# PART IX -- DRAINAGE

### **ITEM D-701 PIPE FOR STORM DRAINS AND CULVERTS**

DESCRIPTION

**701-1.1**  This item shall consist of the construction of pipe
culverts and storm drains in accordance with these specifications and in
reasonably close conformity with the lines and grades shown on the
plans.

MATERIALS

**701-2.1**  Materials shall meet the requirements shown on the plans
and specified below.

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> **The Engineer should indicate the required class, schedule, SDR,
> gage, and/or strength of pipe desired.**

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**701-2.2 PIPE.** The pipe shall be of the type called for on the plans
or in the proposal and shall be in accordance with the following
appropriate requirements.

> Metallic Coated Corrugated Steel Pipe (Type I, IR or II) ASTM A 760
>
> Galvanized Steel Corrugated Structural Plates
>
> and Fasteners for Pipe, Pipe‑Arches, and Arches ASTM A 761
>
> Polymer Precoated Corrugated Steel Pipe for Sewers and Drains ASTM A
> 762
>
> Post‑Coated and Lined (Bituminous or Concrete)
>
> Corrugated Steel Sewer and Drainage Pipe ASTM A 849
>
> Steel Sheet, Zinc and Aramid Fiber Composite Coated for
>
> Corrugated Steel Sewer, Culvert, and Underdrain Pipe A885/A885M-96
>
> Corrugated Aluminum Alloy Culvert Pipe ASTM B 745
>
> Non‑Reinforced Concrete Pipe ASTM C 14
>
> Reinforced Concrete Pipe ASTM C 76
>
> Reinforced Concrete D‑Load Pipe ASTM C 655
>
> Reinforced Concrete Arch Pipe ASTM C 506
>
> Reinforced Concrete Elliptical Pipe ASTM C 507
>
> Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections ASTM C 789 and C 850
>
> Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Ribbed Drain Pipe & Fittings ASTM F 794
>
> Based on Controlled Inside Diameter
>
> Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Corrugated Sewer Pipe ASTM F 949
>
> With a Smooth Interior and Fittings
>
> Bituminous‑Coated Corrugated Metal Pipe and Pipe Arches AASHTO M 190
>
> Bituminous‑Coated Corrugated Aluminum Alloy Culvert Pipe AASHTO M 190
> and M 196
>
> Bituminous‑Coated Structural Plate Pipe, Pipe Arch, and Arches AASHTO
> M 167 and M 243
>
> Aluminum Alloy Structural Plate for Pipe, Pipe Arch, and Arches AASHTO
> M 219
>
> Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe ASTM D 3034
>
> Corrugated Polyethylene Drainage Tubing (all types) AASHTO M 252
>
> Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe 300 to 1200 mm Diameter (all types)
> AASHTO M 294M
>
> Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile Wall Drain Pipe and Fittings Based
> AASHTO M 304
>
> on Controlled Inside Diameter

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> **The Engineer shall select the pipe used for the project and may
> delete inappropriate requirements from paragraph 701-2.2 and from the
> list of material requirements.**

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**701-2.3 CONCRETE.**  Concrete for pipe cradles shall have a minimum
compressive strength of 2000 psi (13.8 MPa) at 28 days and conform to
the requirements of ASTM C 94.

**701-2.4 RUBBER GASKETS.**  Rubber gaskets for rigid pipe shall conform
to the requirements of ASTM C 443.  Rubber gaskets for PVC pipe and
polyethylene pipe shall conform to the requirements of ASTM F 477. 
Rubber gaskets for zinc‑coated steel pipe and precoated galvanized pipe
shall conform to the requirements of ASTM D 1056, for the \"RE\'\'
closed cell grades.

**701-2.5 JOINT MORTAR.**  Pipe joint mortar shall consist of one part
portland cement and two parts sand.  The portland cement shall conform
to the requirements of ASTM C 150, Type I.  The sand shall conform to
the requirements of ASTM C 144.

**701-2.6 JOINT FILLERS.**  Poured filler for joints shall conform to
the requirements of ASTM D 1190.

**701-2.7 PLASTIC GASKETS.**  Plastic gaskets shall conform to the
requirements of AASHTO M 198 (Type B).

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> **ASTM C 789 and C 850 are primarily manufacturing specifications. 
> The box section dimensions, compressive strength of the concrete, and
> reinforcement details shown in the specifications have been designed
> for a combined earth dead load and AASHTO HS20 live load condition.  A
> modified design will be necessary when aircraft loadings are greater
> than HS20 live loads.**

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**\[701-2.8. CONTROLLED LOW STRENGTH MATERIAL (CLSM). Controlled low
strength material shall conform to the requirements of Item P-153. When
CLSM is used all joints shall have gaskets.**

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> **Specification Item P-153 Controlled Low Strength Material
> (CLSM)contains guidance for use of CLSM. The locations where CLSM is
> permitted shall be shown on the plans. This paragraph and the option
> to allow Item P-153 in paragraph 701-3.5 must agree.**

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CONSTRUCTION METHODS

**701‑3.1  EXCAVATION.**  The width of the pipe trench shall be
sufficient to permit satisfactory jointing of the pipe and thorough
tamping of the bedding material under and around the pipe, but it shall
not be less than the external diameter of the pipe plus 6 inches (150
mm) on each side.  The trench walls shall be approximately vertical.

Where rock, hardpan, or other unyielding material is encountered, the
Contractor shall remove it from below the foundation grade for a depth
of at least 12 inches (300 mm) or one‑half inch (12 mm) for each foot of
fill over the top of the pipe (whichever is greater) but for no more
than three‑quarters of the nominal diameter of the pipe.  The width of
the excavation shall be at least 1 foot (30 cm) greater than the
horizontal outside diameter of the pipe.  The excavation below grade
shall be backfilled with selected fine compressible material, such as
silty clay or loam, and lightly compacted in layers not over 6 inches
(150 mm) in uncompacted depth to form a uniform but yielding foundation.

Where a firm foundation is not encountered at the grade established, due
to soft, spongy, or other unstable soil, the unstable soil shall be
removed and replaced with approved granular material for the full trench
width.  The Engineer shall determine the depth of removal necessary. 
The granular material shall be compacted to provide adequate support for
the pipe.

The excavation for pipes that are placed in embankment fill shall not be
made until the embankment has been completed to a height above the top
of the pipe as shown on the plans.

**701-3.2 BEDDING.**  The pipe bedding shall conform to the class
specified on the plans.  When no bedding class is specified or detailed
on the plans, the requirements for Class C bedding shall apply.

**a. Rigid Pipe.**  Class A bedding shall consist of a continuous
concrete cradle conforming to the plan details.

Class B bedding shall consist of a bed of granular material having a
thickness of at least 6 inches (150 mm) below the bottom of the pipe and
extending up around the pipe for a depth of not less than 30 percent of
the pipe\'s vertical outside diameter.  The layer of bedding material
shall be shaped to fit the pipe for at least 10 percent of the pipe\'s
vertical diameter and shall have recesses shaped to receive the bell of
bell and spigot pipe.  The bedding material shall be sand or selected
sandy soil, all of which passes a 3/8 inch (9 mm) sieve and not more
than 10 percent of which passes a No. 200 (0.075 mm) sieve.

Class C bedding shall consist of bedding the pipe in its natural
foundation to a depth of not less than 10 percent of the pipe\'s
vertical outside diameter.  The bed shall be shaped to fit the pipe and
shall have recesses shaped to receive the bell of bell and spigot pipe.

**b. Flexible Pipe.**  For flexible pipe, the bed shall be roughly
shaped to fit the pipe, and a bedding blanket of sand or fine granular
material shall be provided as follows:

Pipe Corrugation Depth Minimum Bedding Depth

in. mm in. mm

1/2 12.5 1 25.0

1 25.0 2 50.0

2 50.0 3 75.0

2‑1/2 62.5 3‑1/2 87.5

**c. PVC and Polyethylene Pipe.**  For PVC and polyethylene pipe, the
bedding material shall consist of coarse sands and gravels with a
maximum particle size of 3/4‑inch (13 mm).  For pipes installed under
paved areas, no more than 12 percent of the material shall pass the No.
200 (0.075 mm) sieve.  For all other areas, no more than 50 percent of
the material shall pass the No. 200 (0.075 mm) sieve.  The bedding shall
have a thickness of at least 6 inches (150 mm) below the bottom of the
pipe and extend up around the pipe for a depth of not less than 50
percent of the pipe\'s vertical outside diameter.

**701-3.3 LAYING PIPE.**  The pipe laying shall begin at the lowest
point of the trench and proceed upgrade.  The lower segment of the pipe
shall be in contact with the bedding throughout its full length.  Bell
or groove ends of rigid pipes and outside circumferential laps of
flexible pipes shall be placed facing upgrade.

Paved or partially lined pipe shall be placed so that the longitudinal
center line of the paved segment coincides with the flow line.

Elliptical and elliptically reinforced pipes shall be placed with the
manufacturer\'s top of pipe mark within five degrees of a vertical plane
through the longitudinal axis of the pipe.

**701-3.4 JOINING PIPE.**  Joints shall be made with (1) portland cement
mortar, (2) portland cement grout, (3) rubber gaskets, (4) plastic
gaskets, or (5) coupling bands.

Mortar joints shall be made with an excess of mortar to form a
continuous bead around the outside of the pipe and shall be finished
smooth on the inside.  Molds or runners shall be used for grouted joints
in order to retain the poured grout.  Rubber ring gaskets shall be
installed to form a flexible watertight seal. 

**a. Concrete Pipe.**  Concrete pipe may be either bell and spigot or
tongue and groove.  The method of joining pipe sections shall be such
that the ends are fully entered and the inner surfaces are reasonably
flush and even.  Joints shall be thoroughly wetted before mortar or
grout is applied.

**b. Metal Pipe.**  Metal pipe shall be firmly joined by form fitting
bands conforming to the requirements of ASTM A 760 for steel pipe and
AASHTO M 196 for aluminum pipe.

**c. PVC and Polyethylene Pipe.**  Joints for PVC and Polyethylene pipe
shall conform to the requirements of ASTM D 3212 when water tight joints
are required. Joints for PVC and Polyethylene pipe shall conform to the
requirements of AASHTO M 304 when soil tight joints are required.
Fittings for polyethylene pipe shall conform to the requirements of
AASHTO M 252 or M 294M.

**701-3.5 BACKFILLING.**  Pipes shall be inspected before any backfill
is placed; any pipes found to be out of alignment, unduly settled, or
damaged shall be removed and relaid or replaced at the Contractor\'s
expense.

Material for backfill shall be fine, readily compatible soil, granular
material selected from the excavation or a source of the Contractor\'s
choosing**\[, or shall meet the requirements of Item P-153\].** .  It
shall not contain frozen lumps, stones that would be retained on a
2‑inch (50.0 mm) sieve, chunks of highly plastic clay, or other
objectionable material.  No less than 95 percent of a granular backfill
material shall pass through a 1/2 inch (12 mm) sieve, and no less than
95 percent of it shall be retained on a No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve.

When the top of the pipe is even with or below the top of the trench,
the backfill shall be compacted in layers not exceeding 6 inches (150
mm) on both sides of the pipe and shall be brought up one foot (30 cm)
above the top of the pipe or to natural ground level, whichever is
greater.  Care shall be exercised to thoroughly compact the backfill
material under the haunches of the pipe.  Material shall be brought up
evenly on both sides of the pipe.

When the top of the pipe is above the top of the trench, the backfill
shall be compacted in layers not exceeding 6 inches (150 mm) and shall
be brought up evenly on both sides of the pipe to 1 foot (30 cm) above
the top of the pipe.  The width of backfill on each side of the pipe for
the portion above the top of the trench shall be equal to twice the
pipe\'s diameter of 12 feet (3.5 m), whichever is less.

For PVC and polyethylene pipe, the backfill shall be placed in two
stages; first to the top of the pipe and then at least 12 inches (300
mm) over the top of the pipe.  The backfill material shall meet the
requirements of paragraph 701‑3.2c.

All backfill shall be compacted to the density required under Item
P‑152.

METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

**701-4.1**  The length of pipe shall be measured in linear feet
(meters) of pipe in place, completed, and approved.  It shall be
measured along the centerline of the pipe from end or inside face of
structure to the end or inside face of structure, whichever is
applicable.  The several classes, types and size shall be measured
separately.  All fittings shall be included in the footage as typical
pipe sections in the pipe being measured.

**701-4.2**  The volume of concrete for pipe cradles to be paid for
shall be the number of cubic yards (cubic meters) of concrete that is
completed in place and accepted.

**701-4.3**  The volume of rock to be paid for shall be the number of
cubic yards (cubic meters) of rock excavated.  No payment shall be made
for the cushion material placed for the bed of the pipe.

BASIS OF PAYMENT

**701-5.1**  Payment will be made at the contract unit price per linear
foot (meter) for each kind of pipe of the type and size designated; at
the contract unit price per cubic yard (cubic meter) of concrete for
pipe cradles; and at the contract unit price per cubic yard (cubic
meter) for rock excavation.

These prices shall fully compensate the Contractor for furnishing all
materials and for all preparation, excavation, and installation of these
materials; and for all labor, equipment, tools, and incidentals
necessary to complete the item.

Payment will be made under:

> Item 701‑5.1 \[   \] inch \[   \] per linear foot (meter)
>
> Item 701‑5.2 Concrete for pipe cradles---per cubic yard (cubic meter)
>
> Item 701‑5.3 Rock excavation---per cubic yard (cubic meter)

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> **The Engineer shall specify the size and type of pipe for each pipe
> size specified in the plans.**

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MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

> ASTM A 760 Corrugated Steel Pipe, Metallic‑Coated for Sewers and
> Drains
>
> ASTM A 761 Corrugated Steel Structural Plate, Zinc Coated, for
> Field-Bolted Pipe, Pipe‑Arches, and Arches
>
> ASTM A 762 Corrugated Steel-Pipe, Polymer Precoated for Sewers and
> Drains
>
> ASTM A 849 Post‑Applied Coatings, Pavings, and Linings for Corrugated
> Steel Sewer and
>
> Drainage Pipe
>
> ASTM A 885/A 885M-96 Steel Sheet, Zinc and Aramid Fiber Composite
> Coated for Corrugated Steel Sewer, Culvert, and Underdrain Pipe
>
> ASTM B 745 Corrugated Aluminum Alloy Culvert Pipe
>
> ASTM C 14 Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe
>
> ASTM C 76 Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
>
> ASTM C 94 Ready Mixed Concrete
>
> ASTM C 144 Aggregate for Masonry Mortar
>
> ASTM C 150 Portland Cement
>
> ASTM C 443 Joints for Circular Concrete Sewer and Culvert Pipe, Using
> Rubber Gaskets
>
> ASTM C 506 Reinforced Concrete Arch Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer
> Pipe
>
> ASTM C 507 Reinforced Concrete Elliptical Culvert, Storm Drain and
> Sewer Pipe
>
> ASTM C 655 Reinforced Concrete D‑Load Culvert, Storm Drain and Sewer
> Pipe
>
> ASTM C 1433 Precast Reinforced Concrete Box Sections for Culverts,
> Storm Drains, and Sewers
>
> ASTM D 1056 Flexible Cellular Materials---Sponge or Expanded Rubber
>
> ASTM D 3034 Type PSM Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and
> Fittings
>
> ASTM D 3212 Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible
> Elastomeric Seals
>
> ASTM D 6690 Joint and Crack Sealants, Hot-Applied, for Concrete and
> Asphalt Pavements
>
> ASTM F 477 Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic Pipe
>
> ASTM F 794 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Ribbed Drain Pipe & Fittings Based on
> Controlled Inside Diameter
>
> ASTM F 949 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Corrugated Sewer Pipe With a
> Smooth Interior and Fittings
>
> AASHTO M 190 Bituminous‑Coated Corrugated Metal Culvert Pipe and Pipe
> Arches
>
> AASHTO M 196 Corrugated Aluminum Alloy Culverts and Underdrains
>
> AASHTO M 198 Joints for Circular Concrete Sewer and Culvert Pipe Using
> Flexible Watertight Gaskets
>
> AASHTO M 219 Aluminum Alloy Structural Plate for Pipe, Pipe‑Arches,
> and Arches
>
> AASHTO M 243 Field Applied Coating of Corrugated Metal Structural
> Plate for Pipe, Pipe‑Arches, and Arches
>
> AASHTO M 252 Corrugated Polyethylene Drainage Tubing
>
> AASHTO M 294M Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe, 300 to 1200 mm Diameter
>
> AASHTO M 304 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile Wall Drain Pipe and
> Fittings Based on Controlled Inside Diameter

**END ITEM D-701**

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