**STS-80 Earth Observations Debrief Captions**

**Kim Willis**

**[Slide Id]{.underline} [Caption]{.underline}**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Changes in Kuwait burn scars from 1991 to         |
| STS080-733-019** | present.                                          |
|                  |                                                   |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS080-756-066** |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS044-75-027** |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS055-92-075** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Gosses Bluff impact crater, Northern Territory,   |
| STS080-722-009** | Australia. Gosses Bluff is a complex crater with  |
|                  | a diameter of 22 km and is approximately 142      |
| **               | millions years old.                               |
| STS080-728-023** |                                                   |
|                  | Lonar impact crater is a simple crater located on |
|                  | the Deccan Plateau of west central India. The     |
|                  | crater is 1.8 km in diameter and is approximately |
|                  | 62,000 years old.                                 |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Ayers Rock, Northern Territory, Australia. This   |
| STS080-722-081** | monolith rises 335 m above the plain, is 3.6 km   |
|                  | long and 2 km wide.                               |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS080-729-051** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Cairo and the Pyramids of Egypt.                  |
| STS080-749-031** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | State of shuttle windows for Earth observations.  |
| STS080-346-017** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

**Dave Amsbury**

  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  **STS080-719-82**    Salalah, Oman. There are striking contrasts between
                       the drainage on the north side of the coastal range,
                       and the steep face draining into the Indian Ocean.
                       Compare the dry, brown vegetation to the green
                       landscape seen in STS069-710-084

  **STS069-710-083**   Salalah, Oman in September, 1984 - green vegetation
                       suggests recent rainfall and/or stratus-cloud
                       condensation on vegetation.

  **STS080-719-043**   Ramora Island, west coast of Burma. Partial forest
                       clearing highlights hills made of folded bedrock, as
                       well as mangrove swamps formed on tidal flats.

  **STS080-772-044**   Rio Doce, Brazil in color infrared.

                       

  **STS080-725-014**   Punta da Balea, town of Caravelas, and Arquipelago
                       des Abrolhos, Brazil.

  **STS080-772-042**   Punta da Balleo, Brazil in color infrared.

                       

  **STS080-734-052**   Chari River drainage, showing former water courses
                       southeast of Lake Chad.
  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  **STS080-722-039**   Shark Bay, Western Australia. There is a striking
                       juxtaposition of desert with stabilized sand dunes,
                       the delta of an ephemeral stream, and shallow-marine
                       carnbonate sediments.

                       

  **STS080-769-002**   Himalayan front in color infrared; the vegetation
                       highlights different drainage patterns.
  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

**W. R. Muehlberger**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Wide-angle views of Iran and eastward, showing    |
| *STS080-762-69** | the entire Makran region, the Lut block           |
|                  | (east-central Iran), the Chaman fault zone, and   |
| *                | the Suleiman range.                               |
| *STS080-762-70** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Exceptional detail of the southern Lut block of   |
| *STS080-752-38** | Iran. Eastward view of Kuh-e-Bazman, one of the   |
|                  | rare volcanoes of this region.                    |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | The central Makran region of southern Iran, near  |
| *STS080-752-43** | the Gudri River. Sedimentary strata that were     |
|                  | originally deposited in deep marine waters have   |
|                  | been uplifted and folded into the ranges of the   |
|                  | Makran. In this beautifully detailed view,        |
|                  | individual rock layers can be traced in the       |
|                  | folds, and discrete stream channels on the        |
|                  | coalescing alluvial fans can be followed to the   |
|                  | valley floors.                                    |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Everest                                           |
| *STS080-732-72** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Anapurna                                          |
| *STS080-739-72** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Uncommonly sharp views of the southern Himalayan  |
| *STS080-707-93** | foothills that illustrate drainage adjustments to |
|                  | the ongoing uplift of the mountains and clearly   |
| **(Lumiere       | delineate deforested areas.                       |
| film)**          |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS080-770-76** |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| **(color         |                                                   |
| infrared film)** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | The Eastern Syntaxis of the Himalaya, where the   |
| *STS080-754-26** | mountain ranges abruptly change to a southerly    |
|                  | trend, as do several of the great Asian rivers.   |
|                  | The Tibetan Plateau stretches away in the         |
|                  | distance.                                         |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                | Southward view of the high plateau east of Yamzho |
| *STS080-757-42** | Yumco (lake), where the upper Brahmaputra leaves  |
|                  | its braided plain and enters a 125-km-long gorge. |
|                  | One of a remarkable sequence of frames that       |
|                  | follows the river eastward from the Tibetan       |
|                  | Plateau, through the Eastern Syntaxis, back to    |
|                  | the west down the broad valley of northeastern    |
|                  | India, to the Bangladesh border where it again    |
|                  | turns south.                                      |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

**Pat Dickerson**

  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  **STS080-704-22**    Sierra Madre Oriental (Nuevo Leon, Mexico near
                       Monterey) formed about 60 million years ago, when
                       one of the crustal plates of the Pacific collided
                       with what is now western Mexico. Beneath the massive
                       limestone layers, which are now buckled up into the
                       ridges of the Sierra, were thick layers of rock salt
                       and other evaporite minerals. Salt behaves
                       plastically when even minor stress is applied; here
                       it has allowed the overlying slabs of rigid rock to
                       rumple like a rug and has flowed into the cores of
                       the steep-sided ranges.

                       

  **STS080-711-36**    Potrero Garcia and Potrero La Mula are breached
                       salt-cored folds immediately north of the Sierra and
                       Monterey. Individual limestone layers can be
                       resolved in this beautifully detailed view, as can
                       the tilt of the layers outward from the center of
                       the fold (anticline). Most of the salt has been
                       eroded from the core of the structure, but what
                       remains is now being mined. In Las Grutas de Garcia
                       (Garcia Caverns) the limestone bedrock has been
                       dissolved and both limestone and gypsum formations
                       decorate the cave.

                       

  **STS080-734-33**    Zagros Mountains, southern Iran. The Zagros is
                       another range where bedded rock salt and other
                       evaporite minerals have figured importantly in the
                       deformation of great folded mountain ranges. As in
                       the Sierra Madre Oriental, these broad,
                       low-amplitude folds also have evaporites in the
                       cores; in addition, discrete salt domes (circular or
                       oval) can be seen among the Iranian ranges.

  **STS080-733-27**    Salt dome and glacier, southern Iran. With a slab of
                       caprock preserved on top, this salt dome has
                       breached the land surface. Gravitational force is
                       sufficient to induce downslope flow of rock salt to
                       produce salt glaciers, such as that seen here.

                       

  **STS080-751-033**   Afar region (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti) \-- the
                       junction of the Red Sea, Ethiopian and Gulf of Aden
                       rifts. The NNW-trending faults of the Red Sea system
                       and NE-trending faults of the Ethiopian rift lie at
                       angles of \~120 degrees to those of the Gulf of Aden
                       complex (the direction of view for this photograph).
                       This rift-rift-rift triple junction, and the active
                       volcanism in the region, reflect stretching of the
                       Earth\'s crust above a rising plume of hot mantle
                       material \-- the Afar plume.
  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

  ------------------- ---------------------------- -----------------------
  **STS080-752-15**   Sinai Peninsula (Egypt). Low 
                      sun angle and excellent      
                      focus reveal details of      
                      three prominent sets of      
                      faults and fractures (and    
                      subordinate ones) in the     
                      600- to 500-million-year-old 
                      bedrock of the Sinai         
                      Peninsula. Displacement as   
                      great as 4,000 m is          
                      documented on faults in the  
                      southwest. Younger, more     
                      northerly faults crosscut    
                      those of northeasterly and   
                      northwesterly trend; the     
                      younger faults reflect a     
                      change in the direction of   
                      extension in the Red Sea     
                      rift from NE (55 degrees) at 
                      \~25 million years ago to    
                      almost N (10-20 degrees) at  
                      present.                     

                                                   

  **STS080-741-40**   Chew Bahir lake and northern 
                      Lake Turkana (Kenya). This   
                      is an exceptionally clear    
                      nadir view of the junction   
                      of the southern Ethiopian    
                      rift and northern Turkana    
                      rift. About 400,000 cubic km 
                      of lavas have been erupted   
                      in the Ethiopian rift over   
                      the past 43 million years.   
                      Young, very black lava flows 
                      can be seen where the        
                      north-trending faults of the 
                      Turkana rift intersect the   
                      northeast-trending faults of 
                      the Ethiopian complex;       
                      abrupt doglegs in faults and 
                      drainages can also be seen.  
                      A rift intersection is       
                      commonly topographically low 
                      and may be marshy or contain 
                      a pond or lake such as Chew  
                      Bahir; the Afar depression   
                      (above) is a far larger      
                      example.                     

                                                   

  **STS080-739-22**   Erta Ale volcano and vents,  
                      Ethiopia. The vents of Erta  
                      Ale are aligned along the    
                      axial fault system of the    
                      Danakil segment of the Red   
                      Sea rift, which is extending 
                      at a rate of 20 mm per year. 
                      This excellent photo permits 
                      discrimination of separate   
                      vents and flows along the    
                      fissure. Vast volcanic rift  
                      plateaus, such as the        
                      Ethiopian plateau, are       
                      constructed of flows from    
                      such fissures, as well as    
                      from lavas issuing from      
                      major volcanoes like         
                      Kilamanjaro and Ngorongoro.  
                      The pile of lava flows in    
                      this area is from 1500 to    
                      3000 meters thick.           

                                                   

  **STS080-740-51**   Yulongxue Shan (Hangduan     
                      Shan range, western Yunnan   
                      Province, near the           
                      India/Burma/China border     
                      junction). One of many       
                      south-trending mountain      
                      masses in this region,       
                      Yulongxue Shan rises to      
                      18,800\' and the course of   
                      the Yangtze River is sharply 
                      deflected around the         
                      prominence. As with the main 
                      ranges of the Himalaya,      
                      these have been uplifted in  
                      response to the collision of 
                      India with the Asian         
                      continent; along the eastern 
                      margin of the Indian block,  
                      the trend of the ranges      
                      changes from easterly to     
                      southerly. There is also     
                      lateral movement on the      
                      long, steeply inclined       
                      faults bounding the ranges,  
                      as blocks are crowded out to 
                      the southeast during the     
                      continued northward march of 
                      India.                       

                                                   

  **STS 80-759-082                                 
  (70-mm) and STS                                  
  80-363-1 (35 mm)**                               
  ------------------- ---------------------------- -----------------------

**Cindy Evans**

  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  **STS080-706-047**   Pinatubo after 1996 monsoons

                       

  **STS080-749-019**   Rabaul harbor

  **STS080-749-022**   Rabaul harbor

                       

  **STS080-749-017**   Manam volcano, with plume

  **STS080-769-046**   Manam volcano (CIR)

                       

  **STS080-725-005**   Popocateptl, Mexico, with volcanic plume

  **STS080-759-044**   Popocateptl, Mexico

                       

  **STS080-760-015**   Mauna Kea, Hawaii

                       

  **STS080-709-098**   Florida Bay, 250mm view

                       

  **STS080-742-066**   Great Bahama Bank
  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

**Justin Wilkinson**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Mozambique coast with biomass burning and smoke   |
| STS080-742-027** | embedded in afternoon sea breeze --- CIR (12/02)  |
|                  |                                                   |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS080-769-118** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Mozambique coast with biomass burning and smoke   |
| STS080-742-051** | embedded in afternoon sea breeze (12/03)          |
|                  |                                                   |
| **               | Zambezi River mouth CIR                           |
| STS080-768-048** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Lower Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) valley:         |
| STS080-736-073** |                                                   |
|                  | panorama looking NW                               |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS080-736-075** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China              |
| STS080-706-077** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Southern border of Kuwait                         |
| STS080-733-022** |                                                   |
|                  | Kuwait's entire border visible---panorama         |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS080-734-029** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Namibia/Angola border; dust plume offshore        |
| STS080-703-011** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | New agricultural patterns in Saudi Arabia         |
| STS080-759-087** |                                                   |
|                  | Wind streaks trailing off a road in Western       |
| **               | Sahara, NW Africa                                 |
| STS080-763-059** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Desert installations in eastern Oman              |
| STS080-707-081** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Narrow smog corridors streaming north from the    |
| STS080-746-063** | Nile delta                                        |
|                  |                                                   |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS080-746-064** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Smog streaming south from Bangkok, Thailand       |
| STS080-746-022** |                                                   |
|                  | Smog streaming east from Hangzhou (Hangchow),     |
| **               | Zhejiang Province, China --- CIR                  |
| STS080-770-020** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Smog along the west coast of Taiwan               |
| STS080-744-025** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Central Valley (with San Jose city), Costa Rica   |
| STS080-725-010** |                                                   |
|                  | Tempisque River valley, NW Costa Rica             |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS080-725-009** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Betsiboka River estuary                           |
| STS080-741-066** |                                                   |
|                  | Vegetation on man-induced delta---Sobradinho      |
| **               |                                                   |
| STS080-771-061** | Reservoir, Sao Franciso River, NE Brazil --- CIR  |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | South Africa panorama, looking SW                 |
| STS080-742-093** |                                                   |
|                  | Thunderstorms in 3D---Northern Territory,         |
| **               | Australia                                         |
| STS080-744-062** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

**Joe Caruana**

  ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  **STS080-706-39**   Pearl and Hermes Reef These reefs are part of the
                      Hawaiian Islands. They are protected habitats.

  **STS080-706-64**   French Frigate Shoals

                      

  **STS080-771-12**   Laguna de Terminos and Cuidad del Carmen in CIR and
                      color visible. These two frames were take 19 seconds
                      apart and show the differences between the two film
                      types.

                      

  **STS080-733-28**   Qshem Island. The Island sits in the Mouth of the
                      Strait of Hormuz. There are 3 ports on the mainland
                      as well as a major runway.

  **STS080-762-68**   An overview of the entire Strait of Hormuz showing
                      Qshem Island in context.

                      

  **STS080-753-03**   The Northern coast of Cuba showing a pipeline route.

  **STS080-753-01**   Zapata peninsula
  ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

**Sue Runco**

  ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  **STS080-760-96**   Smog pall line from Taiwan

  **STS080-706-42**   Multilayer clouds with limb terminator

                      

  **STS080-708-53**   Sunglint, Bilge dump, eddies along the coast of the
                      Yucatan Pen., edge of Florida loop current

  **STS080-725-17**   Sunglint, internal wave packets into coast

                      

  **STS080-725-68**   Plankton bloom and reefs

  **STS080-726-30**   Plankton bloom

                      

  **STS080-728-51**   Collapsing and collapsed thunderstorms

  **STS080-730-20**   Double vortex in eye of hurricane

                      

  **STS080-733-37**   Sunglint, eddies, currents

  **STS080-709-36**   

                      

  **STS080-749-27**   Islands not in sunglint

  **STS080-749-26**   Islands in sunglint
  ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

**Mary F McKay**

+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Kuala Lumpur, capital of Malaysia, containing the |
| STS080-711-003** | tallest building in the world.                    |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Nearby Singapore(best yet)                        |
| STS080-711-005** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Haiphong, Vietnam. Port city for the capital,     |
| STS080-7020-39** | Hanoi(best yet)                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | New Orleans(even better than STS034-74-001        |
| STS080-738-017** |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| **STS034-74-001  |                                                   |
| 35mm**           |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Mobile (better than STS040-88-00BQ)               |
| STS080-738-021** |                                                   |
|                  |                                                   |
| **STS040-88-00BQ |                                                   |
| 35mm**           |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | Jacksonville, Florida in CIR                      |
| STS080-768-018** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| *                |                                                   |
| *STS056-76-021** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
|                  |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | San Luis Potoì in CVIS (in sequence somewhere     |
| STS080-718-013** | between Baja and Yucatàn; STS080-702-095 in       |
|                  | sequence between Aguascalientes and Monterrey)    |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+
| **               | San Luis Potosì in CIR                            |
| STS080-771-003** |                                                   |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+

  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  **STS080-706-014**   Monterrey, Mexico, with smog

                       

  **STS080-702-023**   Monterrey in context of the mountains

  **STS080-702-024**   Monterrey in context of Texas coast

                       

  **STS080-744-007**   Kathmandu, capital of Nepal, in context

                       

  **STS080-703-061**   Thimbu, capital, and all of Bhutan in context of
                       Himalayas. See part of ONC H-10. Note the Sankosh
                       River, which flows from south of Yang-Cho-Yung Hu
                       (\"Sickle\" Lake) and Pu-Mo-Tso (oval lake) down to
                       the Brahmaputra, where it turns south to meet the
                       Ganges. Thimbu is on a notch in the river of the
                       same name, which turns into the Wong Chu at the
                       junction below the capital \"city\" and then flows
                       in parallel with the Sankosh into the Brahmaputra.

  **STS080-709-003**   Thimbu, \"closeup\"
  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

**Kam Lulla**

  ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------
  **STS080-706-89**   Gulf of Kutch

  **STS080-758-52**   Asian lion habitat

                      

  **STS080-768-21**   Omo Delta (cir)

  **STS080-741-38**   Omo Delta (color visible)

                      

  **STS080-769-02**   Habitat fragmentation (cir)

  **STS080-707-94**   Habitat fragmentation
  ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------