![](media/image1.wmf){width="6.529861111111111in"
height="0.8888888888888888in"}

**Introduction to Metallogenic Belt and Mineral Deposit Maps for
Northeast Asia**

# By Sergey M. Rodionov[^1^]{.smallcaps}, Alexander A. Obolenskiy[^2^]{.smallcaps},

# Elimir G. Distanov[^2^]{.smallcaps}, Gombosuren Badarch[^3^]{.smallcaps}, Gunchin Dejidmaa[^4^]{.smallcaps},

# Duk Hwan Hwang[^5^]{.smallcaps}, Alexander I.Khanchuk[^6^]{.smallcaps}, Masatsugu Ogasawara[^7^]{.smallcaps},

# Warren J. Nokleberg[^8^]{.smallcaps}, Leonid M. Parfenov[^9^]{.smallcaps}, Andrei V. Prokopiev[^9^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Zhan V. Seminskiy[^10^]{.smallcaps}, Alexander P. Smelov[^9^]{.smallcaps}, Hongquan Yan[^11^]{.smallcaps},

# Gennandiy V. Birul\'kin[^9^]{.smallcaps}, Yuriy V. V. Davydov[^9^]{.smallcaps}, Valeriy Yu. Fridovskiy^12^ ,

# Gennandiy N. Gamyanin[^9^]{.smallcaps}, Ochir Gerel[^13^]{.smallcaps}, Alexei V. Kostin[^9^]{.smallcaps}, 

# Sergey A. Letunov^14^, Xujun Li[^11^]{.smallcaps}, Valeriy M. Nikitin[^12^]{.smallcaps}, Sadahisa Sudo[^7^]{.smallcaps}

# Vitaly I. Sotnikov[^2^]{.smallcaps}, Alexander V. Spiridonov[^14^]{.smallcaps}, Vitaly A. Stepanov[^15^]{.smallcaps},

# Fengyue Sun[^11^]{.smallcaps}, Jiapeng Sun[^11^]{.smallcaps}, Weizhi Sun^11^, Valeriy M. Supletsov[^9^]{.smallcaps},

# Vladimir F. Timofeev[^9^]{.smallcaps}, Oleg A. Tyan[^9^]{.smallcaps}, Valeriy G. Vetluzhskikh[^9^]{.smallcaps},

# Koji Wakita^7^, Yakov V. Yakovlev[^9^]{.smallcaps}, and Lydia M. Zorina[^14^]{.smallcaps}

[^1^]{.smallcaps} Russian Academy of Sciences, Khabarovsk

[^2^]{.smallcaps} Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk

^3^ Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar

^4^ Mineral Resources Authority of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar

^5^ Korean Institute of Geology, Mining, and Materials, Taejon

^6^ Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok

^7^ Geological Survey of Japan/AIST, Tsukuba

^8^ U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park

^9^ Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk

^10^ Irkutsk State Technical University, Irkutsk

^11^ Jilin University, Changchun

^12^ Yakutian State University, Yakutsk

^13^ Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar

^14^ Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk

^15^ Russian Academy of Sciences, Blagoveschensk

# Introduction and Companion Studies

The metallogenic belts and locations of major mineral deposits of
Northeast Asia are portrayed on this CD-ROM on Sheets 1-4. Sheet 1
portrays the location of significant lode deposits and placer districts
at a scale of 1:7,500,000. Sheets 2-4 portray the metallogenic belts of
the region in a series of 12 time-slices from the Archean through the
Quaternary at a scale of 1:15,000,000. For all four map sheets, a
generalized geodynamics base map, derived from a more detailed map by
Parfenov and others (this CD-ROM), is used as an underlay for the
metallogenic belt maps. This geodynamics map underlay permits depicts
the major host geologic units and structures that host metallogenic
belts. Summary features of metallogenic belts are described in the
companion table.

The metallogenic belts for Northeast Asia are synthesized, compiled,
described, and interpreted with the use of modern concepts of plate
tectonics, analysis of terranes and overlap assemblages, and synthesis
of mineral deposit models. The data supporting the compilation are: (1)
comprehensive descriptions of mineral deposits; (2) compilation and
synthesis of a regional geodynamics map the region at 5 million scale
with detailed explanations and cited references; and (3) compilation and
synthesis of metallogenic belt maps at 15 million scale with detailed
explanations and cited references. These studies are part of a major
international collaborative study of the *Mineral Resources,
Metallogenesis, and Tectonics of Northeast Asia* that is being conducted
from 1997 through 2002 by geologists from earth science agencies and
universities in Russia, Mongolia, Northeastern China, South Korea,
Japan, and the USA. Companion studies on this CD-ROM and previous
publications are: (1) a detailed geodynamics map of Northeast Asia
(Parfenov and others, this CD-ROM); (2) a compilation of major mineral
deposit models (Rodionov and Nokleberg, 2000; Rodionov and others, 2000;
Obolenskiy and others, this CD-ROM); and (3) a database on significant
metalliferous and selected nonmetalliferous lode deposits, and selected
placer districts (Ariunbileg and others, this CD-ROM).

# Concepts and Problems for Synthesis of Metallogenic Belts

Metallogenic belts are characterized by a narrow age of formation, and
include districts, deposits, and occurrences. The metallogenic belts are
synthesized and described for the main structural units of the North
Asian Craton and Sino-Korean Craton, framing orogenic belts that consist
of collage of accreted tectonostratigraphic terranes, younger overlap
volcanic and sedimentary rock sequences, and younger stitching plutonic
sequences. The major units in the region are the North Asian Craton,
exterior passive continental margin units (Baikal-Patom, Enisey Ridge,
Southern Taymir, and Verkhoyansk passive continental margin units), the
early Paleozoic Central Asian orogenic belt, and various Mesozoic and
Cenozoic continental margin arcs. Metallogenic belts are interpreted
according to specific geodynamic environments including cratonal, active
and passive continental margin, continental-margin arc, island arc,
oceanic or continental rift, collisional, transform-continental margin,
and impact.

Previous metallogenic units published by various authors for studies of
metallogenic zonation include (Bilibin, 1955; Itsikson and others, 1965;
Shatalov, 1965; Itsikson, 1973, 1979; Guild, 1978; Scheglov, 1980;
Mitchell and Garson, 1981; Radkevich, 1982; Tomson, 1988; Zonenshain and
others, 1992; Koroteev, 1996; Parfenov and others, 1999; Sukhov and
others, 2000; Plyuschev, 2001): (1) planetary deposit-hosting province
or planetary metallogenic belt (≥1000 by 10^3^ km^2^); (2)
deposit-hosting belt or metallogenic belt (150 to 1000 by 10^3^ km^2^);
(3) deposit-hosting system or metallogenic system (40 to 150 by 10^3^
km^2^); (4) deposit-hosting zone or metallogenic zone (20 to 40 by 10^3^
km^2^); (5) deposit-hosting subzone or metallogenic subzone (2 to 20 by
10^3^ km^2^); and (6) ore district (0.4 to 2.0 by 10^3^ km^2^).

However, often determination of differences between some of these
metallogenic units is difficult. Examples are metallogenic system versus
metallogenic zone, or ore district versus deposit-hosting subzone. For
this study, only a two simple terms are employed: metallogenic belt and
contained district. Generally, the size of metallogenic belts is partly
a function of the scale of the analysis. For this study, metallogenic
belts are synthesized and compiled at 5 M scale.

In this study, a metallogenic belt is essentially the synonymous with
the term *mineral resource tract* as originally defined by Pratt (1981)
and used for assessment of mineral resource potential in the USA, as in
exemplified in Luddington and Cox (1996). The metallogenic belt maps and
underlying regional geologic (terrane and overlap assemblage maps)
constitute a basic part of the three-part methodology of quantitative
mineral resource assessment as described by Cox (1993) and Singer (1993,
1994).

The following concepts are employed for the synthesis of metallogenic
belts.

*Mineral Deposit Association.* Each mineral resource tract (or
metallogenic belt) includes a single mineral deposit type or a group of
coeval, closely-located and genetically-related mineral deposits types.

*Geodynamic Event for Deposit Formation.* Each metallogenic belt
contains a group of coeval and genetically related deposits that were
formed in a specific geodynamic event. Examples are collision,
continental-margin arc, accretion, rifting, and others.

*Favorable Geological Environment.* Each metallogenic belt is underlain
by a geological host rock and (or) structure that is favorable for a
particular suite of mineral deposit types.

*Tectonic or Geological Boundaries.* Each mineral resource tract (or
metallogenic belt) is usually bounded by favorable either stratigraphic
or magmatic units, or by major faults (sutures) along which substantial
translations have occurred.

*Relation of Features of Metallogenic Belt to Host Unit.* The name,
boundaries, and inner composition of each metallogenic belt corresponds
to previously define characteristics of rocks or structures hosting the
deposits, and to a suite of characteristics for the group of deposits
and host rocks.

With these definitions and principles, the area defined for a
metallogenic belt is predictive or prognostic for undiscovered deposits.
Consequently, the synthesis and compilation of metallogenic belts is a
powerful tool for mineral exploration, land-use planning, and
environmental studies.

For modern metallogenic analysis, three interrelated problems exist.

\(1\) What is the relation of geodynamics to regional or global
metallogeny? As discussed by Zonenshain and others (1992) and Dobretsov
and Kirdyashkin (1994), this problem includes the role of convective
processes in mantle and mantle plumes, the global processes of formation
of the continents and oceans, the dynamics of development of major
tectonic units of the earth\'s crust, metallogenic evolution of the
earth, and the role mantle processes in the origin of major-belts of
deposits.

\(2\) What is relation of regional metallogeny to individual lithosphere
blocks? As discussed by Guild (1978), Mitchell and Garson (1981), and
Koroteev (1996), this problem includes the genesis of specific
metallogenic belts as a function of specific geodynamic environments
using the modem concepts of plate tectonics.

And (3) what is the relation of metallogeny to individual
tectonostratigraphic terranes and overlap assemblages? As discussed by
Nokleberg and others (1993, 1998) and Parfenov and others (1999), this
problem includes the genesis of specific metallogenic belts in
individual fault-bounded units of distinctive stratigraphy, defined as
tectonostratigraphic terranes, and in younger overlapping assemblages
often containing igneous rocks formed in continental margin or island
arcs, along rift systems in continents, or along transform continental
margins.

# Methodology of Metallogenic Analysis, Key Definitions, Geologic Time Scale, and Time Spans

## Methodology of Metallogenic and 

## Tectonic Analysis

The compilation, synthesis, description, and interpretation of
metallogenic belts of Northeast Asia is part of a intricate process to
analyze the complex metallogenic and tectonic history of the region. The
methodology for this type of analysis of consists of the following
steps. (1) The major lode deposits are described and classified
according to defined mineral deposit models. (2) Metallogenic belts are
delineated. (3) Tectonic environments for the cratons, craton margins,
orogenic collages of terranes, overlap assemblages, and contained
metallogenic belts are assigned from regional compilation and synthesis
of stratigraphic, structural, metamorphic, isotopic, faunal, and
provenance data. The tectonic environments include cratonal, passive
continental margin, metamorphosed continental margin, continental-margin
arc, island arc, transform continental-margin arc, oceanic crust,
seamount, ophiolite, accretionary wedge, subduction zone, turbidite
basin, and metamorphic. (4) Correlations are made between terranes,
fragments of overlap assemblages, and fragments of contained
metallogenic belts. (5) Coeval terranes and their contained metallogenic
belts are grouped into a single metallogenic and tectonic origin, for
instance, a single island arc or subduction zone. (6) Igneous-arc and
subduction-zone terranes, which are interpreted as being tectonically
linked, and their contained metallogenic belts, are grouped into coeval,
curvilinear arc-subduction-zone-complexes. (7) By use of geologic,
faunal, and paleomagnetic data, the original positions of terranes and
their metallogenic belts are interpreted. (8) The paths of tectonic
migration of terranes and contained metallogenic belts are constructed.
(9) The timings and nature of accretions of terranes and contained
metallogenic belts are determined from geologic, age, and structural
data; (10) The nature of collision-related geologic units and their
contained metallogenic belts are determined from geologic data. And (11)
the nature and timing of post-accretionary overlap assemblages and
contained metallogenic belts are determined from geologic and age data.

## Key Metallogenic and Tectonic Definitions

For the compilation, synthesis, description, and interpretation of
metallogenic belts, the following and mineral deposit, metallogenic, and
tectonic definitions are employed. The definitions are adapted from
Coney and others (1980), Jones and others (1983), Howell and others
(1985), Monger and Berg (1987), Nokleberg and others (1994a, b, 2001),
Wheeler and others (1988), and Scotese and others (2001).

*Accretion*. Tectonic juxtaposition of two or more terranes, or tectonic
juxtaposition of terranes to a craton margin. Accretion of terranes to
one another or to a craton margin also defines a major change in the
tectonic evolution of terranes and craton margins.

*Accretionary wedge and subduction-zone terrane*. Fragment of a mildly
to intensely deformed complex consisting of varying amounts of turbidite
deposits, continental-margin rocks, oceanic crust and overlying units,
and oceanic mantle. Divided into units composed predominantly of
turbidite deposits or predominantly of oceanic rocks. Units are
interpreted to have formed during tectonic juxtaposition in a zone of
major thrusting of one lithosphere plate beneath another, generally in
zones of thrusting along the margin of a continent or an island arc. May
include large fault-bounded units with a coherent stratigraphy. Many
subduction-zone terranes contain fragments of oceanic crust and
associated rocks that exhibit a complex structural history, occur in a
major thrust zone, and possess blueschist-facies metamorphism.

*Collage of terranes.* Groups of tectonostratigraphic terranes,
generally in oceanic areas, for which insufficient data exist to
separate units.

*Craton.* Chiefly regionally metamorphosed and deformed shield
assemblages of Archean and Early Proterozoic sedimentary, volcanic, and
plutonic rocks, and overlying platform successions of Late Proterozoic,
Paleozoic, and local Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary and lesser
volcanic rocks.

*Craton margin.* Chiefly Late Proterozoic through Jurassic sedimentary
rocks deposited on a continental shelf or slope. Consists mainly of
platform successions. Locally has, or may have had an Archean and Early
Proterozoic cratonal basement.

*Cratonal terrane*. Fragment of a craton.

*Continental-margin arc terrane*. Fragment of an igneous belt of coeval
plutonic and volcanic rocks, and associated sedimentary rocks that
formed above a subduction zone dipping beneath a continent. Inferred to
possess a sialic basement.

*Deposit*. A general term for any lode or placer mineral occurrence,
mineral deposit, prospect, and (or) mine.

*Island-arc terrane.* Fragment of an igneous belt of plutonic rocks,
coeval volcanic rocks, and associated sedimentary rocks that formed
above an oceanic subduction zone. Inferred to possess a simatic
basement.

*Metallogenic belt*. A geologic unit (area) that either contains or is
favorable for a group of coeval and genetically-related, significant
lode and placer deposit models. With this definition, a metallogenic
belt is a predictive for undiscovered deposits.

*Metamorphic terrane.* Fragment of a highly metamorphosed or deformed
assemblage of sedimentary, volcanic, or plutonic rocks that cannot be
assigned to a single tectonic environment because the original
stratigraphy and structure are obscured. Includes intensely-deformed
structural melanges that contain intensely-deformed fragments of two or
more terranes.

*Metamorphosed continental margin terrane.* Fragment of a passive
continental margin, in places moderately to highly metamorphosed and
deformed, that cannot be linked with certainty to the nearby craton
margin. May be derived either from a nearby craton margin or from a
distant site.

*Mine*. A site where valuable minerals have been extracted.

*Mineral deposit*. A site where concentrations of potentially valuable
minerals for which grade and tonnage estimates have been made.

*Mineral occurrence.* A site of potentially valuable minerals on which
no visible exploration has occurred, or for which no grade and tonnage
estimates have been made.

*Oceanic crust, seamount, and ophiolite terrane*. Fragment of part or
all of a suite of *eugeoclinal* deep-marine sedimentary rocks, pillow
basalt, gabbro, and ultramafic rocks that are interpreted as oceanic
sedimentary and volcanic rocks and the upper mantle. Includes both
inferred offshore oceanic and marginal ocean basin rocks, minor
volcaniclastic rocks of magmatic arc derivation, and major marine
volcanic accumulations formed at a hotspot, fracture zone, or spreading
axis.

*Overlap assemblage.* A postaccretion unit of sedimentary or igneous
rocks deposited on, or intruded into, two or more adjacent terranes. The
sedimentary and volcanic parts either depositionally overlie, or are
interpreted to have originally depositionally overlain, two or more
adjacent terranes, or terranes and the craton margin. Overlapping
plutonic rocks, which may be coeval and genetically related to overlap
volcanic rocks, link or stitch together adjacent terranes, or a terrane
and a craton margin.

*Passive continental margin terrane.* Fragment of a craton margin.

*Post-accretion rock unit.* Suite of sedimentary, volcanic, or plutonic
rocks that formed in the late history of a terrane, after accretion. May
occur also on adjacent terranes or on the craton margin either as an
overlap assemblage or as a basinal deposit. A relative-time term
denoting rocks formed after tectonic juxtaposition of one terrane to an
adjacent terrane.

*Pre-accretion rock unit.* Suite of sedimentary, volcanic, or plutonic
rocks that formed in the early history of a terrane, before accretion.
Constitutes the stratigraphy and igneous geology inherent to a terrane.
A relative-time term denoting rocks formed before tectonic juxtaposition
of one terrane to an adjacent terrane.

*Prospect*. A site of potentially valuable minerals in which excavation
has occurred.

*Significant mineral deposit*. A mine, mineral deposit, prospect, or
occurrence that is judged as important for the metallogenesis of a
geographic region.

*Subterrane.* A fault-bounded unit within a terrane that exhibit
similar, but not identical geologic history relative to another fault
bounded unit in the same terrane.

*Superterrane.* An aggregate of terranes that is interpreted to share
either a similar stratigraphic kindred or affinity, or a common geologic
history after accretion (Moore, 1992). An approximate synonym is
*composite terrane*.

*Tectonic linkage.* The interpreted association of a suite of coeval
tectonic units that formed in the same region and as the result of the
same tectonic processes. An example is the linking of a coeval
continental-margin arc, forearc deposits, a back-arc rift assemblage,
and a subduction-zone complex, all related to the underthrusting of a
continental margin by oceanic crust.

*Tectonostratigraphic terrane.* A fault-bounded geologic entity or
fragment that is characterized by a distinctive geologic history that
differs markedly from that of adjacent terranes (Jones and others, 1983;
Howell and others, 1985).

*Transform continental-margin arc*. An igneous belt of coeval plutonic
and volcanic rocks, and associated sedimentary rocks that formed along a
transform fault that occurs along the margin of a craton, passive
continental margin, and (or) collage of terranes accreted to a
continental margin.

*Turbidite basin terrane.* Fragment of a basin filled with deep-marine
clastic deposits in either an orogenic forearc or backarc setting. May
include continental-slope and continental-rise turbidite deposits, and
submarine-fan turbidite deposits deposited on oceanic crust. May include
minor epiclastic and volcaniclastic deposits.

## Geologic Time Scale and Time Spans

Geologic time scale units are according to the IUGS Global Stratigraphic
Chart (Remane, 1998). For this study, for some descriptions of
metallogenic belt and geologic units, the term *Riphean* is used for the
Mesoproterozoic through Middle Neoproterozoic (1600 to 650 Ma), and the
term *Vendian* is used for Neoproterozoic III (650 to 540 Ma).

According to the main geodynamic events and the major deposit-forming
and metallogenic belt-forming events for Northeast Asia, the following
twelve time spans are used for groupings of metallogenic belts.

Archean (\> 2500 Ma)

Paleoproterozoic (2500 to 1600 Ma)

Mesoproterozoic (1600 to 1000 Ma)

Neoproterozoic (1000 to 540 Ma)

Cambrian through Silurian (540 to 410 Ma)

Devonian through Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) (410 to 320 Ma)

Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) through Middle Triassic (320 to 230
Ma)

Late Triassic through Early Jurassic (230 to 175 Ma)

Middle Jurassic through Early Cretaceous (175 to 96 Ma)

Cenomanian through Campanian (96 to 72 Ma)

Maastrichnian through Oligocene (72 to 24 Ma)

Miocene through Quaternary (24 to 0 Ma)

# Mineral Deposit Models 

For descriptions of metallogenic belts, lode mineral deposits are
classified into various models or types. Detailed descriptions are
provided in the companion paper by Obolenskiy and others (this CD-ROM).
The following three main principles are employed for synthesis of
mineral deposit models for this study. (1) Deposit forming processes are
close related to rock forming processes (Obruchev, 1928) and mineral
deposits originate as the result of mineral mass differentiation under
their constant circulation in sedimentary, magmatic, and metamorphic
circles of formation of rocks and geological structures (Smirnov, 1969).
(2) The classification must be as more comfortable and understandable
for appropriate user as possible. And (3) the classification must be
open so that new types of the deposits can be added in the future (Cox
and Singer, 1986).

In this classification for this study, lode deposits are grouped into
the hierarchic levels of metallogenic taxons according to such their
stable features as: (a) environment of formation of host and
genetically-related rocks, (b) genetic features of the deposit, and (c)
mineral and (or) elemental composition of the ore. The six hierarchial
levels are as follows.

Group of deposits

Class of deposits

Clan of deposits

Deposit types (models)

The deposit models are subdivided into the following four large groups
according to major geological rock-forming processes (Table 1): (1)
deposits related to magmatic processes; (2) deposits related to
hydrothermal-sedimentary processes; (3) deposits related to metamorphic
processes; (4) deposits related to surficial processes and (6) exotic
deposits. Each group includes several classes. For example, the group of
deposits related to magmatic processes includes two classes: (1) those
related to intrusive rocks; and (2) those related to extrusive rocks.
Each class includes several clans, and so on. The most detailed
subdivisions are for magmatic-related deposits because they are the most
abundant in the project area. In the below classification, lode deposit
types models that share a similar origin, such as magnesian and (or)
calcic skarns, or porphyry deposits, are grouped together under a single
genus with several types (or species) within the genus.

Some of the below deposit models differ from cited descriptions. For
example, the Bayan Obo type was described previously as a
carbonatite-related deposit. However, modern isotopic, mineralogical,
and geological data recently obtained by Chinese geologists have
resulted in a new interpretation of the deposit origin. These new data
indicate that the deposit consists of ores that formed during
Mesoproterozoic sedimentary-exhalative process, and along with coeval
metasomatic activity, sedimentary diagenesis of dolomite, and
alteration. The sedimentary-exhalative process consisted of both
sedimentation and metasomatism. Later deformation, especially during the
Caledonian orogeny, further enriched the ore. Consequently, the Bayan
Obo deposit type is herein described as related to
sedimentary-exhalative processes, not to magmatic processes. However,
magmatic processes also played an important role in deposit formation.
Consequently, this deposit model is part of the family of polygenetic
carbonate-hosted deposits. Similar revisions are made for
carbonate-hosted Hg-Sb and other deposit models.

**Table 1. Hierarchial ranking of mineral deposit models.**

Deposits related to magmatic processes

Deposits related to intrusive magmatic rocks

I. Deposits related to mafic and ultramafic intrusions

A. Deposits associated with differentiated mafic-ultramafic complexes

Mafic-ultramafic related Cu-Ni-PGE

Mafic-ultramafic related Ti-Fe ([+]{.underline}V)

Zoned mafic-ultramafic Cr-PGE

B. Deposits associated with ophiolitic complexes

Podiform chromite

Serpentinite-hosted asbestos

C. Deposits associated with anorthosite complexes

Anorthosite apatite-Ti-Fe-P

D. Deposits associated with kimberlite

Diamond-bearing kimberlite

II\. Deposits related to intermediate and felsic intrusions

A. Pegmatite

Muscovite pegmatite

REE-Li pegmatite

B. Greisen and quartz vein

Fluorite greisen

Sn-W greisen, stockwork, and quartz vein

W-Mo-Be greisen, stockwork, and quartz vein

C. Alkaline metasomatite

Ta-Nb-REE alkaline metasomatite

D. Skarn (contact metasomatic)

Au skarn

Boron (datolite) skarn

Carbonate-hosted asbestos

Co skarn

Cu (±Fe, Au, Ag, Mo) skarn

Fe skarn

Fe-Zn skarn

Sn skarn

Sn-B (Fe) skarn (ludwigite)

W±Mo±Be skarn

Zn-Pb (±Ag, Cu) skarn

E. Porphyry and granitoid pluton-hosted deposit

Cassiterite-sulfide-silicate vein and stockwork

Felsic plutonic U-REE

Granitoid-related Au vein

Polymetallic Pb-Zn ± Cu (±Ag, Au) vein and stockwork

Porphyry Au

Porphyry Cu (±Au)

Porphyry Cu-Mo (±Au, Ag)

Porphyry Mo (±W, Bi)

Porphyry Sn

III\. Deposits related to alkaline intrusions

A. Carbonatite-related deposits

Apatite carbonatite

Fe-REE carbonatite

Fe-Ti (±Ta, Nb, Fe,Cu, apatite) carbonatite

Phlogopite carbonatite

REE (±Ta, Nb, Fe) carbonatite

B. Alkaline-silisic intrusions related deposits

Alkaline complex-hosted Au

Peralkaline granitoid-related Nb-Zr-REE

Albite syenite-related REE

Ta-Li ongonite

C. Alkaline-gabbroic intrusion-related deposits

Charoite metasomatite

Magmatic and metasomatic apatite

Magmatic graphite

Magmatic nepheline

Deposits related to extrusive rocks

IV\. Deposits related to marine extrusive rocks

A. Massive sulfide deposits

Besshi Cu-Zn-Ag massive sulfide

Cyprus Cu-Zn massive sulfide

Korean Pb-Zn massive sulfide

Volcanogenic Cu-Zn massive sulfide (Urals type)

Volcanogenic Zn-Pb-Cu massive sulfide (Kuroko, Altai types)

B. Volcanogenic-sedimentary deposits

Volcanogenic-hydrothermal-sedimentary massive sulfide Pb-Zn (±Cu)

Volcanogenic-sedimentary Fe

Volcanogenic-sedimentary Mn

V. Deposits related to subaerial extrusive rocks

A. Deposits associated with mafic extrusive rocks and dike complexes

Ag-Sb vein

Basaltic native Cu (Lake Superior type)

Hg-Sb-W vein and stockwork

Hydrothermal Iceland spar

Ni-Co arsenide vein

Silica-carbonate (listvenite) Hg

Trap related Fe skarn (Angara-Ilim type)

B. Deposits associated with felsic to intermediate extrusive rocks

Au-Ag epithermal vein

Ag-Pb epithermal vein

Au potassium metasomatite (Kuranakh type)

Barite vein

Be tuff

Carbonate-hosted As-Au metasomatite

Carbonate-hosted fluorspar

Carbonate-hosted Hg-Sb

Clastic sediment-hosted Hg±Sb

Epithermal quartz-alunite

Fluorspar vein

Hydrothermal-sedimentary fluorite

Limonite from spring water

Mn vein

Polymetallic (Pb, Zn±Cu, Ba, Ag, Au) volcanic-hosted metasomatite

Polymetallic (Pb, Zn, Ag) carbonate-hosted metasomatite

Rhyolite-hosted Sn

Sulfur-sulfide (S, FeS2)

Volcanic-hosted Au-base-metal metasomatite

Volcanic-hosted Hg

Volcanic-hosted U

Volcanic-hosted zeolite

Deposits related to hydrothermal-sedimentary sedimentary processes

VI\. Stratiform and stratabound deposits

Bedded barite

Carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn (Mississippi valley type)

Sediment-hosted Cu

Sedimentary exhalative Pb-Zn (SEDEX)

VII\. Sedimentary rock-hosted deposits

Chemical-sedimentary Fe-Mn

Evaporate halite

Evaporate sedimentary gypsum

Sedimentary bauxite

Sedimentary celestite

Sedimentary phosphate

Sedimentary Fe-V

Sedimentary siderite Fe

Stratiform Zr (Algama Type)

VIII\. Polygenic carbonate-hosted deposits

Polygenic REE-Fe-Nb deposits (Bayan-Obo type)

Deposits related to metamorphic processes

IX\. Sedimentary-metamorphic deposits

Banded iron formation (BIF, Algoma Fe)

Banded iron formation (BIF, Superior Fe)

Homestake Au

Sedimentary-metamorphic borate

Sedimentary-metamorphic magnesite

X. Deposits related to regionally metamorphosed rocks

Au in black shale

Au in shear zone and quartz vein

Clastic-sediment-hosted Sb-Au

Cu-Ag vein

Piezoquartz

Rhodusite asbestos

Talc (magnesite) replacement

Metamorphic graphite

Metamorphic sillimanite

Phlogopite skarn

Deposits related to surficial proceses

XI\. Residual deposts

Bauxite (karst type)

Laterite Ni

Weathering crust Mn (±Fe)

Weathering crust and karst phosphate

Weathering crust carbonatite REE-Zr-Nb-Li

XII\. Depositional deposits

Placer and paleoplacer Au

Placer diamond

Placer PGE

Placer Sn

Placer Ti-Zr

REE and Fe oolite

Exotic deposits

Impact diamond

# Acknowledgements

For the preparation of this report, we thank the many geologists who
have worked with us for their valuable expertise in each region of
Northeast Asia. We also thank managers N.L. Dobretsov, L.C. Gundersen,
P.P. Hearn, K. Johnson, R. Koski, L.P. Leahy, J. Medlin, M. Power, and
J.N. Weaver for their encouragement and support of the project. We thank
Russian interpreters Tatiana Bounaeva and Elena Koltunova for their
skill and assistance during long and complex scientific dialogues, and
for translation of complex geologic descriptions and references.

# References Cited

Ariunbileg, Sodov, Biryul\'kin[^,^]{.smallcaps} G.V.,
Byamba[^,^]{.smallcaps} Jamba, Davydov, Y.V., Dejidmaa, Gunchin,
Distanov, E.G., Dorjgotov, Gamyanin, G.N., Gerel, Ochir, Fridovskiy,
V.Yu., Gotovsuren^,^ Ayurzana, Hwang, Duk Hwan, Kochnev, A.P., Kostin,
A.V., Kuzmin, M.I., Letunov, S.A., Li, Jiliang, Li, Xujun, Malceva,
G.D., Melnikov, V.D., Nikitin, V.M., Obolenskiy, A.A., Ogasawara,
Masatsugu, Orolmaa, Demberel, Parfenov, L.M.,. Popov, N.V., Prokopiev,
A.V., Ratkin, V.V., Rodionov, S.M., Seminskiy, Z.V., Shpikerman, V.I.,
Smelov, A.P., Sotnikov, V.I., Spiridonov, A.V., Stogniy, V.V., Sudo,
Sadahisa, Sun, Fengyue, Sun, Jiapeng, Sun, Weizhi,. Supletsov, V.M.,
Timofeev, V.F., Tyan, O.A., Vetluzhskikh, V.G., Xi, Aihua, Yakovlev,
Y.V., Yan, Hongquan, Zhizhin, V.I., Zinchuk, N.N., and Zorina, L.M.,
2003, Databases on significant metalliferous and selected
non-metalliferous lode deposits, and selected placer districts for
Northeast Asia, *in* Nokleberg, W.J., and 10 others, eds., Preliminary
Publications Book 2 from Project on Mineral Resources, Metallogenesis,
and Tectonics of Northeast Asia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
03-203 (CD-ROM).

Bilibin, Yu.A., 1955, Metallogenic provinces and metallogenic epochs:
Moscow, Gosgeoltechizdat, 356 p. (in Russian).

Coney, P.J., Jones, D.L., and Monger, J.W.H., 1980, Cordilleran suspect
terranes: Nature, v. 288, p. 329-333.

Cox, D.P., 1993, Estimation of undiscovered deposits in quantitative
mineral resource assessments----examples from Venezuela and Puerto Rico:
Nonrenewable Resources, v. 2, no. 2, p. 82--91.

Cox, D.P. and Singer, D.A., eds., 1986, Mineral deposit models: U.S.
Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, 379 p.

Dobretsov, N.L., and Kirdyashkin, A.G., 1994, Deep level geodynamics.
Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences Press, Novosibirsk, 299 p.
(in Russian).

Guild, P.W., 1978, Metallogenic maps; principles and progress: Global
Tectonics Metallogeny, v. 1, no. 10, p. 10-15.

Howell, D.G., Jones, D.L., and Schermer, E.R., 1985,
Tectonostratigraphic terranes of the Circum-Pacific region: Principles
of terrane analysis, *in* Howell, D.G., ed., Tectonostratigraphic
terranes of the Circum-Pacific region: Circum-Pacific Council for Energy
and Mineral Resources, Houston, Texas, p. 3-31.

Itsikson, M.I., 1973, Metallogeny of planetary volcanogenic belts of
Circum-Pacific: Evolution of volcanism in Earth's history: Nauka,
Moscow, p.230-232 (in Russian).

Itsikson, M.I., 1979, Metallogenic zoning of Circum- Pacific: Nauka,
Moscow, 232 p. (in Russian).

Itsikson, M.I., Krasny, L.I., and Matveenko, V.T., 1965, Volcanic belts
of Circum-Pacific and their Metallogeny, *in* Ore-bearing Capacity of
Volcanogenic Formations: Nedra, Moscow, p.181-196 (in Russian).

Jones, D.L., Howell, D.G., Coney, P.J., and Monger, J.W.H., 1983,
Recognition, character, and analysis of tectonostratigraphic terranes in
western North America, *in* Hashimoto, M., and Uyeda, S., eds.,
Accretion tectonics in the circum-Pacific regions; Proceedings of the
Oji International Seminar on Accretion Tectonics, Japan, 1981: Advances
in Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo, Terra Scientific Publishing
Company, p. 21-35.

Koroteev, V.A., ed., 1996, Metallogeny of fold system with respect to
plate tectonics: Urals Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences Press,
Ekaterinburg, 248 p. (in Russian).

Ludington, S., and Cox, D., 1996, Data base for a national
mineral-resource assessment of undiscovered deposits of gold, silver,
copper, lead, and zinc in the conterminous United States by U.S.
Geological Survey Minerals Team: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
96-96, 1 CD-ROM.

Mitchell, A.G., and Garson, M.S., 1981, Mineral deposits and global
tectonic settings: Academic Press, London, 421 p.

Monger, J.W.H., and Berg, H.C., 1987, Lithotectonic terrane map of
western Canada and southeastern Alaska: U. S. Geological Survey
Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-1874-B, 1 sheet, scale 1:2,500,000,
12 p.

Nokleberg, W.J., Bundtzen, T.K., Berg, H.C., Brew, D.A., Grybeck,
Donald, Robinson, M.S., Smith, T.E., Yeend, Warren, 1994a, Metallogeny
and major mineral deposits of Alaska, *in* Plafker, G. and Berg, H.C.,
eds., The Geology of Alaska: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of
America: The Geology of North America, v. G1, p. 855-904.

Nokleberg, W.J., Parfenov, L.M., Monger, J.W.H., Baranov, B.V.,
Byalobzhesky, S.G. Bundtzen, T.K., Feeney, T.D., Fujita, Kazuya, Gordey,
S.P., Grantz, A., Khanchuk, A.I., Natal\'in, B.A. Natapov, L.M., Norton,
1.0., Patton, W.W. Jr., Planer, G., Csholl, D.W., Sokolov, S.D.,
Sosunov, G.M., Stone, D.B., Tabor, R.W., Tsukanov, N.V., Vallier, T.L.
and Wakita, Koji, 1994b, Circum-North Pacific tectonostratigraphic
terrane map: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-714, 221 pages,
2 sheets, scale 1:5, 000,000; 2 sheets, scale 1: 10,000,000.

Nokleberg, W.J., Parfenov, L.M., Monger, J.W.H., Norton, I.0. Khanchuk,
A.I., Stone, D.B., Scotese, C.R., Scholl. D.W., and Fujita, K., 2001,
Phanerozoic tectonic evolution of the Circum-North Pacific: U.S.
Geological Survey Professional Paper 1626, 122 p.

Nokleberg, W.J., Bundtzen, T.K., Grybeck, D., Koch, R.D., Eremin, R.A.,
Rozenblum, I.S., Sidorov, A.A., Byalobzhesky, S.G., Sosunov, G.M.,
Shpikennan, V.I., and Gorodinsky, M.E., 1993, Metallogenesis of mainland
Alaska and the Russian Northeast: Mineral deposit maps, models, and
tables, metallogenic belt maps and interpretation, and references cited:
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-339, 222 pages, 1 map, scale
1:4, 000,000, 5 maps, scale 1:10,000,000.

Nokleberg, W.J., West, T.D., Dawson, K.M., Shpikerman, V.I., Bundtzen,
T.K., Parfenov, L.M., Monger, J.W.H., Ratkin, V.V., Baranov, B.V.,
Byalobzhesky, S.G., Diggles, M.F., Eremin, R.A., Fujita, K., Gordey,
S.P., Gorodinskiy, M.E., Goryachev, N.A., Feeney, T.D., Frolov, Y.F.,
Grantz, A., Khanchuk, A.I., Koch, R.D., Natalin, B.A., Natapov, L.M.,
Norton, I.O., Patton, W.W. Jr., Plafker, G., Pozdeev, A.I., Rozenblum,
I.S., Scholl, D.W., Sokolov, S.D., Sosunov, G.M., Stone, D.V., Tabor,
R.W., Tsukanov, N.V., and Vallier, T.L., 1998, Summary terrane, mineral
deposit, and metallogenic belt maps of the Russian Far East, Alaska, and
the Canadian Cordillera: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-136,
1 CD-ROM.

Obolenskiy, A.A., Rodionov, S.M., Ariunbileg, Sodov, Dejidmaa, Gunchin,
Distanov, E.G., Dorjgotov, Dangindorjiin, Gerel, Ochir, Hwang, Duk Hwan,
Sun, Fengyue, Gotovsuren, Ayurzana, Letunov, S.N., Li, Xujun, Nokleberg,
W.J., Ogasawara, Masatsugu, Seminsky, Z.V., Smelov, A.P., Sotnikov,
V.I., Spiridonov, A.A., Zorina, L.V., and Yan, Hongquan, 2003, Mineral
deposit models for Northeast Asia, *in* Nokleberg, W.J., and 10 others,
eds.,: Preliminary Publications Book 2 from Project on Mineral
Resources, Metallogenesis, and Tectonics of Northeast Asia: U.S.
Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-203 (CD-ROM), 47 p.

Obolenskiy, A.A., Rodionov, S.M., Parfenov, L.M., Kuzmin, M.I.,
Distanov, E.G., Sotnikov, V.I., Seminskiy, Zh.V., Spiridonov, A.M.,
Stepanov, V.A., Khanchuk, A.I., Nokleberg, W.J., Tomurtogoo, O.,
Dejidmaa, G., Hongquan, Y., Fengyue, S., Hwang, D.H., and Ogasawara, M.,
2001, Metallogenic belt map of Northeast Asia \[abs.\]: Joint 6^th^
Biennial SGA-SEG Meeting Program with abstracts, *in* Piestrzynski,
Adam., and others, eds., Mineral Deposits at the Beginning of the 21st
Century: Proceedings of Joint Sixth Biennial SGA-SEG Meeting, Krakow,
Poland, A.A. Balkema Publishers, p.1133-1135.

Obruchev, V.V., 1928, Various investigations on ore deposit systematics:
Journal of Mineralogy, Geology, and Paleontology, v. A., no. 4, p.
143-146 (in German).

Parfenov, L.M., Vetluzhskikh, V.G., Gamyanin, G.N., Davydov, Yu.V.,
Deikunenko, A.V., Kostin, A.V., Nikitin, V.M., Prokopyev, A.V., Smelov,
A.P., Supletsov, V.M., Timofeev, V.F., Fridovsky, V.YU., Kholmogorov,
A.I., Yakovlev, Ya.V., 1999, Metallogenic zonation of the territory of
Sakha Republic: Pacific Ocean Geology, no. 2, p. 8-40.

Parfenov, L.M., Vetluzhskikh, V.G., Gamyanin, G.N., Davydov, Yu.V.,
Deikunenko, A.V., Kostin, A.V., Nikitin, V.M., Prokopyev, A.V., Smelov,
A.P., Supletsov, V.M., Timofeev, V.F., Fridovsky, V.YU., Kholmogorov,
A.I., Yakovlev, Ya.V., 1999, Metallogenic zonation of the territory of
Sakha Republic: Pacific Ocean Geology, no. 2, p. 8-40.

Plyuschev, E.V., ed., 2001, Ore knots of Russia: VSEGEI,
Saint-Petersburg, 416 p. (in Russian).

Pratt, W.P., ed., 1981, Metallic mineral-resource potential of the Rolla
quadrangle, Missouri, as appraised in September 1980: U.S. Geological
Survey Open-File Report 81-518, 77 p., 11 plates, scale 1:250,000.

Radkevich, E.A., 1982, Metallogeny of Circum-Pacific ore belt, *in*
Metallogeny of Circum-Pacific: Far Eastern Branch, U.S.S.R. Academy of
Sciences, p.3-16 (in Russian).

Remane, Jurgen, 1998, Explanatory note to global stratigraphic chart,
*in* Circular of International Subcommission on Stratigraphic
Classification (ISSC) of IUGS Commission on Stratigraphy, Appendix B:
International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) Commission on
Stratigraphy, v. 93, 11 p.

Rodionov, S.M., and Nokleberg, W.J., 2000, Mineral deposit models for
Northeast Asia \[abs.\], *in* Mineral Resources and Tectonics of
Northeast Asia: ITIT International Symposium June 8-9, Abstracts, AIST
Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan, p. 51-53.

Rodionov, S.M., Obolenskiy, A.A., Khanchuk, A.I., Dejidmaa, G.,
Hongquan, Y., Hwang, D.H., and Nokleberg, W.J., 2000, Metallogenic belts
of Northeast Asia: Definitions, principles, and examples \[abs.\], *in*
Mineral Resources and Tectonics of Northeast Asia: ITIT International
Symposium, June 8-9, Abstracts. AIST Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan, p.
82-83.

Scheglov, A.D., 1980, Basis of metallogenic analyses: Nedra, Moscow,
431p (in Russian).

Shatalov, E.G., 1965, Principles of metallogenic map compilation, *in*
Questions of Metallogeny: Nedra, Moscow, p.45-61 (in Russian).

Singer, D.A., 1993, Development of grade and tonnage models for
different deposit types, *in* Kirkham, R.V., Sinclair, R.V., Thorpe,
W.D., and Duke, J.M., eds., Mineral deposit modeling: Geological
Association Canada Special Paper 40, 27 p. 21--30.

Singer, D.A., 1994, The relationship of estimated number of undiscovered
deposits to grade and tonnage models in three--part mineral resource
assessments: 1994 Intern. Assoc Math. Geology Annual Conference, Papers
and Entended Abstracts, Oct. 3--5, 1994, Mount Tremblant, Quebec,
Canada, p. 325--326.

Scotese, C.R., Nokleberg, W.J., Monger, J.W.H., Norton, I.O., Parfenov,
L.M., Bundtzen, T.K., Dawson, K.M., Eremin, R.A., Frolov, Y.F., Fujita,
Kazuya, Goryachev, N.A., Khanchuk, A.I., Pozdeev, A.I., Ratkin, V.V.,
Rodinov, S.M., Rozenblum, I.S., Shpikerman, V.I., Sidorov, A.A., and
Stone, D.B., 2001, in Nokleberg, W..J. and Diggles, M.F., eds., Dynamic
Computer Model for the Metallogenesis and Tectonics of the Circum-North
Pacific: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-161, 1 CD-ROM.

Smirnov, V.I., 1969, Geology of useful minerals: Nedra, Moscow, 687 p.
(in Russian).

Sukhov, V.I., Bakulin, Yu.I., Loshak, N.P., Khitrunov, A.T., Rodionova,
L.N., and Karas, N.A., 2000, Metallogeny of Russian Far East: DVIMS
Publishing House, Khabarovsk, 217p (in Russian).

Tomson, I.N., 1988, Metallogeny of ore regions. Nedra, Moscow, 215 p (in
Russian).

Wheeler, J.O., Brookfield, A.J., Gabrielse, H., Monger, J.W.H., Tipper,
H.W., and Woodsworth, G.J., 1988, Terrane map of the Canadian
Cordillera: Geological Survey of Canada Open File Report 1894, scale
1:2,000,000, 9 p.

Zonenshain, L.P., Kuzmin, M.I. and Natapov, L.M. 1992, Plate tectonics
and ore deposits in Northern Eurasia (the former USSR) \[abs.\]:
Colorado School of Mines Quarterly Review, v. 92, no. 2, p. 13.