Required Report - public distribution

**Date:** 7/19/2005

**GAIN Report Number:** TH5070

TH0001

**Thailand**

**Biotechnology**

**Agricultural Biotechnology**

**2005**

**Approved by:**

![](media/image1.wmf)Rodrick McSherry, Agricultural Counselor

U.S. Embassy, Bangkok

**Prepared by:**

Sakchai Preechajarn, Agricultural Specialist

**Report Highlights:**

Despite its world-class research capacities on biotechnology, Thailand
is still very far from adopting agricultural biotechnology for
commercial cultivation. There is no clear-cut policy on the future of
agricultural biotechnology research and development, and field trials on
transgenic plants are banned. This lack of development is mainly because
of an absence of policy leadership by politicians, nods to threats by
anti-GMO non-government organizations (NGOs), the fear of losing food
export markets, and the fear of foreigners monopolizing benefits from
GMO seed sales and property right claims.

Includes PSD Changes: No

Includes Trade Matrix: No

Unscheduled Report

Bangkok \[TH1\]

\[TH\]

#  

[SECTION I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3](#section-i-executive-summary)

[SECTION II: BIOTECHNOLOGY TRADE AND PRODUCTION
4](#section-ii-biotechnology-trade-and-production)

[SECTION III: BIOTECHNOLOGY POLICY 5](#section-iii-biotechnology-policy)

[3.1 The Current Biotechnology Policy
5](#the-current-biotechnology-policy)

[3.2 Responsible Government Agencies and Institutes and Agricultural
Biotechnology
6](#responsible-government-agencies-and-institutes-and-agricultural-biotechnology)

[3.3 National Biosafety Framework 7](#national-biosafety-framework)

[3.4 National Biotechnology Policy Framework
7](#national-biotechnology-policy-framework)

[SECTION IV: MARKETING ISSUES 8](#section-iv-marketing-issues)

[SECTION V: CAPACITY BUILDING AND OUTREACH
9](#section-v-capacity-building-and-outreach)

[SECTION VI: REFERENCE MATERIAL 10](#section-vi-reference-material)

#   {#section-1 .unnumbered}

# SECTION I: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In the early 1980's, the Royal Thai Government (RTG) set up the National
Center for Genetic Engineering and Agricultural Biotechnology (BIOTEC).
Since then, BIOTEC, Department of Agriculture (DOA), and many
universities have conducted research into the development of plant
genetic engineering. Although there has been some research progress over
the past 20 years in a few locally grown plants and vegetables and
field-testing for imported transgenic plants, it is surprising that
deregulation is stalled and there still is no commercial production of
transgenic crops in Thailand. This lack of forward movement is
apparently caused by political concerns arising from strong opposition
from non-government organizations (NGOs), especially BioThai and
Organization of the Poor, and fears that Thailand might lose food export
markets, especially in the EU if GM technology were to be
commercialized. In addition, there is misperception that cultivation of
GM crops will lead the way for foreigners to captivate benefits from GMO
seed sales and property right claims. These political concerns and
misperception among some groups in the Thai society have resulted in a
lack of long-term policies/strategies on agricultural biotechnology.

At present, Thailand does not allow importation and production of any
transgenic plants for commercial purpose and field trials except for:
(1) processed food and (2) imports or sales of soybeans and corn for
feed use, human consumption, and industrial use. Furthermore, all trials
conducted for research purposes must be contained in laboratories or
greenhouses. The Thai Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also imposed
"voluntary" GM labeling requirements for processed products containing
GM ingredients at 5 percent tolerance.

Despite having general biosafety guidelines and multiple
biosafety-related agencies and institutions Thailand has not developed a
National Biosafety Law or Framework to monitor and enforce the law on
biosafety management. In 2001, the NGOs used this lack of a National
Biosafety Law to press the Cabinet to suspend field-testing of all
transgenic plants in Thailand. The Cabinet succumbed to NGO pressure in
April 2001. Furthermore, Thailand has languished in the process of
drafting a National Biosafety Law. Responsibility for drafting the law
has shifted from one Ministry to the next, resting at least for now, at
the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.

Thailand recently issued its National Biotechnology Policy Framework
(2004-2009) to promote biotechnology as an important tool for the
country's development to increase competitiveness, reduce poverty,
promote income distribution, and improve social capital development.
However, this framework, in views of some scientists, is a very
superficial effort and will be difficult to achieve unless the RTG can
overcome fears of NGO opposition and develop a mature understanding
about impact on export markets.

# SECTION II: BIOTECHNOLOGY TRADE AND PRODUCTION

Thailand is known to be the world largest exporter of a wide range
agricultural products (rice, tapioca products, rubber, frozen shrimp,
canned tuna, and canned pineapple) and a top-ten world exporter of
others (chicken meat, seafood, and sugar). Nevertheless, productivity on
several crops is relatively low compared to major producing countries.
For example, Thailand's paddy productivity is among the lowest in Asia
while the chemical uses are among the highest, translating into high
cost of production.

Realizing that low farm productivity may become a serious threat to Thai
agriculture in the future, the RTG has made several efforts to improve
agricultural productivity over the last few decades through increasing
irrigation, promoting the use of high-yielding hybrid seeds, stabilizing
crop prices, etc. Importantly, the RTG determined that introduction of
modern agricultural biotechnology should be the most efficient way to
increase production and improve the country's comparative advantage on
farming. It seemed that Thailand was off to a good start when the RTG
set up the National Center for Genetic Engineering and Agricultural
Biotechnology (BIOTEC) in 1983. Since then, BIOTEC, the Department of
Agriculture, and many universities conducted research into the
development of plant genetic engineering. It is commonly said that
Thailand was the first country in Southeast Asia that adopted
agricultural biotechnology. There has been some progress made in a few
locally grown plants and vegetables such as tomato, chile, rice, and
papaya. Research on ring-spot virus resistant papaya has developed to
the point that it is likely to be the first transgenic crop for
commercial cultivation in Thailand.

In addition to research on domestic plants, the first field test of
imported transgenic seed was conducted in Thailand in 1994. The first
crop plant permitted to be field tested was the Flavr Savr tomato, a
delayed ripening tomato. During 1994-2000, there were many other
imported transgenic plants that obtained permits for confined
field-testing in Thailand, including Bt cotton, Bt corn, Round-up Ready
cotton, Round-up Ready corn, Antisent RNA tomato, CP-gene of papaya
PRSV, etc. Among these, Monsanto's Bt cotton underwent the confined
large-scale field trials in the country, from March 1996 until the year
1999. It was expected that this Bt cotton would be the first transgenic
crop for commercial planting in Thailand. While the field trials
convinced onlookers of the environmental safety of the crop and of
significantly reduced cost of production, strong opposition from several
NGOs stymied the RTG's decision. Market introduction of this Bt
cottonseed has remained suspended thus far. The details of imported
transgenic plants that were permitted for confined field-testing are
presented in Appendix A.

Although there has been some research progress over the past 20 years
and field trails for a few imported transgenic plants were completed, it
is surprising that deregulation is stalled and there still is no
commercial production of transgenic crops in Thailand. This lack of
forward movement is apparently caused by political concerns arising from
strong opposition from non-government organizations (NGOs), especially
BioThai and Organization of the Poor, and fears that Thailand might lose
food export markets- especially in the EU if GM technology was
commercialized. These political concerns have resulted in a lack of
long-term policies/strategies on agricultural biotechnology.

A recent invasion by Green Peace activists destroyed transgenic papaya
fields in a research station of the Department of Agriculture (DOA). The
RTG's reluctance to establish a clear-cut policy on the future of
agricultural biotechnology research and development signals onlookers
that commercialization of biotech crops in Thailand remains elusive.

#  

# SECTION III: BIOTECHNOLOGY POLICY

## The Current Biotechnology Policy

Based on the Cabinet's decision on April 3, 2001, and the Plant
Quarantine Act B.E. 2507 Amended, Thailand does not allow importation
and production of any transgenic plants for commercial purpose and field
trials except for: (1) processed food; and (2) imports or sales of
soybeans and corn for feed use, human consumption, and industrial use.
Furthermore, all trials conducted for research purposes must be
contained in laboratories or greenhouses.

As for processed food containing GMOs plant materials, the Ministry of
Public Health labeling law for food containing Genetically Modified
Organisms (GMO) materials/products was put in place on May 11, 2003. The
so-called consumer protection regulations were reportedly based on the
Japanese model allowing for a 5 percent tolerance.

The products covered by this law are listed as follows:

1\. Soybeans

2\. Cooked soybean

3\. Roasted soybean

4\. Bottled or canned soybean or soybean contained in retort pouch

5\. Natto

6\. Miso

7\. Tofu or Tofu fried in oil

8\. Frozen tofu, soybean gluten from tofu or its products

9\. Soybean milk

10\. Soybean flour

11\. Food containing product(s) from (1) to (10) as main ingredient

12\. Food containing soybean protein as main ingredient

13\. Food containing green soybean as main ingredient

14\. Food containing soybean sprout as main ingredient

15\. Corn

16\. Popcorn

17\. Frozen or chilled corn

18\. Bottled or canned corn or corn contained in heat-treated pouch

19\. Corn flour or cornstarch

20\. Snack foods deriving from corn as main ingredient

21\. Food containing product(s) from (15) to (20) as main ingredient

22\. Food containing corn grits as main ingredient

In the case that the product has one of 22 listed products as the only
principle ingredient, labeling will be required if the GMO content in
that ingredient is 5 percent or more of the final product weight. In the
case that the product has any of the 22 listed products as the first
three principle ingredients, labeling will only be required if each
ingredient constituting 5 percent or more of the final product weight
and the GMO content by weight in that ingredient is 5 percent or more.

Due to a lack of laboratory facilities, the Ministry of Public Health
implements the regulation enforcement on a post-marketing basis. This
means that product labeling by the producer/importer will be voluntary
on their judgment. However, unlabelled products may be confiscated and
the producer/importer will be subject to the penalties applicable if the
government inspector proves that the products are supposed to be GMO
labeled. More details about GMO labeling procedures are provided in the
Manual for Labeling Procedures for GMO Products according to the
Ministerial Notification No. 251, B.E. 2545 (2002) (Thai language).

## Responsible Government Agencies and Institutes and Agricultural Biotechnology

There are many government agencies and institutes/universities involved
in biotechnology research and development and regulating the use of
biotechnology at different levels. The role and responsibilities of
these agencies or institutes are presented in the table below.

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **Institute**         | **Role**              | **Responsibilties**   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| National Center for   | \- Research and       | \- Research and       |
| Genetic Engineering   | Development           | development on        |
| and Biotechnolgy      |                       | genetic engineering   |
| (BIOTEC), Ministry of | \- Supporting         |                       |
| Science and           | institute             | \- Technical advisory |
| Technology (MOST)     |                       |                       |
|                       |                       | \- Funding agency     |
|                       |                       |                       |
|                       |                       | \- DNA technology     |
|                       |                       | laboratory            |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Department of         | \- Competent National | \- Regulating         |
| Agriculture (DOA),    | Authority             | imported GMO seed for |
| Ministry of           |                       | planting              |
| Agriculture and       | \- Research and       |                       |
| Cooperatives (MOAC)   | Development Institute | \- Conducting         |
|                       | emphasizing on plants | research and          |
|                       |                       | development on plant  |
|                       |                       | genetic engineering   |
|                       |                       | and risk assessment   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Food and Drug         | Regulate trade on GM  | Regulating and        |
| Administration (FDA), | food products         | monitoring the use of |
| Ministry of Public    |                       | GM food including     |
| Health (MOPH)         |                       | labeling              |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Department of Trade   | Regulate and          | Regulating imports of |
| Negotiations and      | coordinate            | GM products used as   |
| Department of Foreign | international         | raw materials and     |
| Trade, Ministry of    | negotiation in trade  | coordinating with     |
| Commerce (MOC)        | on GM products        | competent agencies    |
|                       |                       | for international     |
|                       |                       | negotiations          |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Ministry of Natural   | \- National Focal     | \- Being the National |
| Resources and         | Point                 | Focal Point for       |
| Environment (MONRE)   |                       | Convention on         |
|                       | \- Coordinators for   | Biological Diversity  |
|                       | risk assessment on    | (CBD) and Cartagena   |
|                       | environmental aspect  | Protocol on Biosafety |
|                       |                       | (CPB)                 |
|                       |                       |                       |
|                       |                       | \- Fully responsible  |
|                       |                       | for drafting the      |
|                       |                       | National Biosafety    |
|                       |                       | Law                   |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| National Bureau of    | A National Focal      | Representing the RTG  |
| National Agricultural | Point for             | to negotiate all SPS  |
| Commodity and Food    | Agricultural and Food | issues in             |
| Standards (ACFS),     | Standards (SPS        | international         |
| Ministry of           | issues)               | organizations (such   |
| Agriculture and       |                       | as CODEX, OIE, etc.)  |
| Cooperatives (MOAC)   |                       |                       |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Other institutes      | Academic and research | \- Research and       |
| (e.g. Universities)   | and development       | Development on        |
|                       | institute             | genetic engineering   |
|                       |                       |                       |
|                       |                       | \- Provide training   |
|                       |                       | on modern             |
|                       |                       | biotechnology         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

##  National Biosafety Framework

BIOTEC was the first agency that was created to deal with modern
biotechnology, given the importance of biosafety regulations to ensure
that all products derived from modern biotechnology are safe for human
health and the environment. The first two Thai guidelines were prepared
in 1992, including (1) Biosafety Guidelines in Genetic Engineering and
Biotechnology for Laboratory Work, and (2) Biosafety Guidelines in
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology for Field Work and Planned
Release.

As a part of the implementation of these guidelines, the National
Biosafety Committee (NBC) was established in 1993. There are 9
sub-committees under the NBC that cover a wide range of related areas:
plants, animals, fisheries, micro-organisms, food, public health,
environment, social and economic aspects, and law. The NBC also
encouraged the establishment of the Institutional Biosafety Committees
(IBC) in educational institutes and at Thai universities. At present,
there are 24 IBCs in Thailand.

The implementation of the guidelines, for example for field-testing, is
conducted through various biotechnology institutes. The IBC is
responsible for research work at its own institute, in consultation with
the NBC.

Despite establishing several biosafety-related agencies/institutions,
Thailand has not developed the National Biosafety Law/Framework to
monitor and enforce the law on biosafety management. In 2001, the NGOs
used this lack of a National Biosafety Law to press the Cabinet to
suspend field-testing for all transgenic plants in Thailand. The Cabinet
complied with the NGOs' request in April 2001.

The RTG set up the Sub-Committee on Drafting National Biosafety Law
under the supervision of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
(MONRE) in 2003. According to government officials, although Thailand
has not ratified the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB), the content
of the drafted legislation will mostly follow the guidelines in the
Protocol. However, the draft legislation has not been finalized thus
far.

## National Biotechnology Policy Framework

On March 18, 2003, the Cabinet agreed to set up the National
Biotechnology Policy Committee (NBPC), chaired by the Prime Minister,
and assigned National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)
as the Committee's Secretariat. In December 2003, the NBPS approved the
National Biotechnology Policy Framework (2004-2009) which was proposed
by the NSTDA.

Following are the conclusions of this framework:

By 2009, Thailand will develop biotechnology as an important tool for
the country's development to increase competitiveness, reduce poverty,
promote income distribution, and improve social capital development. New
technologies, including Genome, Bioinformatics, Genetic Engineering,
will be utilized to develop agricultural production, bio-medical
products, enviremental-protection products, high value-added products,
etc.

The framework proposed 6 goals of biotechnology development:

Goal 1: Modern Biotech business will emerge and develop. Under this
goal, Thailand targets to emerge at least 100 companies of modern
biotechnology and to invest R&D in biotechnology by the private sector
with the annual investment of 5,000 million baht (approx. US\$ 125
million);

Goal 2: Thailand will become a Kitchen of the World. Thailand will
incorporate the use of modern biotechnology to increase production of
major crops, become a seed exporter, and increase high value added
products from agricultural commodities;

Goal 3: Thailand will become a healthy society and a hub for Asian
health business;

Goal 4: Modern Biotech will conserve the environment and create clean
energy production;

Goal 5: Modern Biotech will help rural economy accomplish its
self-sufficiency; and

Goal 6: Develop skilled labor forces in biotechnology. Under the goal,
Thailand targets to have at least 5,000 biotech researchers, 500 biotech
management staff, and 10,000 university graduates (including
undergraduate, graduate, and Ph.D. levels), by 2009.

This framework, in views of some scientists, is a very superficial
effort and will be difficult to accomplish unless the RTG can overcome
paralysis by NGO opposition and other worries about export markets.

# SECTION IV: MARKETING ISSUES 

In Thailand, there is still misunderstanding and misperception about the
safety of transgenic plants or foods for human health and the
environment. NGOs, especially Green Peace Thailand and Organization of
the Poor, have strongly opposed the introduction of transgenic crop
planting or field-testing. In the meantime, the mass media in Thailand,
including newspapers and television, usually provide largely unbalanced
reporting by enlarging the negative views while minimizing the positive
views about modern biotechnology.

The latest official surveys on public awareness, perception, and
attitude toward GMOs in Thailand were conducted by BIOTEC in 1999 and
again in 2000, when the GMO issue was of high concern among
well-informed Thais due to media coverage of anti-GMO groups and a GM
food export problem with some trading partners. In general, there was
high consistency between the results of these two surveys.

Regarding awareness and some basic knowledge concering GMOs, the result
of the surveys indicated that the target group mostly understood GMOs
and some basic biology although degree of uncertainty increased with
more detailed questions. On perception of the GMO issue, respondents
showed a tendency not to worry very much about the safety of GM food
consumption. Perceived risks were more apparent in trade and environment
issues. It was also interesting that highly educated respondents
stressed the importance of public education in GMO issues. Regarding
attitude toward GMOs and related public policy, the surveys showed that
a majority of respondents supported research and development of GMOs
despite the overall anti-GM sentiment in the media. In regard to what
measures the country should implement to address the GMO problem, the
choices of scientific capacity building and public education/information
were of the highest priorities in both surveys. As to the question of
labeling issue, about 80 percent of respondents wanted mandatory
labeling. In addition to R&D institutions and regulators, respondents
needed an institution representing a reliable source of information and
helps public understanding.

# SECTION V: CAPACITY BUILDING AND OUTREACH

In recent years, the U.S. Government (USG) conducted several programs of
capacity building and outreach for Thai government offices and officers
through both USDA-funded and USG-funded activities. These activities in
the past 5 years can be summarized below:

-   Annual biotechnology training program at Michigan State University
    under the Cochran Fellowship Program. About 10 officials from
    Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Agriculture and
    Cooperatives participated in this program thus far;

-   World-renowned scientists, biotechnology experts, and groups of U.S.
    farmers separately visited Thailand to meet with different levels of
    government, Cabinet and officials, and conduct seminars in Thailand.
    These include visits of Dr. Norman Borlaug (1999), A group of U.S.
    corn farmers who came to share experiences using GMOs with Thai
    farmers (2000), Dr. Val Giddings (Vice President, Biotechnology
    Industry Organization, August 2003), Ms. Cindy Richard (Biotech
    Consultant, staying in Thailand for 3 months to help Thai government
    develop outreach efforts to the public and farmers in 2004);

-   USDA sponsored high-level officials from Thailand to participate the
    Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)'s dialogue on
    biotechnology in Mexico (2002), Chiang Rai, Thailand (2003),
    Malaysia (2004), and Seoul (2005);

-   The USG sponsored the Hilo Papaya Outreach Project by inviting 12
    Thai farmers and media reporters to observe GM and non-GM papaya
    plantations and discuss issues with scientists and farmers in Hawaii
    in May 2005.

Country-specific needs or strategies that would be useful in raising the
capacity of Thailand to apply transparent, science-based regulations to
agricultural biotechnology should include:

-   Thailand is under the process of developing a National Biosafety
    Framework. The biosafety issues are new to many relevant government
    officials and scientists. As a result, short course training in the
    areas of risk assessment and of various policy and legal aspects
    should be continued for both local scientists and policy makers;

-   Although public education has been conducted frequently, it has been
    very difficult to change misperceptions about modern biotechnology,
    especially from the anti-GM NGOs. As a result, new strategies to
    better educate or understand this technology are needed, along with
    more frequent, sustained efforts to do so;

-   The various biotech-related agencies are developing a biosafety
    database for Thailand and could benefit from training or capacity
    building in this task;

# SECTION VI: REFERENCE MATERIAL

Websites:

-   Ministry of Science and Technology: <http://www.most.go.th/>

-   National Center for Genetic Engineering and Agricultural
    Biotechnology (BIOTEC): <http://policy.biotec.or.th/>

-   Thailand Biosafety Information Network:
    <http://biosafety.biotec.or.th/>

-   Office of Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry of Natural
    Resources and Environment: <http://www.onep.go.th/>

-   Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives:
    <http://www.doa.go.th/th/>

-   CropLife Asia:
    [http://www.croplifeasia.org](http://www.croplifeasia.org/)

-   International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotect
    Applications: [http://www.isaaa.org](http://www.isaaa.org/)

-   Biothai (An NGO in Thailand which is against GM crop introduction):
    <http://www.biothai.org/>

-   Greenpeace South East Asia: <http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/en/>

Publications:

Damrongchai Nares and others. Public Awareness, Perception, and Attitude
toward GMOs in

Thailand, Paper presented at the Ninth Greening of Industry Network
Conference,

Bangkok, Thailand, 21-24 January 2001.

Damrongchai Nares. Agricultural Biotechnology in Thailand, BIOTEC.

Iamsupasit Nipon. Thailand Country Report on Biosafety -- Risk
Assessment and

Management, Paper submitted at Asia Regional Workshop on Risk Assessment
and

Risk Management to implement the Cartegena Protocol, New Delhi, India,
22-24 May

2002\.

Jumroonpong Benjawan. Importation of Transgenic Plants: Rule and
Regulations, Paper

submitted at Asia Regional Workshop on Biosafety, 22-24 May 2002, New
Delhi, India.

Napompeth Banpot. National Biosafety Framework (NBF) in Thailand, Paper
presented at the

International Workshop on Impacts and Biosafety of Genetically Modified
Agricultural

Product, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC, 9-14 September 2002.

Napompeth Banpot. GMOs and GMO Derivatives under Trials in Containment
and/or Small

Scale Field Trials in Thailand: 1991-2003, National Biosafety Committee,
BIOTEC,

2003\.

National Center for Genetic Engineering and Agricultural Biotechnology
(BIOTEC), National

Biotechnology Policy Framework 2004-2009 (in Thai), National Science and

Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 2004.

APPENDIX A

A List of Transgenic Plants that were under the Import Permit Requests
(1994-2000)

+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| **Crop**    | **App       | **Year of   | **Trait     | **Status**  |
|             | licant(s)** | Request**   | De          |             |
|             |             |             | scription** |             |
+=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+
| 1\. Squash  | Asgrow Seed | 1994        | \-          | \-          |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 2\. Tomato  | Thai Pan    | 1994        | \-          | Not         |
|             | Trading     |             |             | permitted   |
|             | Co., Ltd    |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 3\. Tomato  | UpJohn Inc. | 1995        | Antisent    | Trial       |
|             |             |             | RNA         | completed   |
|             |             |             | (delayed    |             |
|             |             |             | fruit       |             |
|             |             |             | ripening)   |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 4\. Tomato  | Thai Pan    | 1995        | \-          | Not         |
|             | Trading     |             |             | imported    |
|             | Co., Ltd.   |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 5\. Cotton  | Monsanto    | 1995        | Bt Cry 1A © | Trial       |
|             | Thailand    |             |             | completed   |
|             | Ltd.        |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 6\. Corn    | Novartis    | 1996        | Bt          | Approved    |
|             | Thailand    |             |             | under       |
|             | Co., Ltd.   |             |             | containment |
|             |             |             |             | at Novartis |
|             |             |             |             | experiment  |
|             |             |             |             | station     |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 7\. Cotton  | Monsanto    | 1996        | Bt Cry 1A © | Trial       |
|             | Thailand    |             |             | completed   |
|             | Ltd.        |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 8\. Squash  | Department  | 1996        | Coat        | Trial       |
|             | of          |             | Protein     | contained   |
|             | Agriculture |             | PRSV        | in lab and  |
|             |             |             |             | greenhouse  |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 9\. Mali    | Department  | 1997        | Xa21        | Trial       |
| 105 Rice    | of          |             |             | contained   |
|             | Agriculture |             |             | in          |
|             |             |             |             | greenhouse  |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 10\. Papaya | Department  | 1997        | CP-gene of  | Trial in    |
|             | of          |             | PRSV        | field       |
|             | Agriculture |             |             | planting in |
|             |             |             |             | DOA's       |
|             |             |             |             | research    |
|             |             |             |             | station     |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 11\. Cotton | Monsanto    | 1997        | Bt Cry 1A © | Trial       |
| (NUCOTN 33  | Thailand    |             |             | completed   |
| B)          | Ltd.        |             | (Resistant  |             |
|             |             |             | to American |             |
|             |             |             | ballworm)   |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 12\. Cotton | Monsanto    | 1997        | CP 4EPSPS   | Trial       |
| (roundup    | Thailand    |             |             | completed   |
| 1445, 1698) | Ltd.        |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 13\. Corn   | Pioneer     | 1997        | Bt (Mon     | Trail       |
|             | Overseas    |             | 810)        | contained   |
|             | Seeds Corp. |             |             | in          |
|             | Thailand    |             | Resistant   | greenhouse  |
|             |             |             | to Asiatic  |             |
|             |             |             | corn stalk  |             |
|             |             |             | borer       |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 14\. Dry,   | Dekalb      | 1997        | Bt          | Approved by |
| Powdered Bt | Genetics    |             |             | NBC, no     |
| Corn        | Corp.       |             |             | response    |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 15\. Corn   | Monsanto    | 1997        | Bt          | In          |
|             | Thailand    |             |             | appropriate |
|             | Ltd.        |             |             | imports,    |
|             |             |             |             | destroyed   |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 16\. Corn   | Monsanto    | 1997        | Roundup     | In          |
| (roundup)   | Thailand    |             | resistant   | appropriate |
|             | Ltd.        |             |             | imports,    |
|             |             |             |             | destroyed   |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 17\. Tomato | A local     | 1997        | SAVR        | Not         |
|             | company     |             |             | permitted   |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 18\. Corn   | Monsanto    | 1998        | mEPSPS      | Trial       |
| (Glyfosate  | Thailand    |             |             | contained   |
| herbicide   | Ltd.        |             |             | in          |
| resistance) |             |             |             | greenhouse  |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 19\. Corn   | Monsanto    | 1998        | Bt (Mon     | Trial       |
|             | Thailand    |             | 810)        | completed   |
|             | Ltd.        |             |             | in          |
|             |             |             |             | greenhouse  |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 20\. Corn   | Charoen     | 1998        | PAT         | Not         |
| (DLL25      | Produce     |             |             | permitted   |
| Glyfosinate | Co., Ltd.   |             |             |             |
| resistance) |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 21\. Corn   | Cargill     | 1998        | Bt Cry 1 A  | Trial       |
| (CHAW 9703  | Seed Co.,   |             | (b)         | suspended   |
| Bt)         | Ltd.        |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 22\. Corn   | Novartis    | 1998        | Bt event    | Not         |
| (Bt event   | Thailand    |             | 176         | appropriate |
| 176)        | Co., Ltd.   |             |             | imports,    |
|             |             |             |             | destroyed   |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 23\. Hybrid | Novartis    | 1998        | Bt event    | Trial       |
| Corn Bt.    | Thailand    |             | 176         | completed   |
| Event 176   | Co., Ltd.   |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 24\. Hybrid | Mansanto    | 1999        | Bt cry 1A © | Trial       |
| Cotton      | Thailand    |             |             | completed   |
| non-Bt      | Ltd.        |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 25\. Cotton | Monsanto    | 1999        | CP 4EPSPS   | Trial       |
| (roundup    | Thailand    |             |             | completed   |
| resistance, | Ltd.        |             |             | in          |
| line 1445)  |             |             |             | greenhouse  |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 26.Corn     | Monsanto    | 1999        | mEPSPS      | Trial       |
| GA-21       | Thailand    |             |             | completed   |
| (roundup    | Ltd.        |             |             | in          |
| resistance) |             |             |             | greenhouse  |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 27\. Corn   | Monsanto    | 1999        | Bt (Mon     | Trial       |
|             | Thailand    |             | 810)        | contained   |
|             | Ltd.        |             |             | in small    |
|             |             |             |             | field plot  |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 28\. Corn   | Monsanto    | 2000        | Glyfosate   | \-          |
| Chaw 9703   | Thailand    |             | resistance  |             |
|             | Ltd.        |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 29\. Corn   | Monsanto    | 2000        | Bt Cry 1A   | Pending     |
| C-919 Bt    | Thailand    |             | (b)         | Request for |
|             | Ltd.        |             |             | field trial |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 30\. Corn   | Monsanto    | 2000        | CP-EPSPS    | Pending     |
| C-919 603   | Thailand    |             |             | request for |
| (roundup    | Ltd.        |             |             | trial lab   |
| resistance) |             |             |             | and         |
|             |             |             |             | greenhouse  |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 31\. Papaya | Kasetsart   | 2000        | CP-gene of  | Trial       |
|             | University  |             | PRSV        | contained   |
|             |             |             |             | in lab and  |
|             |             |             |             | greenhouse  |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+
| 32\. Cotton | Monsanto    | 2000        | Bt cry 1A © | Field Trial |
| NUCOTN33    | Thailand    |             |             | completed   |
| (American   | Ltd.        |             |             |             |
| bollworm    |             |             |             |             |
| resistance) |             |             |             |             |
+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+

End of Report.