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**Freedom for the Blind: The Secret Is Empowerment**

**A Book Review**

Allen Harris

Available at no cost, except for a fee of \$5 for shipping, from the
Regional Rehabilitation Continuing Education Program at University of
Arkansas, P.O. Box 358, Hot Springs, AR 71902. Telephone: (501)
623-7700. The entire book is also available online, at:
www.nfb.org/books/books1/free.htm.

James H. Omvig's book, Freedom for the Blind, which was commissioned by
the U.S. Department of Education's Rehabilitation Services
Administration (RSA), has just been released. According to Omvig, the
book offers "a non-traditional perspective on the methods and issues
that a truly successful employment training program for the blind should
embrace."

Freedom for the Blind points out that, as America begins the 21st
century, between 70 and 80 percent of its working-age blind people are
unemployed. Of those who are employed, far too many are severely
underemployed or are destined to be locked in at entry-level jobs for a
lifetime. Omvig asks, "Why?"

The author contends that, putting to one side all of the
rationalizations, there can be but two possible explanations for this
dismal statistic: First, either people who are blind, no matter how
thoroughly trained and adjusted to their blindness they may be, are
inherently incompetent; or, second, there is something inherently wrong
with America's blindness system --- the complex of programs for
educating or rehabilitating people who are blind.

Omvig concludes that the problem is not with the people who are blind.
The evidence that properly trained blind people can live independent,
successful, competitive, normal and happy lives and can assume their
rightful position of full membership in society is too overwhelming to
conclude that, as a class, people who are blind are inherently
incompetent. Therefore, Omvig reluctantly and cautiously draws the
conclusion that the problem has been with the blindness system itself
--- that educational and vocational rehabilitation (VR) programs for
people who are blind historically have not been what they could and
should be.

Also, he says that the blind have been thought of by society --- and
have learned to think of themselves --- as a group apart, a helpless and
hopeless lot, having neither the right nor the ability to work for their
daily bread or to earn their self-respect. As a group, people who are
blind have thought of themselves not as unemployed but as inferiors who
are unemployable: He sums it up by describing the blind as a "visible
minority!"

Omvig believes that there are additional facts and circumstances at the
root of the unemployment problem: Too many VR programs or residential
orientation and adjustment (O&A) centers have also unwittingly embraced
society's negative view of people who are blind and have perpetuated
these myths and misconceptions in the minds of their VR customers or
students, and those customers have been the losers. Such programs have
utilized what one might call the enabler model of service delivery.

However, Freedom for the Blind contends that there is good news! The age
of enlightenment is here, and a new model --- a proven cutting-edge
formula for success --- exists. It is the empowerment model.

The book proffers the view that every blind person --- man or woman,
young or old, educated or not --- needs personal empowerment to be
whole; and with empowerment comes the freedom people who are blind have
the right to expect. It suggests that every progressive VR program or
residential O&A center should therefore adopt the empowerment model and
do its best to empower every VR customer or student whom it serves. In
regard to O&A centers, Omvig says that a residential training center's
overarching purpose should be to function as an "empowerment station."

The empowerment-station model of an O&A center is one that recognizes
that all offered services must be aimed at teaching its students a new
and constructive set of attitudes about blindness and "unlearning'
prevailing views that are wrong and harmful. Further, such a center will
help each blind student strive to achieve the following four personal
objectives:

• The person who is blind must come to know emotionally, not just
intellectually, that he or she can truly be independent and
self-sufficient.

• The person who is blind must learn and become competent in those
skills --- the alternative techniques of blindness --- that will make it
possible for him or her to be truly independent and self-sufficient.

• The person who is blind must learn to cope on a daily basis with the
public attitudes about blindness --- how he or she will be treated by
other people because of their misunderstandings and misconceptions.

• Even when the individual who is blind has adjusted emotionally to
blindness, mastered alternative techniques and learned to cope
effectively with the demeaning things other people do or say, the person
who is blind must also learn to "blend in" and to be acceptable to
others in order to be successful. He or she must be punctual, reliable,
neat and appropriate in appearance and possessed of good social and
table manners and the like. Thus the schools and agencies must do the
best that they can to achieve this desired result.

Omvig's thesis is that freedom should be accessible to everyone and that
it is possible, with a willingness to think outside the box, for the
traditional VR program to learn to empower and to move its customers
toward successful, high-quality employment and increased integration
into society. A proven cutting-edge formula for success exists and is
available for the taking. The blind customer who has received
cutting-edge VR services has a markedly higher chance for vocational
success than the norm, according to Omvig.

The book details the philosophies, training techniques and the methods
that go into the empowerment model and also explains the role a state's
separate agency for the blind could play in the process. Given the right
kind of training, the average blind person --- not merely those whom
some observers mistakenly perceive as the "superblind" --- can compete
on terms of true equality with his or her sighted peers and can become a
taxpayer rather than a tax user. Omvig believes that, far from wanting
to whimper, "I wonder what it would feel like to be free," the empowered
blind person will want to climb the highest mountain and shout, "I am
free! I know what it feels like to be free!"

Omvig is a blind attorney and rehabilitation professional from Tucson,
Arizona. He spent most of his professional career working with the
blind, and in retirement he continues to do consulting, evaluating,
writing and teaching in this field today.

He became blind as a teenager due to Retinitis Pigmentosa (a
degenerative, retinal disease referred to as RP). After several years of
struggling with extremely limited vision while in the public school
system, he transferred to a residential school, the Iowa School for the
Blind. He graduated from high school in 1953.

Eight years of idleness followed Omvig's high school graduation. Then,
in 1961, he became one of the early students in the Adult Orientation
and Adjustment Center newly created and directed by Dr. Kenneth Jernigan
at the Iowa State Commission for the Blind. He went on to complete
college and law school, and then he worked in Washington, D.C., and New
York City as the first blind attorney ever hired by the National Labor
Relations Board.