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**DOE-HDBK-1131-98**

> **December 1998**

**Change Notice No. 1**

**November 2003**

> **Reaffirmation with**
>
> **Errata**
>
> **April 2004**

**DOE HANDBOOK**

GENERAL EMPLOYEE RADIOLOGICAL TRAINING

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height="2.1638888888888888in"}

**U.S. Department of Energy AREA TRNG**

**Washington, D.C. 20585**

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release; distribution is
unlimited.

This document has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.

Available to DOE and DOE contractors from ES&H Technical Information
Services, U.S. Department of Energy, (800) 473-4375, fax (301) 903-9823.

Available to the public from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology
Administration, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
22161; (703) 605-6000.

April 2004 Reaffirmation Changes to DOE-HDBK-1131-98, General Employee
Radiological Safety

Section/page/para Change

  ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------
  Part 1, page 8   Revised "Training Records" to read: Number range
                   CHAPTERTraining records and course documentation shall
                   meet the requirements of 10 CFR 835.704
                   "Administrative Records" and be in accordance with
                   local DOE Records Disposition Schedules.

  Part 1, A-9      Under In-Field Observation, at end, add: Awareness
                   drills, such as placing mock radioactive material in
                   an unauthorized location to assess responses are also
                   effective.

  Part 2, page 6   Under "Man made sources..." deleted domestic water
  and part 3 page  supply and revised 1^st^ sentence to read: Man-made
  8                sources of radiation, where the radiation is either
                   produced or enhanced by human activities, contribute
                   to the remainder of the annual average radiation dose
                   (approximately 60 millirem).
  ---------------- ------------------------------------------------------

Number range CHAPTER**Foreword**

This Handbook describes an implementation process for core training as
recommended in Implementation Guide G441.12A, *Radiation Safety
Training,* and as outlined in the *DOE* *Radiological Control Standard*
\[RCS -- DOE-STD-1098-99\]. The Handbook is meant to assist those
individuals within the Department of Energy, Managing and Operating
contractors, and Managing and Integrating contractors identified as
having responsibility for implementing core training recommended by the
RCS. This training is intended for general employees to assist in
meeting their job-specific training requirements of 10 CFR 835. While
this Handbook addresses many requirements of 10 CFR 835 Subpart J, it
must be supplemented with facility-specific information to achieve full
compliance.

Number range CHAPTERThis Handbook contains recommended training
materials consistent with other DOE core radiological training
materials. The training material consists of the following documents:

> **[Program Management Guide]{.underline}** - This document contains
> detailed information on how to use the Handbook material.
>
> **[Instructor's Guide]{.underline}** - This document contains a lesson
> plan for instructor use, including notation of key points for
> inclusion of facility-specific information.
>
> **[Student's Guide]{.underline}** - This document contains student
> handout material and also should be augmented by facility-specific
> information.

This Handbook was produced in WordPerfect 9.0 and has been formatted for
printing on an HP 4M (or higher) LaserJet printer. Copies of this
Handbook may be obtained from either the DOE Radiation Safety Training
Home Page Internet site (http://tis.eh.doe.gov/whs/rhmwp/rst/rst.htm) or
the DOE Technical Standards Program Internet site
(http://tis.eh.doe.gov/techstds/). Documents downloaded from the DOE
Radiation Safety Training Home Page Internet site may be manipulated
using the software noted above.

Number range CHAPTER*This page intentionally left blank.*

Number range CHAPTER**Part 1 of 3**

**General Employee Radiological Training**

**Program Management Guide**

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Number range CHAPTER**Coordinated and Conducted**

**for**

**Office of Environment, Safety & Health**

**U.S. Department of Energy**

*This page intentionally left blank.*

Number range CHAPTER**Course Developers**

Christine Liner Savannah River Site (Development Chairperson)

Al Reeder Lockheed Martin Energy Systems

Carolyn Owen Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Dean Atchinson Brookhaven National Laboratory

Brent Pearson Coleman Industries

Roland Jean Sandia National Laboratory

Karin Jessen Lockheed Martin Energy Systems

**Course Reviewers**

Technical Standards Managers U.S. Department of Energy

Peter O'Connell U.S. Department of Energy

William Ulicny ATL International, Inc.

Number range CHAPTER*This page intentionally left blank.*

Number range CHAPTER**Table of Contents**

Section Page

**Introduction 1**

> Purpose and Scope 1
>
> Compliance with 10 CFR 835-Subpart J 1
>
> Goal of Training Program 2
>
> Organizational Relationships and Reporting Structure 2

**Training Program Descriptions 3**

> Overview of Training Program 3
>
> Description of Programs 3
>
> Proficiency Requirements 4
>
> Retraining 4
>
> Instructor Training and Qualifications 5

**Training Program Material Development 6**

> Training Material Presentation 6
>
> Training Certificates 6
>
> Training Aids, References 6

**Training Program Standards and Policies 7**

> Lectures, Seminars, Training Exercises, etc. 7
>
> Delinquent Training/Failure Procedures and Policies 7
>
> Exceptions and Waivers 7

**Administration 8**

> Training Records 8
>
> Training Program Development/Change Requests 8
>
> Audits (internal and external) 8
>
> Evaluating Training Program Effectiveness 8

**References and Supporting Documents 10**

# ATTACHMENT Evaluating the Effectiveness of Radiological Training A-I

Number range CHAPTER*This page intentionally left blank.*

> **Introduction**

## Purpose and Scope

This handbook describes the DOE General Employee Radiological Training
program. It includes standards and policies as well as recommendations
for material development and program administration. It is intended for
use by DOE contractors for the development of facility-specific general
employee radiological training.

> Number range CHAPTER**Compliance with 10 CFR 835-Subpart J**
>
> Number range CHAPTERThe DOE core training materials for General
> Employee Radiological Training (GERT) reflect the requirements
> identified in 10 CFR 835-Subpart J, "Radiation Safety Training" and
> recommendations identified in the DOE Implementation Guide G441.12A,
> *Radiation Safety Training,* and in the *DOE Radiological Control
> Standard* \[DOE-STD-1098-99\]*.* When implemented in its entirety and
> supplemented as noted with appropriate facility-specific information,
> this handbook is an acceptable method to meet the requirements of
> 10 CFR 835-Subpart J for general employee radiological training.
> However, it is incumbent on management of each facility to review the
> content of this handbook against the radiological hazards present to
> ensure that the training content is appropriate to each individual's
> prior training, work assignments, and degree of exposure to potential
> radiological hazards.
>
> Number range CHAPTERTraining described in this handbook does not
> eliminate the need for additional training for facility-specific
> hazards. Notations throughout the program documents indicate the need
> for facility-specific information. If the noted section is not
> applicable to the facility, no information is required to be
> presented. The site Radiological Control Manager or designee should
> concur in facility-generated radiological training material.
>
> Number range CHAPTER
>
> Number range CHAPTER**Goal of Training Program**

Number range CHAPTERThe goal of the core training program is to provide
a sufficient level of knowledge and skills in radiological fundamentals
commensurate with the assigned duties and potential radiological hazards
encountered as a general employee at DOE facilities using or possessing
radioactive materials and/or radiation-producing devices.

> Number range CHAPTER**Organizational Relationships and Reporting
> Structure**
>
> 1\. Number range CHAPTERDOE Office of Worker Protection Policy and
> Programs (DOE EH-52) is responsible for approving and maintaining the
> core training materials associated with the GERT program.

2\. The establishment of a comprehensive and effective contractor site
radiological control training program is the responsibility of line
management and their subordinates. The training function may be
performed by a separate training organization, but the responsibility
for quality and effectiveness rests with line management.

> Number range CHAPTER
>
> Number range CHAPTER**Training Program Description**
>
> **Overview of Training Program**
>
> Number range CHAPTERGeneral Employee Radiological Training (GERT) is
> provided to all site employees who receive occupational exposure
> during access to controlled areas (as defined in 10 CFR 835.2(a)) at a
> DOE site or facility or who are permitted unescorted access to
> controlled areas. These individuals may routinely enter the controlled
> areas and encounter radiological barriers, postings, radiation
> producing devices or radioactive materials. Employee responsibilities
> for observing and obeying radiological postings and procedures are
> emphasized throughout this training.

-   Additional training beyond GERT is required for employees who are
    identified as radiological workers. Every employee, both
    radiological worker and non-radiological worker, must play an active
    part in maintaining exposures to radiation and radioactive materials
    within DOE limits and As Low As Is Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).

-   GERT qualified individuals should be able to place the risks
    associated with working at a nuclear facility in perspective with
    other risks that we take in our everyday life.

Number range CHAPTER**Description of Programs**

> Number range CHAPTERGERT Core Academic Material is approximately 1
> hour in length, but will vary dependent upon the amount of
> facility-specific material.
>
> GERT Core Academic Training includes the following:

Sources of Radiation, Non-ionizing and Ionizing Radiation, Risks in
Perspective, Radiological Controls, Monitoring (Dosimetry), Emergency
Procedures, ALARA Program, Employee Responsibilities for the ALARA
Program, and Exposure Reports.

> Number range CHAPTER

Number range CHAPTER**Proficiency Requirements**

Number range CHAPTERIn accordance with 10 CFR 835-Subpart J, each
individual shall complete training on the topics established in 10 CFR
835-Subpart J, commensurate with the hazards in the area and required
controls, prior to being permitted unescorted access to controlled areas
and prior to receiving occupational exposure during access to controlled
areas at a DOE site or facility. An examination or performance
demonstration is not required.

Number range CHAPTER**Retraining**

> Number range CHAPTERIn accordance with 10 CFR 835-Subpart J, training
> shall be provided to individuals when there is a significant change to
> radiation protection policies and procedures that may affect the
> individual and at intervals not to exceed 24 months.

Training should include selected fundamentals of the initial training
with emphasis on seldom-used knowledge and skills. Training should be
tailored to subjects for which trainee evaluations and experience
indicate that special emphasis and depth of coverage is needed.

A self-study method may be used, when possible, for retraining. A
suggestion for a self-study method is to allow the workers to self-study
the training material followed by a presentation of any updates or
changes, lessons learned, etc.

DOE recommends that, in the alternate year when training is not
required, the GERT handbook be provided to general employees.

Materials developed in support of training should be document-ed in
accordance with 10 CFR 835.704 "Administrative Records."

Number range CHAPTER**Instructor Training and Qualifications**

> Number range CHAPTERAll classroom instruction should be provided by
> instructors qualified in accordance with the contractor's site
> instructor qualification program. Training staff (contractor and
> subcontractor, if used) should possess both technical knowledge and
> experience, and the developmental and instructional skills required to
> fulfill their assigned duties.

1\. Training staff responsible for program management, supervision, and
development should have and maintain the education, experience, and
technical qualifications required for their jobs.

2\. Instructors should have the technical qualifications, including
adequate theory, practical knowledge, and experience, for the subject
matter that they are assigned to teach.

3\. Methods should be in place at each contractor site to ensure that
individual instructors meet and maintain position qualification
requirements.

4.  Subject matter experts without instructor qualification may provide
    training in their area of expertise. However, if these subject
    matter experts are to be permanent instructors, they should be
    trained as instructors in the next practical training cycle.

DOE Order 5480.20A, "Personnel Selection, Qualification, and Training
Requirements for DOE Nuclear Facilities," discusses qualification
requirements for instructors.

Number range CHAPTER**Training Program Material Development**

Number range CHAPTER**Training Material Presentation**

Number range CHAPTERTraining materials for the core programs consist of
lesson plans and study guides. To ensure compliance with 10 CFR
835-Subpart J, facility-specific materials must be added to the core
materials when necessary to adequately train individuals for
facility-specific radiological hazards.

Number range CHAPTER**Training Certificates**

> Number range CHAPTERA training certificate that identifies the
> individual's current training status may be provided to qualified
> personnel. Each facility is responsible for administering and tracking
> the certificates. Facilities have the option of utilizing the
> certificates as proof of training.

However, it should be noted that 10 CFR 835-Subpart J requires each
facility to ensure general employees have adequate training for the
hazards present. The training certificate from another DOE site does
not, in itself, relieve the facility from ensuring the worker has had
adequate training.

It is appropriate for facilities to supplement a visiting employee's
training with facility-specific training sufficient to ensure an
adequate level of training for the hazards present.

Number range CHAPTER**Training Aids, References**

Number range CHAPTERFacility-specific training aids may be developed at
the facility to suit individual training styles. Each facility may add
information, activities, and/or view graphs to enhance the program.

Number range CHAPTER**Training Program Standards and Policies**

Number range CHAPTER**Lectures, Seminars, Training Exercises, etc.**

Number range CHAPTERGERT core training programs are designed to be
delivered in a classroom setting. An alternate delivery method may be
implemented with computer-based training (CBT) equipment or web-based
training (WBT) equipment. The presentation of GERT should include core
materials and facility-specific information.

Number range CHAPTER**Delinquent Training/Failure Procedures and
Policies**

Number range CHAPTERGeneral employees who are delinquent on retraining
shall lose their status of having unescorted access to controlled areas
until successful completion of the delinquent training requirement.

Number range CHAPTER**Exceptions and Waivers**

Number range CHAPTERSuccessful completion of the core course for GERT
training at one DOE site may be recognized by other DOE sites. However,
the determination as to the adequacy of training as required by 10 CFR
835-Subpart J is the responsibility of the facility in which the general
employee will have access to, or receive occupational exposure in,
controlled areas.

Number range CHAPTER**Administration**

Number range CHAPTER**Training Records**

Number range CHAPTERTraining records and course documentation shall meet
the requirements of 10 CFR 835.704 "Administrative Records" and be in
accordance with local DOE Records Disposition Schedules.

Number range CHAPTER**Training Program Development/Change Requests**

Number range CHAPTERAll requests for program changes and revisions
should be submitted to EH-52 using the DOE Technical Standard Program
form "Document Improvement Proposal" F 1300.3. This form is available
from the DOE Technical Standards Home Page - Maintenance of DOE
Technical Standards TSPP-09). See the Foreword of this document for
website address.

Number range CHAPTER**Audits (internal and external)**

> Number range CHAPTERInternal verification of training effectiveness
> may be accomplished through senior instructor or supervisor
> observation of practical applications and discussions of course
> material. Results should be documented and maintained by the
> organization responsible for Radiological Control Training.

The GERT core training program materials and processes will be evaluated
on a periodic basis by DOE-HQ. The evaluation should include a
comparison of program elements with applicable industry standards and
requirements.

Number range CHAPTER**Evaluating Training Program Effectiveness**

> Number range CHAPTERVerification of the effectiveness of Radiological
> Control training should be accomplished by surveying a limited subset
> of former students in the workplace. This evaluation should include
> observation of practical applications and discussion of the course
> material, and may include an associated written examination. DOE/EH
> has issued guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of radiological
> training through the DOE Operations Offices and DOE Field Offices.
> These guidelines are included as an attachment to this Program
> Management Guide.

For additional guidance, refer to DOE STD 1070-94, "Guide for Evaluation
of Nuclear Facility Training Programs." The guidelines contained in
these documents are relevant for the establishment and implementation of
post-training evaluation Number range CHAPTERand retention testing
programs.

> Number range CHAPTERIn response to Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety
> Board (DNFSB) Recommendation 91-6, DOE committed to develop an
> implementation plan to upgrade radiation protection programs at DOE
> defense nuclear facilities.

The implementation plan detailed DOE's plans to develop and implement
radiation protection post-training evaluation and retention testing
programs. Post-training evaluations will be used to identify
opportunities for improving course materials and instruction methods and
techniques and the need for additional training. Retention testing will
indicate when individual performance or testing fails to meet
expectations. Corrective actions for deficiencies identified in
retention testing will be incorporated in the individual's development
plan and the site's training program on an appropriate schedule.

In addition, Article 613.7 of the DOE Radiological Control Standard
states that sites should implement a training effectiveness verification
program. This program, which is in addition to performance evaluations
routinely performed by the site's training department, is to verify the
effectiveness of radiological control training by surveying a limited
subset of former students in the workplace. This recommendation applies
to both DOE defense nuclear facilities and DOE facilities not classified
as defense nuclear facilities.

Per DOE's commitment to DNFSB, it is expected that all defense nuclear
facilities will implement these or equivalent programs. DOE facilities
not classified as defense nuclear facilities should also strive to
implement such programs. Line management should monitor progress of
program implementation.

> Number range CHAPTERThe guidance provided in DOE STD-1070-94 is not
> meant to be prescriptive. Training organizations should review this
> guidance and determine its applicability, taking into consideration
> the existence of similar programs already in place at their
> facilities.

Forward evaluation results indicating a possible need to revise core
training programs to EH-52 using the "Request for Change to DOE Core
Training Materials" form.

Number range CHAPTER**References and Supporting Documents**

> Number range CHAPTERCohen, Bernard L., "Catalog of Risks Extended and
> Updated," [Health Physics, the Radiation Protection
> Journal]{.underline}, Vol. 61, 1991.
>
> NCRP, "Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United
> States," Report No. 93.
>
> ORAU 88/H-99, "Guide to Good Practice in Radiation Protection
> Training."
>
> Scinta Inc., [Radiological Health Handbook]{.underline}, 3rd Edition
> 1998
>
> Travis, E. L., "Primer of Medical Radiobiology," 1989.
>
> U.S. Department of Energy, Implementation Guidance for Use with 10 CFR
> 835, "Occupational Radiation Protection." DOE G 441.12A, "Radiation
> Safety Training."
>
> U.S. Department of Energy, DOE Order 5480.20A, Ch. 1, "Personnel
> Selection, Qualification, and Training Requirements for DOE Nuclear
> Facilities," July ,2001.
>
> U.S. Department of Energy, DOE STD 1070-94, "Guide for Evaluation of
> Nuclear Facility Training Programs", Reaffirmed 1999.
>
> U.S. Department of Energy, DOE-STD 1098-99, "DOE Radiological Control
> Standard", 1999.
>
> U.S. Department of Energy, "Occupational Radiation Protection," 10 CFR
> 835, November 1988.
>
> U.S. Department of Energy, "Reproductive Health: Effects of Chemical
> and Radiation on Fertility and the Unborn Child," Lawrence Livermore
> National Laboratory, February 1, 1984.
>
> U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "Instruction Concerning Prenatal
> Radiation Exposure," [U.S. NRC Regulatory Guide 8.13]{.underline},
> December 1987.
>
> U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, "Instruction Concerning Risks From
> Occupational Radiation Exposure," [U.S. NRC Regulatory Guide
> 8.29]{.underline}, Version 1, February 1997.
>
> Number range CHAPTER

Number range CHAPTER**ATTACHMENT**

EVALUATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RADIOLOGICAL TRAINING

REV 1, 1998

Guidelines to Establish and Conduct a Program and a Retention Testing
Program Post-Training Evaluation

Number range CHAPTER*This page intentionally left blank.*

Number range CHAPTER**TABLE OF CONTENTS**

> I. INTRODUCTION A-1
>
> A. Purpose A-1
>
> B. Purpose of Post-Training Evaluation and Retention Testing A-2
>
> C. Assumptions A-2
>
> D. Guidance From DOE-STD-1070-94 A-2
>
> E. DOE RCS, Article 613.7 A-3
>
> F. Elements of Article 613.7 A-3
>
> G. Qualifications of Evaluators A-3
>
> H. Correlation Between Evaluation and Training A-4
>
> I. Training Requirements Based on Employee Duties A-4
>
> J. Stakeholder Consensus A-4
>
> K. A Checklist for Establishing and Implementing a Post-Training
> Evaluation Program A-4
>
> II\. PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION A-5
>
> A. Schedules for Conducting Post-Training Evaluation and Retention
> Testing A-5
>
> B. Sample Sizes A-5
>
> C. Interpreting Results A-6
>
> III\. GUIDELINES FOR COURSE POST-TRAINING EVALUATION AND RETENTION
> TESTING A-8
>
> A. General Instructions A-8
>
> B. GERT A-9
>
> C. RW I A-10
>
> D. RW II A-13
>
> E. RCT Training A-15
>
> IV\. REFERENCES A-20

Number range CHAPTER*This page intentionally left blank.*

> Number range CHAPTER**I. INTRODUCTION**
>
> In response to Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board (DNFSB)
> Recommendation 91-6, DOE developed the following guidelines to support
> efforts to upgrade the Department's radiation protection programs.
> These guidelines support implementation of the U.S. Department of
> Energy "Radiological Control Standard,\" Article 613.7 (1999).

A.  [Purpose]{.underline}

> The purpose of a training program and its associated evaluation phase
> is to assure that workers are qualified to perform their jobs
> competently and safely. This purpose should be kept foremost while
> establishing the procedural controls of the post-training evaluation
> process at each site.
>
> Number range CHAPTERThe purpose of this document is to aid DOE sites
> in developing procedures and practices for conducting post-training
> evaluation and retention testing of the following core radiological
> control training courses: GERT, RW, and RCT training. Similar
> procedures and practices should be applied to post-training evaluation
> and retention testing of the supplemental radiological control
> training courses.
>
> A retention testing program differs from a post-training evaluation
> program in the usage of its results. The results of a retention
> testing program are used to assist in: (1) identifying when individual
> performance fails to meet expectations; (2) identifying adverse trends
> in radiological performance; and (3) correcting individual performance
> deficiencies. The results of a post-training evaluation program are
> directed towards improving the training program rather than correcting
> individual performance deficiencies.
>
> This document provides guidance on the issues and practices that
> should be considered in setting up such programs. It is not intended
> to prescribe specific practices that must be followed by all sites.
>
> The diversity of conditions among the various DOE sites will require
> that the application of good practices recommended in this guideline
> may differ from site to site. That diversity includes the nature of
> the training organization, the nature of the trainees, the number of
> trainees, and the frequency in which the trainees will apply the
> training.
>
> The conduct of evaluations will require that evaluators be trained at
> each site. In particular, the consistency with which any set of
> evaluators will rate the skill and knowledge levels of the former
> trainees will need to be emphasized. It is essential that the
> judgement of skill levels not vary appreciably from one evaluator to
> the next. The expertise needed to conduct such training may be
> available at the site or may be acquired from offsite sources. Several
> written references are provided.

The results of post-training evaluations may be used to upgrade core
course materials as described in the Program Management Guides.

> Number range CHAPTERB. [Purpose of Post-Training Evaluation and
> Retention Testing]{.underline}
>
> Post-training evaluation has four primary purposes:
>
> 1\. To measure the retention of skills and knowledge provided during
> training for extended periods following the training;
>
> 2\. To measure the degree to which the training is used on the job;
>
> 3\. To provide feedback to improve the training; and
>
> 4\. To measure the cost effectiveness of the training.
>
> A primary purpose of retention testing is to incorporate corrective
> actions into individual development plans based on deficiencies
> observed during the retention testing process.
>
> C. [Assumptions]{.underline}
>
> 1\. These guidelines will be specific to evaluation of the
> radiological control training contained in the core training
> materials.
>
> 2\. The applications of these guidelines will be unique for each DOE
> site.
>
> 3\. Each DOE site will formalize its Radiological Safety Training
> Post-Training Evaluation Program and Retention Testing Program in site
> procedures.
>
> 4\. These guidelines summarize the requirements of other documents,
> which explain more fully the process of training evaluation.
>
> 5\. These guidelines are sufficient for knowledgeable individuals to
> use to create site controlling procedures.
>
> 6\. Personnel engaged in post-training evaluation or retention testing
> will require some training or previous evaluation experience.
>
> 7\. Individual sites may choose to include this evaluation program as
> part of site-wide evaluation of training.
>
> 8\. Other radiological control training may be considered for
> evaluation along with core training.
>
> 9\. The phrase \"in the workplace\" in the RCS cited below is taken
> figuratively to mean at the work location. While observation of skills
> would be preferable while engaged in real work at the actual
> workplace, the discussion of content may or may not be best done at
> that location. Written testing would be best done in a classroom
> setting where quiet and privacy may be maintained.
>
> D. [Guidance From DOE-STD-1070-94]{.underline}
>
> DOE-STD-1070-94, \"Guidelines For Evaluation of Nuclear Facility
> Training Programs,\" appendix A, objective 8.0, \"Training Program
> Evaluation,\" contains seven criteria. Three of these criteria are
> applicable to the purpose of these guidelines:
>
> Criteria 8.1: A comprehensive evaluation of individual training
> programs is conducted by qualified individuals on a periodic basis to
> identify program strengths and weaknesses.

Criteria 8.3: Feedback from trainee performance during training is used
to evaluate and refine the training program. Feedback from former
trainees and their supervisors is used to evaluate and refine the
training program.

> Number range CHAPTERCriteria 8.5: Improvements and changes to initial
> and continuing training are systematically initiated, evaluated,
> tracked, and incorporated to track training deficiencies and
> performance problems.
>
> E. [DOE RCS, Article 613.7]{.underline}
>
> Article 613.7 states:

Verification of the effectiveness of radiological control training
should be accomplished by surveying a limited subset of former students
in the workplace. This verification is in addition to performance
evaluations routinely performed by training departments. This evaluation
should include observation of practical applications and discussions of
the course material and may include written examinations. The survey
should be performed by radiological control managers and supervisors,
quality assurance personnel, or senior instructors after the former
student has had the opportunity to perform work for several months. The
results should be documented.

> Number range CHAPTERF. [Elements of Article 613.7]{.underline}
>
> The following elements are stated:
>
> 1\. The purpose of the evaluation is to verify the effectiveness of
> radiological control training.
>
> 2\. The survey should be made on a subset of students several months
> after the training.
>
> 3\. The survey may be conducted by training or nontraining personnel.
>
> 4\. The survey should be conducted at the workplace.
>
> 5\. The survey should be conducted in addition to any evaluations made
> as part of the training process.
>
> 6\. The survey should consist of:

\- Observation of practical applications of the training;

\- Discussion of the course material with the trainee; and

\- An optional written examination, as appropriate, to measure
retention.

7.  The results should be documented.

> Number range CHAPTERG. [Qualifications of Evaluators]{.underline}
>
> Personnel who perform the evaluations should be technical experts on
> radiological control practices and should possess, or be trained to
> develop, interviewing skills and observational skills.
>
> H. [Correlation Between Evaluation and Training]{.underline}

The radiological control core training courses are nationally
standardized. Any changes to the training materials, including the test
banks, should be correlated by training oversight groups. How that
correlation will be conducted is described in the program management
guides for the courses.

> Number range CHAPTERSite specific radiological control training may be
> evaluated and revised by that site.
>
> Number range CHAPTERI. [Training Requirements Based on Employee
> Duties]{.underline}
>
> Table 3-1 of the RCS displays the types of workers and the recommended
> level of radiological training.
>
> J. [Stakeholder Consensus]{.underline}
>
> Effective evaluation of training can only be conducted in a climate of
> consensus by all stakeholders. An essential element in the evaluation
> process is the development of consensus in advance of the evaluation.
> This involves agreement on the objectives of the evaluation, methods
> of evaluation to be used, and the required level of support that can
> be provided. Agreement should also be reached on whether the
> evaluation process will undergo the same approval cycle as that of
> other training materials.
>
> Note that it may not be possible to obtain the same level of consensus
> in the development of a retention testing program, as the results of
> this program are used to provide remedial training for individuals
> exhibiting performance deficiencies. The retention testing program
> must be conducted in a manner that eliminates questions as to the
> fairness and unbiased manner in which the program is implemented.
>
> K. [A Checklist for Establishing and Implementing a Post-Training
> Evaluation Program]{.underline}
>
> The following steps are essential in formalizing the post-training
> evaluation process and should be considered in developing site
> procedures:
>
> 1\. Formalization via procedures of radiological control post-training
> evaluation;
>
> 2\. Establishment of evaluation goals, objectives, and schedule,
> including building consensus among stakeholders;
>
> 3\. Qualification of evaluators;
>
> 4\. Preparation of evaluation materials;
>
> 5\. Conduct of evaluations;
>
> 6\. Reporting evaluation results; and
>
> 7\. Program revision as applicable.
>
> Note that this checklist is also applicable to a retention testing
> program.
>
> Number range CHAPTER**II. PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION**
>
> A. [Schedules For Conducting Post-Training Evaluation and Retention
> Testing]{.underline}
>
> DOE suggests that, based on predicted proficiencies, post-training
> evaluation be scheduled 3 to 6 months following the training.
> Conducting the evaluation at least 3 months following the training
> would provide an opportunity for the trainee to have used the skills
> on the job. Site specific conditions may make it desirable to extend
> the period between training and evaluation, but data to support the
> extension decision should be collected to assure that the purposes of
> the evaluation are being met.
>
> Note that this schedule is also applicable to a retention testing
> program.
>
> Number range CHAPTERB. [Sample Sizes]{.underline}
>
> The subset of former students to be sampled should be large enough to
> provide valid and reliable data for meeting the needs of the training
> and radiological control organizations. The number selected to be
> evaluated depends on the degree of precision and reliability desired.
>
> Individuals to be evaluated should be selected using random number
> tables or some other randomizing technique unless the population size
> is so small that the randomizing effort will be of no value.
>
> Table 1 is a matrix that describes a suggested level of sample size
> that can provide an appropriate level of comfort and can be used to
> establish the sample sizes to be used at each site. The percentages
> are based on the information provided in Dr. N.M. Dixon\'s
> *\"Evaluations: A Tool for HRD Quality*.\"
>
> Note that these sample size guidelines also apply to a retention
> testing program.

Table 1

Determining Sample Size for Post-Training Evaluations and Retention
Testing

<table>
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 13%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
<col style="width: 8%" />
</colgroup>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td>Percentage of trainees to be evaluated</td>
<td>1-40</td>
<td>41-100</td>
<td>101-160</td>
<td>161-250</td>
<td>251-380</td>
<td>381-600</td>
<td>601-900</td>
<td>901-1600</td>
<td>1601-3500</td>
<td><p>Over</p>
<p>3500</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>90-100%</td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>80-890%</td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>70-79%</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>60-69%</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>50-59%</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>40-49%</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>30-39%</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>20-29%</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td>10-19%</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td>3-9%</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>X</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

> Number range CHAPTERC. [Interpreting Results]{.underline}
>
> Interpretation of results should be based on the original purpose(s)
> for conducting the evaluation. Interpretations can be centered on
> questions to be asked of the data. Table 2 shows samples of the type
> of questions that could be asked for each of the four purposes for
> evaluating training.

TABLE 2

Interpreting Evaluation Results

+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Number range      | **Questions to Ask of Data**                     |
| CHAPTER**Purpose  |                                                  |
| for Evaluation**  |                                                  |
+===================+==================================================+
| To measure the    | a\. What is the average percentage of retention? |
| retention of      |                                                  |
| skills and        | b\. What is the range of retention (highest and  |
| knowledge         | lowest)?                                         |
| provided during   |                                                  |
| training for      | c\. Which objectives (knowledge/skill) were best |
| extended periods  | retained? Which were least retained?             |
| following the     |                                                  |
| training.         | d\. How frequently were the least retained       |
|                   | knowledge/skills used on the job?                |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   | e\. How many trainees fell below minimum passing |
|                   | requirements for the class? Why?                 |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   | f\. What other variables, such as additional     |
|                   | training, might have had an impact on retention? |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| To measure the    | a\. How frequently is the knowledge/skill from   |
| degree to which   | training used on the job?                        |
| training is used  |                                                  |
| on the job.       | b\. Does the way in which a task is taught in    |
|                   | training match exactly the way in which it is    |
|                   | performed on the job?                            |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   | c\. How is management/supervision reinforcing    |
|                   | the knowledge/skills taught in the training at   |
|                   | the worksite?                                    |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Number range      | a\. Which knowledge/skill is not being used on   |
| CHAPTERTo provide | the job? Why?                                    |
| feedback to       |                                                  |
| improve the       | b\. If knowledge/skill is not retained, but is   |
| training.         | essential to job function, how can training make |
|                   | the learning of that skill more job like?        |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   | c\. What is the opinion of trainees regarding    |
|                   | the benefits of the training after the extended  |
|                   | time period?                                     |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   | d\. Were the training materials retained by the  |
|                   | trainee after the class, and were they helpful   |
|                   | as references back at the worksite?              |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   | e\. Have the trainees made any contact with      |
|                   | instructors since the class for assistance? For  |
|                   | what purpose? Was the contact helpful?           |
|                   |                                                  |
|                   | f\. What knowledge/skills need expanded or       |
|                   | additional training?                             |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------+

TABLE 2 (continued)

Interpreting Evaluation Results

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| Number range     | **Questions to Ask of Data**                      |
| CHAPTER**Purpose |                                                   |
| for Evaluation** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| To measure the   | a\. What is the actual cost of delivering this    |
| cost             | training?                                         |
| effectiveness of |                                                   |
| the training.    | b\. Do the data suggest that trainees were not    |
|                  | positively affected by the training? How?         |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | c\. Is the knowledge/skill provided by the        |
|                  | training directly related to the work the trainee |
|                  | performs?                                         |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | d\. What percent improvement in job performance   |
|                  | resulted from completion of the training?         |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| To incorporate   | a\. What percentage of other individuals          |
| corrective       | performed satisfactorily in retention testing?    |
| actions into     |                                                   |
| individual       | b\. How frequently were the unretained skills     |
| development      | used on the job?                                  |
| plans based on   |                                                   |
| deficiencies     | c\. How much remedial training has the individual |
| observed during  | already received?                                 |
| the retention    |                                                   |
| testing process. | d\. What changes have occurred that resulted in   |
|                  | the individual completing original training, but  |
|                  | failing retention testing?                        |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | e\. How critical to the individuals job function  |
|                  | were the deficient items identified in retention  |
|                  | training?                                         |
|                  |                                                   |
|                  | f\. What is the likelihood that enhanced training |
|                  | will result in improving the individuals          |
|                  | performance to an acceptable level?               |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

> Number range CHAPTER**III. GUIDELINES FOR COURSE POST-TRAINING
> EVALUATION** **AND RETENTION TESTING**
>
> A. [General Instructions]{.underline}
>
> It may be beneficial and appropriate at some sites to combine in-field
> practical exams with training content discussions. Thus, the observer
> can pose the identified questions while observing actual work being
> performed.
>
> 1\. **In-Field Observation:**

Five skill areas could be included in in-field observations: prejob
preparations, knowledge level, radiological practices, emergency
response practices, and exit practices. A checklist could be developed
using a weighted point value system and identifying critical practices.
The checklist could be modified to fit individual site requirements.

> Number range CHAPTER2. **Discussion Questions:**
>
> Discussion with employees should determine whether the knowledge
> acquired in the training has been transferred to the job. The intent
> is not simply to measure retention of specific facts. The depth of the
> discussion would be directly correlated to the level of radiological
> hazard that may be encountered on the job.
>
> 3\. **Written Exam:**
>
> Written exams for evaluation of training effectiveness are optional.
>
> These written exams may test retention of specific content from the
> courses. It may be desirable to use written tests that measure the
> ability to apply the knowledge from the training. In that instance,
> questions could be developed to measure student reaction to case
> studies. Such case study questions would allow each site to tailor the
> testing to its particular facilities, procedures, practices, and
> conditions.
>
> B. [GERT]{.underline}
>
> 1\. **In-Field Observation:**
>
> Some sites may desire to survey GERT trainees to determine their
> knowledge of hazardous areas to avoid. Awareness drills, such as
> placing mock radioactive material in an unauthorized location to
> assess responses are also effective.
>
> 2\. **Discussion Questions:**
>
> GERT trained employees access controlled areas. They should be aware
> of the hazards they may face in an emergency and how they should
> respond to those hazards. The following questions may be part of the
> discussion:
>
> a\. How many millirem of dose do you normally receive on your job in a
> year?
>
> b\. What is your annual dose limit; administrative dose guideline;
> when was the last time it was reported?
>
> c\. What types of radiation hazards exist at your facility?
>
> d\. How do you practice As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) in
> your work?
>
> e\. What are the sounds of the emergency alarms for your workplace?
>
> f\. How are employees at your work area warned of radiation hazards?
>
> g\. What obligations do you have to maintain exposure to radiation
> ALARA?
>
> h\. What is dosimetry and what precautions should be taken when
> handling dosimeters?

i\. What radiological training are you required to take? How does your
training relate to your job?

> Number range CHAPTER3. **Written Exam:**
>
> GERT trained employees are not required to pass a written examination.
>
> C. [RW I]{.underline}
>
> 1\. **In-Field Observation:**
>
> Table 3 is a sample chart that illustrates the in-field activities and
> weighting system that could be used to observe RW I trainees. The
> numbers shown are based on conditions and priorities at a particular
> DOE site. Other sites may determine a different weighting system.
> Sites could choose to develop scenarios or drills in which to conduct
> in-field observations, or simply observe workers in their normal
> working environments.

TABLE 3

Sample RW I In-Field Observations Chart

+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| **ITEM EVALUATED**                     | **POINT       | **SCORE**   |
|                                        | VALUE**       |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Number range CHAPTERStated purpose of  | 2             |             |
| entry                                  |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Stated radiation levels (w/units)      | 6             |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Stated special instructions listed on  | 6             |             |
| radiological work permit (RWP)         |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Selected dosimeters in accordance with | 4             |             |
| RWP                                    |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Dosimeters worn in accordance with     | 4             |             |
| procedures                             |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Recorded appropriate information on    | 4             |             |
| the RWP prior to entry                 |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Entered only areas designated on the   | 3             |             |
| RWP                                    |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Followed special instructions          | 9             |             |
| (i.e., material to be taken into the   |               |             |
| radiological areas, etc.)              |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Practiced ALARA (time, distance,       | 18            |             |
| shielding)                             |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Completed task as per RWP              | 9             |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Stated appropriate actions to take     | 5             |             |
| when a radiation monitor alarmed       |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Verified survey instrument in          | 5             |             |
| operation                              |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Surveyed for contamination properly    | 12            |             |
| (probe speed/distance, return probe to |               |             |
| position)                              |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Resurveyed area when needed            | 4             |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Stated proper actions to take if       | 5             |             |
| survey instrument should alarm         |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Verified survey instrument in          | 4             |             |
| operation                              |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| Significant mistake not identified by  |               |             |
| individual: Action involves violating  |               |             |
| instructions that lead to spread of    |               |             |
| contamination outside designated       |               |             |
| boundaries, or of unnecessary exposure |               |             |
| to worker, jeopardizing personnel      |               |             |
| safety or creating a radiological      |               |             |
| hazard (eat, drink, chew, etc., in     |               |             |
| RCA).                                  |               |             |
|                                        |               |             |
| **AUTOMATIC FAILURE: DEDUCT 21         |               |             |
| POINTS**                               |               |             |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+
| COMMENTS:                              | 100           | [%]{        |
|                                        |               | .underline} |
|                                        | Possible      |             |
|                                        |               | Actual      |
|                                        | Score         |             |
|                                        |               | Score       |
+----------------------------------------+---------------+-------------+

> Number range CHAPTER2. **Discussion Questions:**
>
> RW I personnel enter radiological buffer areas and radiation areas,
> but do not engage in activities requiring protective clothing. The
> following questions could be part of the discussion:
>
> a\. How many millirem of dose do you normally receive on your job in a
> year?
>
> b\. What is your annual dose limit; administrative dose guideline;
> when was the last time it was reported?
>
> c\. What types of radiation hazard exist at your facility?
>
> d\. What types of radiation are you exposed to in the course of your
> work? How do you protect yourself from these hazards?
>
> e\. How do you practice ALARA in your work?
>
> f\. What is the sound of continuous air monitor alarms for your
> workplace?
>
> g\. How are employees at your work area warned of radiation hazards?
>
> h\. What obligations do you have to maintain exposure to radiation
> ALARA?

Number range CHAPTERi. What is dosimetry and what precautions should be
taken when handling dosimeters?

> j\. What radiological training are you required to take? How does your
> training relate to your job?
>
> 3\. **Written Exam:**
>
> RW I training has recommended objectives for the core course plus any
> site specific objectives added for the site. The following approaches
> to retesting are being successfully applied throughout the DOE
> complex:
>
> a\. Conducting written retests twice each year on a sample of the
> trainees taught during the previous 6 months.
>
> b\. Retesting a sample of trainees 4 to 6 months following their
> training.
>
> c\. Retesting all objectives for a sample of trainees.
>
> d\. Retesting only those objectives that were found to be difficult
> for trainees to learn, remember, or apply in the previous 6 months.
>
> Whichever pattern a site selects, the results should provide the data
> needed to meet the determined purposes of the evaluations.
>
> D. [RW II]{.underline}
>
> 1\. **In-Field Observation:**
>
> Table 4 shows a sample chart that illustrates the in-field activities
> and weighting system that could be used to observe RW II trainees. The
> numbers shown are based on conditions and priorities at a DOE site.
> Other sites may determine a different weighting system. Sites could
> choose to develop scenarios or drills in which to conduct in-field
> observations, or simply observe workers in their normal working
> environments.

TABLE 4

Sample RW II In-Field Observations Chart

+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| **Number range CHAPTERITEM         | Number range     | Number range |
| EVALUATED**                        | CHAPTER**POINT   | CHAP         |
|                                    | VALUE**          | TER**SCORE** |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERStated purpose | 3                |              |
| of entry                           |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERStated         | 5                |              |
| radiation levels and contamination |                  |              |
| levels (with units)                |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERSelected       | 5                |              |
| protective clothing (PCs) and      |                  |              |
| dosimeters in accordance with RWP  |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERDonned PCs     | 5                |              |
| properly                           |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERDosimeters     | 3                |              |
| worn in accordance with procedures |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERRecorded       | 5                |              |
| appropriate information on the RWP |                  |              |
| prior to entry                     |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTEREntered only   | 6                |              |
| areas designated on the RWP        |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERFollowed       | 8                |              |
| special instructions listed on the |                  |              |
| RWP                                |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERPracticed      | 10               |              |
| ALARA (time, distance, shielding)  |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERCompleted      | 6                |              |
| tasks as per RWP                   |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERRemoved PCs to | 10               |              |
| minimize spread of contamination   |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERPlaced items   | 5                |              |
| in proper receptacles upon doffing |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERVerified       | 6                |              |
| survey instrument in operation     |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERSurveyed for   | 10               |              |
| contamination properly             |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERStated         | 8                |              |
| appropriate actions for response   |                  |              |
| to continuous air monitor alarm    |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERRecorded       | 5                |              |
| exposure on RWP upon exit          |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTERSignificant    |                  |              |
| mistake not identified by          |                  |              |
| individual: Action involving       |                  |              |
| violating instructions that lead   |                  |              |
| to spread of contamination outside |                  |              |
| designated boundaries, or of       |                  |              |
| unnecessary exposure to worker,    |                  |              |
| jeopardizing personnel safety or   |                  |              |
| creating a radiological hazard     |                  |              |
| (eat, drink, chew, etc., in RCA).  |                  |              |
|                                    |                  |              |
| **AUTOMATIC FAILURE: DEDUCT 21     |                  |              |
| POINTS**                           |                  |              |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+
| Number range CHAPTER**COMMENTS:**  | Number range     | Number range |
|                                    | CHAPTER100       | CHAPTER      |
|                                    |                  | [%]          |
|                                    | Possible         | {.underline} |
|                                    |                  |              |
|                                    | Score            | Actual       |
|                                    |                  |              |
|                                    |                  | Score        |
+------------------------------------+------------------+--------------+

> Number range CHAPTER2. **Discussion Questions:**
>
> RW II personnel enter all radiological areas and engage in activities
> requiring protective clothing. The following questions could be part
> of the discussion:
>
> a\. How many millirem of dose do you normally receive on your job in a
> year?

b.  What is your annual dose limit; administrative dose guideline;

> when was the last time it was reported?
>
> c\. What types of radiological hazards exist at your facility?
>
> d\. What types of radiation are you exposed to in the course of your
> work? How do you protect yourself from these hazards?
>
> e\. How do you practice ALARA in your work?
>
> f\. What is the sound of continuous air monitor alarms for your
> workplace?
>
> g\. How are employees at your work area warned of radiological
> hazards?
>
> h\. What obligations do you have to maintain exposure to radiation
> ALARA?
>
> i\. What is dosimetry? What precautions should be taken when handling
> dosimeters?
>
> j\. What practices do you take to assure you do not spread
> contamination while donning or doffing PCs?
>
> k\. What radiological training are you required to take? How does your
> training relate to your job?
>
> 3\. **Written Exam:**
>
> RW II training has recommended objectives for the core course plus any
> site specific objectives added for the site. Several approaches to
> retesting are being successfully applied throughout the DOE complex,
> as described for the RW I course.
>
> Whichever pattern a site selects, the results should provide the data
> needed to meet the determined purposes of the evaluations.
>
> E. [RCT Training]{.underline}
>
> 1\. **In-Field Observation:**
>
> RCT training consists of several phases. In Phase I, core lessons
> teach academic theory. Different sites have organized and emphasized
> the information in different ways to fit the needs and practices at
> the sites. In Phase II, practical skills are taught based on a site
> specific job assessment.
>
> One difficulty in performing on-the-job observations is correlating
> the schedule of the observer with the schedule of the trainee. One
> approach to resolving this problem is to associate specific skills or
> tasks learned in the training with work evolutions that normally occur
> at the site.
>
> Table 5 lists the tasks that will commonly appear in Phase II training
> in the left-hand column. The top row lists work evolutions where these
> tasks might be observed. A matrix could be prepared by marking an
> \"X\" in a box to show that a particular task can be observed in a
> particular evolution. The matrix could then be used to correlate with
> the procedures governing that evolution or task. An alternative is to
> prepare a checklist to use during the observation. Table 6 shows a
> sample of such a checklist.

Number range CHAPTERTABLE 5

RCT Performance Tasks Cross-Referenced to Work Evolutions

Number range CHAPTERWORK EVOLUTIONS PERFORMED IN THE FIELD

+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| **Number     | Num | N     | Num | Num | Number | Number | N     |
| range        | ber | umber | ber | ber | range  | range  | umber |
| CHAPTER      | ra  | range | ra  | ra  | CHAP   | CHAP   | range |
| [PERFORMANCE | nge | CHAPT | nge | nge | TERPer | TEREqu | CHA   |
| TASKS]{.     | C   | ERCon | C   | C   | sonnel | ipment | PTERA |
| smallcaps}** | HAP | tamin | HAP | HAP |        |        | ccess |
|              | TER | ation | TER | TER | Dec    | Dec    | and   |
|              | Air | and   | Per | Use | ontami | ontami | R     |
|              | Sa  | Radi  | son | of  | nation | nation | adioa |
|              | mpl | ation | nel |     |        |        | ctive |
|              | ing |       | and | Co  |        |        | S     |
|              |     | S     | Ma  | unt |        |        | ource |
|              |     | urvey | ter | er- |        |        |       |
|              |     |       | ial | Sca |        |        | Co    |
|              |     |       |     | ler |        |        | ntrol |
|              |     |       | R   |     |        |        |       |
|              |     |       | ele | Equ |        |        |       |
|              |     |       | ase | ipm |        |        |       |
|              |     |       |     | ent |        |        |       |
|              |     |       | Sur |     |        |        |       |
|              |     |       | vey |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| ***Number    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| range        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPTER[AIR  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| SAMPLING     |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| TASKS        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| GROUP]{.s    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPTERDraw  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| and field    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| count a grab |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| sample       |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAP         |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| TERCalculate |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| the activity |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| of a grab    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| air sample   |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAP         |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| TERCalculate |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| a continuous |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| air monitor  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| (CAM) unit   |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| alarm        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| setpoint     |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| a background |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| check of a   |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CAM          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CAM source/  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
|              |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| efficiency   |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| check        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERConduct |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| an air       |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| sample media |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| exchange     |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| ***Number    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| range        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPTER[C    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ONTAMINATION |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| MONITORING   |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ]{.s         |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
|              |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ***[TASKS    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| GROUP]{.s    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| pr           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| eoperational |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| checks of    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| c            |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ontamination |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| monitoring   |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ins          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| trumentation |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| a removable  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| c            |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ontamination |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| survey       |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| a gross      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| large area   |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| smear        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| c            |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ontamination |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| survey       |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| a direct     |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| c            |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ontamination |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| survey       |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHA          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| PTERDocument |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| c            |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ontamination |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| survey       |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| results      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| ***Number    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| range        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPT        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ER[RADIATION |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| MO           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| NITORING]{.s |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
|              |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ***[SKILLS   |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| GROUP]{.s    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| pr           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| eoperational |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| checks of    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| radiation    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| monitoring   |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ins          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| trumentation |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| a general    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| area dose    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| rate survey  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| a contact    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| dose rate    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| survey       |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHA          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| PTERDocument |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| radiation    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| survey       |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| results      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| ***Number    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| range        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPTER[CO   |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| UNTER-SCALER |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| E            |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| QUIPMENT]{.s |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
|              |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ***[TASKS    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| GROUP]{.s    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| co           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| unter-scaler |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| pr           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| eoperational |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| checks       |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPTERField |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| count a      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| sample with  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| the          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| co           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| unter-scaler |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| ***Number    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| range        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPTE       |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| R[PROTECTIVE |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| E            |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| QUIPMENT]{.s |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
|              |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ***[TASKS    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| GROUP]{.s    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPTERDon   |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| antic        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ontamination |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| clothing     |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| C            |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| HAPTERRemove |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| antic        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ontamination |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| clothing     |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| ***Number    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| range        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHA          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| PTER[HAZARDS |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| POSTING]{.s  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
|              |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ***[TASKS    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| GROUP]{.s    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPTERPost  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| an area to   |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| reflect      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| hazards      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| C            |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| HAPTERRepost |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| an area      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHA          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| PTERDocument |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| posting      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| cha          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| nges/updates |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| ***Number    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| range        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPT        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ER[PERSONNEL |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| DECONTA      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| MINATION]{.s |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
|              |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ***[TASKS    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| GROUP]{.s    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| skin/hair    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| dec          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ontamination |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| personal     |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| effects      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| dec          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ontamination |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| nasal smears |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| ***Number    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| range        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPTER      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| [RADIOACTIVE |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| SOURCES]{.s  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
|              |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ***[TASKS    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| GROUP]{.s    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CH           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| APTERPerform |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| an inventory |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| of           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| radioactive  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| sources      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPTERLeak  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| check        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| radioactive  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| sources      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHA          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| PTERDocument |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| radioactive  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| source       |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| in           |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| ventory/leak |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| check        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| ***Number    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| range        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHAPTER[D    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| OCUMENTATION |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| TASKS        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| GROUP]{.s    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| mallcaps}*** |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHA          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| PTERComplete |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| field        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| logbook      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| entry        |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHA          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| PTERComplete |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| a request    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| for          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| procedure    |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| change       |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+
| Number range |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| CHA          |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| PTERComplete |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| a            |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| Radiological |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| Problem      |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
| Report form  |     |       |     |     |        |        |       |
+--------------+-----+-------+-----+-----+--------+--------+-------+

Number range CHAPTERTABLE 6

Sample RCT Field Observation Guide

**RCT FIELD OBSERVATION GUIDE #123**

**EVOLUTION: [Personnel Release Survey]{.underline}**

[Instructions to Field Observer]{.underline}

Brief the subject RCT prior to commencing the field observation to
relieve concerns about being observed.

Participant must perform the task without help. A debriefing after the
completion of the evolution may be appropriate to reinforce good habits
and to correct weaknesses.

Number range CHAPTER**PERFORM PERSONNEL RELEASE SURVEYS**

**Perform a self survey or a survey of an individual for personnel
release using portable contamination monitoring instrumentation**.

+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| **Number range CHAPTERMake comments in the    | **Nu | **Nu | **N   |
| section at the end of this document. Use the  | mber | mber | umber |
| reference number associated with each of the  | r    | r    | range |
| skills listed below.**                        | ange | ange | CHAPT |
|                                               | CH   | CH   | ER5** |
|                                               | APTE | APTE |       |
|                                               | R1** | R3** | **    |
|                                               |      |      | ~Outs |
|                                               | **~I | **   | tandi |
|                                               | nade | ~Ade | ng~** |
|                                               | quat | quat |       |
|                                               | e~** | e~** |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTER1. Was the type or level  |      |      |       |
| of survey performed as called out by the      |      |      |       |
| Radiological Work Permit or other procedure?  |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTER2. Was it verified by the |      |      |       |
| RCT that daily preoperational checks on the   |      |      |       |
| instrument(s) had been completed?             |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTER3. Was a preuse function  |      |      |       |
| check of the instrument                       |      |      |       |
|                                               |      |      |       |
| performed?                                    |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTER4. Did the RCT determine  |      |      |       |
| the background radiation level                |      |      |       |
|                                               |      |      |       |
| prior to commencing the personnel release     |      |      |       |
| survey?                                       |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTER5. Did the RCT hold the   |      |      |       |
| instrument probe at the proper                |      |      |       |
|                                               |      |      |       |
| distance?                                     |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTER6. Did the RCT scan for   |      |      |       |
| contamination at the proper                   |      |      |       |
|                                               |      |      |       |
| speed?                                        |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTER7. While surveying, did   |      |      |       |
| the RCT monitor for an audible                |      |      |       |
|                                               |      |      |       |
| increase in count rate above background?      |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTER**\*\*\* [IF]{.underline} | \-   | \-   | \-    |
| Contamination was discovered \*\*\***         |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTER8. Was Radiological       |      |      |       |
| Control supervision notified as               |      |      |       |
|                                               |      |      |       |
| required?                                     |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTER9. Was a thorough         |      |      |       |
| whole-body survey of the individual           |      |      |       |
|                                               |      |      |       |
| performed?                                    |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTER10. Was the event         |      |      |       |
| documented in accordance with                 |      |      |       |
|                                               |      |      |       |
| prescribed procedures?                        |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTER11. If the individual was |      |      |       |
| confirmed to be contaminated,                 |      |      |       |
|                                               |      |      |       |
| were the recommended steps taken to preclude  |      |      |       |
| the                                           |      |      |       |
|                                               |      |      |       |
| spread of contamination and to proceed to a   |      |      |       |
|                                               |      |      |       |
| decontamination facility? Describe the        |      |      |       |
| actions taken in                              |      |      |       |
|                                               |      |      |       |
| the comments section at the end of this       |      |      |       |
| document.                                     |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+
| Number range CHAPTERNOTE: If personnel        |      |      |       |
| decontamination will be performed, see RCT    |      |      |       |
| Field Observation Guide #XYZ.                 |      |      |       |
+-----------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+

Number range CHAPTER**[COMMENTS]{.underline}** (List by reference
number)

Number range CHAPTER2. **Discussion Questions:**

> RCTs support radiological work and engage in all activities in
> radiological areas. The following questions could be part of the
> discussion:
>
> a\. How many millirems of dose do you normally receive on your job in
> a year?
>
> b\. What is your annual dose limit? Administrative dose guideline;
> when was the last time it was reported?
>
> c\. What types of radiological hazards exist at your facility?
>
> d\. What types of radiation are you exposed to in the course of your
> work? How do you protect yourself from these hazards?
>
> e\. How do you practice ALARA in your work?
>
> f\. What is the sound of continuous air monitor alarms for your
> workplace?
>
> g\. How are employees at your work area warned of radiological
> hazards?
>
> h\. What are the biological symptoms you might display with increasing
> exposures to radiation?
>
> i\. What obligations do you have to maintain exposure to radiation
> ALARA?
>
> j\. What is dosimetry? What precautions should be taken when handling
> dosimeters?
>
> k\. What practices do you take to assure you do not spread
> contamination while donning or doffing PCs?
>
> l\. What radiological training are you required to take? How does your
> training relate to your job?
>
> 3\. **Written Exam:**
>
> Each site should determine critical objectives to be retested for each
> lesson or class. Consideration should be given to the likelihood of a
> trainee having the opportunity to apply the skills from the training
> in an actual work environment. If the trainee is in training for an
> extended period of time, 2 to 4 months may pass without having had the
> opportunity to use the skills in actual work.
>
> Number range CHAPTER**IV. REFERENCES**
>
> The following materials provide a wide range of detailed data
> regarding principles and practices in evaluating training and will be
> useful for those desiring a more in-depth understanding of the
> evaluation process.
>
> Dixon, Nancy M., \"*Evaluations: A Tool for HRD Improvement*,\"
> University Associates, Inc. in Association with the American Society
> for Training and Development, San Diego, California, 1990.
>
> *\"Guidelines For Evaluation of Nuclear Facility Training Programs*,\"
> DOE-STD-1070-94 U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.,
> Reaffirmed 1999.
>
> Kirkpatrick, Donald L., \"*Evaluating Training Programs*,\" American
> Society for Training and Development, Alexandria, Virginia, 1975.
>
> Kirkpatrick, Donald L., \"*More Evaluating Training Programs*,\"
> American Society for Training and Development, Alexandria, Virginia,
> 1987.
>
> Newby, A.C., *\"Evaluation Training Handbook*,\" Pfeiffer & Company,
> San Diego, California, 1992.
>
> Phillips, Jack J., \"*Handbook of Training Evaluation and Measurement
> Methods*,\" Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas, 1983.
>
> Robinson, Dana Gaines and James C., \"*Training For Impact*,\"
> Jossey-Bass, Inc., San Francisco, California, 1989.

Number range CHAPTER

**(Part 2 of 3)**

**General Employee Radiological Training**

**Instructor's Guide**

![](media/image4.wmf){width="2.0in" height="2.0in"}

**Coordinated and Conducted**

**for**

**Office of Environment, Safety & Health**

**U.S. Department of Energy**

Number range CHAPTER*This page intentionally left blank.*

Number range CHAPTER**Course Developers**

Christine Liner Savannah River Site

Al Reeder Lockheed Martin Energy Systems

Carolyn Owen Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Dean Atchinson Brookhaven National Laboratory

Brent Pearson Coleman Industries

Roland Jean Sandia National Laboratory

Karin Jessen Lockheed Martin Energy Systems

**Course Reviewers**

Technical Standards Managers U.S. Department of Energy

Peter O'Connell U.S. Department of Energy

> William Ulicny ATL International, Inc.
>
> Number range CHAPTER*This page intentionally left blank.*

Number range CHAPTER

**Table of Contents**

**Page**

TERMINAL GOAL 1

ENABLING OBJECTIVES: 1

I. LESSON INTRODUCTION 2

> A. Self Introduction 2
>
> B. Course Overview 2
>
> C. Introduce Objectives 3

II\. LESSON 3

> A. Non-ionizing and Ionizing Radiation 3
>
> B. Sources of Radiation (EO1) 5
>
> C. Risks in Perspective (EO2) 7
>
> D. Radiological Controls (EO3) 13
>
> E. ALARA Program (EO4) 17
>
> F. Emergency Procedures (EO5) 18
>
> G. Employee Responsibilities (EO4) 19
>
> H. Monitoring (Dosimetry) 20
>
> I. Exposure Reports (EO6) 21

III\. SUMMARY 22

> References 23

Number range CHAPTER

*This page intentionally left blank*

*.*

Number range CHAPTER**TERMINAL GOAL:**

> Upon completion of this training, the participant will be able to
> DISCUSS (1) the hazards associated with radiological areas and
> radioactive material, (2) his/her limitations as a trained general
> employee during access to or work in the controlled areas, and (3)
> his/her responsibilities for complying with radiological requirements,
> including his/her expected response to abnormal radiological events or
> emergencies.

Number range CHAPTER**ENABLING OBJECTIVES:**

> The participant will be able to:
>
> EO1 IDENTIFY basic radiological fundamentals and radiation protection
> concepts.
>
> EO2 IDENTIFY the relative risks of exposure to radiation and
> radioactive materials, including prenatal radiation exposure.
>
> EO3 IDENTIFY physical design features, controls, limits, policies,
> procedures, alarms, and other measures implemented at the facility to
> control doses.
>
> EO4 IDENTIFY individual rights and responsibilities as related to
> implementation of the radiation protection program (including the
> ALARA Program).
>
> EO5 IDENTIFY actions implemented to control doses under emergency
> conditions.
>
> EO6 IDENTIFY exposure reports or other exposure data which may be
> provided and how to request these reports.

**Prerequisites:**

> None

Number range CHAPTER**I. LESSON INTRODUCTION**

**A. Self Introduction**

1\. Name

2\. Phone Number

3\. Background

> **B. Course Overview**
>
> General Employee Radiological Training (GERT) is provided to all site
> employees who receive occupational exposure during access to
> controlled areas at a DOE site or facility or who are permitted
> unescorted access to controlled areas. These individuals may routinely
> enter the controlled area and encounter radiological barriers,
> postings, radiation producing devices or radioactive materials.
> Employee responsibilities for observing and obeying radiological
> postings and procedures are emphasized throughout this training.
>
> Number range CHAPTERAdditional training beyond GERT is required for
>
> the employees who are identified as
>
> radiological workers. Every employee, both
>
> radiological worker and non-radiological worker,
>
> must play an active part in maintaining
>
> exposures to radiation and radioactive
>
> materials within DOE limits and As Low As Is
>
> Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).

Number range CHAPTER**OPTIONAL:**

Discuss and/or display various signs that the worker may be familiar
with (e.g., road signs, restroom signs, no smoking signs, etc.) and site
specific signs they may encounter on the job.

[Discuss:]{.underline}

Relate the responsibilities associated with road signs to
responsibilities with radiological postings.

> Number range CHAPTERGERT qualified individuals should be able to

place the risks associated with working at a

nuclear facility in perspective with other risks that we take in our
everyday life.

**C. Introduce Objectives**

1.  Terminal Goal

2.  Enabling Objectives

Number range CHAPTER**II. LESSON**

Number range CHAPTER**A. Non-ionizing and Ionizing Radiation (EO1)**

> Radiation is energy emitted through space and matter. This energy
> release is in the form of rays or particles and is emitted from
> unstable atoms or various radiation-producing devices, such as
> televisions and X-ray machines.
>
> 1\. Atoms
>
> The elements that make up all matter are composed of atoms. Atoms have
> three basic particles; protons, neutrons and electrons.
>
> a\. Stable atoms
>
> Most atoms are stable and do not emit excess energy.
>
> b\. Unstable atoms
>
> Unstable atoms emit excess energy. This energy is called radiation.

Number range CHAPTERList examples of other activities that have risks
(e.g., smoking, driving a car, eating fatty foods, etc.) The risks from
these activities will be discussed later.

Number range CHAPTEREO1 - IDENTIFY basic radiological fundamentals and
radiation protection concepts.

> Number range CHAPTER
>
> 2\. Ionizing radiation
>
> Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from
> electrically neutral atoms.
>
> • There are four basic types of ionizing radiation; alpha particles,
> beta particles, neutrons and gamma rays.
>
> 3\. Non-ionizing radiation
>
> Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to remove an
> electron from an atom.
>
> Number range CHAPTER• Types of non-ionizing radiation include:
> Microwaves, radio waves, visible light, heat, and infrared radiation.
>
> Non-ionizing radiation is not addressed further in this training.
>
> 4\. Radioactive Contamination
>
> Contamination is uncontained radioactive material in an unwanted
> location.
>
> 5\. Comparison of radiation and radioactive contamination
>
> Exposure to radiation does [NOT]{.underline} result in contamination
> of the worker. Only in the case of an individual coming in contact
> with radioactive contamination would there be a potential for the
> individual's skin or clothing to become contaminated.

Number range CHAPTERNote: X-rays are identical to gamma rays except for
their place of origin. X-rays originate from a shell electron and gamma
rays originate from the nucleus of an atom.

Insert facility-specific information if hazardous non-ionizing radiation
sources are present.

Number range CHAPTEROPTIONAL: Draw/show example of electromagnetic
spectrum. Explain that these are all radiation, but have different
energy levels. (Relate this concept by comparing microwaves/radio
waves/visible light).

Number range CHAPTERUse example(s), such as a camp fire or powdered
donuts, to depict the concept of radiation vs. contamination.

> Number range CHAPTER
>
> **B. Sources of Radiation (EO1)**

People have always been exposed to radiation. Radiation, simply defined,
is energy emitted through space and matter. We are exposed to radiation
from naturally-occurring sources in our environment, man-made sources,
and even from materials inside our bodies.

> • The average annual radiation dose to a member of the general
> population is about 360 millirem/year. This amount is a combination of
> both natural background and man-made sources of radiation.
>
> 1\. Natural background sources of radiation
>
> Natural background radiation is by far the largest contributor (about
> 300 millirem/year) to radiation doses. The main sources of natural
> background radiation are listed below:
>
> a\. [Cosmic radiation]{.underline} - radiation from the sun and outer
> space, varies with altitude, (e.g., Denver would be higher than
> Miami).

b.  Radon - (the principal source of background radiation exposure.) A
    gas from naturally-occurring uranium in the soil.

> Number range CHAPTERc. Terrestrial radiation from naturally- occurring
> radioactive material found in the [earth\'s crust]{.underline}, such
> as uranium found in rocks and soil.

EO1 - IDENTIFY basic radiological fundamentals and radiation protection
concepts.

OPTIONAL:

Explain that just as the inch is a basic unit to measure distance, the
rem is the basic unit of measure used to equate the amount of potential
biological damage done to our bodies by radiation. (1 rem = 1000
millirem)

> d\. Materials present in [our bodies]{.underline}. These come from
> naturally-occurring radioactive material present in our food, such as
> Potassium-40.
>
> 2\. Man-made sources of radiation
>
> Man-made sources of radiation, where the radiation is either produced
> or enhanced by human activities, contribute to the remainder of the
> annual average radiation dose (approximately 60 millirem). Man-made
> sources include the following:
>
> a\. Medical uses such as X rays and nuclear medicine tests or
> treatments
>
> b\. Tobacco products
>
> c\. Building materials
>
> 3\. Comparison of annual radiation doses from selected sources
>
> Examples of the annual radiation dose (mrem) from selected sources of
> radiation exposure are as follows:
>
> • Cigarette smoking 1300

(1 pack a day) 1300

> • Radon 200
>
> • Medical exposures 54

(average) 54

> • Terrestrial radiation
>
> (rocks and soil) 28
>
> • Cosmic radiation
>
> (sun and space) 28

Number range CHAPTERNote that these are average figures and can vary
significantly depending on the individual's location and specific
attributes associated with the exposure.

• • Round trip US by air 5

> • Building materials 7

Number range CHAPTER

> • World wide fallout \<1

Number range CHAPTER • Domestic water

supply 5

> • Natural gas range 0.2
>
> • Smoke detectors 0.001
>
> Number range CHAPTER**C. Risks in Perspective** **(EO2)**
>
> Radiation comes from background and man-made sources. We receive
> approximately 360 millirem/year. This is separate from occupational
> exposure. In addition, radiation dose may also be received on the job.
> The potential risks from this exposure can be compared to other risks
> we accept everyday.
>
> Number range CHAPTER1. Occupational dose
>
> The risks associated with occupational
>
> doses are very small and considered acceptable when compared to that
> of other occupational health risks (i.e., being a coal miner or
> construction worker).
>
> Number range CHAPTERa. Radiation dose limit (EO3)
>
> The DOE whole body radiation dose limit for general employees is 5000
> millirem/year.

Number range CHAPTEREO2 - IDENTIFY the relative risks of exposure to
radiation and radioactive materials, including prenatal radiation
exposure.

OPTIONAL:

Include the most recent average annual radiation dose for
non-radiological workers and radiological workers at the site.

Number range CHAPTEREO3 - IDENTIFY physical design features, controls,
limits, policies, procedures, alarms, and other measures implemented at
the facility to control doses.

> b\. Number range CHAPTERAdministrative Control Levels
>
> Sites typically have administrative control levels below the DOE
> limit. (Insert facility-specific limits). Individuals who complete
> only this GERT training are not expected to receive more than 100
> millirem/yr occupational dose.
>
> Number range CHAPTERc. Average annual radiation dose for various
> occupations
>
> DOE radiological workers who received measurable radiological doses
> had an average dose of less than 75 millirem in 2001. This amount is
> compared to other occupations.
>
> [Occupation (millirem/year)]{.underline}
>
> • Airline flight crew member
>
> 400-600
>
> • Nuclear power plant worker
>
> 300
>
> • DOE/DOE contractors
>
> 75
>
> • Medical personnel
>
> 70
>
> 2\. Potential health effects from exposure to radiation. (EO2)
>
> Biological effects from exposure to radiation [may]{.underline} occur
> in the exposed individual or in the future children of the exposed
> individual.

Number range CHAPTEREO2 - IDENTIFY the relative risks of exposure to
radiation and radioactive materials, including prenatal radiation
exposure.

Number range CHAPTERa. Exposed individual

> There is scientific evidence for health effects (primarily cancer)
> from radiation doses well above the annual limit for occupational
> exposure (greater than 10,000 millirem). The risks associated with
> occupational doses are very small and considered acceptable when
> compared to other occupational risks.
>
> For very large doses received over a short period of time, prompt
> effects (i.e., effects that appear shortly after the exposure) may
> result. These doses are received typically under accident conditions
> such as the firefighters responding to the Chernobyl accident. These
> effects may include reddening of the skin, vomiting, hair loss, or
> even death.
>
> Number range CHAPTER
>
> Number range CHAPTERb. Future children of the exposed individual
>
> Heritable effects (i.e., genetic changes to the parents sperm and/or
> eggs that results in an observed effect in their offspring) from
> ionizing radiation have been found in plants and animals, but have not
> been observed in human populations.

Number range CHAPTEROPTIONAL: The current rate of cancer deaths in the
US from all causes is \~20%. Many things can cause cancer, including
high exposures to radiation. A 25,000 millirem dose would result in an
increased risk of cancer from 20% (background rate) to 21%.

Number range CHAPTER

> The risk of heritable effects from ionizing radiation is considered to
> be very small when compared to other naturally-occurring Number range
> CHAPTERheritable effects and difficult to detect over the natural
> background rate of birth defects.
>
> Number range CHAPTER3. Prenatal effects (EO2)
>
> A developing embryo/fetus is especially sensitive to ionizing
> radiation. Radiation is one of many agents that may cause harm to the
> embryo/fetus (i.e., chemicals, heat, etc.). Significant radiation
> doses (\>10,000 millirem) to the embryo/fetus may increase the chances
> that the child will develop conditions such as a small head size,
> lower birth weight, and/or slower mental growth.

Number range CHAPTERa. Possible effects

> Radiation dose to the embryo/fetus may increase the chances that the
> child will develop conditions such as slower growth or mental
> development or childhood cancer. These effects can also be caused by
> many other hazards in our environment.

Number range CHAPTEREO2 - IDENTIFY the relative risks of exposure to
radiation and radioactive materials, including prenatal radiation
exposure.

Number range CHAPTEROptional: The natural rate of birth defects in the
US is \~ 11%. A 25,000 millirem dose to the fetus/embryo may increase
the chance of a birth defect from 11% to 11.1%.

DISCUSS declared pregnant worker.

> b\. DOE Limits (EO2)

The risk of these effects occurring is minimized by having special
protective measures for the embryo/fetus of a declared pregnant women.
The limit for the embryo/fetus is 500 millirem for the period from
conception to birth.

> Number range CHAPTER1) A worker may voluntarily notify her employer,
> in writing, when she is pregnant.
>
> 2\) It is the recommendation of DOE's Radiological Control Standard
> that the employer provide the option for a reassignment of work tasks
> to a declared pregnant worker, without loss of pay or promotional
> opportunity, such that further occupational radiation exposure is
> unlikely.
>
> 4\. Comparison of risks of occupational radiation doses with other
> health risks (EO2)
>
> The risk of working with or around sources of ionizing radiation can
> be compared to the risks we accept as part of everyday life.

These data address the expected effect on the average life span of a
large population of individuals subjected to the risk factor/behavior in
question.

Number range CHAPTEREO2 - IDENTIFY the relative risks of exposure to
radiation and radioactive materials, including prenatal radiation
exposure.

Number range CHAPTERNote: Explain that there are ongoing scientific
discussions concerning the validity of extrapolating high dose data to
these very low numbers. The real risk may actually be significantly
lower.

> Number range CHAPTERa. Loss of life expectancy due to various causes
> (Expressed in days)

### Health Risk and Estimated

> [Days of Life Expectancy]{.underline}
>
> • Being unmarried male
>
> 3500 days
>
> • Smoking (1 pack/day)
>
> 2250 days
>
> • Being unmarried female
>
> 1600 days
>
> • Being a coal miner
>
> 1100 days
>
> • 15% overweight
>
> 777 days
>
> • Alcohol (US average)
>
> 365 days
>
> • Being a construction worker
>
> 227 days
>
> • Driving a motor vehicle
>
> 205 days
>
> • All industry
>
> 60 days
>
> • Radiation 100 mrem/yr
>
> (for 70 yr) 10 days
>
> • Coffee (US Average)
>
> 6 days
>
> b\. The following activities create a risk of 1 in a million chances
> of dying
>
> • Smoking 1.4 cigarettes (lung cancer)
>
> • Eating 40 tablespoons of peanut butter
>
> • Eating 100 charcoal broiled steaks
>
> • Spending 2 days in New York City (air pollution)
>
> • Driving 40 miles in a car (accident)
>
> • Flying 2500 miles in a jet (accident)
>
> • Canoeing for 6 minutes
>
> • Receiving 2.5 mrem of radiation (cancer) (based on extrapolation of
> the current DOE dose model)
>
> Number range CHAPTER5. Benefit versus risk (EO2)
>
> In summary, the estimated risk associated with occupational radiation
> dose, when compared to other occupational risks, is considered to be
> within the normal range of risk tolerance by national and
> international scientific groups who have studied these issues. Clearly
> though, the acceptance of risk is a personal matter that each
> individual must make for themselves and is best made with accurate
> information.
>
> Number range CHAPTER
>
> **Number range CHAPTERD. Radiological Controls (EO3)**
>
> Radiological controls are established to protect individuals from
> unplanned or uncontrolled exposure to radiation and from ingestion,
> inhalation, or absorption of radioactive material. These controls
> include, but are not limited to, a unique system of identifying
> radioactive materials using certain colors and/or symbols and
> radiological postings, implementation of controls to maintain
> radiation exposures As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA), and
> training of workers on radiation safety and emergency response.

Number range CHAPTEREO2 - IDENTIFY the relative risks of exposure to
radiation and radioactive materials, including prenatal radiation
exposure.

Number range CHAPTEREO3 - IDENTIFY physical design features, controls,
limits, policies, procedures, alarms, and other measures implemented at
the facility to control doses.

> Number range CHAPTER1. Radiological identification system(s)
>
> Only especially trained/qualified workers are permitted to enter areas
> controlled for radiological purposes or handle radioactive material.
> All areas or material controlled for radiological purposes are
> identified by one or more of the following.

a\. Signs that have the standard radiation symbol colored magenta or
black on a yellow background are used.

b\. Yellow and magenta rope, tape, chains or other barriers are used to
designate the boundaries of posted areas.

> c\. Tags and labels with a yellow background and either a magenta or
> black standard radiation symbol are used to identify radioactive
> material.
>
> \"CAUTION-RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL\"
>
> d\. Yellow plastic wrapping, yellow plastic bags and labeled
> containers are used to package radioactive material.
>
> e\. Designated areas are used to store radioactive material.

f.  Protective clothing used to prevent personnel contamination is
    yellow and/or distinctively marked.

g.  Number range CHAPTERPotentially contaminated tools, and portable
    equipment used for radiological work are marked.

Number range CHAPTERShow examples of radiological signs, tags, clothing,
etc

Show Symbol

Show Sign

Show Examples

Number range CHAPTERNOTE: Show how anti-contamination clothing is marked
at your facility.

> Number range CHAPTER2. Postings (EO3)
>
> Postings are used to alert personnel of a potential or known
> radiological condition and to aid them in controlling exposures and
> preventing the spread of contamination.
>
> a\. Controlled Area
>
> Controlled areas are areas established around radiological areas to
> manage personnel access to the radiological areas and to provide
> warning of the existence of radiological hazards in the area.
>
> Number range CHAPTERThis training will permit you unescorted entry
> into the controlled area.
>
> b\. Radioactive Material Area
>
> This is an area within a controlled area where radioactive material in
> excess of specified quantities is located.
>
> This training alone typically will not permit you unescorted access to
> these areas.
>
> Number range CHAPTERc. Radiological Areas
>
> There are radiological areas established within the controlled area.

Number range CHAPTEREO3 - IDENTIFY physical design features, controls,
limits, policies, procedures, alarms, and other measures implemented at
the facility to control doses.

Show facility-specific sign for controlled area

Show sign for radioactive material area.

Discuss facility-specific access requirements.

Number range CHAPTERShow signs for areas.

> Number range CHAPTER"Radiation Area, High Radiation Area, and Very
> High Radiation Area," identify areas where the hazard is exposure to
> ionizing radiation and the different areas designate increasing levels
> of hazard (increasing levels of dose rates).
>
> "Contamination Area" and "High Contamination Area" identify areas
> where the hazard is from accessible loose radioactive contamination.
> Protective clothing is used to prevent contamination of personnel.
>
> "Airborne Radioactivity Area" indicates the potential for radioactive
> contamination in the air. Protective clothing and respiratory
> protection may be used to protect personnel from inhaling the
> contamination or getting contamination on their skin."
>
> This training typically will [NOT]{.underline} permit you to enter
> these areas. Personnel trained at the GERT level are typically not
> permitted to enter these areas unless escorted and/or trained.
>
> dNumber range CHAPTER. Radiological Buffer Area

A radiological buffer area may be established within the controlled area
to provide a secondary boundary for minimizing exposures to radiation or
contamination.

This training typically does NOT qualify you to enter the radiological
buffer area unless you are continuously escorted. (Insert
facility-specific requirements.)

Number range CHAPTERDiscuss facility-specific access requirements.

Number range CHAPTERDISCUSS other facility-specific areas, such as soil
contamination area.

Number range CHAPTER(These are not required by 10 CFR 835). Show
facility-specific sign for radiological buffer area.

> **Number range CHAPTERE. ALARA Program (EO4)**
>
> 1\. ALARA Concept
>
> The DOE and this Site are firmly committed to having a Radiological
> Control Program of the highest quality. Therefore, maintaining
> occupational dose from radiation and radioactive materials As Low As
> Is Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) is an integral part of all site
> activities. The purpose of the ALARA program is to control radiation
> doses in consideration of the overall benefit of the activity causing
> the dose.
>
> Number range CHAPTERThere are a few basic practices used to maintain
> exposure to radiation ALARA.
>
> Number range CHAPTERa. Time-Reduce the amount of time spent near a
> source of radiation.
>
> b\. Distance-Stay as far away from the source as possible.
>
> c\. Shielding-Shielding is placed between workers and the source.
>
> d\. Radioactive contamination is controlled using engineered
> ventilation, containments, decontamination, and lastly, PPE to
> minimize the potential for inhalation, ingestion, or absorption of
> radioactive material.

Number range CHAPTEREO4 - IDENTIFY individual rights and
responsibilities as related to implementation of the radiation
protection program (including the ALARA Program.)

OPTIONAL:

Discuss the radiological control philosophy that there be no personnel
dose without commensurate benefit.

Number range CHAPTEROPTIONAL:

Discuss some facility-specific examples of each of these exposure
control techniques.

> **Number range CHAPTERF. Emergency Procedures** **(EO5)**
>
> In the unlikely event that a radiological incident occurs, it is
> important for each employee to know the emergency procedures.
>
> 1\. Abnormal Conditions

If you discover radioactive material that is not where it belongs,
(e.g., discarded in a clean trash receptacle, outside of radiological
areas, or loose outside or in a building corridor), you should take the
following actions:

> a.Number range CHAPTER Do not touch or handle the material.
>
> b\. Warn other personnel not to approach the area.
>
> c\. Guard the area, moving a safe distance, (see following ALARA
> Section) and have someone immediately notify Radiological Control
> personnel.
>
> d\. Await Radiological Control personnel.
>
> Number range CHAPTERThese actions are taken to minimize exposure to
> radiation and potential contamination of yourself and others.
>
> Number range CHAPTER2. Facility Alarms
>
> (Insert facility specific information)
>
> 3\. Facility Evacuation Procedures
>
> Number range CHAPTER
>
> (Insert facility specific information)

Number range CHAPTEREO5 - IDENTIFY actions implemented to control doses
under emergency conditions.

Review examples of properly located and posted radioactive material.

> Number range CHAPTER**G. Employee Responsibilities (EO4)**
>
> All employees have an impact on maintaining exposures to radiation and
> radioactive material ALARA. Work planning is a key component of the
> ALARA program to ensure each of the controls listed below is applied
> as appropriate to the work being performed. Some of the employee
> responsibilities are listed.
>
> Number range CHAPTER1. Obey all signs/postings.
>
> 2\. Comply with all radiological and safety rules.
>
> 3\. Do not enter any radiological area unless escorted. If visiting a
> radiological area with an escort:

Number range CHAPTERa. obey the instructions of your escort.

> b\. obtain and properly wear dosimeters as instructed by procedure,
> Radiological Control personnel, or your escort.
>
> Number range CHAPTERc. utilize ALARA techniques to control your
> exposure.
>
> Number range CHAPTER4. Be alert for and report unusual radiological
> situations.
>
> Unusual situations may include finding radioactive material outside a
> designated area or finding a compromised radiological barrier.

Number range CHAPTEREO4 - IDENTIFY individual rights and
responsibilities as related to implementation of the radiation
protection program (including the ALARA Program).

> Number range CHAPTER5. Know where and/or how to contact Radiological
> Control personnel in your work area.
>
> 6\. Comply with emergency procedures for your work area.

7.  Keep exposures to radiation and radioactive materials ALARA and know
    the Administrative Control Levels and Dose Limits.

8.  Know your cumulative and annual dose.

> Number range CHAPTER**H. Monitoring (Dosimetry)**
>
> Since radiation [cannot]{.underline} be detected with the human
> senses, special detection devices must be used. Workers should become
> familiar with the equipment and devices used to measure and detect
> radiation and radioactive material, as applicable to their job
> functions. Monitoring is only required if you are likely to receive a
> dose in excess Number range CHAPTERof 100 millirem in a year.
> Therefore, it is possible based on your job function and location that
> you will not be provided a dosimeter.

Number range CHAPTER(Insert facility-specific information)

> Some workers are monitored for intakes of radioactive material (e.g.,
> inhaling or ingesting radioactive material). This is typically done by
> either using an apparatus (e.g., whole body counter) to detect the
> material or by analyzing a sample the individual provides (e.g.,
> urinalysis).

Number range CHAPTERDiscuss/show dosimeters used at facility. Discuss
any facility specific monitoring used for GERT trained employees.

> Number range CHAPTER**I. Exposure Reports (EO6)**
>
> Although DOE and DOE contractor employees who are only trained at the
> GERT level are not expected to receive occupational dose above the
> monitoring threshold, they may be monitored for exposure in any case.
> This could occur during escorted entries into radiologically
> controlled areas or in other circumstances. Individuals who are
> monitored for exposure at DOE facilities have the right to request
> reports of that exposure as follows:
>
> Number range CHAPTER• Upon the request from an individual terminating
> employment, records of radiation exposure dose shall be provided by
> the DOE facility within 90 days. If requested, a written estimate of
> radiation exposure received by the terminating employee shall be
> provided at the time of termination.
>
> Number range CHAPTER• Each individual who is required to be monitored
> for radiation exposure at a DOE facility shall receive a report of
> that exposure on an annual basis.
>
> Number range CHAPTERNote: As previously discussed, individuals may be
> monitored with a dosimeter even though they are not required to be
> monitored. In this case an annual report is not required to be sent.

Number range CHAPTEREO6 - IDENTIFY exposure reports or other exposure
data that may be provided and how to request these reports.

> Number range CHAPTER• Detailed information concerning any individual's
> exposure shall be made available to the individual upon request of
> that individual.
>
> • When a DOE contractor is required to report to the Department,
> pursuant to Departmental requirements for occurrence reporting and
> processing, any exposure of an individual to radiation and/or
> radioactive material, or planned special exposure, the contractor
> shall also provide that individual with a report on his/her exposure
> data included therein. Such a report shall be transmitted at a time
> not later than the transmittal to the Department.

**Number range CHAPTERIII. SUMMARY**

> It is important to understand what radiation and radioactive materials
> are and to recognize the postings associated with radiological work.
> All employees are responsible to comply with the safety rules and to
> access only areas they are authorized to enter. Through an enhanced
> awareness of this topic, each employee may contribute to safe
> practices in the workplace.

Number range CHAPTER**References:**

1\. DOE Radiological Control Standard \[DOE-STD 1098-99\]

2\. "Guide to Good Practice in Radiation Protection Training," ORAU
88/H-99

3\. US NRC Regulatory Guide 8.13, "Instruction Concerning Prenatal
Radiation Exposure" December 1997

4\. US NRC Regulatory Guide 8.29, "Instruction Concerning Risks from
Occupational Radiation Exposure," July 1981

5\. DOE Occupational Radiation Exposure 2001 Report, DOE/EH-0660

6.  DOE 10 CFR 835, "Occupational Radiation Protection."

Number range CHAPTER*This page intentionally left blank.*Number range
CHAPTER

**(Part 3 of 3)**

**General Employee Radiological Training**

**Student's Guide**

![](media/image4.wmf){width="2.0in" height="2.0in"}

**Coordinated and Conducted**

**for**

**Office of Environment, Safety & Health**

**U.S. Department of Energy**

*This page intentionally left blank.*

**Course Developers**

Christine Liner Savannah River Site

Al Reeder Lockheed Martin Energy Systems

Carolyn Owen Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Dean Atchinson Brookhaven National Laboratory

Brent Pearson Coleman Industries

Roland Jean Sandia National Laboratory

Karin Jessen Lockheed Martin Energy Systems

**Course Reviewers**

Technical Standards Managers U.S. Department of Energy

Peter O'Connell U.S. Department of Energy

William Ulicny ATL International, Inc

iii

*This page intentionally left blank.*

iv

Table of Contents

TERMINAL GOAL 1

ENABLING OBJECTIVES: 1

I. LESSON INTRODUCTION 3

> A. Self Introduction 3
>
> B. Course Overview 3
>
> C. Introduce Objectives 4

II\. LESSON 4

> A. Non-ionizing and Ionizing Radiation (EO1) 4
>
> B. Sources of Radiation (EO1) 6
>
> C. Risks in Perspective (EO2) 9
>
> D. Radiological Controls (EO3) 14
>
> E. ALARA Program (EO4) 18
>
> F. Emergency Procedures (EO5) 19
>
> G. Employee Responsibilities (EO4) 20
>
> H. Monitoring (Dosimetry) 21
>
> I. Exposure Reports (EO6) 22

III\. SUMMARY 23

> References 23

v

*This page intentionally left blank.*

vi

**TERMINAL GOAL:**

> Upon completion of this training, the participant will be able to
> DISCUSS (1) the hazards associated with radiological areas and
> radioactive material, (2) his/her limitations as a trained general
> employee during access to or work in the controlled areas, and (3)
> his/her responsibilities for complying with radiological requirements,
> including his/her expected response to abnormal radiological events or
> emergencies.

**ENABLING OBJECTIVES:**

> The participant will be able to:
>
> EO1 IDENTIFY basic radiological fundamentals and radiation protection
> concepts.
>
> EO2 IDENTIFY the relative risks of exposure to radiation and
> radioactive materials, including prenatal radiation exposure.
>
> EO3 IDENTIFY physical design features, controls, limits, policies,
> procedures, alarms, and other measures implemented at the facility to
> control doses.
>
> EO4 IDENTIFY individual rights and responsibilities as related to
> implementation of the radiation protection program (including the
> ALARA Program).
>
> EO5 IDENTIFY actions implemented to control doses under emergency
> conditions.
>
> EO6 IDENTIFY exposure reports or other exposure data which may be
> provided and how to request these reports.

**Prerequisites:**

> None

**I. LESSON INTRODUCTION**

**A. Self Introduction**

1\. Name

2\. Phone Number

3\. Background

> **B. Course Overview**
>
> General Employee Radiological Training (GERT) is provided to all site
> employees who receive occupational exposure during access to
> controlled areas at a DOE site or facility or who are permitted
> unescorted access to controlled areas. These individuals may routinely
> enter the controlled area and encounter radiological barriers,
> postings, radiation producing devices or radioactive materials.
> Employee responsibilities for observing and obeying radiological
> postings and procedures are emphasized throughout this training.
>
> • Additional training beyond GERT is required for the employees who
> are identified as radiological workers. Every employee, both
> radiological worker and non-radiological worker, must play an active
> part in maintaining exposures to radiation and radioactive materials
> within DOE limits and As Low As Is Reasonably Achievable (ALARA).

• GERT qualified individuals should be able to place the risks
associated with working at a nuclear facility in perspective with other
risks that we take in our everyday life.

**C. Introduce Objectives**

1\. Terminal Goal

2\. Enabling Objectives

**II. LESSON**

> **A. Non-ionizing and Ionizing Radiation** **(EO1)**
>
> Radiation is energy emitted through space and matter. This energy
> release is in the form of rays or particles and is emitted from
> unstable atoms or various radiation-producing devices, such as
> televisions and X-ray machines.
>
> 1\. Atoms
>
> The elements that make up all matter are composed of atoms. Atoms have
> three basic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons.
>
> a\. Stable atoms

Most atoms are stable and do not emit excess energy

> b\. Unstable atoms
>
> Unstable atoms emit excess energy. This energy is called radiation.
>
> 2\. Ionizing radiation
>
> Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from
> electrically neutral atoms.
>
> • There are four basic types of ionizing radiation; alpha particles,
> beta particles, neutrons and gamma rays.
>
> 3\. Non-ionizing radiation
>
> Non-ionizing radiation does not have enough energy to remove an
> electron from an atom.
>
> • Types of non-ionizing radiation include: Microwaves, radio waves,
> visible light, heat, and infrared radiation.
>
> Non-ionizing radiation is not addressed further in this training.
>
> 4\. Radioactive Contamination
>
> Contamination is uncontained radioactive material in an unwanted
> location.
>
> 5\. Comparison of radiation and radioactive contamination
>
> Exposure to radiation does [NOT]{.underline} result in contamination
> of the worker. Only in the case of an individual coming in contact
> with radioactive contamination would there be a potential for the
> individual's skin or clothing to become contaminated.
>
> **B. Sources of Radiation (EO1)**

People have always been exposed to radiation. Radiation, simply defined,
is energy emitted through space and matter. We are exposed to radiation
from naturally-occurring sources in our environment, man-made sources,
and even from materials inside our bodies.

> • The average annual radiation dose to a member of the general
> population is about 360 millirem/year. This amount is a combination of
> both natural background and man-made sources of radiation.
>
> 1\. Natural background sources of radiation
>
> Natural background radiation is by far the largest contributor (about
> 300 millirem/year) to radiation doses. The main sources of natural
> background radiation are listed below:
>
> a\. [Cosmic radiation]{.underline} - radiation from the sun and outer
> space, varies with altitude, (e.g., Denver would be higher than
> Miami).
>
> b\. Radon - (the principal source of background radiation exposure.) A
> gas from naturally-occurring uranium in the soil.
>
> c\. Terrestrial radiation from naturally-occurring radioactive
> material found in the [earth\'s crust]{.underline}, such as uranium
> found in rocks and soil.
>
> d\. Materials present in [our bodies]{.underline}. These come from
> naturally-occurring radioactive material present in our food, such as
> Potassium-40.
>
> 2\. Man-made sources of radiation
>
> Man-made sources of radiation, where the radiation is either produced
> or enhanced by human activities, contribute to the remainder of the
> annual average radiation dose (approximately 60 millirem). Man-made
> sources include the following:
>
> a\. Medical uses such as X-rays and nuclear medicine tests or
> treatments
>
> b\. Tobacco products
>
> c\. Building materials
>
> 3\. Comparison of annual radiation doses from selected sources
>
> Examples of the annual radiation dose from selected sources of
> radiation exposure are as follows:
>
> • Cigarette smoking 1300

(1 pack a day)

> • Radon 200
>
> • Medical exposures 54

(average)

> • Terrestrial radiation (rocks and soil) 28
>
> • Cosmic radiation (sun and space) 28
>
> • Round trip US by air 5
>
> • Building materials 7
>
> • World wide fallout \<1
>
> • Domestic water supply 5
>
> • Natural gas range 0.2
>
> • Smoke detectors 0.001
>
> **C. Risks in Perspective** **(EO2)**
>
> Radiation comes from background and man-made sources. We receive
> approximately 360 millirem/year. This is separate from occupational
> exposure. In addition, radiation dose may also be received on the job.
> The potential risks from this exposure can be compared to other risks
> we accept everyday.
>
> 1\. Occupational dose
>
> The risks associated with occupational doses are very small and
> considered acceptable when compared to that of other occupational
> health risks (i.e., being a coal miner or construction worker).
>
> a\. Radiation dose limit (EO3)
>
> The DOE whole body radiation dose limit for general employees is 5000
> millirem/year.

b.  Administrative Control Levels

    Sites typically have administrative control levels below the DOE
    limit. (Insert facility-specific limits). Individuals who complete
    only this GERT training are not expected to receive more than 100
    millirem/yr occupational dose.

    c\. Average annual radiation dose for various occupations

    DOE radiological workers who received measurable radiological doses
    had an average dose of less than 75 millirem in 2001. This amount is
    compared to other occupations.

    [Occupation]{.underline} [millirem/year]{.underline}

    • Airline flight crew member 400-600

    • Nuclear power plant worker 300

    • DOE/DOE contractors 75

    • Medical personnel 70

    2\. Potential health effects from exposure to radiation. (EO2)

    Biological effects from exposure to radiation [may]{.underline}
    occur in the exposed individual or in the future children of the
    exposed individual.

    a\. Exposed individual

    There is scientific evidence for health effects (primarily cancer)
    from radiation doses well above the annual limit for occupational
    exposure (greater than 10,000 millirem). The risks associated with
    occupational doses are very small and considered acceptable when
    compared to other occupational risks.

    For very large doses received over a short period of time, prompt
    effects (i.e., effects that appear shortly after the exposure) may
    result. These doses are received typically under accident conditions
    such as the firefighters responding to the Chernobyl accident. These
    effects may include reddening of the skin, vomiting, hair loss, or
    even death.

    b\. Future children of the exposed individual

    Heritable effects (i.e., genetic changes to the parents sperm and/or
    eggs that results in an observed effect in their offspring) from
    ionizing radiation have been found in plants and animals, but have
    not been observed in human populations. The risk of heritable
    effects from ionizing radiation is considered to be very small when
    compared to other naturally-occurring heritable effects and
    difficult to detect over the natural background rate of birth
    defects.

    3\. Prenatal effects (EO2)

    A developing embryo/fetus is especially sensitive to ionizing
    radiation. Radiation is one of many agents that may cause harm to
    the embryo/fetus (i.e., chemicals, heat, etc.). Significant
    radiation doses (\>10,000 millirem) to the embryo/fetus may increase
    the chances that the child will develop conditions such as a small
    head size, lower birth weight, and/or slower mental growth.

    a\. Possible effects

    Radiation dose to the embryo/fetus may increase the chances that the
    child will develop conditions such as slower growth or mental
    development or childhood cancer. These effects can also be caused by
    many other hazards in our environment.

    b\. DOE Limits (EO2)

    The risk of these effects occurring is minimized by having special
    protective measures for the embryo/fetus of a declared pregnant
    women. The limit for the embryo/fetus is 500 millirem for the period
    from conception to birth.

    1\) A worker may voluntarily notify her employer, in writing, when
    she is pregnant.

    2\) It is the recommendation of DOE's Radiological Control Standard
    that the employer provide the option for a reassignment of work
    tasks to a declared pregnant worker, without loss of pay or
    promotional opportunity, such that further occupational radiation
    exposure is unlikely.

    4\. Comparison of risks of occupational radiation doses with other
    health risks (EO2)

    The risk of working with or around sources of ionizing radiation can
    be compared to the risks we accept as part of everyday life.

    These data address the expected effect on the average life span of a
    large population of individuals subjected to the risk
    factor/behavior in question.

    a\. Loss of life expectancy due to various causes (Expressed in
    days)

    Estimated Days of Life

####### Health Risk Expectancy Lost, Average

• Being unmarried male 3500

• Smoking (1 pack/day) 2250

• Being unmarried female 1600

• Being a coal miner 1100

• 15% overweight 777

• Alcohol (US average) 365

• Being a construction worker 227

• Driving a motor vehicle 205

• All industry 60

• Radiation 100 mrem/yr (70 yr) 10

• Coffee (US Average) 6

b\. The following activities create a risk of 1 in a million chances of
dying

• Smoking 1.4 cigarettes (lung cancer)

• Eating 40 tablespoons of peanut butter

• Eating 100 charcoal broiled steaks

• Spending 2 days in New York City (air pollution)

• Driving 40 miles in a car (accident)

• Flying 2500 miles in a jet (accident)

• Canoeing for 6 minutes

• Receiving 2.5 mrem of radiation (cancer) (based on extrapolation of
the current DOE dose model)

5\. Benefit versus risk (EO2)

In summary, the estimated risk associated with occupational radiation
dose, when compared to other occupational risks, is considered to be
within the normal range of risk tolerance by national and international
scientific groups who have studied these issues. Clearly though, the
acceptance of risk is a personal matter that each individual must make
for themselves and is best made with accurate information.

**D. Radiological Controls** **(EO3)**

Radiological controls are established to protect individuals from
unplanned or uncontrolled exposure to radiation and from ingestion,
inhalation, or absorption of radioactive material. These controls
include, but are not limited to, a unique system of identifying
radioactive materials using certain colors and/or symbols and
radiological postings, implementation of controls to maintain radiation
exposures As Low As Is Reasonably Achievable (ALARA), and training of
workers on radiation safety and emergency response.

1\. Radiological identification system(s)

Only specially trained/qualified workers are permitted to enter areas
controlled for radiological purposes or handle radioactive material. All
areas or material controlled for radiological purposes are identified by
one or more of the following.

a\. Signs that have the standard radiation symbol colored magenta or
black on a yellow background are used.

b\. Yellow and magenta rope, tape, chains or other barriers are used to
designate the boundaries of posted areas.

c\. Tags and labels with a yellow background and either a magenta or
black standard radiation symbol are used to identify radioactive
material.

\"CAUTION-RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL\"

d\. Yellow plastic wrapping, yellow plastic bags and labeled containers
are used to package radioactive material.

e\. Designated areas are used to store radioactive material.

f\. Protective clothing used to prevent personnel contamination is
yellow and/or distinctively marked.

g\. Potentially contaminated tools, and portable equipment used for
radiological work are marked.

2\. Postings (EO3)

Postings are used to alert personnel of a potential or known
radiological condition and to aid them in controlling exposures and
preventing the spread of contamination.

a\. Controlled Area

1\) Controlled areas are areas established around radiological areas to
manage personnel access to the radiological areas and to provide warning
of the existence of radiological hazards in the area.

2\) This training will permit you unescorted entry into the controlled
area.

b\. Radioactive Material Area

1\) This is an area within a controlled area where radioactive material
in excess of specified quantities is located.

2\) This training alone typically will not permit you unescorted access
to these areas.

c\. Radiological Areas

1\) There are radiological areas established within the controlled area.

"Radiation Area, High Radiation Area, and Very High Radiation Area,"
identify areas where the hazard is exposure to ionizing radiation and
the different areas designate increasing levels of hazard (increasing
levels of dose rates).

"Contamination Area" and "High Contamination Area" identify areas where
the hazard is from accessible loose radioactive contamination.
Protective clothing is used to prevent contamination of personnel.

"Airborne Radioactivity Area" indicates the potential for radioactive
contamination in the air. Protective clothing and respiratory protection
may be used to protect personnel from inhaling the contamination or
getting contamination on their skin."

2\) This training typically will [NOT]{.underline} permit you to enter
these areas. Personnel trained at the GERT level are typically not
permitted to enter these areas unless escorted and/or trained.

d\. Radiological Buffer Area

1\) A radiological buffer area may be established within the controlled
area to provide a secondary boundary for minimizing exposures to
radiation or contamination.

2\) This training typically does NOT qualify you to enter the
radiological buffer area unless you are continuously escorted. (Insert
facility-specific requirements.)

**E. ALARA Program** **(EO4)**

1\. ALARA Concept

The DOE and this Site are firmly committed to having a Radiological
Control Program of the highest quality. Therefore, maintaining
occupational dose from radiation and radioactive materials As Low As Is
Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) is an integral part of all site
activities. The purpose of the ALARA program is to control radiation
doses in consideration of the overall benefit of the activity causing
the dose.

There are a few basic practices used to maintain exposure to radiation
ALARA.

a\. Time-Reduce the amount of time spent near a source of radiation.

b\. Distance-Stay as far away from the source as possible.

c\. Shielding-Shielding is placed between workers and the source.

d\. Radioactive contamination is controlled using engineered
ventilation, containments, decontamination, and lastly, PPE to minimize
the potential for inhalation, ingestion, or absorption of radioactive
material.

**F. Emergency Procedures** **(EO5)**

In the unlikely event that a radiological incident occurs, it is
important for each employee to know the emergency procedures.

1\. Abnormal Conditions

If you discover radioactive material that is not where it belongs,
(e.g., discarded in a clean trash receptacle, outside of radiological
areas, or loose outside or in a building corridor), you should take the
following actions:

1\) Do not touch or handle the material.

2\) Warn other personnel not to approach the area.

3\) Guard the area, moving a safe distance, (see following ALARA
Section) and have someone immediately notify Radiological Control
personnel.

4\) Await Radiological Control personnel.

These actions are taken to minimize exposure to radiation and potential
contamination of yourself and others.

2\. Facility Alarms

(Insert facility specific information)

3\. Facility Evacuation Procedures

(Insert facility specific information)

**G. Employee Responsibilities** **(EO4)**

All employees have an impact on maintaining exposures to radiation and
radioactive material ALARA. Work planning is a key component of the
ALARA program to ensure each of the controls listed below is applied as
appropriate to the work being performed. Some of the employee
responsibilities are listed.

1\. Obey all signs/postings.

2\. Comply with all radiological and safety rules.

3\. Do not enter any radiological area unless escorted. If visiting a
radiological area with an escort:

a\. obey the instructions of your escort.

b\. obtain and properly wear dosimeters as instructed by procedure,
Radiological Control personnel, or your escort.

c\. utilize ALARA techniques to control your exposure.

4\. Be alert for and report unusual radiological situations.

Unusual situations may include finding radioactive material outside a
designated area or finding a compromised radiological barrier.

5\. Know where and/or how to contact Radiological Control personnel in
your work area.

6\. Comply with emergency procedures for your work area.

7\. Keep exposures to radiation and radioactive materials ALARA and know
the Administrative Control Levels and Dose Limits.

8\. Know your cumulative and annual dose.

**H. Monitoring (Dosimetry)**

Since radiation [cannot]{.underline} be detected with the human senses,
special detection devices must be used. Workers should become familiar
with the equipment and devices used to measure and detect radiation and
radioactive material, as applicable to their job functions. Monitoring
is only required if you are likely to receive a dose in excess of 100
millirem in a year. Therefore, it is possible based on your job function
and location that you will not be provided a dosimeter.

(Insert facility-specific information)

Some workers are monitored for intakes of radioactive material (e.g.,
inhaling or ingesting radioactive material). This is typically done by
either using an apparatus (e.g., whole body counter) to detect the
material or by analyzing a sample the individual provides (e.g.,
urinalysis).

**I. Exposure Reports** **(EO6)**

Although DOE and DOE contractor employees who are only trained at the
GERT level are not expected to receive occupational dose above the
monitoring threshold, they may be monitored for exposure in any case.
This could occur during escorted entries into radiologically controlled
areas or in other circumstances. Individuals who are monitored for
exposure at DOE facilities have the right to request reports of that
exposure as follows:

• Upon the request from an individual terminating employment, records of
radiation exposure dose shall be provided by the DOE facility within 90
days. If requested, a written estimate of radiation exposure received by
the terminating employee shall be provided at the time of termination.

• Each individual who is required to be monitored for radiation exposure
at a DOE facility shall receive a report of that exposure on an annual
basis.

Note: As previously discussed, individuals may be monitored with a
dosimeter even though they are not required to be monitored. In this
case an annual report is not required to be sent.

• Detailed information concerning any individual's exposure shall be
made available to the individual upon request of that individual.

• When a DOE contractor is required to report to the Department,
pursuant to Departmental requirements for occurrence reporting and
processing, any exposure of an individual to radiation and/or
radioactive material, or planned special exposure, the contractor shall
also provide that individual with a report on his/her exposure data
included therein. Such a report shall be transmitted at a time not later
than the transmittal to the Department.

**III. SUMMARY**

It is important to understand what radiation and radioactive materials
are and to recognize the postings associated with radiological work. All
employees are responsible to comply with the safety rules and to access
only areas they are authorized to enter. Through an enhanced awareness
of this topic, each employee may contribute to safe practices in the
workplace.

**References** **:**

1\. DOE Radiological Control Standard \[DOE-STD 1098-99\]

2\. "Guide to Good Practice in Radiation Protection Training," ORAU
88/H-99

3\. US NRC Regulatory Guide 8.13, "Instruction Concerning Prenatal
Radiation Exposure" December 1997

4\. US NRC Regulatory Guide 8.29, "Instruction Concerning Risks from
Occupational Radiation Exposure," July 1981

5\. DOE Occupational Radiation Exposure 2001 Report, DOE/EH-0660

6\. DOE 10 CFR 835, "Occupational Radiation Protection."

Number range CHAPTER**CONCLUDING MATERIAL**

**Review Activities:**

[DOE]{.underline} [Ops Offices]{.underline} [Field Offices]{.underline}
**Preparing Activity:**

DP AL RFSO

EH CH OH DOE EH-52: Peter O'Connell

EM ID GFO

ER NV **Project Number:**

FM OR

LM RL TRNG-0001

NE SR

NS

PR

SA

[Area Offices]{.underline} [National Laboratories]{.underline}

Amarillo BNL

Ashtabula LANL

Carlsbad LLNL

Columbus PNNL

Fernald Sandia

Kansas City FNL

Kirtland

Los Alamos

Miamisburg

Pinellas

West Valley