**Number range CHAPTERCALIFORNIA COLE CROP**

[]{.mark}

This scenario is intended to represent general cole crop production in
the Central California Coast/Coastal Valleys Range, primarily MLRAs 14 &
15, hereafter referred to as area of interest (AOI). Cole crops include
crops such as broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage. Based on 2002 USDA
Census of Agriculture data, approximately 170,763 acres of these crops
was grown in California (USDA, 2002). Among these crops, broccoli is the
most common cole crop, representing roughly 70% of the total acreage.
Within the AOI, approximately 78% of the cole crop acreage and nearly
60% of total pesticides pounds product applied to cole crops (broccoli,
cabbage, and cauliflower) occurs in the counties of Monterey, Santa
Barbara, and San Luis Obispo. Monterey is the top producing cole crop
county in the state representing approximately 50% of the total acreage
(USDA, 2002). It is also the top pesticide usage county (based on total
pounds product applied) in the state (CalPIP, 2006) for application to
cole crops.

[]{.mark}

This scenario is generally parameterized based on broccoli crops.
Monterey County is the major broccoli production area, constituting
nearly half the total acreage in California (VRIC, undated; Production
areas and seasons). California broccoli production consists of 91% of
all commercially grown broccoli grown in the United States (USDA 1999).
Monterey County broccoli acreage was approximately 121,000 acres in
1998. (USDA 1999). The majority of broccoli grown in coastal valleys
includes hybrids of the Italian green type, also known as sprouting
green broccoli or calabrese. (VRIC, undated; Broccoli Varieties).
Broccoli is mostly direct seeded; however, recently, there has been an
increase in using transplants (VRIC 1996; USDA 1999).

Typical cropping practices includes flail mowing the previous crop,
disking, ripping, plowing, multiple disking, land planning, listing, bed
shaping and sprinkler irrigation practices (VRIC, 1996; UC Cooperative
Extension Farm Advisor; USDA 1999). Sprinkler and furrow irrigation is
typically used throughout the growing season. Both direct seeded and
transplanted broccoli are established by sprinkler irrigation, which
allows incorporation of herbicides and fertilizer application with the
water. Once the plants are established, furrow, sprinkler or drip
irrigation can be used (USDA, 1999; UC Cooperative Extension Farm
Advisor; VRIC 1996). Broccoli plants have a maximum root depth of 18
inches and prefer well-drained soil, but can be grown on a variety of
soil textures (VRIC 1996). In the coastal regions, two or more broccoli
crops are common, in rotation with lettuce or celery (USDA 1999).
Whether grown by direct seeding or with transplants, broccoli is
typically grown in double rows on raised beds 38 to 42 inches. It is
occasionally planted in single rows on 30 inch beds with plant spacing
at 5 to 6 inches (VRIC 1996). In coastal districts, the use of high
density broccoli plantings, which consists of six plant lines per bed
with 80 inch centers, is a more recent trend (USDA 1999).

Metfile W23234 (Santa Maria) is the meteorological data set used to
representative Central California Coast/Coastal Valleys Cole crop
production. The station is located along the coast in Santa Barbara
County within MLRA 15. It is roughly 106 miles to the south of Monterey
County which contains the field used to represent this scenario. The
Fresno station is approximately 20 miles closer to the geographic center
of Monterey County, however the Santa Maria station was deemed more
representative for several reasons. First, this scenario is generally a
coastal scenario. Fresno is an inland station whereas the coastal Santa
Maria station is more representative of the Coastal Climate of this
scenario. In addition, the Santa Maria station receives approximately
three inches more annual rainfall than the Fresno station, increasing
the conservative nature of the scenario (NOAA, 2006).

Location and metfile selections are often the most important
developments affecting scenario vulnerability and protectiveness.
Metfile selection has been discussed above. Soil selection is also an
important protectiveness factor. Because over 70% of the cole crops
acreage consist of broccoli, soils were selected based on the ability to
support broccoli production. The Marimel series was chosen for this
scenario because it is found in Central California Coast/Coastal Valleys
Range, is a hydrologic group C soil and accounts for 13% of cole crop
bearing soils acreage (USDA, 2002; Table 5). It is a Fine-loamy, mixed,
superactive, thermic Cumulic Haploxerolls soil found on slopes of 0 to
2% (USDA, 2003), which includes the maximum slope on which cole crops
are grown (R. Smith, Personal Communication). The soils are primarily
use for growing truck crops, barley and orchards (USDA, 2003). Based on
USDA data, the majority (78%) of cole crop bearing soils in the region
are hydrologic group A and B soils. A hydrologic group C soil was chosen
because over 70% of cole crop acreage consists of broccoli production
and the A and B soils do not support broccoli (Table 5). This scenario
has been parameterized based on Marimel Silty Clay Loam Soil.

Marimel is a Hydrologic Group C soil, which represents 13% of these
soils in drainage based on soil survey data (USDA, 2006). Because
exposure scenarios are intended to represent the "high end" of what
might occur in an actual agricultural setting, local expert knowledge
and soil survey data led to the selection of Marimel soils. Marimel
soils have a USLE K factor of 0.28; approximately 42% of cole crop
bearing soils have an erodibility higher than 0.28 (Table 5).
Approximately 44% of cole crop bearing soils have a pH lower than
marimel soils (7.5). However, soil pH is not currently a PRZM input
parameter and is not expected to often affect chemical fate in the
acidic range. Based on the official soil series description Marimel
soils have an A horizon from 0 to 35 inches (0-89 cm) deep and a C
horizon from 35 to 60 inches (89-152 cm) deep (USDA, 2003).

[]{.mark}

+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Table 1. PRZM |          |                                         |
| 3.12 Climate    |          |                                         |
| and Time        |          |                                         |
| Parameters for  |          |                                         |
| Monterey,       |          |                                         |
| California --   |          |                                         |
| Cole Crop.**    |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Parameter**   | *        | **Source/Comments**                     |
|                 | *Value** |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Starting Date   | Jan. 1,  | Meteorological File from Santa Maria    |
|                 | 1961     | (W23234)                                |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Ending Date     | Dec. 1,  | Meteorological File from Santa Maria    |
|                 | 1991     | (W23234)                                |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Pan Evaporation | 0.75     | PRZM Manual Figure 5.1. Value           |
| Factor (PFAC)   |          | represents the central coastal region.  |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Snowmelt Factor | 0        | The Weather Channel Interactive, Inc.   |
| (SFAC)          |          | (TWCII, 2006)                           |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Minimum Depth   | 17.5 cm  | PRZM Manual (EPA 1998).                 |
| of              |          |                                         |
|                 |          |                                         |
| Evaporation     |          |                                         |
| (ANETD)         |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+

[]{.mark}

+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Table 2. PRZM |          |                                         |
| 3.12 Erosion    |          |                                         |
| and Landscape   |          |                                         |
| Parameters for  |          |                                         |
| Monterey,       |          |                                         |
| California --   |          |                                         |
| Cole Crop.**    |          |                                         |
+=================+==========+=========================================+
| **Parameter**   | *        | **Source/Comments**                     |
|                 | *Value** |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Method to       | 4 (MUSS) | PRZM Manual (EPA, 1998)                 |
| Calculate       |          |                                         |
| Erosion         |          |                                         |
| (ERFLAG)        |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| USLE K Factor   | 0.28     | USDA NRCS Soil Data Mart                |
| (USLEK)         |          | (http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)    |
|                 |          |                                         |
|                 |          | Value listed for the soil series        |
|                 |          | Marimel silty clay loam.                |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| USLE LS Factor  | 0.2      | LS value for 1% slope and 400' slope    |
| (USLELS)        |          | length                                  |
|                 |          |                                         |
|                 |          | PRZM Manual (EPA, 1998)                 |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| USLE P Factor   | 1.0      | Richard Smith, Monterey County          |
| (USLEP)         |          | Extension Agent                         |
|                 |          |                                         |
|                 |          | Default for cole crop with no contour   |
|                 |          | practices                               |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Field Area      | 172 ha   | Area of Shipman Reservoir watershed     |
| (AFIELD)        |          | (EPA, 1999)                             |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| NRCS Hyetograph | 1        | PRZM Manual Figure 5.12 (EPA, 1998)     |
| (IREG)          |          |                                         |
|                 |          | Type I, IREG=1                          |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Slope (SLP)     | 1%       | Richard Smith, Monterey County          |
|                 |          | Extension Agent                         |
|                 |          |                                         |
|                 |          | Midpoint of the range for Marimel silty |
|                 |          | clay loam.                              |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Hydraulic       | 600 m    | Shipman Reservoir (EPA, 1999)           |
| Length (HL)     |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Irrigation Flag | 2        | Once established, broccoli may either   |
| (IRFLAG)        |          | be furrow, sprinkler or drip irrigated. |
|                 |          | (USDA\< 1999)                           |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Number range    | 3        | Transplants are initially sprinkler     |
| CH              | (sp      | irrigated. Once established, broccoli   |
| APTERIrrigation | rinkler) | may either be furrow, sprinkler or drip |
| Type (IRTYP)    |          | irrigated. (USDA, 1999)                 |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Leaching Factor | 0.1      | Irrigation Guidance for developing PRZM |
| (FLEACH)        |          | Scenario, Table 3; (June 15, 2005).     |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Fraction of     | 0.5      | Set to default as per Irrigation        |
| Water Capacity  |          | Guidance for developing PRZM Scenario,  |
| when Irrigation |          | Table 3; (EPA 2005).                    |
| is Applied      |          |                                         |
| (PCDEPL)        |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Maximum Rate at | 0.1 cm   | Set to default as per Irrigation        |
| which           | hr^-1^   | Guidance for developing PRZM Scenario,  |
| Irrigation is   |          | Table 3; (EPA 2005).                    |
| Applied         |          |                                         |
| (RATEAP)        |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| []{.mark}       |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+

[]{.mark}

+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| **Table 3. PRZM |          |                                         |
| 3.12 Crop       |          |                                         |
| Parameters for  |          |                                         |
| Monterey,       |          |                                         |
| California --   |          |                                         |
| Cole Crop.**    |          |                                         |
+=================+==========+=========================================+
| **Parameter**   | *        | **Source/Comments**                     |
|                 | *Value** |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Initial Crop    | 1        | Set to one for all crops (EPA, 2004).   |
| (INICRP)        |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Initial Surface | 3        | Richard Smith, Monterey County          |
| Condition       |          | Extension Agent                         |
|                 |          |                                         |
| (ISCOND)        |          | Residue initial soil surface condition  |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Number of       | 1        | Set to number of crops in simulation.   |
| Different Crops |          |                                         |
| (NDC)           |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Number of       | 30       | Set to weather data in meteorological   |
| Cropping        |          | file: Santa Maria (W23234).             |
| Periods (NCPDS) |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Maximum         | 0.25     | PRZM manual Table 5-4 (EPA, 1998).      |
| rainfall        |          | Default value recommended value for     |
| interception    |          | surrogate crop (soybeans) (EPA, 2004).  |
| storage of crop |          |                                         |
| (CINTCP)        |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Maximum Active  | 46 cm    | Roots can extend to 18 inches. Richard  |
| Root Depth      |          | Smith, Monterey County Extension Agent  |
| (AMXDR)         |          |                                         |
|                 |          | []{.mark}                               |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Maximum Canopy  | 100      | Richard Smith, Monterey County          |
| Coverage        |          | Extension Agent                         |
| (COVMAX)        |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Soil Surface    | 3        | Richard Smith, Monterey County          |
| Condition After |          | Extension Agent                         |
| Harvest (ICNAH) |          |                                         |
|                 |          | Residue after harvest soil surface      |
|                 |          | condition                               |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Date of Crop    | 01/01/61 | Emergence occurs from January thru      |
| Emergence       |          | November. Set to the first crop during  |
|                 |          | wet season. (R. Smith, Vegetable Crop   |
| (EMD, EMM,      |          | and Weed Science Farm Advisor)          |
| IYREM)          |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Date of Crop    | 22/02/61 | Crops are harvested at maturity. Set to |
| Maturity        |          | one week prior to harvest. (R. Smith,   |
|                 |          | Vegetable Crop and Weed Science Farm    |
| (MAD, MAM,      |          | Advisor)                                |
| IYRMAT)         |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Date of Crop    | 01/03/61 | Harvest occurs from mid-February thru   |
| Harvest (HAD,   |          | December. Set to the first crop. (R.    |
| HAM, IYRHAR)    |          | Smith, Vegetable Crop and Weed Science  |
|                 |          | Farm Advisor)                           |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Maximum Dry     | 0.0      | Not used in scenario                    |
| Weight (WFMAX)  |          |                                         |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Maximum Crop    | 30 cm    | Richard Smith, Monterey County          |
| Height (HTMAX)  |          | Extension Agent                         |
|                 |          |                                         |
|                 |          | []{.mark}                               |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| SCS Curve       | 92, 88,  | Gleams Manual Table H-4 (USDA, 1990);   |
| Number (CN)     | 89       | Fallow = SR+CT poor condition; Cropping |
|                 |          | and Residue = Row Crops, SR+CT poor     |
|                 |          | Hydrologic Group C. CT is used for cole |
|                 |          | row crops.                              |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| Manning's N     | 0.011    | RUSLE Project; C24BGBGC for California  |
| Value (MNGN)    |          | Green Beans with conventional till      |
|                 |          | (USDA, 2000). Data are from San         |
|                 |          | Francisco, which is the closest RUSLE   |
|                 |          | file with similar crop practices and    |
|                 |          | coastal CA climate.                     |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+
| USLE C Factor   | 0.083 -  | RUSLE Project; C24BGBGC for California  |
| (USLEC)         | 0.795    | Green Beans with conventional till      |
|                 |          | (USDA, 2000). Data are from San         |
|                 |          | Francisco, which is the closest RUSLE   |
|                 |          | file with similar crop practices and    |
|                 |          | coastal CA climate.                     |
+-----------------+----------+-----------------------------------------+

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| **Table 4.    |                   |                                 |
| PRZM 3.12     |                   |                                 |
| Marimel Silty |                   |                                 |
| Clay Loam     |                   |                                 |
| Soil          |                   |                                 |
| Parameters    |                   |                                 |
| for Monterey, |                   |                                 |
| California -- |                   |                                 |
| Cole Crop.**  |                   |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| **Parameter** | **Value**         | **Source/Comments**             |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Total Soil    | 152 cm            | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)       |
| Depth (CORED) |                   | (htt                            |
|               |                   | p://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov) |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Number of     | 3                 | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)       |
| Horizons      |                   | ([http://soi                    |
| (NHORIZ)      |                   | ldatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http:/ |
|               |                   | /soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)). |
|               |                   | Horizon A spans scenario        |
|               |                   | horizons 1 and 2 in order to    |
|               |                   | conform to PRZM input           |
|               |                   | requirements.                   |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Horizon       | 10 cm (HORIZN =   | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)       |
| Thickness     | 1)                | (htt                            |
| (THKNS)       |                   | p://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov) |
|               | 31 cm (HORIZN =   |                                 |
|               | 2)                |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 111 cm (HORIZN =  |                                 |
|               | 3)                |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Bulk Density  | 1.5 g/cm^3^       | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)       |
| (BD)          | (HORIZN = 1)      | ([http://soi                    |
|               |                   | ldatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http:/ |
|               | 1.5 g/cm^3^       | /soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)); |
|               | (HORIZN = 2)      | values are mean 1/3-bar moist   |
|               |                   | bulk densities of a soil        |
|               | 1.5 g/cm^3^       | sampled as a Marimel silty clay |
|               | (HORIZN = 3)      | loam soil.                      |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Initial Water | 0.334 cm^3^/cm^3^ | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)       |
| Content       | (HORIZN =1)       | ([http://soi                    |
| (THETO)       |                   | ldatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http:/ |
|               | 0.334 cm^3^/cm^3^ | /soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)); |
|               | (HORIZN =2)       | values are mean 1/3-bar water   |
|               |                   | contents of a soil sampled as a |
|               | 0.308 cm^3^/cm^3^ | Marimel silty clay loam soil.   |
|               | (HORIZN =3)       |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Compartment   | 0.1 cm (HORIZN =  | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)       |
| Thickness     | 1)                | ([http://soi                    |
| (DPN)         |                   | ldatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http:/ |
|               | 1.0 cm (HORIZN =  | /soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)); |
|               | 2)                |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 3.0 cm (HORIZN =  |                                 |
|               | 3)                |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Field         | 0.334 cm^3^/cm^3^ | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)       |
| Capacity      | (HORIZN =1)       | ([http://soi                    |
| (THEFC)       |                   | ldatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http:/ |
|               | 0.334 cm^3^/cm^3^ | /soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)); |
|               | (HORIZN =2)       | values are mean 1/3-bar water   |
|               |                   | contents of a soil sampled as a |
|               | 0.308 cm^3^/cm^3^ | Marimel silty clay loam soil.   |
|               | (HORIZN =3)       |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Wilting Point | 0.219 cm^3^/cm^3^ | NRCS Soil Data Mart (SDM)       |
| (THEWP)       | (HORIZN =1)       | ([http://soi                    |
|               |                   | ldatamart.nrcs.usda.gov](http:/ |
|               | 0.219 cm^3^/cm^3^ | /soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/)); |
|               | (HORIZN =2)       | values are mean 15-bar water    |
|               |                   | contents of a soil sampled as a |
|               | 0.174 cm^3^/cm^3^ | Marimel silty clay loam soil.   |
|               | (HORIZN =3)       |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+
| Organic       | 1.74% (HORIZN =   | NRCS SDM; values = mean %OM /   |
| Carbon        | 1)                | 1.724.                          |
| Content (OC)  |                   |                                 |
|               | 1.74% (HORIZN =   |                                 |
|               | 2)                |                                 |
|               |                   |                                 |
|               | 0.87% (HORIZN =   |                                 |
|               | 3)                |                                 |
+---------------+-------------------+---------------------------------+

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

[]{.mark}

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------- ------- ---------- ------------- -------- --------- ------ ----------- ----------- --------- ------------------- ------------------ ----------------------
  **Table 5. Cole Crops Bearing Soils of Monterey, San Luis Obispo, and                                                                                                                                                  
  Santa Barbara Counties (California) Ranked by Area.**                                                                                                                                                                  

  Soil                                                                     Total     \% Area Drainage   Erodibility   Slopes   pH        OM (%) \% Sand     \% Silt     \% Clay   Broccoli-IrrYield   Cabbage-IrrYield   Cauliflower-IrrYield
                                                                           Acreage                                    (%)                                                                                                

  [PICO](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/P/PICO.html)               13,745    33.4%   B          0.32          0-2      8.2       2.5    64.5        19.5        16        \--                 375                \--

  [BOTELLA](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/B/BOTELLA.html)         9,739     23.6%   B          0.2-0.28      0-9      6.5       3-4    34.2-41.6   33.6-37.4   21-31     \--                 \--                400

  [CORRALITOS](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/C/CORRALITOS.html)   5,531     13.4%   A          0.15-0.2      0-2      5.8-6.1   0.75   80.5-96     1.5-17      2.5       \--                 \--                350

  [MARIMEL](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/M/MARIMEL.html)         5,300     12.9%   D/C        0.15-0.28     0-2      7.5       3      18.1-55.1   17.4-50.9   27.5-31   3-3.5               \--                \--

  [ELKHORN](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/E/ELKHORN.html)         3,620     8.8%    C          0.32          5-30     6.3       2      67.3        20.2        12.5      3                   \--                \--

  [MOCHO                                                                   1,845     4.5%    A          0.24          0-2      7.91      1.5    70.5        16.5        13        30                  \--                \--
  VARIANT](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/M/MOCHO_VARIANT.html)                                                                                                                                                  

  [BAYSHORE](http://ortho.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/osd/dat/B/BAYSHORE.html)       1,435     3.5%    B          0.28          0-2      8.2       2.5    18.1        50.9        31        3.5                 \--                \--
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------- ------- ---------- ------------- -------- --------- ------ ----------- ----------- --------- ------------------- ------------------ ----------------------

[]{.mark}

**Contacts**

**Richard Smith**

Vegetable Crop and Weed Science Farm Advisor

University of California Cooperative Extension

Monterey, Santa Cruz and San Benito Counties

1432 Abbott Street, Salinas, CA  93901

Phone: 831-759-7357

Fax 831-758-3018

**Works Cited**

CalPIP. 2006. 2005 Pesticide Usage Reporting. California Pesticide
Information Portal, CA Department of Pesticide Regulation. Accessed
December 4, 2006. Online at:
<http://calpip.cdpr.ca.gov/cfdocs/calpip/prod/main.cfm>.

EPA. 1998. Carsel, R.F., J.C. Imhoff, P.R. Hummel, J.M. Cheplick, and
A.S. Donigian, Jr. PRZM-3, A Model for Predicting Pesticide and Nitrogen
Fate in the Crop Root and Unsaturated Soil Zones: Users Manual for
Release 3.0. National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research
and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA.
Online at: <http://www.epa.gov/ceampubl/gwater/przm3/przm312b.htm>.

EPA. 1999. Jones, R.D., J. Breithaupt, J. Carleton, L. Libelo, J. Lin,
R. Matzner, and R. Parker. Guidance for Use of the Index Reservoir in
Drinking Water Exposure Assessments. Environmental Fate and Effects
Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC.

EPA. 2004. Abel, S.A. Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM) Field and Orchard
Crop Scenarios: Guidance for Selecting Field Crop and Orchard Scenario
Input Parameters. Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Office of
Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC. Online at:
[www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/przm_scenario_metadata.wpd](http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/przm_scenario_metadata.wpd).

EPA. 2005. Irrigation Guidance for Developing PRZM Scenarios. June 15,
2005.

NOAA. 2006. Comparative Climatic Data -- Bakersfield, Ca Mean Annual
Precipitation: 1971-2000. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), National Weather Service Forecast Office. Online
at: <http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/nrmpcp.txt>; and
<http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/CCD_2005.pdf>.

NOAA. 2006. National Climatic Data Center. Climate Data Inventories --
Monterey, CA Station. Online at:
<http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwDI~StnSrch~StnID~20002236>

TWCII. 2006. Averages and Records for Fresno, CA. The Weather Channel
Interactive, Inc. Online at:
[http://www.weather.com](http://www.weather.com/) and
<http://www.weather.com/outlook/recreation/outdoors/wxclimatology/monthly/93307>.

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