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July 14, 2005

To: Tim Cox and the Civil UAV Workshop Participants

Following are the session notes from your two days together.

I have taken the liberty of identifying a few "Key Themes" that emerge
across the three Workgroups. Doubtless there are additional themes
contained in the technical portions of the work that will be relevant
for future work.

There is a tremendous amount of information here -- I recommend you take
the time to revisit the various conversations the respective Workgroups
had during the workshop to compare perspectives and extract value from
each.

I wish you all the best as you move into the future.

John Riordan

Civil UAV Workshop

July 6-7, 2005

-   Key Themes . . . . . . . . 2

Workgroup Notes

-   Border Patrol 1 . . . . . . . . 4

-   Border Patrol 2 . . . . . . . . 14

-   Merged Workgroup . . . . . . . 31

-   Glossary . . . . . . . . . 44

-   Participant Contacts . . . . . . . 47

Key Themes

*(Across Workgroups)*

Critical issues/capabilities for future UAV system effectiveness:

In order to maximize the effectiveness of future UAV systems, a number
of key issues must be resolved, and several fundamental capabilities
must be further developed:

-   Access to the NAS remains the most critical barrier to effective
    utilization of UAV systems

-   Over-the-horizon communications will greatly expand capabilities and
    reduce costs

-   Interoperability / consistent standards across agencies is critical
    for establishing an integrated "system of systems"

-   Capability to fly in all weather will maximize UAV effectiveness

-   Plug-and-play sensors will support multi-purpose, flexible UAV
    systems

-   Survivability (capability to withstand attack) is critical in
    anticipation of increasingly sophisticated enemy capabilities

-   Autonomous data processing decreases dependency on data links

-   Drop-sonde (mother-daughter ship) capabilities expand UAV systems
    applications and capabilities

Future role of UAV systems:

As part of a comprehensive system-of-systems, future UAV systems will
support the maximization of other ground, air and satellite-based assets
through:

-   Performing "dull, dirty, and/or dangerous" missions (e.g. WMD
    situations)

-   Increasing situational awareness (increases officer safety)

-   Providing long-endurance, broad-area surveillance and monitoring

-   Accessing remote locations

-   Carrying out covert operations

-   Supporting communications

-   Distinguishing between friend and foe

-   Accurately identifying and tracking high-value targets

-   Increasing maritime awareness

Key Themes (cont.)

Major cost factors:

Several factors contribute to the current high cost of UAV operations:

-   Insurance

-   Recurring operational costs

-   Certification

-   Communication links

-   Support personnel

-   Competition is insufficient to drive down costs

Cost-reduction factors:

Several key developments would greatly reduce the cost of operations of,
or increase the return on investment in, UAV systems in the future:

-   Access to the NAS would greatly expand the market for UAV systems,
    which will in turn lead to economies of scale in R&D, production and
    operation

-   "Business cases" linking UAV systems utilization to mission impact
    would define return on investment for key Agencies

-   Increased data processing autonomy will reduce dependence on costly
    data/communication links and manual processing

-   Increased sensor miniaturization and capabilities will increase UAV
    systems capabilities

**[Border Patrol 1]{.underline}**

**Assumptions**

-   Budget not an issue

**Parking Lot**

-   All weather!

-   FAA concerns (access to NAS)

-   Launch/Recovery regiments

1.  **Future Scan (2015):**

-   *Major, high level trends (technical, sociological, or otherwise)
    that will impact the over-all responsibilities (see Handout) of our
    mission focus:*

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-   Gaining airspace access

    -   Safety of flight, sense-and-avoid capability, COA (public &
        private), regulatory (certifications, pilot/platform),
        FAA-approved process that provides access to airspace as mission
        timeline demands

-   Processes to approve technologies (i.e. sense-and-avoid) vs. speed
    of technology development

-   Define equivalent level of safety or some de-confliction standard

-   Covert night operations

-   All-weather capability

-   Maintain process to Nextgen NAS

-   Develop Civil UAV plan and system integration

-   Airborne border penetration uses

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-   *Key ways in which our long-term focus is different from our
    short-term focus:*

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-   Getting immediate access to NAS before FAA finalizes standards
    (using existing technologies and capabilities)

-   Need bridge plan for FAA standards and processes or plan

-   Redirect some focus for ACCESS 5 to lower altitude region

-   Look at current COA processes for other applications

-   Define mission system needs (data management, distribution,
    security, conops, communication, etc.)

-   Budget constraints limits implementation and R&D options

-   Over the horizon communication

-   Improved weather forecasting

2.  **Future Mission Success*: ****What we hope to achieve in ten years'
    time for these responsibilities (see Handout); What, specifically,
    "success" will look like in the long term for us:*

-   Detect, identify and track 100% of border crossing incidents
    (incursions: drugs, migrants, etc.)

-   Complete 24/7 airborne border coverage (goal)

-   Determine the appropriate mission niche for UAV's

3.  **Future Role of UAV Systems (2015*):*** *Identify how UAV Systems
    help us achieve mission success:*

-   Situational awareness (increases Officer safety)

-   Infrastructure protection and support

-   Search & Rescue

-   Weather and radiological/chemical/biological detection and reporting

-   Border security (detection & surveillance)

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-   Tracking tail numbers of aircraft incursions (currently AMO)

-   Increasing Maritime Domain Awareness (identify & track) (DoD/DHS;
    currently USCG)

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-   Communications repeater

4.  **Mission Function Implications:** *Based on the above information,
    any current mission functions (see Handout) that will likely be
    eliminated or modified; Any new mission functions:*

-   Potential for CBR (chemical/biological/radiological) detection

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-   *How future UAV systems factor into the mission functions outlined
    for our focus area:*

**[Border and Customs Protection Mission Functions]{.underline}**

The primary border security operational functions include:

1)  Operating ports of entry to ensure immigration and customs laws and
    regulations are observed by persons and material entering the
    country through these authorized entry points

-   *No specific role identified for UAV except with credible, specific
    intelligence*

2)  Monitoring border areas between ports of entry to detect
    unauthorized entry by immigration and customs violators attempting
    to bypass legal ports of entry. (These areas include both land and
    maritime/coastal borders and their associated airspace.)

-   Part of Systems of Systems approach (a tool to monitor the areas
    between the ports of entry to identify violators of borders)

    -   Doesn't replace current means; it augments these

    -   Enables long endurance surveillance

    -   Provides persistent, broad area perspective (situational
        awareness) used to better coordinate other assets (facilitates
        better command and control)

    -   Provides better platform for covert operations than currently
        available

3)  Tracking border violators to determine scope of illegal activity and
    third party involvement

-   Persistent surveillance capability/evidence & intelligence gathering
    (SIGINT/HUMINT)

-   Persistent surveillance capability to develop investigations (ICE)

-   Vehicle/target identification

-   Identify friend or foe/situational awareness

-   Direct resources efficiently/appropriately

4)  Intercepting smuggled goods and apprehending violators

-   *Mission functions 2, 3, & 4 are closely related and will use the
    same responses.*

5)  Investigating illegal arms exports, narcotics smuggling, immigration
    fraud, and other violations

6)  Monitoring the border for tunnels used for smuggling and
    unauthorized entry

7)  Conducting intelligence activities and trend analyses

***5.* Select three mission functions where future UAV systems could
have the greatest impact on mission success.**

**Mission function:­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­**

2)  Monitoring border areas between ports of entry to detect
    unauthorized entry by immigration and customs violators attempting
    to bypass legal ports of entry. (These areas include both land and
    maritime/coastal borders and their associated airspace.)

-   *Describe the phenomena you want to observe. Describe what you need
    to measure.*

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-   Detect all cross-border illicit activity (people, & methods of
    conveyance: autos, aircraft, boats, ATV, vehicles, etc)

-   Detect illicit material or weapons

-   Hazardous material (CBR)

-   Surface change detection

-   Target recognition (facial, biometrics, license plates, individual
    vehicles)

-   Real-time in-the-field target assessment/criminal history check to
    field officers

-   Real-time communications and data from UAV as well as database

-   Decision support/threat prioritization tools

6.  **Requirements Definition of future UAV System Technology (2015)**

    a.  *Specifically what are the measurement or observation
        requirements (Ex. resolution, sampling rates)?*

-   2 hour revisit for 5-mile swath (foot traffic)

-   Geo-rectification (3m target location)

-   Situational awareness of 5-mile radius(constant recognition)

-   Identify objects (weapons) as small as hand-weapons

-   All weather/all-terrain (sensor & platform)

-   Plumes, aerosols, radiative, heat (covert stand-off vs. in situ),
    chemical signatures (sniffers) -- identifying whether substance is
    toxic or not, etc.

-   Detect paths in grass/dirt (geometric & moisture)

-   Facial features (.25") & license plates (.25")

    a.  *What other cross-cutting mission objectives could be impacted
        by this new measurement / observation capability?*

-   Weather/biomass/CBR/air quality

-   Investigation support (ICE)

-   Fire detection/lights/campfire

-   Search & rescue

-   Cooperative engagement with OGA's (local & fed)

-   Tech transfer

-   Geo-mapping

    a.  *What are the instrument / payload characteristics (type,
        weight, volume, environmental considerations, and access such as
        sampling or viewing ports)*

-   Miniaturization

-   Autonomy

-   Data archiving & distribution (security)

-   Remote sensing through clouds, foliage & aerosols

-   Data processing speed (on-board/ground) as close to real-time as
    possible

-   Detection in various sea states/GMTI

-   Geo-thermal (snow mobile over frozen lake)

-   Multi-spectral/hyper-spectral as required

-   300lb minimum current requirement

-   Remote sensing and in situ

    a.  *What are the flight characteristics (location, altitude,
        endurance, season, frequency, etc.)?*

-   Tactical

-   Hand launch/no airfield

-   \<400' altitude

-   2-4 hr

-   Recoverable, ruggedized

-   Back-packable & reusable

-   All-season

-   Rudimentary operations/minimal specialized training

-   Field fuel replenishing

-   Sound detection (whisper level)

-   Broad area surveillance

-   24/7 persistence

-   Multiple payloads (various sensors, comm repeater,
    database/computer)

-   Multi-day

-   Altitude sensor dependent, but higher altitude helps covertness

    a.  *What are the communications needs (such as real-time data or
        instrument control)? What are the desired data rates?*

-   Security (comm. & control) (tamper proof protection)

-   Protocol for multi-user access and control of sensors

-   Real-time signals and video to interpreter/user/analysis

-   Acceptable compression without compromising speed or definition

-   Common data link -- compatible with selective partners
    (interoperability)

-   Separate command & control/data links

    a.  *What automation or intelligent mission management capabilities
        benefit these measurements?*

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-   Automated Smart systems (auto differentiation/identification)

-   Concurrent sensor operation & downlink

-   Automated take-off & landing

-   Sensor driven platforms/platform adaptive

-   Anomaly notification

-   Target identification friend & foe

    a.  *Other:*

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-   Protection from small arms fire/SAM

-   Detection of observation

-   Return fire capability

-   Increased autonomy

-   Sense and avoid

7.  **Mission Scenarios:**

-   *Describe how the improved or new measurements/observations would
    impact our day-to-day ability to achieve mission success:*

    a.  *What are several scenarios in which this mission would play out
        using measurement approaches enabled by future UAV systems?*

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-   Currently don't identify, detect & track 100% illegal border
    incursions

-   Provides for better security for the agents

-   Cross-border activity detection (such as staging) broad area

-   Resource allocation decision making

-   Identify incursion activity and threat (individuals and weapons)

    a.  *Provide a narrative describing a "day-in-the-life" of this
        future mission.*

> Scenario 1:

-   Broad area platform detects cross-border activity that is received
    at the Regional Command Center.

-   Area supervisor dispatches resources and directs platform sensor
    operations.

-   System identifies individuals via facial features and weapons (types
    and location).

-   Marks individual with weapons & tracks them.

-   System has also sensed for hazardous material and determined whether
    there is a hazard and marks/tracks.

-   Also picks up sigint.

-   Systems tracks and monitors individuals throughout detection,
    identification and apprehension activities.

> Scenario 2:

-   Tactical platform is hand launched 2 hrs by BORTAC team prior to
    serving search warrant on known drug lord residence (obtains
    situational awareness).

-   BORTAC team observes activity through obstacles such as sound and
    individuals and locations within facility to identify threats and
    hazards (such as BDD).

-   Identify other activity in local area.

-   Transmits and records all data real time to BORTAC and control
    center and monitors the situation as the warrant is served and
    inform all the agents involved throughout the activity (such as
    individuals egressing through alternate means).

-   Also identifies weapons, explosives and boobytraps (type and
    location)

8.  **Cost Drivers:**

    a.  *What do we perceive as the "top three" cost-drivers with regard
        to current UAV systems?*

-   Insufficient competition to drive down costs

-   Insurance

-   Operational costs (recurring)

-   Satcom

    a.  *What particular innovations/technologies/policy breakthroughs,
        etc. would put downward pressure on these cost drivers?*

-   Broader user base (platforms and sensors) also multi-use sensors

-   Acceptable standards (certification)

-   More competition in insurance industry

-   Increase knowledge in the insurance community

-   Increased autonomy (lower insurance and staffing)

-   More economical bandwidth or compression

    a.  *Considering the kind of mission impact we have envisioned
        above, what do you feel would be a per- flight-hour cost that
        would cause the Agency to accelerate its support for UAV-based
        missions?*

-   As inexpensive as possible

-   Considered against current manned systems

-   Initially there are no cost tradeoffs (people or systems;
    potentially may replace some ground systems)

-   A-Star helicopter amortized cost: \$350/hr

-   Save agents' lives/reduce injuries through improved situation
    awareness

9.  **Next Steps:**

-   Participants consider next steps for continuing the collaboration
    between DHS and NASA with regard to future UAV systems.

    a.  *How should we continue to build on what we've started here?
        What are your thoughts on UAV technologies working groups to
        track and monitor the on-going developments and research
        findings?*

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-   Regular focused symposiums like this workshop (re: 6 months)

    -   Include FAA for airspace issues

    -   Share requirements growth

    -   Share technology progress (from working groups)

        -   Not sales pitch opportunities

    -   More frequent working group level meetings

    a.  *Where are there clear opportunities for continued collaboration
        in other areas? Where do our Agencies compliment one another?*

-   Continue developing multi-agency requirements document as part of
    the Civil UAV Assessment/Roadmap

    -   Vetted by each agency

-   Continued dialog between operations requirements and technology
    providers

    a.  *Who else is already working in this area that we should
        coordinate with in the future?*

-   DOJ, DOC/NOAA, DOA/USFS, DOI/USGS, DOE

-   Potentially state & local governments (first responders/land use
    management)

**[Border Patrol 2]{.underline}**

**Assumptions:**

-   Over the horizon communication (OTH)

-   Access to the National Air Space (NAS)

-   Regulatory compliance

-   National system-of-systems integration (UAVs are part of a whole)

-   UAVs will have to prove more cost and risk effective than other
    platforms

-   Focus for Border Patrol is on southern and northern land border

-   Current suite of UAV platforms is not expected to change
    dramatically in terms of size and payload capability

-   Propulsion capability will increase

-   Power capability will increase

-   On-board processing capability will increase

-   Miniaturization will continue to progress

**Parking Lot:**

*(Important issues that are beyond our capacity to address at this
workshop)*

-   Platform specifications

-   Definitive cost metrics

-   Performance metrics

-   Value of UAVs verses other platforms in 2015

1.  **Future Scan (2015):**

-   *Major, high level trends (technical, sociological, or otherwise)
    that will impact the over-all responsibilities (see Handout) of our
    mission focus:*

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-   Continued pressure from illegal immigration (land and sea)

-   Increased information sharing between government agencies (at
    increasing speeds -- at or near real time)

-   Increased coordination between DHS & DOD

-   Increased personal mobility via air-travel

-   Increased regional airports (complicates UAV operations)

-   Increased point-to-point air traffic (rather than hubs)

-   Increased sensor productivity & capability (e.g. miniaturization)

-   Increase in international trade (land/sea/air)

-   More sophisticated enemy capability (offensive and defensive)

-   Single operator controlling multiple UAVs

-   Moore's Law (computer processor, memory) doubles every 2.4 years

-   Increased on-board data processing resulting in less demand on data
    links

**Future Scan (cont.)**

-   Processor advances enable UAV to process information that it sees,
    then "think and act" in response

-   Cognitive Science will make systems intelligent & self understanding

-   Distributed autonomous sensors

-   Increased data fusion (Level 3 by 2015?)

-   Greater integration of orbital and sub-orbital assets (complementing
    each other)

-   Potential radical changes in airline industry (e.g. cargo may turn
    to unmanned systems to sustain profitability; changes in industry
    structure)

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-   *Key ways in which our long-term focus is different from our
    short-term focus:*

Southern Border is the short term priority; Long-term focus will be on
complete coverage of all borders (Southern Border likely to remain high
priority)

2.  **Future Mission Success:**

-   *What we hope to achieve in ten years' time for these
    responsibilities (see Handout); What, specifically, "success" will
    look like in the long term for us:*

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-   Total detection -- all illegal crossings -- all weather -- all
    borders; Good understanding of what is crossing the border & where
    it goes

-   Greater predictive capability (1-2 sigma accuracy)

-   Greater interdictive capability

-   Accurate target discrimination to identify threats (minimize false
    positives)

-   Capability to identify high-value targets (terrorist, drug traffic)
    (2 sigma)

-   Continuous sensor observation (via UAV flights, satellites, ground
    based assets, etc.)

-   Total situational awareness

-   Dominant battlefield awareness -- looking at any specific place at
    any time desired (vs. "dominant battlefield knowledge" -- looking
    *everywhere all the time*)

-   Persistent surveillance

3.  **Future Role of UAV Systems (2015):**

-   *Identify how UAV Systems help us achieve mission success:*

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-   Perform ***"***dull, dirty, and dangerous" missions

-   Survey areas with greater endurance, and decreased probability of
    detection

-   Some areas can only be covered from the air

-   For Maritime Operations, push line of demarcation out further (1000
    nm)

-   Tagging and tracking high-value targets

-   Can be directed to monitor situation (e.g. ground-based warning
    sensor might be faulty)

-   Serve as communication nodes

-   Maximize utilization of other assets (ground-based, etc.)

-   Projection of unique capabilities (e.g. magnetometer)

-   Increased survivability (hardness) of UAVs to survive attack

4.  **Mission Function Implications:**

-   *Based on the above information, any current mission functions (see
    Handout) that will likely be eliminated or modified; Any new mission
    functions:*

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-   Over-arching goal: Preventing terrorists & weapons of mass
    destruction (WMDs) from entering the country

> (*It was agreed that this is a "goal", not a specific mission
> function)*

-   *How future UAV systems factor into the mission functions outlined
    for our focus area:*

**Border and Customs Protection Mission Functions**

*The primary border security operational functions include:*

1\) Operating ports of entry to ensure immigration and customs laws and
regulations are observed by persons and material entering the country
through these authorized entry points

-   Includes land & sea ports of entry

-   For ports of entry, fixed platforms may be more cost effective
    solution

-   Smugglers will change behavior based on knowledge of UAVs presence

-   Scouting and pre-screening traffic management

-   Projection of screening capabilities around port of entry

-   Increased sphere of security

-   Greater agent security

2\) Monitoring border areas between ports of entry to detect
unauthorized entry by immigration and customs violators attempting to
bypass legal ports of entry. (These areas include both land and
maritime/coastal borders and their associated airspace.)

-   UAVs can access remote areas that are hard for agents to access

-   Smugglers will change behavior based on knowledge of UAVs presence

-   Scouting and pre-screening traffic management

-   Projection of screening capabilities around port of entry

-   Increased sphere of security

-   Greater agent security

-   May be helpful in environmentally sensitive areas

-   Increased stealth

-   Deterrent capability (though this is a short term effect)

-   Patrolling around traffic check points (detecting people being
    dropped off)

-   Greater Agent security

-   Coordination of multiple resources

-   Identifying Agent location (discriminating friend from foe)

**Mission Functions (cont.)**

3\) Tracking border violators to determine scope of illegal activity and
third party involvement

-   Protracted surveillance to capture "bigger fish"

    -   Discrimination of threat

    -   Situational awareness

-   Defining scope and type of activity

-   Tracking and observing 3^rd^ Party Involvement

-   Intercepting smuggled goods and apprehending violators

    -   Coordinate with agents to interdict

    -   Provide situational awareness

    -   Serve as communications node

4\) Intercepting smuggled goods and apprehending violators

*UAVs may not play direct role in actual interception and apprehension,
but can play an important supporting role as described above*

5\) Investigating illegal arms exports, narcotics smuggling, immigration
fraud, and other violations

-   Archiving and assessing data taken from surveillance will support
    investigations

-   Increase situational awareness

-   Increased Agent security

6\) Monitoring the border for tunnels used for smuggling and
unauthorized entry

-   *This mission function is a sub-set of #2; all points apply as
    above*

7\) Conducting intelligence activities and trend analyses

-   Covert Signals Intelligence

-   Archive & assess data taken from surveillance

Overarching Goal: Preventing terrorists & WMDs from entering the country

-   UAVs are ideal for "dirty mission's" involving radiation, chemicals,
    etc.

-   Monitoring / responding to hazardous incidents and operations

-   Detection of WMDs or individual terrorists based on intelligence

5.  **Select THREE mission functions where future UAV systems could have
    the greatest impact on mission success.**

**[Mission function]{.underline}:­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­**

Monitoring border areas between ports of entry to detect unauthorized
entry by immigration and customs violators attempting to bypass legal
ports of entry. (These areas include both land and maritime/coastal
borders and their associated airspace.)

-   *Describe the phenomena you want to observe. Describe what you need
    to measure.*

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-   Multi-spectral observations

-   Tire tracks, foot prints

-   Thermal signature

-   Trails - measuring traffic, identifying lay-up spots, using
    synthetic aperture radar (SAR), identifying changes in
    vegetation/terrain, obtaining optical images, identifying organic
    signatures, taking aerosol samples

-   Vehicle traffic

-   Biometrics -- facial recognition

-   Payload identification -- determining what individuals are carrying
    in knapsacks/containers and whether they are armed or unarmed

-   Detecting aerial entry of low radar cross section (RCS) vehicles
    such as ultra-lights, hang-gliders)

-   Acoustics (detect presence of persons)

**[Mission function]{.underline}:­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­**

Conducting intelligence activities and trend analyses

-   *Describe the phenomena you want to observe. Describe what you need
    to measure.*

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-   Trend analysis involves the capability to archive, integrate, and
    disseminate information

-   Pattern recognition is a critical capability in intelligence and
    identifying trends

-   "Tactical" uses may differ from more "strategic" uses

-   Communications transmissions (triangulation, cell phones)

-   Multi-spectral observations

-   Tire tracks, foot prints

-   Thermal signature

-   Trails - measuring traffic, identifying lay-up spots, using
    synthetic aperture radar (SAR), identifying changes in
    vegetation/terrain, obtaining optical images, identifying organic
    signatures, taking aerosol samples

-   Vehicle traffic

-   Biometrics -- facial recognition

-   Payload identification -- determining what individuals are carrying
    in knapsacks/containers and whether they are armed or unarmed

-   Detecting aerial entry of low radar cross section (RCS) vehicles
    such as ultra-lights, hang-gliders

-   Acoustics (detect presence of persons)

**[Mission function]{.underline}:­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­**

Monitoring the border for tunnels used for smuggling and unauthorized
entry

-   *Describe the phenomena you want to observe. Describe what you need
    to measure.*

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-   Discontinuity of infra-red signal

-   GPS Reflection Sensor

-   Ground Penetration Radar

-   Gravitational field

-   Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD)

-   Passive Microwave Camera

-   Pattern recognition (e.g. changes in topography)

-   Hyper-spectral sensing

6.  **Requirements Definition of future UAV System Technology (2015)**

**[Mission function]{.underline}:­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­**

Monitoring the border for tunnels used for smuggling and unauthorized
entry

a.  *Specifically what are the measurement or observation requirements
    (Ex. resolution, sampling rates)?*

**Desired system requirements:**

-   Overall system reliability of 95%

-   95% accurate indication (false-positive rate of 2 sigma accuracy)

-   Secure communication

-   Desired depth of observation = 20 m below the surface

-   Resolution = 0.5 m

-   Physical accuracy = 2 m

-   Literal depiction (i.e., user-friendly picture; "anyone can
    understand it")

-   All-weather

-   Long-duration (multi-month, continuous or frequent observation)

    -   *Note: This mission function involves significant International
        Regulatory Compliance Issues, since tunnels begin across the
        border*

**Desired sensing capabilities:**

-   **Discontinuity of infra-red signal**

    -   Long term coverage (Intel Analysis)

    -   Use of orbiting dedicated platform (staring & steerable optics)

**GPS Reflection Sensor**

Currently used in Afghanistan to detect mountain tunnels

Aircraft-based sensor,

Profile -- 10K ft.

Useful in desert terrain

Would need to penetrate to 20 m.

Currently not as small as would be desired for UAV

*For more information, contact Dr. Stephen Katzberg, NASA LaRC*

-   **Ground Penetration Radar (GPR)**

    -   Currently ground based (operates in contact with the ground),
        slow moving; accuracy varies according to ground conditions

    -   Current depths are typically a few meters

    -   If it were possible to put GPR on a UAV and observe a prescribed
        track, someone could analyze the data

    -   Alternatively, GPR could be useful in coordination with a UAV

    -   Desired state would be a "user-friendly" version

    -   *Not likely to be used on a UAV platform due to high power,
        mass, and volume requirements*

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-   **Gravitational Field**

    -   There will likely be a more cost effective way to get the
        information this method would provide (Other drivers may develop
        the UAV technology, e.g. Commercial use)

-   **Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)**

    -   Desired depth -- 20 m

    -   Desired resolution -- 0.5 m

    -   Requires fast UAV platform speed (400 kts.)

    -   On-Board processing (extrapolate trend to determine future
        capabilities)

    -   Multi-mission Modularity ("Plug and Play" Standard) --
        Interchangeability on the order of minutes, up to 1 hr. max.

    -   Instrument Characteristics:

        -   Current: 120 lbs, 100 W, 2-3 cubic ft.

        -   Desired: 5 lbs, 20 W (providing ground penetration), 0.25
            cubic ft.

    -   Possibly use mother/daughter ship combos (involves
        communications issues)

**Desired sensing capabilities (cont.)**

-   **Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD)**

    -   Desired depth -- 20 m

    -   Desired resolution -- 0.5 m

    -   Desired Accuracy -- 100% (0% false-positive)

    -   Need to determine threshold for detecting distinctions from
        earth's magnetic field

-   **Passive Microwave Camera**

    -   Looks through dust & sand, foliage

    -   High resolution

    -   Current: Several hundred pounds; current look-down capability is
        less than 20m

    -   Desired: \< 25-30 lbs; penetration \> 20m

-   **Pattern recognition**

    -   Changes in topography, foliage, etc.

    -   Pattern recognition is a key automation & discrimination
        capability for all of the above

    a.  *What other cross-cutting mission objectives could be impacted
        by this new measurement / observation capability?*

    -   Virtually everything

    b.  *What are the instrument / payload characteristics (type,
        weight, volume, environmental considerations, and access such as
        sampling or viewing ports)?*

    -   Plug-and-play (overall)

    -   Viewing and sampling ports required

    c.  *What are the flight characteristics (location, altitude,
        endurance, season, frequency, etc.)?*

    -   SAR

        -   Medium altitude

        -   Fast flight (400 kts)

    -   Magnetic Anomaly Detection (MAD)

        -   Low and slow

        -   Not flying tunnel path directly

    -   Passive Microwave Camera

        -   Medium altitude

        -   Speed is not a factor

        -   All-weather capability

    d.  *What are the communications needs (such as real-time data or
        instrument control) What are the desired data rates?*

    -   Secure communication (encryption, etc.) - *critical*

    e.  *What automation or intelligent mission management capabilities
        benefit these measurements?*

    -   Payload-directed flight

7.  **Mission Scenarios:** Describe how the improved or new
    measurements/observations would impact our day-to-day ability to
    achieve mission success:

    a.  *What are several scenarios in which this mission would play out
        using measurement approaches enabled by future UAV systems?*

    b.  *Provide a narrative describing a "day-in-the-life" of this
        future mission.*

    c.  *Provide a diagram showing flight profile in time, space and/or
        geographic coordinates. Identify any special or unique platform
        or mission issues.*

-   **Scenario #1**:

    -   Currently if we have intelligence that there is a tunnel in a
        particular area, we call in the military

    -   It's a slow, cumbersome process

    -   UAV lends itself to that type of mission...

    -   Future scenario:

    -   Baseline has been established to begin with, in order to
        identify changes

    -   We can keep an eye on existing storm drains, etc. to ensure they
        are not being changed

    -   Monthly over flights identify some irregularity over the border

    -   Border Patrol coordinates with ground team for execution

    -   Agents can either interdict immediately, or continue to observe
        to gain further information

    -   Data is archived to compare "then and now"

-   **Scenario 2*:***

    -   Currently the process is fairly cumbersome; Investigating the
        tunnel runs everyone off; Once we find the point of origin,
        everyone's gone

> Future:

-   Carry out routine patrols and revisits using UAVs to develop a
    baseline of the area

-   On a revisit two weeks later, it looks like a tunnel is being dug

-   Confirmation is obtained by getting a second opinion from another
    asset (e.g. ground penetrating radar)

-   May not know where it's going; may want to drill immediately or have
    agents perform surveillance

-   For example, if the tunnel is only halfway there, we can detect the
    progress and wait until they finish

-   Gather a variety of information in order to better find other
    tunnels

-   Decision is made: Do we want to obtain a warrant now to stop it? Or
    continue surveillance to get "bigger fish"? Etc.

-   If we continue surveillance it may by via UAV, a fixed asset, etc.

-   Eventually it will be closed -- seize property, block off the
    tunnel, etc.

-   Flight profile for MAD equipped UAV: Low, slow, close, day time

**Mission Scenarios (cont.)**

-   **Scenario 3:**

    -   Multi-level approach -- a system of systems

    -   Agencies are sharing information

    -   Data processing is happening on the UAV, with smaller
        communication pipes coming as a result

    -   Border Patrol receives an alert that there is an anomaly -- The
        alert comes from *any* Agency

    -   For example, in an interrogation in Chicago, a suspected
        terrorist provides information regarding a possible tunnel

    -   The interrogating Agency passes that info on

    -   The coordinates are sent to a national asset... perhaps
        sub-orbital

    -   The sub-orbital asset identifies an anomaly, and sends
        information to the ground

    -   Further processing takes place, and then Border Patrol reacts to
        that data to send to direct assets

    -   Direct a UAV to loiter in the area

    -   UAV can see individuals moving in a particular pattern, can
        identify individuals, and/or identify a trend in behavior

    -   This may be immediately actionable information

    -   Border Patrol may choose to direct further assets, e.g.
        ground-based assets -- send either Agents or robotics

    -   Agents will know how many people are involved, whether they are
        armed or unarmed -- they know what they're going to encounter

    -   The system gives Agents as much info as possible

    -   It is a multi-tiered approach -- a system of systems, using
        fixed ground assets, UAVs (high-altitude and mid-altitude)

    -   Could apply tactical UAVs

    -   Upper level of the system depends on other Agencies

    -   There would have to be access to some National asset

    -   Can enter this system at any given point -- could start on the
        ground or could start with a satellite

    -   The system should be very flexible -- sharing information,
        responding to unique situations, etc.

    -   System does not stop with apprehension

    -   The system automatically updates a national database

    -   There is some info that doesn't mean anything in the immediate
        situation, but crunching data it may cue a trend for another
        agency, etc.

**Mission Scenarios (cont.)**

-   **Key themes*:***

    -   Most common scenario is a tunnel beginning inside a building

    -   And/or use of existing tunnels (storm drains, communications
        tunnels, etc.) that cross the border

    -   Need data base of where established tunnels are, and ability to
        detect even minor changes to existing tunnels

    -   Requires tight security

    -   System of systems has to have integrity from end to end

    -   Effort can be focused based on detection in any point in the
        system

    -   Current process is very slow -- needs to be streamlined

    -   Need for covert operations so that perpetrators don't vanish

    -   Data sharing is critical -- Agencies need to design data and
        communications system with a common format

    -   "National Fusion Center" is critical

8.  **Cost Drivers:**

    a.  *What do we perceive as the "top three" cost-drivers with regard
        to current UAV systems?*

-   **Airworthiness Certification**

    -   Example: B. Rutan -- Proteus -- \$75 Million, 42 months to
        certify

    -   Could DHS certify own aircraft in the future? What is this cost?

-   **Insurance**

    -   Typically half the system cost for a year (e.g. \$3 M for \$5 M
        asset)

    -   Platform might have \$1 Million in instrumentation alone

-   **Communication Links**

    -   \$0.75 -- 1 Million per year narrow band

    -   SATCOM -- \$2 Million per year wideband

-   **Other Notable Cost Drivers:**

    -   Manpower -- labor pool (personnel), skill set requirements,
        training (how to execute)

    -   Infrastructure

    -   System *--* Extremely expensive to lease one UAV (based on
        short-term beta test) currently includes service, etc...

> *[Examples]{.underline}*

-   Altair: 1.2 Million for 60 flight hrs (actually got \~ 30hrs.) =
    20k/hour

-   NASA leased Altus for single mission paid \$35K/hour

a.  *What particular innovations/technologies/policy breakthroughs, etc.
    would put downward pressure on these cost drivers?*

-   Policy (Insurance, Self vs. FAA certification, etc.)

-   FAA Certification

-   Automated processing reduces dependence upon communication needs

-   Political drivers are a key factor

    a.  *Considering the kind of mission impact we have envisioned
        above, what do you feel would be a per-flight-hour cost that
        would cause the Agency to accelerate its support for UAV-based
        missions?*

-   New capabilities and risk reduction accelerate support

-   Cost comparison with other assets may not be relevant

-   UAVs are a "tool in the toolbox" -- one aspect of the system of
    systems (UAV is not the answer by itself, it is complimentary)

-   UAV is a force-multiplier

-   Tying operational cost to a mission impact metric is difficult

-   The more you fly the more the cost drops

**9. Next Steps:** Participants consider next steps for continuing the
collaboration

between DHS and NASA with regard to future UAV systems.

a.  *How should we continue to build on what we've started here? What
    are your thoughts on UAV technologies working groups to track and
    monitor the on-going developments and research findings?*

-   Leverage instrument development at NASA

-   Leverage platform development at DOD

-   Leverage high impact technologies (power, communications, processing
    capability, space-craft (Mars Flyer), autonomous resource
    allocation)

-   Engage a Working Group that involves the NASA technical &
    operational people from the Centers

-   Developing future UAVs is a "contact sport"

    a.  *Where are there clear opportunities for continued collaboration
        in other areas? Where do our Agencies compliment one another?*

-   DHS knows what they want -- not how to get there (That is the
    value-added of this kind of workshop)

-   Scientists and Engineers provide input

    a.  *Who else is already working in this area that we should
        coordinate with in the future?*

-   Intelligence Community

-   DOD

-   FAA

-   FCC

-   EPA

-   Dept. of Interior (Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Forestry
    Service, First Responder)

-   Sensor Technology community

**[Merged Work Group]{.underline}**

**Assumptions**

-   Not just fixed wing -- give us the capability we ask for

-   Access to NAS issue is solved and collision avoidance solved

-   Bandwidth and other technical problems are solved

-   Tech issues solved

-   Definition of UAV should not be limited to "observation and
    measurement" and "powered"

    -   Might drop things, etc.

    -   Telemetry, etc.

**Parking Lot**

-   Cost

-   Autonomy of Tabletop Operation

-   Training

-   Modifying existing platforms

-   Communications

-   Multiple uses

-   Reliability

-   Adequate numbers of UAV's

-   Interoperability (standards)

-   WMD environment/hazmat

-   Threat resistant-CCCCM capability

1.  **Future Scan (2015):**

-   *Major, high level trends (technical, sociological, or otherwise)
    that will impact the over-all responsibilities (see Handout) of our
    mission focus:*

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-   Need quick response bird to support Federal/state/local first
    responders

-   Need for quick response bird/birds for communication link,
    surveillance, reconnaissance

-   Requirements are threat based which are hard to predict

    -   Currently biological, chemical, radiation, economic terrorism,
        border/immigration threat, vessels 2000 mi out, electronic
        threat, etc.

-   Detect anomaly in patterns actively

    -   Know what's going on around a tracked container

-   Cost effectiveness -- value of UAV depends on costs of other assets

-   Tracking depends on satellite link currently; UAV could fill gaps

-   Flexible response pertinent for UAV

-   Water supply/demand trends could impact missions

**In Summary:**

-   Unpredictability requires flexibility

-   Involves threat-based missions which are unknown at current time

-   Public may increase expectation of success, setting the bar higher;
    but responsibilities and missions won't change

-   Access to airspace availability is critical

-   Less spectrum may be available to work with based on demand

-   "Bad guys" may use our technical advances against us

2.  **Future Mission Success:**

-   *What we hope to achieve in ten years' time for these
    responsibilities (see Handout); What, specifically, "success" will
    look like in the long term for us:*

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-   All major cities have birds cover for first responder (none
    currently)

    -   Quick, closer look capability

-   Parking lot: Driving cost down, Reliable system, high autonomy

-   All hard (good) intelligence on counter drug can be actioned by a
    system, or system of systems, that can detect, monitor and track it
    across multiple national interdiction assets and organizations

-   Ability to integrate sensors for quick deployments

-   Reliable systems, so that they are available when needed

-   Systems are multi-purpose and reusable

3.  **Future Role of UAV Systems (2015):**

-   *Identify how UAV Systems help us achieve mission success:*

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-   Reduced costs (first responders especially)

-   High levels of autonomy reduce training requirements, enable
    multiple uses

-   More applicable or appropriate endurance, range, and speed
    characteristics

-   Allows investigation of potential dangerous environments: WMD,
    chemical, Hazmat, electronic (jamming) etc.

-   Other important issues for UAV's success:

    -   Flexibility, interoperability (requires setting standards)

    -   "Plug and play" sensors

    -   Counter Counter-Measure ability

4.  **Mission Function Implications:**

-   *Based on the above information, any current mission functions (see
    Handout) that will likely be eliminated or modified; Any new mission
    functions:*

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-   Several mission Coast Guard functions should be added (not new to
    organization): e.g. domain awareness

-   Additional function: Free flow of commerce and passengers

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-   *How future UAV systems factor into the mission functions outlined
    for our focus area:*

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-   *See* Future Role of UAV Systems (2015) *for some answers.*

-   Generally mission functions are supported by UAV's

-   Counter-drug covered under #3 (see Handout)

-   First responders covered in #6, #8, #9 (see Handout)

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-   UAV's can be used with optical, IR, chemical sensors to do damage
    assessment in the 'dirty' environment

-   UAV's can be used to assess fire damage, hostage situation, within a
    building or ship

5.  **Select three mission functions where future UAV systems could have
    the greatest impact on mission success.**

**Mission function:­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ First Responder (see #6 on handout)**

-   *Describe the phenomena you want to observe. Describe what you need
    to measure.*

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-   Chemical contamination:

    -   Measure or observe specific chemical composition in a localized
        area, without contaminating the vehicle (stand-off)

    -   Observe size of contaminated region or plume (IR / Optical)

    -   Observe heat sources

    -   Identify ground objects and people (IR / Optical)

    -   Daytime or nighttime applicable

    -   Detect anomaly through unusual patterns in: Movement, shape,
        size, heat, etc.

    -   Data can be merged with other systems

-   Radiological contamination:

    -   Measure alpha, beta wave radiation levels (in-situ without
        contamination, perhaps through an expendable drop sensor)

    -   Movement and shape of contaminated region

    -   May or may not be stand-off

    -   *Other observations as above where applicable*

-   Biological contamination:

    -   Composition

    -   Movement and shape of contaminated region

    -   *Other observations as above where applicable*

**Mission function:­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Domain Awareness (Maritime and Land)**

-   *Describe the phenomena you want to observe. Describe what you need
    to measure.*

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-   Maritime

    -   Detect and observe vessels via wake and motion

    -   Classify detected vessels based on size, speed, and direction:
        e.g. tanker, fishing boat, etc.

    -   Identify (12, 6, and 3 inch letters) suspicious vehicles
        (subsequent to identification is assessment and tracking)

    -   To occur in all weather and sea states, day or night

-   Land

    -   All weather, day and night

    -   Visible / IR

    -   Observe vehicles and people coming across borders (legal and
        illegal)

    -   Identify tunnels

    -   Identify fresh tire tracks

    -   Identify dust plumes

    -   Identify fresh foot prints

**Mission function:­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ Interdiction: Monitoring, Detection, Tracking, and
Interdicting**

-   *Describe the phenomena you want to observe. Describe what you need
    to measure.*

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-   Air

    -   Detect and identify, monitor, and track

    -   Identify and classify 1/4^th^ size of GA aircraft size with
        reduced radar signature

    -   Observe tail number, type, look inside

    -   Day and night ops (EO / IR / Optical)

-   Maritime

    -   Day and night ops (EO / IR / Optical)

    -   Identify go fast vessel via: heat signature, optical,
        electrical, wake

    -   Boat may be dead in the water

    -   Need to loiter in certain location for observations

    -   50+ nm detection range, all the time

-   Land

    -   Pre-release detection of radiological or conventional explosive
        (sensors?) by detecting anomalies in patterns without nuisance
        trips

**General discussion:**

-   NASA sniffing sensor for space station could be useful (in terms of
    collaboration)

    -   Leverage for first responders

    -   Applicable for 'dirty' missions

    -   Use as a drop-sonde type of instrument that is expendable

    -   Autonomous capability?

-   Detecting anomalous patterns and pattern recognition are research
    areas

-   There is a trade-off between dumping funds into miniaturization of
    sensors in order to put them on a cheap, less reliable UAV

-   Camera images and the storage and retrieval issues associated with
    it:

    -   Do we need 30 frames/sec? Can we get by with less?

    -   Geo-registering and time stamping images for retrieval purposes

    -   Long-term storage is an issue

-   How can UAV's be used as a force multiplier? (Enables more efficient
    uses of people resources)

    -   Decentralized control and execution

    -   Capability to 'hook' a target

-   Four elements of successful UAV system

    -   Sensor suite

    -   Processing

    -   Airframe

    -   System architecture

**6. Requirements Definition of future UAV System Technology (2015)**

**Mission Function: Interdiction: Monitoring, Detection, Tracking, and
Interdicting**

a.  *Specifically what are the measurement or observation requirements
    (Ex. resolution, sampling rates)?*

-   Maritime application is focused on:

    -   Day and night ops (EO / IR?)

    -   All weather

    -   All sea states

    -   Assuming intelligence which identifies the general location of
        the vessel, a detection range of 50-100 nm is required

    -   Coverage comparable to current MPA (maritime patrol aircraft)

    -   90% detection rate

    -   Minimum number of false alarms

    -   Detection of a radar cross-section of a go-fast vessel, 1m

    -   Other identifying characteristics of a vessel: heat signature,
        optical, electrical, wake

    -   Geo-location accuracy within 1 mile to determine course and
        speed

    a.  *What other cross-cutting mission objectives could be impacted
        by this new measurement / observation capability?*

-   Domain awareness -- identification of an object the size of a person
    or larger

-   Search and rescue

-   Interdiction -- if the capability to disable the vessel is added to
    the UAV

    a.  *What are the instrument / payload characteristics (type,
        weight, volume, environmental considerations, and access such as
        sampling or viewing ports)?*

-   EO / IR sensors

-   For surveillance want a RF sensor (SAR perhaps)

    -   Large view angle

    -   Sees through clouds

    -   For surveillance system a SIGINT detection is required

-   For tracking: a simple camera, optical sensor, EO; and IR

-   Standard interfaces are important characteristics

    a.  *What are the flight characteristics (location, altitude,
        endurance, season, frequency, etc.)?*

-   For a reference mission, consider the interdiction of a go-fast
    vessel in the vicinity of the Galapagos Islands

-   Missions to occur in all seasons

-   Two systems envisioned to support the mission (system of systems)

    -   one is a SAR asset which is used for surveillance and identifies
        the target

    -   second is a cheaper, smaller UAV with a camera to track the
        target vessel (or as an alternative an Unmanned Surface Vessel)
        which is dropped from the surveillance UAV

-   Endurance for tracker vehicle is long enough for a cutter to
    intercept, multi-day

-   Endurance for the surveillance vehicle is multi-day

-   Having several tracker vehicles on board the surveillance UAV would
    be advantageous

-   Altitude for the surveillance vehicle is as high as possible and
    still maintain the required sensor accuracy

-   One variation in capability is to give the tracker the ability to
    disable the target

-   Speed of the tracker is required to be greater than 100 knots

-   The system is continually deployable

    a.  *What are the communications needs (such as real-time data or
        instrument control) What are the desired data rates?*

    -   Network centric operations

    -   OTH communication

    -   Data link, etc.

    b.  *What automation or intelligent mission management capabilities
        benefit these measurements?*

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-   *(no input)*

**7. Mission Scenarios:** Describe how the improved or new
measurements/observations would impact our day-to-day ability to achieve
mission success:

*What are several scenarios in which this mission would play out using
measurement approaches enabled by future UAV systems?*

-   Coordination with other assets (manned aircraft, buoys, etc.) and
    search locations is necessary for pre-flight planning

-   Scenario assumes the mission is cued by good intelligence

-   Surveillance system is a mother ship, tracking system is a daughter
    ship

-   When intelligence is provided on time and location of go-fast vessel
    operations, the surveillance system launches from land

    -   Automated search pattern is initiated at the suspected region of
        operation; potentially operator induced re-tasking of UAV is
        required

    -   As data is collected, programmable on-board filtering is applied
        to sift out potential targets (go-fast vessels)

    -   Algorithms detect the suspect go-fast vessel and perform
        classification and identification

    -   Surveillance UAV then communicates with command and control for
        verification of the classification and identification of the
        vessel as the target vessel

    -   With go ahead from command and control, cutter or other
        interdiction asset is vectored to the area with continual
        updates of speed, course, and location of the target vessel

    -   Concurrently, the surveillance, mother ship UAV launches a
        daughter ship for tracking the vessel until the interdiction can
        occur:

        -   Potentially requires operator induced re-tasking of the
            tracker

        -   Uses an optical sensor for nominal, autonomous tracking

        -   Communicates location of the target vessel back to the
            command and control center and interdiction asset

        -   Watches for the potential rendezvous of the target vessel
            with a re-fueling vessel

    -   Surveillance system can now be potentially re-tasked for
        additional searching or for a new mission based on new
        intelligence

    -   When cutter intercepts target vessel, daughter ship can provide
        situational awareness

    -   Daughter ship can be recovered by the cutter, either by net or
        by a flotation device, or fly to a land based airport

    -   Note: daughter ship could be expendable based on cost-benefit
        ratio, especially in terms of sensors

8.  **Cost Drivers:**

    a.  *What do we perceive as the "top three" cost-drivers with regard
        to current UAV systems?*

-   Low production rates of UAV's and resulting high costs limit the
    purchasibility, which promotes low production rates

-   Communication costs of satellites

-   Insurance costs over the U.S.

-   Amount of personnel required to support a UAV mission

-   Sensor miniaturization costs

-   Higher attrition rate of UAV's

-   Economy of scales has not kicked in

    a.  *What particular innovations/technologies/policy breakthroughs,
        etc. would put downward pressure on these cost drivers?*

-   Access to the airspace would remove an inhibition to the opening of
    the market

-   Business cases that demonstrate profitability / mission impact

-   Increased autonomy and reliability

-   Better sensor information processing would reduce manpower
    processing

-   Technical improvements in data rates for communications and sensors

    a.  *Considering the kind of mission impact we have envisioned
        above, what do you feel would be a per- flight-hour cost that
        would cause the Agency to accelerate its support for UAV-based
        missions?*

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-   Operating costs which are 80-90% of current costs is a rough
    guideline, assuming comparable or more value

-   It depends on missions:

    -   Border patrol: \$300-\$400 per hour

    -   For interdiction, maybe \$1,500 per hour (this represents
        current Citation cost, but a UAV can provide increased
        capability)

9.  **Next Steps:** Participants consider next steps for continuing the
    collaboration between DHS and NASA with regard to future UAV
    systems.

    a.  *How should we continue to build on what we've started here?
        What are your thoughts on UAV technologies working groups to
        track and monitor the on-going developments and research
        findings?*

-   Inter-agency Working Group (like DHS model) is a possibility

    -   "UAV Technologies Working Group"

    -   Implemented for those overlapping issues (priorities,
        technologies) for collaboration

    a.  *Where are there clear opportunities for continued collaboration
        in other areas? Where do our Agencies compliment one another?*

-   Sensor technology

    -   Multi-mode maritime search radar which is UAV sized

    -   Small hyperspectral sensors

-   Long endurance platforms: high and medium altitude

-   Mother ship concept within an interdiction system

-   Daughter ship launching technology

-   Very high altitude ("Poor man's satellite") platforms which operate
    as a communications relay

-   Aerostats

-   All weather issues

-   Break down the cost barriers

-   Leverage NASA R&D technology

-   Airspace issues

-   Anti-icing

-   Perform technology demonstration flights for DHS

-   Provide systems evaluation

    -   testing and data evaluations

    -   'honest broker' role for NASA

-   Aerostats

    a.  *Who else is already working in this area that we should
        coordinate with in the future?*

-   FAA / DOT

-   DOE: radiation sensing

-   DOD

-   Commercial

-   Get operator input (e.g. first responders)

-   Forestry Service

-   Department of Agriculture

-   Partner nations

**Civil UAV -- Homeland Security Workshop Glossary**

-   **ACCESS 5**: Proposed program to develop FAA processes and
    standards to enable routine access to the NAS for UAVs above 18,000
    feet.

-   **ATV**: All-Terrain Vehicle

-   **AMO**: Aircraft Management Office

-   **BDD**: Big Damn Dog \[a.k.a. Large Canine Unit (LCU)\]

-   **BLM**: Bureau of Land Management

-   **BORTAC**: Border Tactical Response Team

-   **CBR**: Chemical/Biological/Radiological

-   **CCCCM:** Command, Control and Communication Counter Measures

-   **COA**: Certificate of Authorization

-   **DHS**: Department of Homeland Security

-   **DOA**: Department of Agriculture

-   **DOC**: Department of Commerce

-   **DoD**: Department of Defense

-   **DOE**: Department of Energy

-   **DOI**: Department of Interior

-   **DOJ**: Department of Justice

-   **DOT**: Department of Transportation

-   **EO:** Electro-optical camera

-   **EPA**: Environmental Protection Agency

-   **FAA**: Federal Aviation Administration

-   **FCC**: Federal Communications Commission

-   **GA:** General Aviation

-   **GMTI**: Ground Moving Target Identifier

-   **GPR:** Ground Penetration Radar

-   **HUMINT**: Human Intelligence

-   **ICE**: Immigration and Customs Enforcement

-   **IR:** Infrared camera

-   **MAD**: Magnetic Anomaly Detection

-   **MPA:** Maritime Patrol Aircraft

-   **NAS**: National Air Space

-   **NASA**: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

-   **NextGen**: Next Generation

-   **NOAA**: National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration

-   **OGA**: Other Government Agencies

-   **OTH:** Over the Horizon

-   **R&D**: Research and Development

-   **RCS:** Radar Cross Section

-   **RF:** Radio Frequency

-   **SAM**: Surface to Air Missile

-   **SAR**: Synthetic Aperture Radar

-   **SATCOM**: Satellite Communication

-   **SIGINT**: Signals Intelligence

-   **UAV**: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle/Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle/
    Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (also synonymous with Remotely Operated
    Aircraft) \*

-   **USCG**: United States Coast Guard

-   **USFS**: United States Forest Service

-   **USGS**: United States Geological Survey

-   **WMDs:** Weapons of Mass Destruction

**\* Note: The following definition for UAV was used during the
workshop.**

**"**A UAV system is an observation or measurement system which includes
one or more powered aerial vehicles not carrying a human operator.  This
definition includes the necessary structure required to sustain the
operational system, such as satellites, communications, sensor payloads,
ground-based operator or monitoring stations, etc."