**International Workshop on the Role of Aquaculture**

**in Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management:**

**An Ecosystem Approach**

April 18-21, 2005

Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

**Summary Report**

The National Sea Grant College Program (NSGCP) and the International
Activities Office (IA) of the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
and the National Ocean Service's Office of Coastal and Ocean Resource
Management (OCRM) and the International Program Office (IPO) under the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the U.S.
Department of Commerce co-hosted the International Workshop on the Role
of Aquaculture in Integrated Coastal Management: An Ecosystem Approach,
in Honolulu, Hawaii, April 18-21, 2005. This workshop was organized and
facilitated by the Oceanic Institute in Hawaii. The workshop organizers
invited a total of 65 experts from six countries, including Canada,
China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam, and the US, to form a 5 to 6 member
multidisciplinary (i.e., aquaculturists, ecologists, biologists,
ecosystem modelers, coastal managers, and/or resource management
administrators) team from each country (see the participants list in
Appendix I). These teams presented inshore or offshore aquaculture case
study scenarios that include marine aquaculture as a technology to
improve ecological functions, carrying capacity and economic
sustainability. In addition, the organizers also invited six speakers
from Europe, South America and East and Southeast Asia, including Chile,
Malaysia, Sweden, and Taiwan, to bring their experiences to the group
break out discussions (see agenda in Appendix II).

### 

The participants understood that the world human population has grown to
the point that we can no longer expect to obtain additional protein from
the sea without moving into the husbandry of the food species that are
desired by consumers. New seafood for human consumption can only occur
through a combination of sustainable fisheries management, habitat
restoration, and advanced and environmentally friendly aquaculture.

Also, the participants pointed that natural aquatic systems have a built
in carrying capacity for handling nutrients that is dependent on the
biological and chemical processes that occur in those systems. In this
sense, aquaculture nutrients and waste equals food for other species in
the ecosystem. The participants understood that unrestrained aquaculture
can have negative environmental impacts and that it is essential to
balance aquaculture production with ecosystem function, nutrient
assimilation, and habitat creation and conservation. The participants
emphasized that certain types of aquaculture production, e.g., filter
feeding species of oysters, clams, mussels, and scallops, or commercial
algal species, can be used to balance the nutrient additions that result
from most finfish production systems and other human activities. Finfish
culture can be placed in areas that have assimilative capacity for
nutrients such as offshore locations that have diverse biotic
communities, strong currents, and large water masses; or finfish can be
placed in coastal areas with high current flow rates or on land where
nutrients can be processed or recaptured through re-circulating
technologies. The participants recognized that proper placement of
aquaculture facilities is very important in maintaining ecosystem
function.

In this context, the workshop aimed to identify key factors and
parameters needed for ecosystem based management relative to aquaculture
and how aquaculture can contribute to ecological function and better
water quality in coastal areas. Each country team determined the status
of balanced ecosystem approaches to coastal management in their
countries and considered the modeling necessary for good
decision--making when aquaculture is included in integrated coastal
management. The workshop participants were involved in in-depth
discussions during three group breakout sessions and produced the
following outcomes:

1.  Both inshore and offshore aquaculture site-specific case scenarios,
    including implementation plans for use and management of marine
    aquaculture activities, would be developed for each country
    attending the workshop. (The country teams agreed to finalize their
    country scenarios and to submit their revised scenarios to the
    Oceanic Institute by June 1, 2005. These revised scenarios should
    include proposals and plans, based upon discussions made at this
    workshop, that could then be used for funding applications
    in-country or to international funding agencies)

2.  A set of universal guiding principles for coastal ecosystem
    management focusing on marine aquaculture (see Appendix III);

3.  Primary data and parameter components for coastal ecosystem models
    that include marine aquaculture (see Appendix IV); and

4.  Marine aquaculture siting considerations by a coastal manager for
    decision-making relative to placement of aquaculture in coastal
    ecosystems (Appendix V).

The participants had a common understanding that this workshop was only
a first step in an ongoing discussion of ecosystem-based management as
it pertains to aquaculture. In this regard, the participants agreed that
the teams composed for this workshop would continue to exist and
exchange communications and technical information during our evolution
to ecosystem based management for coastal ecosystem management. In order
for the teams to continue this dialogue, the Vietnamese delegation
agreed to host the next follow up workshop on the role of aquaculture in
integrated coastal management: An ecosystem approach in 2007.

Appendix I

## [Canada]{.smallcaps} 

## Edward Black\*

200 Kent St.

Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E6, Canada

Tel: +1-613-990-0272

Fax: +1-613-993-7665

Email: blacke@dfo-mpo.gc.ca

## Areas of specialization: Risk-based decision making; Integrated coastal zone management

## 

## Thierry Chopin

Professor, Department of Biology

University of New Brunswick

Center for Coastal Studies and Aquaculture

Center for Environmental and Molecular

Algal Research

P.O. Box 5050, Saint John

New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada

Tel: +1-506-648-5507/5565

Fax: +1-506-648-5811

Email: tchopin@unbsj.ca

## Areas of specialization: Ecophysiology and biochemistry of seaweeds; Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture

##  

## Jon Grant

Professor, Department of Oceanography

Dalhousie University

Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J1, Canada

Tel: +1-902-494-2021

Fax: +1-902-494-3877

Email: jon.grant@dal.ca

## Area of specialization: Oceanography

##  

## 

## 

## Fred Page

Research Scientist, Responsibility Centre Manager

Ocean Sciences Division, Coastal Ocean Sciences Section

Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Biological Station

531 Brandy Cove Road

St. Andrews, New Brunswick, E5B 2L9

Canada

Tel: +1-506-529-5935

Fax: +1-506-529-5868

Email: pageF@dfo-mpo.gc.ca

## Areas of specialization: Physical and biological coastal oceanography; Bio-physical interactions; Aquaculture and fisheries oceanography; Science in support of coastal zone management and decision-making; Bio-physical modeling; Field measurement and data analyses

##  

## Neil Ridler

Professor, Department of Economics

University of New Brunswick

Sir Douglas Hazen Hall, 216, P.O. Box 5050

Saint John, New Brunswick, E2L 4L5, Canada

Tel: +1-506-648-5760

Fax: +1-506-648-5947

Email: ridler@unbsj.ca

## Area of specialization: Resource economics, with a focus on aquaculture

**Jamey Smith**

Research and Environmental Coordinator

New Brunswick Salmon Growers Association

227 Lime Kiln Road,

Letang, New Brunswick, E5C 2A2, Canada

Tel: +1-506-454-7170

Fax: +1-504-447-7193

Email: coastal@nbnet.nb.ca

## Area of specialization: Finfish aquaculture

## [Chile]{.smallcaps}

## Alejandro Buschmann

## Centro de I&D en Recursos y Ambientes

##  Costeros \"i-mar\" 

Universidad de Los Lagos

Camino a Chinquihue km 6\
Puerto Montt Región de Los Lagos, Chile

Tel: +56-65-483206 / +56-65-483221

Fax: +56-65-483208

Email: abuschma@ulagos.cl

## Areas of specialization: Polyculture; Macroalgae

## [China]{.smallcaps}

## Jianguang Fang

Director, Department of Aquaculture Ecology

Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute

Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences

106 Nanjing Road

Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China

Tel: +86-532-582-2957

Fax: +86-532-1514

Email: fangig@ysfri.ac.cn

## Areas of specialization: Aquaculture; Marine ecology

##  

## Shunan Li

Deputy Director

Fangchenggang Oceanic Bureau

Guangxi Provincial Government

Tianma Tower, Rm 602, Yunnan Road

Fangchenggang, Guangxi 538001

People's Republic of China

Tel: +86-770-283-3785

Fax: +86-770-282-0105

Email: sun_moon717@yahoo.com.cn

## Area of specialization: Coastal and aquaculture management 

## Wenjun Li

Deputy Division Director

Department of Sea Use Management

State Oceanic Administration

People's Republic of China

Email: hyc@soa.gov.cn

## Area of specialization: Coastal management

## 

##  Qin Lin

Director

Department of Fishery Environment Protection

South China Sea Fishery Research Institute

Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences

231 West Xingang Rd., Guangzhou, 510300

People's Republic of China

Tel: +86-20-8419-8473

Fax: +86-20-8445-1442

Email: linqinscs@21cn.com

## Area of specialization: Marine ecology

## Qingyin Wang\*

Professor

Deputy Director, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese
Academy of Fishery Sciences

106 Nanjing Road

Qingdao, 266071

People's Republic of China

Tel: +86-532-582-2959

Fax: +86-532-581-1514

Email: qywang@public.qd.sd.cn

## Areas of specialization: Shrimp genetics and breeding; Biotechnology; Mariculture

## 

## Jianhai Xiang 

Director General, Institute of Oceanology

Chinese Academy of Sciences

7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071

People's Republic of China

Tel: +86-532-2879338

Fax: +86-532-2870882

Email: jhxiang@ms.qdio.ac.cn

## Area of specialization: Aquaculture

##  

## [Japan]{.smallcaps}

## 

## Katsuyuki Abo

## Senior Researcher

## Farming System Division

National Research Institute of Aquaculture

Fisheries Research Agency (FRA)

422-1 Nakatsuhama, Nansei, Watarai,

Mie 516-0193, Japan

Tel: +81-599-66-1830

Fax: +81-599-66-1962

Email: abo@fra.affrc.go.jp

## Areas of specialization: Coastal oceanography; Mariculture; Modeling 

## Junya Higano

Team Leader, Environment and Resources

Management Group

Farming Systems Division

National Research Institute of Aquaculture

Fisheries Research Agency (FRA)

422-1 Nakatsuhama, Nansei, Watarai,

Mie 516-0193, Japan

Tel: +81-599-66-1830

Fax: +81-599-66-1962

Email: higa@fra.affrc.go.jp

## Areas of specialization: Bivalve aquaculture; Aquaculture environment; Shrimp-bivalve polyculture

##  

## Kazumasa Ikuta

Director, Farming System Division

National Research Institute of Aquaculture

Fisheries Research Agency (FRA)

422-1 Nakatsuhama, Nansei, Watarai,

Mie 516-0193, Japan

Tel: +81-599-66-1830

Fax: +81-599-66-1962

Email: ikutak@fra.affrc.go.jp

## Areas of specialization: Fish ecology and physiology; Environmental fish biology

##  

## Takashi Kamiyama

Chief, Coastal Fisheries Promotion Section

Coastal Fisheries and Aquaculture Division

Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute

Fisheries Research Agency (FRA)

3-27-5 Shinhama, Shiogama, Miyagi

985-0001, Japan

Tel: +81-22-365-1191

Fax: +81-22-367-1250

Email: kamiyama@fra.affrc.go.jp

## Areas of specialization: Microzooplankton; Bivalve aquaculture; Harmful algal blooms

## 

## Satoru Toda\*

Director

Research Planning & Coordination Division

National Research Institute of Aquaculture

Fisheries Research Agency (FRA)

422-1 Nakatsuhama, Nansei, Watarai,

Mie 516-0193, Japan

Tel: +81-599-66-1830

Fax: +81-599-66-1962

Email: satoru@fra.affrc.go.jp

## Areas of specialization: Coastal oceanography; Mariculture

##  Hisashi Yokoyama

Head, Environment and Resources Management Group

National Research Institute of Aquaculture

Fisheries Research Agency (FRA)

422-1 Nakatsuhama, Nansei, Watarai,

Mie 516-0913, Japan

Tel: +81-599-66-1830

Fax: +81-599-66-1962

Email: hyoko@fra.affrc.go.jp

## Areas of specialization: Mariculture farm environment; Ecology of marine benthos

##  

**[Republic of Korea]{.smallcaps}**

## Ik Kyo Chung

Professor, Department of Marine Science

Pusan National University

Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-51-510-2279

Fax: +82-51-581-2963

Email: ikchung@pnu.edu

## Areas of specialization: Seaweed ecophysiology; Integrated aquaculture

## 

## In Kwon Jang

Senior Scientist, Crustacean Research Lab.

West Sea Fisheries Research Institute

National Fisheries R & D Institute

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

Ulwang-dong 707, Jung-gu

Incheon 400-420, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-32-745-0570, ext. 0556

Fax: +82-32-745-0558

Email: jangik@nfrdi.re.kr

## Areas of specialization: Shrimp aquaculture; Biotechnology

## 

## Yi-Un Kim

Director, Aquaculture Development Division

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

140-2, Gye-dong, Jongno-gu

Seoul, 110-793, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-2-3674-6961

Fax: +82-33-661-8511

Email: yiunkim@momaf.go.kr

## Areas of specialization: Aquaculture management; Administration

##  

## Yoon Kim\*

Director, East Sea Fisheries Research Institute

National Fisheries R & D Institute

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

30-6, Dongduk-ri, Yeongok-myeon

Kangreong, Kangwon-do, 210-861

Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-33-661-8501

Fax: +82-33-661-8511

Email: yoonkim@nfrdi.re.kr

## Areas of specialization: Aquaculture; Administration

##  

## Jung Uie Lee

Director, Jeju Fisheries Institute

National Fisheries R & D Institute

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

1928, Oedo-2dong

Jeju-shi, Jeju-do, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-64-743-5882

Fax: +82-64-743-5883

Email: justlee@nfrdi.re.kr

## Areas of specialization: Finfish hatchery; Offshore aquaculture

##  

## Hyun Taik Oh

Research Scientist

Marine Environment Management Team

National Fisheries R & D Institute

Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries

408-1 Shirang-ri, Gijong-up, Gijang-gun

Busan 619-902, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-51-720-2253

Fax: +82-51-720-2515

Email: ohtek@momaf.go.kr

## Area of specialization: Physical-biological modeling for ecosystem-based management

##  

## [Malaysia]{.smallcaps}

## 

## Jelani Hashim

Perlis State Director

Malaysian Fisheries Development Board

(LKIM)

Komplks LKIM Perlis Kampung Perak

02000 Kuala Perlis, Perlis, Malaysia

Tel: +60-4-985-1708

Fax: +60-4-985-1709

Email: sbc1418@yahoo.com.my

## Areas of specialization: Fisheries management; Administration 

##  

##  Md. Daim Bin Tohiyat\*

Perak State Director

Malaysian Fisheries Development Board

(LKIM)

Kampong Acheh

32000 Sitiawan, Perak, Malaysia

Tel: +60-5-691-5420

Fax: +60-5-691-8370

Email: daim8@hotmail.com

## Areas of specialization: Coastal and fisheries management 

## [Sweden]{.smallcaps}

## Odd Lindahl

Associate Professor

The Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences

Kristineberg Marine Research Station

KMF 566, SE- 450 34 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden

Tel: +46-523-18512 (direct),

Fax: +46-523-18502

Email: odd.lindahl@kmf.gu.se

Areas of specialization: Marine ecology; Eutrophication; nutrient
trading system; Agro-Aqua recycling of nutrients; Mussel meal production

##  

## [United States-Team Members]{.smallcaps}

## Michael Fogarty

Northeast Fisheries Science Center

National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA

166 Water Street

Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA

Tel: +1-508-495-2000 ext. 2386

Fax: +1-508-495-2258

## Email: Michael.fogarty@noaa.gov

## Areas of specialization: Coastal ecosystem and modeling

##  

## Charles Helsley

Researcher Emeritus

Department of Geology and Geophysics

School of Ocean Environmental Science and

Technology

University of Hawaii at Manoa

2525 Correa Road

Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA

Tel: +1-808-956-2873

Fax: +1-808-956-3014

Email: chuck@soest.hawaii.edu

Areas of specialization: Offshore aquaculture; Geology

##  

## David Keeley

President, The Keeley Group

710 Augusta Road

Jefferson, Maine 04348, USA

Tel: +1-207-549-3598

Email: david@thekeeleygroup.com

## Areas of specialization: Coastal planning, policy and management

##  

## Dale Kiefer

Professor, Department of Biological Sciences

University of Southern California

University Park

Los Angeles, California 90089-0371, USA

Tel: +1-213-740-5814

Fax: +1-213-740-8123

Email: kiefer@physics.usc.edu

## Area of specialization: Modeling

##  

Richard Langan\*

Director, New England Mariculture and Fisheries Cooperative (CINEMAR)

Gregg Hall, Suite 130

University of New Hampshire

35 Colovos Road

Durham, New Hampshire 03824-3534, USA

Tel: +1-603-862-0190

Fax: +1-603-862-2940

Email: rlangan@cisunix.unh.edu

## Area of specialization: Offshore aquaculture

##  

## Kathleen Leyden

Director, Maine Coastal Program

Maine Coastal Program / State Planning Office

38 State House Station

Augusta, Maine 04333-0038

Tel: +1-207-287-3144

Fax: +1-207-287-8059

Email: Kathleen.Leyden@maine.gov

## Areas of specialization: Coastal Zone Management; Policy development and planning 

##  

## Gary Matlock

Director, National Centers for Coastal Ocean

Science

National Ocean Service, NOAA

1305 East-West Highway

Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA

Tel: +1-301-713-3020 x 183

Fax: +1-301-713-4044

Email: <gary.c.matlock@noaa.gov>

## Areas of specialization: Fisheries management; Pop-dynamics; Aquaculture and invasive species; Aquaculture of fishes and shellfishes for stock enhancement purposes

##  

Roger I. E. Newell\*

Professor, Horn Point Laboratory

University of Maryland

Center for Environmental Science

P.O. Box 775

Cambridge, Maryland 21613, USA

Tel: +1-410-221-8410

Fax: +1-410-221-8490

Email: newell@hpl.umces.edu

Areas of specialization: Adaptive physiology of bivalve molluscs;
Benthic-pelagic coupling; Parasitism and nutritive stress.

##  

## J. E. Jack Rensel 

Rensel Associates Aquatic Science Consultants

4209 234th Street NE

Arlington, Washington 98223 USA

Tel: +1-360-435-3285

Fax: +1-360-435-7409

Email: jackrensel@att.net

Areas of specialization: Physical circulation and biological studies for
mariculture siting; Food web characterization studies in marine and
freshwaters; Harmful algae-physiological effects on vertebrates, bloom
management and mitigation

##  

## John W. Sowles

Director, Ecology Division

Department of Marine Resources

PO Box 8

West Boothbay Harbor, Maine 04875-0008, USA

Tel: +1-207-633-9518

Fax: +1-207-633-9579

Email: John.Sowles@maine.gov

## Areas of specialization: Coastal ecology; Eutophication; Toxic contaminants, Ecological risk assessment and remediation; Coastal policy and management

##  

## Charles Yarish

Professor

Department of Ecology and

Evolutionary Biology

University of Connecticut

1 University Place

Stamford, Connecticut 06901, USA

Tel: +1-203-251-8432

Fax: +1-203-251-8592

Email: charles.yarish@uconn.edu

## Areas of specialization: Seaweed aquaculture; Bioremediation; Environmentally friendly aquaculture; Marine algae; Eutrophication

## 

## [USA-Other Participants]{.smallcaps}

**Bruce S. Anderson**

President, Oceanic Institute

41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy.

Waimanalo, Hawaii 96734, USA

Tel: +1-808-259-3102

Fax: +1-808-259-5971

Email: banderson@oceanicinstitute.org

## Areas of specialization: Fish poisoning; US regulations relevant to aquaculture development; Communications

##  

## John Corbin

Manager

Aquaculture Development Program

Hawaii State Department of Agriculture

1177 Alakea Street, Room 400

Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA

Tel: +1-808-587-0030

Fax: +1-808-587-0033

Email: jcorbin@hawaiiaquaculture.org

## Areas of specialization: Aquaculture planning, development, and resource management

##  

## John Curtis

Director

Bridgeport Regional Voc. Aquaculture School

60 Saint Stephens Road

Bridgeport, Connecticut 06605, USA

Tel: 1+203-576-7608

Fax: 1+203-576-7064

Email: jcurtis@bridgeportedu.net

## Areas of specialization: Vocational education; Administration

##  

## René Eppi 

Director, Office of International Activities

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, NOAA

1315 East-West Highway, R/IA

Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA

Tel: +1-301-713-2469, ext. 132

Fax: +1-301-713-1459

Email: Rene.Eppi@noaa.gov

## Areas of specialization: Fisheries biology; Administration

##  

##  

## 

## 

## 

## Langley Gace

Aquaculture Manager

Net Systems/Ocean Spar Technologies

7910 N.E. Day Road West

Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, USA

Tel: +1-206-780 0992 ext149

Fax: +1-206-842 6832

Email: engineering@oceanspar.com

## Area of specialization: Ocean engineering

##  

## Dosoo Jang

Asia Program Manager

International Activities Office

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, NOAA

1315 East-West Highway, R/IA

Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA

Tel: +1-301-713-2469, ext. 195

Fax: +1-301-713-1459

Email: Dosoo.Jang@noaa.gov

## Areas of specialization: Integrated coastal management; Administration

##  

## Jonathan Justi

International Program Office

National Ocean Service (NOS), NOAA

1315 East-West Hwy., N/IP

Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA

Tel.: +1-301-713-3078, ext. 219

Fax: +1-301-713-4263

Email: Jonathan.Justi@noaa.gov

## Area of specialization: Coastal management; Administration

##  

**Cheng-Sheng Lee**

Director, Aquaculture Interchange Program

Oceanic Institute

41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy

Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795, USA

Tel: +1-808-259-3107

Fax: +1-808-259-8395

Email: cslee@oceanicinstitute.org

## Areas of specialization: Aquaculture; Administration

##  

## James P. McVey

Aquaculture Program Director

National Sea Grant College Program

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, NOAA

1315 East-West Highway, R/SG

Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA

Tel: +1-301-713-2451, ext. 160

Fax: +1-301-713-0799

Email: Jim.Mcvey@noaa.gov

## Areas of specialization: General aquaculture; Marine ecology; Grant administration

##  

## Pat O'Bryen 

Project Manager

Aquaculture Interchange Program

Oceanic Institute

41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy.

Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795, USA

Phone: +1-808-259-3176

Fax: +1-808-259-8395

Email: pobryen@oceanicinstitute.org

## Areas of specialization: Workshop coordination; Invertebrate zoology

##  

## Mac Rawson

Director, Georgia Sea Grant College Program

School of Marine Programs

University of Georgia

Athens, Georgia 30602, USA

Tel: +1-706-542-5954

Fax: +1-706-542-3652

Email: mrawson@arches.uga.edu

## Areas of specialization: Marine biology; Grant administration; Modeling 

##  

## William L. Rickards

Director, Virginia Sea Grant College Program

University of Virginia, Madison House

170 Rugby Road

Charlottesville, Virginia 22903, USA

Tel: +1-434-924-5965

Fax: +1-434-982-3694

Email: rickards@virginia.edu

## Areas of specialization: Fish ecology; Shellfish and finfish aquaculture; Research program administration

## 

## Michael Rust

## Program Manager, Marine Aquaculture and Enhancement Research Program

Northwest Fisheries Science Center

National Marine Fisheries Service

2725 Montlake Blvd. East

Seattle, Washington 98112

Tel.: +1-206-860-3382

Fax: +1-206-860-3467

## Areas of specialization: Marine aquaculture; Hatchery technology; Marine stock enhancement

##  

## Gina L. Shamshak

Knauss Sea Grant Fellow

Office of Constituent Services, NOAA Fisheries

SSMC 3, Room 9535

1315 East-West Highway

Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA

Tel: 1+301-713-2379,ext. 172

Fax: +1-301-713-2384

Email: Gina.Shamshak@noaa.gov

## Area of specialization: Aquaculture economics

##  

## [Vietnam]{.smallcaps}

## Hien Thi Thu Bui

Marine and Coastal Programme Coordinator

The World Conservation Union (IUCN)

Viet Nam

44/4 Van Bao, Ba Dinh

Ha Noi, Viet Nam

Tel: +84-4-7261575

Fax: +84-4-7261561

Email: hien@iucn.org.vn

## Area of specialization: Marine ecology

## 

## Chi Vien Le

Director, Danida Support for Marine

Aquaculture (SUMA)

10 Nguyen Cong Hoan

Ha Noi, Viet Nam

Tel: +84-4-7716516

Fax: +84-4-7716517

E-mail: lvchi.suma@fsps.com.vn

## Area of specialization: Marine aquaculture

## 

## Hoi Chu Nguyen\*

Professor

Director, Vietnam Institute of Fisheries

Economics and Planning (VIFEP)

Ministry of Fisheries (MoFi)

10 Nguyen Cong Hoan Street, Ba Dinh

Ha Noi, Viet Nam

Tel: +84-4-7718451

Fax: +84-4-8345674

E-mail: chuhoi.ifep@mofi.gov.vn

## Areas of specialization: Marine environment; Coastal geo-ecology

##  

## Ly Xuan Nguyen

Director, Science & Technology Department

Ministry of Fisheries (MoFi)

10 Nguyen Cong Hoan Street, Ba Dinh

Ha Noi, Viet Nam

Tel: +84-4-7716711

Fax: +84-4-7716702

E-mail: nguyenxuanly@mofi.gov.vn

## Area of specialization: Marine biology

##  

## Thanh Van Nguyen

Vice-Chairman, Provincial People's Committee

of Hai Phong City

18 Hoang Dieu Street

Hai Phong City, Viet Nam

Tel: +84-4-08031234

Fax: +84-4-31842368

E-mail: thanhnv1957@haiphong.gov.vn

## Area of specialization: Natural resources and the environment

##  

## Thanh Van Nguyen

Acting Director

Department of Aquaculture

Ministry of Fisheries (MoFi)

10 Nguyen Cong Hoan

Ha Noi, Viet Nam

Tel: +84-4-8351663

Fax: +84-4-7716702

E-mail: nguyenvanthanh@mofi.gov.vn

## Area of specialization: Aquaculture management

##  

## Thong Minh Nguyen

Country Representative

The World Conservation Union (IUCN)

Viet Nam

44/4 Van Bao, Ba Dinh

Ha Noi, Viet Nam

Tel: +84-4-7261575

Fax: +84-4-7261561

Email: thong@iucn.org.vn

## Area of specialization: Natural conservation policy

##  

## Quynh Van Tran

Director

National Centre for Fisheries Extension

Ministry of Fisheries (MoFi)

10 Nguyen Cong Hoan

Ha Noi, Viet Nam

Tel: +84-4-8354515

Fax: +84-4-7716881

E-mail: nafec@fpt.vn

## Area of specialization: Marine aquaculture modeling

##  

**[International Organizations and]{.smallcaps}**

## [Other Participants]{.smallcaps}

## Yung-Song Chen

Assistant Professor

Department of Animal Science

National I-Lan University

1, Shen-Lung Road

I-Lan. 260, Taiwan

Tel: +886-3-935-7400 x 813

Fax: +886-3-935-4794

Email: yschen@niu.edu.tw

## Area of specialization: Marine ecosystem management modeling

##  

## Chen-Yu Hsu

Secretary-General

Taiwan Offshore Aquaculture Association

4F, No. 20, Alley 2, Lane 410, Minzu E. Road

Taipei 104, Taiwan

Tel: +886-2-2518-4747

Fax: +886-2-2518-3720

Email: ocean.care@msa.hinet.net

## Area of specialization: Offshore aquaculture

##  

## Yoon-Kil Lee

President

Noah Offshore Farm Co., Ltd.

Namjeju-Kun, Jejudo

Postal Code, Republic of Korea

Tel: +82-764-4436

Fax: +82-64-764-4084

Email: yk11225@hotmail.com

## Area of specialization: Offshore aquaculture

##  

## DongHyun Sim

Liaison Officer, Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries-Korea

Office of International Programs

NOAA

1315 East-West Highway, SSMC-3, 5th Floor

Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA

Tel: +1-301-713-3078, ext. 130

Fax: +1-301-713-4263

Email: donghyun.Sim@noaa.gov

## Areas of specialization: Laws; ocean policy

Appendix II

The Role of Aquaculture in Integrated Coastal

and Ocean Management: An Ecosystem Approach

April 17-22, 2005

Pacific Beach Hotel

Honolulu, Hawaii, USA

# [AGENDA]{.smallcaps} 

## Sunday, April 17, 2005

Afternoon Participants arrive Honolulu, Hawaii and hotel check in

18:00-20:00 Welcome Dinner Buffet (Oceanarium Restaurant)

## Monday, April 18, 2005

**[Part I Opening Ceremony (]{.smallcaps}**Ahi Room)

09:00 Welcome and introduction of participants

Cheng-Sheng Lee, Director, Aquaculture Interchange Program (AIP),
Oceanic Institute

09:15 Opening Remarks

####  Bruce Anderson, President, Oceanic Institute 

09:25 Purpose, objectives, and organization for the workshop

##### James McVey, Aquaculture Program Director, 

##### National Sea Grant College Program, NOAA

09:45 Coffee break

[Part II Introduction of International Perspectives]{.smallcaps}

**Moderator: Cheng-Sheng Lee**

10:00 *The development of mussel farming as an ecosystem service for
society in Sweden by Odd Lindahl*

10:20 *Chilean aquaculture policy, environmental issues, and prospects*

## *by Alejandro Buschmann* 

10:40 *Ecosystem-based aquaculture practices on the island of Taiwan*

*by Chen-Yu Hsu*

11:00 *Aquaculture practices, environmental issues, and prospects in
Malaysia by Jelani Hashim*

11:20 *Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture project (A/V presentation)*

*by Thierry Chopin*

11:35 *Open-ocean finfish net systems (A/V presentation)*

*by Langley Gace*

11:50 Lunch

### [**Part III Country Scenario Presentations**]{.smallcaps} (alphabetical: Ahi Room) Moderator: James McVey

13:00 Canada

> *Aquaculture and integrated resource management: A Canadian
> perspective by Edward Black*

13:30 China

> *Ecosystem based aquaculture in integrated coastal management of China
> by Jianguang Fang*

14:00 Japan

> *Japan ecosystem based aquaculture management scenario*

##  *by Kazumasa Ikuta*

14:30 Refreshment break

14:50 South Korea

South Korea ecosystem based aquaculture management scenario

by Hyun Taik Oh

15:20 United States

> *Ecosystem-based management of coastal resources with a focus on
> aquaculture by Roger Newell and Richard Langan*

15:50 Vietnam

####### Vietnam ecosystem based aquaculture management scenario 

####### by Hoi Chu Nguyen 

16:20 Conclusions from Monday discussions and role assignments for

> Tuesday group break-out session (i.e., group moderators and
> rapporteurs)

17:30 Adjourn

19:00-21:00 Dinner buffet

## Tuesday, April 19, 2005

09:00 Guidance for the group break-out sessions (Ahi Room)

> James McVey, Aquaculture Program Director,
>
> National Sea Grant College Program, NOAA

[**Part IV Group Break-out Sessions** (*Concurrent*)]{.smallcaps}

09:20 Combined Group A and C Discussions (Group A and C: Sequential):
Ahi Room

Group A Discussions to Create Guiding Management Principles

*Lead moderator: Richard Langan*

> *Co-moderator: Qingyin Wang*

Rapporteurs: Edward Black, Mac Rawson, and John Curtis

Consecutively followed by Group C Discussions to Create a Coastal
Manager's Anticipated Check List

> *Lead moderator: Gary Matlock*
>
> *Co-moderator: Hoi Chu Nguyen*
>
> *Rapporteurs: David Keeley and Kathleen Leyden*

09:20 Group B Discussions to Identify Primary Components for Coastal
Models (Group B: Concurrent): Papio Room *Lead moderator: Jack Rensel*

####  Co-moderator: Satoru Toda 

> *Rapporteurs: Roger Newell and John Sowles*

09:45 Coffee break

10:00 Combined Group A and C and Group B Discussions *(continued)*

11:50 Lunch

13:00 Combined Group A and C and Group B Discussions *(continued)*

14:30 Refreshment break

14:45 Combined Group A and C and Group B Discussions *(continued)*

16:00 Plenary Meeting (Group A, B and C): Tuesday discussions summary
and conclusion: Ahi Room

17:30 Adjourn

19:00-21:00 Dinner

## Wednesday, April 20, 2005

09:00 Field trip: depart hotel to the Oceanic Institute

09:30 Arrive at the Oceanic Institute for tour

11:30 Depart Oceanic Institute

13:00 Lunch

13:45 Return to the hotel and day break

> Write up summary of group discussions

19:00-21:00 Dinner

## 

## Thursday, April 21, 2005 

## Part V Plenary Meeting: Summary of Group Meeting Outcomes 

##  Moderator: Cheng-Sheng Lee

09:00 Presentation by Group A

09:30 Presentation by Group B

10:00 Presentation by Group C

10:30 Coffee break

10:50 Overall comments on the summary of group discussions and working
documents

11:50 Lunch

**[Part VI Plenary Meeting:]{.smallcaps}**

> **[Summary of Country Scenarios and Next Steps]{.smallcaps}**

Moderator: James McVey

13:00 Discussion for the finalization of the country scenarios

15:00 Next steps

15:30 Closing remarks

*James McVey, NOAA*

*Cheng-Sheng Lee, Oceanic Institute*

16:00 Adjourn

19:00-21:30 Farewell Dinner

## Friday, April 22, 2005

Morning Return home

Appendix III

**The Role of Aquaculture in Integrated Coastal Management:**

**Guiding Principles for Ecosystem Based Approach to Implementation**

[Purpose]{.underline}

The purpose of this document is to provide a framework for each country
to consider as they develop or amend their guiding principles for marine
aquaculture development. The intent is that these principles address
economic, environmental and societal goals, and are broadly applicable
rather than specific to any country or industry sector.

[Setting]{.underline}

Increase in global demand for seafood to meet growing population
necessitates a shift from reliance on capture fisheries to alternative
seafood production technologies. Recent trends show that aquaculture has
enormous economic potential and will play an increasingly important role
in meeting the global demand for fisheries products.

Given the current state and projected future direction of ocean
management and policy, however, it is clear that for marine aquaculture
to succeed in the long term, it must be fully integrated with the
collective efforts to implement ecosystem-based management and included
in the broader Integrated Coastal Management framework. Therefore,
strategies for management of existing operations and new development
must embrace not only the social and economic goals associated with
seafood production, but also be consistent with broader goals to restore
and sustain the health, productivity, and biological diversity of the
oceans.

Ecosystem-based management is an integrated approach to management that
considers the entire ecosystem, including humans. The goal of
ecosystem-based management is to maintain an ecosystem in a healthy,
productive and resilient condition ensuring diversity and abundance of
natural flora and fauna so that it can provide the services humans want
and need. Ecosystem-based management differs from current approaches
that usually focus on a single species, sector, activity or concern; it
considers the cumulative impacts and interactions of different sectors.

The primary purpose of marine aquaculture is commercial food production
and related purposes including fisheries enhancement, ornamental fish,
aquarium supply and medicinal-biochemical production. It should be
recognized that while products of aquaculture are similar to those of
capture fisheries, it is a different activity and must be managed
accordingly. For aquaculture production to be consistent with the
concept of ecosystem-based management, it must be undertaken in a way
that results in acceptable changes to the local environment, i.e. it
must be sustainable. Therefore, in order to be consistent with this
paradigm, long-term sustainability should form the fundamental basis for
developing guiding principles for planning and management of marine
aquaculture.

[Guiding Principles]{.underline}

Sustainable marine aquaculture requires adequate consideration of the
interactions among the social, economic and ecological changes that
accompany development. This can be achieved through an integrated
approach to planning and management of marine aquaculture within the
coastal system. Guiding principles that will help move toward the goal
of sustainability include:

[Legitimacy]{.underline}

1.  Acknowledge that marine aquaculture has the potential to produce
    high quality food and other marine products, contribute to social
    and economic well-being, and that it has a legitimate role in the
    broader framework of Integrated Coastal Management.

[Rights and responsibilities]{.underline}

2.  Recognize that there are both common and private property involved
    in aquaculture and that intersections between public and private
    properties entail responsibilities for performance. Property rights
    and their duration must be explicitly defined and allow for the
    evolution of the mix of coastal zone uses over time in response to
    environmental, social and economic forces.

3.  With the allocation and associated rights is attached a
    responsibility to participate in and comply with environmental
    management

[Communication]{.underline}

4.  Provide an opportunity for government and public review and
    communication of marine aquaculture activities that is culturally
    and socially relevant.

[Science and technology]{.underline}

5.  Apply the best available and most appropriate science and technology
    for all aspects of aquaculture development, including planning, site
    selection, system design, management, monitoring and assessment.

6.  Encourage research and technology development, in the context of
    existing and evolving mechanisms for industry implementation, in
    order to improve the economic and environmental performance.

[Allocation of Resources]{.underline}

7.  Integrate and coordinate aquaculture planning, development and
    management within the broader framework of integrated coastal zone
    management plans, according to local, regional and national goals
    for sustainable development and in harmony with international
    obligations.

8.  Recognize that aquaculture development must strike a balance between
    economic opportunity, the quality of the environment, the need to
    accommodate other legitimate water uses, and the interests of local
    people, the wider community, and where appropriate, the
    international community. Integrated resource management must include
    all levels of public governance (National, Provincial, First
    Nations, Regional and Urban) and all agencies in resource allocation
    decisions

9.  Ensure that governance adequately allows for the needs of marine
    aquaculture and that relevant processes are transparent.

10. Employ a risk analysis approach to evaluate development plans that
    have uncertain implications for the environment, the economy and
    society

11. Establish a management framework and social climate that combines
    both incentives and constraints for minimization of adverse effects.

[Assessment]{.underline}

12. Establish effective monitoring and assessment programs that
    demonstrate compliance with environmental standards and signal the
    onset of environmental change

13. Recognize that effective management may require iteration and
    adaptation.

14. Adhere to established standards for quality and safety of
    aquaculture products for consumers.

[Socio-Economic Considerations]{.underline}

15. All participants in resource allocation decisions must respect all
    users interests and aspirations.

16. Recognize that market externalities are important in the evaluation
    of the utility of resource allocation solutions.

17. Local, regional, national and international economic forces and
    agreements all affect economic optimization.

18. Consideration shall be given to local, regional and national
    economic impact and local and regional employment and life quality
    issues.

Appendix IV

**Ecosystem Based Management:**

**Models and Mariculture**

1\. INTRODUCTION

Conceptual and numerical models are essential tools in managing and
protecting coastal ecosystems. Models may be used in economic, social
and ecosystem simulations for many purposes including aquaculture
design, siting, and operation; ecosystem management and risk assessment;
and integration of sustainable mariculture into restoration and
management of coastal ecosystems.

In this meeting, particular emphasis was placed on the application of
ecosystem models to understand the influence of fed and extractive
mariculture and their interactions with the natural environment.
Although we recognized the limitations of existing models, many believe
that models can accurately predict the magnitude of ecosystem effects.
Typically, models are more useful in predicting the possible directions
and types of interactions rather than predicting absolute or precise
quantitative change.

Recognizing that waste products from fed mariculture systems may have
adverse effects such as eutrophication or positive effects including
food web enhancement in some situations, much discussion centered on
recent efforts to study and promote "balanced mariculture". This is
defined as the use of fish mariculture (fed a food ration), along with
shellfish and/or seaweed culture (that extract nutrients from
consumption of enhanced phytoplankton stocks or directly through
nutrient uptake, respectively). Extractive shellfish and seaweed
mariculture offers significant benefits to coastal ecosystems through
reduction or alleviation of excess nutrient loading known as coastal
eutrophication. Organic matter and nutrient additions don\'t have to be
perfectly balanced with nutrient removal as long as the biological
communities can assimilate the nutrient loads without adversely or
significantly changing the underlying character of these communities.

Although aquaculture is often recognized as having undesirable impacts
on coastal ecosystems, the modeling session demonstrated that some forms
of aquaculture can become part of a solution to problems caused by
non-aquaculture activities such as point and non-point source nutrient
inputs, habitat destruction and over-fishing. There was consensus among
the International participants that models should describe levels and
types of effects from mariculture. However, determining "what is
acceptable" in terms of end point impacts or benefits is a separate
informed political decision made on the basis of each country's local
customs, policies and laws.

2\. PURPOSE AND USE OF MODELS

The purpose and use of models is highly variable and serve the
aquaculture industry, government planners, scientists, as well as the
general public. Some examples of uses follow:

Economic planning and decision making for mariculture

Identifying opportunities to integrate mariculture into solving coastal
problems

Technical planning and management of mariculture operations

Siting mariculture facilities

Governmental permitting of mariculture operations

Identifying gaps in knowledge

Optimizing mariculture operations

Characterizing and quantifying ecological processes and pathways

Estimating the effects of human perturbation on the ecosystem

Educating and communicating with the public

Hindcasting "baseline" conditions

3\. CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES OF MODELS

Model characteristics vary widely depending on its purpose and user. For
example, coastal managers are generally interested in models that are
simple, easily understood and conveyed to the public, and can be
completed in a timely fashion with minimal resources. On the other hand,
scientists engaged in answering complex questions of ecological pathways
and fluxes are interested in models that can accommodate more detailed
and quantitative biological, chemical and physical variables.
Aquaculturists may be interested in the results of modeling by both
coastal managers and scientists as well as running their own models on
costs and benefit analyses for various husbandry techniques.

There is recognition that complexity is not necessarily a virtue in
modeling. Between the extremes of simplicity and complexity,
practicality and "power" of models must be balanced. For example, models
with high precision, accuracy, and thoroughness are generally "data
hungry" and require computational support not typically available to
coastal managers or aquaculturists. However, advancing our understanding
of coastal ecosystem dynamics, complex food webs and processes will
require use of the more advanced and complex models that rely on
extensive databases and computations. As a greater understanding of an
ecosystem is developed, complex models can often be simplified as the
lesser important variables and components are identified.

Desirable common characteristics of some models include:

easy to use and understand

validation through incorporation of measurable Environmental Quality
Objectives

ability to assess effects at a scale appropriate to management

provision to address near and far field effects (if any)

well defined assumptions, boundaries and compartments

transferable to and from and interface with other models

Several general categories of models exist that can be helpful to the
management of Ecosystem Based Aquaculture. These include:

Physical (e.g., hydrodynamic, circulation, wave energy and plume
trajectories)

Chemical (e.g., sediment diagenesis and chemical transformations)

Biological (physiological, growth, food web, bioturbation, and
energetics)

Resource Economics (e.g., intrinsic value of shellfish and seaweed for
bioremediation services to manage eutrophication)

Coupled or Integrated Models -- (e.g., integration of any or all the
above, typically physicochemical and biological).

Following are some examples of models ranging from simple to complex,
including several that previously have been used for mariculture
applications:

Simple One-Box Model

Box models are one of the most common models used by coastal managers.
Single box models are employed using readily available inputs such as
surface areas from nautical or topographic charts and volume estimates
from published literature or user-performed estimates. Mass balance
models are a form of the box model that accounts for all inputs and
outputs of such properties as river or seawater, dissolved oxygen,
macronutrients (N and P, dissolved, particulate and organic fractions),
and particulate carbon deposition. Most importantly, these simple and
inexpensive models produce results quickly for coastal decision-makers
and are easily understood by the public.

Mass balance nutrient models that seek to quantify inputs and losses of
nutrients are among the most useful of these simple models by providing
coastal managers an approximate estimate of the potential effect of
nutrient addition or extraction. Depending on the result, managers may
quickly approve or deny a project or decide that further modeling and/or
monitoring is required.

Examples of Simple One-Box and Mass Balance Models include:

Tidal prism and salt balance models to estimate flushing rates (widely
used)

Mass balance models that estimate net loss and/or uptake of a
constituent by calculating differences between known inputs and
removals. A Gulf of Maine example was presented in our workshop from
Sowles (2001).

Index Models

Index models provide a ranking of impacts relative to other water
bodies, operations, or technologies. These employ one-box models or
empirically-derived relationships that have been quantified through
measurement, correlation and other means. Although their absolute
accuracy may be questionable, these indices are useful to managers and
mariculturists responsible for deciding management options including the
best location among several options for a certain proposed activity or
the degree of impact of existing practices including aquaculture. Some
examples include:

Nitrogen loading model for Puget Sound bays (SAIC 1986)

Index of Suitable Location (ISL) and Embayment Degree Model (Abo and
Yokoyama 2005).

Benthic oxygen uptake, carbon assimilation and sulfide content models

Scottish management indices (Gillibrand, 2002)

Multiple box models

Multiple box models are an iteration between one-box models and complex
hydrodynamic models with extensive grid representation. Many examples
but in our workshop the pertinent example was:

Model of Tracadie Bay, PEI. (Grant et al. in press, Dowd 2005)

Benthic Impact, Particle Tracing Models

A class of models generally well advanced that predict solids
accumulation on the seabottom and effects on the benthos. Newer benthic
models may include a resuspension component to estimate re-distribution
of benthic materials by water currents above a given resuspension
threshold. Examples include:

DEPOMOD (Chromey et al. 2002a and 2002b)

Perez et al. (2002) benthic model

2 or 3-D Hydrodynamic Model linked with a Biological Model

These are complex conceptual and computational models that have the
capacity to help scientists understand ecological processes and may be
useful for broad geographic regions (far field) with complex bathymetry
and hydrography. This is a rapidly developing field with much interest
from our participants and others but these models have several
disadvantages including the requirement for extensive and expensive
database support, major computation power (will not run on PC), and
require a long development time before output.

Examples of multidimensional models coupled with a biological or water
quality model follow:

FVCOM (with WASP5 WQ module) -- Chen et al. 1999.

Princeton Ocean Model (Several literature examples)

3-D simple hydrodynamic models within GIS interface

Increasingly useful, especially in the public sector are the moderate
complex scale models that use 3-D computations with simplified
boundaries and a widely understood graphic user interface (GUI) that
operate on personal computers. Hydrodynamic simulation is simplified to
achieve the benefits of easy use by model users and managers. Because of
their graphical format, these also have the distinct advantage of being
an excellent teaching tool for a lay audience.

These models may require species specific physiological information on
metabolic rate, ammonia excretion, ingestion and defecation as well as
basic hydrodynamic data (mean and peak velocity) but dispersion
coefficients may be utilized from the literature or measured by the
user.

One example presented at the workshop is the Finfish Mariculture Model
that runs within Environmental Assessment System (EASy). This model
simulates a farm's effects on water quality and plankton and runs on a
laptop or can be shared real time on the web (Rensel et al. MS
submitted).

4\. DIRECTION AND NEEDS

Short Term Plan

We propose development of a one box index model to investigate ecosystem
effects of mariculture activities (Fig. 1). The model will be designed
and implemented for several mutually agreed upon international
locations, inshore and offshore, with at least one that currently has
multi-species mariculture. This can likely be implemented within a 1 to
3 year time frame with little extra research.

A simple one box model or 3-D simple hydrodynamic model within a GIS
interface

(as described above) can be developed to model the effect of cultured
organisms on oxygen content, N and P content, phytoplankton,
opportunistic macroalgal growth and POC deposition. Such a model
requires species specific physiological information on metabolic rate,
ammonia excretion, ingestion and defecation, much of which is available
for key species. Volume of water exchanged within an embayment is
estimated by the tidal prism method.

Offshore culture systems present a different class of model especially
in terms of physical aspects. Although the impact on the water column
may be low and insignificant on a regional scale, local effect on the
benthos may be significant. Models that allow assessment of open water
culture systems need to be modified from existing benthic deposition
models.

Long term Plan: Developing more sophisticated ecosystem models (5 years)

A long term plan (Fig. 2) will involve international cooperative
development of a "universal" framework for an ecosystem model that can
be adapted to local conditions through insertion of modules and
constants available for the specific local or regional needs. This
framework will:

Identify trophic interactions with some degree of certainty, leading to
sensitivity analysis for estimating model accuracy.

Incorporate a minimal set of properties (e.g., functional components)
that may have quantifiable influence upon application.

Use existing 2-D and in estuarine locations 3-D hydrodynamic models of
water circulation that have often been developed independently by
physical oceanographers for regions with aquaculture potential
(preferably same locations for which country scenarios were developed.)

Obtain hydrographic predictions formatted in time steps suitable for
biological models.

Use this hydrographic model to predict movement of plume from
aquaculture facility under range of tidal flows, and for estuaries
average and low and high river flow conditions.

Link to and stimulate development of socio-economic models.

Provide for GIS interface for use by coastal zone managers

The entire research community should work toward developing or adapting
modules for processes and organisms of interest. e.g., transferable
modules that focus on individual components such as sediment diagenesis,
particle sedimentation and resuspension, seagrass, macroalgae,
microphytobenthos, phytoplankton (including harmful algal blooms),
growth/physiology of finfish and suspension feeding molluscs, fouling
communities and so forth.

These discrete modules described above can then be run as coupled
circulation/chemical/biological models. For locations without an
existing circulation model these will need to be developed, which is a
significant effort.

Complex community models need to have a central repository that can
serve as a clearing house for adding new or revised modules. The
repository may act as a contact point for groups wishing to implement
managed aquaculture ecosystem models. There is therefore a need to plan
for long-term funding for such an entity.

This proposal includes development of a database of Aquaculture and
Ecosystem constants and variables that will be needed for model
development and use.

Finally, we emphasize that this approach does not displace or negate
ongoing efforts in various countries that are presently using specific
models. Our proposal was only meant as a further enhancement. We believe
this approach will compliment and encourage further development and
validation for the models described above.

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="5.0in" height="3.691666666666667in"}

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="5.017361111111111in"
height="3.8680555555555554in"}

5\. REFERENCES

Abo, K. and H. Yokoyama. 2005. Assimilative Capacity of Fish Farm
Environments as Determined by Benthic Oxygen Uptake Rate: Studies Using
a Numerical Model.

Japanese National Research Institute of Aquaculture Presentation to the
modeling session, Ecosystem Based Management Workshop, Honolulu Hawaii.
April 2005. Based on several publications in Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi
(68:11-19), Bull. Jpn. Soc. Fish. Oceanogr. (66:133-141) and others
cited in Japanese Management Scenario for this workshop.

Ambrose, R.B. Jr., T.A. Wool, J.L. Martin. 1993. The Water Quality
Analysis Simulation Program, WASP5: Model Documentation. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, USA.

Blumberg, A.F. and G.L. Mellor. 1987. A description of a
three-dimensional coastal ocean circulation model. In: Three-Dimensional
Coastal Ocean Models, Coastal and Estuarine Sciences 4, Heaps, N.S.
(ed.). American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.

Bricker, S.B., J.G. Ferreira, and T. Simas. 2003. An integrated
methodology for assessment of estuarine trophic status. Ecological
Modelling 169: 39-60.

Chen, C., R. Ji, L. Zheng, M. Zhu and M. Rawson. 1999. Influence of
physical processes on the ecosystem in Jiaozhou Bay: A coupled physical
and biological model experiment. J. Geo. Res. 104, C12, 29,925-29,949.

Cromey, C.J., T. D. Nickell and K.D. Black. 2002a. DEPOMOD -- modeling
the deposition and biological effects of waste solids from marine cage
farms. Aquaculture 214:211-239.

Cromey, C. J., T. D. Nickell, K. D. Black, P. G. Provost and C. R.
Griffiths, 2002b. Validation of fish farm waste resuspension model by
use of a particulate tracer discharge from a point source in a coastal
environment. Estuaries 25:916-929.

Dowd. M. 2005. A bio-physical coastal ecosystem model for assessing
environmental effects of marine bivalve aquaculture. Ecological
Modelling 183: 323--346

Gillibrand, P.A., M.J. Gubbins, C. Greathead, and I.M. Davies. 2002.
Scottish locational guidelines for fish farming: predicted levels of
nutrient enhancement and benthic impact. Scottish Fisheries Report
63/2002. Aberdeen: Fisheries Research Services. 52pp.

Gowen, R.J., P. Tett, and K.J. Jones. 1992. Predicting marine
eutrophication: the yield of chlorophyll from nitrogen in Scottish
coastal waters. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 85:153-161.

Grant, J. et al. in press. A model of aquaculture biodeposition for
multiple estuaries and field validation at mussel (Mytilus edulis)
culture sites in Eastern Canada

Department of Oceanography Dalhousie University

Hydroqual, Inc. 1998. A Water Quality Model for Jamaica Bay: Calibration
of the Jamaica Bay Eutrophication Model (JEM). Mahwah, N.J.

Perez, O.M , T. C. Telfer, M. C. M. Beveridge and L. G. Ross. 2002.
Geographical information systems (GIS) as a simple tool to aid modelling
of particulate waste distribution at marine fish cage sites Estuarine,
Coastal and Shelf Science 54: 761--768.

Rensel, J.E.,D.Kiefer, J.R.M. Forster D. Woodruff and N.R. Evans. MS
submitted. Offshore finfish mariculture in the Strait of Juan de Fuca
UJNR proceedings, 2004. . See
<http://netviewer.usc.edu/mariculture/mariculture.htm> to see a
simplified, interactive web version of the mariculture module and
.[http://www.runeasy.com](http://www.runeasy.com/) for information
regarding the overall GIS (Environmental Assessment System EASy).

SAIC 1986. Recommended interim guidelines for the management of salmon
net pen culture in Puget Sound. D. Weston for Wa. State Departments of
Ecology and Natural Resources. Ecology Dept. Publication 87-5 Olympia
Wa. 48 pp.

Sowles, J.W. Nitrogen in the Gulf of Maine. Sources, susceptibility and
trends. For Workshop on Nitrogen in the Gulf of Maine November 28-29,
2001 Sheraton Harborside Portsmouth Hotel Portsmouth, NH 16 pp.

Appendix V

**Aquaculture and Ecosystem-based Management:**

**Considerations for Coastal Managers**

Background

In April 2005, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in
cooperation with the Oceanic Institute, convened a diverse group of more
than 50 scientists and decision-makers from nine countries in a 4 day
workshop -- *The Role of Aquaculture in Integrated Coastal and Ocean
Management: An Ecosystem Approach*. This paper represents a portion of
the work completed by one of two workshop subgroups, whose charge was,
in part, to create a checklist of considerations for decision-making
relative to the placement of aquaculture in coastal ecosystems.
Participants in this subgroup also worked together to create a suggested
set of universal guiding principles for marine aquaculture, documented
in a separate paper. The checklist detailed the following text builds
upon those universal principles, adding an additional degree of
specificity concerning the actual planning and siting of marine
aquaculture in coastal ecosystems.

There were several purposes for conducting this exercise. The primary
purpose was to reorient our thinking from a current focus on analyzing,
permitting and monitoring aquaculture on an individual site-by-site
basis towards consideration of aquaculture in an ecosystem context. In
the latter, larger ecosystem context, managers consider and manage the
effects of aquaculture on systems, rather than sites, and use
aquaculture as a tool to deliver multiple benefits to society such as
food production and nutrient recycling. A second purpose of this
exercise was to document (for industry, non governmental organizations
and others) the comprehensive list of parameters that decision-makers
may consider when planning for aquaculture. This is intended to help
others understand what factors managers use to make decisions and to
offer a degree of transparency to those considerations. Lastly, the
"considerations checklist" was developed with the hope that
participating countries (and others) will revise and apply the checklist
of considerations within their own jurisdictions.

Audience

Besides industry, non governmental organizations and the public, the
intended audience for this "considerations checklist" includes two types
of coastal practitioners, *coastal managers* and *technical support
staff*. For the purpose of this paper, the term *"coastal manager"*
includes those individuals responsible for policy development and
resource allocation decisions. In this role, the coastal manager
routinely combine technical and/or scientific advice, and traditional
knowledge with other policy-related considerations (e.g.,
socio-economic, cultural, etc.) to make decisions. These managers need a
wide array of environmental and socio-economic information to plan for
and respond to aquaculture activities in the context of ecosystem-based
management or integrated coastal management.

*Technical support staff,* on the other hand, are directly involved in
site assessments (e.g. analyzing physical, oceanographic, and chemical
conditions and human uses), site feasibility, and ongoing monitoring.

Ecosystem-Based Management Information Needs[^1]

As documented in other parts of the workshop proceedings, it is
acknowledged that expansion of aquaculture is necessary to meet
society's growing demand for high quality seafood. While expansion of
aquaculture is desirable, this goal can only be attained if future
aquaculture efforts are fully integrated into coastal ecosystems. That
is, facilities are planned for and sited in consideration of a full
range of physical, biological and chemical characteristics of coastal
systems, and with full consideration of socio-economic factors.

Thus coastal managers need to reorient their thinking beyond
consideration of individual aquaculture sites and towards coastal
systems. In integrated coastal management, practitioners manage for
desired outcomes or results by considering the effects of aquaculture
operations coastal ecosystems (i.e. natural environment and human
environment.) The following list is a *first draft* of coastal managers'
considerations when planning for aquaculture in an ecosystem-based
management context. A more detailed checklist of information needs is
included at the end of this paper, following the recommendations
section.

[Coastal Managers' Considerations for Aquaculture and Integrated Coastal
Management]{.underline}

In integrated coastal management, practitioners consider such factors
as:

Integrated ecosystem effects; i.e. changes in ecosystem structure,
changes in system productivity, changes in protected habitats or
species, changes in biodiversity.

Interaction between aquaculture sites; potential for disease outbreaks

Hydrography of embayments; circulation dynamics

Carrying capacity, assimilative capacity

Constraints and opportunities for aquaculture siting; optimization of
site locations

Nutrient budgets; uptake needs of polyculture organisms.

Trophic or food chain dynamics

Social concerns/social carrying capacity/social limiters (e.g.
unacceptable displacement of existing uses or public trust uses.)

Impacts of farmed products on human health

Preliminary Recommendations

To help build capacity for consideration of aquaculture in an
ecosystem-based management scheme, the following three preliminary
recommendations are offered for consideration and discussion.

1\. [Communication strategy]{.underline} -- The *Aquaculture Interchange
Program* (AIP) should create and implement a distribution plan that
describes how each country will disseminate this information and
provides a mechanism to report on suggested improvements to this
information.

2\. [Country assessments]{.underline} -- Over the next 12-18 months
participating AIP countries should prepare informal "country
assessments" to determine the degree of alignment of country practices
with these considerations and country-specific strategies to address
their desired improvements.

3\. [Share lessons-learned]{.underline} -- AIP should continue to
document and disseminate effective aquaculture strategies and
techniques. Over the next 18-24 months, based on areas of common
interest, AIP should facilitate 1-3 well designed case studies that can
be used to share information and continually refine these
"considerations by coastal managers".

Detailed List of Considerations for Aquaculture in Ecosystem Management

The following, more detailed list of considerations would potentially be
used by technical support staff (i.e. advisors to coastal managers),
other government authorities and fish farmers, and would provide
information to the public about information used to plan for and site
aquaculture.

The list is divided into three broad categories, environmental
considerations, economic considerations and social considerations. This
corresponds to the regulatory scheme used by some workshop participants,
where aquaculture is considered in light of environmental feasibility,
economic feasibility and social feasibility. This list is neither
comprehensive, nor mandatory. It should be used in conjunction with the
statutory regulatory requirements of each country.

1\. Environmental Considerations

[Existing Water Quality]{.underline}

Temperature profile (diurnal and annual variability)

Oxygen regime (diurnal and annual variability)

Primary production

Ambient nutrient regime

Toxic effects - Harmful algal blooms

Pollution - bacterial, chemical, etc.

Vulnerability of waterbody to pollution

Sediment Quality

Salinity and freshwater inputs

Drainage area inputs

Exchange rate of water, e.g. turnover

Transparency

Availability of phytoplankton

Assimilative capacity and carrying capacity

Chemical oxygen demand

Acid Volatile Sulphides

Water column profiles

[Potential Exposure to Pollution Events]{.underline}

Shipping and boating

Discharges (including existing aquaculture)

Fecal coliforms and other pollutants associated with stormwater runoff

[Coastline characteristics, Bathymetry & Hydrographic
Conditions]{.underline}

Configuration of coastline

Substrate type (hard, soft)

Depth (mean low and high)

Wave height and direction

Currents (direction and velocity)

Storm Protection/Exposure

Hydraulic Retention

Tidal range

[Protected or Sensitive Resources]{.underline}

Species (e.g., marine mammals, birds, etc.)

Corals

Habitats (e.g., eelgrass, mangroves, spawning and nursery areas)

Conserved public lands & access

Marine protected areas or ocean sanctuaries

Public trust resources

[Biological Communities]{.underline}

Endemic Species

Endemic and Non-endemic Diseases

Exotic and Introduced Species

[Weather]{.underline}

Sea state in storms

Weather tracks in typhoons, hurricanes

Storm exposure

[Human Health]{.underline}

Sanitary quality of seafood

Accumulation/residence of chemicals

2\. Economic Considerations[^2]

[Aquaculture Facility Design and Operation]{.underline}

Cultured Organism(s)

Parasites and pathogens

Genetics

Gear - pens, ropes, nets, bags, etc.

Configuration (depth, area affected, mooring plan, engineering
specifications to withstand local conditions

Water depth & circulation below system

Entanglement potential

Navigation hazard potential

Deployment (seasonality)

3\. Social and Cultural Considerations

[Existing & Potential Use Conflicts]{.underline}

Traditional fisheries

Shipping lanes

Navigation

Riparian property owners

Public access and public trust resources

Subsistence activities

Recreation

Landside Facilities (size, use, ownership)

Nutrient Regime

Net extraction or delivery

Seasonality of flux

Feed type and amount

Chemical Use, Discharge and Accumulation

Antibiotics, and other therapeutants, pesticides, disinfectants

Antifoulants

[Transportation System]{.underline}

Air, land and sea movement of materials & products

[Socio-economic Effect on Coastal Communities]{.underline}

Local cultural attitudes about using ocean space

Proximity of workforce in site area

Job creation

Effects on existing businesses

Community context (e.g. working waterfront community accustomed to
maritime use vs. tourist-oriented community)

[^1]: Ecosystem-based management is an integrated approach to management
    that considers the entire ecosystem, including humans. The goal of
    ecosystem-based management is to maintain an ecosystem in a healthy,
    productive and resilient condition so that it can provide services
    humans need and want.

[^2]: For the purposes of this paper, economic viability and related
    business planning for specific facilities is not addressed.