |
| Start]{.smallcaps}**                   | smallcaps}** |              |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
|                                        | **[          | **[          |
|                                        | 1999-2000]{. | 2000-2001]{. |
|                                        | smallcaps}** | smallcaps}** |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| To further my education, to get a GED  | 48%          | 47%          |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| To become a better parent              | 36%          | 38%          |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| To become a better teacher of my child | 28%          | 29%          |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| To improve my child's chance of future | 27%          | 31%          |
| school success                         |              |              |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| To learn English                       | 26%          | 28%          |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| To improve my chances of getting a job | 24%          | 24%          |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| To get my child into an                | 22%          | 22%          |
| infant/toddler/preschool program       |              |              |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| To improve the education of my family  | 21%          | 22%          |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| To generally improve myself            | 20%          | 20%          |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| To be with other adults                | 3%           | 2%           |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| Notes: Parents were allowed to report  |              |              |
| up to three reasons.                   |              |              |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+
| Exhibit reads: In 2000-2001, 38        |              |              |
| percent of parents reported that they  |              |              |
| participated in Even Start to become a |              |              |
| better parent.                         |              |              |
+----------------------------------------+--------------+--------------+

+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| *         |             |             |             |             |
| *[Exhibit |             |             |             |             |
| 4.2]{.sma |             |             |             |             |
| llcaps}** |             |             |             |             |
|           |             |             |             |             |
| *         |             |             |             |             |
| *[Percent |             |             |             |             |
| of        |             |             |             |             |
| Part      |             |             |             |             |
| icipating |             |             |             |             |
| Even      |             |             |             |             |
| Start     |             |             |             |             |
| Paren     |             |             |             |             |
| ts,]{.sma |             |             |             |             |
| llcaps}** |             |             |             |             |
|           |             |             |             |             |
| **[by Age |             |             |             |             |
| of        |             |             |             |             |
| Parent,   |             |             |             |             |
| and by    |             |             |             |             |
| Y         |             |             |             |             |
| ear]{.sma |             |             |             |             |
| llcaps}** |             |             |             |             |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **[Y      | **[Age of   |             |             |             |
| ear]{.sma | Parent]{.s  |             |             |             |
| llcaps}** | mallcaps}** |             |             |             |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
|           | **[\<20     | **[20-29    | **[30-39    | **[40+      |
|           | Years]{.s   | Years]{.s   | Years]{.s   | Years]{.s   |
|           | mallcaps}** | mallcaps}** | mallcaps}** | mallcaps}** |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 2000-2001 | **18%**     | 46%         | 28%         | 7%          |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 1999-2000 | **18%**     | 47%         | 28%         | 7%          |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 1998-1999 | 17%         | 47%         | 28%         | 8%          |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 1997-1998 | 16%         | 48%         | 28%         | 8%          |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 1996-1997 | 13%         | 48%         | 30%         | 9%          |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 1995-1996 | 11%         | 52%         | 30%         | 7%          |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 1994-1995 | 9%          | 49%         | 32%         | **10%**     |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 1992-1993 | 9%          | 52%         | 31%         | 8%          |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 1989-1990 | 6%          | **53%**     | **33%**     | 8%          |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Notes:    |             |             |             |             |
| Bold      |             |             |             |             |
| shows the |             |             |             |             |
| highest   |             |             |             |             |
| number in |             |             |             |             |
| each      |             |             |             |             |
| column.   |             |             |             |             |
| Data are  |             |             |             |             |
| not       |             |             |             |             |
| available |             |             |             |             |
| for       |             |             |             |             |
| 1         |             |             |             |             |
| 990-1991, |             |             |             |             |
| 1991-1992 |             |             |             |             |
| and       |             |             |             |             |
| 1         |             |             |             |             |
| 993-1994. |             |             |             |             |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| Exhibit   |             |             |             |             |
| reads: In |             |             |             |             |
| 2         |             |             |             |             |
| 000-2001, |             |             |             |             |
| 18        |             |             |             |             |
| percent   |             |             |             |             |
| of        |             |             |             |             |
| parents   |             |             |             |             |
| part      |             |             |             |             |
| icipating |             |             |             |             |
| in Even   |             |             |             |             |
| Start     |             |             |             |             |
| were less |             |             |             |             |
| than 20   |             |             |             |             |
| years     |             |             |             |             |
| old.      |             |             |             |             |
+-----------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| **       |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| [Exhibit |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 4.       |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 3]{.smal |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| lcaps}** |         |         |         |         |         |         |
|          |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| **       |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| [Percent |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| of       |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Parti    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| cipating |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Even     |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Start    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Children |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| ,]{.smal |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| lcaps}** |         |         |         |         |         |         |
|          |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| **[by    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Age of   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Child,   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| and by   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Yea      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| r]{.smal |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| lcaps}** |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| **[Yea   | **[Age  |         |         |         |         |         |
| r]{.smal | of      |         |         |         |         |         |
| lcaps}** | Child]  |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | {.small |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | caps}** |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|          | **[0-2] | **[3-4] | **[5]   | **[6-7] | **[8-9] | **[10+] |
|          | {.small | {.small | {.small | {.small | {.small | {.small |
|          | caps}** | caps}** | caps}** | caps}** | caps}** | caps}** |
|          |         |         |         |         |         |         |
|          | **      | **      | **      | **      | **      | **      |
|          | [Years] | [Years] | [Years] | [Years] | [Years] | [Years] |
|          | {.small | {.small | {.small | {.small | {.small | {.small |
|          | caps}** | caps}** | caps}** | caps}** | caps}** | caps}** |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2        | **40%** | 28%     | 11%     | 14%     | 5%      | 3%      |
| 000-2001 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1        | 37%     | 29%     | 11%     | 15%     | 5%      | 3%      |
| 999-2000 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1        | 38%     | 29%     | 11%     | 15%     | 5%      | 2%      |
| 998-1999 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1        | 36%     | 29%     | 12%     | 16%     | 5%      | 2%      |
| 997-1998 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1        | 30%     | 42%     |         | 17%     | 7%      | 4%      |
| 996-1997 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1        | 32%     | 46%     |         | 16%     | 4%      | 2%      |
| 995-1996 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1        | 29%     | 42%     |         | 16%     | 6%      | **7%**  |
| 994-1995 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1        | 21%     | **54%** |         | 21%     | 4%      | 0%      |
| 992-1993 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1        | 15%     | 43%     |         | 29%     | **13%** | 0%      |
| 990-1991 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 1        | 15%     | 45%     |         | **30%** | 10%     | 0%      |
| 989-1990 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Notes:   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Bold     |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| shows    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| the      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| highest  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| number   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| in each  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| column.  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Data are |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| not      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| a        |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| vailable |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| for      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 1        |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 991-1992 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| and      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 19       |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 93-1994. |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Exhibit  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| reads:   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| In       |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 20       |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 00-2001, |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 40       |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| percent  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| of       |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| children |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| parti    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| cipating |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| in Even  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Start    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| were 0   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| to 2     |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| years    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| old.     |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+----------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Exhibit    |                 |                 |                 |
| 4.4]{         |                 |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** |                 |                 |                 |
|               |                 |                 |                 |
| **[Percent of |                 |                 |                 |
| New Even      |                 |                 |                 |
| Start         |                 |                 |                 |
| Families,]{   |                 |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** |                 |                 |                 |
|               |                 |                 |                 |
| **[by         |                 |                 |                 |
| Household     |                 |                 |                 |
| Structure,    |                 |                 |                 |
| and by        |                 |                 |                 |
| Year]{        |                 |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Year]{     | **[Household    |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** | Structure       |                 |                 |
|               | ]{.smallcaps}** |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|               | **[Two-Parent   | *               | **[Extended     |
|               | ]{.smallcaps}** | *[Single-Parent | ]{.smallcaps}** |
|               |                 | ]{.smallcaps}** |                 |
|               | **[Family       |                 | **[Family       |
|               | ]{.smallcaps}** | **[Family       | ]{.smallcaps}** |
|               |                 | ]{.smallcaps}** |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2000-2001     | 49%             | 25%             | 26%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1999-2000     | 47%             | 26%             | **27%**         |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1998-1999     | 48%             | 32%             | 20%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1997-1998     | 47%             | 34%             | 19%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1996-1997     | 46%             | 38%             | 16%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1995-1996     | 47%             | 39%             | 14%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1994-1995     | 49%             | 39%             | 12%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1992-1993     | **51%**         | 37%             | 12%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1990-1991     | 48%             | **40%**         | 12%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1989-1990     | 50%             | 40%             | 10%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| *Head Start*  | *43%*           | *34%*           | *23%*           |
|               |                 |                 |                 |
| *(fall 1997)* |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Notes: Bold   |                 |                 |                 |
| shows the     |                 |                 |                 |
| highest       |                 |                 |                 |
| number in     |                 |                 |                 |
| each column.  |                 |                 |                 |
| Data are not  |                 |                 |                 |
| available for |                 |                 |                 |
| 1991-1992 and |                 |                 |                 |
| 1993-1994.    |                 |                 |                 |
| Starting in   |                 |                 |                 |
| 1999-2000,    |                 |                 |                 |
| more refined  |                 |                 |                 |
| definitions   |                 |                 |                 |
| were provided |                 |                 |                 |
| to            |                 |                 |                 |
| respondents   |                 |                 |                 |
| regarding     |                 |                 |                 |
| each type of  |                 |                 |                 |
| household     |                 |                 |                 |
| structure.    |                 |                 |                 |
| Head Start    |                 |                 |                 |
| data are from |                 |                 |                 |
| U.S.          |                 |                 |                 |
| Department of |                 |                 |                 |
| Health and    |                 |                 |                 |
| Human         |                 |                 |                 |
| Services      |                 |                 |                 |
| (2001c,       |                 |                 |                 |
| p.49).        |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Exhibit       |                 |                 |                 |
| reads: In     |                 |                 |                 |
| 2000-2001, 49 |                 |                 |                 |
| percent of    |                 |                 |                 |
| Even Start    |                 |                 |                 |
| families were |                 |                 |                 |
| two-parent    |                 |                 |                 |
| families.     |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 6%" />
<col style="width: 3%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
<col style="width: 10%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14"><p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Exhibit
4.5</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">Percent of New Even Start
Families,</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">by Annual Household Income, and by
Year</span></strong></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td rowspan="2"><strong><span
class="smallcaps">Year</span></strong></td>
<td colspan="12"><h4 id="income-category">Income Category</h4></td>
<td rowspan="2"><strong><span class="smallcaps">Percent Under Fed Pov
Level</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">&lt;$3,000</span></strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong><span
class="smallcaps">$3,000-</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">$5,999</span></strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong><span
class="smallcaps">$6,000-</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">$8,999</span></strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong><span class="smallcaps">$9,000-</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">$11,999</span></strong></p></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">$12,000-$14,999</span></strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong><span
class="smallcaps">$15,000-$19,999</span></strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong><span
class="smallcaps">$20,000-$24,999</span></strong></td>
<td><strong><span class="smallcaps">&gt;$25,000</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>2000-2001</td>
<td>14%</td>
<td colspan="2">14%</td>
<td colspan="2">11%</td>
<td>13%</td>
<td>14%</td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>14%</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>11%</strong></td>
<td><strong>9%</strong></td>
<td>84%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1999-2000</td>
<td>14%</td>
<td colspan="2">14%</td>
<td colspan="2">11%</td>
<td>13%</td>
<td><strong>15%</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>14%</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">10%</td>
<td>8%</td>
<td>82%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>1998-1999</td>
<td>17%</td>
<td colspan="2">16%</td>
<td colspan="2">13%</td>
<td>13%</td>
<td>13%</td>
<td colspan="2">12%</td>
<td colspan="2">9%</td>
<td>7%</td>
<td>85%</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1996-1997</td>
<td><strong>19%</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">22%</td>
<td colspan="2">15%</td>
<td>14%</td>
<td>11%</td>
<td colspan="2">9%</td>
<td colspan="2">6%</td>
<td>4%</td>
<td><strong>90%</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>1995-1996</td>
<td>17%</td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>23%</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">16%</td>
<td>14%</td>
<td>11%</td>
<td colspan="2">9%</td>
<td colspan="2">6%</td>
<td>4%</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1994-1995</td>
<td>16%</td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>23%</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong>17%</strong></td>
<td><strong>15%</strong></td>
<td>12%</td>
<td colspan="2">8%</td>
<td colspan="2">5%</td>
<td>4%</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong><span
class="smallcaps">&lt;$5,000</span></strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong><span
class="smallcaps">$5,000-</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">$9,999</span></strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong><span
class="smallcaps">$10,000-</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">$14,999</span></strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong><span
class="smallcaps">$15,000-</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">$19,999</span></strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><p><strong><span
class="smallcaps">$20,000-</span></strong></p>
<p><strong><span class="smallcaps">$24,999</span></strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2"><strong><span
class="smallcaps">&gt;$25,000</span></strong></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1992-1993</td>
<td colspan="2">35%</td>
<td colspan="2">31%</td>
<td colspan="2">17%</td>
<td colspan="2">9%</td>
<td colspan="2">4%</td>
<td colspan="2">4%</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>1990-1991</td>
<td colspan="2">41%</td>
<td colspan="2">30%</td>
<td colspan="2">15%</td>
<td colspan="2">7%</td>
<td colspan="2">4%</td>
<td colspan="2">3%</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>1989-1990</td>
<td colspan="2">35%</td>
<td colspan="2">36%</td>
<td colspan="2">17%</td>
<td colspan="2">6%</td>
<td colspan="2">3%</td>
<td colspan="2">3%</td>
<td>NA</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="14">Notes: Bold shows the highest number in each column.
Data are not available for 1991-1992, 1993-1994 and 1997-1998. Income
categories changed in 1993-1994. After 1996-1997, projects were
specifically asked to include incomes of all household members.</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="14">Exhibit reads: In 2000-2001, 14 percent of Even Start
families had annual household income below $3,000.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| **[Exhibit 4.6]{.smallcaps}**     |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| **[Percent of Head Start          |                                   |
| Families,]{.smallcaps}**          |                                   |
|                                   |                                   |
| **[by Annual Household            |                                   |
| Income]{.smallcaps}**             |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| **[Income Category]{.smallcaps}** | **[Percent of Head Start          |
|                                   | Families]{.smallcaps}**           |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | **[(Fall 1997)]{.smallcaps}**     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \> \$30,000                       | 8%                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \$24,000 - \$29,999               | 7%                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \$18,000 - \$23,999               | 16%                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \$12,000 - \$17,999               | 26%                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \$6,000 - \$11,999                | 30%                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \$3,000 - \$5,999                 | 10%                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| \$0 - \$2,999                     | 3%                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Notes: Head Start data are from   |                                   |
| U.S. Department of Health and     |                                   |
| Human Services (2001c, p.51).     |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Exhibit reads: In fall 1997,      |                                   |
| three percent of Head Start       |                                   |
| families had annual household     |                                   |
| income under \$3,000.             |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Exhibit    |                 |                 |                 |
| 4.7]{         |                 |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** |                 |                 |                 |
|               |                 |                 |                 |
| **[Percent of |                 |                 |                 |
| New Even      |                 |                 |                 |
| Start         |                 |                 |                 |
| Families,]{   |                 |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** |                 |                 |                 |
|               |                 |                 |                 |
| **[by Primary |                 |                 |                 |
| Source of     |                 |                 |                 |
| Household     |                 |                 |                 |
| Income, and   |                 |                 |                 |
| by            |                 |                 |                 |
| Year]{        |                 |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Year]{     | **[Primary      |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** | Source of       |                 |                 |
|               | Household       |                 |                 |
|               | Income          |                 |                 |
|               | ]{.smallcaps}** |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|               | **[Government   | **[Job          | *               |
|               | ]{.smallcaps}** | Wages           | *[Alimony/Other |
|               |                 | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
|               | **[Assistance   |                 |                 |
|               | ]{.smallcaps}** |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2000-2001     | 27%             | **66%**         | 7%              |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1999-2000     | 30%             | 64%             | 6%              |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1998-1999     | 32%             | 61%             | 7%              |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1996-1997     | 43%             | 49%             | **8%**          |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1995-1996     | 47%             | 46%             | 7%              |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1994-1995     | 47%             | 46%             | 7%              |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1992-1993     | 49%             | 46%             | 5%              |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1990-1991     | **52%**         | 47%             | 1%              |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1989-1990     | 48%             | 52%             | NA              |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Notes: Bold   |                 |                 |                 |
| shows the     |                 |                 |                 |
| highest       |                 |                 |                 |
| number in     |                 |                 |                 |
| each column.  |                 |                 |                 |
| Data are not  |                 |                 |                 |
| available for |                 |                 |                 |
| 1991-1992,    |                 |                 |                 |
| 1993-1994 and |                 |                 |                 |
| 1997-1998.    |                 |                 |                 |
| "A            |                 |                 |                 |
| limony/other" |                 |                 |                 |
| was not a     |                 |                 |                 |
| valid         |                 |                 |                 |
| category in   |                 |                 |                 |
| 1989-1990.    |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Exhibit       |                 |                 |                 |
| reads: In     |                 |                 |                 |
| 2000-2001, 27 |                 |                 |                 |
| percent of    |                 |                 |                 |
| Even Start    |                 |                 |                 |
| families      |                 |                 |                 |
| relied        |                 |                 |                 |
| primarily on  |                 |                 |                 |
| government    |                 |                 |                 |
| assistance    |                 |                 |                 |
| for income.   |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Exhibit    |                 |                 |                 |
| 4.8]{         |                 |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** |                 |                 |                 |
|               |                 |                 |                 |
| **[Percent of |                 |                 |                 |
| New Even      |                 |                 |                 |
| Start         |                 |                 |                 |
| Families,]{   |                 |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** |                 |                 |                 |
|               |                 |                 |                 |
| **[by         |                 |                 |                 |
| Employment    |                 |                 |                 |
| Status of     |                 |                 |                 |
| Parent at     |                 |                 |                 |
| Entry to Even |                 |                 |                 |
| Start, and by |                 |                 |                 |
| Year]{        |                 |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Year]{     | **[Employment   |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** | Status of       |                 |                 |
|               | Parent          |                 |                 |
|               | ]{.smallcaps}** |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|               | **[Employed     | **[Employed     | **[Unemployed   |
|               | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
|               |                 |                 |                 |
|               | **[Full-Time    | **[Part-Time    |                 |
|               | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2000-2001     | **23%**         |                 | 77%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1999-2000     | 22%             |                 | **78%**         |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1998-1999     | 13%             | 13%             | 74%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1996-1997     | 14%             | 12%             | 74%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1995-1996     | 12%             | 11%             | 77%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1994-1995     | 16%             | 11%             | 73%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1992-1993     | 16%             | 8%              | 76%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1990-1991     | 22%             | 10%             | 68%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1989-1990     | 21%             | 10%             | 69%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| *Head Start*  | *53%*           |                 | *47%*           |
|               |                 |                 |                 |
| *(fall 1997)* |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Notes: Bold   |                 |                 |                 |
| shows the     |                 |                 |                 |
| highest       |                 |                 |                 |
| number in     |                 |                 |                 |
| each column.  |                 |                 |                 |
| Data are not  |                 |                 |                 |
| available for |                 |                 |                 |
| 1991-1992,    |                 |                 |                 |
| 1993-1994 and |                 |                 |                 |
| 1997-1998. In |                 |                 |                 |
| 1999-2000,    |                 |                 |                 |
| parents were  |                 |                 |                 |
| asked         |                 |                 |                 |
| separately    |                 |                 |                 |
| whether they  |                 |                 |                 |
| worked, and   |                 |                 |                 |
| for how many  |                 |                 |                 |
| hours. In     |                 |                 |                 |
| earlier       |                 |                 |                 |
| years,        |                 |                 |                 |
| parents were  |                 |                 |                 |
| asked whether |                 |                 |                 |
| they worked   |                 |                 |                 |
| full-time or  |                 |                 |                 |
| part-time.    |                 |                 |                 |
| Head Start    |                 |                 |                 |
| data are from |                 |                 |                 |
| U.S.          |                 |                 |                 |
| Department of |                 |                 |                 |
| Health and    |                 |                 |                 |
| Human         |                 |                 |                 |
| Services      |                 |                 |                 |
| (2001c,       |                 |                 |                 |
| p.52).        |                 |                 |                 |
| Percent       |                 |                 |                 |
| employed in   |                 |                 |                 |
| 2000-2001 (23 |                 |                 |                 |
| percent) is   |                 |                 |                 |
| the same for  |                 |                 |                 |
| single        |                 |                 |                 |
| parents,      |                 |                 |                 |
| two-parent    |                 |                 |                 |
| families, and |                 |                 |                 |
| extended      |                 |                 |                 |
| families.     |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Exhibit       |                 |                 |                 |
| reads: In     |                 |                 |                 |
| 2000-2001, 23 |                 |                 |                 |
| percent of    |                 |                 |                 |
| parents were  |                 |                 |                 |
| employed      |                 |                 |                 |
| full-time     |                 |                 |                 |
| when they     |                 |                 |                 |
| entered Even  |                 |                 |                 |
| Start.        |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| **[     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Exhibit |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 4.9]    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| {.small |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| caps}** |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
|         |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| **[     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Percent |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| of      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Partic  |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| ipating |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Even    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Start   |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Pa      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| rents,] |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| {.small |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| caps}** |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
|         |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| **[by   |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Racial  |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| -Ethnic |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Back    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| ground, |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| and by  |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Year]   |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| {.small |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| caps}** |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| *       | *     |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| *[Year] | *[Rac |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| {.small | ial-E |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| caps}** | thnic |       |       |       |        |        |       |
|         | Backg |       |       |       |        |        |       |
|         | round |       |       |       |        |        |       |
|         | ]{.sm |       |       |       |        |        |       |
|         | allca |       |       |       |        |        |       |
|         | ps}** |       |       |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
|         | *     | **[   | *     | **[   | **[    | **     | **[Mu |
|         | *[His | Cauca | *[Afr | Amer. | Asian/ | [Hawai | lti-R |
|         | panic | s-ian | ican- | ]{.sm | Pac]{. | ian]{. | acial |
|         | ]{.sm | ]{.sm | ]{.sm | allca | smallc | smallc | ]{.sm |
|         | allca | allca | allca | ps}** | aps}** | aps}** | allca |
|         | ps}** | ps}** | ps}** |       |        |        | ps}** |
|         |       |       |       | **[I  | **     |        |       |
|         |       |       | *     | ndian | [Islan |        |       |
|         |       |       | *[Ame | ]{.sm | der]{. |        |       |
|         |       |       | rican | allca | smallc |        |       |
|         |       |       | ]{.sm | ps}** | aps}** |        |       |
|         |       |       | allca |       |        |        |       |
|         |       |       | ps}** |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| 20      | **    | 30%   | 19%   | 3%    | 2%     | **     | **\   |
| 00-2001 | 46%** |       |       |       |        | \<1%** | <1%** |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| 19      | 43%   | 31%   | 19%   | 3%    | 2%     | **     | **\   |
| 99-2000 |       |       |       |       |        | \<1%** | <1%** |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| 19      | 41%   | 30%   | 22%   | 3%    | 4%     | NA     | NA    |
| 98-1999 |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| 19      | 38%   | 32%   | 23%   | 3%    | 4%     | NA     | NA    |
| 97-1998 |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| 19      | 39%   | 32%   | 21%   | 3%    | 5%     | NA     | NA    |
| 96-1997 |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| 19      | 35%   | 34%   | 23%   | 2%    | 6%     | NA     | NA    |
| 95-1996 |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| 19      | 36%   | 34%   | 23%   | 2%    | 5%     | NA     | NA    |
| 94-1995 |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| 19      | 22%   | 40%   | 26%   | 4%    | **8%** | NA     | NA    |
| 92-1993 |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| 19      | 18%   | **    | 27%   | *     | 4%     | NA     | NA    |
| 91-1992 |       | 45%** |       | *6%** |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| 19      | 19%   | 45%   | 26%   | 6%    | 4%     | NA     | NA    |
| 90-1991 |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| 19      | 17%   | 38%   | **    | 5%    | 4%     | NA     | NA    |
| 89-1990 |       |       | 36%** |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| *Head   | *29%* | *30%* | *35%* | *3%*  | *3%*   |        | *NA*  |
| Start*  |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
|         |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| *       |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| (2000)* |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| Notes:  |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Bold    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| shows   |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| the     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| highest |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| number  |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| in each |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| column. |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Data    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| are not |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| av      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| ailable |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| for     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 199     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 3-1994. |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Data    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| for     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 19      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 99-2000 |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| used    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| race    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| and     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| et      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| hnicity |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| cat     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| egories |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| from    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| the     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 2000    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| U.S.    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Census, |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| in      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| which   |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| indi    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| viduals |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| could   |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| i       |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| dentify |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| the     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| mselves |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| as      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| be      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| longing |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| to more |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| than    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| one     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| racial  |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| ca      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| tegory. |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| To make |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| race/et |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| hnicity |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| data    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| con     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| sistent |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| across  |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| years,  |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| the     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 19      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 99-2000 |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| and     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 20      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 00-2001 |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| data    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| reflect |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| H       |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| ispanic |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| et      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| hnicity |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| alone   |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| or in   |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| comb    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| ination |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| with    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| other   |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| races.  |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Head    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Start   |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| data    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| are     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| from    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| U.S.    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Dep     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| artment |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| of      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Health  |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| and     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Human   |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| S       |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| ervices |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| (       |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 2001b). |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+
| Exhibit |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| reads:  |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| In      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 200     |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 0-2001, |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| 46      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| percent |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| of Even |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Start   |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| parents |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| were    |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| Hi      |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
| spanic. |       |       |       |       |        |        |       |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+--------+--------+-------+

+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| **[E   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| xhibit |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 4      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| .10]{. |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| smallc |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| aps}** |         |         |         |         |         |         |
|        |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| **[P   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| ercent |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| of New |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Even   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Start  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Paren  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| ts,]{. |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| smallc |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| aps}** |         |         |         |         |         |         |
|        |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| **[by  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Educa  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| tional |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Back   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| ground |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| at     |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Enrol  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| lment, |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| and by |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Y      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| ear]{. |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| smallc |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| aps}** |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| ####   | **[Educ |         |         |         |         |         |
| # Year | ational |         |         |         |         |         |
|        | Bac     |         |         |         |         |         |
|        | kground |         |         |         |         |         |
|        | at      |         |         |         |         |         |
|        | Enro    |         |         |         |         |         |
|        | llment] |         |         |         |         |         |
|        | {.small |         |         |         |         |         |
|        | caps}** |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
|        | **[HS,  | **[     | **[     | **[     | **[     | **[No]  |
|        | GED]    | Special | Grades] | Grades] | Grades] | {.small |
|        | {.small | Ed      | {.small | {.small | {.small | caps}** |
|        | caps}** | D       | caps}** | caps}** | caps}** |         |
|        |         | iploma] |         |         |         | **[     |
|        | **[or   | {.small | **      | **[7-9] | **[1-6] | School] |
|        | Higher] | caps}** | [10-12] | {.small | {.small | {.small |
|        | {.small |         | {.small | caps}** | caps}** | caps}** |
|        | caps}** |         | caps}** |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 200    | 15%     | **1%**  | 39%     | 30%     | **13%** | 1%      |
| 0-2001 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 199    | 17%     | **1%**  | 39%     | 30%     | 12%     | 1%      |
| 9-2000 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 199    | 15%     | NA      | 40%     | 31%     | 12%     | **2%**  |
| 8-1999 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 199    | 15%     | NA      | 41%     | **32%** | 10%     | **2%**  |
| 7-1998 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 199    | 14%     | NA      | 42%     | 30%     | 12%     | **2%**  |
| 6-1997 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 199    | 14%     | NA      | **43%** | 30%     | 11%     | **2%**  |
| 5-1996 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 199    | 16%     | NA      | 41%     | 29%     | 12%     | **2%**  |
| 4-1995 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 199    | 21%     | NA      | 40%     | 25%     | 12%     | **2%**  |
| 2-1993 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 199    | **23%** | NA      | 40%     | 26%     | 9%      | **2%**  |
| 0-1991 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 198    | 23%     | NA      | 43%     | 22%     | 10%     | **2%**  |
| 9-1990 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| *Head  | *72%*   |         | *28%*   |         |         |         |
| Start* |         |         |         |         |         |         |
|        |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| *(fall |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 1997)* |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Notes: |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Bold   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| shows  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| the    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| h      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| ighest |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| number |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| in     |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| each   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| c      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| olumn. |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Data   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| are    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| not    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| ava    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| ilable |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| for    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 199    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 1-1992 |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| and    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 1993   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| -1994. |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Head   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Start  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| data   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| are    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| from   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| U.S.   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Depa   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| rtment |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| of     |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Health |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| and    |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Human  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Se     |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| rvices |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| (      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 2001c, |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| p.53). |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| E      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| xhibit |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| reads: |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| In     |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 2000   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| -2001, |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| 15     |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| p      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| ercent |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| of new |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Even   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| Start  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| p      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| arents |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| had a  |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| high   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| school |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| d      |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| iploma |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| or a   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
| GED.   |         |         |         |         |         |         |
+--------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

![](media/image1.wmf)

+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Exhibit    |                 |                 |                 |
| 4.12]{        |                 |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** |                 |                 |                 |
|               |                 |                 |                 |
| **[Percent of |                 |                 |                 |
| New Even      |                 |                 |                 |
| Start ESL     |                 |                 |                 |
| Parents,]{    |                 |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** |                 |                 |                 |
|               |                 |                 |                 |
| **[by Limited |                 |                 |                 |
| English       |                 |                 |                 |
| Proficiency   |                 |                 |                 |
| Level, and by |                 |                 |                 |
| Year]{        |                 |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| **[Year]{     | **[Limited      |                 |                 |
| .smallcaps}** | English         |                 |                 |
|               | Proficiency     |                 |                 |
|               | Level           |                 |                 |
|               | ]{.smallcaps}** |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
|               | **[Read English | **[Speak        | **[Understand   |
|               | not well/not at | English not     | English not     |
|               | all             | well/not at     | well/not at     |
|               | ]{.smallcaps}** | all             | all             |
|               |                 | ]{.smallcaps}** | ]{.smallcaps}** |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2000-2001     | 75%             | 78%             | 72%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1999-2000     | 75%             | 77%             | 71%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1998-1999     | 76%             | 79%             | 73%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1996-1997     | 76%             | 77%             | 71%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1995-1996     | 76%             | 78%             | 73%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1994-1995     | 77%             | 76%             | 71%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1992-1993     | **85%**         | 76%             | 77%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1990-1991     | 81%             | 79%             | 75%             |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 1989-1990     | 77%             | **83%**         | **83%**         |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Notes: Bold   |                 |                 |                 |
| shows the     |                 |                 |                 |
| highest       |                 |                 |                 |
| number in     |                 |                 |                 |
| each column.  |                 |                 |                 |
| Data are not  |                 |                 |                 |
| available for |                 |                 |                 |
| 1991-1992,    |                 |                 |                 |
| 1993-1994 and |                 |                 |                 |
| 1997-1998.    |                 |                 |                 |
| ESL parents   |                 |                 |                 |
| comprised 45  |                 |                 |                 |
| percent of    |                 |                 |                 |
| all           |                 |                 |                 |
| n             |                 |                 |                 |
| ewly-enrolled |                 |                 |                 |
| parents in    |                 |                 |                 |
| 2000-2001.    |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| Exhibit       |                 |                 |                 |
| reads: In     |                 |                 |                 |
| 2000-2001, 75 |                 |                 |                 |
| percent of    |                 |                 |                 |
| ESL parents   |                 |                 |                 |
| read English  |                 |                 |                 |
| "not well" or |                 |                 |                 |
| "not at all." |                 |                 |                 |
+---------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+

+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| **[Exhibit                  |                   |                   |
| 4.13]{.smallcaps}**         |                   |                   |
|                             |                   |                   |
| **[Percent of New Even      |                   |                   |
| Start ESL                   |                   |                   |
| Parents,]{.smallcaps}**     |                   |                   |
|                             |                   |                   |
| **[by Native Language       |                   |                   |
| Proficiency Level, and by   |                   |                   |
| Year]{.smallcaps}**         |                   |                   |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| **[Native                   | **[Ye             |                   |
| Language]{.smallcaps}**     | ar]{.smallcaps}** |                   |
|                             |                   |                   |
| **[Proficiency              |                   |                   |
| Level]{.smallcaps}**        |                   |                   |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
|                             | **[1999-20        | **[2000-20        |
|                             | 00]{.smallcaps}** | 01]{.smallcaps}** |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| Read native language not    | 17%               | 16%               |
| well/not at all             |                   |                   |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| Speak native language not   | 11%               | 10%               |
| well/not at all             |                   |                   |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| Write native language not   | 19%               | 18%               |
| well/not at all             |                   |                   |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| Notes: Data are not         |                   |                   |
| available for 1989-1990     |                   |                   |
| through 1998-1999.          |                   |                   |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| Exhibit reads: In           |                   |                   |
| 2000-2001, 16 percent of    |                   |                   |
| ESL parents read their      |                   |                   |
| native language "not well"  |                   |                   |
| or "not at all."            |                   |                   |
+-----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+

+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| **[Exhibit           |                       |                      |
| 4.14]{.smallcaps}**  |                       |                      |
|                      |                       |                      |
| **[Average Years of  |                       |                      |
| Education Completed  |                       |                      |
| at                   |                       |                      |
| Enrol                |                       |                      |
| lment]{.smallcaps}** |                       |                      |
|                      |                       |                      |
| **[for New Even      |                       |                      |
| Start Parents, by    |                       |                      |
| Racial/Ethnic Group. |                       |                      |
| and by               |                       |                      |
| Year]{.smallcaps}**  |                       |                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| **[Racial/E          | *                     |                      |
| thnic]{.smallcaps}** | *[Year]{.smallcaps}** |                      |
|                      |                       |                      |
| **[                  |                       |                      |
| Group]{.smallcaps}** |                       |                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
|                      | **[199                | **[2000              |
|                      | 9-2000]{.smallcaps}** | -2001]{.smallcaps}** |
+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| Hispanic or Latino   | 8.9 yrs               | 8.8 yrs              |
+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| Caucasian            | 10.4 yrs              | 10.3 yrs             |
+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| African-American     | 10.3 yrs              | 10.2 yrs             |
+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| Asian or Pacific     | 9.1 yrs               | 9.9 yrs              |
| Islander             |                       |                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| American Indian      | 10.7 yrs              | 10.5 yrs             |
+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| Notes:               |                       |                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+
| Exhibit reads: In    |                       |                      |
| 2000-2001, Hispanics |                       |                      |
| entered Even Start   |                       |                      |
| having completed an  |                       |                      |
| average of 8.8 years |                       |                      |
| of education.        |                       |                      |
+----------------------+-----------------------+----------------------+

[^1]: If other caregivers serve in place of the parents of participating
    children, they are considered the children's parents within the
    context of Even Start.

[^2]: In addition, beginning in 2001, a parent is eligible if the
    parents is attending secondary school.

[^3]: In this study, the term "Even Start family" refers to the nuclear
    or extended family that includes at least one adult and one child
    participating in Even Start, and, in all but unusual cases, living
    in the same household. Not all individuals in the family necessarily
    participate in Even Start.

[^4]: The small percentage of households with annual incomes greater
    than \$25,000 tend to be located in areas with a high cost of living
    (for example, San Francisco, California, or Long Island, New York).

[^5]: This evaluation did not collect data on the employment or
    educational status of nonparticipating parents.