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**Final report to NASA**

> Submitted by David L. B. Jupp, PI & Bisun Datt, Co-I
>
> CSIRO Office of Space Science and Applications
>
> Earth Observation Centre
>
> GPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
>
> On behalf of the Australian members of the Science Validation Team

**Australian Principal and Co-Investigators**

  ---------------------- ---------------------- -----------------------------
  **Person**             **Role**               **Email Address**

  David Jupp             Principal              <David.Jupp@csiro.au>

  Jon Huntington         Co-Investigator        <Jon.Huntington@csiro.au>

  Tom Cudahy             Co-Investigator        <Tom.Cudahy@csiro.au>

  Alex Held              Co-Investigator        <Alex.Held@csiro.au>

  Dean Graetz            Co-Investigator        <Dean.Graetz@csiro.au>

  Craig Smith            Co-Investigator        <Craig.Smith@auslig.gov.au>

  Terry Cocks            Co-Investigator        <tdc@intspec.com>

  Bisun Datt             Co-Investigator        <Bisun.Datt@csiro.au>

  Tim McVicar            Co-Investigator        <Tim.McVicar@csiro.au>

  Fred Prata             Co-Investigator        <Fred.Prata@csiro.au>

  Vanessa Chewings       Co-Investigator        <Vanessa.Chewings@csiro.au>

  Cindy Ong              Co-Investigator        <Cindy.Ong@csiro.au>

  Tom Van Niel           Co-Investigator        <Tom.VanNiel@csiro.au>

  Arnold Dekker          Co-Investigator        <Arnold.Dekker@csiro.au>

  Nicholas Coops         Co-Investigator        <Nicholas.Coops@csiro.au>

  Susan Campbell         Co-Investigator        <Susan.Campbell@csiro.au>

  Edward King            Co-Investigator        <Edward.King@csiro.au>

  Jenny Lovell           Co-Investigator        <Jenny.Lovell@csiro.au>

  Ross Mitchell          Co-Investigator        <Ross.Mitchell@csiro.au>

  Denis O'Brien          Co-Investigator        <Denis.Obrien@csiro.au>
  ---------------------- ---------------------- -----------------------------

**The Australian Sites**

  ------------------------- --------------------- -----------------------
  **Site**                  **Primary Australian  **US Collaborators**
                            Participants**        

  Lakes Frome and Argyle    Dean Graetz           Jay Pearlman, TRW

                            Susan Campbell        Pamela Barry, TRW

                            Jenny Lovell          Others at TRW

                            Edward King           

  Coleambally               Tim McVicar           Jay Pearlman, TRW

                            Tom Van Niel          Liang Shunlin, UM

                            Bisun Datt            Fang Hongliang, UM

                                                  Others at USDA

  Tumbarumba                Nicholas Coops        Mary Martin, UNE

                            Alex Held             Marie-Louise Smith, UNE

                                                  Scott Ollinger

  Moreton Bay               Arnold Dekker         

                            Vittorio Brando       

                            Scientists at UQ      

  Cairns Reef               Tiit Kutser           

                            Scientists at AIMS    

  Mt Fitton and Panorama    Tom Cudahy            Pamela Barry TRW

                            Jon Huntington        

  Kunoth (Alice Springs)    Vanessa Chewings      Melba Crawford, UTA

                            Geoff Pickup          

  Cape Tribulation          Alex Held             

                            Co-workers            

  Kakadu                    Cindy Ong             

                            Co-workers            

  Uardry                    Fred Prata            
  ------------------------- --------------------- -----------------------

**CONTENTS**

[1 INTRODUCTION 1](#introduction)

[2 PERFORMANCE AGAINST NRA PROPOSAL
2](#performance-against-nra-proposal)

[2.1 Changes to Sites and Site outcomes
2](#changes-to-sites-and-site-outcomes)

[2.2 Data Management 4](#data-management)

[2.2.1 Image Data 4](#image-data)

[2.2.2 Field and Ancillary Data 5](#field-and-ancillary-data)

[3 APPLICATIONS SITE REPORTS 6](#applications-site-reports)

[3.1 Tumbarumba 6](#tumbarumba)

[3.1.1 Site Report 6](#site-report)

[3.1.2 Hyperion Data Processing 7](#hyperion-data-processing)

[3.1.3 Conclusions 8](#conclusions)

[3.1.4 Acknowledgements 8](#acknowledgements)

[3.1.5 Publications 11](#publications)

[3.1.5.1 Journal Papers to come out of this research:
11](#journal-papers-to-come-out-of-this-research)

[3.1.5.2 Conference Proceedings to come out of this research:
11](#conference-proceedings-to-come-out-of-this-research)

[3.1.5.3 Media Reports: 11](#media-reports)

[3.2 Coleambally 12](#coleambally)

[3.2.1 Introduction 12](#introduction-1)

[3.2.2 The Coleambally Site 13](#the-coleambally-site)

[3.2.3 Indices for agricultural performance
16](#indices-for-agricultural-performance)

[3.2.4 Conclusion 16](#conclusion)

[3.2.5 References 17](#references)

[3.2.5.1 Journal Papers 17](#journal-papers)

[3.2.5.2 Peer Reviewed Technical Reports
17](#peer-reviewed-technical-reports)

[3.2.5.3 Posters 17](#posters)

[3.2.5.4 Media Interactions 18](#media-interactions)

[3.2.5.5 Conference / Workshop Papers 18](#conference-workshop-papers)

[3.3 Kunoth 19](#kunoth)

[3.3.1 Introduction 19](#introduction-2)

[3.3.2 EO1 Data Processing 20](#eo1-data-processing)

[3.3.3 Conclusions 21](#conclusions-1)

[3.3.4 Other activities 21](#other-activities)

[3.3.5 Outcomes 21](#outcomes)

[3.3.6 Acknowledgements 22](#acknowledgements-1)

[3.4 Moreton Bay 25](#moreton-bay)

[3.4.1 Calibration and Validation Activities
25](#calibration-and-validation-activities)

[3.4.2 Atmospheric Correction Procedures
25](#atmospheric-correction-procedures)

[3.4.3 Methods for Quantitative products retrieval
26](#methods-for-quantitative-products-retrieval)

[3.4.4 Quantitative products 26](#quantitative-products)

[3.4.5 Conclusion 27](#conclusion-1)

[3.4.6 Papers and presentations 28](#papers-and-presentations)

[3.4.6.1 Journal Papers 28](#journal-papers-1)

[3.4.6.2 Conference Proceedings 28](#conference-proceedings)

[3.4.6.3 CSIRO EOC Annual Science Meetings
28](#csiro-eoc-annual-science-meetings)

[3.4.6.4 SVT Meetings 28](#svt-meetings)

[3.5 Cape Tribulation -- Tropical Forests & Agriculture
30](#cape-tribulation-tropical-forests-agriculture)

[3.6 Mt Fitton 31](#mt-fitton)

[3.7 Panorama 32](#panorama)

[4 CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION SITES AND FINDINGS
33](#calibration-and-validation-sites-and-findings)

[4.1 Introduction 33](#introduction-3)

[4.2 Lake Frome 34](#lake-frome)

[4.2.1 Introduction 34](#introduction-4)

[4.2.2 Lake frome ground truth data collection
35](#lake-frome-ground-truth-data-collection)

[4.2.2.1 Reflectance Measurements 36](#reflectance-measurements)

[4.2.2.2 Navigation Measurements 37](#navigation-measurements)

[4.2.2.3 Atmospheric Models 38](#atmospheric-models)

[4.2.2.4 Top of the atmosphere radiance comparison
38](#top-of-the-atmosphere-radiance-comparison)

[4.2.3 Conclusions 40](#conclusions-2)

[4.2.4 References 40](#references-1)

[4.3 Uardry 42](#uardry)

[4.4 Lake Argyle 42](#lake-argyle)

[5 MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO MISSION AND SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT
42](#major-contributions-to-mission-and-scientific-support)

[5.1 ACRES data downlink, data management & outreach activities
42](#acres-data-downlink-data-management-outreach-activities)

[5.1.1 EO 1 Mission Support 42](#eo-1-mission-support)

[5.1.2 EO 1 Image data sales. 43](#eo-1-image-data-sales.)

[5.1.3 EO 1 Image Data Applications Workshop. 15 March 2002
43](#eo-1-image-data-applications-workshop.-15-march-2002)

[5.2 HYMAP airborne Hyperspectral data base
43](#hymap-airborne-hyperspectral-data-base)

[6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 43](#conclusions-and-recommendations)

[6.1 The Completed SVT Mission 43](#the-completed-svt-mission)

[6.2 The Extended Mission 44](#the-extended-mission)

[6.3 Beyond Technology Evaluation 44](#beyond-technology-evaluation)

[6.4 Collaboration 45](#collaboration)

[7 EO1 AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS
46](#eo1-and-related-publications-and-presentations)

[7.1 Journal Papers 46](#journal-papers-2)

[7.2 Conference Proceedings 46](#conference-proceedings-1)

[7.2.1 IGARSS 2001, Sydney, Australia 46](#igarss-2001-sydney-australia)

[7.2.2 IGARSS 2002, Toronto, Canada 47](#igarss-2002-toronto-canada)

[7.2.3 11^th^ ARSPC, Brisbane, Australia
47](#th-arspc-brisbane-australia)

[7.2.4 SPIE Conference, Hangzhou, China
48](#spie-conference-hangzhou-china)

[7.3 Technical Reports/Workshop Documents
48](#technical-reportsworkshop-documents)

[7.4 Presentations at Meetings/Workshops
48](#presentations-at-meetingsworkshops)

[7.4.1 CSIRO EOC Annual Science Meeting, 2002
48](#csiro-eoc-annual-science-meeting-2002)

[7.4.2 CSIRO EOC Annual Science Meeting, 2001
49](#csiro-eoc-annual-science-meeting-2001)

[7.4.3 First SVT Meeting, NASA Goddard, February 2001
50](#first-svt-meeting-nasa-goddard-february-2001)

[7.4.4 SVT Meeting, Tuscon, May 2001 50](#svt-meeting-tuscon-may-2001)

[7.4.5 SVT Meeting, Buenos Aires, November 2001
50](#svt-meeting-buenos-aires-november-2001)

[7.4.6 SVT Meeting, Goddard, April 2002
51](#svt-meeting-goddard-april-2002)

[7.4.7 Final SVT Team Meeting, Hilo, Hawaii, November 2002.
51](#final-svt-team-meeting-hilo-hawaii-november-2002.)

# INTRODUCTION

In 1999, a number of Australian agencies and groups made a successful
application to the NASA NRA-99-0ES-01, "EO-1 Evaluation and Validation"
to carry out investigations in Australia on the performance of
instruments on the EO-1 Mission. The plan was to use a range of
Australian sites and the capacity of the groups to deploy ground and
airborne hyperspectral instruments as well as undertake detailed
investigations in terms of impacts of data quality on applications as
contribution to the overall evaluation and validation by the Science
Validation Team (SVT) gathered together by NASA for the mission.

The EO-1 satellite was launched in November 2000 during the northern
Hemisphere winter adding an increased role for the southern Hemisphere
sites in the initial check-out period and early investigations of data
performance. In this time, the Australian groups worked specifically
with the Hyperion Instrument Team at TRW. They brought their planned
field missions forward to provide support for the Instrument Team's
assessment of performance against specifications. Data from Lake Frome,
Mt Fitton and the Coleambally sites were specifically used for this
task.

The basic Australian activity centred around the 12 sites listed at the
beginning of the document and geographically located on the image at the
front of the document. The individual site reports and the outcomes from
applications studied at the sites are included with this report as the
Section 3.

There have been three basic phases to the Australian activity:

**Phase 1: Calibration, Validation & Evaluation (year 1)**

Lakes Frome and Argyle for Hyperion calibration and check-out

Coleambally for Landsat/ALI/Hyperion cross comparisons

Uardry for Hyperion check out

ACRES downlink and downlink testing

**Phase 2: Applications (years 1 & 2)**

Agriculture at Coleambally

Forestry at Tumbarumba

Minerals at Mt Fitton and Panorama

Water Quality at Moreton Bay

Reefs in the GBR near Cape Tribulation

Rangelands at Kakadu & Kunoth

**Phase 3 (years 2 & 3)**

Extended Mission -- Australian bulk order

ACRES/USGS collaboration for data supply

In addition, there have been three significant activity involving
international collaboration and mission support. These were:

+----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| **Activity**         | **Australian          | **International       |
|                      | Participant**         | Participant**         |
+----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| EO-1 Data download   | Ian Shepherd and      | NASA Goddard, USGS    |
|                      | Craig Smith, ACRES,   |                       |
|                      | Geoscience Australia  |                       |
+----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| CIMEL sites (4)      | Ross Mitchell, CSIRO  | NASA Goddard Aeronet  |
|                      | CAR                   |                       |
+----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| HYMAP Data & support | Terry Cocks, ISPL     |                       |
|                      |                       |                       |
|                      | Peter Cocks, HyVista  |                       |
+----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

EO-1 data were downlinked at the TERSS X-Band station in Hobart,
Tasmania and provided a means for NASA to increase acquisitions over the
first year of operation. The CIMEL sites provided significant
atmospheric data for a range of sites and the internationally
established HYMAP instrument was used for airborne data collection at
all of the Australian sites.

Working closely as part of the NASA SVT, the Australians contributed to
the evaluation of the instruments, to improvements in the data
processing and to development of recommendations for post-Level 1B
processing that have made the data from EO-1 suitable for a range of
useful applications. This led to the current Extended Mission and the
semi-operational provision of EO-1 data to the world through the USGS.

Based on the improvements in Level 1 data and the recommended pathways
to process Level 1 data for applications it has been found that the
instruments on EO-1 and the advanced experiments have met or exceeded
expectations. In the specific case of Hyperion its applications to areas
such as mineral exploration and coastal waters and reefs have exceeded
expectations. The instrument was, however, an experiment. It has
demonstrated clearly the need for improved SNR in a future space
hyperspectral instrument and it has also, through applications such as
those outlined in Section 3, shown the value of developing and realising
such a future mission.

# PERFORMANCE AGAINST NRA PROPOSAL

The performance of the investigations making up the work plan submitted
to NASA are presented on a site basis in the Section following this one.
In this Section we consider more general issues and Data Management.

## Changes to Sites and Site outcomes

The annual cycle of Australian southern Hemisphere summer and winter is
accompanied by rains in the north in summer and generally hot and dry
conditions in the south with a dry season in the north in winter and
winter rains in the south. The plan presented to NASA involved eight
planned sites -- four in the north and four in the south.

Two of the original sites were not used for extensive EO-1 data
acquisition. These were Tinga Tingana in the north of SA and Kioloa in
southern NSW. The forest site at Kioloa did not have the level of
ancillary data acquisition that we believed was required and it was
replaced by another as described below. The Tinga Tingana site was found
to have too much BRDF variation for studies with data at the resolution
of EO-1 and was replaced with a salt lake (playa) nearby. However, a
CIMEL located at Tinga Tingana was used effectively to provide
atmospheric information to two sites, Mt Fitton and the new salt lake
site (Lake Frome).

Six site activities were added to the list in the NRA proposal. The new
sites and reasons for their inclusion are listed below:

  ------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------
  **Site Name** **Type**                      **Reason**

  Lake Frome    Summer/Winter; CalVal         Tinga Tingana was not as
                                              suitable. Lake Frome is a
                                              very bright target in the
                                              VNIR

  Coleambally   Summer; Agriculture           An agricultural site was
                                              needed plus the accurate
                                              geodetic mapping provided
                                              opportunities as did the
                                              large uniform fields

  Tumbarumba    Summer; Forestry site         Kioloa was not suitable and
                                              was replaced by Tumbarumba.
                                              Tumbarumba has a flux tower
                                              and extensive field data.

  Moreton Bay   Winter; Water quality and     Added when Hyperion showed
                coastal applications          better performance than
                                              expected over darker targets.
                                              Became a very significant
                                              site.

  Cairns Reef   Winter; Coral reefs           Also grew in significance and
                                              is part of the same data
                                              acquisition as Cape
                                              Tribulation.

  Kakadu        Winter; mine site and         An opportunity with extensive
                environment interactions      previous data and analysis
                                              but proved difficult to
                                              acquire cloud-free images.
  ------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------

At the remaining initially proposed sites and the additional sites the
outcomes listed in the NRA proposal were met or exceeded as described in
the individual site reports. There have already been extensive reporting
of the work and a wide variety of journal papers are being prepared and
moved to make the results known. Of the sites the only big
disappointment was Kakadu. Despite a large number of acquisitions the
high cloud cover in the region and the exceptionally wet year combined
to defeat us.

Briefings and press releases and articles have appeared as described in
the individual site reports. In the Phase 2 of testing performance in
applications there have been many excellent findings. Among these can be
mentioned the better than expected performance of Hyperion for mineral
mapping, the mapping of nitrogen for forestry and environmental
applications, applications to coral reef mapping and water quality and
the provision of time series of established hyperspectral indices for
agricultural applications.

## Data Management

### Image Data

All EO-1 data for the Australian sites has been received and archived at
the CSIRO Earth Observation Centre (EOC) in Canberra in a well-managed
data storage and retrieval area. The data are managed with other EOC
data holdings in stable environmental conditions. Copies of data tapes
have been sent to the co-investigators upon request. The data management
at the EOC consisted of entering details for each data tape into a
database and sending email notification to co-investigators. ALI quick
look images of the sites were also provided on the EOC website for the
co-investigators to browse through before requesting copies of data
tapes.

Table 1. Number of Hyperion and ALI images collected for each site.

  ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
  **Site**                **Hyperion Data (Level  **ALI Data (Level 1)**
                          1)**                    

  Cape Tribulation        4                       6

  Kakadu                  9                       21

  Kioloa                  1                       1

  Kunoth                  13                      20

  Lake Argyle             4                       6

  Lake Frome              11                      14

  Mayon Volcano           6                       12

  Moreton bay             6                       5

  Mt Fitton               3                       5

  Panorama                4                       4

  Tumbarumba              7                       10

  Uardry                  2                       1

  Coleambally             22                      26

  **TOTALS**              **92**                  **131**
  ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------

Table 1 lists the number of ALI and Hyperion images acquired for each
site. The table only lists the Level 1 data available. The corresponding
Level 0 ALI and Hyperion images are also archived at the EOC. We are
intending to bring all of the key site and image conjunctions (such as
data collected at the time of missions or special time series or
applications) to a base of the Level 1B1 in the coming year. We have had
significant support and help from NASA Goddard to achieve this for the
most important data sites and overpasses. Since the Level 0 data are
archived it would be possible to re-process any data if further
developments are made to the base processing and software were available
to take data from Level 0 to the new Level product.

### Field and Ancillary Data

Ancillary and collateral data were collected at every site and
especially for selected dates of EO-1 acquisitions. It is planned to
make data available as a base for future research and teaching. The EOC
web site has a collection of many electronic publications, image data,
reports and information and selected site data collections. At his time
base ancillary data sets have been collected and made available for:

-   Lake Frome

-   Coleambally

-   Tumbarumba

-   Kunoth

Data from other sites will be made available when it has been provided
to the EOC.

At every site, HYMAP airborne Hyperspectral data has been collected and
at most sites ground spectra with instruments equivalent to ASD spectral
resolution have been collected. In addition, Landsat ETM data have been
provided at every site when there was a successful acquisition at the
same time as field work.

For the first year of the mission, due to the sensitivity of the data,
the EOC EO-1 area was protected and accessed only by Co-Is with password
entry. Recently, restrictions on the data in place in the initial period
have been relaxed and the site has been made suitable for public access.
It is hoped it will provide a resource for a growing number of studies
into EO-1 data applications.

# APPLICATIONS SITE REPORTS

## Tumbarumba

Site P/Co-Investigator(s): Nicholas Coops / Mary Martin / Marie-Louise
Smith / Alex Held

Site Name: Tumbarumba

Type of measurement: Leaf reflectances, leaf biochemistry, forest
inventory data, fluxes of carbon, water and energy, plus meteorological
data at time of overpass.

Measurement device: ASD FR (400 - 2500 nm)

Dates of acquisition: 25th December 2000, 1st April 2001, 19th May 2001

Latitude: S 35º 45\'

Longitude: E 148º 15\'

Elevation: 1200m

Surface type: Forestry (Eucalyptus, Radiata Pine, pastures, summer
crops, lake, riparian vegetation)

General atmospheric conditions: Clear -to- partial clouds

Other satellite data: Landsat ETM, Limited IKONOS, CASI-2 airborne

Comments: 5m HYMAP data also available. Project is collaboration between
CSIRO and Uni. New Hampshire and United States Forest Service.

Contact email: <Nicholas.coops@csiro.au>

### Site Report

The Tumbarumba field site in South East Australia is the focus of recent
studies as part of CSIRO's ongoing soil and forest productivity project
**[\<http://www.ffp.csiro.au/nfm/mdp/\>]{.underline}**). The Tumbarumba
study area is adjacent to the Snowy Mountains in southern New South
Wales and covers 50,000 ha. Altitude varies from 400 m in the north-east
to a maximum of 1438 m at Granite Mountain. It has a cool to cold moist
sub-alpine climate with a mean annual rainfall of 680-1800 mm, with most
of the area receiving approximately 1400 mm. As part of ongoing projects
the area has been extensively studied and modelled using forest growth
and processed based models driven in part by remote sensing inputs, to
predict and assess native eucalypt forest productivity. Research has
also focused on development of a GIS-based spatial soil model including
development of soil fertility and soil water holding capacity indices
that are integrated within 3PG-Spatial. This site is a current target of
NASA's recently launched Earth Observer-1 Hyperion instrument
([**http://eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov**](http://eo1.gsfc.nasa.gov/)), the first
space-based hyperspectral imaging spectrometer. As part of the
validation of the earth observing capability of this instrument, this
site has ongoing programs of research directed at the potential for
remote estimation of forest canopy properties including LAI and foliar
chemistry in conjunction with ongoing measurements of forest
productivity. This site allowed researchers to evaluate the capacity of
the Hyperion sensor on EO-1 to predict concentrations of canopy nitrogen
for a range of eucalyptus species in Australia.

A total of 14 plots were located within the study area covering the full
range of eucalypt species present. For determination of leaf-level
foliar chemistry, leaf samples were dried and ground through a mesh
sieve and wet leaf chemistry undertaken to extract nitrogen (N) and
other nutrient concentrations. Plot level whole canopy biochemistry
concentrations (such as N in g N of foliar biomass) were calculated as
the mean of the foliar N concentration for individual species in each
plot weighed by the fraction of canopy foliar mass per species. Canopy
total leaf area was estimated using a camera-based point quadrat
sampling technique, hemispherical photography and a LICOR 2000
instrument.

### Hyperion Data Processing

A cloud free, good quality, Hyperion scene was acquired over the
Tumbarumba site on the 1st April 2001. Level 1A HYPERION imagery was
pre-processed within the ENVI image analysis software package using a
series of pre-processing routines developed by CSIRO involving the pixel
shift correction between the VNIR and SWIR spectral planes and
de-streaking which involved balancing the complete image mean and
standard deviation for each column and each channel. The imagery was
atmospherically corrected using the ACORN Atmospheric correction and
co-registered arrays were rectified to Australian Map Grid (AMG)
coordinate systems to within 0.5 pixel (15 m) accuracy using 6 ground
control points.

The Hyperion reflectance spectra were transformed to absorbance and a
simple derivative transformation was applied. A partial least squares
(PLS) regression method was used for analysis which allows the full
spectrum to be reduced or represented by a series of independent
variables, or latent factors, which are extracted from a spectra and
leaf biochemistry matrix . From these, regression coefficients are
developed for each wavelength which are directly related to the
biochemical concentration of interest, while at the same time describing
the spectral variation most relevant to the variation in the chemistry
data.

![](media/image4.wmf){width="3.3201388888888888in" height="2.825in"}

*Figure ??: Predicted verus observed %N using the PLS absorbance model.*

A number of models were developed from Hyperion reflectance, absorbance
and derivate transformations using partial least squares regression. The
most significant calibration model predicted N with a correlation
coefficient (r) = 0.9 (82% variance explained) and a validation r^2^ =
0.62 (P \< 0.01). The Figure shows the predicted versus observed %N
using the PLS absorbance model for both the calibration and validation
values.

The standard error of the estimate of foliar N was 0.16 % equating to
13% of the mean observed %N at the site. Figure ?? shows the Earth
Observer-1 Hyperion image acquired at Tumbarumba (Bago-Maragle State
Forest), Australia on 1st April 2001. Image is greyscale of 803nm
wavelength reflectance and ?? presents the spatial prediction of foliar
% N ( 0 -- 2%) based on the absorbance model.

### Conclusions

The challenge to extrapolate from leaf level biochemistry, to canopy and
ultimately, forest stands is an important one for the remote sensing
community. The availability of eucalypt leaf chemistry, whole fresh leaf
NIR, and airborne reflectance data has previously limited this
application to geographically small, single scene analysis. The advent
of the Hyperion sensor with its space-based platform allows imagery to
be acquired and processed over much larger areas covering many different
forest and vegetation communities. The application of imaging
spectrometry, as detailed in this paper, indicates that estimates of
canopy nitrogen concentrations over large spatial areas is possible,
however the complex speciation of the eucalyptus genus can make the
development of generic equations relating spectra to canopy and/or leaf
biochemistry difficult. The extent to which these estimates can provide
robust and accurate predictions of forest canopy condition and growth is
the subject of ongoing research and similar studies worldwide will allow
these findings to be placed in context with other biomes and functional
types.

### Acknowledgements

The Tumbarumba team acknowledges staff at the CSIRO EOC (David Jupp,
Jill Huntington, Ray Merton, Bisun Datt, Jenny Lovell) as well as Steve
Ungar (NASA) and Jay and Françoise Pearlman (TRW) whose efforts made
this joint research program possible. In addition we acknowledge Tom Van
Niel, Tim McVicar and Steve Dury for help with data processing. We also
acknowledge the considerable research effort already undertaken by staff
at the Tumbarumba long term forestry site. The joint Australian / US
collaboration was made possible by travel grants from CSIRO EOC, CSIRO
FFP and the Organisation Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
Co-operative Research Program. We thank the directors of these programs
for their interest and enthusiasm in this research.

![](media/image5.png)

Figure ?? shows the Earth Observer-1 Hyperion image acquired at
Tumbarumba (Bago-Maragle State Forest), Australia on 1st April 2001.
Image is greyscale of 803nm wavelength reflectance,.

![](media/image6.png)

Figure ??: Spatial prediction of foliar % N ( 0 -- 2%) based on the
absorbance model.

### Publications

#### Journal Papers to come out of this research:

Coops, N.C., Dury, S., Smith, M.L., Martin,. M, Ollinger, S. (2002)
Comparison of Green Leaf Eucalypt Spectra using Spectral Decomposition.
*Australian Journal of Botany.* 50: 567 -- 576.

Coops, N.C., Smith, M.L., Jacobson, K. Martin,. M, Ollinger, S. (2002)
Estimation of Leaf Area Index using Three techniques in a Mature Native
Eucalypt Canopy. *Austral Ecology. (in review).*

Coops, N.C., Smith, M.L., Martin, M.M, Ollinger, S. (2002) Prediction of
Eucalypt Foliage Nitrogen Content from Satellite Derived Hyperspectral
Data*. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (accepted
paper).*

#### Conference Proceedings to come out of this research:

Coops, N.C., Smith, M.L., Martin, M.M., Ollinger, S.V., Held, A.H.,
Dury, S. (2001) Assessing the Performance of HYPERION in Relation to
Eucalypt Biochemistry: Preliminary Project Design and Specifications.
Proc. IGARSS\'2001, Sydney, Australia, July, 2001. Paper:

Coops, N.C., Smith, M.L., Martin, M.M., Ollinger, S.V., Held, A.H.,
(2002) Predicting Eucalypt Biochemistry from HYPERION and HYMAP Imagery
Proc. IGARSS\'2002, Toronto, Canada. 24 - 29th June. Paper: 03-06-09.20

#### Media Reports:

Forests a blaze of colour from space Date: 03/07/01, Ref 2001/54 **,**
<http://www.csiro.au/index.asp?type=mediaRelease&id=PrsatelliteA>

CSIRO Media: May 2001. A satellite eying our forests (available on CD
from CSIRO National Science radio).

ABC National Radio (South Australia) 10^th^ March 2001.

## Coleambally

Coleambally.

Site P/Co-Investigator(s): Tim McVicar, Tom van Niel, Jay Pearlman,
Bisun Datt & David Jupp

Site Name: Coleambally

General location: Coleambally, NSW, Australia

Type of measurement: Ground reflectance

Measurement device: ASD FR (400 - 2500 nm)

Dates of acquisition: March 7 2001

Latitude: -34.8012 (34° 48\' 4.32\'\' S)

Longitude: 146.0136 (146° 0\' 48.96\'\' E)

Elevation: 120 m above mean sea level, with a slope of 0° (for AT-CO CIA
can be considered to be \'pan flat\')

Surface type: Agriculture (irrigated) Summer Crops are rice, corn,
soybeans and sorghum

General atmospheric conditions: Clear

Other satellite data: Landsat

Comments: Extensive Field Data and GIS data sets also available.

Contact email: <tim.mcvicar@csiro.au>

### Introduction

Farmers and others engaged in agricultural management have used remote
sensing products to acquire information potentially useful to them for
at least the last 20 years. The type of information most useful to them,
however, has been somewhat meager because of limitations of the
technology, which have included the small number of fixed broad spectral
bands, coarse spatial resolution, inadequate repeat cycles of
data-gathering, and long delivery times for data. The EO-1 Hyperion
hyperspectral spectrometer, launched in November 2000, may eliminate
some of the limitations of remote sensing that agriculturalists have
encountered. In particular, hyperspectral sensors can provide continuous
spectral coverage through their ability to resolve the broader bands of
currently operational systems such as Landsat into a large number of
fine bands. The ability to provide continual spectral coverage had
previously been limited to airborne systems, which experience other
constraints that make it difficult or costly to acquire the most useful
type of data. Airborne systems have problems relating to repeatability
of data gathering, difficulty in covering large areas, and increased
data processing.

The Australian CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research
Organisation) has conducted a number of investigations that evaluated
the EO-1 Hyperion. These investigations used existing Australian
calibration and validation sites and specific hyperspectral test sites
with a range of existing and ongoing data collection and analysis
programs.

### The Coleambally Site

One of the major investigations was conducted at the Coleambally
Irrigation Area (CIA) in New South Wales, Australia. This large (95,000
hectares) agricultural area that comprises more than 500 farms, is flat
and consists of large, uniform fields of varying landcover types,
including a number of types of rice as well as corn, soy beans, and
sorghum. The area falls entirely within two Landsat Enhanced Thematic
Mapper (ETM+) scenes that make it possible to acquire both Landsat and
Hyperion imagery on an eight-day repeat cycle (Figure \_\_). In this
study, a series of processing steps were taken to correct Hyperion data
and reduce the effects of noise in order to produce measurements that
would be valuable for farm management. The study also focused on a
description of databases to be used for future instrument validation
efforts and crop identification.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image7.png){width="3.502083333333333in"
  height="2.3194444444444446in"}

  Figure \_\_. The CIA falls completely within two Landsat ETM+ scenes,
  allowing for an 8-day repeat cycle
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

A time series of images was created by acquiring a series of 12 Hyperion
images of the CIA during the 2001-2002 Southern Hemisphere summer
growing season (Figure \_\_). On-site ground sampling was also performed
several times during the growing season to validate the spectral
signatures received from Hyperion. In addition, scanner data from the
Hymap airborne hyperspectral imaging spectrometer at 5 meters spatial
resolution was acquired on January 12, 2002, to provide an accurate
geographic basic image (Figure )\_\_). (A high-resolution digital air
photo mosaic is acquired over the CIA every January.)

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image8.png){width="2.379861111111111in"
  height="4.250694444444444in"}

  Figure \_\_. Site of Hyperion image acquisitions
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image9.png){width="3.1256944444444446in" height="2.3125in"}

  Figure \_\_. High resolution digital air photo acquired in January 2000
  to support the 2000/2001 summer (Southern Hemisphere) growing season
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Geometric correction was undertaken using Hyperion images acquired in
the previous growing season. The study showed that Hyperion geometry was
stable. Further, two bands (Band 57 and Band 78) were compared, and
results indicated that processing to Level 1B_1 had excellent VNIR and
SWIR co-registration. On the basis of this study the complete time
series has been registered to less than half a pixel accuracy between
every image pair.

Hyperion data requires atmospheric correction, particularly in regard to
atmospheric water vapor. HATCH, FLAASH, and ACORN atmospheric correction
programs were used to measure the amount of water vapor. It was found
that most methods of normalizing time series data were effective, but
that some residual noise remained. This required that extra data
cleaning and feature selection be performed. Also, a subset of 150 bands
was selected from the total number of Hyperion bands in order to develop
measurements from those bands considered "stable."

Another source of noise particularly visible and most pronounced in the
SWIR bands was vertical streaking. Excellent noise reduction was
obtained by equalizing column means and variances. Figure \_\_ shows MNF
(Minimum Noise Fraction) Bands 1 and 15 before and after de-streaking.
Figure \_\_ shows the visual impact of de-streaking.

![](media/image10.png){width="5.969444444444444in"
height="3.314583333333333in"}

  ---------------- ------------------- ------------------ ---------------
  MNF 1 Radiance   MNF 15 Radiance     MNF 1 Radiance     MNF 15 Radiance

  Original Data                        De-Streaked Data   
  ---------------- ------------------- ------------------ ---------------

Figure \_\_. MNF Bands 1 and 15 before and after de-streaking.

![](media/image11.png){width="6.135416666666667in"
height="2.8722222222222222in"}

  ---------------- ------------------- ------------------ ---------------
  Original Data    De-Streaked Data    Original Data      De-Streaked
                                                          Data

  VNIR                                 SWIR               
  ---------------- ------------------- ------------------ ---------------

Figure \_\_. Visual impact of de-streaking.

The time series of images produced a large volume of data that would
need processing before it could be used to measure soil and crop
constituents. One way to organize this data is to "bin" the 150 spectral
bands into synthetic Advanced Land Imager (ALI) bands and process the
data into major land cover types. Atmospheric correction would already
have been applied at the fine spectral level and the final data would
exhibit a high SNR. This stratification into synthetic ALI bands should
allow the most effective selection of indices.

### Indices for agricultural performance

The work being undertaken has made use of a range of indices that have
been used at other sites and in other work at Coleambally to measure
yield, stress, crop health, crop condition (such as nitrogen content),
water content and cover. The value of these indices is well-established
from airborne platforms and through the use of hand-help spectrometers
and in laboratory studies. The capacity for Hyperion data to be used to
map these from space has been assessed and it has been found that many
of the indices can be successfully extracted from Hyperion data provided
the data are pre-processed using the kind of methods outlined above. If
the data are effectively pre-processed and atmospherically corrected
then data series consistent with what can be obtained from airborne
instruments can be derived (albeit with lower SNR) from the space data.
However, an extensive time series such as that obtained from EO1 could
not be afforded through airborne data acquisition.

### Conclusion

This investigation demonstrated a way to process a time series of
hyperspectral images to noise-reduced and normalized them so that they
can be used to provide land use and other relevant spatial data. It has
shown how time series of space data for regions anywhere in the world
can be put together and how the proven benefits of hyperspectral data
processing for agriculture can be applied in many cases at a broad scale
and for regional surveys. Satellite data does not replace the kind of
information that can be acquired from the air or on the ground but it
can provide complementary world-wide regional scale information at
affordable costs.

### References

#### Journal Papers

Jupp, D.L.B., Datt, B., McVicar, T.R., Van Niel, T.G., Pearlman, J.S.,
Lovell, J. and King, E.G. (2002) Improving the Analysis of Hyperion Red
Edge Index from an Agricultural Area. Society of Photo-Optical
Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE), Journal of Optical Engineering.
(Submitted).

Datt, B., McVicar, T.R., Van Niel, T.G., Jupp, D.L.B. and Pearlman, J.S.
(2002) Pre-processing EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral data to support the
application of agricultural indices. Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Transactions on Geoscience and Remote
Sensing. (Accepted).

Liang, S. Fang H. L., Thorp L., Kaul, M., Van Niel, T.G., McVicar, T.
R., Pearlman J. S., Walthall, C. L., Daughtry, C. S. T., and Huemmrich,
F. (2002) Estimation of land surface broadband albedos and leaf area
index from EO-1 ALI data and validation. Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Transactions on Geoscience and Remote
Sensing. (Accepted).

#### Peer Reviewed Technical Reports

McVicar, T.R., Van Niel, T.G. and Jupp, D.L.B. (2001) Geometric
Validation of Hyperion Data acquired by Earth Observing 1 Satellite at
Coleambally Irrigation Area. CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report
46/01.

#### Posters

McVicar, T.R., Van Niel, T.G. and Campbell, S.K. (2002) Coleambally
Irrigation Area: A Time Series Remote Sensing Site. Presented at the
11th Australasian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference, 2-6
September, Brisbane.

Van Niel, T.G., McVicar, T.R. and Edge, F. (2002) Coleambally Irrigation
Area, Riverina District, New South Wales. ACRES Update, Geoscience
Australia. Issue 26, September 2002, A-3 poster.

#### Media Interactions

McVicar, T.R. ABC Radio Wagga Wagga NSW "NASA and Coleambally Irrigation
Area" September 5, 2001.

McVicar, T.R. The Weekend Australian "NASA helps beat salinity"
September 1-2, 2001, pp 22.

#### Conference / Workshop Papers

Jupp, D.L.B., Datt, B., McVicar, T.R., Van Niel, T.G., Pearlman, J.S.,
Lovell, J. and King, E.G. (2002) Improving the Analysis of Hyperion Red
Edge Index. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE)
Third International Asia-Pacific Remote Sensing Symposium "Remote
Sensing of the Atmosphere, Ocean, Environment and Space Conference".
Hangzhou, China, 23-27 October.

McVicar, T.R., Van Niel, T.G., Jupp, D.L.B. and Edge, F. (2002) Remote
Sensing Research at Coleambally Irrigation Area. ACRES Update,
Geoscience Australia. Issue 26, September 2002, 5-8. With accompanying
A-3 poster.

Pearlman, J.S., McVicar, T.R., Van Niel, T.G., Jupp, D.L.B., Datt, B.,
Campbell, S.K., Lovell, J.L., Mitchell, R.M., Barry, P. and Liang, S.
(2002). Assessing the Value of a Time Series of EO-1 Data for
Coleambally Irrigation Area. Proceedings of the International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toronto, July 2002.

Van Niel, T.G., McVicar, T.R., Campbell, S.K., Liang, S., Kaul, M.,
Pearlman, J.S., Clancy, P., and Segal, C. (2001) The Coleambally
Agricultural Component of Hyperion Instrument Validation. Proceedings of
the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Sydney, July
2001.

Liang, S., Fang, H., Kaul, M., Van Niel, T.G., McVicar, T.R., Campbell,
S.K., Walthall, C., Daughtry, C. and Pearlman, J. (2001) Land Surface
Bio/Geophysical Variable Estimation for EO-1 Data and Validation.
Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Symposium, Sydney, July 2001.

## Kunoth

> Site P/Co-Investigator(s): Vanessa Chewings
>
> Site Name: Kunoth
>
> Type of measurement: Hyperion, ALI
>
> Dates of acquisitions : Dec, 2000 -- Oct 2001.
>
> Type of measurement: cover
>
> Measurement device: wheelpoint
>
> Dates of acquisitions : May 29, 2001
>
> Type of measurement: Airborne video transects. 4 transects at 0.2m
>
> pixel resolution1 transect at 0.5m, 2 transects at 1.0m, 2 transects
> at 1.7m.
>
> Measurement device: DMSV airborne video 450, 550, 650, 770nm
>
> Dates of acquisitions : May 9, 2001
>
> Type of measurement: Ground reflectance
>
> Measurement device: GER 3700.
>
> Dates of acquisition: October 11-16, 2000
>
> Latitude: -23° 33\'
>
> Longitude: 133° 34\'
>
> Elevation: 700m
>
> Surface type: semi-arid rangelands containing floodplain, open
> woodland, acacia shrubland.
>
> General atmospheric conditions: Clear
>
> Other satellite data: Multitemporal Landsat, SPOT PAN, JERS-1 prior to
> 2001.
>
> Comments:
>
> Contact email: [Vanessa.Chewings@csiro.au]{.underline}

Report by:

Vanessa Chewings, Gary Bastin and Janine Kinloch.

CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Centre for Arid Zone Research.\
P.O. Box 2111, Alice Springs, NT 0871, Australia.\
Tel: (08) 89 507127, Fax: (08) 89 507187, Email:
<Vanessa.Chewings@csiro.au>

### Introduction

The Kunoth arid zone application site is a complex area with high
spatial variability consisting predominantly of grassland, open
woodland, floodplain and Acacia shrubland (Photo 1). Our interest is in
the potential of hyperspectral remote sensing to improve our
understanding of ecosystem functioning in the rangelands and provide
insight into where remote sensing can provide useful surrogates for
monitoring components of biodiversity. Potential applications include
landscape function analysis, litter and nutrient cycling and vegetation
structure as an indicator of habitat quality.

A number of scenes from the Hyperion system and the ALI instrument on
board the EO-1 platform were acquired over the Kunoth site in central
Australia during the instrument test phase in 2001. There was an
abundance of pasture growth with relatively high cover present on much
of the area during this time. The passes covered periods when the
vegetation was actively growing as well as when the grass and herbage
layers were senescent.

### EO1 Data Processing

Two main approaches are being used to explore the potential for Hyperion
imagery to provide information that could be useful for biodiversity
surrogates. Techniques tested include indices based on the 'red-edge'
feature of photosynthetic vegetation (680nm to 760nm) and unmixing
techniques to produce abundance fractions of components of interest.

The Hyperion imagery acquired on February 26, 2001 and August 4, 2001
was processed by TRW to Level 1 (Feb) and Level 1_A (Aug). Several
pre-processing routines developed by CSIRO were applied including a
'de-streaking' routine. ACORN software was used by CSIRO colleagues to
correct the imagery for atmospheric effects and convert to apparent
surface reflectance. DMSV airborne data were acquired May 9, 2001. After
preprocessing, the DMSV imagery was classified into broad components of
soil, green vegetation, dry vegetation, litter and shadow to provide
ground truth information to assist in validating analyses of Hyperion
imagery.

Hyperion false colour imagery for the area analysed is shown in
Figure 1. The darkest areas are fairly dense mulga, the bright areas
scalded floodplain and the blue areas (August image) are grassland, with
some open woodland. The February image has more actively growing
vegetation shown in red, especially along the floodplain in the south
east corner of the image. The August image represents more typical
conditions as the ground layer or herbage is dry. At times such as this
the photosynthetic component will consist of mainly trees and shrubs.

The spectral response of main soil and vegetation features obtained from
the Hyperion instrument are shown in Figure 2. PVg refers to green grass
and shrubs with green canopies such as whitewood (*Atalaya hemiglauca*)
and PVm refers to shrubs with grey foliage such as mulga (*Acacia
aneura*). NPV includes standing dry grass and litter while NPVs refers
to sparse dry vegetation. The PV sample for the February image has much
higher reflectivity in the NIR region than the August sample. We have
found that vegetation indices based on red edge features such as narrow
band NDVI and the slope of the red edge at the inflection point are able
to separate broad groups of woody vegetation consistently.

Several approaches to spectral mixture analysis are being tested
including Linear Unmixing, Match Filter and Spectral Angle Mapper
procedures although as the intent of this research was to explore
techniques of deriving abundance for sub pixel components, we
concentrated on Linear Unmixing. Four areas were selected along the
aerial video transect for evaluation of the abundance fractions. These
were a floodplain site, an open woodland site, a grassland site with
predominantly NPV and a mulga shrubland site.

A number of the linear unmixing and matched filtering tests yielded
similar results and produced credible fraction images. An example of the
August imagery unmixed with the August image spectra in Figure 1 (b)
using 43 channels in the visible and near infrared range is shown in
Figure 3. The component images of Soil, PV and NPV reflect the structure
of the vegetation in the image very well although significant spatial
structure remained after unmixing, with the highest errors on the
floodplain. When values for each of the abundance images for four sites
were compared with the classified aerial video imagery the open
woodland, grassland and mulga shrubland sites showed reasonable
consistency. However there was some confusion with soil and NPV classes,
as the NPV image spectra used is a mixture of soil and NPV.

### Conclusions

Our experiences show that abundance images with meaningful spatial
structure can be easily produced from Hyperion imagery. However,
consistently accurate results appear to require a suite of unmixing
techniques that adequately cater for the inherent variability of arid
zone vegetation.

As the Hyperion images were processed to Level 1, Level 1A and Level 1B,
we are planning to apply recently developed CSIRO correction procedures
to six of the acquisitions in order to have a consistent product for
analyses. We will then be able to investigate the spectral properties of
the vegetation through a phenological cycle.

Although the results are preliminary, the work has provided a valuable
opportunity to evaluate data from an Earth-orbiting imaging spectrometer
satellite in a semi-arid environment.

### Other activities

We were pleased to be able to show several delegates following IGARSS
2001 in Sydney the Kunoth site. Visitors included Jay Pearlman (formerly
TRW) and Melba Crawford (Univ of Texas).

The ALI imagery acquired during the EO-1 passes provides a valuable
record of local conditions during 2001 after exceptionally good rainfall
over a larger area than covered by the Hyperion imagery. Material was
produced for the Alice Springs community using ALI imagery from February
2001 which showed actively growing areas of vegetation. Most of these
areas represent buffel grass, an introduced grass which has an impact on
the biodiversity of the area and which resulted in severe fires during
2001. The ALI images acquired throughout 2001 clearly show the extent of
some of these fires.

### Outcomes

Chewings, V.H., Bastin. G.N., Crawford, M. M. and Kinloch, J.E. (2002).
Characterisation of Vegetation Components in the Australian Arid Zone
using EO-1 Hyperion imagery. *Procs.11th Australasian Remote Sensing
Conference,* Brisbane, 634-646.

### Acknowledgements

This work was undertaken as part of a collaborative EO-1 science
validation program of CSIRO EOC and NASA. David Jupp (EOC) arranged the
acquisition of Hyperion imagery. Researchers from the University of
Texas provided technical advice.

\[Images on following pages\]

![](media/image12.png){width="3.0256944444444445in"
height="2.017361111111111in"}Photo 1. Kunoth Paddock, Central Australia.

![](media/image13.wmf){width="4.710416666666666in"
height="4.957638888888889in"}

![](media/image15.wmf){width="5.997916666666667in"
height="4.072222222222222in"}

## Moreton Bay

Site P/Co-Investigator(s): Vittorio Brando, Arnold Dekker

Site Name: Moreton Bay

Latitude: -27.1

Longitude: 153.133

Elevation: 0 m

Surface type: Coastal waters

General atmospheric conditions: cloud free on almost all the dates, on
the exact location

Other satellite data: landsat7 ETM, Modis

Comments:

Contact email: <vittorio.brando@csiro.au>

### Calibration and Validation Activities

During the SVT Southern Hemisphere campaign Moreton Bay Hyperion and ALI
imagery was acquired six times from December 2000 to July 2001. A
summer, autumn and winter image are cloud free for Deception Bay (12
January 2001, 2 April 2001, 7 July 2001).

During each Hyperion overpass a limited set of spectroradiometric
measurements and *in situ* sampling was carried out by the University of
Queensland in Deception Bay. Two extensive joint field campaigns were
carried out in February 2001 and June 2001 to parameterize a bio-optical
model for Moreton Bay for both optically deep and shallow waters. The
field campaign collected inherent and apparent optical properties as
well as concentrations of water constituents and substrate reflectances.

  -------------- ----------------------------------------------- ------------
  Dates of       Type of measurement:                            Device
  acquisitions                                                   

  **12 Jan**     Water leaving radiance, Downwelling Irradiance, ASD
                 water column profiles                           

  **1 Mar**      Water leaving radiance, Downwelling Irradiance, ASD
                 water column profiles                           

  **2 Apr**      Downwelling Irradiance                          ASD, Ramses

  **5 Jun**      \--                                             \--

  **21 Jun**     Water leaving radiance, Downwelling Irradiance, ASD,
                 water column profiles                           HydroRAD,
                                                                 RAMSES

  **7 Jul**      \--                                             \--
  -------------- ----------------------------------------------- ------------

### Atmospheric Correction Procedures

The dedicated a "coastal **W**aters and **O**cean **M**ODTRAN-4
**B**ased **AT**mospheric correction" ("c-WOMBAT-c") procedure was
developed in this work to perform atmospheric and air water interface
corrections to a high degree of accuracy. The "c-WOMBAT-c" procedure was
implemented in IDL/ENVI^®^ and includes an air/water interface following
De Haan et al., \[7, 8\]. The procedure consists of: i) a three step
atmospheric inversion from at-sensor-radiance to apparent reflectance
\[8, 9\] and ii) a two step inversion of the air-water interface from
apparent reflectance to subsurface irradiance reflectance \[7\].
"c-WOMBAT-c" applies a full MODTRAN-4 atmosphere parameterization and
characterization to run the inversion. Adjacency effects in the imagery
were corrected for using a spatially averaged radiance image generated
by convolving the radiance imagery with a one square kilometre spatial
weighting function \[7, 9\].

The atmospheric parameterization for the 12^th^ January 2001 image was
based on: radio-sonde data to estimate the water column contents and the
actual and 24 hour average wind speed; and TOMS data for estimating
ozone content. The atmospheric correction was validated by comparing the
R(0) extracted from the 12^th^ January Hyperion imagery to the R(0)
measured *in situ* at the time of the overpass (see Fig. 1).

![](media/image16.wmf){width="3.3854166666666665in"
height="2.1104166666666666in"}

Fig. 1. Validation of atmospheric correction. Comparison of the R(0)
extracted from Hyperion imagery with the R(0) measured *in situ* at the
time of the overpass.

### Methods for Quantitative products retrieval

Using inherent and apparent optical properties as input to an analytical
optical model, it was possible to simulate the effect on R(0) of any
range of water quality variable concentrations, such as colored
dissolved organic matter, chlorophyll and suspended matter present at
the time of a Hyperion overpass (provided the specific inherent optical
properties do not vary significantly). By inverting this analytical
model it becomes possible to determine the capacity of Hyperion to
estimate concentrations of water quality variables with a known degree
of precision and accuracy. The precision and accuracy of these estimates
are a function of the sensitivity of Hyperion, of the preprocessing and
of the (inversion of the) analytical model

### Quantitative products

The matrix inversion method was applied successfully for the first time
to satellite hyperspectral imagery. Since the MIM encompasses the
simultaneous retrieval of all constituent concentrations it
automatically accounts for the complex interaction of the constituents
with light in water.

Fig. 2 shows the products retrieved inverting the (5x5 low pass)
filtered R(0) Hyperion imagery of Deception Bay of January 12^th^ 2001.
The pseudo true color image (Fig. 2a), shows a resuspension eddy in the
center of the bay due to the anticlockwise circulation pattern of the
"rising' tide. The water quality of the Deception Bay is determined by
interaction of the open ocean waters flushing the bay (from the top
right corner) with the turbid and humic Caboulture River input (off the
south-west corner of the Hyperion image, but clearly visible in the
Landsat 7 TM image acquired within 1 minute from Hyperion) in the lower
left corner.

The chlorophyll map (Fig. 2b) shows four areas almost uniform in values
while the CDOM and Tripton images (Fig. 2 c&d) show high concentration
likely to be caused by sediment re-suspension due to the tidal eddy in
the central part of the bay. The tripton image reaches the maximum
concentration values in the lower left corner where a sediment
resuspension due to the tidal pattern is visible in the pseudo true
color image (Fig. 2a).

### Conclusion

Hyperion imagery, after preprocessing and noise reduction strategies,
can be used to map optical water quality concentrations of colored
dissolved organic matter, chlorophyll and total suspended matter (as
tripton) simultaneously in the complex waters of estuarine and coastal
systems.

![](media/image17.jpeg){width="6.147222222222222in"
height="4.000694444444444in"}

Fig. 2. a) 5x5 low pass filtered subsurface irradiance reflectance
Hyperion imagery of Deception Bay January 12^th^ 2001and the MIM
retrieved concentrations for b) CHL, c) CDOM, d) TR. The dashed red line
delimits the cloud free and optically deep water region.

###  Papers and presentations

#### Journal Papers

V.E. Brando and A.G. Dekker, "Satellite hyperspectral remote sensing for
estimating estuarine and coastal water quality," *IEEE - Transactions on
Geoscience and Remote Sensing*, 2002 (accepted, Manuscript No.
TGRS-00244-2002)*.*

A.G. Dekker, V.E. Brando, N. Pinnel, A. Held, "HYPERION: the first
imaging spectrometer from space: also suitable for inland and coastal
water observations," *Backscatter magazine
(http://www.waterobserver.org/backscatter/issue-02-winter.html),* 2002.

#### Conference Proceedings

A.G. Dekker, V.E. Brando, J. Anstee, N. Pinnel, A. Held, "Preliminary
Assessment of the performance of Hyperion in Coastal waters. Cal/Val
activities in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia," *Proceedings of
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS'01)*,
Sydney, Australia, 2001.

V.E. Brando, A.G. Dekker, and J.M. Anstee, "Estuarine Hyperspectral
Remote Sensing from Space: Case Study Moreton Bay," *Proceedings of the
11^th^ Australasian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference*,
Brisbane, Australia, 2002.

####  CSIRO EOC Annual Science Meetings

A.G. Dekker, V.E. Brando, J. Anstee, N. Pinnel, A. Held, "Preliminary
assessment of the performance of Hyperion in coastal waters. Cal/Val
activities in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia," C*SIRO EOC Annual
Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2001.

V.E. Brando, A.G. Dekker, J.M. Anstee. "Satellite hyperspectral remote
sensing for estimating estuarine and coastal water quality," C*SIRO EOC
Annual Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2002"

#### SVT Meetings 

A. G. Dekker, V. E. Brando, J. Anstee, N. Pinnel, A. Held, "Preliminary
assessment of the performance of Hyperion in coastal waters. Cal/ Val
activities in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia," *EO-1 SVT Meeting*,
Tuscon, May 2001.

V. E. Brando, A. G. Dekker, J. Anstee, N. Pinnel, A. Held. "Preliminary
multitemporal assessment of the performance of Hyperion in coastal
waters. Cal/ Val activities in Moreton, Bay, Queensland, Australia,"
*EO-1 SVT Meeting*, Buenos Aires, 6-8 November, 2001.[\
]{.underline}

V.E. Brando, A.G. Dekker, J.M. Anstee. "Satellite hyperspectral remote
sensing for estimating estuarine and coastal water quality. Results of
the Australian Science Validation Team for assessing Hyperion for
coastal remote sensing," *EO-1 SVT Meeting*, Hilo, Hawaii, November,
2002

Cape Tribulation -- Coral Reefs

Site P/Co-Investigator(s): Tiit Kutser, David Jupp, AIMS scientists

Site Name: Cape Tribulation

General location: North Queensland, Australia

Type of measurement: Reef substrate reflectance (under water and above
the water surface), inherent optical water properties

Measurement device: HydroRad-2, Hydroscat-6, GER

Dates of acquisition: March 19, Sept. 11

Latitude: -16.11

Longitude: 145.441

Elevation:

Surface type: Coral reef

General atmospheric conditions:

Other satellite data:

Comments: The fieldwork will be carried out between 09.09.01 and
13.09.01

Contact email: <David.Jupp@csiro.au>

\[Report still to be received\]

## Cape Tribulation -- Tropical Forests & Agriculture

Site P/Co-Investigator(s): Alex Held

Site Name: Cape Tribulation

Type of measurement: Ground Reflectance, Spectral Irradiance

Measurement device: ASD FR (400 - 2500nm)

Dates of acquisition: Sept. 11

Latitude: S 16 deg. 06\'

Longitude: E 145 deg. 26.5\'

Elevation: \~20 m

Surface type: Lowland Rainforest, coral reef and tropical agriculture
(sugarcane)along 180 km strip

General atmospheric conditions: Partly Cloudy?

Other satellite data: ASTER, LTM7, Modis

Comments: Hymap, casi data available, local meteorological data and
access to rainforest canopy via canopy crane. Sugarcane foliar chemistry
and reflectance data available.

Contact email: <Alex.Held@csiro.au>

\[Report not received yet\]

## Mt Fitton

Site P/Co-Investigator(s): Tom Cudahy, Pamela Barry

Site Name: Mt Fitton

Type of measurement:

Dates of acquisition:

Latitude:

Longitude:

Elevation:

Surface type:

General atmospheric conditions:

Other satellite data:

Comments:

Contact email: <Thomas.Cudahy@csiro.au>

\[Report still to be received\]

## Panorama

Site P/Co-Investigator(s): Tom Cudahy, Cindy Ong

Site Name: Panorama

Type of measurement:

Dates of acquisition:

Latitude:

Longitude:

Elevation:

Surface type:

General atmospheric conditions:

Other satellite data:

Comments:

Contact email: <Thomas.Cudahy@csiro.au>

\[Report still to be received\]

# CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION SITES AND FINDINGS

## Introduction

Three of the sites (Lake Frome, Uardry and Lake Argyle) were designated
as Calibration and Validation sites. At these sites the emphasis was on
uniform land covers and associated instrumentation and field campaigns.

Lake Frome is a large salt lake (playa) in the north of South Australia.
It has ahigh visible region reflectance (about 70% when dry) with little
fall-off in the blue end of the signature. It is ideal for VNIR
instruments. It was found that as the year of intensive effort (2001)
was a wet year, the lake surface had too much associated moisture for
the SWIR region to provide effective calibration for an instrument with
low SNR like Hyperion. However, Lake Frome provided a very important
support function for TRW in the early phase of the Check-out which
occurred in the northern hemisphere winter.

Uardry (near Hay in NSW) is a prairie site that has been used for AVHRR
and MODIS calibration and validation as well as surface radiation
balance studies. It is located at 1424'S and 14518'E. It is maintained
by Fred Prata and Bob Cechet of CSIRO. Data available there as well as
EO1 was from DATM and HYMAP scanners, various satellites (eg AATSR,
MODIS, ASTER), Tower based SRB and meteorological data and site BRDF
measurements. The site was also used in the early check-out period to
refine the initial TRW calibrations.

Lake Argyle is an extensive man-made lake in norther Australia. It was
planned to provide a dark target that would be used in the winter period
in Australia. There is an Aeronet CIMEL (maintained by CSIRO) located
there and a field campaign was carried out. Studies of the darker end of
the calibration for Hyperion have been carried out but reporting has not
yet been finalised.

## Lake Frome

Site P/Co-Investigator(s): Dean Graetz, Susan Campbell, Edward King,
Jenny Lovell, David Jupp

Site Name: Lake Frome

Type of measurement:

Measurement devices:

Dates of acquisition:

Latitude:

Longitude:

Elevation:

Surface type:

General atmospheric conditions:.

Other satellite data:

Comments:

Contact email: <Susan.Campbell@csiro.au>

### Introduction

A ground truth campaign was carried out by CSIRO between December 17 and
20, 2000 at Lake Frome (see Figure 1) in coordination with a Hyperion
mission on December 20. The day was not ideal so images were collected
on January 5 and 21, 2001 to use in its place. Lake Frome is an ideal
site as the Hyperion ground track aligns with a well-established and
persistent salt track. Landsat 7 and Advance Landsat Imager (ALI) data
collection also occurred.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image18.jpeg){width="4.377083333333333in"
  height="3.282638888888889in"}

  Figure 1: Field work at Lake Frome
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Vicarious calibration provides a unique opportunity to investigate the
characteristics of the instrument from a direction that is user
oriented. The process involves extensive ground truth and coordination
with spacecraft mission operations to coordinate the time of data
collection of the spacecraft with the ground truth measurements. The
result is a direct comparison of the top of atmosphere (TOA)
measurements made by the instrument with the top of atmosphere
predication based on the independently measured ground spectral
reflectance measurements and propagation through a predicted atmosphere.

Using a simple but convenient model available to the group, at sensor
radiances from the Lake Frome sites at the time of the overpass were
estimated by the CSIRO team for January 5^th^ . Further discussion of
the Lake Frome site, the accuracy of geo-locating the instrument image
with the physical site where the measurements were made and the
uniformity of the site over a region comparable to the ground sample
distance of the instrument during the campaign can be found in the paper
by Campbell *et al*. (IGARSS'01).

This report reviews the ground truth campaign and presents the results
of the on-orbit agreement in the predicted and measured top of the
atmosphere radiances with reference to a cross-comparison with the solar
calibration results. These studies were carried out soon after EO-1
launch and provided valuable support to the instrument check-out and
validation prior to the release of data in early 2001.

### Lake frome ground truth data collection

Lake Frome is located in the north east of South Australia (Figure 2a)
and is a large, normally dry salt lake (playa). The centre of the playa
is approximately at Latitude: 30^o^51'S and Longitude: 139^o^45'E. The
Lake is very bright when dry with visible region reflectance being over
70%. However, moisture decreases the SWIR reflectance very
significantly. Fig. 2b is an image of the Hyperion pass over the Lake
Frome area showing the field sites. Notice that the sites fall on a path
along the centre region of the Hyperion swath. The data collected as
part of the Lake Frome vicarious calibration effort include spectral,
navigation, and atmospheric data.

+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| ![](media/image19                  | ![](media/image20.png)          |
| .jpeg){width="2.759027777777778in" |                                 |
| height="2.876388888888889in"}      |                                 |
|                                    |                                 |
| Figure 2a: Location of Lake Frome  |                                 |
| in Northern South Australia        |                                 |
+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
|                                    | Fig. 2b Lake Frome image taken  |
|                                    | by Hyperion on the January 5,   |
|                                    | 2001 overpass.                  |
+------------------------------------+---------------------------------+

#### Reflectance Measurements

Spectral reflectance measurements were made with an ASD Field Spec
imaging spectrometer for a range of ground sites. The measurements were
made over specified ground blocks to account for spatial variation and
the mean signatures were established. The measurements were referenced
to a standard Spectralon panel. A list of some of the sites that were
measured is in Table 1; sites 018, 020, 022 and 024 were used for the
comparison with Hyperion measurements.

TABLE 1:SITES CHARACTERIZED FOR COMPARISON WITH HYPERION

  --------------- ------------------------------- ----------- ------------
  Name            Date                            Latitude    Longitude

  018             Uniform Salt                    -30.80      139.68

  020             Uniform Salt                    -30.83      139.67

  022             Mixed Salt and Mottle           -30.87      139.66

  024             Uniform Salt                    -30.90      139.65

  008             Salt Graded to Ooze                         

  Island          Soil Areas                                  
  --------------- ------------------------------- ----------- ------------

The sites were sampled in a central cluster of points and along local
transects of about 100m to characterise the spatial variance and produce
a mean site signature at the scale of Hyperion. Salt and mud samples
were also collected for laboratory characterisation.

Fig.3 shows mean reflectance spectra for the field sites. These spectra
have been linearly interpolated over the main water absorption bands as
the ASD spectra are very noisy in these regions. The form of the
spectrum is very similar at all the salt sites. Variation is mostly
related to the thickness of the salt crust (a thin crust allows the
underlying mud to influence the spectrum) and the amount of liquid water
present in the salt matrix. However, the full extent of the spatial
variation and its components is being studied using a range of data
available for Lake Frome including Hyperion, Hymap airborne
hyperspectral data and Landsat ETM data.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image21.jpeg){width="3.4097222222222223in"
  height="2.5631944444444446in"}

  Fig 3. ASD Spectra recorded at field sites shown in Fig.2. Spectra have
  been linearly interpolated over regions of strong atmospheric water
  vapour absorption
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

Meteorological data were collected during the mission using a portable
weather station and a Yankee Environmental Systems multi-frequency
shadow-band radiometer (MFR) operating at the lakeshore. Data were also
acquired from Bureau of Meteorology radiosondes launched from Woomera
(250 km west of Lake Frome) and a CIMEL sun photometer located at
another CSIRO field site 150 km to the north of the lake.

#### Navigation Measurements

The utility of the field measurements is crucially dependent on their
accurate location (and re-location) on the Lake and in the image data.
The GPS readings provided a very accurate base of geo-located data and
so it was necessary to establish accurate image geolocation. A set of
ground control points (GCPs) was identified in the image of Hyperion
Band 22 (568 nm) and an accurately geo-rectified Landsat ETM image
(acquired on January 21, 2001). Analysis of the data fits based on
predictive error showed that a bi-linear transformation was best. This
allows for x, y shifts, separate changes of scale in x and y, skew and
rotation plus an xy interaction term. The statistical significance of
the x-y interaction term shows there is a projective geometry in the
Hyperion image on the surface. This is likely to be even more
significant in other cases since Lake Frome is imaged at near nadir
view. The main characteristics of the geometry can be summarised in
Table 2.

TABLE 2 Hyperion Geometric Characteristics

  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------
  Pixel-X                            30.646 m

  Pixel-Y                            30.528 m

  Rotation                           -12.38

  Skew                               0.006
  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------

EO-1 has a specific yaw to compensate for the Earth rotation skew. It
seems to be very effective. The pixel shape is also very close to
square. The predictive error for the VNIR sensor was 15 metres in x and
20 metres in y. This close registration and the uniformity of much of
the Lake Frome site means we can identify the spectra of pixels relating
to the ground sites with considerable confidence.

The GCPs were also identified in band 94 of the Hyperion image (1084 nm)
to test the alignment of the two spectrometers. The data were again
well-fitted by a bi-linear transformation. An offset of approximately
one pixel in x and a fraction of a pixel in y was noted between the VNIR
and SWIR sensors. The magnitude of the offset varied between about 1.0
and 1.2 pixels across the 256 element array. This seems to be due to
slight misalignment in the two arrays and may be significant in areas
with highly spatially variable spectra.

#### Atmospheric Models 

Two sources of measured atmospheric data were available. One was CIMEL
data taken at Tinga Tingana (a site established in 1998 in central
Australia to study aerosols) that was used to provide estimates of
aerosol optical depths and water vapor. The Woomera meteorological
station is about equal distance from Tinga Tingana and provides daily
radiosondes. These were used to obtain lapse rates for the pressure,
temperature and water vapor profiles. These measurements were combined
with historical atmospheric knowledge of the region. A simple radiative
transfer model was used for the initial investigation since the
necessary outputs were easy to obtain and it could be optimized to the
field data.

#### Top of the atmosphere radiance comparison

As the mission started, CSIRO worked to provide feedback on the Hyperion
calibration. Using the atmospheric model, Lake Frome data and Level 1
but uncalibrated data we obtained the following initial estimate (Figure
4) of the calibration which was then compared with the current curve by
TRW:

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image22.png){width="2.9479166666666665in"
  height="2.3958333333333335in"}

  Figure 4: Initial early comparison of calibrations using Lake Frome
  data
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------

This graph is largely historical as TRW and CSIRO proceeded to make
considerable efforts to refine the study and look at reasons for the
residual discrepancies. However, the basic result was that Hyperion was
working within a close range of good calibration post-launch.

In subsequent analysis, Site 20 showed the best overall agreement
between the TOA radiances calculated from ground truth and the Hyperion
measurements. Fig. 5a shows the spectral radiance curves. The agreement
is quite good in the visible and near IR.

  ---------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------
  ![](media/image23.png){width="2.754166666666667in"   ![](media/image24.png){width="2.78125in"
  height="2.175in"}                                    height="2.25in"}

  Fig.5a. Spectral radiance comparisons over the VNIR  Fig 5b. VNIR spectral radiance comparison
  and SWIR spectral response region of Hyperion        from Fig. 2
  ---------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------

As shown in the expanded wavelength scale in Fig. 5b, the mean
difference is less than 1.5 % 0.5 % from 450 to 900 nm. The CSIRO TOA
radiances are 16 % higher than that measured by Hyperion in the SWIR for
site 020. The largest differences occur at 715, 760 and 810 nm and may
be related to atmospheric correction effects at the spectral features
shown in Fig. 3. Otherwise, the general difference ratio ranges from 2
to 10 % throughout the spectral region.

In the SWIR, sites 018, 020, and 024 indicate that the TOA model
predictions are generally 10 to 25 % higher while site 022 data are
lower as shown in Fig. 5. The gaps are where water absorption bands
affect the data. Corrections for BRDF effects based on view angle and
the Standard Spectralon panel SWIR performance would improve the
validity of these comparisons.

### Conclusions

The Lake Frome field campaign was the first time the lake had been
visited for a ground based spectral measurement effort. Given the nature
of the environment it was highly successful. It is planned to re-visit
the site and undertake more intensive measurements and also extend the
range of target sites for future EO-1 data collection. The site provides
an excellent base with which to cross-compare Landsat ETM, ALI and
Hyperion and compare their performance with that of other polar orbiting
satellites of varying resolution and scale, such as AVHRR, ATSR2 and
SPOT VGT.

While some site spectra provided a very accurate match with the Hyperion
data, at others there were variations between the Hyperion data and site
measurements that may have a range of causes. Among these is the surface
BRDF which it was intended that we measure but is still not completely
determined. The Hymap data will provide insight into this factor. Visual
assessment indicates the BRDF of the lake is likely to be stable and
able to be characterised.

The combination of field and laboratory measurements allowed TRW to
confirm very quickly as the mission started that their calibrations were
generally within about 5-10% in the VNIR and perhaps similar in the
SWIR. The dark reflectance in the SWIR prevented precise conclusions.
The ground reflectance measurements and atmospheric correction leading
to TOA radiances were consistent with the Hyperion solar calibration
where the sun is viewed by reflectance from a diffusely painted panel.
The SWIR agreement is not as good as the direct Hyperion comparison with
the absolute solar irradiance.

On the basis of this, TRW worked with the solar calibration to improve
uniformity and absolute corrections so that the Level 1 products have
been of high quality since the data were first delivered to members of
the SVT. In the first year of the campaign, results from a range of
sites were used and a major correction to the overall calibration made
late in 2001. However, this can be seen as a refinement bringing
Hyperion into alignment with standard choices of solar constant, with
Landsat and ALI and provided an excellent product by the time the
extended mission commenced.

### References

S. Campbell, J. Lovell, D.L.B. Jupp, R.D. Graetz, P. Clancy, P. Jarecke,
J. Pearlman (2001). The Lake Frome Field Campaign in support of Hyperion
Instrument calibration and validation, *IGARSS Special Session 40*,
SS40MO, paper 1675.

Graetz, R.D., Campbell, S., Lovell, J., King, E. & Byrne, G. (in
preparation). Lake Frome, Australia: A site for vicarious calibration of
broadband and narrow band sensors.

Barry, P.S., Jarecke, P., Pearlman, J, Jupp, D, Lovell, J, Campbell, S.
(2001). Use of Lake Frome Ground Truth Campaign as a Cross-Calibration
of the Hyperion Instrument. IGARSS'01 Special Session 40, paper 1780.

## Uardry

Site P/Co-Investigator(s): Fred Prata

Site Name: Uardry

Type of measurement:

Measurement devices:

Dates of acquisition:

Latitude:

Longitude:

Elevation:

Surface type:

General atmospheric conditions:.

Other satellite data:

Comments:

Contact email: <Fred.Prata@csiro.au>

## Lake Argyle

Site P/Co-Investigator(s): Edward King, Susan Campbell, Jenny Lovell,
Dean Graetz

Site Name: Lake Argyle

Type of measurement:

Measurement devices:

Dates of acquisition:

Latitude:

Longitude:

Elevation:

Surface type:

General atmospheric conditions:.

Other satellite data:

Comments:

Contact email: <Edward.King@csiro.au>

# MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO MISSION AND SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

## ACRES data downlink, data management & outreach activities

### EO 1 Mission Support

ACRES is recording EO-1 science data broadcast from the EO-1 on-board
recorder on a daily basis at the TERSS satellite reception facility in
Hobart Tasmania. This service commenced in January 2001. Approximately
600 passes of data had been recorded at the end of January 2003. The
science data are sent to NASA on a daily basis for archiving and product
generation.

### EO 1 Image data sales.

Geoscience Australia has offered an EO-1 image product information and
ordering service for most of the EO-1 mission life. This service
includes offering advice on EO-1 instrument characteristics and product
specifications and formats.

Data sales for: -

FY 2001-2002 are AUD\$ ?

FY 2002-2003 are AUD\$ ?

### EO 1 Image Data Applications Workshop. 15 March 2002

ACRES/Geoscience Australia co hosted with CSIRO a one-day workshop on
the applications of Hyperion data. There were presentations from CSIRO
scientists on a range of applications. The workshop was a good forum to
promote the value and benefits of EO-1 data to value adding remote
sensing private companies.

## HYMAP airborne Hyperspectral data base

# CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

## The Completed SVT Mission

Australian scientists have participated energetically in the EO-1
mission with its focus on new technology evaluation and
inter-comparisons. The diverse sites across the continent and a solid
program of field and airborne supporting data collection have led to a
wide range of outcomes for Calibration & Validation studies, base data
processing (including atmospheric correction) and the capability of the
sensors on-board to meet the needs for a range of applications.

In addition, EO-1 has been tested against a range of applications for
spectral data and found to be already a highly valuable tool for
applications from the space environment. These have been described in
the site reports of this document. Each site has a specific area of
application to demonstrate and all have had significant success to their
aims. To be effective in applications the data need, however, to be
processed beyond Level 1B and the experience of the SVT and the
Australian contributions has provided a processing framework on which
such operational applications may be built.

## The Extended Mission

Australia has also responded enthusiastically to the NASA/USGS extended
mission. We have promoted and collected a significant bulk data purchase
to ensure that EO-1 data reach as many new researchers and applied users
of remote sensing as possible. The Australian Centre for Remote Sensing
(ACRES) has worked closely with USGS and continued data acquisition when
required. We have started education and outreach workshops to enable
people to get to know and gain experience of both ALI and Hyperion data
in their applications.

This approach recognises that for these data to impact fully on
applications and become accepted beyond their use in technology
evaluation we need applications results and greatly increased data
access for the wider community of researchers, information suppliers and
end users. The SVT has shown ALI and Hyperion to be data sets of
sufficiently high quality. Now they should be put to work.

## Beyond Technology Evaluation

From the proving of science point of view, there is still a gap between
the demonstrated quality of the data and its base processing and its
further use in applications. This gap needs energetic research and
development activity to be filled.

We believe that it is possible to develop key activities on the base of
the contributions of all of the scientists of the SVT to date and the
outcomes of the SVT meetings and publications. These include the
evaluation of time series products from the data and establishing
environmental limits on applications products in others. For example in
Australia:

-   Continuation of the temperate Coleambally agricultural test site as
    a time series study for crop health evaluation and support for
    precision agriculture;

-   Development of a complementary tropical site for time series data
    with agricultural, coastal and forest applications;

-   Evaluation of mineral mapping tools in more complex and diverse
    environments;

-   Proving of initial results on forest health and productivity
    monitoring and mapping;

-   Evaluating coastal study sites in eutrophic waters;

-   Assessing coral reef health and recovery from bleaching.

Due to the efforts of the SVT we can move beyond base data processing
and help provide applications that build a demand for EO-1 and the
coming hyperspectral and advanced multi-spectral sensor data. The need
for this activity to be based on EO-1 is crucial as Hyperion is the only
spaceborne hyperspectral instrument and will remain so for some time.

## Collaboration

To achieve this the Australian scientists wish to build on the increased
US/Australian collaboration that has developed during the SVT phase and
to continue to develop the international network it has initiated. This
specifically includes the potential to develop a collaborative southern
hemisphere activity.

There have been important collaborations in calibration & validation,
agricultural applications, forest health, mineral exploration and
rangelands studies. The use of Australian sites as complementary
southern hemisphere study areas will be just as important -- if not more
important -- in the applications phase as it was in the technology
evaluation phase.

We welcome the potential for NASA to build on its investment in EO-1 and
in the SVT as a major resource to bring the data into operational use in
applications and prepare the way for the sensors that the technology
experiments will bring about. We look forward to the opportunity of
being part of that activity.

# EO1 AND RELATED PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS

This section provides a complete listing of papers and presentations by
the Australian EO-1 Co-Investigators arising from their work. Some of
these are also listed in the individual site reports in Section 3.0.

## Journal Papers

Coops, N.C., Dury, S., Smith, M.L., Martin,. M, Ollinger, S. (2002)
Comparison of Green Leaf Eucalypt Spectra using Spectral Decomposition.
*Australian Journal of Botany.* 50: 567 -- 576.

Coops, N.C., Smith, M.L., Jacobson, K. Martin,. M, Ollinger, S. (2002)
Estimation of Leaf Area Index using Three techniques in a Mature Native
Eucalypt Canopy. *Ausral Ecology. (in review).*

Coops, N.C., Smith, M.L., Martin, M.M, Ollinger, S. (2002) Prediction of
Eucalypt Foliage Nitrogen Content from Satellite Derived Hyperspectral
Data*. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (accepted
paper).*

V.E. Brando and A.G. Dekker, "Satellite hyperspectral remote sensing for
estimating estuarine and coastal water quality," *IEEE - Transactions on
Geoscience and Remote Sensing*, 2002 (accepted for publication)*.*

A.G. Dekker, V.E. Brando, N. Pinnel, A. Held, "HYPERION: the first
imaging spectrometer from space: also suitable for inland and coastal
water observations," *Backscatter magazine
(<http://www.waterobserver.org/backscatter/issue-02-winter.html>),*
2002.

B. Datt, T.R. McVicar, T.G. Van Niel, D.L.B. Jupp, J.S. Pearlman,
"Pre-processing EO-1 Hyperion Hyperspectral Data to Support the
Application of Agricultural Indices," *IEEE - Transactions on Geoscience
and Remote Sensing,* 2002 (accepted for publication)*.*

## Conference Proceedings

### IGARSS 2001, Sydney, Australia

T. Cudahy, R. Hewson, J. Huntington, M. Quigley, P. Barry, "The
Performance of the Satellite-borne Hyperion Hyperspectral VNIR-SWIR
Imaging System for Mineral Mapping at Mount Fitton, South Australia,"
*Proceedings of International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
(IGARSS'01)*, Sydney, Australia, 2001.

T.G. Van Niel, T. McVicar, S. Campbell, S. Liang, M. Kaul, J. Pearlman,
Clancy, C. Segal, "The Coleambally Agricultural Component of Hyperion
Instrument Validation," *Proceedings of International Geoscience and
Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS'01)*, Sydney, Australia, 2001.

S. Campbell, J. Lovell, D.L.B. Jupp, D. Graetz, P. Barry, P. Jarecke, J.
Pearlman, "The Lake Frome Field Campaign in Support of Hyperion
Instrument Calibration and Validation," *Proceedings of International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS'01)*, Sydney, Australia,
2001.

N. Coops, M. Smith, M. Martin, S. Ollinger, A. Held, S. Dury, "Assessing
the performance of Hyperion in Relation to Eucalypt Biochemistry:
Preliminary Project Design and Specifications," *Proceedings of
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS'01)*,
Sydney, Australia, 2001.

A.G. Dekker, V.E. Brando, J. Anstee, N. Pinnel, A. Held, "Preliminary
Assessment of the performance of Hyperion in Coastal waters. Cal/Val
activities in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia," *Proceedings of
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS'01)*,
Sydney, Australia, 2001.

### IGARSS 2002, Toronto, Canada

J. Pearlman, T. McVicar, T. Van Niel, D. Jupp, B. Datt, et al, "Using a
Time Series of EO-1 Data for the Coleambally Irrigation Area, Australia,
To Assess The Value of Co-registration, Atmospheric Correction and
Multispectral Data for Agricultural Applications," *Proceedings of
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS'02)*,
Toronto, Canada, 2002.

T.J. Cudahy, P.S. Barry, et al, "Early Earth Magmatic-Seawater
Hydrothermal Alteration Revealed through Processed Satellite-Borne
Hyperion Imagery," *Proceedings of International Geoscience and Remote
Sensing Symposium (IGARSS'02)*, Toronto, Canada, 2002.

N. Coops, M. Smith, M. Martin, S. Ollinger, A. Held, "Predicting
Eucalypt Biochemistry From Hyperion and Hymap Imagery," *Proceedings of
International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS'02)*,
Toronto, Canada, 2002.

### 11^th^ ARSPC, Brisbane, Australia

V.E. Brando, A.G. Dekker, and J.M. Anstee, "Estuarine Hyperspectral
Remote Sensing from Space: Case Study Moreton Bay," *Proceedings of the
11^th^ Australasian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference*,
Brisbane, Australia, 2002.

B. Datt, D.L.B. Jupp, T. R. McVicar, T.G. Van Niel, J. Lovell, S.
Campbell, "Spectral Feature Analysis of Crop, Soil and Stubble Using
Hyperion and Hymap Data," *Proceedings of the 11^th^ Australasian Remote
Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference*, Brisbane, Australia, 2002.

V. H. Chewings, G. N. Bastin, M. M. Crawford, and J. E. Kinloch,
"Characterisation of Vegetation Components in the Australian Arid Zone
Using EO-1 Hyperion Imagery," *Proceedings of the 11^th^ Australasian
Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference*, Brisbane, Australia,
2002.

A. Held, K. Powell, A. Gonzalez, S. R. Phinn, C. H. Menges, "Application
of Imaging Spectroscopy to Crop Monitoring and Precision Agriculture,"
*Proceedings of the 11^th^ Australasian Remote Sensing and
Photogrammetry Conference*, Brisbane, Australia, 2002.

### SPIE Conference, Hangzhou, China

> D.L.B. Jupp, B. Datt, T. R. McVicar, T. G. Van Niel, J. S. Pearlman,
> J. Lovell, and E. A. King, "Improving the Analysis of Hyperion Red
> Edge Index from an Agricultural area," *Proceedings of the SPIE
> Conference*, Hangzhou, China, October 2002.

## Technical Reports/Workshop Documents

T. R. McVicar, T. G. Van Niel, and D. L. B. Jupp, "Geometric Validation
of Hyperion Data acquired by Earth Observing 1 Satellite at Coleambally
Irrigation Area," CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report 46/01, 2001.

D.L.B. Jupp *et. al*., "Discussions around Hyperion Data: Background
Notes for the Hyperion Data Users Workshop," CSIRO Earth Observation
Centre, 2002.

B. Datt, and D.L.B Jupp, "Hyperion Data Processing Workshop: Hands-on
Processing Instructions," CSIRO Earth Observation Centre, 2002.

## Presentations at Meetings/Workshops

### CSIRO EOC Annual Science Meeting, 2002

B. Datt, D.L.B. Jupp, "The Hyperspectral task report," C*SIRO EOC Annual
Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2002.

N. Coops, M. Smith, M. Martin, S. Ollinger, A. Held, "Predicting
Eucalypt Biochemistry From Hyperion and Hymap Imagery," C*SIRO EOC
Annual Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2002.

T. McVicar, T. Van Niel, D.L.B. Jupp, B. Datt, J. Pearlman, "Coleambally
Irrigation Area (CIA) and EO-1: A Time Series Agricultural and Cal-Val
Site," C*SIRO EOC Annual Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2002.

V.E. Brando, A. Dekker, *et al,* "Satellite hyperspectral remote sensing
for estimating estuarine and coastal water quality," C*SIRO EOC Annual
Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2002.

V.H. Chewings, G.N. Bastin, J.E. Kinloch, M.M. Crawford,
"Characterisation of Vegetation Components in the Australian Arid Zone
Using EO-1 Hyperion Imagery," C*SIRO EOC Annual Science Meeting*,
Canberra, 2002.

T.J Cudahy, P. Barry, A.P. Rodger, P. Mason, M. Quigley, M. Folkman, J.
Pearlman, "Assessment of the stability of the Hyperion SWIR module for
hyperspectral mineral mapping using multi-date images from Mount Fitton,
Australia," C*SIRO EOC Annual Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2002.

T.J. Cudahy, et al, "Hyperion Mineral Mapping Results: Panorama," C*SIRO
EOC Annual Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2002.

### CSIRO EOC Annual Science Meeting, 2001

S. Campbell, G. Byrne, D.L.B. Jupp, E.A. King, J. Lovell, R.D. Graetz ,
P.S. Barry, P. Jarecke, J. Pearlman "The Lake Frome field campaign in
support of Hyperion instrument calibration & Validation," C*SIRO EOC
Annual Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2001.

T. McVicar, T. Van Niel, "The Coleambally Agricultural Component of
Hyperion Instrument Validation," C*SIRO EOC Annual Science Meeting*,
Canberra, 2001.

F. Prata, G. Rutter, D.L.B. Jupp, "Cal/Val Activities at the CIGSN
Uardry Field Site, NSW, Australia in Support of the EO-1 Mission,"
C*SIRO EOC Annual Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2001.

T.J Cudahy, R. Hewson, J.F. Huntington, M.A. Quigley, P.S. Barry, "The
Performance of the Satellite borne Hyperion Hyperspectral VNIR-SWIR
Imaging System for Mineral Mapping at Mount Fitton, South Australia,"
C*SIRO EOC Annual Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2001.

A.G. Dekker, V.E. Brando, J. Anstee, N. Pinnel, A. Held, "Preliminary
assessment of the performance of Hyperion in coastal waters. Cal/Val
activities in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia," C*SIRO EOC Annual
Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2001.

N. Coops, A. Held, "EO-1 SVT Site: Tumbarumba, Australia," C*SIRO EOC
Annual Science Meeting*, Canberra, 2001.

### First SVT Meeting, NASA Goddard, February 2001

D.L.B. Jupp et al., "Evaluation & Hyperion Performance at Australian
Calibration & Validation Sites", Goddard, February 2001.

### SVT Meeting, Tuscon, May 2001

D.L.B. Jupp et al, "The Australian Summer EO-1 Southern Hemisphere (SH)
Campaign," *EO-1 SVT Meeting*, Tuscon, May 2001.

D.L.B. Jupp, "Lake Frome Fieldwork and Analysis Of Hyperion Data," *EO-1
SVT Meeting*, Tuscon, May 2001.

T. Cudahy, J. Huntington, P. Barry, "Mount Fitton, South Australia
Hyperion \"SWIR - Spectral\" Test Site," *EO-1 SVT Meeting*, Tuscon, May
2001.

J. Pearlman, T. G. Van Niel, T. McVicar, D.L.B. Jupp, S. Liang, M. Kaul,
"Agriculture in Coleambally - Imaging the growing season," *EO-1 SVT
Meeting*, Tuscon, May 2001.

F. Prata, D.L.B. Jupp, "Cal/ Val Activities at the CIGSN Uardry Field
Site, NSW, Australia in Support of the EO- 1 Mission," *EO-1 SVT
Meeting*, Tuscon, May 2001.

N. Coops, "EO-1 SVT Site: Tumbarumba," *EO-1 SVT Meeting*, Tuscon, May
2001.

A. G. Dekker, V. E. Brando, J. Anstee, N. Pinnel, A. Held, "Preliminary
assessment of the performance of Hyperion in coastal waters. Cal/ Val
activities in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia," *EO-1 SVT Meeting*,
Tuscon, May 2001.

### SVT Meeting, Buenos Aires, November 2001

D. L. B. Jupp, A. Held, "Summary of Australian EO- 1 activities," *EO-1
SVT Meeting*, Buenos Aires, 6-8 November, 2001.

T. R. McVicar, T. G. Van Niel, D. L. B. Jupp, J. S. Pearlman ,
"Assessment of Precision Agriculture in Coleambally," *EO-1 SVT
Meeting*, Buenos Aires, 6-8 November, 2001.

A. Held, "Summary of Australian Land and Vegetation Based EO-1
Activities," *EO-1 SVT Meeting*, Buenos Aires, 6-8 November, 2001.

V. E. Brando, A. G. Dekker, J. Anstee, N. Pinnel, A. Held. "Preliminary
multitemporal assessment of the performance of Hyperion in coastal
waters. Cal/ Val activities in Moreton, Bay, Queensland, Australia,"
*EO-1 SVT Meeting*, Buenos Aires, 6-8 November, 2001.

T. Cudahy, "Mineral mapping at the Australian Mount Fitton and Panorama
test sites," *EO-1 SVT Meeting*, Buenos Aires, 6-8 November, 2001.

T. Cudahy, "An additive SWIR instrument/ processing artifact observed in
recent Hyperion data," *EO-1 SVT Meeting*, Buenos Aires, 6-8 November,
2001.

### SVT Meeting, Goddard, April 2002

D.L.B. Jupp, "Australian EO-1 Report: One year on -- Applications and
Experiences," *EO-1 SVT Meeting*, Goddard Visitors Center, April 2002.

J.Pearlman, D.L.B. Jupp, T. McVicar, T. Van Niel, B. Datt, J. Lovell,"
Hyperion Noise and Atmospheric Impacts on Vegetation Data,*" EO-1 SVT
Meeting*, Goddard Visitors Center, April 2002.

D.L.B. Jupp, "Some Smiley Discussions," *EO-1 SVT Meeting*, Goddard
Visitors Center, April 2002.

### Final SVT Team Meeting, Hilo, Hawaii, November 2002.

Bisun Datt et al. "The Australian EO-1 final Report: Activities and
Outcomes from the CalVal sites", *EO-1 SVT Meeting*, Hawaii, November
2002.

Alex Held, "Mapping of sugarcane biophysical variables with Hyperion
imaging spectrometer on the NASA EO-1 Mission." *EO-1 SVT Meeting*,
Hawaii, November 2002.