The Secretary's\
Fifth Annual Report\
On Teacher Quality

A Highly Qualified Teacher

In Every Classroom

U.S. Department of Education

Office of Postsecondary Education

2006

This report was produced by Westat under U.S. Department of Education
Contract No.\
ED 04 CO-0059/0016. David Chin served as the contracting officer's
technical representative.

(Note: For this accessible version of the report, figures have been
converted to tables.)

**U.S. Department of Education\
**Margaret Spellings\
*Secretary*

**Office of Postsecondary Education\
**James F. Manning\
*Acting Assistant Secretary*

September 2006

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Education, Office of Postsecondary Education, *The Secretary's Fifth
Annual Report on Teacher Quality: A Highly Qualified Teacher in Every
Classroom,* Washington, D.C., 2006.

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A MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY OF EDUCATION

Dear Colleague,

I am pleased to present the *Secretary's Fifth Annual Report on Teacher
Quality* to Congress and to the American people, in accordance with
Title II of the *Higher Education Act (HEA).* The *No Child Left Behind
Act of 2001 (NCLB)* mandated that all core subjects be taught by highly
qualified teachers by the conclusion of the 2005--06 school year, and
this report documents our nation's progress toward that goal. With the
support of Congress, state officials, school districts, postsecondary
institutions, teachers, and many others, this vision is becoming a
reality in classrooms across the country. While substantial work remains
to be done to ensure that teachers are prepared to educate all students
for the increasingly competitive world they will enter, we should
recognize and take pride in the accomplishments to date.

This publication gathers data from all 50 states, the District of
Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands on such topics as
the completion rates for traditional and alternative route teacher
preparation programs, state teacher assessments and certifications, and
use of waivers or emergency licenses. I am happy to report that the
number of individuals completing teacher preparation programs continues
to climb. Alternative route teacher preparation programs have played a
significant role in this growth---with the number of alternative route
program completers having risen nearly 40 percent from 2000 to 2004.
Novice teachers from alternative route programs now make up close to 20
percent of the new teachers prepared nationally.

Ninety-five percent of the new teachers completing preparation programs
passed their state licensing exams, and more than 97 percent of the
nation's 3.2 million classroom teachers are now fully certified or
licensed. Fifty states have initial teacher certification requirements,
and 44 have taken valuable steps toward aligning expectations for
teachers with content standards designed for students. Together, these
standards and assessments have helped increase accountability in
education, sending the critical message that all teachers must provide
students with a rich learning experience.

In spite of these achievements, significant challenges lie ahead. In
order to strengthen our nation's competitiveness in the global
marketplace, as well as our security at home, we must be certain that
teacher proficiency in mathematics, science, technology, and foreign
languages is sufficient to enable America's students to achieve at grade
level and above in these subjects. Although teacher certification
assessment pass rates are extremely high, we must do much more to ensure
that minimum examination scores reflect proficiency in specific subject
areas.

*continued*

High-poverty school districts continue to have a greater percentage of
teachers on waiver (i.e., not fully certified) than other
districts---although all school districts have continued to improve. And
although the achievement gap has begun to close, too many minority
students and those from low-income families continue to underperform and
fail to meet state academic standards. We must remember our mission---to
leave **no** child behind---and find ways to enable all schools to reap
the benefits of teacher quality improvements, especially those in which
needs are the greatest.

For the sake of their future and that of our nation, America's youths
deserve a first-class education that will propel them into positions of
domestic and international leadership. It is our duty to provide
students with ample opportunities to acquire the knowledge and skills
they will need to compete with their peers in the global community,
starting with teachers whose own expertise and passion provide the spark
for student learning. As we continue on this journey together, let us
celebrate our successes, confront remaining obstacles, and work
collaboratively to prepare the next generation to be engaged, productive
citizens in this increasingly competitive world.

> Sincerely,
>
> Margaret Spellings

CONTENTS

A Message from the Secretary of Education iii

List of Tables vii

List of Figures viii

Executive Summary ix

1 Introduction 1

2 Teacher Preparation: Program Completers and Passing Rates, 2000--01

Through 2003--04 5

Assessing the Strength of America's Teaching Workforce 5

Growth in Numbers of Students Completing Teacher Preparation Programs 5

Traditional Route Program Completers 6

Alternative Route Program Completers 10

Measuring Quality 10

Measuring Teacher Program Completers' Performance on State Assessments
11

Assessments 14

Trends in Traditional Route Program Completers' Certification

Assessments 18

Trends in Alternative Route Program Completers' Certification

Assessments 19

Minimum Passing Scores 19

Traditional Route Teachers' Passing Rates 23

Alternative Route Teachers' Passing Rates 23

3 State Oversight of Teacher Preparation: Certification and Licensure,
Standards,\
Waivers and Low-Performing Programs 27

State Measures of Teacher Quality 27

Initial Certification and Licensure 27

Numbers of Teachers Receiving Initial State Certification and Licensure
27

State Standards for Initial Certification and Licensure 28

Certification and Licensure of Teachers Prepared in Another State 34

Teachers Lacking State Certification 36

Contents (continued)

Waiver Comparisons of "High-Poverty" and "Other" School Districts 40

Subjects Taught by Teachers on Waivers 40

Emergency Licenses or Waivers Offered by States 43

State Identification of Low-Performing Teacher Preparation Programs 43

State Criteria for Teacher Preparation Program Performance 44

Programs Identified as At-Risk or Low-Performing 45

Conclusion 48

Appendix A. Supplementary Data Tables 51

Appendix A1. Summary of traditional route pass rates: 2003--04 53

Basic skills pass rates: 2003--04 55

Professional knowledge pass rates: 2003--04 57

Academic content pass rates: 2003--04 59

Other content pass rates: 2003--04 61

Teaching special populations pass rates: 2003--04 63

Appendix A2. Requirements for initial teaching certification or
licensure: 2005 65

Appendix A3. Number and percent of classroom teachers on waivers by
subject area,\
by state: 2004--05 69

Appendix A4. Types of emergency or temporary licenses issued, by state:
2005 81

Contents (continued)

Tables

Table 2.1 Number of program completers, by state and program attended
(traditional or alternative route: 2003-04 8

Table 2.2 Number of types of tests given for teacher certification, by
state and competency area: 2003-04 16

Table 2.3 State passing scores for Praxis II Elementary Education:
2001-02 through 2003-04 20

Table 2.4 Number of traditional route program completers tested, by
state: 2000-01 through 2003-04 21

Table 2.5 Traditional route assessment summary passing rates: 2000-01
through 2003‑04 23

Table 2.6 Number of alternative route program completers tested, by
state: 2000-01 through 2003-04 24

Table 2.7 Alternative route assessment summary passing rates: 2000-01
through 2003‑04 26

Table 3.1 Total number of teachers receiving initial certification or
licensure, by state: 2000-01 through 2003-04 31

Table 3.2 Summary of state policies on and status of teacher standards:
2005 33

Table 3.3 Number of states that have set teacher standards in specific
fields, by grade level: 2005 34

Table 3.4 State changes in the percentages of classroom teachers on
waivers: 2003-04 to 2004-05 37

Table 3.5 Number and percentage of teachers on waivers, by state and
poverty status of district: 2004-05 41

Table 3.6 Number and characteristics of emergency licenses: 2002 through
2005 43

Table 3.7 At-risk and low-performing institutions, by state: 2005 45

Table 3.8 States that have identified at-risk or low-performing teacher
preparation programs: 2002 through 2005 46

Contents (continued)

Figures

Figure 2.1 Trend in total number of teacher program completers: 2000-01
through 2003‑04 6

Figure 2.2 Top five teacher-producing states: 2003-04 7

Figure 2.3 Trend in percentage of program completers attending
traditional and alternative route programs: 2000-01 through 2003-04 7

Figure 2.4 Number of program completers attending traditional and
alternative route programs: 2000-01 through 2003-04 11

Figure 2.5 States with alternative routes to certification: 2005 12

Figure 2.6 States requiring testing for initial certification: 2003-04
13

Figure 2.7 Trends in the number of teacher candidates 14

Figure 2.8 Percent change in number of assessments by test area: 2001-02
through 2003-04 15

Figure 2.9 Trends in the number of certification tests administered for
traditional route program completers, by test content area: 2000-01
through 2003-04 18

Figure 2.10 Trends in number of certification tests administered for
alternative route program completers, by test content area: 2000-01
through 2003-04 19

Figure 3.1 Number of teaching certificates/licenses, by types of
requirements: 2005 28

Figure 3.2 States requiring content-specific bachelor's degrees for
initial certification: 2005 29

Figure 3.3 Trend in the number of teachers receiving initial
certification: 2000-01 through 2003-04 30

Figure 3.4 Numbers of teachers receiving initial certification, by
state: 2003-04 30

Figure 3.5 Percentage of teachers certified that were trained in another
state, by state: 2003-04 35

Figure 3.6 Percentage of classroom teachers on waivers, by district
poverty status: 2003-04 and 2004-05 36

Figure 3.7 Percentage of classroom teachers on waivers, by subject area:
2003-04 and 2004-05 40

Figure 3.8 Number of states with criteria for assessing the performance
of teacher preparation programs: 2002 through 2005 44

Executive Summary

If we ensure that America's children succeed in life, they will ensure
that America succeeds in the world.

*---President George W. Bush, 2006 State of the Union Address*

This report on teacher quality comes at a time when we are assessing
America's progress in meeting the *No Child Left Behind Act of 2001*
*(NCLB)* mandate that all classes be taught by a highly qualified
teacher by the end of the 2005--06 school year. While it is clear that
states have made considerable progress in implementing the teacher
quality provisions of *NCLB* and Title II of the *Higher Education Act
of 1965, as amended (HEA),* states have fallen short in ensuring that
all children are taught by highly qualified teachers. It is imperative
that states continue to lay the groundwork for making progress in
improving student achievement at all grade levels. Teacher quality is
critical for securing our children's future and maintaining America's
standing in the global economy. This annual report on teacher quality
presents the data collected by states from postsecondary institutions,
alternative route teacher preparation programs, testing companies and
the states' own accountability systems. The 2005 data reported by the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the outlying areas
show both progress toward the nation's goal of a highly qualified
teacher in every classroom and areas where we must work harder to make
improvements.

Teacher Preparation Programs

-   The number of new teachers completing their studies in 2003--04 grew
    by more than 7 percent in one year and is the largest number
    (220,777) ever reported under the Title II data collection.

-   Most of the new teachers attended traditional teacher preparation
    programs at universities and colleges, and their number increased
    more than 5 percent from the previous year.

-   New teachers from alternative route programs jumped by more than 15
    percent from the previous year, and 47 states now have alternative
    route programs.

-   New York, California and Texas prepare the largest numbers of
    teachers in each type of program---traditional and alternative
    routes.

-   Across the nation, the number of teacher education programs
    designated as low-performing continued to decline (17 in 2005 versus
    20 the previous year).

State Assessments

-   Forty-four states require new teachers to pass at least one
    assessment for teacher certification. Academic content-related tests
    constitute the largest share of the testing (nearly 60 percent)
    reported.

-   There is little difference between the assessments required for
    traditional and alternative route program completers within a given
    state; their pass rates are also comparable.

-   Even though the overall teacher pass rate on state assessments is at
    96 percent, the

> minimum passing scores remain generally lower than the national median
> scores for these tests.

Teacher Certification

-   Nationally, the total number of teachers and initial certifications
    awarded remained stable: 3.2 million teachers and over 310,000
    initial certifications. New York, California and Texas led the
    states in numbers of initial certifications conferred.

-   Across America, the number of teachers practicing without full
    certification (i.e., with a waiver) decreased by one-fourth, going
    from 3.3 percent of all teachers in 2003--04 to 2.5 percent of all
    teachers in 2004--05. High-poverty districts showed a 33 percent
    decrease in teachers on waivers; other districts showed a 31 percent
    decrease. Despite this progress, in high-poverty districts 3.0
    percent of teachers were on waivers, compared to 2.1 percent in all
    other districts.

-   The number of states requiring a content-specific bachelor's degree
    for at least one of their initial certificates remains at 39.

Overall, these results show that *NCLB* is increasing the presence of
highly qualified teachers in the nation's classrooms. While this report
is about the data reported by states and teacher preparation programs,
the federal government also plays a key role in promoting teacher
quality by providing essential support to all points in the teacher
preparation, induction, and retention "pipeline": states, school
districts, institutions of higher education and others.

FY 2007 Budget Priorities

The president's budget proposal for fiscal year 2007 focuses national
resources on programs that will promote teacher quality, attract
outstanding students to the teaching profession, and recruit and retain
capable teachers. The proposed budget emphasizes teacher recruitment and
training, especially in high-priority subject areas (e.g., mathematics,
science, technology, foreign language) and low-income school districts.
The president's commitment to teacher quality is exemplified in the
multiple initiatives being proposed to bolster teacher quality by
expanding the pool of educators who are willing and able to serve in
fields of study and neighborhoods where the lack of qualified teachers
is most severe, and by rewarding performance in these situations.

As part of the FY 2007 budget submission:

-   President Bush proposes \$14.6 million and \$44.5 million,
    respectively, for the Troops-to-Teachers and Transition to Teaching
    programs. These are promising programs that facilitate movement into
    the teaching profession, the former by members of the military and
    the latter by mid-career professionals and recent college graduates
    with subject-matter competence.

-   The newly proposed Adjunct Teacher Corps, for which the president
    has requested \$25 million, would leverage the expertise of
    professionals outside the school system by bringing their experience
    into the classroom as high school instructors in core subjects,
    particularly science and mathematics.

-   The president also proposes \$99 million for the Teacher Incentive
    Fund, which supports efforts to increase compensation for teachers
    and principals in low-income schools who are able to increase
    student achievement, thus helping motivate educators to work towards
    *NCLB's* goal of closing the achievement gap.

The *Higher Education Reconciliation Act of 2005 (HERA),* signed by
President Bush in February 2006, removed any deadlines for loan
forgiveness available by law to highly qualified teachers in
high-poverty districts. Those who specialize in mathematics, science or
special education are eligible for a greater amount of forgiveness,
providing another tool for recruiting teachers who can prepare students
to compete in today's global economy. *HERA* also extended these same
loan forgiveness benefits to private school teachers.

The commitment of smart, dedicated individuals to educating our nation's
youths is only the first step toward fulfilling the president's vision
of having a highly qualified teacher in every classroom. The American
Competitiveness Initiative, set forth in President Bush's 2006 State of
the Union address, makes clear that our nation's economic strength and
continued global leadership depend heavily on the knowledge and skills
of American citizens. Rigorous teacher preparation and in-service
training supported by the FY 2007 budget proposal will ensure that
America's teachers will be able to develop the skills needed to best
prepare their students to enter the 21st-century workforce:

-   The president has requested \$122.2 million to strengthen the
    nation's Advanced Placement (AP) and International Baccalaureate
    (IB) programs. These funds expand access to AP and IB classes by
    supporting training and rewards for teachers in low-income schools.
    By enabling students to pursue college-level mathematics, science
    and foreign language course work while still in high school, these
    programs can serve as both the foundation and the inspiration for
    further inquiry.

-   In recognition of the need for improved language skills in our
    increasingly interdependent world, the president's budget includes
    \$5 million for the Language Teacher Corps, which supports
    professional development for foreign language teachers, and \$3
    million for the Teacher-to-Teacher Initiative, which supports
    professional development for foreign language teaching among other
    activities.

-   Teaching American History, for which \$50 million has been included
    in the budget proposal, strengthens educators' abilities to promote
    students' understanding of and participation in government and civil
    society, fostering a sense of responsible citizenship among today's
    youths.

-   To address the need for better prepared special educators, the
    president's budget includes approximately \$90 million for the
    Personnel Development to Improve Services and Results for Children
    with Disabilities program, which would support competitive awards to
    help address state-identified needs for personnel in special
    education, early intervention and other areas to work with children
    with disabilities.

-   Through the State Personnel Development program, \$50 million is
    provided for FY 2007 to assist state education agencies in reforming
    and improving their training and professional development programs
    for individuals who provide early intervention, educational, and

    transition services to improve results for children with
    disabilities.

-   Improving Teacher Quality State Grants (\$2.9 billion in the
    president's FY 2007 budget) allow states and school districts to
    conduct a wide range of teacher-quality-related activities, from
    professional development and mentoring to alternative certification
    and merit pay. These grants offer the flexibility to direct funds
    toward the highest priorities of individual states and school
    districts, recognizing that the path towards a high quality
    education for all students is not always the same.

The increasingly competitive nature of the worldwide economy demands
that we provide our students with the skills needed to advance and serve
our country's interests---and provide their teachers with the skills
needed to improve student achievement. The programs described above
focus national resources on subjects and schools that demonstrate not
only great need, but also immense potential to strengthen our nation's
economic standing and our ability to innovate, paving the way for all
Americans to participate fully and competitively in the global
marketplace.

1\. Introduction

Since the **No Child Left Behind Act** was signed four years ago, states
have increasingly improved the quality of their teaching forces. A
majority of teachers now meet the required qualifications, and school
districts are starting to prohibit the hiring of teachers who do not.
States have also raised their standards for teacher preparation
programs.

*---Secretary Margaret Spellings*

This year, America continued to work to make the goals of the *No Child
Left Behind Act (NCLB)* a reality for all of our nation's children.
Despite the substantial progress many states made in meeting the goal of
having all core academic subject classes taught by highly qualified
teachers by the end of the 2005--06 school year, states are still facing
challenges in making the goals of *NCLB* a reality for all students. In
order to be considered highly qualified under *NCLB*, teachers must hold
a bachelor's degree, have full state certification, and demonstrate
competency in the core academic subjects they teach. Ensuring America's
teachers are of the highest quality is a major national priority---they
hold the key to student success and our nation's future. It is vital
that there is a highly qualified teacher in every classroom to meet the
*NCLB* goal of having all students reading and performing mathematics on
grade level or above by 2014.

*The Secretary's Fifth Annual Report on Teacher Quality* is about
progress and accountability across our nation. This report highlights
the commitment and work of states and teacher preparation programs to
ensure that every child is taught by a highly qualified teacher. With
the enactment of the Title II accountability provisions of the *Higher
Education Act (HEA),* the U.S. Department of Education began collecting
and reporting annually on the preparation of novice teachers and on
teacher certification and licensure. This year's publication presents
the Title II accountability data for 2005 reported by states and the
outlying territories.

Teacher quality is essential for student achievement. In this modern era
of global economic competitiveness, what teachers know and do to improve
student achievement is of critical importance for maintaining America's
economic strength. For this reason, this report begins by presenting
national data about teacher preparation programs. During the 2003--04
school year, U.S. teacher preparation programs---both traditional
four-year colleges of education and alternative route programs, such as
those supported by the Transition to Teaching program---produced record
numbers of teachers. More than 220,000 novice teachers successfully
completed their programs, an increase of more

than 7 percent over the previous school year. As the data in Chapter 2
show, growth in the number of students attending alternative route
programs has been particularly strong, and teachers from alternative
route programs now represent just under 20 percent of new teachers
nationally.

Before entering the classroom, more novice teachers are now required by
states to pass standardized assessments, and they are being tested for
both their core content knowledge and teaching skills. In addition to
presenting the latest numbers on teacher preparation program completers,
Chapter 2 examines the assessments most states use to evaluate novice
teachers. Pass rates have historically been high and are marginally
higher again this year. However, minimum passing scores are generally
set at a level that is lower than the national median scores for these
assessments, bringing into question their utility for determining the
quality of teacher preparation.

It is important to note that, since implementation of *NCLB* and the
*HEA* Title II accountability provisions, many states have established
rigorous new accountability systems for measuring teacher and student
performance and for collecting data on the quality of teacher
preparation programs. The results of states' efforts are clearly evident
in Chapter 3 of this fifth report: more of the nation's teachers are now
fully certified. The number of teachers lacking full certification in
2005 decreased by 25 percent from the previous year, dropping from 3.3
to just 2.5 percent of the nation's classroom teachers. While the data
show substantial change, there is still work to do. The proportion of
teachers on waivers in high-poverty school districts continues to be
higher than for other (non-high-poverty) school districts.

Along with the accountability data for teachers on waivers, Chapter 3
includes an overview of state requirements for initial certification and
licensure and teacher standards. Teacher standards define what teachers
are expected to know and be able to do before they enter the classroom.
The data show progress has been made in aligning states' content
standards for K-12 students with teacher certification requirements.
Also, the number of types of emergency or temporary licenses offered by
states has decreased slightly, and the renewal of these licenses is
becoming somewhat more restricted nationwide.

The *HEA* Title II accountability provisions require states to establish
criteria for identifying low-performing teacher preparation programs.
For 2005, only 17 of the more than 1,000 teacher preparation programs in
America have been identified by states as at-risk or low-performing.
Information about these programs is listed in Chapter 3.

In the appendixes to this report are supplementary data tables that
provide additional information on a number of the report's topics. These
include tables displaying detailed pass rates on exit examinations for
teacher preparation programs, states' requirements for initial teaching
certification or licensure, the number and percentage of classroom
teachers on waivers by subject area and the types of emergency or
temporary licenses issued by states. All of the 2005 state reports are
available in their entirety on the Web at
https://www.title2.org/default.asp.

The data presented in this report show the national picture of teacher
quality in 2005. America has made great progress, but we must continue
to move forward. Evidence of progress

in teacher preparation and quality is being observed in student
achievement results. Reading and mathematics assessments for students in
grades 3--8 have been implemented throughout the United States, and the
latest long-term trend results of the National Assessment of Educational
Progress (NAEP) show that our nation's 9-year-olds have made more
progress in reading in the last five years than in the previous three
decades. NAEP also shows that students in large urban school districts
have made larger achievement gains than the national average---helping
to close the achievement gaps between black and Hispanic children and
their white student peers. These urban school districts are the ones
most likely to be improved by *NCLB* programs. We know that every child
can learn with a great teacher; we must continue to work to ensure that
all of America's students have highly qualified teachers.

2\. Teacher Preparation: Program Completers and Passing Rates, 2000--01
Through 2003--04

Assessing the Strength of America's Teaching Workforce

The quality of teacher preparation programs nationally is integral to
ensuring that our nation's schools are staffed with skilled
professionals capable of raising student achievement. Annually,
traditional programs at colleges and universities and newer alternative
route programs report information on the numbers of students who
successfully complete all program requirements. Data are collected from
more than 1,000 teacher preparation programs across the country. The
number of students who successfully completed their teacher preparation
in the 2003--04 school year grew by more than 7 percent over the
previous year, resulting in a new four-year high total of 220,777.
Furthermore, these program completers successfully passed state teacher
licensing assessments at an overall rate of 96 percent, maintaining the
national trend of pass rates above the 90th percentile for the fourth
year in a row.[^1]

This chapter of the report examines, in detail, data on teacher program
completers, the state assessments these program completers must pass
prior to teaching and how well they perform on these assessments. We
present the aggregate national data first, followed by data for two
broad categories: *traditional* and *alternative route* teacher
preparation programs.

Traditional programs are generally offered through a college of
education as a four-year undergraduate degree. Traditional program
curricula typically include subject matter and pedagogy instruction
along with field experience. Alternative route programs often focus on
pedagogy instruction because they generally enroll students who already
possess subject matter mastery. About half of alternative route programs
are administered by colleges and universities; another 21 percent are
administered by school districts; 6 percent are run through regional
educational service centers; 5 percent by state departments of
education; and the remainder by consortia and other groups.[^2]

Growth in Numbers of Students Completing Teacher Preparation Programs

National data collected for the past four academic years show that the
total number of teachers produced has generally increased from year to
year. After a drop of 4 percent between

Figure 2.1. Trend in total number of teacher program completers: 2000-01
through 2003‑04

  ---------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
  Academic year                2000-01    2001-02    2002-03    2003-04

  Total number of program      194,969    187,099    205,588    220,777
  completers                                                    
  ---------------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

2000--01 and 2001--02, the number of program completers grew by 18
percent over the following two years to its current high of over 220,000
in 2003--04 (figure 2.1). A small number of states play a
disproportionately large role in preparing America's teachers (figure
2.2). For example, New York alone prepared more than 19 percent of the
nation's teacher candidates, while the next highest state, California,
prepared 12 percent. When combined, New York and California account for
nearly one-third of the nation's teacher program completers.

Traditional Route Program Completers

The vast majority of U.S. teachers continue to come from college of
education undergraduate programs. Approximately 81 percent of the
2003--04 program completers reported by states[^3] were trained in
traditional programs at 1,096 postsecondary institutions. The more than
179,000 completers who came through traditional programs represent an
increase of 7 percent from four years earlier. However, as a proportion
of the total number of completers, this sector has been declining since
2001--02, when it stood at 86 percent (figure 2.3).

Over one-quarter of traditional program completers attended institutions
in New York (24,143) and California (20,763). Other large
teacher-producing states included Texas (12,677), Pennsylvania (11,658)
and Illinois (10,373) (table 2.1).

Figure 2.2. Top five teacher-producing states: 2003-04

  --------------------- --------------------------- ----------------------
                        Program completers          

  State                 Number                      Percentage

  New York              41,915                      19.0%

  California            26,624                      12.1%

  Texas                 19,579                      8.9%

  Pennsylvania          11,658                      5.3%

  Illinois              10,545                      4.8%

  All other states      110,456                     50.0%
  --------------------- --------------------------- ----------------------

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Figure 2.3. Trend in percentage of program completers attending
traditional and alternative route programs: 2000-01 through 2003-04

  ------------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------
  Academic year             Percentage of program  
                            completers             

                            Traditional            Alternative

  2000-01 (N=194,969)       85%                    15%

  2001-02 (N=187,099)       86%                    14%

  2002-03 (N=205,588)       83%                    17%

  2003-04 (N=200,777)       81%                    19%
  ------------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Table 2.1. Number of program completers, by state and program attended
(traditional or alternative route): 2003-04

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**           **Traditional**   **Alternative**   **Total**     **Percent
                                                                        alternative (%)**
  ------------------- ----------------- ----------------- ------------- -------------------
  Alabama             4,468             †                 4,468         †

  Alaska              247               ‡                 247           ‡

  Arizona             4,052             0                 4,052         0

  Arkansas            1,380             179               1,559         11

  California          20,763            5,861             26,624        22

  Colorado            2,294             574               2,868         20

  Connecticut         1,865             191               2,056         9

  Delaware            695               24                719           3

  District of         346               ‡                 346           ‡
  Columbia                                                              

  Florida             5,815             \--               5,815         \--

  Georgia             3,663             1,492             5,155         29

  Guam                49                ‡                 49            ‡

  Hawaii              556               29                585           5

  Idaho               †                 †                 †             †

  Illinois            10,373            172               10,545        2

  Indiana             4,548             353               4,901         7

  Iowa                †                 †                 †             †

  Kansas              1,931             77                2,008         4

  Kentucky            2,642             240               2,882         8

  Louisiana           1542              992               2,534         39

  Maine               550               412               962           43

  Maryland            2,370             197               2,567         8

  Massachusetts       3,660             118               3,778         3

  Michigan            8,230             121               8,351         1

  Minnesota           3,763             0                 3,763         0

  Mississippi         1,597             206               1,803         11

  Missouri            3,912             178               4,090         4

  Montana             †                 †                 †             †

  Nebraska            †                 †                 †             †

  Nevada              1,015             \--               1,015         \--

  New Hampshire       932               127               1,059         12

  New Jersey          3,832             2,210             6,042         37

  New Mexico          1,315             102               1,417         7

  New York            24,143            17,772            41,915        42

  North Carolina      3,241             553               3,794         15

  North Dakota        736               †                 736           †

  Ohio                8,263             321               8,584         4

  Oklahoma            2,058             654               2,712         24

  Oregon              2,031             ‡                 2,031         ‡

  Pennsylvania        11,658            0                 11,658        0

  Puerto Rico         2,998             96                3,094         3

  Rhode Island        882               ‡                 882           ‡

  South Carolina      2,171             362               2,533         14

  South Dakota        883               \--               883           \--

  Tennessee           3,367             113               3,480         3

  Texas               12,677            6,902             19,579        35

  Utah                1,888             79                1,967         4

  Vermont             518               85                603           14

  Virgin Islands      25                ‡                 25            ‡

  Virginia            2,649             130               2,779         5

  Washington          †                 †                 †             †

  West Virginia       1,001             \--               1,001         \--

  Wisconsin           †                 †                 †             †

  Wyoming             258               3                 261           1

  **Total**           **179,852**       **40,925**        **220,777**   **19%**
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

† Non-testing state.

\-- Data not reported.

‡ State does not have an approved alternative route program in place.

**NOTE:** For purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.Alternative Route Program Completers

Alternative Route Program Completers

There has been significant growth in both the number of alternative
route programs and the number of students completing these programs.[^4]
In the past four years (2000--01 to 2003--04), the total number of
alternative route program completers has increased by almost 40 percent,
growing from 29,671 to 40,925 (figure 2.4).[^5] As with the traditional
program completers New York prepared the largest number of alternative
route program completers (17,772), producing 43 percent of the national
total of teachers completing alternative route programs. While about 19
percent of all program completers are prepared in alternative route
programs, this proportion is much higher in a number of states: Maine
(43 percent), New York (42 percent), Louisiana (39 percent), New Jersey
(37 percent) and Texas (35 percent) (table 2.1.). Further, several
states' alternative route program completers represent a substantial
proportion of all program completers. For example, New York's
alternative route program completers alone account for 8 percent of
America's new teachers. Texas (6,902) and California (5,861) each
prepared 3 percent of the nation's new teachers through alternative
route programs.

States reported having 110 alternative route programs in 2005. This is
40 percent more programs than in 2002, when states reported 79
alternative route programs. Additionally, 47 states now have alternative
route programs, up from 44 states in 2002 (figure 2.5).

Since 2000, common characteristics for the alternative route programs
have emerged. Program features include:

-   Focus on recruitment, preparation and licensing of individuals who
    have already earned at least a bachelor's degree;

-   Field-based experience;

-   Course work or equivalent experiences while teaching;

-   Candidate monitoring during the first years of teaching;

-   A rigorous screening process; and

-   High performance standards that all candidates must meet.6

Measuring Quality

While the data presented thus far on program completers present a
picture of the size of the 2003--04 new teacher workforce and the type
of

Figure 2.4. Number of program completers attending traditional and
alternative route programs: 2000-01 through 2003-04

  -------------------------------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
                                   2000-01   2001-02   2002-03   2003-04

  Total program completers         194,969   187,099   205,588   220,777

  Total alternative route program  29,671    27,105    35,353    40,925
  completers                                                     

  Total traditional route          165,298   159,994   170,235   179,852
  completers                                                     
  -------------------------------- --------- --------- --------- ---------

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

program they attended, the data do not show whether these individuals
have the skills to improve student achievement. One way of measuring how
well program completers have been prepared for the classroom is to
require them to pass examinations of their content and pedagogical
competencies. Forty-four states require new teachers to take one or more
assessments for teacher certification and licensure. In addition to
reporting the numbers of students who complete their teacher preparation
programs, HEA Title II requires that programs report on the performance
of their teaching candidates on state licensing and certification
assessments. The data showing how well teacher candidates performed on
state assessments are presented in the following pages.

Measuring Teacher Program Completers' Performance on State Assessments

Teaching candidates in America face a wide array of certification
requirements that vary from state to state. In 2003--04, the majority of
states (44) required successful completion of assessments as a condition
for certification or licensure (figure 2.6). Of the remaining ten
states, seven have set, or are in the process of setting, passing scores
on teacher assessments, which is a prerequisite to requiring the
assessments for certification or for conferring highly qualified teacher
status on new elementary school teachers; the remaining three (Iowa,
Montana and Nebraska) have committed to teacher assessments and are in
early stages of implementation.

Figure 2.5. States with alternative routes to certification: 2005

  ---------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------
  States with                         States without     States
  alternative                         alternative routes implementing an
  routes to                           to certification   alternative route
  certification                                          since 2004

  Alabama          Montana            Alaska             Arizona

  Arkansas         Nebraska           District of        Pennsylvania
                                      Columbia           

  California       Nevada             Guam               

  Colorado         New Hampshire      North Dakota       

  Connecticut      New Jersey         Oregon             

  Delaware         New Mexico         Rhode Island       

  Florida          New York           Virgin Islands     

  Georgia          North Carolina                        

  Hawaii           Ohio                                  

  Idaho            Oklahoma                              

  Illinois         Puerto Rico                           

  Indiana          South Carolina                        

  Iowa             South Dakota                          

  Kansas           Tennessee                             

  Kentucky         Texas                                 

  Louisiana        Utah                                  

  Maine            Vermont                               

  Maryland         Virginia                              

  Massachusetts    Washington                            

  Michigan         West Virginia                         

  Minnesota        Wisconsin                             

  Mississippi      Wyoming                               

  Missouri                                               
  ---------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

The 44 testing states reported data on over 1,500 different assessments.
However, based on detailed information provided in their HEA Title II
reports, the actual number of unique tests is estimated to be closer to
1,100. This is because several states use some of the same assessments
or parts of assessments. More than 40 states currently rely on two
testing companies to provide assessments: Educational Testing Service
(ETS) in 32 states and National Evaluation Systems (NES) in 10 states.
Two states, Florida and Kentucky, and Puerto Rico, have created or
adapted their own assessments and use them to supplement the national
testing organizations' assessments. The number of teaching candidates
taking assessments prior to entering the classroom has grown steadily
over the past four years (figure 2.7). While the total number of test
takers increased by 25 percent (from 156,766 in 2000--01 to 196,518 in
2003--04), the proportion of teacher candidates successfully passing the
assessments remained at or above 95 percent for

Figure 2.6. States requiring testing for initial certification: 2003-04

  ----------------------- -------------------- --------------- ---------------
  States requiring                             States in the   States not
  testing for one or more                      process of      requiring
  licenses/certificates                        setting passing testing for
                                               scores on       certification
                                               teacher         
                                               assessments to  
                                               be required for 
                                               certification   

  Alaska                  Mississippi          Alabama         Iowa

  Arkansas                Missouri             Idaho           Montana

  Arizona                 Nevada               South Dakota    Nebraska

  California              New Hampshire        Utah            

  Colorado                New Jersey           Washington      

  Connecticut             New Mexico           Wisconsin       

  Delaware                New York             Wyoming         

  District of Columbia    North Carolina                       

  Florida                 North Dakota                         

  Georgia                 Ohio                                 

  Guam                    Oklahoma                             

  Hawaii                  Oregon                               

  Illinois                Pennsylvania                         

  Indiana                 Puerto Rico                          

  Kansas                  Rhode Island                         

  Kentucky                South Carolina                       

  Louisiana               Tennessee                            

  Maine                   Texas                                

  Maryland                Vermont                              

  Massachusetts           Virginia                             

  Michigan                Virgin Islands                       

  Minnesota               West Virginia                        
  ----------------------- -------------------- --------------- ---------------

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

all of the major competency categories that are identified in the HEA
Title II legislation:

-   Basic skills;

-   Professional knowledge (or pedagogy);

-   Academic content (mathematics, English, biology, etc.);

-   Other content areas (business education, career education, health
    education, etc.);

-   Teaching special populations (special education, English language
    learners, etc.); and

-   Performance assessments.

The pass rate is intended to be an overall measure of the success of
teacher preparation program completers in passing state-required
certification tests, and serves as one way to measure how well new
teachers know the content of the subjects they will teach

Figure 2.7. Trends in the number of teacher candidates taking
assessments, by traditional and alternative route programs: 2000-01
through 2003-04

  ---------------- ------------------- ------------------ -----------------
                   **Route**                               

  Year             **Traditional**     Alternative        **Total**

  2000-01          143,852             12,914             156,766

  2001-02          144,465             20,419             164,884

  2002-03          153,178             29,828             183,006

  2003-04          161,832             34,686             196,518
  ---------------- ------------------- ------------------ -----------------

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

before they enter the classroom. However, some programs and states have
established the requirement that teaching students pass state-required
assessments before granting their degree or considering them a program
completer, thus guaranteeing 100 percent pass rates. Further, most of
the minimum passing scores are set below the national median scores for
these tests, and most states report pass rates in the 90 to 100 percent
range (see appendix A1). With the minimum passing scores set so low and
the use of assessments to determine if a student is a program completer,
the value of using pass rates to assess the quality of teacher
preparation programs is limited. This is significant because the NCLB
definition of a highly qualified teacher includes the requirement that
teachers demonstrate competence in the subject matter they teach, and
assessments are one way that states measure subject-matter competency.

Assessments

While the assessments that teacher candidates must take vary by state,
within a given state the data show that there is little difference
between the assessments required for traditional and alternative route
program completers. Program completers in 90 percent of the alternative
route programs are required to take at least one of the same assessments
used for traditional route certification. In 30 percent of the
alternative route programs, completers must take additional assessments
that are not required of traditional program completers.

States are responsible for defining and categorizing their assessments
using the Title II reporting categories (see page 13). Within these
categories, academic content area assessments account for almost 60
percent of the assessments used nationally. While a large proportion of
all assessments, the number

Figure 2.8. Percent change in number of assessments by test area:
2001-02 through 2003-04

  ------------- -------- -------------- ---------- --------- ------------- ------------- -------
  Total number                                                                           
  of                                                                                     
  assessments                                                                            

                Basic    Professional   Academic   Other     Teaching      Performance   Total
                skills   knowledge      content    content   special                     
                                                             populations                 

  2001-02       159      86             888        160       146           2             1,441

  2003-04       174      108            906        197       185           2             1,572

  Percent       9.4      25.6           2.0        23.1      26.7          0.0           9.1
  change                                                                                 
  ------------- -------- -------------- ---------- --------- ------------- ------------- -------

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

of academic content area assessments has remained fairly steady; only 18
tests have been added since 2001--02 (a 2 percent increase). In
2003--04, 37 states required at least one academic content assessment
for new teachers. These 37 states reported a total of 906 academic
content assessments in use. Florida and Texas reported the greatest
number of academic content assessments at 64 and 53, respectively. In
addition, 31 states reported a total of 197 assessments in other content
areas---an increase of 37 assessments since 2000--01 (figure 2.8, and
table 2.2).

Thirty states reported using 174 basic skills assessments. Typically,
basic skills assessments gauge competencies in reading, writing and
mathematics.[^6] Twenty-nine states required teaching candidates to pass
a professional knowledge (or pedagogy) assessment as a condition for
certification and licensure. These states reported using a total of 108
assessments nationwide. The number of tests reported in the area of
teaching special populations grew from 146 in 2000‑01 to 185 in
2003--04. Again, Florida and Texas reported the largest number of
assessments in this area, with 20 or more offerings in each state. Other
content areas include physical

Table 2.2. Number of types of tests given for teacher certification, by
state and competency area: 2003-04

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Basic    Professional   Academic   Other     Teaching      Performance   Total
                  Skills   Knowledge      content    content   special       assessments   
                                                     areas     populations                 
  --------------- -------- -------------- ---------- --------- ------------- ------------- -------
  Alaska          9        \--            5          \--       \--           \--           14

  Arizona         \--      2              15         3         9             \--           29

  Arkansas        9        8              24         4         3             \--           48

  California      1        1              47         11        \--           \--           60

  Colorado        \--      1              15         5         9             \--           30

  Connecticut     9        \--            26         3         1             \--           39

  Delaware        9        \--            \--        \--       \--           \--           9

  District of     9        6              13         \--       2             \--           30
  Columbia                                                                                 

  Florida         1        1              64         6         21            \--           93

  Georgia         11       \--            36         7         9             \--           63

  Guam            1        \--            \--        \--       \--           \--           1

  Hawaii          9        3              23         2         4             \--           41

  Illinois        1        4              25         6         11            \--           47

  Indiana         11       1              27         5         6             \--           50

  Kansas          \--      4              17         6         2             \--           29

  Kentucky        \--      3              29         5         5             \--           42

  Louisiana       11       4              26         \--       \--           \--           41

  Maine           9        \--            \--        \--       \--           \--           9

  Maryland        9        10             24         \--       3             \--           46

  Massachusetts   2        2              29         3         2             \--           38

  Michigan        1        \--            39         14        9             \--           63

  Minnesota       9        3              14         5         2             \--           33

  Mississippi     \--      3              14         4         1             \--           22

  Missouri        \--      2              22         6         5             \--           35

  Nevada          9        6              23         2         1             \--           41

  New Hampshire   \--      \--            17         \--       \--           \--           17

  New Jersey      \--      \--            20         3         1             \--           24

  New Mexico      1        2              \--        \--       \--           \--           3

  New York        \--      1              20         9         8             \--           38

  North Carolina  9        \--            13         2         5             \--           29

  North Dakota    3        \--            \--        \--       \--           \--           3

  Ohio            \--      3              25         4         4             \--           36

  Oklahoma        \--      1              2          28        2             \--           33

  Oregon          1        1              50         12        7             \--           71

  Pennsylvania    9        \--            25         8         6             \--           48

  Puerto Rico     1        2              5          \--       \--           \--           8

  Rhode Island    \--      4              \--        \--       \--           \--           4

  South Carolina  3        10             31         7         12            \--           63

  Tennessee       \--      12             36         10        9             \--           67

  Texas           1        7              53         2         20            \--           83

  Vermont         6        \--            10         1         \--           2             19

  Virgin Islands  1        \--            \--        \--       \--           \--           1

  Virginia        9        \--            19         4         \--           \--           32

  West Virginia   \--      1              23         10        6             \--           40

  Total           174      108            906        197       185           2             1,572
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\-- Test not required for certification or licensure or only required
for program admission.

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas. States
that do not require tests for teacher licensure or certification are not
included in this table. For each test type, states report the number of
tests for certification or licensure given with at least one test taker
in 2003-04. States may offer other tests, but they are not included in
this table if no one took them in 2003-04.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

education, health and family and consumer science. Only one state,
Vermont, required new teachers to pass a "performance assessment" to
receive certification or licensure. The Vermont "performance assessment"
measures teaching skills as they are applied within the context of
classroom instructional activity. Table 2.2 provides a state-by-state
breakdown of the numbers of assessments used by competency area. Data on
the number and types of assessments states use provide the foundation
for reviewing the data on the numbers of traditional and alternative
route program completers taking tests by content area and how well they
perform on these assessments.

Trends in Traditional Route Program Completers' Certification
Assessments

States are requiring traditional undergraduate program completers to
demonstrate mastery of the academic content they will teach, as well as
basic teaching skills. In each of the last four years, the numbers of
academic content and basic skills test takers have led all other test
content categories in traditional route programs, reflecting states'
focus on teacher accountability in these areas. These testing priorities
are consistent with *NCLB's* focus on content mastery and the
elementary-level school skills many of these students learn in
undergraduate colleges of education. Figure 2.9 displays the numbers of
tests takers by content area for traditional route program completers.

Figure 2.9. Trends in the number of certification tests administered for
traditional route program completers, by test content area: 2000-01
through 2003-04

+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
| **Test      | **2000-01** | **2001-02**  | *          | **2003-04** |
| Area**      |             |              | *2002-03** |             |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
| **Basic**   | 97,465      | 94,060       | 100,257    | 104,658     |
|             |             |              |            |             |
| **skills**  |             |              |            |             |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
| **P         | 76,537      | 79,166       | 88,597     | 93,947      |
| rofessional |             |              |            |             |
| knowledge** |             |              |            |             |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
| **Academic  | 100,461     | 102,579      | 116,099    | 113,545     |
| content**   |             |              |            |             |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
| **Other     | 10,506      | 9,449        | 12,756     | 35,863      |
| content**   |             |              |            |             |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+
| **Teaching  | 8,092       | 8,210        | 10,173     | 11,930      |
| special     |             |              |            |             |
| po          |             |              |            |             |
| pulations** |             |              |            |             |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Trends in Alternative Route Program Completers' Certification
Assessments

Because alternative route program students have generally mastered
academic content prior to entering their programs, states are requiring
these teaching candidates to demonstrate their understanding of
professional pedagogical knowledge and basic teaching skills. Consistent
with the growing numbers of alternative route program completers, the
numbers of professional knowledge test takers have risen dramatically.
Alternative route program completers' test taking patterns are shown in
figure 2.10.

In addition to reviewing the types of assessments required for teacher
certification and numbers of individuals taking those tests, it is
important to examine the minimum passing (often called "cut") scores
that states establish for each assessment. The following section
provides information about teacher assessment cut scores.

Minimum Passing Scores

Minimum passing scores on teacher certification and licensing
assessments generally are set by states at a level that is lower than
the national median scores for these assessments. This means that more
than 50 percent of the individuals taking the tests nationwide will
score higher than the minimum passing score for teachers, and the *HEA*
Title II data show that there is little to no state movement to expect

Figure 2.10. Trends in number of certification tests administered for
alternative route program completers, by test content area: 2000-01
through 2003‑04

  ---------- --------- -------------- ------------ ---------- ----------------
  Year       Basic     Professional   Academic     Other      Teaching special
             skills    knowledge      content      content    populations

  2000-01    3,981     10,749         10,229       287        1,271

  2001-02    10,071    14,905         14,347       1,813      1,468

  2002-03    14,254    23,325         20,973       2,854      3,032

  2003-04    16,758    26,113         12,823       16,986     4,468
  ---------- --------- -------------- ------------ ---------- ----------------

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

Table 2.3. State passing scores for Praxis II Elementary Education:
2001-02 through 2003-04

  ----------------------------- ------------- ------------- -----------------
  **Elementary Education:                                   
  Curriculum, Instruction, and                              
  Assessment (0011)**                                       

                                                            

  **State**                     **2001-02**   **2002-03**   **2003-04**

  Connecticut                   163           163           163

  District of Columbia          146           146           146

  Hawaii                        164           164           164

  Indiana                       143           143           165

  Kentucky                      163           163           163

  Louisiana                     156           \--           156

  Missouri                      164           164           164

  Nevada                        158           158           158

  North Carolina^a^             \--           \--           \--

  Ohio                          162           162           162

  Pennsylvania                  168           168           168

  South Carolina                164           164           164

  West Virginia                 155           155           155

  **Median for Title II         **180**       **179**       **181**
  Completers ^b^**                                          

  **National Median**           **179**       **178**       **177**

  **Average Performance Range** **169-188**   **168-187**   **168-186**

                                                            

  **Elementary Education:                                   
  Content Knowledge (0014)**                                

                                                            

  **State**                     **2001-02**   **2002-03**   **2003-04**

  District of Columbia          \--           **\--**       145

  Louisiana                     150           147           150

  Maryland                      142           142           142

  Minnesota                     \--           140           140

  Mississippi                   153           153           153

  New Jersey                    133           133           141

  Virginia                      \--           143           143

  **Median for Title II         **165**       **166**       **165**
  Completers^b^**                                           

  **National Median**           **159**       **162**       **163**

  **Average Performance Range** **145-174**   **149-175**   **149-175**
  ----------------------------- ------------- ------------- -----------------

^a^  In North Carolina, while this assessment is required for Elementary
Education certification, the state counts a combined score of the
Elementary Education: Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment and
Elementary Education: Content Area Exercises for their Elementary
Education license. The individual assessment cut score is not
applicable.

^b^  Includes data only for those states where ETS calculates the pass
rates for states: Ala., Ark., Conn., D.C., Del., Hawaii, Ind., Kan.,
Ky., La., Maine, Md., Minn., Miss., N.H., N.J., Nev., Ohio, Pa., R.I.,
Va., V.I.

**NOTE:** The possible score range for these assessments is 100-200.
Average performance range indicates the 25th and 75th percentiles of
test score distribution.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Table 2.4. Number of traditional route program completers tested, by
state: 2000-01 through 2003-04

  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  State                 Academic                                                               Percent Change
                        Year                                                                   2000-01 to
                                                                                               2003-04
  --------------------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ----------------
                        2000-01              2001-02             2002-03             2003-04   

  Alabama               †          †                   †                   †                   †

  Alaska                214        261                 275                 151                 -29

  Arizona▲              439        2,447               3,187               3,623               725

  Arkansas              1,231      1,156               1,145               1,201               -2

  California            18,728     17,057              19,236              20,747              11

  Colorado              1,898      1,812               2,046               2,122               12

  Connecticut           1,658      1,714               1,868               1,865               12

  Delaware              459        500                 664                 682                 49

  District of Columbia  288        229                 346                 309                 7

  Florida               4,929      5,134               5,242               4,782               -3

  Georgia               2,809      2,474               2,101               2,863               2

  Guam                  263        ---                 72                  49                  -81

  Hawaii                415        460                 433                 556                 34

  Idaho                 †          †                   †                   †                   †

  Illinois              8,690      9,086               9,188               10,280              18

  Indiana               4,191      4,371               4,375               4,449               6

  Iowa                  †          †                   †                   †                   †

  Kansas                1,713      1,596               1,823               1,875               9

  Kentucky              2,166      2,198               2,508               2,577               19

  Louisiana             1,961      1,775               1,780               1,542               -21

  Maine                 561        534                 602                 495                 -12

  Maryland              2,076      2,053               2,067               2,303               11

  Massachusetts         3,215      3,340               3,905               3,462               8

  Michigan              6,516      7,045               7,739               8,204               26

  Minnesota             3,380      3,234               3,757               3,763               11

  Mississippi           1,382      1,525               1,554               1,454               5

  Missouri              3,622      3,711               3,722               3,852               6

  Montana               704        711                 ‡                   ‡                   ‡

  Nebraska              †          †                   †                   †                   †

  Nevada                851        803                 919                 979                 15

  New Hampshire         676        689                 588                 651                 -4

  New Jersey            3,267      3,219               3,274               3,691               13

  New Mexico            859        1,094               1,065               1,246               45

  New York              16241      16,848              18,878              20,458              26

  North Carolina        2,848      2,495               2,620               2,805               -2

  North Dakota          †          †                   †                   628                 †

  Ohio                  7,562      7,500               7,022               7,703               2

  Oklahoma              1,825      1,896               1,850               1,978               8

  Oregon                1,573      1,881               2,127               1,839               17

  Pennsylvania          9,933      9,795               10,231              11,232              13

  Puerto Rico           1,937      2,188               2,159               2,425               25

  Rhode Island          800        837                 822                 604                 -25

  South Carolina        1,878      2,007               1,819               2,171               16

  South Dakota          †          †                   †                   †                   †

  Tennessee             2,791      3,022               3,153               3,094               11

  Texas                 11,094     11,904              12,982              12,677              14

  Utah                  †          †                   †                   †                   †

  Vermont               485        474                 419                 475                 -2

  Virgin Islands        ---        ---                 ---                 18                  ---

  Virginia              2,465      2,353               2,498               2,595               5

  Washington            †          †                   †                   †                   †

  West Virginia         1,180      1,037               1,117               1,357               15

  Wisconsin             †          †                   †                   †                   †

  Wyoming               †          †                   †                   †                   †

  Total                 141,773    144,465             153,178             161,832             14

  Number of states      43         42                  42                  44                   
  reporting                                                                                    
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

† Assessments not required for teacher certification or licensure.

▲ Arizona's large increase was due to the pilot test of its assessment
program in the second year of the *HEA* Title II system; all new
teachers participated in the testing program from 2001-02 through
2003-04. The number of completers in Arizona increased 48 percent from
2001-02 to 2003-04.

--- Data not reported.

‡ Montana revised its policy that required the Praxis I for
certification. The assessment is now used only for program admission.

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

Table 2.5. Traditional route assessment summary passing rates: 2000-01
through 2003‑04

+----------+----------------+----------+----------+------------------+
| Year     | Summary        |          |          |                  |
+----------+----------------+----------+----------+------------------+
|          | Number of      | Number   | Number   | Pass Rate        |
|          | institutions   | tested   | passing  |                  |
|          |                |          |          | (%)              |
+----------+----------------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 2000-01  | 1,114          | 143,852  | 134,445  | 93               |
+----------+----------------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 2001-02  | 1,094          | 144,465  | 135,902  | 94               |
+----------+----------------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 2002-03  | 1,102          | 153,178  | 145,497  | 95               |
+----------+----------------+----------+----------+------------------+
| 2003-04  | 1,115          | 161,832  | 154,547  | 95               |
+----------+----------------+----------+----------+------------------+

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

higher scores from teacher candidates. The minimum passing scores that
states set for these assessments have remained largely unchanged.

For purposes of this report, we have selected two of the most commonly
used elementary content assessments to show detailed information on cut
scores by state: ETS's Praxis II *Elementary Education: Curriculum,
Instruction, and Assessment* and *Elementary Education: Content
Knowledge* tests. There is very little movement in the cut scores for
these tests from year to year. Only Indiana and New Jersey have raised
the passing scores on these exams since 2001--02 (table 2.3). Further,
even though states are using the same tests, the cut scores vary by 22
points on the *Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment* test and by 13
points on the *Elementary Education: Content Knowledge* test.

Traditional Route Teachers' Passing Rates

The number of traditional program completers taking an examination for
teacher certification has grown annually for the last four years and
reached a high of 161,832 in 2003--04. This represents a 14 percent
increase from 2000--01 (figure 2.7 and table 2.4). The majority of
states (31) reported increases in the number of traditional program
completer test takers. While the number of test takers has increased,
pass rates on teacher assessments have remained stable, and summary
rates are now at 95 percent, which constitutes an increase of 2
percentage points since 2000--01 (table 2.5). However, as noted
previously, with most of the minimum passing scores set below the
national median scores for these tests, the value of using pass rates to
assess the quality of all teacher preparation programs (whether
traditional or alternative route) is limited.

Alternative Route Teachers' Passing Rates

In 2003--04, the number of alternative route program completer test
takers increased to 34,686---169 percent over the number reported in
2000--01 and 70 percent more than in 2001--02 (table 2.6). Because it is
likely that the 2000--01 data are underreported---due to difficulties in
the beginning stages of the *HEA* Title II data collection efforts to
distinguish alternative route program test takers from traditional
program test takers or to report alternative route program pass rate
information---the percentage change from 2001--02 is a better indicator
of growth in the number of test takers. Similar to the traditional
program completer assessments,

Table 2.6. Number of alternative route program completers tested, by
state: 2000-01 through 2003-04

+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| State                | Aca   |       |       |       |   | Percent     |
|                      | demic |       |       |       |   | Change      |
|                      | Year  |       |       |       |   |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       |   | 2000-01 to  |
|                      |       |       |       |       |   |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       |   | 2003-04     |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
|                      | 20    | 20    | 20    | 20    |   |             |
|                      | 00-01 | 01-02 | 02-03 | 03-04 |   |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Alabama              | †     | †     | †     | †     | † |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Alaska               | ‡     | ‡     | ‡     | ‡     | ‡ |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Arizona              | ---   | ---   | ---   | ---   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Arkansas             | ---   | 121   | 119   | 179   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| California           | ---   | 3,708 | 4,871 | 5,860 | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Colorado             | ---   | 371   | 456   | 560   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Connecticut          | ---   | 173   | 216   | 191   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Delaware             | ---   | 21    | 21    | 23    | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| District of Columbia | ‡     | ‡     | ‡     | ‡     | ‡ |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Florida              | 70    | 151   | 289   | ---   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Georgia              | 1,583 | 540   | 795   | 1,132 | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | 2 |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | 9 |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Guam                 | ‡     | ‡     | ‡     | ‡     | ‡ |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Hawaii               | ---   | 131   | 47    | 18    | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Idaho                | †     | †     | †     | †     | † |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Illinois             | ---   | 155   | 228   | 172   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Indiana              | ---   | ---   | 140   | 363   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Iowa                 | †     | †     | †     | †     | † |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Kansas               | ---   | 30    | 45    | 64    | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Kentucky             | ---   | 101   | 226   | †     | † |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Louisiana            | 505   | 456   | 718   | 992   | 9 |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | 6 |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Maine                | 142   | 143   | 178   | 412   | 1 |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | 9 |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | 0 |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Maryland             | 12    | 10    | 102   | 197   | 1 |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | , |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | 5 |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | 4 |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | 2 |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Massachusetts▲       | ---   | ---   | ---   | ---   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Michigan             | ---   | ---   | ---   | 121   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Minnesota            | 15    | 14    | 10    | ---   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Mississippi          | ---   | ---   | 159   | 166   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Missouri             | 28    | 59    | 127   | 176   | 5 |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | 2 |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | 9 |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Montana              | †     | †     | †     | †     | † |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Nebraska             | †     | †     | †     | †     | † |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Nevada               | ---   | ---   | ---   | ---   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| New Hampshire        | ---   | 83    | 133   | 98    | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| New Jersey           | ---   | 1,501 | 1,574 | 2,009 | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| New Mexico           | ---   | 55    | ---   | 93    | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+

Table 2.6. Number of alternative route program completers tested, by
state: 2000-01 through 2003-04 (continued)

+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| State                | Aca   |       |       |       |   | Percent     |
|                      | demic |       |       |       |   | Change      |
|                      | Year  |       |       |       |   |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       |   | 2000-01 to  |
|                      |       |       |       |       |   |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       |   | 2003-04     |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
|                      | 20    | 20    | 20    | 20    |   |             |
|                      | 00-01 | 01-02 | 02-03 | 03-04 |   |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| North Carolina       | ---   | ---   | 171   | 508   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| North Dakota         | †     | †     | †     | †     | † |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Ohio                 | 33    | 71    | 209   | 321   | 8 |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | 7 |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | 3 |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Oklahoma             | ---   | 588   | ---   | ---   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Oregon               | ‡     | ‡     | ‡     | ‡     | ‡ |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Pennsylvania         | ---   | ---   | ---   | ---   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Puerto Rico          | ---   | 46    | 73    | ---   | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
|                      |       |       |       |       | - |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Rhode Island         | ‡     | ‡     | ‡     | ‡     | ‡ |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| South Carolina       | ---   | 142   | 165   | 362   |   | ---         |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| South Dakota         | †     | †     | †     | †     |   | †           |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Tennessee            | 69    | 94    | 97    | 96    |   | 39          |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Texas                | 2,836 | 3,970 | 6,191 | 6,902 |   | 143         |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Utah                 | †     | †     | †     | †     |   | †           |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Vermont              | 50    | 34    | 86    | 71    |   | 42          |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Virgin Islands       | ‡     | ‡     | ‡     | ‡     |   | ‡           |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Virginia             | ---   | 115   | 249   | 130   |   | ---         |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Washington           | †     | †     | †     | †     |   | †           |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| West Virginia        | ---   | ---   | ---   | ---   |   | ---         |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Wisconsin            | †     | †     | †     | †     |   | †           |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Wyoming              | †     | †     | †     | †     |   | †           |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Total                | 1     | 2     | 2     | 3     |   | 169         |
|                      | 2,914 | 0,419 | 9,828 | 4,686 |   |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+
| Number of States     | 12    | 28    | 29    | 27    |   |             |
| Reporting            |       |       |       |       |   |             |
+----------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+---+-------------+

† Assessments not required.

‡ State did not report having an alternative route in 2005.

--- Data not reported.

▲Alternative route program entry required passing scores for
Massachusetts Tests for Education Licensure (MTEL). The data are not
reported here.

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

States are not required to provide a statewide summary of alternative
route pass rates.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

Table 2.7. Alternative route assessment summary passing rates: 2000-01
through 2003‑04

+--------------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+
| Year         | Summary       |         |         |                 |
+--------------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+
|              | Number of     | Number  | Number  | Pass rate       |
|              | programs      | tested  | passing |                 |
|              |               |         |         | (%)             |
+--------------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+
| 2000-01      | 70            | 12,914  | 12,112  | 94              |
+--------------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+
| 2001-02      | 129           | 20,419  | 19,403  | 95              |
+--------------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+
| 2002-03      | 157           | 29,828  | 28,432  | 95              |
+--------------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+
| 2003-04      | 156^a^        | 34,686  | 33,130  | 96              |
+--------------+---------------+---------+---------+-----------------+

^a^ Each of the 110 state alternative routes can have more than one
program associated with it; thus, there are 156 total alternative route
programs.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

most of the minimum passing scores for alternative route assessments are
set below the national median scores for these tests, which limits the
value of using pass rates to assess the quality of teacher preparation
programs.

As with traditional routes, the alternative route program pass rates
have remained largely stable since 2000--01. As shown in table 2.7, the
overall summary pass rate increased from 94 percent in 2000--01 to 95
percent in 2001--02 and then to 96 percent in 2003--04. Pass rates for
prospective teachers who complete their training through alternative
route programs are comparable to the rates of prospective teachers who
complete traditional routes.

Overall, the *HEA* Title II data show that, while the number of teacher
candidates has grown substantially, they continue to pass state
assessments at a very high rate. However, it is important that pass rate
data be considered in light of a number of contributing factors. First,
some teacher preparation programs require students to complete certain
assessments (such as the Praxis I) in order to meet admission
requirements. Other programs require students to pass the assessment in
order to successfully complete their teacher preparation program. These
requirements ensure that pass rates in such programs will be uniformly
100 percent for the assessments in question. Also, as mentioned earlier,
the pass rates are generally set at a level that is lower than the
national median scores for the assessments, and there has been little
movement nationwide to raise the minimum required passing scores for
state licenses.

The preceding sections of this report have assessed the transformations
occurring in teacher preparation as reported by teacher preparation
programs; the next chapter focuses on states and the *HEA* Title II
accountability data that document continued improvement at the state
level. State information falls into three broad categories: initial
teacher certification requirements and standards, teachers not meeting
the full certification requirements (waivers) and state evaluation of
teacher preparation programs.

# 3. State Oversight of Teacher Preparation: Certification and Licensure, Standards, Waivers and Low-Performing Programs

State Measures of Teacher Quality

States determine teacher quality by establishing standards and
requirements that all teacher candidates must meet before entering the
classroom. These standards of what teachers must know and be able to do
and the policies related to certification and licensure vary from state
to state. Under the *HEA* Title II accountability provisions, all states
are required to report their standards and policies regarding teacher
preparation and certification or licensure. As a result, the *HEA* Title
II data collection system now serves as a national clearinghouse on the
requirements for teacher preparation and certification or licensure.

Another area in which states perform a critical accountability function
is the monitoring of teacher preparation programs' quality. States
establish criteria to measure program performance and report to the
Department the names of institutions that are not meeting the state
criteria. These institutions may be classified in two categories:
at-risk of being low performing or low performing.

States also are required to report key data such as the number of
teachers they certify and the number of teachers that are on waivers to
full certification. The data reported by states are highlighted in this
chapter. Full state reports are available on the Web at
https://www.title2.org/default.asp.

Initial Certification and Licensure

Under *NCLB*, state certification is one requirement for new teachers to
be considered as highly qualified. For *HEA* Title II reporting
purposes, states provide information about the number of initial
certificates or licenses that they issue. States may offer more than one
initial certificate or license. Of the 110 initial certificates and
licenses nationwide, 102 require teachers to take assessments, 103
require completion of supervised practice teaching, and 101 require
teachers to take pedagogy course work. Seventy-five certificates require
a content area bachelor's degree (figure 3.1, appendix A2).

Generally, states have reported little change over time in their
requirements for initial teacher certification. Thirty-four states
require that all candidates hold content-area-specific bachelor's
degrees to receive initial certification, and an additional five states
have this requirement in place for at least one of their initial
certificates (figure 3.2). However, as of 2005, 15 states have no
content area degree requirement in place.

Numbers of Teachers Receiving Initial State Certification and Licensure

A total of 310,145 initial teacher certifications were issued by states
during 2003--04. This is a slight decrease from the 315,799 reported for
2002--03 and a modest increase from the 279,189 reported in 2000--01
(figure 3.3). The numbers of teachers receiving initial certification in
each state for the 2000--01 through 2003--04 academic years are
presented in table 3.1. More than half of the states (28) reported
increases in the number of initial licenses issued as compared to the
previous

Figure 3.1. Number of teaching certificates/licenses, by types of
requirements: 2005

  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------
  Recency of credit requirements                         53

  Minimum grade point average                            61

  Credit hour requirement                                63

  Other prescribed course work                           66

  Subject area bachelor's                                75

  Pedagogy courses required                              101

  Practicum or student teaching                          103

  Assessments                                            102
  ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

year, while 25 states experienced decreases. One state experienced no
change.

The top five states nationwide in terms of certifying the largest number
of new teachers in the 2003--04 academic year are New York, California,
Texas, Florida and North Carolina (see figure 3.4). In every reporting
year since 2000--01, New York, California, Texas and Florida have been
among the top five teacher-licensing states.

State Standards for Initial Certification and Licensure

States develop standards for new and veteran teachers, and these guide
certification and licensure policies and procedures. By defining what
teachers are expected to know and be able to do, standards help ensure
that all teachers in a state have the necessary knowledge and skills to
address students' educational needs. Standards for teachers seeking
initial licensure focus on the specific knowledge and skills beginning
teachers must demonstrate in order to be effective in the classroom.
Fifty states have developed standards that prospective teachers must
meet in order to attain initial teacher certification or licensure, an
increase from 47 states in 2002.

Teacher standards are often aligned with state content standards for
K--12 students, teacher assessments and state certification guidelines.
For example, 44 states report they have established policies that link,
align or coordinate teacher certification requirements with state
content standards for students, an increase from the 41 states that did
so in 2002. Table 3.2 summarizes the status of state policies and
teacher standards, as measured by the *HEA* Title II accountability
provisions.

States have also created standards in specific subject areas to define
the level of content and pedagogical knowledge expected of educators in

Figure 3.2. States requiring content-specific bachelor's degrees for
initial certification: 2005

  -------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------
  Content-specific     Content-specific degree No uniform
  degree requirement   requirement in place    content-specific degree
  in place for all     for at least one        requirement
  initial certificates initial certificate     

  Alabama              Illinois                Alaska

  California           Indiana                 Arizona

  Colorado             Montana                 Arkansas

  Connecticut          New York                District of Columbia

  Delaware             Virgin Islands          Guam

  Florida                                      Idaho

  Georgia                                      Maine

  Hawaii                                       Maryland

  Iowa                                         Nebraska

  Kansas                                       North Carolina

  Kentucky                                     Ohio

  Louisiana                                    Oregon

  Massachusetts                                Washington

  Michigan                                     West Virginia

  Minnesota                                    Wisconsin

  Mississippi                                  

  Missouri                                     

  Nevada                                       

  New Hampshire                                

  New Jersey                                   

  New Mexico                                   

  North Dakota                                 

  Oklahoma                                     

  Pennsylvania                                 

  Puerto Rico                                  

  Rhode Island                                 

  South Carolina                               

  South Dakota                                 

  Tennessee                                    

  Texas                                        

  Utah                                         

  Vermont                                      

  Virginia                                     

  Wyoming                                      

  **Total= 34**        **Total= 5**            **Total= 15**
  -------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

Figure 3.3. Trend in the number of teachers receiving initial
certification: 2000-01 through 2003-04

  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------
  Academic Year                       Number certified

  2000-01                             279,189

  2001-02                             307,204

  2002-03                             315,799

  2003-04                             310,145
  ----------------------------------- -----------------------------------

**NOTE:** This figure includes teachers receiving initial state
certification only.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Figure 3.4. Numbers of teachers receiving initial certification, by
state: 2003-04

  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------
  State              Number of teachers receiving initial certification

  New York           28,386

  California         27,822

  Texas              22,715

  Florida            20,521

  North Carolina     12,356

  All other states   198,345
  ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Table 3.1. Total number of teachers receiving initial certification or
licensure, by state: 2000-01 through 2003-04

+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| State        | Num |     |      |      | Percent     | Percent     |
|              | ber |     |      |      | change      | change      |
|              | of  |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | te  |     |      |      | 2000-01 to  | 2002-03 to  |
|              | ach |     |      |      | 2003-04     | 2003-04     |
|              | ers |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | rec |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | eiv |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | ing |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | i   |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | nit |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | ial |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | c   |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | ert |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | ifi |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | cat |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | ion |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | or  |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | lic |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | ens |     |      |      |             |             |
|              | ure |     |      |      |             |             |
+==============+=====+=====+======+======+=============+=============+
|              | 2   | 2   | 200  | 200  |             |             |
|              | 000 | 001 | 2-03 | 2-04 |             |             |
|              | -01 | -02 |      |      |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Alabama      | 7,  | 11, | 5    | 4    | -45         | -28         |
|              | 329 | 651 | ,633 | ,063 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Alaska       | 857 | 623 | 936  | 994  | 16          | 6           |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Arizona      | 9,  | 11, | 11   | 11   | 23          | -1          |
|              | 041 | 241 | ,174 | ,093 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Arkansas     | 1,  | 1,  | 2    | 1    | -13         | -18         |
|              | 950 | 631 | ,053 | ,693 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| California   | 23, | 29, | 27   | 27   | 16          | 3           |
|              | 926 | 536 | ,136 | ,822 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Colorado     | 5,  | 4,  | 5    | 2    | -55         | -54         |
|              | 647 | 476 | ,591 | ,566 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Connecticut  | 3,  | 3,  | 3    | 3    | 1           | -1          |
|              | 465 | 488 | ,526 | ,503 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Delaware     | 1,  | 871 | 922  | 1    | -7          | 13          |
|              | 125 |     |      | ,041 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| District of  | 1,  | 1,  | 1    | 1    | -16         | -11         |
| Columbia     | 271 | 250 | ,200 | ,070 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Florida      | 17, | 17, | 21   | 20   | 18          | -3          |
|              | 320 | 977 | ,257 | ,521 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Georgia      | 3,  | 3,  | 9    | 10   | 220         | 5           |
|              | 195 | 234 | ,759 | ,217 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Guam         | 181 | 174 | 92   | 109  | -40         | 18          |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Hawaii       | 792 | 920 | 716  | 928  | 17          | 30          |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Idaho        | 1,  | 1,  | 1    | 1    | 54          | 1           |
|              | 216 | 829 | ,850 | ,875 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Illinois     | 8,  | 9,  | 11   | 11   | 29          | 3           |
|              | 885 | 810 | ,182 | ,479 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Indiana      | 6,  | 6,  | 5    | 6    | -6          | 6           |
|              | 389 | 629 | ,687 | ,027 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Iowa         | 4,  | 3,  | 4    | 4    | 1           | 2           |
|              | 113 | 886 | ,090 | ,168 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Kansas       | 1,  | 1,  | 1    | 1    | 1           | -6          |
|              | 736 | 846 | ,867 | ,749 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Kentucky     | 2,  | 2,  | 2    | 3    | 32          | 11          |
|              | 519 | 657 | ,980 | ,319 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Louisiana    | 3,  | 4,  | 4    | 3    | 4           | -7          |
|              | 749 | 558 | ,198 | ,903 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Maine        | 1,  | 1,  | 1    | 1    | 18          | -4          |
|              | 052 | 302 | ,294 | ,237 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Maryland     | 4,  | 4,  | 4    | 3    | -33         | -30         |
|              | 602 | 030 | ,377 | ,084 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| M            | 7,  | 5,  | 8    | 8    | 18          | 8           |
| assachusetts | 331 | 110 | ,054 | ,664 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Michigan     | 6,  | 8,  | 7    | 8    | 38          | 11          |
|              | 141 | 653 | ,641 | ,451 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Minnesota    | 10, | 10, | 11   | 8    | -16         | -23         |
|              | 433 | 322 | ,348 | ,758 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Mississippi  | 2,  | 2,  | 1    | 1    | -48         | -6          |
|              | 140 | 186 | ,189 | ,112 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Missouri     | 5,  | 5,  | 5    | 5    | -8          | -5          |
|              | 505 | 919 | ,326 | ,059 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Montana      | 729 | 2,  | 1    | 1    | 64          | -21         |
|              |     | 988 | ,522 | ,197 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Nebraska     | 2,  | 2,  | 2    | 1    | -47         | -31         |
|              | 919 | 252 | ,244 | ,548 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Nevada       | 2,  | 2,  | 2    | 2    | 5           | -20         |
|              | 019 | 723 | ,664 | ,122 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| New          | 1,  | 1,  | 1    | 1    | 32          | 3           |
| Hampshire    | 466 | 295 | ,873 | ,928 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| New Jersey   | 10, | 12, | 13   | 10   | 7           | -18         |
|              | 093 | 556 | ,276 | ,836 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| New Mexico   | 2,  | 2,  | 2    | 2    | 7           | 2           |
|              | 471 | 533 | ,596 | ,637 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| New York     | 25, | 28, | 32   | 28   | 10          | -12         |
|              | 901 | 193 | ,128 | ,386 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| North        | 9,  | 9,  | 9    | 12   | 32          | 28          |
| Carolina     | 333 | 452 | ,679 | ,356 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| North Dakota | 645 | 506 | 506  | 630  | -2          | 25          |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Ohio         | 7,  | 10, | 7    | 8    | 22          | 18          |
|              | 256 | 483 | ,493 | ,857 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Oklahoma     | 2,  | 1,  | 2    | 6    | 106         | 190         |
|              | 942 | 765 | ,091 | ,069 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Oregon▲      | 1,  | 2,  | 3    | 4    | 144         | 24          |
|              | 724 | 611 | ,388 | ,214 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Pennsylvania | 11, | 12, | 12   | 12   | 6           | -5          |
|              | 311 | 376 | ,608 | ,036 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Puerto Rico  | 3,  | 3,  | 3    | 3    | 13          | 17          |
|              | 136 | 447 | ,017 | ,538 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Rhode Island | 1,  | 1,  | 1    | 1    | -12         | 21          |
|              | 805 | 498 | ,308 | ,582 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| South        | 4,  | 2,  | 2    | 2    | -56         | 5           |
| Carolina     | 906 | 007 | ,049 | ,159 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| South Dakota | 652 | 940 | 943  | 957  | 47          | 1           |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Tennessee    | 6,  | 8,  | 5    | 5    | -14         | -3          |
|              | 448 | 913 | ,747 | ,553 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Texas        | 16, | 17, | 24   | 22   | 37          | -8          |
|              | 601 | 920 | ,726 | ,715 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Utah         | 2,  | 2,  | 2    | 2    | 21          | -9          |
|              | 139 | 193 | ,830 | ,582 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Vermont      | 746 | 702 | 702  | 720  | -3          | 3           |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Virgin       | 90  | 39  | 60   | 24   | -73         | -60         |
| Islands      |     |     |      |      |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Virginia     | 10, | 11, | 9    | 10   | -2          | 14          |
|              | 777 | 003 | ,304 | ,582 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Washington   | 4,  | 5,  | 4    | 4    | 9           | 0           |
|              | 538 | 939 | ,959 | ,953 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| West         | 1,  | 1,  | 1    | 1    | 2           | -6          |
| Virginia     | 614 | 792 | ,740 | ,639 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Wisconsin    | 4,  | 4,  | 4    | 5    | 14          | 8           |
|              | 445 | 617 | ,699 | ,080 |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Wyoming      | 573 | 652 | 569  | 740  | 29          | 30          |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+
| Total        | 2   | 3   | 315  | 310  | 11          | -2          |
|              | 79, | 07, | ,799 | ,145 |             |             |
|              | 189 | 204 |      |      |             |             |
+--------------+-----+-----+------+------+-------------+-------------+

▲Data for 2000-01 and 2001-02 are incomplete for out-of-state program
completers.

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Table 3.2. Summary of state policies on and status of teacher standards:
2005

  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------
  Standards/policies                                    Number of states
                                                        responding "yes"
                                                        (*N*=54)

  Has the state established content standards for K-12  53
  students?                                             

  Has the state developed standards that prospective    50
  teachers must meet in order to attain initial teacher 
  certification or licensure?                           

  Are plans currently being formulated to link, align   40
  or coordinate teacher certification or licensure      
  standards with state content standards for students?  

  Have one or more linkage, alignment, or coordination  18
  committees or working groups met, but not yet         
  produced a report or a set of recommendations?        

  Has a report or set of recommendations been developed 37
  to address linkage, alignment, or coordination        
  between teacher certification or licensure            
  requirements and state content standards for          
  students?                                             

  Has the state established a policy that links, aligns 44
  or coordinates teacher certification or licensure     
  requirements with state content standards for         
  students?                                             

  Has a date been set by which the recommendation will  41
  be implemented?                                       

  Has an implementation group been established?         37

  Are other steps being taken to develop or implement   41
  standards and align teacher preparation,              
  certification or licensure standards with content     
  standards?                                            
  ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

different fields. Table 3.3 presents the number of states that have set
teacher standards in specific fields, by grade level.

Currently, 27 states have set standards for all English or language arts
teachers (an increase from 23 states in 2002), and 25 have developed
standards for all mathematics teachers (an increase from 18 states in
2002). In addition, 17 states have set standards for English or language
arts and mathematics teachers at the middle school level (an increase
from 15 states in 2002). At the high school level, 22 states have
established standards for English or language arts teachers (an increase
from 21 states in 2002), and 23 states have standards for mathematics
teachers (an increase from 22 states in 2002).

There has been little movement in the number of states setting teacher
standards at various levels and in different fields since 2002. In 2002,
38 states had teacher standards at the secondary level; in 2005, there
were 39. At the middle grade level, there was a decrease of one state:
the respective numbers are 34 (2002) and 33 (2005). There were 52 states
with teacher standards in one or more subjects across all

Table 3.3. Number of states that have set teacher standards in specific
fields, by grade level: 2005

  ------------------------ -------------- -------- -------- ----------- -------------
  Field                    Grade                                        
                           level/number                                 
                           of states                                    

                           K-12           Grades   Grades   Middle      Secondary
                                          K‑3      4-6      grades      grades

  Arts                     44             3        3        2           4

  Bilingual education, ESL 42             3        3        2           3

  Early childhood          8              35       0        0           0
  education                                                             

  English/language arts    27             3        5        17          22

  Languages other than     43             3        3        5           8
  English                                                               

  Mathematics              25             4        6        17          23

  Science                  25             4        6        17          23

  Social studies           24             3        5        17          23

  Special education        44             6        4        3           5

  Technology in teaching   36             2        2        4           6

  Vocational/technical     10             1        2        14          35
  education                                                             

  **Across all fields**    **53**         **36**   **9**    **33**      **39**
  ------------------------ -------------- -------- -------- ----------- -------------

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

school levels in 2002; in 2005, there are 53. Even though the overall
numbers show little change, many states continually review and revise
their teacher standards to ensure they are current and complete. For
example, 41 states reported that various steps are being taken to
develop or implement standards and to align teacher preparation,
certification, or licensure standards with content standards.

Certification and Licensure of Teachers Prepared in Another State

While teacher preparation programs are often geared to the teacher and
student standards of the states in which they are located, many teachers
prepared in one state become licensed in another. Factors such as
shortages in the distribution of highly qualified teachers in certain
subject areas, grade levels and geographical locations are reasons that
novice teachers may complete their preparation in one state and then
work elsewhere. Given that teacher requirements and standards vary
significantly from one state to another, and because teacher preparation
programs are affected by state policies, the national data have been
analyzed to compare where teachers are prepared to where they receive
their initial certification.

Nationally, 20 percent of the teachers who received initial
certification or licensure in 2003--04 completed their teacher
preparation programs in a state other than the state where they received
their license. This percentage has remained

Figure 3.5. Percentage of teachers certified that were trained in
another state, by state: 2003-04

  --------------- --------------- -------------- --------------- -------------
  Less than 10%   10% to 20%      21% to 40%     More than 40%   Did not
                                                                 report

  Guam            Arkansas        Alabama        Alaska          Hawaii

  Massachusetts   California      Arizona        Maryland        Idaho

  Michigan        District of     Colorado       Nevada          Montana
                  Columbia                                       

  Oklahoma        Florida         Connecticut    New Hampshire   New York

  Puerto Rico     Georgia         Delaware       North Carolina  Vermont

                  Indiana         Illinois       Virginia        

                  Kentucky        Iowa           Wyoming         

                  Louisiana       Kansas                         

                  Maine           Minnesota                      

                  Nebraska        Mississippi                    

                  New Jersey      Missouri                       

                  New Mexico      North Dakota                   

                  Ohio            Oregon                         

                  Pennsylvania    Rhode Island                   

                  Texas           South Carolina                 

                  Utah            South Dakota                   

                                  Tennessee                      

                                  Virgin Islands                 

                                  Washington                     

                                  West Virginia                  

                                  Wisconsin                      

                                                                 

  **Total: 5**    **Total: 16**   **Total: 21**  **Total: 7**    **Total: 5**
  --------------- --------------- -------------- --------------- -------------

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Figure 3.6. Percentage of classroom teachers on waivers, by district
poverty status: 2003-04 and 2004-05

  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
  ** **             All districts     High poverty      All other

  2003-04           3.31%             4.35%             3.07%

  2004-05           2.50%             3.01%             2.12%
  ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

constant for the past three years. Even though national data show that
one out of every five newly licensed teachers was prepared in another
state, the proportion is substantially higher in some states. For
example, in seven states, more than 40 percent of newly licensed
teachers were prepared in other states (figure 3.5).

In 2003--04, Virginia, New Hampshire, Maryland, Alaska, North Carolina,
Wyoming and Nevada imported between 44 and 68 percent of their new
teachers from other states. In contrast, in three states---Oklahoma,
Massachusetts, and Michigan, and Guam and Puerto Rico---less than 10
percent of their newly certified teachers were prepared out of state.

In some states, applicants for certification who were prepared out of
state may not initially qualify for full certification. In these cases,
the teachers may be given a temporary or emergency license. The data on
the numbers of teachers placed in U.S. classrooms with less than full
certification and the progress being made to reduce their numbers are
presented below.

Teachers Lacking State Certification[^7]

Of the nation's 3.2 million classroom teachers, 2.5 percent were not
fully certified for the 2004--05 school year (figure 3.6). These 80,975
teachers represent a decline from 2003--04, when 3.3 percent were on
waivers from full certification. This reduction shows significant
progress in meeting the *NCLB* requirement that all teachers be highly
qualified, including fully certified, by the end of the 2005--06 school
year.

Table 3.4. State changes in the percentages of classroom teachers on
waivers: 2003-04 to 2004-05

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  State                  School Year                             Percentage point
                                                                 difference
  ---------------------- -------------- --------- -------------- -------------------
                         2003-04 (%)    2004-05                  
                                        (%)                      

  Alabama                0.4                      0.7            0.3

  Alaska                 1.2                      1.2            0.0

  Arizona                3.6                      3.7            0.1

  Arkansas               1.7                      0.8            -0.9

  California             5.6                      3.1            -2.5

  Colorado               4.2                      5.1            0.9

  Connecticut            1.4                      1.5            0.1

  Delaware               7.7                      3.4            -4.3

  District of Columbia   0.0                      7.0            7.0

  Florida                4.6                      0.0            -4.6

  Georgia                2.0                      3.4            1.4

  Guam                   8.1                      11.6           3.6

  Hawaii                 4.3                      4.3            -0.1

  Idaho                  4.0                      4.7            0.7

  Illinois               2.4                      2.3            -0.1

  Indiana                1.2                      1.0            -0.2

  Iowa                   0.0                      0.0            0.0

  Kansas                 0.0                      0.0            0.0

  Kentucky               4.1                      1.6            -2.5

  Louisiana              9.2                      6.2            -3.0

  Maine                  5.1                      6.6            1.5

  Maryland               9.1                      14.5           5.4

  Massachusetts          2.1                      2.5            0.4

  Michigan               1.9                      1.8            -0.2

  Minnesota              4.4                      3.3            -1.1

  Mississippi            0.0                      6.0            6.0

  Missouri               1.9                      1.3            -0.7

  Montana                0.1                      0.4            0.3

  Nebraska               0.2                      0.0            -0.2

  Nevada                 0.0                      0.0            0.0

  New Hampshire          0.3                      0.2            -0.1

  New Jersey             2.0                      1.6            -0.3

  New Mexico             4.7                      1.9            -2.8

  New York               0.6                      0.8            0.1

  North Carolina         7.6                      6.2            -1.4

  North Dakota           2.1                      0.4            -1.7

  Ohio                   0.9                      1.4            0.6

  Oklahoma               0.0                      0.1            0‡

  Oregon                 1.8                      4.1            2.3

  Pennsylvania           2.4                      4.0            1.6

  Puerto Rico            3.9                      6.5            2.6

  Rhode Island           3.0                      2.2            -0.8

  South Carolina         4.6                      1.7            -2.8

  South Dakota           0.8                      0.5            -0.2

  Tennessee              1.4                      0.9            -0.5

  Texas                  7.8                      3.1            -4.7

  Utah                   4.5                      5.3            0.8

  Vermont                2.2                      1.1            -1.1

  Virgin Islands         72.7                     73.2           0.5

  Virginia               0.0                      0.0            0.0

  Washington             0.4                      0.5            0.1

  West Virginia          6.3                      6.4            0.1

  Wisconsin              0.0                      0.0            0.0

  Wyoming                0.2                      3.2            3.1

  **Total (All States)** 3.3                      2.5            -0.8
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

‡ Very small nonzero change, rounds to 0.0 percent.

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Despite this progress, in high-poverty districts, 3.0 percent of
teachers still were on waivers, compared to 2.1 percent in all other
districts. This means that disadvantaged students, the ones most in need
of skilled support, are still more likely to be taught by teachers that
are not fully certified than are their peers in all other districts.[^8]

While the *HEA* Title II data collection system has collected
information on the number of teachers without full state
certification---or waivers---for five years, the definition of a waiver
was changed before data were collected for the 2004 reporting year
(waiver data for the 2003--04 school year).[^9] The change helped align
the *HEA* Title II definition of fully certified teachers with the
definition of this term used for purposes of identifying teachers who
are highly qualified under *NCLB.* This change in the definition had a
significant impact on the way states collected and reported the number
of teachers on waivers. For this reason, the following data are based
solely on the two years that use the new definition. Historical data on
waivers can be found on the *HEA* Title II Web site,
https://www.title2.org/default.asp. Further, in reviewing the data on
waivers, it is important to note that some teachers on waivers may not
have any teaching credentials, while others may be licensed teachers who
are teaching out-of-field or in a state other than where they were
originally licensed.

While the overall number of teachers on waivers is decreasing,
substantial differences are evident among state data. During the
2004--05 school year, four states, Florida, Iowa, Nevada and Wisconsin,
did not have any teachers on waivers, and another four states, Kansas,
Nebraska, Oklahoma and Virginia, all had less than one-tenth of 1
percent of teachers on waivers. In analyzing the decrease in teachers on
waivers, it is important to note that 5 percent of Florida's teachers
were on waivers, while in 2004--05 none were on waivers. Because Florida
has the fourth largest population of teachers among states, the change
from 2003--04 to 2004--05 was important in contributing to the decline
in the percentage of total waivers (table 3.4).

Nationwide, the percentage of teachers on waivers ranged from 73 percent
in the Virgin Islands to 1 percent or less in 18 states (see table 3.5).
However, the majority of states (42) have rates below 5 percent. Of the
nearly 81,000 teachers on waivers, 37 percent were concentrated in
California (9,379), Texas (9,074), Maryland (6,075) and North Carolina
(5,815).

Waiver Comparisons of "High-Poverty" and "Other" School Districts

Nearly one-third (28 percent) of the teachers who were on waivers taught
in high-poverty school districts during school year 2004--05. While the
overall percentage of teachers on waivers employed in high-poverty
districts fell from 4.4 to 3.0 percent between 2003--04 and 2004--05
(figure 3.6), the percentage in all other school districts also went
down, from 3.1 to 2.1; these represent a decline of 31 and 20 percent,
respectively. The percentage of teachers on waivers in high-poverty
districts ranged from zero (in Florida, Iowa, Nebraska, Nevada and
Wisconsin) to 18.3 percent in Maryland. For most states, the percentage
of teachers on waivers in high-poverty districts ranged from zero to
9.5.

Subjects Taught by Teachers on Waivers

The *HEA* Title II data collection categorizes waivers issued by subject
area taught. The number of waivers issued in each subject area is one
way to assess categories of teacher shortages. For 2004--05, the
greatest numbers of waivers were held by teachers in foreign languages
(7 percent) and special education (5 percent). Mathematics and science
each had about 3 percent of teachers on waivers. Generally, the
percentage of teachers on waivers in each subject area declined from
2003--04 to 2004--05, with foreign languages being the only exception.
The most dramatic decline was in career or technical teachers on
waivers---from 10 percent to 3 percent. See figure 3.7 for a summary of
waivers by subject area.

Figure 3.7. Percentage of classroom teachers on waivers, by subject
area: 2003-04 and 2004-05

  -------------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------
                                         Year             

  Subject                                2003-04          2004-05

  Arts                                   2.91%            2.00%

  Special education                      6.59%            4.83%

  Bilingual/‌ESL                          3.64%            2.10%

  English                                2.61%            2.10%

  Reading/‌language arts                  1.88%            1.04%

  Mathematics                            3.44%            3.00%

  Science                                3.76%            2.94%

  Foreign language                       5.85%            7.09%

  Civics/government                      2.50%            1.63%

  Economics                              3.58%            2.20%

  History                                2.39%            2.26%

  Geography                              6.02%            3.27%

  Career/technical education             9.51%            3.20%
  -------------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Table 3.5. Number and percentage of teachers on waivers, by state and
poverty status of district: 2004-05

Table 3.5. Number and percentage of teachers on waivers, by state and
poverty status of district: 2004-05 (continued)

  ----------------------- ------------------ -------------- --------------
  State                   All other                         
                          districts                         

                          Total number of    Teachers on    
                          teachers           waivers        

                                             Number         Percent

  Alabama                 35,552             212            0.60%

  Alaska                  7,148              75             1.05%

  Arizona                 34,882             1,065          3.05%

  Arkansas                25,420             176            0.69%

  California              209,394            6,828          3.26%

  Colorado                44,848             672            1.50%

  Connecticut             30,935             353            1.14%

  Delaware                7,011              244            3.48%

  District of Columbia    NA                 NA             NA

  Florida                 128,751            0              0.00%

  Georgia                 102,751            3,367          3.28%

  Guam                    NA                 NA             NA

  Hawaii                  NA                 NA             NA

  Idaho                   12,626             525            4.16%

  Illinois                86,331             1,087          1.26%

  Indiana                 39,513             285            0.72%

  Iowa                    25,688             0              0.00%

  Kansas                  28,548             5              0.02%

  Kentucky                38,126             643            1.69%

  Louisiana               47,545             2,783          5.85%

  Maine                   14,544             945            6.50%

  Maryland                34,663             4,750          13.70%

  Massachusetts           38,046             585            1.54%

  Michigan                81,659             1,517          1.86%

  Minnesota               67,614             2,190          3.24%

  Mississippi             23,749             1,103          4.64%

  Missouri                52,750             368            0.70%

  Montana                 8,199              33             0.40%

  Nebraska                23,131             6              0.03%

  Nevada                  22,456             0              0.00%

  New Hampshire           10,935             17             0.16%

  New Jersey              72,082             632            0.88%

  New Mexico              17,938             280            1.56%

  New York                140,274            323            0.23%

  North Carolina          84,170             5,157          6.13%

  North Dakota            7,328              28             0.38%

  Ohio                    74,576             1,034          1.39%

  Oklahoma                50,957             0              0.00%

  Oregon                  26,026             1,063          4.08%

  Pennsylvania            86,674             2,191          2.53%

  Puerto Rico             NA                 NA             NA

  Rhode Island            11,377             214            1.88%

  South Carolina          40,791             691            1.69%

  South Dakota            7,131              43             0.60%

  Tennessee               51,489             493            0.96%

  Texas                   228,852            6,289          2.75%

  Utah                    22,389             1,197          5.35%

  Vermont                 --                 67             --

  Virgin Islands          NA                 NA             NA

  Virginia                77,476             24             0.03%

  Washington              52,496             245            0.47%

  West Virginia           18,570             1,157          6.23%

  Wisconsin               46,244             0              0.00%

  Wyoming                 5,505              175            3.18%

  **Total (All States)**  2,405,160          51,070         2.12%
  ----------------------- ------------------ -------------- --------------

\-- Data not reported.

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas. The
number of teachers on waivers collected through the Title II survey may
not agree with data from other federal data collections. For example,
the National Center for Education Statistics collects teacher data in
full-time equivalencies through the Common Core of Data, while the Title
II survey captures a headcount. The timing of the data collections (fall
versus a full-year count) can also produce vastly different teacher
counts. The reader should exercise caution when comparing the Title II
teacher data with other sources of teacher counts. The District of
Columbia, Guam, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are both
state education agencies and local education agencies and do not have a
poverty designation.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Table 3.6. Number and characteristics of emergency licenses: 2002
through 2005

  ------------------------------------- --------- --------- ------- -------
                                        Year                        

                                        2002      2003      2004    2005

  Number of licenses                    121       126       123     121

  Average duration (in years)           1.4       1.4       1.4     1.4

  Average number of times renewable     1.5       1.3       1.3     1.2

  Number of unlimited renewal licenses  23        16        16      13

  Number of nonrenewable licenses       36        51        50      51
  ------------------------------------- --------- --------- ------- -------

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Emergency Licenses or Waivers Offered by States

While nearly all states (51 of 54) offer temporary and emergency
licenses, the renewal of these licenses is becoming somewhat more
restricted nationwide. In 2005, states had a total of 121 emergency or
temporary licenses. This is a slight decrease from the 123 licenses
reported in 2004 (table 3.6). The average duration of each license is
1.4 years, a length that has remained constant since 2002. Also, the
number of renewals per license averaged 1.2 times, a decrease from the
average of 1.3 renewals in 2004. States are becoming more restrictive in
offering licenses with unlimited renewals, as evidenced by the
substantial decrease in the number of licenses in this category;
currently there are 13 such licenses, while in 2002, there were 23.
Overall, states have made progress in limiting the renewal of emergency
or temporary licenses. In 2002, there were 36 nonrenewable licenses
nationally. Just three years later, that number has increased to 51 of
the 121 emergency or temporary licenses offered nationally.

State Identification of Low-Performing Teacher Preparation Programs

In addition to establishing standards for teachers and licensing
requirements, states oversee teacher preparation programs. Each state is
required to establish criteria to assess how well the programs prepare
their students. This third and final section of the state data provides
information about state criteria for teacher preparation programs and
identifies programs that are "at risk" or "low performing."[^10]

The *HEA* Title II accountability provisions require states to describe
the criteria they use to assess the performance of teacher preparation
programs within institutions of higher education. These criteria include
pass rates on teacher certification assessments, rate of program
completion, student teaching success rate, percentage of students
applying for teaching certificates, and the level of satisfaction of
employers. Fifty-one of 54 states reported that criteria for assessing
teacher preparation program performance have been implemented,

Figure 3.8. Number of states with criteria for assessing the performance
of teacher preparation programs: 2002 through 2005

  ------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------
  Criteria                                          2002   2003   2004   2005

  States with criteria that include pass rates on   25     31     33     34
  teacher assessments                                                    

  States with criteria that include other           46     49     51     53
  indicators of teachers' knowledge and skills                           

  States with other criteria                        22     26     28     28
  ------------------------------------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------

**NOTE:** States may respond to questions regarding criteria for
assessing teacher preparation programs based on proposed, not
implemented, criteria. "Other criteria" may include employer
satisfaction, teacher rehire or retention rates, teacher portfolios,
teacher surveys, or quality of field experiences. For purposes of this
figure, the term "state" refers to the 50 states, the District of
Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

an increase of three states since the statutory requirement became
effective. An additional two states have proposed criteria. In 2005, 17
teacher preparation programs in 11 states were identified as at risk or
low performing.

State Criteria for Teacher Preparation Program Performance

While each state determines its own criteria for teacher preparation
program performance, many states' criteria include common elements:

-   Fifty states, the District of Columbia, Guam and Puerto Rico include
    indicators of teachers' knowledge and skills, such as assessments,
    an increase from 46 states in 2002.

-   Thirty-four states' criteria assess passing rates on state
    certification and licensure assessments, an increase from 25 states
    in 2002.

-   Twenty-eight states' criteria include the qualifications of the
    program staff, the quality of the student teaching experiences,
    teacher rehire and retention rates, or a review of candidate
    portfolios.

Table 3.7. At-risk and low-performing institutions, by state: 2005

+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
| State   | Institution name   | Program name    | Program   | Date  |
|         |                    |                 | type      | desig |
|         |                    |                 |           | nated |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
| Florida | Bethune-Cookman    | English (grades | Low       | 09/27 |
|         | College            | 6-12),          | P         | /2004 |
|         |                    |                 | erforming |       |
|         |                    |   Bachelor's    |           |       |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
| Georgia | Fort Valley State  | All Preparation | ---       | 01/01 |
|         | University         | Programs        |           | /2004 |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
| I       | Blackburn College  | Educational     | At Risk   | 06/17 |
| llinois |                    | Unit            |           | /2003 |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
|         | University of      | Educational     | At Risk   | 06/17 |
|         | Chicago            | Unit            |           | /2003 |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
|         | Illinois College   | Educational     | At Risk   | 03/20 |
|         |                    | Unit            |           | /2003 |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
| Indiana | Calumet College of | Teacher         | At Risk   | 12/17 |
|         | Saint Joseph       | Education       |           | /2003 |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
| Kansas  | Haskell Indian     | School of       | Low       | 07/08 |
|         | Nations University | Education       | P         | /2004 |
|         |                    |                 | erforming |       |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
|         | Washburn           | Department of   | At Risk   | 03/08 |
|         | University         | Education       |           | /2005 |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
|         | Fort Hays State    | College of      | At Risk   | 08/12 |
|         | University         | Education       |           | /2003 |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
| K       | Union College      | Entire Program  | Low       | 09/12 |
| entucky |                    |                 | P         | /2005 |
|         |                    |                 | erforming |       |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
| Lo      | Southern           | Teacher         | At Risk   | 4/8   |
| uisiana | University         | Preparation     |           | /2005 |
|         |                    |                 |           |       |
|         |   at New Orleans   |   Programs      |           |       |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
| North   | Chowan College     | Teacher         | Low       | 09/01 |
| C       |                    | Education       | P         | /2005 |
| arolina |                    |                 | erforming |       |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
| South   | Lander University  | College of      | At Risk   | 10/05 |
| C       |                    | Education       |           | /2005 |
| arolina |                    |                 |           |       |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
|         | Francis Marion     | School of       | At Risk   | 10/05 |
|         | University         | Education       |           | /2005 |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
|         | Coastal Carolina   | College of      | At Risk   | 10/05 |
|         | University         | Education       |           | /2005 |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
| Te      | Free Will Baptist  | Teacher         | At Risk   | 08/18 |
| nnessee | Bible College      | Preparation     |           | /2005 |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+
| Was     | Northwest          | Residency       | At Risk   | 01/13 |
| hington | University         | teacher         |           | /2005 |
|         |                    |                 |           |       |
|         |                    |   preparation   |           |       |
+---------+--------------------+-----------------+-----------+-------+

--- Data not available. The program is being restructured.

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

Individual states develop teacher preparation program assessment
criteria by combining their state standards with the standards of
national teacher education organizations.[^11] Figure 3.8 shows the
number of states with criteria for assessing teacher preparation
programs.

The assessment of teacher preparation programs often occurs on a
multiyear cycle, as part of a state accreditation process that may
include on-site visits, documentation reviews, surveys, or other data
collections. Programs identified as at risk are provided with technical
assistance by the state and are usually required to provide the state
with evidence that the program weaknesses have been improved within a
timeline specified by the state. Programs that do not improve within the
required timeframe are identified as low performing. Low-performing
programs may lose state accreditation.

Programs Identified as At-Risk or Low-Performing

In 2005, of the more than 1,000 institutions with teacher preparation
programs, only 17 programs located in 11 states were identified as at
risk or low performing (table 3.7). The

Table 3.8. States that have identified at-risk or low-performing teacher
preparation programs: 2002 through 2005

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  State             At-risk (AR) or                              
                    Low-performing                               
                    (LP)                                         
  ----------------- ---------------- ------------- ------------- -------------
                    2002             2003          2004          2005

  Alabama                                                         

  Alaska                                                          

  Arizona                                                         

  Arkansas                                                        

  California                                                      

  Colorado                                                        

  Connecticut                                                     

  Delaware                                                        

  District of                                                     
  Columbia                                                       

  Florida           LP                             LP            LP

  Georgia           LP                             †             †

  Guam                                                            

  Hawaii                                                          

  Idaho                                                           

  Illinois                           AR            AR            AR

  Indiana                                          AR            AR

  Iowa                                                            

  Kansas            AR               AR            AR, LP        AR, LP

  Kentucky                                         AR            LP

  Louisiana         LP                             AR            AR

  Maine                                            AR             

  Maryland                           LP                           

  Massachusetts                                                   

  Michigan                                                        

  Minnesota                                                       

  Mississippi       AR                                            

  Missouri                                                        

  Montana                                                         

  Nebraska                                                        

  Nevada                                                          

  New Hampshire                                                   

  New Jersey                                                      

  New Mexico                                                      

  New York          AR               AR            AR             

  North Carolina    LP               LP            LP            LP

  North Dakota                                                    

  Ohio              AR               AR                           

  Oklahoma                                                        

  Oregon                                                          

  Pennsylvania                                                    

  Puerto Rico                                                     

  Rhode Island                                                    

  South Carolina    AR               AR, LP                      AR

  South Dakota                                                    

  Tennessee         AR, LP           AR            AR            AR

  Texas             AR, LP           LP                           

  Utah                                                            

  Vermont                                                         

  Virgin Islands                                                  

  Virginia                                                        

  Washington                                                     AR

  West Virginia                                                   

  Wisconsin                                                       

  Wyoming                                                         

  **Total number of **11**           **9**         **11**        **11**
  states**                                                       
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

† The state did not specify the designation of the program. The program
is being restructured.

**NOTE:** For purposes of this figure, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas. Table
entries indicate, for a given states and academic year, if one or more
postsecondary institution teacher preparation programs have been
designated as "low performing" (LP) or "at risk" (AR) of being
designated low performing, respectively. \[Definitions of these
categories are established by each state authority.\] Blank spaces for a
given state and academic year entry indicate that no teacher preparation
program was so designated.

**SOURCE:** U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title
II Reporting System, 2005.

number of at-risk or low-performing programs has been steadily
decreasing: 31 programs were reported in 2002, 25 in 2003 and 20 in
2004. Over the past four years, 17 states have identified at-risk or
low-performing programs (table 3.8). By identifying these programs,
states are able to provide technical assistance geared toward improving
their performance. The data show that 10 programs previously considered
at risk or low performing have been removed from this list.

Conclusion

The *HEA* Title II data reported by states in 2005 are one measure of
national progress in placing a highly qualified teacher in every
classroom, so every child across America is reading and doing
mathematics at grade level or better by 2014. Progress has been achieved
through the combined efforts of schools, states, the federal government,
and others.

Teacher preparation programs are evolving. Alternative route teacher
preparation programs are attracting more teacher candidates, and the
number of individuals completing both alternative route and traditional
programs is at the highest level in five years. States report that
alternative route and traditional programs are aligning their curricula
with state standards, preparing teachers to effectively use 21st-century
skills, interpreting student data and differentiating instruction. Our
nation's classrooms are filled with a diverse population, and every
child, regardless of race or economic background, must learn the skills
to succeed in the modern workplace and a global economy.

Increasingly, states also report that they have aligned their policies
with *NCLB* to ensure teacher preparation is standards-based and that
certification and licensure processes require teachers to have subject
area competence. The data show more teachers meeting state
qualifications, as the number of teachers on waivers declines. The
outcomes of the nation's five-year effort to make the promises of *NCLB*
a reality have been transformative. A culture shift has occurred in the
standards and expectations that now drive U.S. teacher preparation and
licensure and certification.

A culture shift has also occurred with regard to student achievement
outcomes. The consequences of placing a large proportion of highly
qualified teachers in the nation's classrooms for the first time are
demonstrated by current national assessments:

-   In the last two years, the number of fourth-graders in our country
    who learned their fundamental mathematics skills increased by
    235,000 students, enough to fill 500 elementary schools.

-   During the last five years, more reading progress was made among
    9-year-olds than in the previous three decades combined.[^12]

Results in middle and secondary grades are mixed, and more work remains
to be done. In this era of global economic competitiveness, what
teachers know and how they affect student achievement are of critical
importance to the future of America. The nation has made a commitment to
ensure that all students---regardless of race or ZIP Code---are
proficient in reading and mathematics at grade level

or above. More rigorous teacher preparation program standards and state
licensure and certification requirements raise more than teacher
competence---they help to guarantee our nation's future in the global
economy.

"As the president said ... 'If we ensure that America's children succeed
in life, they will ensure that America succeeds in the world.'"

(May 15, 2006, Secretary Spellings, remarks at the First National Summit
on the Advancement of Girls in Math and Science, Washington, D.C.)

APPENDIX A

Supplementary Data Tables

Appendix A1. Summary of traditional route pass rates: 2003-04

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**           **Testing   **Summary**                                                      
                      company**                                                                    
  ------------------- ----------- ------------------- ------------- ----------- -------- --------- --
                                  **Number of         **Number      **Number    **Pass   **Range   
                                  institutions^a^**   tested^b^**   passing**   rate     (%)**     
                                                                                (%)**              

  Alabama             --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  Alaska              ETS         4                   151           151         100      100 - 100 

  Arizona             NES         14                  3,623         3,491       96       91 - 100  

  Arkansas            ETS         15                  1,201         1,139       95       85 - 100  

  California          NES         76                  20,747        20,294      98       87 - 100  

  Colorado            NES         15                  2,122         1,622       76       34 - 100  

  Connecticut         ETS         13                  1,865         1,813       97       94 - 100  

  Delaware            ETS         4                   682           673         99       87 - 100  

  District of         ETS         6                   309           271         88       57 - 93   
  Columbia                                                                                         

  Florida             Other       27                  4,782         4,679       98       88 - 100  

  Georgia             ETS         29                  2,863         2,716       95       76 - 100  

  Guam                ETS         1                   49            31          63       63 - 63   

  Hawaii              ETS         6                   556           490         88       83 - 100  

  Idaho               No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Illinois            NES         51                  10,280        10,077      98       80 - 100  

  Indiana             ETS         38                  4,449         4,266       96       71 - 100  

  Iowa                No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Kansas              ETS         21                  1,875         1,821       97       81 - 100  

  Kentucky            ETS         25                  2,577         2,449       95       67 - 100  

  Louisiana           ETS         17                  1,542         1,521       99       94 - 100  

  Maine               ETS         8                   495           465         94       75 - 100  

  Maryland            ETS         20                  2,303         2,210       96       83 - 100  

  Massachusetts       NES         47                  3,462         3,278       95       50 - 100  

  Michigan            NES         33                  8,204         8,194       100      100 - 100 

  Minnesota           ETS         25                  3,763         3,590       95       85 - 100  

  Mississippi         ETS         13                  1,454         1,382       95       92 - 100  

  Missouri            ETS         36                  3,852         3,758       98       79 - 100  

  Montana             No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Nebraska            --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  Nevada              ETS         7                   979           890         91       85 - 97   

  New Hampshire       ETS         13                  651           616         95       80 - 100  

  New Jersey          ETS         21                  3,691         3,643       99       91 - 100  

  New Mexico          NES         7                   1,246         1,211       97       94 - 100  

  New York            NES         97                  20,458        19,548      96       71 - 100  

  North Carolina      ETS         36                  2,805         2,619       93       69 - 100  

  North Dakota        ETS         8                   628           620         99       78 - 100  

  Ohio                ETS         47                  7,703         7,156       93       81 - 100  

  Oklahoma            NES         19                  1,978         1,928       97       65 - 100  

  Oregon              ETS         16                  1,839         1,839       100      100 - 100 

  Pennsylvania        ETS         83                  11,232        10,355      92       62 - 100  

  Puerto Rico         Other       27                  2,425         2,000       82       46 - 100  

  Rhode Island        ETS         7                   604           514         85       72 - 100  

  South Carolina      ETS         26                  2,171         2,015       93       46 - 100  

  South Dakota        No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Tennessee           ETS         32                  3,094         2,964       96       81 - 100  

  Texas               NES         64                  12,677        11,886      94       78 - 100  

  Utah                No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Vermont             ETS         11                  475           459         97       91 - 100  

  Virgin Islands      ETS         1                   18            8           44       44 - 44   

  Virginia            ETS         33                  2,595         2,538       98       17 - 100  

  Washington          --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  West Virginia       ETS         16                  1,357         1,357       100      100 - 100 

  Wisconsin           --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  Wyoming             No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Total                           1,115               161,832       154,547     95%      17 - 100  
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Data are not available because test may not be required for
certification or licensure or there may be less than 10 test takers.

† Non-testing state.

^a^ Number of institutions only includes institutions with 10 or more
completers taking an assessment in that area.

^b^ Number tested is the total number of test takers at all institutions
in the state, including institutions with less than 10 completers.

NOTE: ETS is the Educational Testing Service. NES is National Evaluation
Systems, Inc. States with "other" testing companies may use a
state-developed test or a testing company other than ETS or NES. For
purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas. Institutions in
Alabama, Nebraska, Tennessee, Washington and Wisconsin require
applicants to pass a basic skills test as a condition of admission to a
teacher preparation program. These states are not required to submit
their basic skills pass rates because they do not require the
assessments for certification. Oklahoma has additional tests that are
required for certification. In Michigan, institutions require passing
basic skills for admission; the state requires

passage before student teaching.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

Appendix A1. Basic skills pass rates: 2003-04

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**           **Testing   **Basic skills**                                       
                      company**                                                          
  ------------------- ----------- ------------------- ------------- ----------- -------- ---------
                                  **Number of         **Number      **Number    **Pass   **Range
                                  institutions^a^**   tested^b^**   passing**   rate     (%)**
                                                                                (%)**    

  Alabama             --          --                  --            --          --       --

  Alaska              ETS         4                   151           151         100      100 - 100

  Arizona             NES         --                  --            --          --       --

  Arkansas            ETS         15                  1,154         1,151       100      98 - 100

  California          NES         76                  20,741        20,723      100      96 - 100

  Colorado            NES         --                  --            --          --       --

  Connecticut         ETS         12                  1,150         1,145       100      95 - 100

  Delaware            ETS         4                   682           673         99       87 - 100

  District of         ETS         6                   293           269         92       62 - 100
  Columbia                                                                               

  Florida             Other       27                  4,728         4,692       99       93 - 100

  Georgia             ETS         26                  1,981         1,870       94       77 - 100

  Guam                ETS         1                   49            31          63       63 - 63

  Hawaii              ETS         6                   516           512         99       97 - 100

  Idaho               No testing  †                   †             †           †        †

  Illinois            NES         51                  10,054        10,044      100      98 - 100

  Indiana             ETS         38                  4,270         4,167       98       79 - 100

  Iowa                No testing  †                   †             †           †        †

  Kansas              ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Kentucky            ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Louisiana           ETS         15                  1,203         1,203       100      100 - 100

  Maine               ETS         8                   495           465         94       75 - 100

  Maryland            ETS         20                  2,190         2,170       99       86 - 100

  Massachusetts       NES         47                  3,420         3,381       99       74 - 100

  Michigan            NES         33                  7,399         7,393       100      100 - 100

  Minnesota           ETS         25                  3,622         3,491       96       88 - 100

  Mississippi         ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Missouri            ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Montana             No testing  †                   †             †           †        †

  Nebraska            --          --                  --            --          --       --

  Nevada              ETS         7                   839           818         97       86 - 100

  New Hampshire       ETS         13                  620           608         98       77 - 100

  New Jersey          ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  New Mexico          NES         7                   1,240         1,228       99       95 - 100

  New York            NES         --                  --            --          --       --

  North Carolina      ETS         35                  2,087         2,086       100      94 - 100

  North Dakota        ETS         8                   628           620         99       78 - 100

  Ohio                ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Oklahoma            NES         19                  1,978         1,928       97       65 - 100

  Oregon              ETS         16                  1,839         1,839       100      100 - 100

  Pennsylvania        ETS         82                  11,026        10,588      96       63 - 100

  Puerto Rico         Other       27                  2,410         2,081       86       54 - 100

  Rhode Island        ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  South Carolina      ETS         26                  2,171         2,171       100      100 - 100

  South Dakota        No testing  †                   †             †           †        †

  Tennessee           ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Texas               NES         64                  12,677        12,677      100      100 - 100

  Utah                No testing  †                   †             †           †        †

  Vermont             ETS         11                  459           452         98       88 - 100

  Virgin Islands      ETS         1                   18            8           44       44 - 44

  Virginia            ETS         33                  2,568         2,532       99       17 - 100

  Washington          --          --                  --            --          --       --

  West Virginia       ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Wisconsin           --          --                  --            --          --       --

  Wyoming             No testing  †                   †             †           †        †

  Total                           763                 104,658       103,167     99%      17 - 100
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Data are not available because test may not be required for
certification or licensure or there may be less than 10 test takers.

† Non-testing state.

^a^ Number of institutions only includes institutions with 10 or more
completers taking an assessment in that area.

^b^ Number tested is the total number of test takers at all institutions
in the state, including institutions with less than 10 completers.

NOTE: ETS is the Educational Testing Service. NES is National Evaluation
Systems, Inc. States with "other" testing companies may use a
state-developed test or a testing company other than ETS or NES. For
purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas. Institutions in
Alabama, Nebraska, Tennessee, Washington and Wisconsin require
applicants to pass a basic skills test as a condition of admission to a
teacher preparation program. These states are not required to submit
their basic skills pass rates because they do not require the
assessments for certification. Oklahoma has additional tests that are
required for certification. In Michigan, institutions require passing
basic skills for admission; the state requires passage before student
teaching.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

Appendix A1. Professional knowledge pass rates: 2003-04

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**           **Testing   **Professional                                                   
                      company**   knowledge**                                                      
  ------------------- ----------- ------------------- ------------- ----------- -------- --------- ----
                                  **Number of         **Number      **Number    **Pass   **Range   
                                  institutions^a^**   tested^b^**   passing**   rate     (%)**     
                                                                                (%)**              

  Alabama             --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  Alaska              ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Arizona             NES         14                  3,607         3,493       97       92 - 100  

  Arkansas            ETS         15                  1,173         1,121       96       86 - 100  

  California          NES         72                  13,838        13,522      98       90 - 100  

  Colorado            NES         13                  944           872         92       69 - 100  

  Connecticut         ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Delaware            ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  District of         ETS         1                   46            38          83       80 - 80   
  Columbia                                                                                         

  Florida             Other       27                  4,776         4,731       99       94 - 100  

  Georgia             ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Guam                ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Hawaii              ETS         6                   458           424         93       73 - 96   

  Idaho               No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Illinois            NES         51                  8,714         8,594       99       76 - 100  

  Indiana             ETS         1                   41            41          100      100 - 100 

  Iowa                No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Kansas              ETS         21                  1,857         1,803       97       81 - 100  

  Kentucky            ETS         25                  2,243         2,199       98       85 - 100  

  Louisiana           ETS         17                  1,532         1,520       99       97 - 100  

  Maine               ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Maryland            ETS         17                  1,624         1,572       97       91 - 100  

  Massachusetts       NES         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Michigan            NES         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Minnesota           ETS         25                  3,584         3,552       99       95 - 100  

  Mississippi         ETS         13                  1,433         1,393       97       95 - 100  

  Missouri            ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Montana             No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Nebraska            --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  Nevada              ETS         3                   194           171         88       85 - 100  

  New Hampshire       ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  New Jersey          ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  New Mexico          NES         7                   1,195         1,167       98       96 - 100  

  New York            NES         96                  19,698        19,450      99       92 - 100  

  North Carolina      ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  North Dakota        ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Ohio                ETS         46                  4,571         4,250       93       58 - 100  

  Oklahoma            NES         19                  1,972         1,958       99       71 - 100  

  Oregon              ETS         --                  26            26          100      100 - 100 

  Pennsylvania        ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Puerto Rico         Other       27                  2,398         2,174       91       63 - 100  

  Rhode Island        ETS         7                   596           506         85       70 - 100  

  South Carolina      ETS         25                  1,226         1,152       94       62 - 100  

  South Dakota        No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Tennessee           ETS         32                  3,031         2,960       98       88 - 100  

  Texas               NES         64                  11,813        11,374      96       81 - 100  

  Utah                No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Vermont             ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Virgin Islands      ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Virginia            ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Washington          --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  West Virginia       ETS         16                  1,357         1,357       100      100 - 100 

  Wisconsin           --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  Wyoming             No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Total                           660                 93,947        91,420      97%      58 - 100  
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Data are not available because test may not be required for
certification or licensure or there may be less than 10 test takers.

† Non-testing state.

^a^ Number of institutions only includes institutions with 10 or more
completers taking an assessment in that area.

^b^ Number tested is the total number of test takers at all institutions
in the state, including institutions with less than 10 completers.

NOTE: ETS is the Educational Testing Service. NES is National Evaluation
Systems, Inc. States with "other" testing companies may use a
state-developed test or a testing company other than ETS or NES. For
purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas. Institutions in
Alabama, Nebraska, Tennessee, Washington and Wisconsin require
applicants to pass a basic skills test as a condition of admission to a
teacher preparation program. These states are not required to submit
their basic skills pass rates because they do not require the
assessments for certification. Oklahoma has additional tests that are
required for certification. In Michigan, institutions require passing
basic skills for admission; the state requires passage before student
teaching.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

Appendix A1. Academic content pass rates: 2003-04

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**           **Testing   **Academic                                                       
                      company**   content**                                                        
  ------------------- ----------- ------------------- ------------- ----------- -------- --------- -----
                                  **Number of         **Number      **Number    **Pass   **Range   
                                  institutions^a^**   tested^b^**   passing**   rate     (%)**     
                                                                                (%)**              

  Alabama             --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  Alaska              ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Arizona             NES         14                  3,194         3,137       98       93 - 100  

  Arkansas            ETS         15                  1,159         1,148       99       97 - 100  

  California          NES         46                  2,891         2,833       98       87 - 100  

  Colorado            NES         13                  750           412         55       26 - 100  

  Connecticut         ETS         13                  1,579         1,535       97       94 - 100  

  Delaware            ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  District of         ETS         5                   165           154         93       90 - 98   
  Columbia                                                                                         

  Florida             Other       27                  4,129         4,098       99       91 - 100  

  Georgia             ETS         28                  2,120         1,839       87       65 - 98   

  Guam                ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Hawaii              ETS         5                   412           365         89       88 - 96   

  Idaho               No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Illinois            NES         51                  8,888         8,807       99       88 - 100  

  Indiana             ETS         38                  4,102         3,991       97       79 - 100  

  Iowa                No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Kansas              ETS         20                  1,552         1,552       100      100 - 100 

  Kentucky            ETS         25                  2,413         2,322       96       76 - 100  

  Louisiana           ETS         17                  1,364         1,350       99       94 - 100  

  Maine               ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Maryland            ETS         19                  1,891         1,862       98       96 - 100  

  Massachusetts       NES         47                  4,924         4,748       96       50 - 100  

  Michigan            NES         33                  10,835        10,831      100      100 - 100 

  Minnesota           ETS         24                  3,203         3,147       98       94 - 100  

  Mississippi         ETS         13                  1,350         1,313       97       95 - 100  

  Missouri            ETS         36                  3,447         3,356       97       79 - 100  

  Montana             No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Nebraska            --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  Nevada              ETS         7                   695           639         92       75 - 100  

  New Hampshire       ETS         6                   136           113         83       63 - 100  

  New Jersey          ETS         21                  3,741         3,685       99       91 - 100  

  New Mexico          NES         --                  --            --          --       --        

  New York            NES         75                  5,506         5,193       94       50 - 100  

  North Carolina      ETS         34                  2,487         2,338       94       74 - 100  

  North Dakota        ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Ohio                ETS         47                  7,515         7,183       96       85 - 100  

  Oklahoma            NES         19                  1,908         1,878       98       85 - 100  

  Oregon              ETS         16                  1,839         1,839       100      100 - 100 

  Pennsylvania        ETS         82                  11,261        10,510      93       72 - 100  

  Puerto Rico         Other       14                  623           577         93       74 - 100  

  Rhode Island        ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  South Carolina      ETS         26                  1,953         1,861       95       72 - 100  

  South Dakota        No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Tennessee           ETS         28                  2,123         2,046       96       83 - 100  

  Texas               NES         65                  10,235        9,867       96       65 - 100  

  Utah                No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Vermont             ETS         2                   109           102         94       88 - 100  

  Virgin Islands      ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Virginia            ETS         30                  1,879         1,856       99       85 - 100  

  Washington          --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  West Virginia       ETS         16                  1,167         1,167       100      100 - 100 

  Wisconsin           --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  Wyoming             No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Total                           977                 113,545       109,654     97%      26 - 100  
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Data are not available because test may not be required for
certification or licensure or there may be less than 10 test takers.

† Non-testing state.

^a^ Number of institutions only includes institutions with 10 or more
completers taking an assessment in that area.

^b^ Number tested is the total number of test takers at all institutions
in the state, including institutions with less than 10 completers.

NOTE: ETS is the Educational Testing Service. NES is National Evaluation
Systems, Inc. States with "other" testing companies may use a
state-developed test or a testing company other than ETS or NES. For
purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas. Institutions in
Alabama, Nebraska, Tennessee, Washington and Wisconsin require
applicants to pass a basic skills test as a condition of admission to a
teacher preparation program. These states are not required to submit
their basic skills pass rates because they do not require the
assessments for certification. Oklahoma has additional tests that are
required for certification. In Michigan, institutions require passing
basic skills for admission; the state requires passage before student
teaching.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

Appendix A1. Other content pass rates: 2003-04

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**           **Testing   **Other content**                                                
                      company**                                                                    
  ------------------- ----------- ------------------- ------------- ----------- -------- --------- --
                                  **Number of         **Number      **Number    **Pass   **Range   
                                  institutions^a^**   tested^b^**   passing**   rate     (%)**     
                                                                                (%)**              

  Alabama             --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  Alaska              ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Arizona             NES         4                   79            78          99       91 - 100  

  Arkansas            ETS         5                   138           134         97       88 - 100  

  California          NES         65                  9,184         9,112       99       79 - 100  

  Colorado            NES         1                   34            34          100      100 - 100 

  Connecticut         ETS         1                   25            24          96       94 - 94   

  Delaware            ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  District of         ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        
  Columbia                                                                                         

  Florida             Other       1                   33            31          94       83 - 83   

  Georgia             ETS         3                   60            58          97       93 - 100  

  Guam                ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Hawaii              ETS         1                   10            10          100      100 - 100 

  Idaho               No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Illinois            NES         13                  350           350         100      100 - 100 

  Indiana             ETS         4                   113           113         100      100 - 100 

  Iowa                No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Kansas              ETS         5                   161           161         100      100 - 100 

  Kentucky            ETS         6                   160           157         98       98 - 100  

  Louisiana           ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Maine               ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Maryland            ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Massachusetts       NES         --                  13            13          100      100 - 100 

  Michigan            NES         10                  341           341         100      100 - 100 

  Minnesota           ETS         5                   111           110         99       92 - 100  

  Mississippi         ETS         --                  10            10          100      100 - 100 

  Missouri            ETS         7                   211           211         100      100 - 100 

  Montana             No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Nebraska            --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  Nevada              ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  New Hampshire       ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  New Jersey          ETS         1                   25            25          100      100 - 100 

  New Mexico          NES         --                  --            --          --       --        

  New York            NES         97                  20,032        19,565      98       86 - 100  

  North Carolina      ETS         5                   172           138         80       67 - 87   

  North Dakota        ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Ohio                ETS         3                   175           174         99       98 - 100  

  Oklahoma            NES         19                  2,811         2,779       99       93 - 100  

  Oregon              ETS         10                  441           441         100      100 - 100 

  Pennsylvania        ETS         12                  614           614         100      100 - 100 

  Puerto Rico         Other       --                  --            --          --       --        

  Rhode Island        ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  South Carolina      ETS         --                  14            14          100      100 - 100 

  South Dakota        No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Tennessee           ETS         5                   134           132         99       95 - 100  

  Texas               NES         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Utah                No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Vermont             ETS         8                   208           205         99       92 - 100  

  Virgin Islands      ETS         --                  --            --          --       --        

  Virginia            ETS         4                   122           122         100      100 - 100 

  Washington          --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  West Virginia       ETS         4                   82            82          100      100 - 100 

  Wisconsin           --          --                  --            --          --       --        

  Wyoming             No testing  †                   †             †           †        †         

  Total                           299                 35,863        35,238      98%      67 - 100  
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Data are not available because test may not be required for
certification or licensure or there may be less than 10 test takers.

† Non-testing state.

^a^ Number of institutions only includes institutions with 10 or more
completers taking an assessment in that area.

^b^ Number tested is the total number of test takers at all institutions
in the state, including institutions with less than 10 completers.

NOTE: ETS is the Educational Testing Service. NES is National Evaluation
Systems, Inc. States with "other" testing companies may use a
state-developed test or a testing company other than ETS or NES. For
purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas. Institutions in
Alabama, Nebraska, Tennessee, Washington and Wisconsin require
applicants to pass a basic skills test as a condition of admission to a
teacher preparation program. These states are not required to submit
their basic skills pass rates because they do not require the
assessments for certification. Oklahoma has additional tests that are
required for certification. In Michigan, institutions require passing
basic skills for admission; the state requires passage before student
teaching.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

Appendix A1. Teaching special populations pass rates: 2003-04

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**           **Testing   **Teaching special                                     
                      company**   populations**                                          
  ------------------- ----------- ------------------- ------------- ----------- -------- ---------
                                  **Number of         **Number      **Number    **Pass   **Range
                                  institutions^a^**   tested^b^**   passing**   rate     (%)**
                                                                                (%)**    

  Alabama             --          --                  --            --          --       --

  Alaska              ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Arizona             NES         4                   208           206         99       98 - 100

  Arkansas            ETS         --                  13            13          100      100 - 100

  California          NES         --                  --            --          --       --

  Colorado            NES         6                   394           338         86       78 - 100

  Connecticut         ETS         4                   138           131         95       82 - 100

  Delaware            ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  District of         ETS         1                   79            76          96       97 - 97
  Columbia                                                                               

  Florida             Other       12                  623           621         100      98 - 100

  Georgia             ETS         11                  295           279         95       73 - 100

  Guam                ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Hawaii              ETS         2                   64            55          86       80 - 89

  Idaho               No testing  †                   †             †           †        †

  Illinois            NES         21                  853           822         96       91 - 100

  Indiana             ETS         5                   167           165         99       92 - 100

  Iowa                No testing  †                   †             †           †        †

  Kansas              ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Kentucky            ETS         10                  321           291         91       56 - 100

  Louisiana           ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Maine               ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Maryland            ETS         6                   171           167         98       89 - 100

  Massachusetts       NES         1                   74            73          99       96 - 96

  Michigan            NES         4                   88            88          100      100 - 100

  Minnesota           ETS         7                   309           307         99       95 - 100

  Mississippi         ETS         2                   65            56          86       82 - 94

  Missouri            ETS         8                   273           270         99       87 - 100

  Montana             No testing  †                   †             †           †        †

  Nebraska            --          --                  --            --          --       --

  Nevada              ETS         2                   23            23          100      100 - 100

  New Hampshire       ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  New Jersey          ETS         1                   16            16          100      100 - 100

  New Mexico          NES         --                  --            --          --       --

  New York            NES         34                  1,051         937         89       60 - 100

  North Carolina      ETS         8                   168           162         96       80 - 100

  North Dakota        ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Ohio                ETS         26                  830           787         95       80 - 100

  Oklahoma            NES         6                   133           126         95       90 - 100

  Oregon              ETS         10                  448           448         100      100 - 100

  Pennsylvania        ETS         40                  1,660         1,658       100      99 - 100

  Puerto Rico         Other       --                  --            --          --       --

  Rhode Island        ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  South Carolina      ETS         7                   166           163         98       94 - 100

  South Dakota        No testing  †                   †             †           †        †

  Tennessee           ETS         10                  318           301         95       86 - 100

  Texas               NES         34                  2,913         2,754       95       82 - 100

  Utah                No testing  †                   †             †           †        †

  Vermont             ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Virgin Islands      ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Virginia            ETS         --                  --            --          --       --

  Washington          --          --                  --            --          --       --

  West Virginia       ETS         3                   69            69          100      100 - 100

  Wisconsin           --          --                  --            --          --       --

  Wyoming             No testing  †                   †             †           †        †

  Total                           285                 11,930        11,402      96%      56 - 100
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Data are not available because test may not be required for
certification or licensure or there may be less than 10 test takers.

† Non-testing state.

^a^ Number of institutions only includes institutions with 10 or more
completers taking an assessment in that area.

^b^ Number tested is the total number of test takers at all institutions
in the state, including institutions with less than 10 completers.

NOTE: ETS is the Educational Testing Service. NES is National Evaluation
Systems, Inc. States with "other" testing companies may use a
state-developed test or a testing company other than ETS or NES. For
purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas. Institutions in
Alabama, Nebraska, Tennessee, Washington and Wisconsin require
applicants to pass a basic skills test as a condition of admission to a
teacher preparation program. These states are not required to submit
their basic skills pass rates because they do not require the
assessments for certification. Oklahoma has additional tests that are
required for certification. In Michigan, institutions require passing
basic skills for admission; the state requires passage before student
teaching.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

Appendix A2. Requirements for initial teaching certification or
licensure: 2005

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**       **Initial certificate  **Subject area **Pedagogy   **Other      **Credit hour   **Minimum   **Recency of     **Practicum   **Assessments**
                  name**                 bachelor's**   courses      prescribed   requirement**   grade point credit           or student    
                                                        required**   course                       average**   requirements**   teaching**    
                                                                     work**                                                                  
  --------------- ---------------------- -------------- ------------ ------------ --------------- ----------- ---------------- ------------- -----------------
  Alabama         Class B Professional   X              X            X                            X                            X             X
                  Educator                                                                                                                   

  Alaska          Initial Teacher                                                                             X                X             X
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

  Arizona         Provisional Early                     X            X            X                                            X             X
                  Childhood Education                                                                                                        

                  Provisional Elementary                X            X            X                                            X             X
                  (K-8)                                                                                                                      

                  Provisional Secondary                 X            X            X                                            X             X
                  (7-12)                                                                                                                     

                  Provisional Special                   X            X            X                                            X             X
                  Education (K-12)                                                                                                           

  Arkansas        Initial Teaching                      X            X                            X                            X             X
                  License                                                                                                                    

  California      Preliminary Level I    X              X                         X               X           X                X             X
                  Education Specialist                                                                                                       
                  Instruction Credential                                                                                                     

                  Preliminary Multiple   X              X                         X               X           X                X             X
                  Subject Teaching                                                                                                           
                  Credential                                                                                                                 

                  Preliminary Single     X              X                         X               X           X                X             X
                  Subject Teaching                                                                                                           
                  Credential                                                                                                                 

                  Professional Clear     X              X            X            X               X           X                X             X
                  Level II Education                                                                                                         
                  Specialist Instruction                                                                                                     
                  Credential                                                                                                                 

                  Professional Clear     X              X            X            X               X           X                X             X
                  Multiple Subject                                                                                                           
                  Teaching Credential                                                                                                        

                  Professional Clear     X              X            X            X               X           X                X             X
                  Single Subject                                                                                                             
                  Teaching Credential                                                                                                        

  Colorado        Provisional License    X              X            X                                                         X             X

  Connecticut     Initial Educator       X              X            X            X                                            X             X
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

                  Interim Initial        X              X            X            X                                            X             X
                  Educator Certificate                                                                                                       

                  Interim Provisional    X              X            X            X                                            X             X
                  Educator Certificate                                                                                                       

  Delaware        Initial License        X                                                        X                            X             X

  District of     Alternative Route                                                                                                          X
  Columbia        Provisional License                                                                                                        

                  Provisional                                                                                                                 
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

                  Standard Certificate                  X            X            X                                            X             X

  Florida         Temporary Certificate  X                           X                            X                                           

  Georgia         Intern Certificate     X              X            X                            X           X                X             X

                  Nonrenewable           X              X            X                            X           X                X             X
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

                  Professional Clear     X              X            X            X               X           X                X             X
                  Renewable Certificate                                                                                                      

  Guam            Professional I                        X            X            X               X           X                X             X

  Hawaii          Hawai\`i Teaching      X              X                                                                      X             X
                  License                                                                                                                    

  Idaho           Early Childhood/Early                 X            X            X                           X                X             X
                  Childhood Spec. Educ.                                                                                                      
                  Blended Certificate                                                                                                        
                  (Birth-Grade 3)                                                                                                            

                  Standard Elementary                   X            X            X                           X                X             X
                  Certificate (K-8)                                                                                                          

                  Standard Exceptional                  X            X            X                           X                X             X
                  Child Certificate                                                                                                          
                  (K-12)                                                                                                                     

                  Standard Secondary                    X            X            X                           X                X             X
                  School Certificate                                                                                                         
                  (6-12)                                                                                                                     

  Illinois        Initial Early                         X            X                                                         X             X
                  Childhood Certificate                                                                                                      
                  (Birth to grade 3)                                                                                                         

                  Initial Elementary                    X            X                                                         X             X
                  Certificate (Grades                                                                                                        
                  K-9)                                                                                                                       

                  Initial Secondary      X              X            X                                                         X             X
                  Certificate (Grades                                                                                                        
                  6-12)                                                                                                                      

                  Initial Special                       X            X                                                         X             X
                  Certificate (K-12)                                                                                                         

                  Initial Special                       X            X                                                         X             X
                  Certificate in Special                                                                                                     
                  Education                                                                                                                  
                  (Preschool-Age 21)                                                                                                         

  Indiana         Reciprocal All Grade   X              X                         X               X           X                X             X
                  Education License                                                                                                          
                  (K-12)                                                                                                                     

                  Reciprocal Early       X              X                         X               X           X                X             X
                  Childhood Education                                                                                                        
                  (Pre-K)                                                                                                                    

                  Reciprocal Elementary  X              X                         X               X           X                X             X
                  Education License                                                                                                          
                  (1-6, &                                                                                                                    
                  Nondepartmentalized 7                                                                                                      
                  and 8)                                                                                                                     

                  Reciprocal Junior      X              X                         X               X           X                X             X
                  High/Middle School                                                                                                         
                  Education License                                                                                                          

                  Reciprocal             X              X                         X               X           X                X             X
                  Kindergarten - Primary                                                                                                     
                  (K-3)                                                                                                                      

                  Reciprocal Secondary                  X                         X               X           X                X             X
                  License                                                                                                                    

                  Reciprocal Senior      X              X                         X               X           X                X             X
                  High, Junior High and                                                                                                      
                  Middle School                                                                                                              
                  Education License                                                                                                          
                  (5-12)                                                                                                                     

                  Rules 2002 Initial     X              X                                         X           X                X             X
                  Practitioner:                                                                                                              
                  Adolescence/Young                                                                                                          
                  Adulthood                                                                                                                  

                  Rules 2002 Initial     X              X                         X               X           X                X             X
                  Practitioner: Early                                                                                                        
                  Adolescence                                                                                                                

                  Rules 2002 Initial     X              X                                         X           X                X             X
                  Practitioner: Early                                                                                                        
                  Childhood                                                                                                                  

                  Rules 2002 Initial     X              X                                         X                            X             X
                  Practitioner: Middle                                                                                                       
                  Childhood                                                                                                                  

                  Standard All Grade     X              X            X            X               X           X                X             X
                  Education License                                                                                                          
                  (K-12)                                                                                                                     

                  Standard Early         X              X            X            X               X           X                X             X
                  Childhood Education                                                                                                        
                  License                                                                                                                    

                  Standard Elementary                   X            X            X               X           X                X             X
                  Education License                                                                                                          
                  (1-6)                                                                                                                      

                  Standard Junior                       X            X            X               X           X                X             X
                  High/Middle School                                                                                                         
                  License (5-9)                                                                                                              

                  Standard               X              X            X            X               X           X                X             X
                  Kindergarten-Primary                                                                                                       
                  (K-3) License                                                                                                              

                  Standard Secondary     X              X            X            X               X           X                X             X
                  License (9-12)                                                                                                             

                  Standard Senior High,  X              X            X            X               X           X                X             X
                  Junior High/Middle                                                                                                         
                  School License (5-12)                                                                                                      

  Iowa            Class A                X              X            X                                                         X             X

                  Initial License        X              X            X                                                         X             X

  Kansas          Conditional License    X              X                                         X           X                X             X

                  One-Year Nonrenewable  X              X                                         X           X                X              

                  Standard Three-Year    X              X            X                            X           X                X             X
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

                  Two-Year Exchange      X              X                                         X                            X              

  Kentucky        Provisional            X                                                        X           X                X             X
                  Certificate (Intern)                                                                                                       

  Louisiana       Type C or Level 1      X              X            X            X               X           X                X             X
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

  Maine           Provisional                           X            X            X                                            X             X
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

  Maryland        Professional                          X            X            X                           X                X             X
                  Eligibility                                                                                                                
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

                  Standard Professional                 X            X            X                           X                X             X
                  Certificate I                                                                                                              

  Massachusetts   Initial License        X              X                                                                      X             X

  Michigan        Provisional            X              X            X            X                                            X             X
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

  Minnesota       Nonrenewable License   X              X                                                                      X             X
                  (temporary limited                                                                                                         
                  license)                                                                                                                   

                  Professional License   X              X                                                                      X             X

  Mississippi     Class A                X              X            X            X               X                            X             X

  Missouri        Initial Professional   X              X            X            X               X                            X             X
                  Certificate (IPC)                                                                                                          

                  Provisional            X              X            X            X               X                            X             X
                  classification                                                                                                             

  Montana         Class 2 Standard                      X                                                     X                X              
                  Teaching License:                                                                                                          
                  Elementary                                                                                                                 

                  Class 2 Standard       X              X                         X                           X                X              
                  Teaching License:                                                                                                          
                  Secondary                                                                                                                  

  Nebraska        Initial Certificate                   X            X            X               X           X                X             X

                  Temporary Certificate                 X                                                                      X             X

  Nevada          Non Renewable (Initial X              X                         X                                            X             X
                  License)                                                                                                                   

  New Hampshire   Beginning Educator     X              X                                         X                            X             X
                  Credential (BEC)                                                                                                           

  New Jersey      Certificate of         X                           X                            X                                          X
                  Eligibility (CE)                                                                                                           

                  Certificate of         X              X            X            X               X                            X             X
                  Eligibility with                                                                                                           
                  Advanced Standing                                                                                                          
                  (CEAS)                                                                                                                     

  New Mexico      Level 1                X              X            X            X                                            X             X

  New York        Initial Certificate                   X                         X               X                            X             X

                  Provisional \--        X              X            X            X                                            X             X
                  Elementary Teaching                                                                                                        
                  Certificate (Pre-K -                                                                                                       
                  6)                                                                                                                         

                  Provisional \--        X              X                         X                                            X             X
                  Secondary Academic                                                                                                         
                  Teaching Certificate                                                                                                       
                  (7-12)                                                                                                                     

  North Carolina  Standard Professional                                                           X           X                X             X
                  I                                                                                                                          

  North Dakota    Initial                X              X            X            X               X                            X             X

                  Interim Reciprocal     X              X                         X               X                            X             X

  Ohio            Provisional License                   X            X                                                         X             X

  Oklahoma        School License         X              X            X            X               X           X                X             X

  Oregon          Initial Teaching                      X                                                     X                X             X
                  License                                                                                                                    

  Pennsylvania    Professional           X              X            X                            X                            X             X
                  Instructional                                                                                                              
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

  Puerto Rico     Regular Certification  X              X                         X               X           X                X             X

  Rhode Island    Certificate of         X              X            X            X                           X                X             X
                  Eligibility of                                                                                                             
                  Employment (CEE)                                                                                                           

  South Carolina  Alternative Route      X              X            X            X                           X                              X
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

                  Initial Certificate    X              X                         X               X                            X             X

  South Dakota    Five-Year Certificate  X              X            X                            X           X                X             X

                  One-Year Renewable     X              X            X                            X           X                X              
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

  Tennessee       Apprentice Teacher     X              X            X                            X                            X             X
                  License                                                                                                                    

                  Out-of-State Teacher   X              X                                                                                    X
                  License                                                                                                                    

  Texas           Texas Standard         X              X            X                                                         X             X
                  Classroom Teacher                                                                                                          
                  Certificate                                                                                                                

  Utah            Utah Professional      X              X            X                                        X                X             X
                  Educator License,                                                                                                          
                  Level I                                                                                                                    

  Vermont         Level I - Beginning    X                                                        X           X                X             X
                  Educator License                                                                                                           

  Virgin Islands  Emergency                                                                                                                   

                  Professional Educator  X              X            X            X               X                            X             X
                  Class I Certificate                                                                                                        

  Virginia        Collegiate             X              X                         X               X           X                X             X
                  Professional License                                                                                                       

                  Provisional License    X              X                         X                                            X             X

  Washington      Residency Certificate                 X                                                                      X             X

  West Virginia   Initial Professional                  X            X            X               X                            X             X
                  Teaching Certificate -                                                                                                     
                  Three Year                                                                                                                 

  Wisconsin       Initial Educator                      X            X            X               X                            X             X
                  License                                                                                                                    

  Wyoming         Standard Teaching      X              X            X                                                         X             X
                  Certificate                                                                                                                
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

NOTE: For purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

This table includes Type A and Type B initial certificates. Type C
certificates were excluded.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, *Higher Education Act* Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

Appendix A3. Number and percent of classroom teachers on waivers by
subject area, by state: 2004-05

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**       **Arts (all                            **Special                
                  levels)**                              education                
                                                         (all                     
                                                         levels)**                
  --------------- ----------- ------------ ------------- ----------- ------------ -------------
                  **\#        **Teachers                 **\#        **Teachers   
                  teachers in on waivers**               teachers in on waivers** 
                  subject                                subject                  
                  area**                                 area**                   

                              **Number**   **Percent**               **Number**   **Percent**

  Alabama         3,081       13           0.4%          5,080       66           1.3%

  Alaska          529         0            0.0%          1,064       30           2.8%

  Arizona         3,156       65           2.1%          4,635       423          9.1%

  Arkansas        916         4            0.4%          3,839       104          2.7%

  California      3,926       107          2.7%          26,945      4,034        15.0%

  Colorado        1,397       121          8.7%          4,890       135          2.8%

  Connecticut     3,411       32           0.9%          6,254       100          1.6%

  Delaware        402         10           2.5%          1,665       105          6.3%

  District of     165         38           23.0%         524         19           3.6%
  Columbia                                                                        

  Florida         6,295       0            0.0%          24,879      0            0.0%

  Georgia         5,319       95           1.8%          17,190      1,758        10.2%

  Guam            55          5            9.1%          131         5            3.8%

  Hawaii          344         7            2.0%          2,217       255          11.5%

  Idaho           --          39           --            --          187          --

  Illinois        7,640       92           1.2%          21,132      336          1.6%

  Indiana         4,091       22           0.5%          7,719       358          4.6%

  Iowa            3,435       0            0.0%          5,875       0            0.0%

  Kansas          5,203       2            0.0%          5,354       0            0.0%

  Kentucky        2,492       45           1.8%          8,362       272          3.3%

  Louisiana       3,455       83           2.4%          7,482       1,205        16.1%

  Maine           1,194       61           5.1%          2,320       513          22.1%

  Maryland        3,637       331          9.1%          4,771       956          20.0%

  Massachusetts   3,802       79           2.1%          11,391      530          4.7%

  Michigan        5,599       61           1.1%          14,878      414          2.8%

  Minnesota       10,154      111          1.1%          8,146       259          3.2%

  Mississippi     2,134       116          5.4%          1,578       204          12.9%

  Missouri        4,889       81           1.7%          10,426      263          2.5%

  Montana         593         3            0.5%          857         11           1.3%

  Nebraska        2,907       0            0.0%          5,978       2            0.0%

  Nevada          1,306       0            0.0%          3,059       0            0.0%

  New Hampshire   1,001       2            0.2%          2,189       10           0.5%

  New Jersey      6,834       0            0.0%          19,095      1,267        6.6%

  New Mexico      1,052       6            0.6%          4,095       58           1.4%

  New York        13,620      20           0.2%          30,357      352          1.2%

  North Carolina  5,907       312          5.3%          17,527      1,253        7.2%

  North Dakota    41          1            2.4%          398         5            1.3%

  Ohio            5,604       45           0.8%          13,447      810          6.0%

  Oklahoma        --          4            --            --          0            --

  Oregon          1,597       154          9.6%          3,196       220          6.9%

  Pennsylvania    7,724       40           0.5%          19,599      513          2.6%

  Puerto Rico     2,043       177          8.7%          4,668       802          17.2%

  Rhode Island    370         8            2.2%          2,066       102          4.9%

  South Carolina  2,898       39           1.4%          6,453       349          5.4%

  South Dakota    232         0            0.0%          706         7            1.0%

  Tennessee       2,732       99           3.6%          7,434       163          2.2%

  Texas           24,905      919          3.7%          34,848      1,029        3.0%

  Utah            1,318       77           5.8%          3,082       266          8.6%

  Vermont         --          5            --            --          25           --

  Virgin Islands  58          44           75.9%         137         89           65.0%

  Virginia        4,790       2            0.0%          13,708      0            0.0%

  Washington      --          43           --            8,135       54           0.7%

  West Virginia   3,632       47           1.3%          3,798       475          12.5%

  Wisconsin       5,007       0            0.0%          8,839       0            0.0%

  Wyoming         475         4            0.8%          752         48           6.4%

  **Total (only   183,367     3,580        2.0%          423,170     20,229       4.8%
  states                                                                          
  reporting                                                                       
  totals and                                                                      
  subject data)**                                                                 
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Data not available.

NOTE: For purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**                 **Bilingual/ESL                                                        **English                                          
                            (all levels)**                                                         (secondary)**                                      
  --------------- --------- ----------------- ------------ ------- ------------- ------- --------- --------------- ------------ ------- ------------- -------
                            **\# teachers in  **Teachers                                           **\# teachers   **Teachers                         
                            subject area**    on waivers**                                         in subject      on waivers**                       
                                                                                                   area**                                             

                                              **Number**           **Percent**                                     **Number**           **Percent**   

  Alabama         161                                      1                     0.6%    3,805                                  36                    1.0%

  Alaska          79                                       0                     0.0%    776                                    5                     0.6%

  Arizona         820                                      14                    1.7%    3,241                                  100                   3.1%

  Arkansas        184                                      5                     2.7%    1,517                                  0                     0.0%

  California      166,348                                  1,272                 0.8%    26,250                                 602                   2.3%

  Colorado        1,894                                    44                    2.3%    5,091                                  173                   3.4%

  Connecticut     404                                      42                    10.4%   3,763                                  64                    1.7%

  Delaware        29                                       6                     20.7%   533                                    11                    2.1%

  District of     28                                       3                     10.7%   516                                    22                    4.3%
  Columbia                                                                                                                                            

  Florida         1,041                                    0                     0.0%    10,178                                 0                     0.0%

  Georgia         1,525                                    11                    0.7%    6,346                                  212                   3.3%

  Guam            99                                       65                    65.7%   133                                    12                    9.0%

  Hawaii          89                                       10                    11.2%   782                                    37                    4.7%

  Idaho           --                                       20                    --      --                                     111                   --

  Illinois        2,069                                    653                   31.6%   5,955                                  47                    0.8%

  Indiana         216                                      4                     1.9%    6,063                                  25                    0.4%

  Iowa            316                                      0                     0.0%    3,301                                  0                     0.0%

  Kansas          508                                      1                     0.2%    4,720                                  0                     0.0%

  Kentucky        251                                      29                    11.6%   5,526                                  42                    0.8%

  Louisiana       147                                      14                    9.5%    4,981                                  109                   2.2%

  Maine           87                                       3                     3.5%    2,034                                  48                    2.4%

  Maryland        434                                      108                   24.9%   3,008                                  442                   14.7%

  Massachusetts   1,468                                    93                    6.3%    5,080                                  99                    2.0%

  Michigan        510                                      67                    13.1%   6,100                                  22                    0.4%

  Minnesota       2,142                                    77                    3.6%    12,713                                 94                    0.7%

  Mississippi     14                                       1                     7.1%    14,274                                 140                   1.0%

  Missouri        286                                      4                     1.4%    5,261                                  63                    1.2%

  Montana         0                                        --                    --      557                                    4                     0.7%

  Nebraska        615                                      1                     0.2%    2,142                                  0                     0.0%

  Nevada          1,015                                    0                     0.0%    1,838                                  0                     0.0%

  New Hampshire   131                                      --                    --      965                                    --                    --

  New Jersey      2,333                                    293                   12.6%   7,111                                  0                     0.0%

  New Mexico      1,738                                    210                   12.1%   1,853                                  4                     0.2%

  New York        5,768                                    152                   2.6%    15,866                                 14                    0.1%

  North Carolina  1,603                                    288                   18.0%   5,611                                  378                   6.7%

  North Dakota    0                                        0                     0.0%    263                                    5                     1.9%

  Ohio            201                                      12                    6.0%    15,183                                 350                   2.3%

  Oklahoma        --                                       0                     --      --                                     3                     --

  Oregon          1,810                                    183                   10.1%   3,273                                  200                   6.1%

  Pennsylvania    1,062                                    135                   12.7%   8,592                                  40                    0.5%

  Puerto Rico     1                                        0                     0.0%    5,182                                  656                   12.7%

  Rhode Island    186                                      14                    7.5%    1,009                                  5                     0.5%

  South Carolina  276                                      4                     1.5%    5,308                                  56                    1.1%

  South Dakota    21                                       0                     0.0%    1,081                                  9                     0.8%

  Tennessee       324                                      15                    4.6%    3,595                                  91                    2.5%

  Texas           28,539                                   899                   3.2%    33,447                                 1,277                 3.8%

  Utah            233                                      16                    6.9%    2,595                                  131                   5.1%

  Vermont         --                                       2                     --      --                                     2                     --

  Virgin Islands  30                                       23                    76.7%   99                                     76                    76.8%

  Virginia        1,422                                    1                     0.1%    5,862                                  2                     0.0%

  Washington      --                                       14                    --      --                                     7                     --

  West Virginia   6                                        5                     83.3%   2,483                                  54                    2.2%

  Wisconsin       942                                      0                     0.0%    4,741                                  0                     0.0%

  Wyoming         28                                       9                     32.1%   397                                    5                     1.3%

  **Total (only   229,302                                  4,787                 2.1%    270,035                                5,762                 2.1%
  states                                                                                                                                              
  reporting                                                                                                                                           
  totals and                                                                                                                                          
  subject data)**                                                                                                                                     
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Data not available.

NOTE: For purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**       **Reading/language                              **Mathematics                
                  arts (elementary)**                             (secondary)**                
  --------------- -------------------- ------------ ------------- --------------- ------------ -------------
                  **\# teachers in     **Teachers                 **\# teachers   **Teachers   
                  subject area**       on waivers**               in subject      on waivers** 
                                                                  area**                       

                                       **Number**   **Percent**                   **Number**   **Percent**

  Alabama         20,220               35           0.2%          2,782           48           1.7%

  Alaska          665                  1            0.2%          479             22           4.6%

  Arizona         855                  8            0.9%          2,667           142          5.3%

  Arkansas        1,991                2            0.1%          1,192           1            0.1%

  California      137,506              2,082        1.5%          18,908          761          4.0%

  Colorado        23,337               366          1.6%          3,505           249          7.1%

  Connecticut     648                  23           3.6%          3,400           129          3.8%

  Delaware        2,626                7            0.3%          479             25           5.2%

  District of     1,522                86           5.7%          350             39           11.1%
  Columbia                                                                                     

  Florida         56,185               0            0.0%          8,060           0            0.0%

  Georgia         4,183                183          4.4%          5,631           271          4.8%

  Guam            921                  71           7.7%          121             20           16.5%

  Hawaii          32                   4            12.5%         571             55           9.6%

  Idaho           --                   0            --            --              38           --

  Illinois        0                    0            0.0%          9,167           87           1.0%

  Indiana         21,870               0            0.0%          4,111           51           1.2%

  Iowa            2,315                0            0.0%          1,806           0            0.0%

  Kansas          13,437               0            0.0%          2,809           1            0.0%

  Kentucky        22,792               29           0.1%          3,862           52           1.4%

  Louisiana       0                    0            0.0%          3,588           491          13.7%

  Maine           5,674                135          2.4%          1,234           90           7.3%

  Maryland        17,783               1,113        6.3%          1,016           468          46.1%

  Massachusetts   23,252               265          1.1%          5,082           182          3.6%

  Michigan        3,369                27           0.8%          6,222           82           1.3%

  Minnesota       19,502               247          1.3%          9,783           74           0.8%

  Mississippi     --                   --           --            12,693          159          1.3%

  Missouri        23,607               137          0.6%          4,406           69           1.6%

  Montana         42                   --           --            534             8            1.5%

  Nebraska        9,772                0            0.0%          1,426           0            0.0%

  Nevada          9,697                0            0.0%          2,731           0            0.0%

  New Hampshire   5,882                --           --            857             5            0.6%

  New Jersey      40,436               0            0.0%          7,762           0            0.0%

  New Mexico      7,435                26           0.4%          1,060           12           1.1%

  New York        6,647                4            0.1%          15,306          390          2.6%

  North Carolina  5,542                312          5.6%          3,955           292          7.4%

  North Dakota    0                    0            0.0%          217             2            0.9%

  Ohio            30,247               269          0.9%          12,351          317          2.6%

  Oklahoma        --                   1            --            --              4            --

  Oregon          --                   --           --            2,522           94           3.7%

  Pennsylvania    4,277                15           0.4%          7,729           173          2.2%

  Puerto Rico     0                    0            0.0%          2,379           191          8.0%

  Rhode Island    376                  1            0.3%          813             91           11.2%

  South Carolina  23,959               165          0.7%          4,250           56           1.3%

  South Dakota    438                  1            0.2%          828             7            0.9%

  Tennessee       5,620                143          2.5%          2,480           73           2.9%

  Texas           22,863               560          2.5%          21,936          923          4.2%

  Utah            68                   3            4.4%          1,880           132          7.0%

  Vermont         --                   7            --            --              15           --

  Virgin Islands  35                   18           51.4%         93              80           86.0%

  Virginia        23,076               5            0.0%          5,828           9            0.2%

  Washington      --                   3            --            --              12           --

  West Virginia   3,573                101          2.8%          2,264           38           1.7%

  Wisconsin       21,693               0            0.0%          4,314           0            0.0%

  Wyoming         74                   8            10.8%         386             10           2.6%

  **Total (only   620,120              6,452        1.0%          217,825         6,471        3.0%
  states                                                                                       
  reporting                                                                                    
  totals and                                                                                   
  subject data)**                                                                              
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Data not available.

NOTE: For purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| **State**    | **      |       |       | **      |       |       |
|              | Science |       |       | Foreign |       |       |
|              | (secon  |       |       | l       |       |       |
|              | dary)** |       |       | anguage |       |       |
|              |         |       |       | (secon  |       |       |
|              |         |       |       | dary)** |       |       |
+==============+=========+=======+=======+=========+=======+=======+
|              | **\#    | **Tea |       | **\#**  | **Tea |       |
|              | t       | chers |       |         | chers |       |
|              | eachers | on    |       | **t     | on    |       |
|              | in      | waiv  |       | eachers | waiv  |       |
|              | subject | ers** |       | in**    | ers** |       |
|              | area**  |       |       |         |       |       |
|              |         |       |       | **      |       |       |
|              |         |       |       | subject |       |       |
|              |         |       |       | area**  |       |       |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
|              |         | **Num | *     |         | **Num | *     |
|              |         | ber** | *Perc |         | ber** | *Perc |
|              |         |       | ent** |         |       | ent** |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Alabama      | 2,314   | 46    | 2.0%  | 561     | 11    | 2.0%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Alaska       | 491     | 1     | 0.2%  | 142     | 9     | 6.3%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Arizona      | 2,175   | 92    | 4.2%  | 854     | 49    | 5.7%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Arkansas     | 1,719   | 1     | 0.1%  | 541     | 15    | 2.8%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| California   | 14,817  | 502   | 3.4%  | 5,429   | 242   | 4.5%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Colorado     | 3,149   | 166   | 5.3%  | 1,368   | 114   | 8.3%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Connecticut  | 3,238   | 126   | 3.9%  | 1,503   | 66    | 4.4%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Delaware     | 439     | 23    | 5.2%  | 179     | 8     | 4.5%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| District of  | 235     | 28    | 11.9% | 118     | 1     | 0.9%  |
| Columbia     |         |       |       |         |       |       |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Florida      | 7,159   | 0     | 0.0%  | 3,770   | 0     | 0.0%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Georgia      | 4,254   | 86    | 2.0%  | 29      | 2     | 6.9%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Guam         | 102     | 13    | 12.8% | 41      | 4     | 9.8%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Hawaii       | 607     | 48    | 7.9%  | 173     | 16    | 9.3%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Idaho        | --      | 29    | --    | --      | 22    | --    |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Illinois     | 8,244   | 66    | 0.8%  | 3,769   | 188   | 5.0%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Indiana      | 3,583   | 62    | 1.7%  | 1,379   | 58    | 4.2%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Iowa         | 1,949   | 0     | 0.0%  | 785     | 0     | 0.0%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Kansas       | 3,308   | 0     | 0.0%  | 987     | 2     | 0.2%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Kentucky     | 3,481   | 93    | 2.7%  | 1,072   | 36    | 3.4%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Louisiana    | 3,188   | 489   | 15.3% | 652     | 101   | 15.5% |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Maine        | 1,126   | 101   | 9.0%  | 711     | 79    | 11.1% |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Maryland     | 2,163   | 504   | 23.3% | 3,464   | 2,267 | 65.4% |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| M            | 4,514   | 129   | 2.9%  | 2,667   | 110   | 4.1%  |
| assachusetts |         |       |       |         |       |       |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Michigan     | 6,706   | 54    | 0.8%  | 2,118   | 72    | 3.4%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Minnesota    | 8,065   | 104   | 1.3%  | 3,825   | 112   | 2.9%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Mississippi  | 10,901  | 190   | 1.7%  | 496     | 53    | 10.7% |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Missouri     | 3,937   | 64    | 1.6%  | 1,411   | 33    | 2.3%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Montana      | 479     | 6     | 1.3%  | 169     | 7     | 4.1%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Nebraska     | 1,215   | 1     | 0.1%  | 701     | 2     | 0.3%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Nevada       | 2,031   | 0     | 0.0%  | 411     | 0     | 0.0%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| New          | 797     | 3     | 0.4%  | 523     | 3     | 0.6%  |
| Hampshire    |         |       |       |         |       |       |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| New Jersey   | 5,620   | 0     | 0.0%  | 4,523   | 249   | 5.5%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| New Mexico   | 1,095   | 5     | 0.5%  | 506     | 4     | 0.8%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| New York     | 13,929  | 367   | 2.6%  | 6,909   | 191   | 2.8%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| North        | 3,951   | 277   | 7.0%  | 2,780   | 240   | 8.6%  |
| Carolina     |         |       |       |         |       |       |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| North Dakota | 203     | 7     | 3.5%  | 78      | 1     | 1.3%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Ohio         | 10,611  | 260   | 2.5%  | 3,155   | 76    | 2.4%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Oklahoma     | --      | 12    | --    | --      | 4     | --    |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Oregon       | 1,978   | 88    | 4.5%  | 1,173   | 98    | 8.4%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Pennsylvania | 7,404   | 124   | 1.7%  | 3,547   | 97    | 2.7%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Puerto Rico  | 2,033   | 76    | 3.7%  | 0       | 0     | 0.0%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Rhode Island | 903     | 33    | 3.7%  | 482     | 31    | 6.4%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| South        | 4,014   | 59    | 1.5%  | 850     | 29    | 3.4%  |
| Carolina     |         |       |       |         |       |       |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| South Dakota | 731     | 6     | 0.8%  | 216     | 1     | 0.5%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Tennessee    | 3,123   | 113   | 3.6%  | 677     | 36    | 5.3%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Texas        | 18,193  | 859   | 4.7%  | 7,608   | 653   | 8.6%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Utah         | 1,665   | 201   | 12.1% | 517     | 31    | 6.0%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Vermont      | --      | 6     | --    | --      | 10    | --    |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Virgin       | 90      | 79    | 87.8% | 16      | 14    | 87.5% |
| Islands      |         |       |       |         |       |       |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Virginia     | 5,167   | 3     | 0.1%  | 2,361   | 1     | 0.0%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Washington   | --      | 14    | --    | --      | 23    | --    |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| West         | 1,905   | 79    | 4.2%  | 547     | 41    | 7.5%  |
| Virginia     |         |       |       |         |       |       |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Wisconsin    | 4,615   | 0     | 0.0%  | 1,913   | 0     | 0.0%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| Wyoming      | 330     | 13    | 3.9%  | 137     | 4     | 2.9%  |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+
| **Total      | 193,946 | 5,647 | 2.9%  | 77,843  | 5,457 | 7.0%  |
| (only states |         |       |       |         |       |       |
| reporting    |         |       |       |         |       |       |
| totals and   |         |       |       |         |       |       |
| subject      |         |       |       |         |       |       |
| data)**      |         |       |       |         |       |       |
+--------------+---------+-------+-------+---------+-------+-------+

-- Data not available.

NOTE: For purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**       **Civics and                               **Economics                  
                  government                                 (secondary)**                
                  (secondary)**                                                           
  --------------- --------------- ------------ ------------- --------------- ------------ -------------
                  **\# teachers   **Teachers                 **\# teachers   **Teachers   
                  in subject      on waivers**               in subject      on waivers** 
                  area**                                     area**                       

                                  **Number**   **Percent**                   **Number**   **Percent**

  Alabama         1,078           3            0.3%          282             1            0.4%

  Alaska          141             0            0.0%          40              0            0.0%

  Arizona         0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%

  Arkansas        --              --           --            --              --           --

  California      --              --           --            --              --           --

  Colorado        --              --           --            --              --           --

  Connecticut     31              --           --            8               0            0.0%

  Delaware        0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%

  District of     85              0            0.0%          1               0            0.0%
  Columbia                                                                                

  Florida         --              0            --            --              0            --

  Georgia         --              --           --            --              --           --

  Guam            180             26           14.4%         47              8            17.0%

  Hawaii          --              --           --            --              --           --

  Idaho           --              0            --            --              3            --

  Illinois        553             3            0.5%          341             1            0.3%

  Indiana         2,056           3            0.2%          191             0            0.0%

  Iowa            462             0            0.0%          141             0            0.0%

  Kansas          474             0            0.0%          124             1            0.8%

  Kentucky        --              --           --            --              --           --

  Louisiana       0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%

  Maine           --              --           --            --              --           --

  Maryland        --              --           --            --              --           --

  Massachusetts   --              --           --            --              --           --

  Michigan        507             4            0.8%          330             1            0.3%

  Minnesota       1,236           4            0.3%          522             4            0.8%

  Mississippi     --              --           --            --              --           --

  Missouri        1,008           5            0.5%          259             2            0.8%

  Montana         75              1            1.3%          2               --           --

  Nebraska        111             0            0.0%          29              0            0.0%

  Nevada          659             0            0.0%          20              0            0.0%

  New Hampshire   821             --           --            --              --           --

  New Jersey      0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%

  New Mexico      --              --           --            --              --           --

  New York        0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%

  North Carolina  97              9            9.3%          43              6            14.0%

  North Dakota    0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%

  Ohio            2,384           57           2.4%          970             17           1.8%

  Oklahoma        --              1            --            --              1            --

  Oregon          --              --           --            --              --           --

  Pennsylvania    0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%

  Puerto Rico     0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%

  Rhode Island    179             0            0.0%          57              0            0.0%

  South Carolina  4,969           58           1.2%          4,709           53           1.1%

  South Dakota    244             2            0.8%          60              0            0.0%

  Tennessee       478             16           3.4%          365             7            1.9%

  Texas           2,936           153          5.2%          1,973           117          5.9%

  Utah            173             3            1.7%          24              2            8.3%

  Vermont         --              --           --            --              --           --

  Virgin Islands  0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%

  Virginia        0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%

  Washington      --              0            --            --              0            --

  West Virginia   230             16           7.0%          118             16           13.6%

  Wisconsin       2,426           0            0.0%          157             0            0.0%

  Wyoming         --              --           --            --              --           --

  **Total (only   22,741          363          1.6%          10,811          236          2.2%
  states                                                                                  
  reporting                                                                               
  totals and                                                                              
  subject data)**                                                                         
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Data not available.

NOTE: For purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  **State**       **History                                  **Geography                                **Career/technical                
                  (secondary)**                              (secondary)**                              education                         
                                                                                                        (secondary)**                     
  --------------- --------------- ------------ ------------- --------------- ------------ ------------- -------------------- ------------ -------------
                  **\# teachers   **Teachers                 **\# teachers   **Teachers                 **\# teachers in     **Teachers   
                  in subject      on waivers**               in subject      on waivers**               subject area**       on Waivers** 
                  area**                                     area**                                                                       

                                  **Number**   **Percent**                   **Number**   **Percent**                        **Number**   **Percent**

  Alabama         1,920           15           0.8%          500             5            1.0%          2,172                17           0.8%

  Alaska          286             3            1.1%          36              0            0.0%          443                  2            0.5%

  Arizona         0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%          802                  0            0.0%

  Arkansas        --              --           --            --              --           --            2,085                4            0.2%

  California      --              --           --            --              --           --            3,637                18           0.5%

  Colorado        --              --           --            --              --           --            728                  121          16.6%

  Connecticut     2,342           7            0.3%          37              --           --            1,147                13           1.1%

  Delaware        0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%          460                  54           11.7%

  District of     86              30           34.9%         16              1            6.3%          38                   0            0.0%
  Columbia                                                                                                                                

  Florida         --              0            --            --              0            --            96,700               0            0.0%

  Georgia         --              --           --            --              --           --            4,843                232          4.8%

  Guam            0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%          75                   4            5.3%

  Hawaii          --              --           --            --              --           --            571                  33           5.8%

  Idaho           --              3            --            --              0            --            --                   30           --

  Illinois        3,107           24           0.8%          649             3            0.5%          5,618                526          9.4%

  Indiana         863             3            0.4%          228             0            0.0%          885                  14           1.6%

  Iowa            604             0            0.0%          46              0            0.0%          2,113                0            0.0%

  Kansas          2,444           0            0.0%          239             0            0.0%          2,883                0            0.0%

  Kentucky        --              --           --            --              --           --            3,100                27           0.9%

  Louisiana       0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%          254                  26           10.2%

  Maine           --              --           --            --              --           --            748                  81           10.8%

  Maryland        --              --           --            --              --           --            --                   --           --

  Massachusetts   4,250           71           1.7%          --              --           --            2,007                65           3.2%

  Michigan        1,576           7            0.4%          309             1            0.3%          1,852                842          45.5%

  Minnesota       3,427           11           0.3%          0               0            0.0%          7,491                1,725        23.0%

  Mississippi     --              --           --            --              --           --            --                   --           --

  Missouri        2,180           16           0.7%          571             8            1.4%          4,656                45           1.0%

  Montana         238             1            0.4%          35              1            2.9%          592                  11           1.9%

  Nebraska        776             0            0.0%          98              0            0.0%          653                  0            0.0%

  Nevada          552             0            0.0%          138             0            0.0%          1,077                0            0.0%

  New Hampshire   --              --           --            --              --           --            596                  --           --

  New Jersey      5,264           0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%          1,031                0            0.0%

  New Mexico      --              --           --            --              --           --            891                  2            0.2%

  New York        0               0             0.0%         0               0            0.0%          4,553                18           0.4%

  North Carolina  1,083           87           8.0%          0               0            0.0%          7,471                767          10.3%

  North Dakota    0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%          276                  7            2.5%

  Ohio            10,042          255          2.5%          399             9            2.3%          6,087                193          3.2%

  Oklahoma        --              0            --            --              0            --            --                   2            --

  Oregon          --              --           --            --              --           --            1,359                46           3.4%

  Pennsylvania    0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%          7,309                105          1.4%

  Puerto Rico     0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%          2,440                454          18.6%

  Rhode Island    107             2            1.9%          99              0            0.0%          170                  7            4.1%

  South Carolina  5,408           58           1.1%          4,683           53           1.1%          765                  0            0.0%

  South Dakota    649             4            0.6%          256             4            1.6%          37                   0            0.0%

  Tennessee       1,327           35           2.6%          862             12           1.4%          1,613                14           0.9%

  Texas           15,354          745          4.9%          5,060           348          6.9%          15,125               884          5.8%

  Utah            1,004           34           3.4%          361             42           11.6%         1,607                121          7.5%

  Vermont         --               --          --            --               --          --            --                   5            --

  Virgin Islands  78              67           85.9%         3               2            66.7%         134                  123          91.8%

  Virginia        0               0            0.0%          0               0            0.0%          4,199                3            0.1%

  Washington      --              1            --            --              0            --            --                   14           --

  West Virginia   1,636           17           1.0%          632             16           2.5%          2,382                117          4.9%

  Wisconsin       1,577           0            0.0%          217             0            0.0%          3,926                0            0.0%

  Wyoming         319             9            2.8%          --              --           --            440                  5            1.1%

  **Total (only   68,499          1,501        2.2%          15,437          505          3.3%          209,445              6,726        3.2%
  states                                                                                                                                  
  reporting                                                                                                                               
  totals and                                                                                                                              
  subject data)**                                                                                                                         
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-- Data not available.

NOTE: For purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

Appendix A4. Types of emergency or temporary licenses issued, by state:
2005

+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| **State**   | **Name of license**              | **Du     | **Times |
|             |                                  | ration** | rene    |
|             |                                  |          | wable** |
|             |                                  | **(in    |         |
|             |                                  | years)** |         |
+=============+==================================+==========+=========+
| Alabama     | Emergency Certificate            | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Alaska      | Special Education Waiver         | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Arizona     | Emergency Teaching Certificate   | 1        | Un      |
|             |                                  |          | limited |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Emergency Substitute Certificate | 1        | Un      |
|             |                                  |          | limited |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Arkansas    | Provisional Credential (1085)    | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Provisional Credential (1084)    | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Waiver                           | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Provisional Credential (1083)    | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Provisional Credential (1082)    | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Provisional Credential (1282)    | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| California  | Emergency Permit                 | 1        | 4       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Pre-Intern Certificate           | 1        | 1       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Credential Waiver---Variable     | 1        | 3       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Credential Waiver---Short Term   | 0.5      | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Colorado    | Authorization---Emergency        | 1        | 1       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Connecticut | Substitute Authorization---No BA | 1        | Not     |
|             |                                  |          | sp      |
|             |                                  |          | ecified |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Durational Shortage Area Permit  | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Temporary 90-Day Certificate     | 0.5      | 1       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Long-Term Substitutes            | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Delaware    | Emergency Certificate            | 3        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| District of | Provisional License              | 3        | 0       |
| Columbia    |                                  |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Georgia     | Nonrenewable certificate         | 5        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Permitted Personnel              | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Intern Certificate               | 2        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | International Exchange           | 3        | 0       |
|             | Certificates                     |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Guam        | Emergency certificate            | 1        | 3       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Provisional                      | 2        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Hawaii      | Emergency Hire                   | 1        | 3       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Idaho       | Misassignment                    | 1        | Un      |
|             |                                  |          | limited |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Alternative Route Program        | 3        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Consultant Specialist            | 1        | Un      |
|             |                                  |          | limited |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | American Board for the           | 3        | 0       |
|             | Certification of Teacher         |          |         |
|             | Excellence (ABCTE)               |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Letter of Authorization          | 1        | 3       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Illinois    | Visiting International Teaching  | 3        | 0       |
|             | Certificate                      |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Substitute Certificate           | 4        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Part-Time Provisional Vocational | 2        | Not     |
|             | Certificate                      |          | sp      |
|             |                                  |          | ecified |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Transitional Bilingual           | 6        | 1       |
|             | Certificate                      |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Provisional Vocational           | 2        | Not     |
|             | Certificate                      |          | sp      |
|             |                                  |          | ecified |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Indiana     | Emergency Permit                 | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Kansas      | Visiting Scholar License         | 1        | Un      |
|             |                                  |          | limited |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Kentucky    | Emergency Certificate            | 1        | Un      |
|             |                                  |          | limited |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Part-time Adjunct Instructor     | 1        | 0       |
|             | Certificate                      |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Conditional Certificate          | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Louisiana   | Temporary Authority to Teach     | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Temporary Employment Permit      | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Out-of-Field Authorization to    | 1        | 2       |
|             | Teach                            |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Maine       | Transitional                     | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Waiver                           | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Targeted Needs                   | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Conditional Certificate          | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Maryland    | Conditional Certificate          | 2        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Ma          | Waiver                           | 1        | Un      |
| ssachusetts |                                  |          | limited |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Michigan    | The Emergency Permit             | 1        | Not     |
|             |                                  |          | sp      |
|             |                                  |          | ecified |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Section 1233b Permit             | 1        | Not     |
|             |                                  |          | sp      |
|             |                                  |          | ecified |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Annual Vocational Authorization  | 1        | 8       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Emergency/Temporary Special      | 1        | Not     |
|             | Education                        |          | sp      |
|             |                                  |          | ecified |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | The Full-Year Permit             | 1        | Not     |
|             |                                  |          | sp      |
|             |                                  |          | ecified |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Minnesota   | Personnel Variances              | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Temporary Limited License        | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Commissioner Exemption for LEP   | 1        | Not     |
|             |                                  |          | sp      |
|             |                                  |          | ecified |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Non-licensed Community Experts   | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Waiver                           | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Mississippi | One Year Educator License        | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Missouri    | Temporary Authorization          | 1        | 3       |
|             | Certificate of License to Teach  |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Montana     | Emergency Authorization of       | 1        | 0       |
|             | Employment                       |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Nebraska    | Provisional Commitment Teaching  | 1        | 5       |
|             | Certificate                      |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Nevada      | Emergency Substitute Certificate | Not      | 0       |
|             |                                  | s        |         |
|             |                                  | pecified |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| New         | Intern License                   | 3        | 0       |
| Hampshire   |                                  |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Permission to Employ             | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| New Jersey  | Emergency Certificate            | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | County Substitute Certificate    | 3        | Un      |
|             |                                  |          | limited |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Conditional Certificate to Teach | 1        | 4       |
|             | a World Language                 |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Provisional Certificate          | 2        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| New Mexico  | Certificates of Waiver           | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| North       | Lateral Entry Licenses           | 3        | 0       |
| Carolina    |                                  |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Emergency Permits                | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Temporary Permits                | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Alternative Entry Licenses       | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Provisional Licenses             | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| North       | Interim/Emergency License        | 1        | Not     |
| Dakota      |                                  |          | sp      |
|             |                                  |          | ecified |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Ohio        | Conditional Permit               | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Provision for Teaching under     | 2        | 0       |
|             | House Bill 196                   |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Temporary Teaching License---One | 1        | 0       |
|             | year                             |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Temporary teaching license       | 1        | 4       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Oklahoma    | Emergency Certificate            | Not      | 0       |
|             |                                  | s        |         |
|             |                                  | pecified |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Oregon      | Limited Teaching License         | 3        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Restricted Transitional License  | 3        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Emergency Teaching License       | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Transitional License             | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| P           | Emergency Permits                | 1        | Not     |
| ennsylvania |                                  |          | sp      |
|             |                                  |          | ecified |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Puerto Rico | Transitional Provisional         | 1        | 5       |
|             | Certificate (Certificado         |          |         |
|             | Transitorio Provisional)         |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Rhode       | Emergency                        | 1        | Un      |
| Island      |                                  |          | limited |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| South       | International Certificate        | 1        | 3       |
| Carolina    |                                  |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Internship Certificate           | 1        | 1       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Temporary Certificate            | 1        | 1       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| South       | One Year                         | 1        | 1       |
| Dakota      |                                  |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Tennessee   | Interim B License                | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Permit                           | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Waiver                           | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Texas       | Temporary Teacher Certificate    | 2        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Nonrenewable Permit              | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Emergency Permit                 | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Temporary Exemption Permit       | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Probationary Certificate         | 1        | 2       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Temporary Classroom Assignment   | 1        | 0       |
|             | Permit                           |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Utah        | Letter of Authorization to       | 1        | 2       |
|             | Employ                           |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | State Approved Endorsement       | 2        | 1       |
|             | Program (SAEP)                   |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Vermont     | Emergency License                | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Provisional Licenses             | 2        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Virgin      | Emergency Certification          | 1        | 5       |
| Islands     |                                  |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Virginia    | Local Eligibility License        | 3        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Washington  | Emergency certificate            | 1        | 0       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Conditional certificate          | 2        | Un      |
|             |                                  |          | limited |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| West        | Long-Term Substitute Waiver      | 1        | 0       |
| Virginia    |                                  |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | First Class Permit for Full-Time | 1        | 4       |
|             | Employment                       |          |         |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Out-of-Field Authorization       | 1        | Not     |
|             |                                  |          | sp      |
|             |                                  |          | ecified |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Wisconsin   | Permit                           | 1        | Un      |
|             |                                  |          | limited |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Emergency License                | 1        | Un      |
|             |                                  |          | limited |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
| Wyoming     | Collaboration                    | 1        | 3       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Transitional Certificates        | 1        | 3       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+
|             | Temporary Employment Permit      | 1        | 3       |
+-------------+----------------------------------+----------+---------+

NOTE: For purposes of this table, the term "state" refers to the 50
states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and outlying areas.

Iowa, Florida and New York do not issue emergency or temporary licenses
and are not included in this table.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Higher Education Act Title II
Reporting System, 2005.

[^1]: Under *HEA* Title II, a program completer is defined as a person
    who has met all the requirements of a state-approved teacher
    preparation program. Program completers include all those who are
    documented as having met such requirements. Documentation may take
    the form of a degree, institutional certificate, program credential,
    transcript or other written proof of having met the program's
    requirements. In applying this definition, the fact that an
    individual has or has not been recommended to the state for initial
    certification or licensure may *not* be used as a criterion.

[^2]: Feistritzer, C.E., *Profile of Alternative Route Teachers,*
    Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Information, 2005.

[^3]: The number of institutions (and hence program completers) reported
    by states through the *HEA* Title II reporting system is
    underrepresented for two reasons. First, institutions from the 10
    states that in 2003--04 did not have testing programs for
    certification (Ala., Idaho, Iowa, Mont., Neb., S.D., Utah, Wash.,
    Wis., Wyo.) are not included in the pass rate data, which are the
    source of the institutional counts. Second, institutions with fewer
    than 10 completers are excluded from reporting due to
    confidentiality concerns.

[^4]: Estimates of both the number of alternative route programs and of
    individuals completing these programs vary among data sources. This
    is primarily due to how organizations define what constitutes an
    alternative route. For the *HEA* Title II data collection, an
    alternative route is defined by each state, so there is little
    comparability of these routes across states. Further, states provide
    descriptions of their alternative route programs, rather than
    specific projects. Some states include recruiting mechanisms, such
    as Troops to Teachers, as alternative routes to teacher
    certification; other states do not. In addition, some states report
    umbrella programs that are individually implemented at postsecondary
    institutions or school districts and are likely to differ somewhat
    from one another, such as California's District Intern Program.

[^5]: The *HEA* Title II data collection does not specifically ask for
    the total number of alternative route completers by program or by
    state, thus the total number of alternative route completers
    reported in the pass rate data is used as a substitute. This number
    likely undercounts the number of alternative route completers in
    those states that allow certification by means of prior expertise
    (such as a major) in their teaching field.

[^6]: Many institutions require prospective teachers to pass a basic
    skills assessment for program admission. States are not required to
    report on basic skills assessments used for admission purposes only
    (i.e., not used for certification or licensure). For this reason,
    the number of basic skills assessments required of prospective
    teaching candidates may be underreported.

[^7]: The technical definition of a waiver---a temporary or emergency
    license permitting a teacher to teach without full certification or
    licensure---was changed between the 2003 and 2004 reporting years.
    As a result, waiver data collected prior to 2004 cannot be compared
    with data collected in 2003--04 and later years (see later in this
    section).

[^8]: High-poverty districts are determined using the quartile of the
    highest percentage of children living in poverty based on estimates
    generated by the Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE)
    program. Low-poverty school districts are defined as all other
    districts in the state.

[^9]: Under *HEA* Title II, waivers from state certification or
    licensure are defined as: the number of classroom teachers (by
    specified content areas) teaching in a school year with a temporary,
    provisional or emergency permit, license or other authorization that
    permits an individual to teach in a public school classroom without
    having received an initial certificate or license from that state.
    Those teachers participating in alternate routes who meet the
    criteria for being highly qualified under *NCLB* are excluded from
    being counted as on a waiver. Teachers who are short- or long-term
    substitute teachers (as defined by the state), are excluded, but
    regular full-time or part-time classroom teachers are included.

[^10]: As provided under *HEA* Title II, Section 208, states determine
    the definitions and criteria for "at risk" and "low performing"
    teacher preparation programs.

[^11]: At least 44 states have adopted or integrated criteria developed
    by groups such as the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher
    Education (NCATE), Teacher Education Accreditation Council (TEAC),
    and Interstate New Teacher Assessment and Support Consortium
    (INTASC). Thirty-two states reported that NCATE standards were used
    to assess teacher preparation programs in their state, while core
    standards developed by INTASC were used by 15 states.

[^12]: National Center for Education Statistics (2005), *Nation's Report
    Card: Reading 2005,* Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education.