**[NASA Earth Science Enterprise]{.smallcaps}**

**[Applications Program]{.smallcaps}**

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*Earth Science for Carbon Management*

***Carbon Management Program Element Plan: 2004-2008***

*March 11, 2004 (v2.9)*

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*Earth Science Exploration Serving Society*

> *Accelerating the realization of economic*
>
> *and societal benefits from Earth science,*
>
> *information, and technology ...*

**NASA Earth Science Enterprise - Earth Science Applications Program**

Earth Science for Carbon Management

*Carbon Management Program Element Plan: 2004-2008*

Contents:

### Purpose and Scope

I.  Goals and Objectives

> A. Goals: FY04-08
>
> B. Objectives: FY04

C.  Objectives: FY05

D.  Objectives: FY06-08

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II. Leadership Network

> A. Management Assignments
>
> B. Network

III. Applications Activities

     A.  Decision support tools for 1605(b) process

     B.  Long term carbon sequestration history in North America

     C.  Solicitations

     D.  Carbon modeling, verification and validation

     E.  Legacy projects

     F.  Other activities

IV. Budget Table

V.  Schedule and Milestones

VI. Program Management and Performance Measures

VII. Roadmap

*Note: This plan is based on the President's proposed FY2004 budget.*

**NASA Earth Science Enterprise - Earth Science Applications Program**

Earth Science for Carbon Management

*Carbon Management Element Plan: 2004-2008*

#### I. Purpose and Scope

The carbon management program element is one of twelve elements in the
Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) Earth Science Applications Program. NASA
and the Earth Science Applications Program collaborate with partner
organizations to enable and enhance the application of NASA's Earth
science research results to serve national priority policy and
management decision-support tools. The desired outcome is for partner
organizations to use project results, such as prototypes and benchmark
reports, to enable expanded use of Earth science products and enhance
their decision-support capabilities.

Carbon management is a key resource management and policy issue of the
21^st^ century. The atmospheric concentration of CO~2~ increased by
about 25% during the 20^th^ century and is continuing to increase in
part due to the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land cover and
land use. Increases in the atmospheric concentration of CO~2~ and other
greenhouse gases are likely to produce significant changes in global
climate and accompanying changes in the energy and water cycles. These
changes will have profound impacts on society and the Earth's
ecosystems.

The US administration launched an initiative in 2001 to address specific
elements of the climate change issue[^1]. The carbon management program
element responds to the Climate Change Research Initiative (CCRI) and
focuses on carbon emissions and sequestration in terrestrial, oceanic
and geologic systems. The program element responds to requirements and
programs of the operational agencies responsible for implementation of
the Climate Change Technology Initiative (CCTI) in regard to the use of
NASA systems (e.g., Landsat, Terra/Aqua, Aura, SeaWiFS, Orbiting Carbon
Observatory (OCO)) to measure and monitor carbon sequestration in
terrestrial, lacustrine and oceanic environments and the flux of carbon
among these environments and the atmosphere. Projects sponsored through
this program element build toward an operational carbon management
regime that informs resource managers and policy makers of the current
state of the distribution of carbon sources and sinks and provides
information on near-term and long-term impacts of mitigation actions.
Measurements and observations from NASA's Earth orbiting systems will be
especially useful in scaling up in situ and local measurements to
regional and global scales. The carbon management program will also
consider carbon emissions commencing in FY05.

The Earth Science Applications Program
(http://www.earth.nasa.gov/eseapps), through the carbon management
program element, uses data and models acquired and developed through the
NASA/ESE carbon research program to benchmark assimilation of
observations and predictions into decision support tools that support
management of carbon sources and sinks by NASA's applications partners.
The carbon management program, as with the other elements in Earth
science applications of ESE, draws upon the research and technology
developed through ESE to support the next generation of integrated
research solutions. The carbon management program also benefits from
models developed by NASA centers and laboratories and international
collaborations, especially with the carbon sequestration research and
operational implementation of Australia.

In developing a science-based carbon management regime knowledge of the
carbon cycle is exploited to assist operational agencies (e.g., the US
Department of Agriculture (USDA), Department of Energy (DOE),
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the US Geological Survey
(USGS)) fulfill their mandates to manage carbon and to support local,
regional, national, and global policy and planning for control of carbon
in the environment. The program element collaborates with academic and
government laboratories and operational agencies in the North American
Carbon Program (NACP) to develop, test, and implement new technologies
for measuring, monitoring, and validation of carbon management
practices.

NASA implements the carbon management program element through
partnerships with USDA, DOE and EPA and competitive solicitations. The
operational agencies are the senior members in these partnerships; they
are responsible for establishing requirements for decision support
systems, monitoring progress, incorporating results into operational
procedures, and on-going, operational use of the tools and systems based
on NASA research results.

An example of the strategy and implementation of the carbon management
program element is the work sponsored by the Earth Science Applications
Program to support DOE, USDA, and EPA implementation of a program for
voluntary sequestration of greenhouse gases (see Figure 1). In February
2002, the President directed the Secretary of Agriculture, in
consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the Administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency, to revise the rules and guidelines for
the voluntary reporting of greenhouse gas sequestration projects under
section 1605(b) of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT). Section
1605(b) affords an opportunity for any company, organization or
individual to establish a public record of emissions, reductions, or
sequestration achievements in a national database. Participants can gain
recognition for environmental stewardship, demonstrate support for
voluntary approaches to achieving environmental policy goals, support
information exchange, and inform the public debate over greenhouse gas
emissions[^2]. In 2002, DOA invited NASA/ESE to participate on a
Greenhouse Gas Accounting Rules and Guidelines Working Group, with DOE
and EPA, to develop the guidelines.

One of NASA's roles in the working group is to assist in the development
of software tools to model carbon sequestration in the United States and
monitor sequestration through the program. In December 2002, the Earth
Science Applications Program initiated a project at Ames Research Center
to extend carbon sequestration research currently underway (Chris Potter
-- principal investigator) to benchmark decision support tools for
1605(b) program. That work is underway, and the decision support tool
(CQUEST[^3]) will be available on-line for test by the working group
members and the public in FY04.

The program element also endorses outreach toward federal, state, and
local agencies responsible for carbon management; inter-disciplinary
training for key individuals in those partner agencies; and development
of protocols for handling acquisition, processing, warehousing, display,
and distribution issues in the use of Earth system science and remote
sensing observations for measurement and monitoring of carbon emissions
and sequestration.

**II. Goals and Objectives**

Projects sponsored by the Earth Science Applications Program carbon
management element in FY04 address objectives 1.1, 1.2 and 3.1 of the
NASA [2003 Strategic Plan,]{.underline} and the NASA Integrated Budget
and Performance Document (IBPD) performance measures 4ESA1, 4ESA5, and
5ESA9 (see Table 1).

A. Goals: FY04-08:

The carbon management program element seeks to maximize the benefit of
NASA/ESE observations, predictions from model output and systems
engineering in decision support systems and tools used by agencies and
organizations responsible for policy and resource decisions related to
carbon emissions and sequestration -- from local to global scales.

B. Objectives: FY 2004:

1)  Identify and evaluate potential Earth science inputs to one decision
    support system related to carbon management in a federal agency.
    (\$200k)

2)  Complete implementation of the CQUEST decision support tool for
    USDA/DOE/EPA implementation of the 1605(b) carbon management system
    and characterize the impact of the tool on the 1605(b) process.
    (\$300k)

3)  Select at least 3 new projects from the competitive solicitation
    NRA-04-OES-01 (Carbon Cycle Science) that will integrate unique NASA
    capabilities into decision support systems for carbon management.
    Initiate projects in FY04. (estimated total cost per year: \$1M.)

4)  Initiate project, in collaboration with NASA/ESE Research Division,
    to calibrate land cover data from MODIS and Landsat TM/ETM+ and MSS
    data, thus extending the MODIS record back to the early 1970's, and
    use the land cover information to improve accuracy of terrestrial
    carbon sequestration monitoring. (\$250k)

5)  Document in appropriate journals (at least one special edition) and
    web pages (NASA/ESE web site) the progress and capabilities of the
    carbon management program element. (\$25k)

6)  Represent the carbon management program element on the NASA/USDA
    Interagency Working Group. (\$50k)

7)  Participate in the NACP and seek projects that match NASA Earth
    science capabilities with the measurement and monitoring
    requirements of the CCTP for carbon emissions and sequestration.
    (\$25k)

Table 1:

Linkage among objectives from the NASA 2003 Strategic Plan,

The IBPD and the Carbon Management Program Plan

  -------------- ---------------------------------- ----------- -----------
  NASA Strategic [Objective]{.underline}            FY04 Carbon FY05 Carbon
  Plan 2003                                         Mgmt        Mgmt
                                                    Objective   Objective

  1.1            Understand how the Earth is        1,4         1,2
                 changing, better predict change,               
                 and understand the consequences                
                 for life on earth.                             

  1.2            Expand and accelerate the          1,3         1,2
                 realization of economic and                    
                 societal benefits from Earth                   
                 science, information and                       
                 technology                                     

  3.3            Improve the Nation\'s economic     1,2,4,5,7   3
                 strength and quality of life by                
                 facilitating the innovative use of             
                 NASA technology                                

  IBPD FY04-05                                                  

  4ESA1, 4ESA5   Benchmark the process of           2           
                 assimilating observations from                 
                 missions and predictions from                  
                 models into decision support                   
                 systems for carbon management                  

  5ESA9          Benchmark the use of predictions               1,3
                 from 2 NASA Earth system science               
                 models for use in national                     
                 priorities such as support for the             
                 CCSP and CCTP.                                 
  -------------- ---------------------------------- ----------- -----------

> C. Objectives FY05-08

1)  Validate and benchmark the CQUEST tool as part of the 1605(b)
    guidelines (complete in FY05)

2)  Evaluate the use of at least two data products that extend the
    sequestration modeling capability of MODIS data to the Landsat
    historical archive; improve the accuracy of the MODIS-based
    products. (Complete in FY06)

3)  Benchmark performance of NASA Earth science inputs to two decision
    support systems for carbon management (emissions or sequestration).
    (Complete by FY08)

**III. Leadership Network**

> A. Management Assignments
>
> 1\) Program Manager carbon management element
>
> Mr. Ed Sheffner
>
> Earth Science Applications Division (Code YO)
>
> Office of Earth Science
>
> NASA Headquarters
>
> Washington DC
>
> Responsibilities:
>
> • Development of and implementation of interagency agreements and
> partnerships with other organizations.
>
> • Program development including program plans and budgets.
>
> • Development and implementation of solicitations for carbon
> management tasks.
>
> • Primary responsibility for metrics, performance goals and other
> performance evaluation criteria.
>
> • Point of contact for CCTP working group on sequestration, NASA/ESE
> carbon program (for applications), and NASA/USDA focus area working
> group on carbon management.
>
> 2\) Deputy Program Manager for carbon management element
>
> Dr. Carlos Del Castillo
>
> Project Research Scientist
>
> Earth Science Applications Directorate
>
> Stennis Space Center, MS (SSC)
>
> Responsibilities:
>
> • Coordinator and liaison with program element management for carbon
> management tasks at NASA centers other than Stennis.
>
> • COTR or studies manager (as appropriate) for grants and cooperative
> agreements related to carbon management and funded by the Earth
> Science Applications Division through procurement at SSC.
>
> • Management of tasks at SSC related to the carbon management element
> of the Earth Science Applications Division.
>
> B. Network

The NASA carbon management program element contributes nodes to a
network involving government, industry and the academic sector (see
Figure 2). This network is improving knowledge of how carbon moves
through the environment and is developing and implementing technology to
measure carbon emissions, monitor carbon sequestration programs, and
provide managers and policy makers with continuous information on which
decisions can be made on resource use and policies that impact the
global environment. Key nodes in the network (currently involved with
the program element) include:

1)  NASA HQ partners

> • Diane Wickland (YS: terrestrial and ecosystem processes)
>
> • Paula Bontempi (YS: ocean processes)
>
> • Woody Turner (YS/YO: ecological forecasting)
>
> • William Emanuel (YS/IPA: terrestrial processes)

2)  Partner agency contacts:

> • USDA: Bill Hohenstein, Global Change Program Office, Washington DC;
> Richard Birdsey, US Forest Service, chair, carbon management focus
> area working group for USDA/NASA Interagency Working Group; Steven
> Shafer and Paul Doriaswamy, Agricultural Research Service
>
> • EPA: Ken Andrasko, Sequestration Team, Office of Atmospheric
> Programs, Washington DC
>
> • DOE: Jeff Amthor, Climate Change Research Division, Germantown, MD
>
> • USGS: Tom Loveland, EROS Data Center, Sioux Falls, SD
>
> 3\) Government agencies and programs:
>
> • Department of Agriculture (USDA): Global Change Program Office;
> Sequestration Working Group for CCTI; carbon management focus area for
> NASSA/USDA interagency working group (Dr. Richard Birdsey)
>
> • Department of Energy (DOE): Lead in CCTI; Measurement, Monitoring
> and Verification Working Group for CCTI; lead agency for
> implementation of 1605(b) guidelines. (Dr. Roger Dahlman)
>
> • Department of the Interior (DOI) especially the US Geological Survey
> (USGS): Land cover and land cover change information for carbon
> sequestration. (Dr. Tom Loveland)
>
> • The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Partner in development of
> 1605 (b) guidelines. (Dr. Ken Andrasko)
>
> • Climate Change Science Program (CCSP): carbon cycle research
> especially location of sources and sinks (terrestrial and aquatic) and
> their dynamics. (Dr. Steven Shafer)
>
> • Climate Change Technology Program (CCTP): Development and
> verification of sequestration technology. (Dr. William Hohenstein)
>
> 4\) NASA Centers:

-   Ames Research Center: Modeling of carbon sequestration; development
    of tools and processes for 1605(b) compliance and verification (Dr.
    Chris Potter)

-   Goddard Space Flight Center: Calibration of MODIS and Landsat
    datasets to exploit extended record of Landsat for land cover change
    and its impact on carbon cycling and carbon management. (Dr. Chuck
    McClain)

-   Johnson Space Center: Coral reef studies -- link to oceanic sources
    and sinks. (Dr. Kamlesh Lulla)

-   Marshall Space Flight Center: Climate studies and forecasting;
    impact of climate change on source and sink dynamics. (Dr. Steve
    Goodman)

-   Stennis Space Center: Carbon dynamics in near shore and deep oceans;
    management of carbon projects. (Dr. Carlos Del Castillo)

5\) Universities (current, active contacts):

> • Colorado State University: Impact of wild fires on carbon cycling
> and carbon sequestration. (Dr. Ingrid Burke)
>
> • Mississippi State University: Forest structure visualization;
> monitoring carbon accumulation in forest biomass and soils. (Dr. Roger
> King)
>
> • University of Georgia: Agricultural decision support and carbon
> sequestration in developing countries. (Dr. Ed Kanemasu)
>
> • University of Maryland: Impact of fires on carbon sequestration.
> (Dr. David Roy)
>
> • University of Montana: Climate change impact on the carbon cycle in
> forests. (Dr. Ramakrishna Nemani[^4])
>
> 5\) Other Organizations:
>
> • Conservation International: Fires in tropical forests. (Dr. Marc
> Steininger)

The carbon management program element is based on the observations,
models, and systems engineering from NASA's Earth Science Enterprise.
The ESE research program for carbon responds to key questions listed in
the NASA/ESE "Strategic Plan 2003" and in the strategic plan for the
Climate Change Science Program. The questions address uncertainties
about the carbon cycle in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, land use
and land use changes that impact the carbon cycle and global climate,
and the linkages between ecosystems and global climate.

The Earth Science Enterprise is a participant in the NACP, an element of
the CCSP. The goal of the NACP is to reduce the uncertainties about
carbon sources and sinks in North America. Activities of this program
will extend beyond the next decade. They should produce information and
models that will be integrated through the CCTP for the development of
new technologies. These will be the basis for the assistance that NASA
Earth Science Applications provides to carbon management applications.

In the near-term, the state of knowledge can be exploited in decision
support tools that address mandates of operational agencies. Base lining
the performance of the tools defines the current state of the technology
and serve to gauge improvements in the tools as new observations, model
results and systems engineering methodologies become available.

![](media/image4.png){width="7.769444444444445in"
height="5.506944444444445in"}

> Figure 1: Carbon Management Integrated Systems Solution

Figure 2

*The Earth Science Application Program Node in*

*the Carbon Management Network*

> The carbon management program element coordinates input from
> government, academic and commercial sources with NASA measurements,
> models, and systems engineering, and integrates NASA's unique assets
> and capabilities with decision support tools and systems for managing
> carbon -- especially sequestration of carbon in terrestrial systems.
> The outer ring represents the communication among network members that
> does not flow through ESE carbon element.

**IV. Application Activities**

> A. Decision support tools for 1605(b) process:

This project will build and implement a decision support tool (CQUEST)
that utilizes the NASA-CASA model for prediction of carbon sequestration
potential and monitoring compliance. The DSS relies on baseline outputs
and carbon flux algorithms used in the NASA-CASA model (Carnegie Ames
Stanford Approach) Biosphere model. The primary DSS product is an
internet-based query and modeling application that lets users access
NASA-CASA model estimates of carbon sequestration in agricultural and
forest ecosystems anywhere in the United States from a web browser. A
graphical user interface will be created which lets land managers query
information from the baseline NASA-CASA results for their area(s) of
interest. The current version of the DSS uses AVHRR 8 km data.
Transition to 1km MODIS data is in progress. The user interface is
available[^5] in FY04 in preparation for publication of the 1605(b)
guidelines in June 2004.

PI: Dr. Chris Potter, Ames Research Center

Objective for FY04: Complete and evaluate performance of CQUEST.

FY04 budget: \$300K.

FY05 budget: \$200K (final year)

B. Long term carbon sequestration history in North America

Extend current measurements of land cover and land cover change from
MODIS in North America back to the early 1970's by calibrating MODIS and
Landsat ETM+, TM and MSS data. This work is coordinated with the ESE
Research Division as part of the NACP -- a task within the CCSP working
group on carbon. Results of the program will assist in carbon
sequestration activities. The impact of this work on carbon management
includes both improved understanding of the potential for carbon
sequestration in different regions of North America and improved
understanding of how MODIS data and data products can be used in carbon
management systems. This project coordinates with the CQUEST project at
Ames to extend, if possible, the record of "carbon change" back to the
beginning of the Landsat era.

PI: Dr. Jeff Masek, Goddard Space Flight Center

Objective for FY04: "Beta" version of land surface reflectance product
(for above ground biomass) and forest change products available for
evaluation.

FY04 budget: \$250K (approximately equal to funding from Research
Division)

FY05 budget: \$250K

FY06 budget: \$250K (final year)

> C. Solicitations

Carbon management is one of four proposal areas in a solicitation for
carbon cycle science and ecosystems in FY04. Projects awarded for carbon
management under the solicitation will have a duration of no more than
three years, and address decision support in terrestrial, oceanic or
geologic sequestration in response to priorities that emerge from the
CCSP and CCTP. The carbon management element will also monitor progress
for proposals awarded in FY04 under the following NASA solicitations:
NRA-03-OES-02: "Earth System Science Research using Data and Products
from TERRA, AQUA and ACRIM Satellites" (see Table 2); and NRA-03-OES-03:
"Interdisciplinary Science in the NASA Earth Science Enterprise" (see
Table 3).

Table 2:

Carbon Related Projects Funded Under NRA-03-OES-02

  ------------------ --------------------------------- -------------------
  Balch, William     The MODIS Ocean Product for       Bigelow Laboratory
                     Particulate Inorganic Carbon (MOD 
                     25): Refinement of Calcium        
                     Carbonate Estimates in the Global 
                     Ocean                             

  Carlson, Barbara   Understanding Spatial and         Goddard Institute
                     Temporal Variability in the       for Space Studies
                     Earth\'s Radiative Fluxes Through 
                     Analysis of CERES, MODIS, AIRS,   
                     and ISCCP Data                    

  Chin, Mian         A Global Model Analysis of        Goddard Space
                     Anthropogenic Aerosol Radiative   Flight Center
                     Forcing Using Data from Terra and 
                     Aqua Satellites, Ground-Based     
                     Networks, and In-Situ             
                     Measurements                      

  Chopping, Mark     Quantifying Changes in Carbon     Montclair State
                     Pools with Shrub Invasion of      University
                     Desert Grasslands Using           
                     Multi-Angle Data from EOS Terra   
                     and Aqua                          

  Emmons, Louisa     Closing the Carbon Monoxide       National Center for
                     Budget: Variability in CO         Atmospheric
                     Emissions                         Research

  Entekhabi, Dara    Global Estimates of Evaporation   Massachusetts
                     from Variational Assimilation of  Institute of
                     Multi-Platform Land Surface       Technology
                     Temperature into a Dynamic Model  
                     of the Surface Energy Balance     

  Fu, Rong           Investigating the Influences of   Georgia Institute
                     Vegetation, Biomass Burning,      of Technology
                     Clouds on Wet Season Onset over   
                     the Amazon Using Terra, Aqua in   
                     Conjunction with In Situ and      
                     Other Satellite Data Sets         

  Gower, Stith       Applications of MODIS to Resolve  University of
                     the Effects of Global Change on   Wisconsin Madison
                     Boreal Forest C Dynamics:         
                     Disturbance Versus Climate        
                     Warming                           

  Jacob, Daniel      Quantifying the Sources and       Harvard University
                     Global Transport of Combustion    
                     Gases and Aerosols Using MOPITT,  
                     MODIS, MISR, and Related          
                     Satellite Observations            

  Justice,           Refinement and Maintenance of the University of
  Christopher        MODIS Fire Product Suite and      Maryland College
                     MODIS Land Discipline Leader      Park

  Marra, John        Primary Productivity from Ocean   Columbia University
                     Color Based on Photosynthetic     Lamont Doherty
                     Quantum Efficiency and            Earth Observatory
                     Phytoplankton Absorption          

  McClain, Charles   MODIS Ocean Color Calibration and Goddard Space
                     Validation Support                Flight Center

  Nemani,            Prognostic/Diagnostic Analysis of Ames Research
  Ramakrishna        Land Surface Processes Using      Center
                     Ecosystem Modeling and TERRA/AQUA 
                     Products                          

  Neuer, Susanne     Analysis of Nutrient Budgets and  Arizona State
                     Carbon Export in the Eastern and  University
                     Western Subtropical North         
                     Atlantic Ocean                    

  Njoku, Eni         Aqua/AMSR-E Soil Moisture         Jet Propulsion
                     Algorithm and Product             Laboratory
                     Improvements                      

  Randerson, James   Using Satellite and Inverse       California
                     Techniques to Constrain Regional  Institute of
                     and Global Fire Emissions from    Technology
                     1997 to 2005: An Approach Based   
                     on the Carbon Isotope Ratio of    
                     Fire Emissions                    

  Ranson, Kenneth    Boreal Zone Forest Type and       Goddard Space
                     Structure from EOS Data Sets      Flight Center

  Redemann, Jens     Spatial Variability of MODIS and  Bay Area
                     MISR Derived Atmospheric Data     Environmental
                     Products                          Research Institute

  Reichle, Rolf      Assimilation of AMSR-E Data and   University of
                     Application to the Initialization Maryland Baltimore
                     of Soil Moisture Reservoirs in a  County
                     Seasonal Forecasting System       

  Remer, Lorraine    Maintenance and Refinement of the Goddard Space
                     Global MODIS Aerosol Products     Flight Center
                     from Terra and Aqua (MOD04/MYD04) 

  Running, Steven    EOS Algorithm Refinement          University of
                     Proposal-Global Validation and    Montana
                     Refinement of the MOD 17          
                     Terrestrial Net Primary           
                     Production and MOD 16 Evaporative 
                     Index                             

  Saatchi, Sassan    Forest Woody Biomass Carbon       Jet Propulsion
                     Estimates of North America from   Laboratory
                     Synergistic Analysis of MODIS,    
                     MISR, and JERS Data in Support of 
                     the North American Carbon Program 

  Stramski, Dariusz  Towards Global Monitoring of      Scripps Institution
                     Particulate Organic Carbon in the of Oceanography
                     Ocean from Satellite Observations 

  Townshend, John    Enhanced Land Cover and Land      University of
                     Cover Change Products from MODIS; Maryland College
                     An EOS Algorithm Refinement       Park
                     Proposal                          

  Ustin, Susan       Global Estimation of Canopy Water University of
                     Content                           California Davis

  Waring, Richard    Predicting Tree Species Diversity Oregon State
                     Across the Contiguous U.S.A. from University
                     Seasonal Patterns in              
                     Photosynthesis Derived with       
                     Satellite-Driven Models           

  Weaver, Clark      Spectral Signatures of Aerosols   Goddard Space
                     from Satellite Radiances          Flight Center
  ------------------ --------------------------------- -------------------

Table 3:

Carbon Related Projects Funded Under NRA-03-OES-03

  ---------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------
  Tian, Hanqin     Linking Multi-Scale Remotely Sensed Auburn University.
                   Data, Field Observations and        
                   Biogeochemistry Models to Evaluate  
                   Changes in the Terrestrial          
                   Ecosystems of China                 

  Moore, Berrien   Understanding the Changing Carbon,  Univ. of New
                   Nitrogen and Water Cycles in the    Hampshire
                   Earth System                        

  Muller-Karger,   An Assessment of Global Organic     Univ of. South
  Frank E.         Carbon Flux Along Continental       Florida
                   Margins                             

  Elvidge,         Development Sprawl Impacts on       NOAA NESDIS-NGDC
  Christopher      Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics         

  Fung, Inez       Studies of Biosphere-Atmosphere     UC Berkeley
                   Interactions with a GCM with MODIS  
                   Spectral Resolution                 

  Thompson, David  Understanding the Impacts of        Colorado St. Univ.
                   Large-Scale Climate Variability on  
                   the Global Carbon Cycle.            

  Prinn, Ronald    Testing Trace-Gas Flux Models Using MIT
                   In Situ and Remotely --Sensed Data  

  Hofmann, Eileen  Eastern U.S. Continental Shelf      Old Dominion Univ.
  E.               Carbon Budget: Modeling, Data       
                   Assimilation, and Analysis          

  McWilliams,      Simulating and Assessing the Carbon UCLA
  James C.         Cycle off the West Coast of North   
                   America                             

  Ojima, Dennis    Carbon Data Assimilation Modeling:  Colorado St. Univ.
                   Remote Sensing and Field            
                   Observational Constraints of Earth  
                   System Carbon Analysis              

  Gao, Yuan        Natural Iron Fertilization in the   Rutgers Univ.
                   Ocean and Its Impacts on Ocean      
                   Nitrogen Fixation and Carbon Cycles 

  Dubayah, Ralph   Characterizing Forest Structure for Univ. Maryland
                   Assessments of Carbon Cycling and   
                   Biodiversity: An Integrated         
                   Approach Using Lidar Remote         
                   Sensing, Field Studies, and         
                   Ecosystem Modeling                  

  Kustas, William  Accounting for Effects of Subpixel  USDA/ ARS
                   Surface Variability on Regional     
                   Flux Estimation Using Large Eddy    
                   Simulation with Terra and Aqua      
                   Sensors                             
  ---------------- ----------------------------------- ------------------

[Name]{.underline} [Proposal Title]{.underline}
[Institution]{.underline}

D. Carbon modeling verification and validation

The carbon management program element includes systems engineering for
validation and verification of datasets and model predictions employed
in decision support tools for carbon management. The systems engineering
includes: evaluation of data products from existing and planned
exploratory missions; identification, baselining and benchmarking impact
of NASA/ESE Earth science inputs on carbon management decisions support
tools; and technical and managerial oversight of carbon projects awarded
through competitive solicitations conducted by ESE.

FY04 budget: \$766K (Non direct costs)

> E. Legacy projects to be completed in FY04 (*These projects were fully
> funded in FY03 for completion by spring, 2004. FY04 expenditures to
> complete are not expected to exceed \$100K*)
>
> • Colorado State University: Application of remotely sensed imagery to
> assessing the probabilities and carbon consequences of fire -- Ingrid
> Burke\*
>
> • Conservation International: Application of a satellite model of
> tropical forest flammability -- Marc Steininger\*
>
> • NASA/JSC: Distributing Information on Land Cover and Shallow Reefs
> to Resource Managers -- Kamlesh Lulla\*
>
> • Mississippi State University: Analysis of Competing Vegetation in
> Forest Management Areas with the Utilization of Remote Sensing
> Technology -- Andy Ezell; Developing Enabling Technologies for Remote
> Sensing Applications in Agriculture, Forestry, and Transportation
> Applications -- David R. Shaw; Automatic Determination of Tree Crown
> Shape, Volume, and Density, Developed, Verified, and Visualized using
> Virtual Environments -- Robert Moorhead, Scott Roberts, and David
> Evans; Development of Procedures for Intensive Stand-level Inventories
> Combining LIDAR and Spectral Remote Sensing Tools with Traditional
> Inventory Approaches -- David Evans, Scott Roberts, Robert Parker, and
> Ian Munn\*\*
>
> • University of Arizona: Establishing a Basis for Carbon Management
> Policy at the State Level: Carbon Dynamics at Site, landscape, and
> Regional Scales for Arizona State Lands -- Stuart Marsh\*
>
> • University of Georgia: Carbon from communities: a satellite view --
> Constance Neely\*
>
> • University of Maryland: Burned area mapping in South Africa: case
> Study -- David Roy\*
>
> • University of Montana: Developing a biospheric nowcast and forecast
> capability for the conterminous US -- Ramakrishna Nemani\* (Now at
> Ames Research Center)
>
> • US Forest Service: Large scale validation of carbon stock and flux
> estimates from remote sensing -- Richard Birdsey\*
>
> • Woods Hole Research Center: Remote sensing applications for forest
> resource assessment -- Scott Goetz\*
>
> \* Selected through competitive solicitation - NRA-00-OES-08, awarded
> June, 2001.
>
> \*\* Funded under Challenge Grant to Mississippi State University
>
> F. Other activities

Other activities related to carbon management in FY04-FY08:

Program management activities and participation in CCSP/CCTP costs:
\$180k in FY04.

1\. Headquarters:

> • Participation in carbon cycle working group of the CCSP.
>
> • Participation in the sequestration working group of the CCTP.
>
> • Identification of collaborative projects with USDA working through
> the NASA/USDA Interagency Working Group and the USDA Remote Sensing
> Coordinating Committee.
>
> • Member -- Carbon Cycle Interagency Working Group
>
> • Contribute to planning, implementation and management of the North
> American Carbon Program.
>
> 2\. Ames
>
> • Participate in interagency (USDA, DOE, EPA) Greenhouse Gas
> Accounting Rules and Guidelines Working Group
>
> • NACP Tier 3 Site Measurement Guidelines working group.

3\. Fellowships: NASA Fellowships for the period FY2002 through 2006
with potential impact on the carbon management program:

> [Name Institution]{.underline} Title

  ---------------- ------------------------ -----------------------------
  Jeanne Anderson  University of New        The Integration of AVIRIS and
                   Hampshire                LIDAR Data for Remote
                                            Detection of Forest
                                            Structure, Species
                                            Composition, and Land-Use
                                            Legacies in the White
                                            Mountains of New Hampshire.

  Isabel Ashton    Stony Brook University   Biological invasions and
                                            alterations of the global
                                            carbon balance.

  Asmeret Asefaw   University of California Stability and Loss of Buried
  Berthe           Berkeley                 Soil Organic Carbon

  Bryan Brandel    University of Colorado   Regional Scaling of
                                            Biogeochemistry in a Larrea
                                            tridentata Ecotone:
                                            Implications for Carbon
                                            Sequestration in the
                                            Southwestern United States

  Amy Frappier     University of New        The Terrestrial Carbon Cycle
                   Hampshire                and ENSO: Evaluating
                                            ecosystem processes that
                                            amplify the effects of El
                                            Nino events on carbon isotope
                                            dynamics in a tropical forest

  Daniel Hayes     Oregon State University  Mapping Regional Carbon
                                            Stocks and Monitoring Carbon
                                            Emissions from Land Cover and
                                            Land Use Change Along the
                                            Mesoamerican Biological
                                            Corridor

  Emily Hollister  Texas A&M University     Land Use and Land Cover
                                            Changes in Temperate
                                            Savannas: Impact of Woody
                                            Plant Encroachment and
                                            Prescribed Fire on Ecosystem
                                            Carbon Storage

  Laura Koteen     University of California A Comparison of Carbon
                   at Berkeley              Cycling and Material Exchange
                                            in Landscapes Dominated by
                                            Native and Exotic Grasses in
                                            Northern Coastal California

  Desheng Liu      University of California Systematic Evaluation of
                   at Berkeley              Machine Learning Approaches
                                            for Remote Sensing Land Cover
                                            Classification

  Tasha Reddy      Stanford University      Model Resolution Effects on
                                            Oceanic Primary Production
                                            Estimates and Validation
                                            using Remotely Sensed Data: A
                                            Case Study for the Ross Sea,
                                            Antarctica

  Jingfeng Xiao    University of North      Carbon Sink Due to Woody
                   Carolina                 Encroachment in Non-Forest
                                            Areas in the Western U.S. and
                                            Impacts of Fire and Climate
  ---------------- ------------------------ -----------------------------

**V. Budget Table** (all cost in \$k)

  --------------------- -------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------
                        [Carbon Management - Direct                                                          
                        Costs]{.underline}                                                                   

                                                         FY04         FY05         FY06         FY07         FY08

  ***Projects***                                                                                             

                        CASA/CQUEST                      300          200                                    

                        N. Amer. Sequestration History   250          250          250                       
                        (with YS)                                                                            

                        New decision support tools                    100          300          400          400
                        (emis. & oceans)                                                                     

                        Integration of OCO data in DS                              250          500          500
                        tools                                                                                

                        Subtotal                         550          550          800          900          900

  ***Solicitations***                                                                                        

                        FY05 CAN/NRA (including                       750          750          750          
                        emissions)                                                                           

                        FY07 CAN/NRA                                                            750          750

                        Subtotal                         0            750          750          1500         750

  ***Interagency                                                                                             
  Activities***                                                                                              

                        CCSP/CCTP committees, DSS        180          180          200          200          200
                        identification, etc.                                                                 

                        Subtotal                         180          180          200          200          200

                        ***Total (Program Element Direct ***730***    ***1480***   ***1750***   ***2600***   ***1850***
                        Costs)***                                                                            

                                                                                                              

                        [Non Direct Costs]{.underline}                                                       

                        *Requests from Crosscutting*                                                         

  ***IBS/SysE***                                                                                             

                        V&V of MODIS products            417          300          250          250          250

                        New Carbon DSS baselining        349          300          200          200          200

                        Baseline potential of OCO data                             400          200          100

                        Benchmark Earth science inputs                300          300          400          500
                        to carbon                                                                            

  ***MSU***                                                                                                  

                        Visualization of carbon          450          100                                    
                        processes                                                                            

                        Biomass estimation               350          100                                    

                        Subtotal                         1566         1100         1150         1050         1050

                        *Requests from Outreach*                                                             

                        Conferences                      10           15           20           20           20

                        Materials                        8            10           12           12           12

                        Subtotal                         18           25           32           32           32

                        *Other*                                                                              

  ***Solicitations***   FY04 Carbon NRA (funded by YS)   1000         1000         1000                      

                        FY07 Carbon NRA (funded by YS)                                          1500         1500

                        Subtotal                         1000         1000         1000         1500         1500

                        ***Total (Non Direct Costs)***   ***2584***   ***2125***   ***2182***   ***2582***   ***2582***

                                                                                                             

                        **TOTAL COSTS: Direct and Non    ***3314***   ***3605***   ***3932***   ***5182***   ***4432***
                        Direct**                                                                             
  --------------------- -------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------

**VI. Schedule and Milestones**

FY04:

October 2003

> • Workshops on CCTP sequestration and MMV activities.
>
> • Initiate land cover/carbon sequestration index task (Masek) at GSFC.
>
> • USDA carbon management focus area meeting.

December

> • 1605(b) decision support tool (CQUEST) on-line.

January 2004

> • Identification of carbon management DSS for benchmarking at SSC.
>
> • Announcement of Earth Science Applications NRA (including carbon
> management)

February

> • CQUEST DSS implements climate variability scenario module

March

> • Carbon sequestration workshop (NASA projects)
>
> • Beta release of land surface reflectance product from NACP
> sequestration history task

April

> • Publication of CCTP Strategy

June

> • Selection of carbon management projects from Earth Science
> Applications NRA September
>
> • Publication by DOE/USDA/EPA of guidelines for voluntary
> sequestration of greenhouse gas program
>
> • CQUEST DSS incorporates MODIS land cover and radiance products for
> development of land cover change scenario development.

FY05:

> • Support integration of ESE capabilities in decision support tools
> for carbon in the emissions and oceans.
>
> • Operational implementation of carbon sequestration estimation tool
> by NASA partner organization.
>
> • Benchmark improvement in monitoring carbon management potential in
> 1605(b) program.
>
> • Implement carbon management projects from FY04 carbon solicitations
>
> • Initial evaluation of North American carbon sequestration history at
> MODIS and Landsat scales.
>
> • Report on development of carbon management tools at appropriate
> national and international conferences, e.g., American Geophysical
> Union, International Geophysical and Remote Sensing Symposium, and
> input to appropriate assessments and reports, e.g., 4^th^ IPCC
> assessment and CCSP reports.

FY06:

> • Evaluate Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) products through
> simulations of data. Baseline impact of OCO data on existing decision
> support tools for carbon sequestration and emissions.
>
> • Evaluate products for soil moisture from HYDROS through simulations
> of data. Baseline impact of HYDROS data on existing decision support
> tools for carbon sequestration and emissions.
>
> • Final evaluation of North American carbon sequestration history.
> Integration of history into carbon sequestration models and tools.
> Benchmark impact of tools on carbon sequestration tools.

FY07:

> • Carbon solicitation with carbon management focus on emissions and
> oceanic sequestration.
>
> • Integration of OCO and HYDROS data into carbon management decision
> support tools and systems. Benchmark impact of data on existing tools
> and systems.

FY08:

> • Benchmark integration of new model results and observations in
> existing carbon management tools.

**VII. Program Management and Performance Measures**

The carbon management program element team uses performance measures to
track progress, identify issues, evaluate projects, make adjustments,
and establish results of the program element. The program's Goals and
Objectives (Section II) state what the program intends to achieve. These
measures help monitor progress within and across specific activities to
ensure the program meets its goals and objectives. The management team
analyzes these measures retrospectively in order to made adjustments
proscriptively to the program approach and objectives.

The measures are in two categories. Program management measures are
internally focused to assess the activities within the program.
Performance measures are externally focused to assess if the program
activities are serving their intended purpose. In general, the program
manager uses these measures to evaluate the performance of activities
conducted and sponsored by the program, especially the projects. In
addition, the Earth Science Applications Division uses this information
in preparing IBPD directions and PART responses.

Program Management Measures (Internally-focused):

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Inputs  | Potential issues and DSTs identified for carbon management |
|         | -- *number, type, range*                                   |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Eligible partners to collaborate with -- *number, type,    |
|         | range*                                                     |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Potential results/products identified to serve carbon      |
|         | management -- *number, type, range*                        |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Outputs | Assessments or evaluations of DSTs -- *number, range*      |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Assessments of Earth science results/products to serve     |
|         | DSTs -- *number, range*                                    |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Agreements with partners -- *presence*                     |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Reports (evaluation, validation, benchmark) -- *number,    |
|         | type*                                                      |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Quality | Earth science results/products -- *number used per DST,    |
| &       | ratio of utilized to potential*                            |
| Eff     |                                                            |
| iciency | Agreements -- *ratio of agreements to committed partners*  |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Reports -- *partner satisfaction, timeliness, time to      |
|         | develop*                                                   |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Reports -- *ratio of validations to potential products,    |
|         | ratio of benchmarks to validations*                        |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

Performance & Results Measures (Externally-focused):

+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| O       | Earth science products adopted in DSTs -- *number, type,   |
| utcomes | range; use in DST over time*                               |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Earth science products in use -- *ratio of products used   |
|         | by partners to reports produced*                           |
|         |                                                            |
|         | Partner & DST performance -- *change in partner DST        |
|         | performance, number & type of*                             |
|         |                                                            |
|         | > *public recognition of use & value of Earth science data |
|         | > in DST*                                                  |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Impacts | Partner value -- *change in partner metrics (improvements  |
|         | in value of partner decisions)*                            |
+---------+------------------------------------------------------------+

In addition to the stated measures, the carbon management program
element manager periodically requests an assessment of its plans, goals,
priorities, and activities through external review. The carbon
management program element team uses these measures along with
comparisons to programmatic benchmarks to support assessments of the
Earth Science Applications Program (e.g. internal NASA reviews and OMB
PART).

#### VIII. Roadmap

The carbon management program draws upon and contributes to the carbon
science program of ESE. NASA/ESE sponsored science supporting climate,
weather and natural hazards objectives will generate observations,
models and technology that are the primary contributions of the carbon
management program to carbon management decision support tools and
systems. The roadmaps for carbon science and carbon management are
similar - as illustrated below. The major milestones of the science
program, such as the introduction of OCO data and the impact that will
have on understanding the flux of carbon among land, ocean and
atmosphere, are also milestones for the carbon management program. These
roadmaps provide illustrate the anticipated major objectives and timing
for the program in the next 10-15 years.

![](media/image5.png){width="5.240972222222222in" height="3.91875in"}

A. Carbon Science Roadmap

![](media/image6.png){width="5.405555555555556in"
height="4.065277777777778in"}

B. Carbon Management Roadmap

**NASA Earth Science Enterprise -- Earth Science Applications Program**

*Earth Science for Carbon Management*

This document contains the Carbon Management Plan for FY2004-2008. This
plan derives direction established in the NASA Strategic Plan, ESE
Strategy, Earth Science Applications Plan, Earth Science Applications
Program Plan, and OMB/OSTP guidance on research and development. The
plan aligns with and serves the commitments established in the NASA
Integrated Budget and Performance Document.

The Program Manager and the Earth Science Applications Program
Leadership have reviewed the plan and agree that the plan appropriately
reflects the goals, objectives, and activities for the Program Element
to serve the Earth Science Applications Program, ESE, NASA, the
Administration, and Society.

Ed Sheffner Date

Program Manager, Carbon Management

Earth Science Applications Program

NASA Earth Science Enterprise

Lawrence Friedl Date

Lead, Earth Science Applications

Earth Science Applications Program

NASA Earth Science Enterprise

Ronald J. Birk Date

Director, Earth Science Applications Program

NASA Earth Science Enterprise

[^1]: The initiative augmented the on-going US Global Change Research
    Program (USGCRP) with the multi-agency Climate Change Research
    Initiative (CCRI.) In February, 2002, the USGCRP and the CCRI were
    integrated into the Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) and
    included in a new cabinet level management structure that oversees
    public investments in climate change science and technology. Also
    included within the new structure was the Climate Change Technology
    Program (CCTP) responsible for climate change related technology
    research and development. The CCSP is directed by the Department of
    Commerce (DOC) and includes participation from fourteen agencies and
    departments and the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP).
    The CCTP is directed by the Department of Energy (DOE) and includes
    participation from thirteen departments and agencies and OSTP. The
    CCSP and CCTP report to the interagency Working Group on Climate
    Change Science and Technology co-chaired by DOC and DOE. The goals
    and initiatives established by the CCSP and CCTP are the primary
    manifestation of the US response to the climate change challenge.

[^2]: See
    [*http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/background.html*](http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/background.html)
    for more information on 1605(b).

[^3]: "CQUEST" is the name of the tool, not an acronym.

[^4]: Now at NASA Ames Research Center

[^5]: See *http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/casa/cquest.html*