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height="1.0458333333333334in"}

**Qualitative Pathway-Initiated Risk Assessment of the Importation of
Blueberry Fruits (*Vaccinium* species) from the Republic of South Africa
into the United States**

**April 2007**

Rev. 001

**Agency contact:**

United States Department of Agriculture

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

Plant Protection and Quarantine

CPHST -- PERAL

1730 Varsity Dr.

Suite 300

Raleigh, NC 27606

**Executive Summary**

This assessment examines the plant pest risk associated with the
importation of *Vaccinium* fruit (blueberry) from the Republic of South
Africa into the United States. Our research found one quarantine pest
that is present in the Republic of South Africa and may be introduced
into the United States via the importation of fresh blueberry fruit.
This quarantine pest is the Mediterranean fruit fly, *Ceratitis
capitata* (Diptera: Tephritidae). Possible risk mitigation options for
this pest include fumigation, irradiation and cold treatment.

Insect:

*Ceratitis capitata* was qualitatively analyzed according to relevant
international standards and internal guidelines as described in the PPQ
Guideline for Pathway--Initiated Pest Risk Assessments, Version 5.02
(USDA APHIS, 2000). This document examines pest biology in the context
of the Consequences of Introduction and the Likelihood of Introduction.
These elements were used to estimate the Pest Risk Potential. This risk
for this pest was rated High.

**Table of Contents**

[**I. Introduction** 3](#__RefHeading___Toc153545368)

[**II. Risk Assessment** 3](#__RefHeading___Toc153545369)

[**2.1 Initiating Event: Proposed Action**
3](#__RefHeading___Toc153545370)

[**2.2 Assessment of Weediness Potential of *Vaccinium* species**
3](#__RefHeading___Toc153545371)

[**2.3 Previous Risk Assessment(s), Current Status, Pest Interceptions,
and Decision History for *Vaccinium* species, *Vaccinium corymbosum* and
*Vaccinium myrtillus*, from the Republic of South Africa**
4](#__RefHeading___Toc153545372)

[**2.4 Pest Categorization -- Identification of Quarantine Pests and
Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway**
4](#__RefHeading___Toc153545373)

[**2.5 Consequences of Introduction** 10](#__RefHeading___Toc153545374)

[**2.6 Introduction Potential** 14](#__RefHeading___Toc153545375)

[**2.7 Conclusion/Pest Risk Potential: Pest Requiring Phytosanitary
Measures** 16](#__RefHeading___Toc153545376)

[**III. Author & Reviewers** 17](#__RefHeading___Toc153545377)

[**IV. References:** 18](#__RefHeading___Toc153545378)

[**V. Appendices** 21](#__RefHeading___Toc153545379)

[**Appendix 1. Interceptions on *Vaccinium* species from foreign
countries, as reported in the PIN 309 database from 1985 to January,
2004.** 21](#__RefHeading___Toc153545380)

[**Appendix 2. Mitigations for plant pests identified as quarantine
pests likely to follow the pathway in the draft PRA for blueberries
(*Vaccinium* species) from Republic of South Africa into Continental
United States.** 25](#__RefHeading___Toc153545381)

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545368 .anchor}**I. Introduction**

The Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory of the United States
Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service,
Plant Protection and Quarantine, Center of Plant Health Science and
Technology (USDA APHIS PPQ CPHST) prepared this pest risk assessment to
examine plant pest risks associated with the importation of *Vaccinium*
species, blueberries, from the Republic of South Africa into the United
States. This risk assessment is qualitative, with risk being expressed
in terms of high, medium or low rather than probabilities or
frequencies. The details of the methodology and rating criteria can be
found in the *Pathway-Initiated Pest Risk Assessments: Guidelines for
Qualitative Assessments, Version 5.02* (USDA APHIS, 2000).

The International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) provides standards
for conducting pest risk analyses (IPPC, 2004, 2006; NAPPO, 2004). The
methods used to initiate, conduct, and report this assessment, as well
as the use of biological and phytosanitary terms are based on these
standards. IPPC standards describe three stages of pest risk analysis:
Stage 1, Initiation; Stage 2, Risk Assessment; and Stage 3, Risk
Management. This document satisfies the requirements of IPPC Stages 1
and 2.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545369 .anchor}**II. Risk Assessment**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545370 .anchor}**2.1 Initiating Event: Proposed
Action**

This commodity-based, pathway-initiated assessment is in response to a
request from the Republic of South Africa for USDA to authorize the
import of *Vaccinium* species fresh fruit.

Title 7 of the Code of Federal Regulations 319, part 56 (7CFR § 319.56)
provides regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and
vegetables from foreign sources into the United States.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545371 .anchor}**2.2 Assessment of Weediness
Potential of *Vaccinium* species**

This step is important to the initiation phase of the assessment process
because if the species considered for importation poses a risk as a weed
pest, then a "pest-initiated" pest risk assessment may be initiated. If
the species to be imported passes the Weediness screening, the
pathway-initiated pest risk assessment continues. The results of the
Weediness screening for *Vaccinium* species did not prompt a
pest-initiated risk assessment because the species are widely
distributed throughout the United States (Table 1).

**Table 1. Assessment of Weediness Potential of *Vaccinium* species**

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Commodity:** Fruits of *Vaccinium* species (blueberries)            |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 1:** *Vaccinium* species are widely distributed in the United |
| States (USDA NRCS, 2004).                                             |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 2:** Answer Yes or No to the following questions:             |
|                                                                       |
| Yes\* Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm *et al.*, 1979)         |
|                                                                       |
| No World's Worst Weeds (Holm *et al.*, 1977) or World Weeds: Natural  |
| Histories and Distribution (Holm *et al.*, 1997)                      |
|                                                                       |
| No Report of the Technical committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds:       |
| Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn & Ritchie, 1982)      |
|                                                                       |
| No Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977)                  |
|                                                                       |
| Weed Science Society of America List (WSSA, 1989)                     |
|                                                                       |
| No Are there any literature references indicating Weediness (*e.g.,*  |
| AGRICOLA, CAB, Biological Abstracts, AGRIS; search on "Species name"  |
| combined with "Weed")                                                 |
|                                                                       |
| **Phase 3:** *Vaccinium angustifolium*, *V. arboreum*, *V.            |
| ovalifolium*, *V. ovatum*, *V. oxycoccus*, *V. parvifolium*, *V.      |
| stamineum*, and *V. vitis-idaea* are listed as weeds in the United    |
| States (Holm *et al*., 1979). Three *Vaccinium* species, *V.          |
| corymbosum*, *V. ashei*, and *V. angustifolium*, are sold on large    |
| commercial scale (Gough, 1996). *Vaccinium angustifolium* is widely   |
| distributed in northeastern United States (USDA NRCS, 2004).          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545372 .anchor}**2.3 Previous Risk
Assessment(s), Current Status, Pest Interceptions, and Decision History
for *Vaccinium* species, *Vaccinium corymbosum* and *Vaccinium
myrtillus*, from the Republic of South Africa**

Previous pest risk assessments from the same country/region and the
same, or related, commodity have been identified. *Vaccinium* species
are not currently authorized for import into the United States from
African countries. Importation of *Vaccinium* species into the United
States from the Republic of South Africa was denied in 1989 due to the
Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act of 1986 (Public law 99-440 Effective
October 2, 1986) (USDA APHIS, 1989: Decision sheet).

No pest interceptions on *Vaccinium* species from African countries were
recorded in the PIN 309 database (Appendix 1). *Gelechidae* species were
intercepted at the port of entry on *Vaccinium* spp. from Bosnia.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545373 .anchor}**2.4 Pest Categorization --
Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow
the Pathway**

Pests associated with *Vaccinium* species that also occur in the
Republic of South Africa are listed in Table 3. This list includes
information on the presence or absence of these pests in the United
States, the affected plant part or parts, the quarantine status of the
pest with respect to the United States, an indication of the
pest-commodity association, and pertinent references for pest
distribution and biology.

Pests that are not expected to follow the pathway are not considered
further. Supporting information must be documented on the pest list or
in the text. The decision not to further analyze a particular pest
applies only to the current PRA; a pest may pose a different level of
risk for the same commodity from a different country or from a different
commodity from the same host plant species. If any of the pests should
be intercepted in shipments of the commodity, quarantine action may be
taken at the port of entry and additional risk analyses may be
conducted.

**Table 2. Pest list of *Vaccinium* species in Republic of South
Africa**

+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Pest Scientific | **Geo   | *      | **Qua   | **     | **Refe   |
| Name**            | graphic | *Plant | rantine | Follow | rences** |
|                   | Dis     | Part   | Pest**  | Pat    |          |
|                   | tributi | Affe   |         | hway** |          |
|                   | on^1^** | cted** |         |        |          |
+===================+=========+========+=========+========+==========+
| **Arthropods**    |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Acari**         |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Phytonemus       | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI,    |
| pallidus* (Banks) |         | flower |         |        | 2003     |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Tarsonemidae)    |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Insecta**       |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Diptera**       |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Ceratitis        | RSA     | fruit, | Yes     | Yes    | Decision |
| capitata*         |         |        |         |        | Sheet;   |
| Wiedemann         |         |        |         |        |          |
|                   |         |        |         |        | Liquido, |
| (Tephritidae)     |         |        |         |        | et al,   |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 1991;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2003;    |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Hemiptera**     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Myzus persicae*  | RSA, US | shoot, | No      | No     | Strik,   |
| Sulzer            |         | bud,   |         |        | 1993;    |
|                   |         | leaf,  |         |        |          |
| (Aphididae)       |         | f      |         |        | CABI,    |
|                   |         | lower, |         |        | 2003     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Ceroplastes      | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | Yes    | CABI,    |
| floridensis*      |         | stem,  |         |        | 2003     |
| Comstock          |         | shoot, |         |        |          |
|                   |         | fruit  |         |        |          |
| (Coccidae)        |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Ceroplastes      | RSA, US | stem,  | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS |
| sinensis* Del     |         | fruit  |         |        | SEL,     |
| Guercio           |         |        |         |        | 2005     |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Coccidae)        |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Coccus           | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI,    |
| hesperidum*       |         | stem   |         |        | 2003     |
| Linnaeus          |         |        |         |        |          |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Coccidae)        |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Pulvinaria       | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | No     | USDA ARS |
| floccifera*       |         | stem   |         |        | SEL,     |
| (Westwood)        |         |        |         |        | 2005     |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Coccidae)        |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Aspidiotus       | RSA, US | Fruit, | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS |
| nerii* Bouche     |         | shoot, |         |        | SEL,     |
|                   |         | leaf,  |         |        | 2005;    |
| (Diaspididae)     |         | stem   |         |        | CABI,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Diaspidiotus     | RSA, US | bark,  | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS |
| ancylus* (Putnam) |         | leaf,  |         |        | SEL,     |
|                   |         | fruit  |         |        | 2005     |
| (Diaspididae)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Diaspidiotus     | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | Yes    | CABI,    |
| perniciosus*      |         | stem,  |         |        | 2003     |
| (Comstock)        |         | fruit  |         |        |          |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Diaspididae)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Hemiberlesia     | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | Yes    | CABI,    |
| rapax* (Comstock) |         | stem,  |         |        | 2003     |
|                   |         | shoot, |         |        |          |
| (Diaspididae)     |         | fruit  |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Lepidosaphes     | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | Yes    | CABI,    |
| ulmi* (Linnaeus)  |         | stem,  |         |        | 2003;    |
|                   |         | fruit  |         |        | USDA ARS |
| (Diaspididae)     |         |        |         |        | SEL,     |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2005     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Pseudococcus     | RSA, US | fruit, | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS |
| viburni*          |         | leaf,  |         |        | SEL,     |
| (Signoret)        |         | stem   |         |        | 2005     |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Pseudococcidae)  |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Lepidoptera**   |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Agrotis ipsilon* | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI,    |
| (Hufnagel)        |         | stem   |         |        | 2007;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | USDA     |
| (Noctuidae)       |         |        |         |        | APHIS,   |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2007     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Thysanoptera**  |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Frankliniella    | RSA, US | f      | No      | No     | USDA     |
| occidentalis*     |         | lower, |         |        | APHIS,   |
| (Pergande)        |         | leaf   |         |        | 2007     |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Thripidae)       |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Mollusca**      |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Eupulmonata**   |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Prietocella      | RSA, US | fruit, | Yes     | No[^2] | USDA     |
| barbara*          | (CA)    | shoot, |         |        | APHIS    |
| (Linnaeus)        |         | leaf,  |         |        | PPQ,     |
|                   |         | root,  |         |        | 2007;    |
| (hygromiidae)     |         | st     |         |        | Kodira,  |
|                   |         | em[^1] |         |        | 2004;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2007     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Plant           |         |        |         |        |          |
| Pathogens**       |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Nematodes**     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Triplonchida**  |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Paratrichodorus  | RSA, US | root,  | No      | No     | Caruso & |
| minor* (Colbran)  |         |        |         |        | R        |
| Siddiqi           |         |        |         |        | amsdell, |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 1995;    |
| (Trichodoridae)   |         |        |         |        |          |
|                   |         |        |         |        | An       |
| Syn: *Trichodorus |         |        |         |        | onymous, |
| christiei*        |         |        |         |        | 2001;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2003;    |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Tylenchida**    |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Tylenchorhynchus | RSA, US | root,  | No      | No     | Caruso & |
| claytoni* Steiner |         |        |         |        | R        |
|                   |         |        |         |        | amsdell, |
| (Belonolaimidae)  |         |        |         |        | 1995     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Helicotylenchus  | RSA, US | root,  | No      | No     | Caruso & |
| dihystera* (Cobb) |         |        |         |        | R        |
| Sher              |         |        |         |        | amsdell, |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 1995     |
| (Hoplolaimidae)   |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Pratylenchus     | RSA, US | root,  | No      | No     | CABI,    |
| penetrans* Cobb   |         |        |         |        | 2002     |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Pratylenchidae)  |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Bacteria**      | []      |        |         |        |          |
|                   | {.mark} |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Agrobacterium    | RSA, US | Root   | No      | No     | Caruso & |
| tumefaciens*      |         |        |         |        | R        |
| (Smith &          |         |        |         |        | amsdell, |
| Townsend) Conn    |         |        |         |        | 1995     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| Aster Yellows     | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI,    |
| Phytoplasma Group |         | f      |         |        | 2003     |
|                   |         | lower, |         |        |          |
| (A                |         | stem,  |         |        |          |
| choleplasmatales: |         | root,  |         |        |          |
| Ac                |         | shoot  |         |        |          |
| holeplasmataceae) |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Burkholderia     | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI,    |
| andropogonis*     |         | stem,  |         |        | 2003     |
| (Smith) Gillis    |         | f      |         |        |          |
|                   |         | lower, |         |        |          |
| (Burkholderiales: |         | seed   |         |        |          |
| Burkholderiaceae) |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Pseudomonas      | RSA, US | stem,  | No      | No     | Caruso & |
| syringae* van     |         | bud,   |         |        | R        |
| Hall              |         | leaf   |         |        | amsdell, |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 1995;    |
| (Pseudomonadales: |         |        |         |        |          |
| Pseudomonadaceae) |         |        |         |        | Strik,   |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 1993     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Agrobacterium    | RSA, US | root   | No      | No     | Strik,   |
| tumefaciens*      |         |        |         |        | 1993     |
| (Beijerinck & van |         |        |         |        |          |
| Delden) Young *et |         |        |         |        |          |
| al*.              |         |        |         |        |          |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Rhizobiales:     |         |        |         |        |          |
| Rhizobiaceae)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Rhizobium        | RSA, US | root   | No      | No     | CABI,    |
| radiobacter*      |         |        |         |        | 2003     |
| (Beijerinck & van |         |        |         |        |          |
| Delden) Young *et |         |        |         |        |          |
| al*.              |         |        |         |        |          |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Rhizobiales:     |         |        |         |        |          |
| Rhizobiaceae)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Rhizobium        | RSA, US | root   | No      | No     | CABI,    |
| rhizogenes*       |         |        |         |        | 2003     |
| (Riker et al.)    |         |        |         |        |          |
| Young *et al*.    |         |        |         |        |          |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Rhizobiales:     |         |        |         |        |          |
| Rhizobiaceae)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Fungi**         |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Alternaria       | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | Yes    | CABI,    |
| alternata*        |         | fruit  |         |        | 2002;    |
| (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. |         |        |         |        |          |
|                   |         |        |         |        | Bowling, |
| (Fungi            |         |        |         |        | 2000;    |
| Imperfecti:       |         |        |         |        | USDA ARS |
| Hyphomycetes)     |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2005     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Alternaria       | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | No     | USDA ARS |
| tenuissima*       |         | stem,  |         |        | SBML,    |
| (Kunze) Wiltshire |         | branch |         |        | 2005     |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Fungi            |         |        |         |        |          |
| Imperfecti:       |         |        |         |        |          |
| Hyphomycetes)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Armillaria       | RSA, US | Shoot, | No      | No     | USDA ARS |
| mellea* (Vahl) P. |         | leaf,  |         |        | SBML,    |
| Kumm              |         | root,  |         |        | 2005;    |
|                   |         | stem   |         |        | CABI,    |
| (Basidiomycota:   |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
| Basidiomycetes)   |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Botryosphaeria   | RSA, US | stem,  | No      | No     | Caruso & |
| dothidea* (Moug.) |         | b      |         |        | R        |
| Ces. & de Not.    |         | ranch, |         |        | amsdell, |
|                   |         | leaf   |         |        | 1995;    |
| (Ascomycetes:     |         |        |         |        |          |
| Dothideales)      |         |        |         |        | Mi       |
|                   |         |        |         |        | lholland |
|                   |         |        |         |        | & Meyer, |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 1984;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | USDA ARS |
|                   |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2005     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Botryotinia      | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | Yes    | CABI,    |
| fuckeliana* (de   |         | stem,  |         |        | 2002;    |
| Bary) Whetzel     |         | fruit, |         |        | Caruso & |
|                   |         | twig   |         |        | R        |
| Ana: *Botrytis    |         |        |         |        | amsdell, |
| cinerea*)         |         |        |         |        | 1995;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Ascomycetes:     |         |        |         |        | Mi       |
| Helotiales)       |         |        |         |        | lholland |
|                   |         |        |         |        | & Meyer  |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 1984;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
|                   |         |        |         |        | Bowling, |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2000;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | USDA ARS |
|                   |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2005     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Cladosporium     | RSA, US | leaf   | No      | No     | USDA ARS |
| herbarum* (Pers.) |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
| Link              |         |        |         |        | 2005     |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Fungi            |         |        |         |        |          |
| Imperfecti:       |         |        |         |        |          |
| Hyphomycetes)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Colletotrichum   | RSA, US | fruit  | No      | Yes    | An       |
| acutatum* J.H.    |         |        |         |        | onymous, |
| Simmonds          |         |        |         |        | 2001     |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Fungi            |         |        |         |        |          |
| Imperfecti:       |         |        |         |        |          |
| Coelomycetes)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Discohainesia    | RSA, US | root   | No      | No     | USDA ARS |
| oenotherae (Cooke |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
| & Ell.) Nannf.*   |         |        |         |        | 2005;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
| (Ascomycetes:     |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
| Helotiales)       |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Gloeosporium     | RSA, US | fruit, | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS |
| fructigenum* Berk |         | leaf   |         |        | SBML,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2005     |
| (Fungi            |         |        |         |        |          |
| Imperfecti:       |         |        |         |        |          |
| Coelomycetes)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Glomerella       | RSA, US | twig,  | No      | Yes    | Caruso & |
| cingulata*        |         | fruit, |         |        | R        |
| (Stonem.) Spauld. |         | leaf   |         |        | amsdell, |
| & Schrenk         |         |        |         |        | 1995;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Fungi            |         |        |         |        | Mi       |
| Imperfecti:       |         |        |         |        | lholland |
| Coelomycetes)     |         |        |         |        | & Meyer, |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 1984;    |
| Ana:              |         |        |         |        |          |
| *Colletotrichum   |         |        |         |        | Bowling, |
| gloeosporioides*  |         |        |         |        | 2000;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | USDA ARS |
|                   |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2005     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Leptosphaeria    | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI,    |
| coniothyrium*     |         | stem   |         |        | 2003;    |
| (Fuckel) Sacc.    |         |        |         |        | USDA ARS |
|                   |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
| (Ascomycetes:     |         |        |         |        | 2005     |
| Pleosporales)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Physalospora     | RSA, US | fruit  | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS |
| obtuse*           |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
| (Schwein.) Cooke  |         |        |         |        | 2005;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
| (Ascomycetes:     |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
| Amphisphaeriales) |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Phytophthora     | RSA, US | root,  | No      | No     | Mi       |
| cinnamomi* Rands  |         | leaf   |         |        | lholland |
|                   |         |        |         |        | & Meyer, |
| (Oomycetes:       |         |        |         |        | 1984;    |
| Pythiales)        |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2002;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
|                   |         |        |         |        | Caruso & |
|                   |         |        |         |        | R        |
|                   |         |        |         |        | amsdell, |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 1995;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
|                   |         |        |         |        | An       |
|                   |         |        |         |        | onymous, |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2001;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | Bowling, |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2000     |
|                   |         |        |         |        | Strik,   |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 1993;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | USDA ARS |
|                   |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2005     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Phytophthora     | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS |
| megasperma*       |         | root,  |         |        | SBML,    |
| Drechsler         |         | stem,  |         |        | 2005;    |
|                   |         | fruit  |         |        | CABI,    |
| (Oomycetes:       |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
| Pythiales)        |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Pleospora        | RSA, US | leaf   | No      | No     | USDA ARS |
| herbarum* (Pers.) |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
| Rabenh            |         |        |         |        | 2005;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
| (Ascomycetes:     |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
| Pleosporales)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Pythium          | RSA, US | root,  | No      | No     | USDA ARS |
| irregulare*       |         | stem   |         |        | SBML,    |
| Buisman           |         |        |         |        | 2005;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
| (Oomycetes:       |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
| Pythiales)        |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Pythium          | RSA, US | root   | No      | No     | USDA ARS |
| spinosum* Saw.    |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2005;    |
| (Oomycetes:       |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
| Pythiales)        |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Pythium          | RSA, US | root,  | No      | No     | USDA ARS |
| splendens* Braun  |         | leaf,  |         |        | SBML,    |
|                   |         | stem   |         |        | 2005;    |
| (Oomycetes:       |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
| Pythiales)        |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Pythium          | RSA, US | root   | No      | No     | USDA ARS |
| sylvaticum*       |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
| Campbell &        |         |        |         |        | 2005;    |
| Hendrix           |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
| (Oomycetes:       |         |        |         |        |          |
| Pythiales)        |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Rhizoctonia      | RSA, US | root,  | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS |
| solani* J.G. Kühn |         | stem,  |         |        | SMBL,    |
|                   |         | leaf,  |         |        | 2005;    |
| (Basidiomycetes:  |         | fruit  |         |        | CABI,    |
| Polyporales)      |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Rhizopus         | RSA, US | fruit  | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS |
| stolonifer*       |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
| (Ehrenb.) Vuill   |         |        |         |        | 2005;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | Ni       |
| (Zygomycetes:     |         |        |         |        | shijima, |
| Mucorales)        |         |        |         |        | 1993     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Sclerotinia      | RSA, US | root,  | No      | No     | USDA ARS |
| minor* Jagger     |         | seed   |         |        | SBML,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2005     |
| (Ascomycetes:     |         |        |         |        |          |
| Helotiales)       |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Sclerotinia      | RSA, US | fruit, | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS |
| sclerotiorum*     |         | f      |         |        | SBML,    |
| (Lib.) de Bary    |         | lower, |         |        | 2005;    |
|                   |         | leaf,  |         |        | CABI,    |
| (Ascomycetes:     |         | stem,  |         |        | 2004     |
| Helotiales)       |         | root,  |         |        |          |
|                   |         | seed   |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Seimatosporium   | RSA     | l      | Yes     | No     | USDA ARS |
| vacinii*          |         | eaf^2^ |         |        | SBML,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2005;    |
| (Fungi            |         |        |         |        | Bagnall  |
| Imperfecti:       |         |        |         |        | &        |
| Coelomycetes)     |         |        |         |        | S        |
|                   |         |        |         |        | heridon, |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 1972     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Thelephora       | RSA, US | stem,  | No      | No     | USDA ARS |
| terrestris*       |         | se     |         |        | SBML,    |
| Ehrh*.*           |         | edling |         |        | 2005;    |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Basidiomycetes:  |         |        |         |        | CFS,     |
| Thelephorales)    |         |        |         |        | 2002     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Thielaviopsis    | RSA, US | fruit, | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS |
| basicola* (Berk.  |         | leaf,  |         |        | SBML,    |
| & Broome)         |         | root   |         |        | 2005;    |
| Ferraris          |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
| (Fungi            |         |        |         |        |          |
| Imperfecti:       |         |        |         |        |          |
| Hyphomycetes)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Trichothecium    | RSA, US | fruit  | No      | Yes    | USDA ARS |
| roseum* Link      |         |        |         |        | SBML,    |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 2005;    |
| (Fungi            |         |        |         |        | CABI,    |
| Imperfecti:       |         |        |         |        | 2004     |
| Hyphomycetes)     |         |        |         |        |          |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| Syn:              |         |        |         |        |          |
| *Cephalothecium   |         |        |         |        |          |
| roseum* Corda     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| *Verticillium     | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | No     | CABI,    |
| dahliae* Kleb.    |         | stem   |         |        | 2003     |
|                   |         |        |         |        |          |
| (Fungi            |         |        |         |        |          |
| Imperfecti:       |         |        |         |        |          |
| Hyphomycetes)     |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| **Viruses**       |         |        |         |        |          |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+
| Prunus necrotic   | RSA, US | leaf,  | No      | No     | Mi       |
| ringspot virus    |         | twig   |         |        | lholland |
|                   |         |        |         |        | & Meyer, |
|                   |         |        |         |        | 1984     |
+-------------------+---------+--------+---------+--------+----------+

1.  Distribution: RSA -- Republic of South Africa, US -- United States

2.  Plant parts affected by *Seimatosporium vacinii* were not available.
    Bagnall and Sheridan (1972) reported that *S. leptospermum* was
    growing on the leaves of *Leptospermum scoparium* in New Zealand and
    of *L. juniperinum* in Australia.

Only one quarantine pest was reasonably expected to follow the pathway,
*i.e.*, included in commercial shipments of *Vaccinium* species fruit,
and analyzed in detail (Step 5 -- 7: USDA APHIS, 2000). Other plant
pests not chosen for further scrutiny may be potentially harmful if
introduced into the United States, however, there were a variety of
reasons for not subjecting them for further analysis: they were
associated mainly with plant parts other than the commodity; they may be
associated with the commodity, but it was not considered reasonable to
expect these pests to remain with the commodity during processing; and
they have been intercepted as biological contaminants of these
commodities during inspection by Plant Protection and Quarantine
Officers, but would not be expected to be present with every shipment.
Organisms that pose a biological hazard that are only identified to the
generic level because of the lack of adequate biological/taxonomic
information; however, the lack of biological information on any given
insect or pathogen should not be equated with low risk. By necessity,
pest risk assessments focus on organisms for which biological
information is available. By developing detailed assessments for known
pests that inhabit a variety of niches on the parent species, *e.g.,* on
the surface of or within the bark/wood, on the foliage, *etc*.,
effective mitigation measures may be developed in order to eliminate the
known organism and any similar unknown ones that inhabit the same
niches.

Viruses are considered to follow the pathway associated with all plant
parts; however, transmission between plants generally occurs by vectors
or grafting (Agrios, 1997). It is unlikely that blueberries imported for
consumption will be exposed to the vectors necessary for transmission,
or that it would be discarded in close proximity to live plants;
therefore, it is not anticipated that quarantine significant viruses
will follow the pathway and become established.

**Table 3. Quarantine pest likely to be associated with *Vaccinium*
species imported from the** Republic of South Africa

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Arthropoda:**

  *Ceratitis capitata* (Wiedmann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545374 .anchor}**2.5 Consequences of
Introduction**

Undesirable impacts result from the introduction of quarantine pests.
After identifying those quarantine pests that could reasonably be
expected to follow the pathway (Table 3), the assessment of risk
continues by considering the Consequence of Introduction (Table 4). For
each of these quarantine pests, the potential Consequences of
Introduction are rated using five risk elements - Climate, Host
Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact, and
Environmental Impact; these elements reflect the biology, host range,
and climatic/geographic distribution of the pest. For each risk element,
pests are assigned a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High
(3 points), in order to arrive at a Risk Value (RV). A cumulative risk
rating is then calculated by summing all risk element values. A
summation over each component RV determines the Pest Risk Potential
(PRP) for the organism. The PRP is a relative measure of the seriousness
of the organism based upon its biology; it is considered to be a
biological indicator of the potential of the pest to establish, spread,
and cause economic and environmental impacts. The values determined for
the Consequence of Introduction for each pest are summarized in Table 5.

**Risk Element #1: Climate -- Host Interaction**

When introduced to new areas, a pest can be expected to behave as they
do in their native areas if host plants and climates are similar.
Ecological zonation and the interactions of the pests and their biotic
and abiotic environments are considered in this element. Estimates are
based on the availability of host material and suitable climatic
conditions. To rate this Risk Element, the U.S. "Plant Hardiness Zones,"
created by U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA ARS, 1990), was used
(Figure 1). Due to availability of both suitable host plants and
climate, the pest has the potential to establish a breeding colony:

Low (1): In a single plant hardiness zone.

Medium (2): In two of three plant hardiness zones.

High (3): In four of more plant hardiness zones.

If none of the quarantine pests are capable of becoming established in
the PRA area because of the absence of suitable climate or hosts, the
PRA stops.

**Risk Element #2: Host Range**

The risk posed by a plant pest depends on its ability to establish a
viable, reproductive population, and its potential for causing plant
damage. For arthropods, risk is assumed to be positively correlated with
host range. For pathogens, risk is more complex and is assumed to depend
on host range, aggressiveness, virulence and pathogenicity; for
simplicity, risk is rated as a function of host range.

Low (1): Pest attacks a single species or multiple species within a
single genus.

Medium (2): Pest attacks multiple species within a single plant family

High (3): Pest attacks multiple species among multiple plant families.

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential**

A pest may disperse after introduction to a new area. The following
items are considered: reproductive patterns of the pest (*e.g*.,
voltinism, biotic potential); inherent powers of movement; factors
facilitating dispersal, wind, water, presence of vectors, human, *etc.*

> Low (1): Pest has neither high productive potential nor rapid
> dispersal capability.
>
> Medium (2): Pest has either high productive potential OR the species
> is capable of rapid dispersal.
>
> High (3): Pest has high biotic potential, *e.g*., many generations per
> year, many offspring per reproduction ("r-selected" species), AND
> evidence exists that the pest is capable of rapid dispersal, *e.g*.,
> over 10 km/year under its own power; via natural forces, wind, water,
> vector, human-assistance, *etc*.

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**

Introduced pests are capable of causing a variety of direct and indirect
economic impacts; these impacts can be divided into three primary
categories (other types of impacts may occur): low yield of the host
crop, *e.g*., by causing plant mortality, or by acting as a disease
vector; lower value of the commodity, *e.g*., by increasing costs of
production, lowering market price, or a combination; loss of foreign or
domestic markets due to presence of new quarantine pests.

Low (1): Pest causes any one or none of the above impacts.

Medium (2): Pest causes any two of the above impacts.

High (3): Pest causes all three of the above impacts.

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact**

The potential of each pest to cause environmental damage (FAO, 1996)
proceeds by considering the: introduction of the pest as it is expected
to cause significant, direct environmental impacts, *e.g*., ecological
disruptions, reduced biodiversity. (1) When used within the context of
the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (7CFR §372), significance
is qualitative and encompasses both the likelihood and severity of an
environmental impact; (2) a pest that is expected to have a direct
impact on other existing species is listed by federal agencies as
endangered or threatened (50 CFR §17.11 and §17.12), by
infesting/infecting a listed plant. If the pest attacks other species
within the genus or other genera within the family, and preference/no
preference tests have not been conducted with the listed plant and the
pest, then the plant is assumed to be a host; (3) the pest is expected
to have an indirect impact on the species listed by federal agencies as
endangered or threatened, by disrupting sensitive and critical habitats;
(4) the introduction of the pest would stimulate chemical and/or
biological control programs.

> Low (1): None of the above would occur. It is assumed that the
> introduction of a non-indigenous pest will have some environmental
> impact (by definition, introduction of a non-indigenous species
> affects biodiversity).
>
> Medium (2): One of the above would occur.
>
> High (3): Two of more of the above would occur.

**Table 4. Consequences of introduction**

+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Consequences of Introduction:** ***Ceratitis capitata*     | *     |
| Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae)**                           | *Risk |
|                                                              | Va    |
|                                                              | lue** |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #1: Climate -- Host Interaction**             | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > *Ceratitis capitata* is found in Africa, Southern Europe,  | \(3\) |
| > West Asia, South and Central America, and Northern         |       |
| > Australia (CABI, 2002). Its distribution corresponds to    |       |
| > USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 8-11, which exist in CA, TX,    |       |
| > FL, and HI (USDA ARS, 1990).                               |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #2: Host Range**                              | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > This pest has a wide range of host species, attacking over | \(3\) |
| > 400 different species, including Rubiaceae (*Coffee*       |       |
| > spp.), Solanaceae (*Capsicum annuum*), Rutaceae (*Citrus*  |       |
| > spp.), Rosaceae (*Malus pumila*, *Prunus* spp.), Moraceae  |       |
| > (*Ficus carica*), Myrtaceae (*Psidium guajava*),           |       |
| > Sterculiaceae (*Theobroma cacao*), Arecaceae (*Phoenix     |       |
| > dactylifera*), and Anacardiaceae (*Mangifera indica*)      |       |
| > (Capinera, 2001; CABI, 2002).                              |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential**                     | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > Eggs are deposited on fruits in clusters of 3 to 9 eggs,   | \(3\) |
| > with an average of 300 eggs per female (Capinera, 2001).   |       |
| > Under ideal conditions, it can take 18 days to complete a  |       |
| > generation; however, 30-40 days is the common generation   |       |
| > period (Capinera, 2001). Up to 15 generations per year     |       |
| > have been observed (Bedford, *et al*., 1998). In the adult |       |
| > stage, *C. capitata* is highly mobile, traveling distances |       |
| > of 2 kilometers or more when associated with wind          |       |
| > (Capinera, 2001); however, there is evidence that it can   |       |
| > fly at least 20 kilometers (CABI, 2003). The               |       |
| > transportation of infested fruits is the major means of    |       |
| > movement and dispersal to previously uninfested areas      |       |
| > (CABI, 2003).                                              |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**                         | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > This species is a serious pest of *Prunus* and *Citrus*.   | \(3\) |
| > In 2002, CA, TX, and FL produced over \$2.2 billion worth  |       |
| > of *Citrus*^1^ and \$333 million worth of *Prunus* (USDA   |       |
| > NASS, 2003a; USDA NASS, 2003b). In Mediterranean           |       |
| > countries, it is particularly damaging to citrus and peach |       |
| > crops (CABI, 2003). *Ceratitis capitata* is one of the     |       |
| > most significant quarantine pests for any tropical or warm |       |
| > temperate climates in which it is not yet established      |       |
| > (CABI, 2002). Bedford, *et al.* (1998) stated that         |       |
| > susceptible deciduous fruits crops can suffer losses up to |       |
| > 80% when control measures are not applied.                 |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+
| **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact**                    | High  |
|                                                              |       |
| > The introduction and establishment of *C. capitata* would  | \(3\) |
| > stimulate chemical or biological control programs. *C.     |       |
| > capitata* has potential to damage Endangered/Threatened    |       |
| > species, such as *Prunus genuclata* (FL), *Eugenia         |       |
| > koolauensis* (HI), *Argemone pleiacantha* (NM), *Asimina   |       |
| > tetramera* (FL), *Berberis nevivii* (CA), *B. pinnata*     |       |
| > (CA), *B. sonnei* (CA), *Cucurbita okeechobeensis* (FL),   |       |
| > *Echinocereus chisoensis* (TX), *E. reichenbachii* (TX),   |       |
| > *E iridiflorus* (TX), *E. fendleri* (NM), *E.              |       |
| > triglochidiatus* (AZ), *Euhorbia haeleeleana* (HI), *E.    |       |
| > telephioides* (FL), *Gardenia brighamii* (HI), *G. mannii* |       |
| > (HI), *Hibiscus* *arnottianus* ssp. *immaculatus* (HI),    |       |
| > *H. brackenridgei* (HI), *H. clayi* (HI), *H. waimeae*     |       |
| > ssp. *hannerae* (HI), *Opuntia treleasei* (CA), *Santalum  |       |
| > freycinetianum* (HI), *Solanum drymophilum* (PR), *S.      |       |
| > incompletum* (HI), *S. sandwicense* (HI), *Ochrosia        |       |
| > kilaueaensis* (HI), *Ribes echinellum* (FL, SC), *Santalum |       |
| > freycinetianum* (HI), *Scaevola coriacea* (HI), *Vicia     |       |
| > menziesii* (HI), and *Ziziphus celata* (FL) (USFWS, 2002). |       |
+--------------------------------------------------------------+-------+

**Cumulative Risk Rating: 15/15**

AZ -- Arizona; CA -- California; FL -- Florida; HI -- Hawaii; NM -- New
Mexico; PR -- Puerto Rico; SC -- South Carolina; TX -- Texas

For each pest, the sum of the five Risk Elements gives a Cumulative Risk
Rating. This Cumulative Risk Rating is considered to be a biological
indicator of the potential of the pest to establish, spread, and cause
economic and environmental impacts. The summary of Risk Ratings for the
Consequences of Introduction is shown in Table 5.

Low: 5-8 points

Medium: 9-12 points

High: 13-15 points

**Table 5.** Risk Rating for Consequences of Introduction

+-----------+---------+--------+--------+--------+---------+---------+
| **Pest**  | **Risk  | **Risk | **Risk | **Risk | **Risk  | **Cum   |
|           | Element | E      | E      | E      | Element | ulative |
|           | 1**     | lement | lement | lement | 5**     | Risk    |
|           |         | 2**    | 3**    | 4**    |         | R       |
|           |         |        |        |        |         | ating** |
+-----------+---------+--------+--------+--------+---------+---------+
|           | **Cli   | **Host | **Dis  | **Ec   | **      |         |
|           | mate/** | R      | persal | onomic | Environ |         |
|           |         | ange** | Poten  | Im     | -mental |         |
|           | *       |        | tial** | pact** | I       |         |
|           | *Host** |        |        |        | mpact** |         |
|           |         |        |        |        |         |         |
|           | *       |        |        |        |         |         |
|           | *Intera |        |        |        |         |         |
|           | ction** |        |        |        |         |         |
+-----------+---------+--------+--------+--------+---------+---------+
| *         | 3       | 3      | 3      | 3      | 3       | **15**  |
| Ceratitis |         |        |        |        |         |         |
| capitata* |         |        |        |        |         |         |
+-----------+---------+--------+--------+--------+---------+---------+

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545375 .anchor}**2.6 Introduction Potential**

A pest's Likelihood of Introduction is based on two separate components:
an estimate of the quantity of commodities likely to be imported (Risk
Element #6) and pest opportunity (Risk Element #7), which is estimated
using five biological features. Details of the two Risk Elements are the
rating criteria are provided in Guidelines for Pathway-Initiated Pest
Risk Assessments (USDA APHIS, 2000). These ratings and the cumulative
(total) score for Risk Element #6 and #7, *i.e.,* the "Likelihood of
Introduction Risk Rating," shown in Table 6.

**Risk Element #6: Pest Opportunity (Survival and Access to Suitable
Habitat and Hosts)**

For each pest, consider six sub-elements:

**1. Quantity of commodity annually imported:**

The likelihood that exotic pest will be introduced depends on the amount
of potentially-infested commodity that is imported. For qualitative pest
risk assessments, the amount of commodity imported is estimated in units
of standard 40 foot long shipping containers. In the cases when the
quantity of a commodity imported is provided in terms of kilograms,
pounds, number of items, *etc*., it is then converted into terms of 40
foot shipping containers. Score as follows:

Low (1 point): \<10 containers/year

Medium (2 points): 10 -- 100 containers/year

High (3 points): \>100 containers/year

Several species of *Vaccinium* are indigenous to the United States
(Bowling, 2000). North America produces the largest amount of
blueberries, accounting for almost 90% of the world's blueberry
production (USHBC, 2002). Total production of cultivated blueberries in
the United States was over 269.8 million pounds (134,925 U.S. tons) in
2003 (USDA NASS, 2004). World blueberry production is 227,570 metric
tons (250,327 U.S. tons); blueberries are commercially produced in
Poland, Ukraine, Netherlands, in addition to the United States and
Canada (FAO, 2004; USHBC, 2002). FAOStat Data recorded only one country
in Africa, Morocco, as a blueberry producer; moreover, Morocco produced
50 metric tons (55 U.S. tons) of blueberries in 2003 (FAO, 2004). From
this information, it is assumed that South Africa produces less than 50
metric tons (55 U.S. tons) of blueberries per year.

Sea shipping containers 40-foot in length, hold approximately 40,000
pounds (20 U.S. tons) and are usually used for various commodity
shipments (USDA FAS, 2003). The anticipated volume of *Vaccinium*
species from the Republic of South Africa is estimated to be less than
10 containers per year (Low).

**2. Survive post-harvest treatment:**

For this sub-element, post-harvest treatment refers to any manipulation,
handing, or specific phytosanitary treatment to which the commodity is
subjected. Examples of post-harvest treatments include culling, washing,
chemical treatment, cold storage, *etc*. If there is no post-harvest
treatment, the estimate of the likelihood of occurrence for this
sub-element is High.

*Ceratitis capitata* is ranked High (3) for its ability to survive
post-harvest treatment because it is an internal feeder; it is not
likely to be affected by post-harvest treatments, such as washing and
culling, especially if the infestation of the fruit is not obvious.

**3. Survive shipment:**

Estimate survival during shipment, assuming standard shipping
conditions.

The means of transportation for *Vaccinium* species from the Republic of
South Africa are not anticipated to include refrigeration, cold
treatments, low oxygen, or air shipment. Optimal conditions for
blueberry storage, after harvesting, is 32 °F with humidity at 95%
(Strik, 1993; Hruschka & Kushman, 1963). If fruits are immediately
refrigerated upon harvest, their respiration rate is lowered, allowing
the fruit to have a longer shelf life (Strik, 1993; Bowling, 2000).
Under optimal conditions, fruits can be stored 7 to 14 days (Strik,
1993; Bowling, 2000). The USDA requires a 12 day cold treatment for
apples, grapes, and pears from the Republic of South Africa to mitigate
fruit flies at 32°F (0°C) or below (PPECB, 2002). *Ceratitis* species
have not been detected on apples, grapes, and pears from the Republic of
South Africa at ports of entry. Additionally, *Ceratitis* species were
not intercepted on *Vaccinium* species, although they have been
intercepted at U.S. ports of entry since 1985 from Africa, South
America, Asia and Europe (PIN 309). PIN 309 recorded 13 African
countries from which *Ceratitis* species entered, and *C. capitata* was
found on *Prunus persica* fruit from the Republic of South Africa.
*Ceratitis capitata* was given a risk rating of High (3).

**4. Not be detected at the port-of-entry:**

Unless specific protocols are in place for special inspection of the
commodity in question, assume standard inspection protocols for like
commodities. If no inspection is planned, estimate this sub-element as
High.

*Ceratitis capitata* has a High (3) potential to escape detection at the
port of entry; the insect will not be detected unless there are
destructive inspection protocols. White and Elson-Haris (1992) stated
that fruit flies had a high probability of escaping detection at a port
of entry and infested fruit could go unrecognized.

**5. Imported or moved subsequently to an area with an environment
suitable for survival:**

Consider the geographic location of likely markets and the proportion of
the commodity that is likely to move to locations suitable for pest
survival. Even if infested commodities enter the country, not all final
destinations will have suitable climatic conditions for pest survival.

Blueberries, *Vaccinium* species, are native to North America, and it is
widely consumed throughout the United States. United States produce more
than half of world blueberries (USDA, 2003). Therefore, it is assumed
that blueberries from South Africa would be distributed throughout the
continental United States.

Because we assume blueberries could be shipped throughout the
continental United States, risk ratings for this sub-element were based
on the areas in the continental United States with suitable climates and
potential hosts for the pest. If such areas exist, a portion of the
pests entering the country in imported blueberry fruits is likely to
reach areas suitable for its survival. *Ceratitis capitata* is rated
high based on the evidence provided for each pest in regard to the
Climate-Host Interaction Risk Element.

**6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction:**

Even if the final destination of infested commodities is conducive for
pest survival, suitable pest material must be available in order for the
pest to survive. Consider the complete host range of the pest species.

Fruit fly (*Ceratitis capitata*) is rated as High (3). C capitata has
wide range of host species, which habitats not only subtropical and
tropical zones but also temperate zones. *Ceratitis capitata* has
already established populations in the continental United States. It has
been officially controlled in the United States; however, there are high
probabilities of coming into contact with host material suitable for
reproduction due to insect records.

Rate sub-element 2-6 as follows:

Low (1 point): \< 0.1%

Medium (2 points): Between 0.1% and 10%

High (3 points): \> 10%

The events described in sub-elements 2 -- 6 should be considered as a
series of independent events that must all take place before a pest
outbreak can occur, *i.e*., the estimates for one element should not
affect estimate for other elements.

For each pest, sum the six sub-elements to produce a Cumulative Risk
Rating for the Likelihood of Introduction (Table 6). This Cumulative
Risk Rating is considered to be an indicator of the likelihood that a
particular pest would be introduced. Interpret the Cumulative Risk
Rating for the Likelihood of Introduction as follows.

Table 6. Risk Rating for Likelihood of Introduction

  ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ ---------- ----------- ------------ --------------
  **Pest**     **Quantity   **Survive     **Survive    **Not      **Move to   **Contact    **Cumulative
               Imported     Postharvest   Shipment**   Detected   Suitable    with Host    Risk Rating**
               Annually**   Treatment**                at Port of Habitat**   Material**   
                                                       Entry**                             

  *Ceratitis   1            3             3            3          3           3            **16**
  capitata*                                                                                
  ------------ ------------ ------------- ------------ ---------- ----------- ------------ --------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545376 .anchor}**2.7 Conclusion/Pest Risk
Potential: Pest Requiring Phytosanitary Measures**

To estimate the Pest Risk Potential for each pest, sum the Cumulative
Risk Rating for the Consequences of Introduction and the Cumulative Risk
Rating for the Likelihood of Introduction (Table 7). Rate the Pest Risk
Potential as follows:

Low: 11 -- 18 points

Medium: 19 -- 26 points

High: 27 -- 33 points

Table 7. Pest Risk Potential

  ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------
  **Pest**         **Consequences   **Likelihood of  **Pest Risk    **Risk
                   of               Introduction**   Potential**    Rate**
                   Introduction**                                   

  *Ceratitis       15               16               31             High
  capitata*                                                         
  ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- -------------- ------------

Following the assignment of the Pest Risk Potential for each pest, the
risk assessor may briefly comment on risk management options associated
with the requested commodity importations. The following guidelines are
offered as an interpretation of the Low, Medium, and High Pest Risk
Potential ratings:

> Low: Pest will typically not require specific mitigation measures; the
> port-of-entry inspection to which all imported commodities are
> subjected can be expected to provide sufficient phytosanitary
> security.

Medium: Specific phytosanitary measures may be necessary.

> High: Specific phytosanitary measures are strongly recommended.
> Port-of-entry inspection is not considered sufficient to provide
> phytosanitary security.

Identification and selection of appropriate sanitary and phytosanitary
measures to mitigate risk for pests with particular Pest Risk Potential
ratings is undertaken as part of the risk management phase and is not
discussed in this document. The appropriate risk management strategy for
a particular pest depends on the risk posed by the pest. APHIS risk
management programs are risk based and dependent on the availability of
appropriate mitigation methods. Details of APHIS risk management
programs are published, primarily, in the Federal Register as quarantine
notices.

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545377 .anchor}**III. Author & Reviewers**

Author: Yu Takeuchi -- Plant Physiologist

Reviewers: Brian M. Spears -- Entomologist

Scott Redlin -- Plant Pathologist

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545378 .anchor}**IV. References:**

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[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545379 .anchor}**V. Appendices**

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545380 .anchor}**Appendix 1. Interceptions on
*Vaccinium* species from foreign countries, as reported in the PIN 309
database from 1985 to January, 2004.**

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **Organism**          **Country**   **Imported   **Where         **Number of
                                      As**         Intercepted**   Interceptions**
  --------------------- ------------- ------------ --------------- -----------------
  Gelechidae            Bosnia        Plant        Baggage         1

  Pterophoridae         Canada        Plant        Mail            1

  Tortricidae           Canada        Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Acanthosomatidae      Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Anacampsis* spp.     Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Aphididae             Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Apion* Spp.          Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    7

  Arctidae              Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Athlia rustica*      Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Bergallia spp.        Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Blapstinus           Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1
  punctulatus*                                                     

  Chrysomelidae         Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Cicadellidae          Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    4

  *Conoderus            Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1
  pufangulus*                                                      

  *Copitarsia* spp.     Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    21

  Delphacidae           Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    22

  *Dexicrates robustus* Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Frankliniella        Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    29
  australis*                                                       

  *Frankliniella        Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    8
  cestrum*                                                         

  *Frankliniella* spp.  Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    6

  Gelechidae            Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    15

  Geometridae           Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  *Grammophorus minor*  Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Gryllidae             Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Gryllus* spp.        Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Handeninae            Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Heliothinae           Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Hoplosphyrum         Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    3
  griseus*                                                         

  *Hylamorpha elegans*  Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    4

  *Kuschelina decorate* Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    61

  *Kuschelina* spp.     Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  *Leptoglossus         Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    50
  chiliensis*                                                      

  *Lexiphanes* spp.     Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Lithraeus egenus*    Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Lycaenidae            Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Lygaeidae             Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Microgryllus         Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    6
  pallipes*                                                        

  *Naupactus            Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    2
  xanthographus*                                                   

  *Nematus desantisi*   Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Nematus oligospilus* Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Noctuidae             Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    9

  *Nomophila* spp.      Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  *Nycterinus* spp.     Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Nysius* spp.         Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    4

  Olethreutinae         Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Orthotomicus* spp.   Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Pentatomidae          Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  Pentatomoidea         Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Plagiognathus* spp.  Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Polydrusus* spp.     Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Porotermes           Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    7
  quadricollis*                                                    

  *Proeulia* spp.       Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Pseudococcidae        Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    235

  *Pseudococcus* spp.   Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    47

  Psyllidae             Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Phopalidae            Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Sericoides* spp.     Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Sibinia albovittata* Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  *Sibinia* spp.        Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Sitona* Spp.         Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    9

  *Tarsonemus* spp.     Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Tineidae              Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Tortricinae           Chile         Fruit        Permit Cargo    195

  Coreidae              Chile         Leaf         Permit Cargo    2

  Gelechiidae           Ecuador       Fruit        Baggage         1

  *Platynota* spp.      Ecuador       Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Chionaspis salicis*  France        Cutting      Baggage         1

  Pentatomidae          Guatemala     Fruit        Baggage         1

  Lepidoptera           Hawaii        Fruit        Baggage         1

  *Septoria* spp.       Hawaii        Leaf         Baggage         1

  *Bufomibcrus* spp.    Honduras      Leaf         Baggage         1

  Lygaeoidea            Honduras      Leaf         General Cargo   2

  Noctuidae             Honduras      Leaf         General Cargo   1

  *Nodonota* spp.       Honduras      Leaf         General Cargo   1

  Nymphalidae           Honduras      Leaf         General Cargo   1

  Pyraustinae           Honduras      Leaf         General Cargo   1

  *Calpodes* spp.       Honduras      Leaf         Permit Cargo    1

  *Conotrachelus* spp.  Honduras      Leaf         Permit Cargo    2

  Curculionidae         Honduras      Leaf         Permit Cargo    1

  *Phyllophaga* spp.    Honduras      Leaf         Permit Cargo    1

  Riodinidae            Honduras      Leaf         Permit Cargo    2

  *Tetralopha* spp.     Honduras      Leaf         Permit Cargo    2

  Olethreutinae         India         Fruit        Baggage         1

  *Colletotrichum* spp. Indonesia     Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  *Coniothyrium* spp.   Indonesia     Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  Diaspididae           Indonesia     Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  Olethreutinae         Indonesia     Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  Pseudococcidae        Indonesia     Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  *Selenomphalus        Indonesia     Cutting      Permit Cargo    1
  euryae*                                                          

  *Septoria* spp.       Indonesia     Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  Tortricinae           Ireland       Cutting      Mail            1

  Coccidae              Italy         Fruit        Baggage         1

  Phlaeothripidae       Japan         Seed         Baggage         1

  *Gonocerus            Netherlands   Cut Flower   Permit Cargo    1
  acuteangulatus*                                                  

  Acari                 New Zealand   Fruit        Baggage         1

  Tortricinae           New Zealand   Fruit        Baggage         3

  *Pestalotiopsis* spp. New Zealand   Fruit        General Cargo   3

  Psychidae             New Zealand   Fruit        General Cargo   1

  Tortricinae           New Zealand   Fruit        General Cargo   3

  *Botryosphaeria* spp. New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Brachycerinae         New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Cosmopterigidae       New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Ctenopseustis        New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    2
  obliquana*                                                       

  Diptera               New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Epiphyas             New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    7
  postvittana*                                                     

  Eumolpinae            New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  Gelechiidae           New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    2

  Geometridae           New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Lepidoptera           New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Nysius huttoni*      New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Olethreutinae         New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Phoma* spp.          New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  *Planotortrix         New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1
  excessana*                                                       

  Pseudococcidae        New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    11

  *Pseudococcus* spp.   New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Thripidae             New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    3

  *Thrips obscuratus*   New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Thrips spp.           New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    1

  Tortricinae           New Zealand   Fruit        Permit Cargo    61

  *Prietocella barbara* New Zealand   Cut Flower   Permit Cargo    1

  Pyralidae             New Zealand   Cut Flower   Permit Cargo    1

  Tortricidae           New Zealand   Cut Flower   Permit Cargo    1

  Tortricinae           New Zealand                Permit Cargo    1

  Pseudpcpccodae        Nicaragua     Fruit        Baggage         1

  *Puccinia strum* spp. Norway        Leaf         Permit Cargo    1

  *Phoma* spp.          Norway        Seed         Permit Cargo    1

  *Pucciniastrum* spp.  Norway        Seed         Permit Cargo    1

  Gracillariidae        Norway        Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  Tortricinae           Peoples       Cutting      Baggage         1
                        Republic                                   

  Pseudococcidae        Philippines   Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  *Pseudaonidia         Puerto Rico   Leaf         Baggage         1
  trilobitiformis*                                                 

  Coccidae              Russian       Cutting      Baggage         1
                        Federate                                   

  Olethreutinae         Russian       Cutting      Baggage         1
                        Federate                                   

  Aphididae             Russian       Plant        Permit Cargo    1
                        Federate                                   

  Aleyrodidae           Russian       Plant        Permit Cargo    1
                        Federate                                   

  Coccidae              Singapore     Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  *Fiorinia* spp.       Singapore     Cutting      Permit Cargo    1

  Tortricinae           Sweden        Plant        Baggage         1

  Pyralidae             United        Fruit        Baggage         1
                        Kingdom                                    

  *Pucciniastrum* spp.  UNKNOWN       Leaf         Permit Cargo    1

  Gracillariidae        UNKNOWN       Leaf         Quarters        5
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[]{#__RefHeading___Toc153545381 .anchor}**Appendix 2. Mitigations for
plant pests identified as quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway
in the draft PRA for blueberries (*Vaccinium* species) from Republic of
South Africa into Continental United States.**

**Introduction**

The government of Republic of South Africa has requested permission to
import fresh blueberries (*Vaccinium* spp.) into the United States. The
importation of fruits and vegetables into the United States is regulated
in 7CFR§319.56. The entry of blueberries from Republic of South Africa
is not currently authorized under 7CFR§319.56.

The pest risk assessment was prepared to examine the potential,
unmitigated pest risks associated with the importation of fresh
blueberries from Republic of South Africa identified one quarantine
pest, *Ceratitis capitata*, which could potentially be introduced into
the United States through the importation of fresh blueberries from
Republic of South Africa.

Following are APHIS-approved treatments for *Ceratitis capitata*
associated with blueberries:

**1. Fumigation**

**PPQ Treatment Manual (12/1/05)** (USDA-APHIS-PPQ, 2006)**:**

-   **T101-i-1-1: T101-i-1-1 MB at NAP -- tarpaulin or chamber**

> Blueberry from Argentina to All ports
>
> Blueberry from Bolivia to North Atlantic ports (NA ports[^3])
>
> Blueberry from Chile (Arica Province of Region) to NA ports
>
> Blueberry from Ecuador to NA ports
>
> Blueberry from Peru to NA ports

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| > **T101-i-1-1 Blueberry**                                            |
| >                                                                     |
| > **Pest: *Ceratitis capitata***                                      |
| >                                                                     |
| > **Treatment: T101-i-1-1 MB at NAP -- tarpaulin or chamber**         |
|                                                                       |
| +-------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+   |
| | Temperature | Dosage     | Minimum    |            |            |   |
| |             | Rate       | Con        |            |            |   |
| |             |            | centration |            |            |   |
| |             | (lb/1000   | Readings   |            |            |   |
| |             | ft^3^)     | (ounces)   |            |            |   |
| |             |            | at:        |            |            |   |
| +-------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+   |
| |             |            | 0.5 hr     | 2.5 hr     | 3.5 hr     |   |
| +-------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+   |
| | 70 °F above | 2lbs       | 26         | 22         | 21         |   |
| +-------------+------------+------------+------------+------------+   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

**2. Irradiation**

-   **T105-b-2: T105-b-2 Irradiation**

> Blueberry from Argentina to All ports[^4] [^5] , and
>
> Blueberry from Chile (Arica Province of Region) to NA ports[^6].

**3. Cold treatment**

-   **T107-a: T107-a Cold Treatment & T107-a-1: T107-a-1 Cold
    Treatment**

> Optimum condition for blueberry storage is between -0.5 and 0 °C with
> 90 -- 95% humidity (Prange and Lidster, 1989). Under optimum humidity
> and temperature storage condition, blueberries have acceptable storage
> life of 2 -- 4 weeks (Prange and Lidster, 1989).
>
> Cold Treatments (T107-a and T107-a-1) are approved treatment methods
> for *Ceratitis capitata*. These treatments can be used on blueberry
> fruits to mitigate *Ceratitis capitata*.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **T107-a Apple, Apricot, Avocado, Cape gooseberry cherry, Cherry,     |
| Ethrog, Grapefruit, Grapes, Kiwi, Litchi (Lychee), Loquat,            |
| Nectarines, Orange, Ortanique, Peach, Pear, Persimmon, Plum, Plumcot, |
| Pomegranate, Pummelo, Quince, Sand pear, Tangerine (includes          |
| Clementine)**                                                         |
|                                                                       |
| **Pest: *Ceratitis capitata* and *Ceratitis rosa***                   |
|                                                                       |
| **Treatment: 107-a Cold Treatment**                                   |
|                                                                       |
|   --------------------------------- --------------------------------  |
|   **Temperature**                   **Exposure Period**               |
|                                                                       |
|   34 °F (1.11 °C) or below          14 days                           |
|                                                                       |
|   35 °F (1.67 °C) or below          16 days                           |
|                                                                       |
|   36 °F (2.22 °C) or below          18 days                           |
|   --------------------------------- --------------------------------  |
|                                                                       |
|   ------------------------------------------------------------------  |
|   ![](media/image2.wmf){width="0.7305555555555555in"                  |
|   height="0.8270833333333333in"}Pretreatment conditioning for         |
|   avocado (heat shock or 100.4 °F (38.0 °C) for 10 to 12 hours) is    |
|   optional and is the responsibility of the shipper. The              |
|   pretreatment conditioning, which may improve fruit quality, is      |
|   described in HortScence 29(10): 1166-1168. 1994. and 30(5):         |
|   1052-1053 (1995)                                                    |
|                                                                       |
|   ------------------------------------------------------------------  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **T107-a-1 Apple, Apricot, Cherry, Grape, Grapefruit, Kiwi, Mandarin, |
| Nectarine, Orange, Peach, Pear, Plum, Pomegranate, Quince, Sweet      |
| orange, Tangelo, Tangerine (includes Clementine)**                    |
|                                                                       |
| **Pest: *Ceratitis capitata* and species of *Anastrepha* (other than  |
| *Anastrepha ludens*)**                                                |
|                                                                       |
| **Treatment: 107-a-1 Cold Treatment**                                 |
|                                                                       |
|   --------------------------------- --------------------------------  |
|   **Temperature**                   **Exposure Period**               |
|                                                                       |
|   34 °F (1.11 °C) or below          15 days                           |
|                                                                       |
|   35 °F (1.67 °C) or below          17 days                           |
|   --------------------------------- --------------------------------  |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Reference:

Prange, R.K. and P.D. Lidster 1989. Harvesting and Storage. *In* Lowbush
Blueberry Production Eds. C.R. Blatt, K.I.N. Jensen, W.T.A. Neilson,
P.D. Hildebrand, N.L. Nickerson, R.K. Prange, P.D. Lidster, L. Crozier
and J.D. Sibley. Minister of Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

USDA-APHIS-PPQ 2006. Treatment Manual. USDA Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, p. 798.

[^1]: No scientific information was available for *Prietocella barbara*.
    Snails generally consume all parts of plant materials; *e.g*.
    *Lissachatina fulica* attacks whole plant parts (CABI, 2007).
    Therefore, it is assumed that *P. barbara* attacks all plant parts.

[^2]: *Prietocella barbara* was intercepted at U.S. ports-of-entry twice
    from South Africa. However, there was no scientific literature
    indicating that *Prietocella barbara* existed in Republic of South
    Africa. Also, it is unlikely for snails to be present during
    harvesting, sorting and packing procedures. Therefore, it is assumed
    that *P. barbara* would not follow the pathway with blueberry fruits
    from South Africa.

[^3]: NA (North Atlantic) Atlantic ports north of and including
    Baltimore, MD; ports on the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway;
    Canadian border ports east of and including North Dakota;
    Washington, DC (including Dulles for air shipments). \[All the area
    north of 39° and east of 104°\]

[^4]: Fruits irradiated in the country of origin and accompanied by a
    PPQ Form 203 to confirm irradiation may enter any State. However,
    untreated fruits and vegetables, intended to be irradiated for
    quarantine pests, cannot be treated within nor transit through the
    following States: Alabama, Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia
    (except for treatment in Atlanta, GA), Kentucky, Louisiana,
    Mississippi (except for treatment in Gulport, MS), Nevada, New
    Mexico, North Carolina (except for treatment in Wilmington, NC),
    South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas (except untreated products to be
    irradiated may transit through Dallas/Ft Worth) and Virginia.

[^5]: Irradiation as an optional treatment is available only after an
    exporting country has entered into a framework equivalency work plan
    agreement and met other requirements as specified in 7CFR 305.2.
    Currently, this country has **not** entered into a work plan
    agreement.

[^6]: Must be accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate with the
    additional declaration, \"The articles in this consignment were
    grown in an area free from *Anastrepha obliqua*.\" OR subjected to
    an irradiation treatment OR cold treatment T107-c. Irradiation as an
    optional treatment is available only after an exporting country has
    entered into a framework equivalency work plan agreement and met
    other requirements as specified in 7CFR 305.2. Currently, this
    country has not entered into a work plan agreement.