**Further Reading**

Barbir, F. (2006). PEM fuel cells. In Sammes, N. S. (ed.) (2006). *Fuel
Cell Technology: Reaching Towards Commercialization*. pp 27-51. London:
Springer.

Bernardi, D. M. and Verbrugge, D. M. (1992). A mathematical model of the
solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cell. *Journal of the Electrochemical
Society* **139,** 2477-2491.

Berning, T., Lu, D. M. and Djilali, N. (2002). Three-dimensional
computational analysis of transport phenomena in a PEM fuel cell.
*Journal of Power Sources* **106,** 284-294.

Cleghorn, S. J. C., Ren, X., Springer, T. E., Wilson, M. S.,
Zawodzinski, C., Zawodzinski, T. A. and Gottesfeld, S. (1997) PEM fuel
cells for transportation and stationary power generation applications.
*International Journal of Hydrogen Energy* **22,** 1137-1144.

Costamagna, P. and Srinivasan, S. (2001). Quantum jumps in the PEMFC
science and technology from the 1960s to the year 2000: Part I.
Fundamental scientific aspects. *Journal of Power Sources* **102,**
242-252.

Costamagna, P. and Srinivasan, S. (2001). Quantum jumps in the PEMFC
science and technology from the 1960s to the year 2000: Part II.
Engineering, technology development and application aspects. *Journal of
Power Sources* **102,** 253-269.

Dutta, S., Shimpalee, S. and Van Zee, J. W. (2000). Three-dimensional
numerical simulation of straight channel PEM fuel cells. *Journal of
Applied Electrochemistry* **30,** 135-146.

Dutta, S., Shimpalee, S. and Van Zee, J. W. (2001). Numerical prediction
of mass-exchange between cathode and anode channels in a PEM fuel cell.
*International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer* **44,** 2029-2042.

EG&G Services. (2004). Fuel Cell Handbook (7th edn.). Morgantown: United
States Department of Energy.

Kreuer, K. D. (2001). On the development of proton conducting polymer
membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells. *Journal of Membrane
Science* **185,** 29-39.

Gasteiger, H. A., Kocha, S. S., Sompalli, B. and Gottesfeld, S. (2000).
Activity benchmarks and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen
reduction catalysts for PEMFCs. *Applied Catalysis B: Environmental*
**56,** 9-35.

He, W., Yi, J. S. and Nguyen, T. V. (2000). Two-phase flow model of the
cathode of PEM fuel cells using interdigitated flow fields. *AIChE
Journal* **46,** 2053-2064.

Hickner, M. A., Ghassemi, H., Kim, Y. S., Einsla, B. R. and McGrath, J.
E. (2004). Alternative polymer systems for proton exchange membranes
(PEMs). *Chemical Reviews* **104,** 4587-4611.

Kramer, D., Zhang, J., Shimoi, R. *et al.* (2005). In situ diagnostic of
two-phase flow phenomena in polymer electrolyte fuel cells by neutron
imaging: Part A. Experimental, data treatment, and quantification.
*Electrochimica Acta* **50,** 2603-2614.

Mathias, M. F., Makharia, R. Gasteiger, H. A. *et al.* (2005). Two fuel
cell cars in every garage? *Electrochemical Society Interface* **14,**
24-35.

Mench, M. M., Dong, Q. L. and Wang, C. Y. (2003). In situ water
distribution measurements in a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. *Journal
of Power Sources* **124,** 90-98.

Mench, M. M., Wang, C. Y. and Ishikawa, M. (2003). In situ current
distribution measurements in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. *Journal of
the Electrochemical Society* **150,** A1052-A1059.

Mench, M. M. (2008). *Fuel Cell Engines*. Hoboken, New Jersey: John
Wiley & Sons Inc.

Meyers, J. P. and Maynard, H. L. (2002). Design considerations for
miniaturized PEM fuel cells. *Journal of Power Sources* **109,** 76-88.

Natarajan, D. and Nguyen, T. V. (2001). A two-dimensional two-phase,
multicomponent transient model for the cathode of a proton exchange
membrane fuel cell using conventional gas distributors. *Journal of the
Electrochemical Society* **148,** A1324-A1335.

Pasaogullari, U. and Wang, C. Y. (2004). Liquid water transport in gas
diffusion layer of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. *Journal of the
Electrochemical Society* **151,** A399-A406.

Rolison, D. R. (2003). Catalytic nanoarchitectures -- The importance of
nothing and the unimportance of periodicity. *Science* **299,**
1698-1701.

Shimpalee, S. and Dutta, S. (2000). Numerical prediction of temperature
distribution in PEM fuel cells. *Numerical Heat Transfer; Part A:
Applications* **38,** 111-128.

Springer, T. E., Zawodzinski, T. A., and Gottesfeld, S. (1991). Polymer
electrolyte fuel cell model. *Journal of the Electrochemical Society*
**138,** 2334-2342.

Steele, B. C. H. and Heinzel, A. (2001). Materials for fuel-cell
technologies. *Nature* **414,** 345-352.

Wang, C. Y. (2004). Fundamental models for fuel cell engineering.
*Chemical Reviews* **104,** 4727-4765.

Wang, H., Sweikart, M. A. and Turner, J. A. (2003). Stainless steel as
bipolar plate material for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.
*Journal of Power Sources* **115,** 243-251.

Wang, Z. H., Wang, C. Y. and Chen, K. S. (2001). Two-phase flow and
transport in the air cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
*Journal of Power Sources* **94,** 40-50.

Weber, A. Z. and Newman, J. (2004). Modeling transport in
polymer-electrolyte fuel cells. *Chemical Reviews* **104,** 4679-4726.

Yi, J. S. and Nguyen, T. V. (1998). An along-the-channel model for
proton exchange membrane fuel cells. *Journal of the Electrochemical
Society* **145,** 1149-1159.

Zawodzinski, T. A., Derouin, C., Radzinski, S. *et al.* (1993). Water
uptake by and transport through Nafion^®^ 117 membranes. *Journal of the
Electrochemical Society* **140,** 1041-1047.

Zhang, F. Y., Yang, X. G. and Wang, C. Y. (2006). Liquid water removal
from a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. *Journal of the Electrochemical
Society* **153,** A225-A232.