> **Oakland County PM~2.5~**
>
> **Attainment Analysis:**
>
> **Supplemental Report**
>
> . Prepared for
>
> Pepper Hamilton LLP
>
> 600 Fourteenth Street, N.W.
>
> Washington, DC 20005-2004
>
> Prepared by
>
> Gradient Corporation
>
> 20 University Road
>
> Cambridge, MA 02138
>
> September 9, 2005

**Table of Contents**

[Page]{.underline}

Executive Summary ES-1

[1 Introduction 1](#introduction)

[2 Oakland County PM~2.5~ Data Analysis
2](#oakland-county-pm2.5-data-analysis)

[2.1 2004 PM~2.5~ Data 2](#pm2.5-data)

[2.2 Wind Speed Influence 1](#wind-speed-influence)

[2.3 Meteorological Data from Other Stations
2](#meteorological-data-from-other-stations)

[3 Does Oakland County Affect Wayne County PM~2.5~ Levels?
6](#does-oakland-county-affect-wayne-county-pm2.5-levels)

[4 Weighted Emissions Analysis 9](#weighted-emissions-analysis)

[5 Conclusions 11](#conclusions)

[6 References 12](#references)

Appendix A Qualifications of Authors

Appendix B MDEQ Analysis (Weidner, 2005)

**Executive Summary**

We have been retained by Pepper Hamilton LLP, on behalf of Oakland
County, Michigan, to assess the attainment status of Oakland County with
regard to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM~2.5~. On
March 7, 2005, we submitted a technical report entitled \"Oakland County
PM~2.5~ Attainment Analysis.\" We later discussed the findings of this
original report in a meeting with USEPA personnel at Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina, on July 14, 2005. In response to questions and
comments received from USEPA during that meeting, and to supplement to
the original report, we have prepared this report to address several
additional technical issues relating to the Oakland County PM~2.5~
attainment analysis.

In its initial designation, USEPA contended that, although Oakland
County is meeting both the 24-hour and annual PM~2.5~ standards, the
transport of Oakland County emissions contributes to the PM~2.5~
violations recorded in Wayne County. To address this issue, we have
further analyzed the PM~2.5~ data taken at the Oakland County monitor in
Oak Park, Michigan, from 2000 to 2004, and have compared that data with
2000-2004 data from two Wayne County monitoring locations, Dearborn and
Livonia. We have also made additional meteorological analyses that
examine data from other airports and the effect of low wind speeds, and
have examined the contribution of emissions from counties near Toledo,
Ohio.

Based upon our further analysis of the available PM~2.5~ and
meteorological data, Oakland County should clearly be designated as in
PM~2.5~ attainment, for the following reasons:

1.  When the Oak Park PM~2.5~ data are compared with local
    meteorological data, almost all the Oak Park PM~2.5~ values above 15
    μg/m^3^ over the last five years have occurred with winds blowing
    from the south (*i.e.*, indicative of transport from Wayne County
    and other potential emission sources to the south). This result is
    very consistent with both high and low wind speeds.

2.  The Dearborn monitor in Wayne County records the highest PM~2.5~
    concentrations of any monitor in Wayne County. When winds are
    blowing from the north (*i.e.*, from Oakland County towards Wayne
    County), the annual-average PM~2.5~ values at the Dearborn monitor
    over the 2000-2004 time period ranged from 12 to 13.5 μg/m^3^, which
    are well below the 15 μg/m^3^ PM~2.5~ standard and similar to
    regional background levels. Thus, the transport of potential
    emissions or precursors from Oakland County is not contributing to
    the PM~2.5~ violations at the Dearborn monitor.

3.  Likewise, the Livonia monitor, which is located in Wayne County very
    close to the southern border of Oakland County, records extremely
    low annual average PM~2.5~ values of 8 to 11 μg/m^3^ when winds are
    blowing from Oakland County. These values are well below the
    regional background levels estimated by USEPA. Again, the transport
    of emissions from Oakland County does not contribute to high PM~2.5~
    concentrations at the Livonia monitor.

4.  The subjective technique applied by EPA of the \"weighted emissions
    score\" (Factor 1), which compares emission levels of PM~2.5~
    precursors in Oakland County with other counties, is highly
    uncertain and depends strongly on the choice of a regional
    background monitoring location and which counties are included in
    the analysis.

The use of actual PM~2.5~ monitoring data and meteorological data should
take precedence over any subjective factors. The meteorological analysis
clearly shows that the transport of potential emissions or precursors
from Oakland County does not contribute to any PM~2.5~ violations in
Wayne County, but actually improves the PM~2.5~ air quality in Wayne
County. The PM~2.5~ monitoring data and meteorological factors document
why Oakland County deserves a PM~2.5~ attainment designation.

# 1 Introduction

We have been retained by Pepper Hamilton LLP, on behalf of Oakland
County, Michigan, to assess the attainment status of Oakland County with
regard to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM~2.5~. On
March 7, 2005, we submitted a technical report entitled \"Oakland County
PM~2.5~ Attainment Analysis.\" We later discussed the findings of this
original report in a meeting with USEPA personnel at Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina on July 14, 2005. In response to questions and
comments received from USEPA during that meeting, and to supplement the
original report, we have prepared this report to address several
additional technical issues relating to the Oakland County PM~2.5~
attainment analysis.

Section 2 of this report presents a more detailed analysis of the
PM~2.5~ data taken at the Oakland County monitor in Oak Park, Michigan,
from 2000 to 2004, and includes additional meteorological analyses that
examine data from other airports and the effect of low wind speeds.
Because EPA contends that transport of Oakland County emissions
contributes to the PM~2.5~ violations recorded in Wayne County, Section
3 of this report presents a meteorological analysis of the 2000-2004
PM~2.5~ data for two Wayne County monitoring locations, Dearborn and
Livonia. Section 4 of this report presents a more detailed analysis of
the uncertainties involved in the EPA \"weighted emissions score\"
(Factor 1) analysis. We summarize our conclusions in Section 5 of this
report.[^1]

This document was prepared by Dr. Peter Drivas and Dr. Chris Long of
Gradient Corporation. The qualifications of the authors are presented in
Appendix A.

# 2 Oakland County PM~2.5~ Data Analysis

## 2.1 2004 PM~2.5~ Data

In our original March 7, 2005 report, we presented figures for each of
the years 2000 through 2004, where 24-hour PM~2.5~ measurements from the
Oakland County Oak Park monitor were segregated by general wind
direction into \"north\" (blowing from the northwest and northeast
quadrants) and \"south\" (blowing from the southwest and southeast
quadrants). Due to the unavailability of PM~2.5~ data beyond July 2004
from USEPA\'s Air Quality System (AQS)[^2] at the time we prepared these
figures, the graph for 2004 was incomplete in our original report.

PM~2.5~ data for the entire 2004 year are now available on the EPA AQS
website, and Figure 1 below updates our original report to include the
24-hour PM~2.5~ measurements at Oak Park for all of 2004. This figure
confirms our prior conclusions regarding PM~2.5~ trends at the Oak Park
monitor, namely that significantly higher PM~2.5~ measurements at Oak
Park occur when winds are from the south (*i.e.*, indicative of
transport from Wayne County).

Figure 2 below updates the summary graph from our original March 7, 2005
report that presents the annual-average PM~2.5~ values at the Oak Park
monitor by wind direction for the years 2000 to 2004. Figure 2 clearly
shows that when winds were blowing from the north towards Wayne County,
representing transport across the majority of the Oakland County area
(given that the Oak Park monitor is on the southern border of the
county), the annual average PM~2.5~ values were less than 10 μg/m^3^ for
every year. Further, Figure 2 shows that PM~2.5~ levels measured at the
Oak Park monitor, for winds from the north, are on average less than
those from rural sites, such as MK Goddard, Pennsylvania (11.9 μg/m^3^)
or Bondville, Illinois (12.3 μg/m^3^), that USEPA has selected as
representative of regional background PM~2.5~ levels.

![](media/image1.wmf)

**Figure 1. Daily PM~2.5~ Levels at Oak Park *vs*. Daily Average Wind
Direction: Complete 2004 Data**

![](media/image2.wmf)

**Figure 2. Summary of Annual Average PM~2.5~ Concentrations at Oak Park
by Wind Direction. Dashed line is 12.1 μg/m^3^, average of MK Goddard
(11.9 μg/m^3^) and Bondville (12.3 μg/m^3^).**

## 2.2 Wind Speed Influence

In response to USEPA comments at our July 14, 2005 meeting regarding the
potential influence of low wind speeds on our meteorological analysis of
Oak Park PM~2.5~ data, we further segregated the Oak Park PM~2.5~ data
by low and high wind speed days. The USEPA comments suggested that
changes in wind direction during the day (*i.e.*, a \"sloshing\" effect)
at low wind speeds might result in uncertain 24-hour average resultant
wind directions.[^3] Based on the average wind speed at the Detroit City
Airport of 3 m/sec, we defined a \"low\" wind speed day to have an
average resultant wind speed of less than 3 m/sec and a \"high\" wind
speed day to have an average resultant wind speed of greater than 3
m/sec.

Figures 3 and 4 below present the results of this further segregation by
wind speed. Figure 3 shows calculated annual average PM~2.5~ values at
the Oak Park monitor by wind direction for low (\< 3 m/sec) wind speed
days, while Figure 4 shows calculated annual average PM~2.5~ values at
the Oak Park monitor by wind direction for high (\> 3 m/sec) wind speed
days.

![](media/image3.wmf)

**Figure 3. Oak Park PM~2.5~ Data by Wind Direction on Low (\<3 m/sec)
Wind Speed Days. Dashed line is 12.1 μg/m^3^, average of MK Goddard
(11.9 μg/m^3^) and Bondville (12.3 μg/m^3^).**

![](media/image4.wmf)

**Figure 4. Oak Park PM~2.5~ Data by Wind Direction on High (\>3 m/sec)
Wind Speed Days. Dashed line is 12.1 μg/m^3^, average of MK Goddard
(11.9 μg/m^3^) and Bondville (12.3 μg/m^3^).**

Figures 3 and 4 confirm the findings from the prior analyses, namely
that when the Oak Park PM~2.5~ data are compared with local
meteorological data, the annual average PM~2.5~ values above 15 μg/m^3^
over the last five years are associated with winds blowing from the
south (*i.e.*, indicative of transport from Wayne County and other
potential emission sources to the south). This result remains very
consistent with both high and low wind speeds from year to year. The
main influence of wind speed is that slightly higher PM~2.5~
concentrations occur at the Oak Park monitor with lower wind speeds for
both the \"north\" and \"south\" directions.

## 2.3 Meteorological Data from Other Stations

As discussed in our original March 7, 2005 report, we used hourly
meteorological data for the years 2000-2004 for the National Weather
Service (NWS) station at the Detroit City Airport for our meteorological
analyses of the Oak Park PM~2.5~ measurement data. Figure 5 shows the
five-year average wind rose summarizing 2000-2004 wind speed and wind
direction measurements at the Detroit City Airport. As shown in this
wind rose, the most frequent winds are from the southwest quadrant, with
significantly less frequent winds from the northeast and southeast
quadrants.

![](media/image5.png){width="3.7708333333333335in"
height="3.7708333333333335in"}

**Figure 5. 2000-2004 Wind Rose for Detroit City Airport**

In response to comments from USEPA at our July 14, 2005 meeting
regarding whether the Detroit City data are representative of
meteorological conditions at other Detroit-area weather stations, we
obtained meteorological data for the Detroit Metro Airport and the
Flint/Bishop Airport from the USEPA air modeling website[^4]. Five-year
wind roses representative of long-term meteorological conditions at the
Detroit Metro Airport and the Flint/Bishop Airport are shown in Figures
6 and 7. Using meteorological data that we obtained from the Michigan
Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) for the on-site weather
station at the Oak Park PM~2.5~ monitoring location, we created a
five-year wind rose for the Oak Park station, which is shown in Figure
8.

![](media/image6.png){width="3.5in" height="3.5in"}

**Figure 6. 1988-1992 Wind Rose for Detroit Metro Airport**

![](media/image7.png){width="3.5520833333333335in"
height="3.5520833333333335in"}

**Figure 7. 1988-1992 Wind Rose for Flint/Bishop Airport**

![](media/image8.png){width="3.5in" height="3.5in"}

**Figure 8. 2000-2004 Wind Rose for Oak Park Weather Station**

Each of these additional wind roses is consistent with the wind rose for
Detroit City Airport, showing predominant winds from the southwest
quadrant, with significantly less frequent winds from the northeast and
southeast quadrants. The primary difference among the wind roses is that
the Oak Park monitor in Figure 8 recorded lower wind speeds than the
three airport monitors in Figures 5, 6, and 7. However, the wind
direction frequencies at Oak Park (refer to Figure 8) are almost
identical to the wind directions recorded at Detroit City Airport (refer
to Figure 5). Based on wind roses for these additional meteorological
stations, we conclude that the Detroit City Airport meteorological data
are representative of wind flow in the Detroit area.

# 3 Does Oakland County Affect Wayne County PM~2.5~ Levels?

In order to address whether transport from Oakland County contributes to
PM~2.5~ exceedances in Wayne County, we conducted a similar
meteorological analysis of PM~2.5~ data for two monitoring locations in
Wayne County, Dearborn and Livonia. The Dearborn monitoring location,
located within the heavily industrialized Rouge corridor in Wayne
County, typically records the highest PM~2.5~ levels in Wayne County.
The most recent three-year PM~2.5~ average (2002-2004) at the Dearborn
monitor is 18.6 μg/m^3^ (Chester, 2005). In addition, we conducted a
meteorological analysis of PM~2.5~ data for the Livonia monitoring
location in the northwestern corner of Wayne County, to investigate the
potential transport from Oakland County at the monitor in Wayne County
that is closest to Oakland County.

Figure 9 presents a summary graph of annual-average PM~2.5~
concentrations by resultant wind direction for the Dearborn monitor
during the five-year period 2000 to 2004. As shown in Figure 9, when
winds were blowing from the north[^5] (*i.e.*, from Oakland County
towards Wayne County), the annual-average PM~2.5~ values at the Dearborn
monitor in Wayne County were 12 to 13.5 μg/m^3^ over the 2000-2004 time
period. These PM~2.5~ concentrations at Dearborn, when winds are blowing
from Oakland County, are very similar to those from rural sites, such as
MK Goddard, Pennsylvania (11.9 μg/m^3^) and Bondville, Illinois (12.3
μg/m^3^), that USEPA has selected as representative of regional
background PM~2.5~ levels.

In contrast, as shown in Figure 9, the elevated PM~2.5~ values at
Dearborn, with annual average concentrations ranging from 21 to 26
μg/m^3^, occur with winds from the south. Thus, the transport of
potential emissions or precursors from Oakland County is not
contributing to any PM~2.5~ violations at the Dearborn monitor. The
source of the PM~2.5~ non-attainment in Dearborn is not Oakland County,
but emission sources to the south of Dearborn. It is clear from Figure 9
that transport from Oakland County actually improves the PM~2.5~ air
quality at the Dearborn monitor.

![](media/image9.wmf)

**Figure 9. Summary of Annual Average PM~2.5~ Concentrations at Dearborn
by Wind Direction. Dashed line is 12.1 μg/m^3^, average of MK Goddard
(11.9 μg/m^3^) and Bondville (12.3 μg/m^3^).**

Likewise, as shown in Figure 10 below, the Livonia monitor, which is the
closest monitor in Wayne County to the Oakland County border, recorded
extremely low annual-average PM~2.5~ values of 8 to 11 μg/m^3^ when
winds were blowing from the north (*i.e.*, representative of transport
across Oakland County). As shown in Figure 10, these values are well
below average PM~2.5~ levels at either the MK Goddard, Pennsylvania or
Bondville, Illinois sites. The higher PM~2.5~ values at Livonia, which
have annual averages ranging from 16 to 20 μg/m^3^, occur with winds
from the south. Thus, both Figures 9 and 10 conclusively demonstrate
that the transport of potential emissions or precursors from Oakland
County does not contribute to PM~2.5~ violations in Wayne County, but
actually improves the PM~2.5~ air quality in Wayne County.

![](media/image10.wmf)

**Figure 10. Summary of Annual Average PM~2.5~ Concentrations at Livonia
by Wind Direction. Dashed line is 12.1 μg/m^3^, average of MK Goddard
(11.9 μg/m^3^) and Bondville (12.3 μg/m^3^).**

# 4 Weighted Emissions Analysis

As discussed in our original March 7, 2005 report, the subjective
technique applied by USEPA of the \"weighted emissions score\" (Factor
1), which compares emission estimates of PM~2.5~ precursors in Oakland
County with those in other counties, is inherently an unreliable
methodology for assessing \"contribution\" due to its reliance on
uncertain data inputs and questionable assumptions. In particular, we
previously highlighted the uncertainties associated with the pairing of
measured single-site concentration data with estimated county-wide
emissions inventories. We also previously demonstrated the sensitivity
of this metric for a change in just one of the parameters (the regional
background site) employed in the calculation.

Table 1 demonstrates that this methodology is also sensitive to which
counties are included in the analysis. Relying upon MDEQ (Chester, 2004)
information indicating that monitors in Wayne County are impacted by
Toledo emissions, the composite emissions score for the Detroit CMSA was
recalculated to include the three nearby Toledo, Ohio counties (Lucas,
Wood, and Fulton Counties).[^6] Using the more appropriate Bondville,
Illinois regional site and adding the three Toledo counties, Table 1
shows that the composite emissions scores for many of the Michigan
counties changed significantly from the USEPA analysis, with Oakland
County decreasing by 19%.

**Table 1**

**Uncertainty in Composite Emission Scores**

  ------------ ------------------ -------------------- -------------------
  **County**   **Composite                             **% Change**
               Emission Scores**                       

               **USEPA, 2004**    **With Toledo        
                                  Counties and         
                                  Bondville, IL        
                                  Background Site**    

  Wayne        29.8               24.8                 -17

  Monroe       15.1               15.6                 3

  Oakland      13.6               11.0                 -19

  St. Clair    10.4               10.5                 1

  Lucas (OH)   \--                8.5                  \--

  Macomb       9.5                7.0                  -26

  Genesee      7.5                6.4                  -14

  Washtenaw    5.3                4.4                  -16

  Livingston   4.0                3.7                  -6

  Lenawee      2.5                2.4                  -5

  Wood (OH)    \--                2.2                  \--

  Lapeer       2.1                1.8                  -16

  Fulton (OH)  \--                1.6                  \--
  ------------ ------------------ -------------------- -------------------

Table 1, as well as our original March 7, 2005 analysis, clearly
demonstrate that the weighted emissions score is an uncertain and flawed
metric for assessing PM~2.5~ attainment status. The overall lack of
credibility of this metric has been demonstrated by showing significant
impacts on the composite emissions scores with slight (but justified)
changes in the calculation methodology. The selection of which counties
to include in the metric, which USEPA based upon census areas, rather
than on analysis of wind direction and air transport of pollutants,
skews the analysis significantly. Importantly, this metric does not
provide any information on whether local PM~2.5~ contributions in
counties such as Oakland County have any impacts in the portions of
Wayne County where PM~2.5~ standards have been exceeded.

# 5 Conclusions

Based upon our further analysis of the available PM~2.5~ and
meteorological data, Oakland County should clearly be designated as in
PM~2.5~ attainment. In particular:

1.  When the Oak Park PM~2.5~ data are compared with local
    meteorological data, almost all the Oak Park PM~2.5~ values above 15
    μg/m^3^ over the last five years have occurred with winds blowing
    from the south (*i.e.*, indicative of transport from Wayne County
    and other potential emission sources to the south). This result is
    very consistent with both high and low wind speeds.

2.  The Dearborn monitor in Wayne County records the highest PM~2.5~
    concentrations of any monitor in Wayne County. When winds are
    blowing from the north (*i.e.*, from Oakland County towards Wayne
    County), the annual-average PM~2.5~ values at the Dearborn monitor
    over the 2000-2004 time period ranged from 12 to 13.5 μg/m^3^, which
    are well below the 15 μg/m^3^ PM~2.5~ standard and similar to
    regional background levels. Thus, based on monitoring and
    meteorological data, the transport of potential emissions or
    precursors from Oakland County is not contributing to the PM~2.5~
    violations at the Dearborn monitor.

3.  Likewise, the Livonia monitor, which is located in Wayne County very
    close to the southern border of Oakland County, records extremely
    low annual average PM~2.5~ values of 8 to 11 μg/m^3^ when winds are
    blowing from Oakland County. These values are well below the
    regional background levels estimated by USEPA. Again, the data
    document that transport of emissions from Oakland County does not
    contribute to high PM~2.5~ concentrations at the Livonia monitor.

4.  The subjective technique applied by EPA of the \"weighted emissions
    score\" (Factor 1), which compares emission levels of PM~2.5~
    precursors in Oakland County with other counties, is highly
    uncertain and depends strongly on the choice of a regional
    background monitoring location and which counties are included in
    the analysis.

The use of actual PM~2.5~ monitoring data and meteorological data should
take precedence over any subjective factors such as the \"weighted
emissions score.\" The meteorological analysis clearly shows that the
transport of potential emissions or precursors from Oakland County does
not contribute to any PM~2.5~ violations in Wayne County, but actually
improves the PM~2.5~ air quality in Wayne County. The PM~2.5~ monitoring
data and meteorological factors document why Oakland County deserves an
attainment designation for PM~2.5~.

# 6 References

Chester, S.E. 2004. Letter from Steven E. Chester, Michigan DEQ to
Bharat Mathur, EPA Region V, dated September 1, 2004.

Chester, S.E. 2005. Letter from Steven E. Chester, Michigan DEQ to
Bharat Mathur, EPA Region V, dated February 22, 2005.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2004. *Technical Support
for State and Tribal Air Quality Fine Particle (PM~2.5~) Designation.*
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Integrated Policy and
Strategies Group, Research Triangle Park, NC. December.

Weidner, J. 2005. Personal Communication. Senior Transportation Planner,
Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG). August.

Appendix A

Qualifications of Authors

+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Peter J. Drivas, Ph.D.                            |                  |
|                                                   |                  |
| Principal Consultant                              |                  |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Dr. Drivas has over 20 years experience in the    | Practice Areas & |
| fields of air quality modeling, pesticide drift,  | Expertise:       |
| reactive chemical modeling, hazardous spill       |                  |
| assessments, and indoor air pollution. He has     | Air Quality      |
| managed numerous air quality and multimedia       | Modeling         |
| modeling programs; has been an expert witness on  |                  |
| air quality modeling; and has developed many      | Emission Source  |
| innovative environmental models, which can        | Characterization |
| predict ozone and photochemical smog formation,   |                  |
| soil gas infiltration from buried liquid          | Soil-Gas         |
| chemicals into houses, evaporation from oil       | Modeling         |
| spills, and the consequences of hazardous spills  |                  |
| of toxic materials. He is an expert on numerous   | Chemical         |
| Agency-approved and industry standard models      | Engineering      |
| including ISC, CALPUFF, AERMOD, RPM-IV,           | Processes        |
| PLUVUE-II, and others. He has published two books |                  |
| and over 30 technical articles in the             | Accidental       |
| environmental field.                              | Releases         |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Education:                                        |                  |
|                                                   |                  |
| Ph.D., Chemical Engineering, California Institute |                  |
| of Technology                                     |                  |
|                                                   |                  |
| M.S., Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts         |                  |
| Institute of Technology                           |                  |
|                                                   |                  |
| B.S., Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts         |                  |
| Institute of Technology                           |                  |
+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+

+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Christopher M. Long, Sc.D.                       |                   |
|                                                  |                   |
| Senior Project Manager                           |                   |
+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Dr. Long is an environmental health scientist    | Practice Areas &  |
| with experience in the areas of exposure         | Expertise:        |
| assessment, indoor air pollution, human health   |                   |
| risk assessment, and statistical data analysis.  | Indoor/Outdoor    |
| Dr. Long has several years consulting experience | Air Quality       |
| in the risk assessment field. At Gradient, Dr.   |                   |
| Long has been involved in fate and transport     | Airborne          |
| analyses, litigation support, and exposure       | Toxicants         |
| modeling. Prior to joining Gradient, Dr. Long    |                   |
| completed his doctorate in environmental science | Exposure          |
| and engineering at the Harvard School of Public  | As                |
| Health. While at Harvard, Dr. Long conducted a   | sessment/Modeling |
| comprehensive study investigating the sources    |                   |
| and toxicity of indoor particulate matter in     | Human Health Risk |
| residential homes. He received a U.S. EPA        | Assessment        |
| graduate fellowship for this work, and he is     |                   |
| first author on several recent papers on indoor  | Epidemiology      |
| and outdoor particulate matter.                  |                   |
+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Education:                                       |                   |
|                                                  |                   |
| Sc.D., Environmental Science & Engineering,      |                   |
| Harvard School of Public Health                  |                   |
|                                                  |                   |
| M.S., Environmental Engineering, MIT             |                   |
|                                                  |                   |
| A.B., Chemistry and Environmental Studies,       |                   |
| Bowdoin College                                  |                   |
+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------+

+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Areas of    |                                 |                    |
| Expertise**   |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Air quality modeling,           |                    |
|               | chemically reactive pollutants, |                    |
|               | accidental releases,            |                    |
|               | multi-media modeling, chemical  |                    |
|               | process analysis, visibility,   |                    |
|               | indoor air pollution, program   |                    |
|               | management.                     |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Education** |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Ph.D., Chemical Engineering,    |                    |
|               | California Institute of         |                    |
|               | Technology, 1974.               |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | S.M. and S.B., Chemical         |                    |
|               | Engineering, Massachusetts      |                    |
|               | Institute of Technology, 1970.  |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| *             |                                 |                    |
| *Professional |                                 |                    |
| Experience**  |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | 1996 -- present GRADIENT        |                    |
|               | CORPORATION, Cambridge, MA      |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | Principal Consultant. Chief     |                    |
|               | scientist for air quality       |                    |
|               | modeling, multi-media modeling, |                    |
|               | indoor air modeling, hazardous  |                    |
|               | spill assessments, modeling of  |                    |
|               | reactive pollutants, emissions  |                    |
|               | characterization, and chemical  |                    |
|               | process analysis.               |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | 1989 -- 1996 GRADIENT           |                    |
|               | CORPORATION, Cambridge, MA      |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | Principal. Chief scientist for  |                    |
|               | air quality modeling practice,  |                    |
|               | hazardous spill assessments,    |                    |
|               | modeling of reactive            |                    |
|               | pollutants, and chemical        |                    |
|               | process analysis. Director of   |                    |
|               | multi-media modeling, emissions |                    |
|               | characterization, and indoor    |                    |
|               | air pollution studies.          |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | 1983 -- 1989 THERMO ELECTRON    |                    |
|               | CORPORATION, Waltham, MA        |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | Environmental Director.         |                    |
|               | Consultant to all Thermo        |                    |
|               | Electron divisions on air       |                    |
|               | quality monitoring and          |                    |
|               | modeling, including the use of  |                    |
|               | EPA dispersion models,          |                    |
|               | photochemical models, and       |                    |
|               | hazardous spill models.         |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | 1982 -- 1983 ENERGY RESOURCES   |                    |
|               | COMPANY, La Jolla, CA           |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | Principal Scientist. Directed   |                    |
|               | development of accidental       |                    |
|               | release models and managed air  |                    |
|               | quality modeling activities     |                    |
|               | related to permitting. Designed |                    |
|               | fluidized bed reactors to       |                    |
|               | minimize emissions.             |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | 1979 -- 1981 ENVIRONMENTAL      |                    |
|               | RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY,          |                    |
|               | Concord, MA                     |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | Senior Consultant. Directed air |                    |
|               | quality modeling studies,       |                    |
|               | including the use of EPA UNAMAP |                    |
|               | and photochemical models for    |                    |
|               | permitting of new sources.      |                    |
|               | Developed visibility            |                    |
|               | degradation models for          |                    |
|               | compliance with PSD             |                    |
|               | regulations.                    |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | 1975 -- 1978 PACIFIC            |                    |
|               | ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, Santa   |                    |
|               | Monica, CA                      |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | Manager, Atmospheric Modeling   |                    |
|               | Division. Responsible for model |                    |
|               | development, group management,  |                    |
|               | and business development.       |                    |
|               | Project manager for             |                    |
|               | environmental permitting and    |                    |
|               | research studies, including     |                    |
|               | ozone and mobile source         |                    |
|               | modeling.                       |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | 1974 -- 1975 CALIFORNIA         |                    |
|               | INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,        |                    |
|               | Pasadena, CA                    |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | Research Fellow. Studied indoor |                    |
|               | air pollution and infiltration  |                    |
|               | rates in buildings by means of  |                    |
|               | a tracer gas technique.         |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+

+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| *             |                                 |                    |
| *Professional |                                 |                    |
| Activities**  |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | • Chairman of AWMA national     |                    |
|               | technical committee on          |                    |
|               | accidental releases.            |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | • Expert witness testimony      |                    |
|               | experience for air quality      |                    |
|               | modeling topics.                |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | • Author of approximately 30    |                    |
|               | journal articles, books, and    |                    |
|               | conference presentations.       |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| *             |                                 |                    |
| *Professional |                                 |                    |
| A             |                                 |                    |
| ffiliations** |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | American Institute of Chemical  |                    |
|               | Engineers, Consultant to        |                    |
|               | Environmental Division • Air    |                    |
|               | and Waste Management            |                    |
|               | Association, Chairman of AT-4   |                    |
|               | Accidental Release Committee •  |                    |
|               | American Chemical Society •     |                    |
|               | American Meteorological         |                    |
|               | Association                     |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Projects**  |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Martin Marietta Energy         |                    |
| (hidden text) | Systems]{.underline}: Technical |                    |
|               | consultant on reactive          |                    |
|               | chemistry modifications to the  |                    |
|               | HGSYSTEM model to account for   |                    |
|               | UF~6~ chemistry and             |                    |
|               | thermodynamics. The chemistry   |                    |
|               | involved UF~6~ flashing to a    |                    |
|               | mixture of vapor and solid      |                    |
|               | particles if accidentally       |                    |
|               | released, reacting with water   |                    |
|               | vapor to form HF and UO~2~F~2~, |                    |
|               | and the HF continuing to react  |                    |
|               | with water vapor. UF~6~         |                    |
|               | chemistry and thermodynamic     |                    |
|               | algorithms were combined with   |                    |
|               | the HF chemistry and algorithms |                    |
|               | in HGSYSTEM. The solutions were |                    |
|               | obtained by solving a set of 14 |                    |
|               | simultaneous differential       |                    |
|               | equations involving chemistry,  |                    |
|               | dispersion, and thermodynamics. |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [American Institute of Chemical |                    |
|               | Engineers, Center for Chemical  |                    |
|               | Process Safety]{.underline}:    |                    |
|               | Co-authored a guideline book    |                    |
|               | describing the latest           |                    |
|               | techniques to calculate the     |                    |
|               | source emissions, transport,    |                    |
|               | and dispersion of hazardous     |                    |
|               | vapor clouds. Source emission   |                    |
|               | techniques that were described  |                    |
|               | included gas and liquid jet     |                    |
|               | releases, pool evaporation,     |                    |
|               | pipeline breaks, and cryogenic  |                    |
|               | releases. Topics included       |                    |
|               | two-phase flow, reactive        |                    |
|               | components, and calculation of  |                    |
|               | multi-component releases.       |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [State of Alaska, Department of |                    |
|               | Environmental                   |                    |
|               | Conservation]{.underline}:      |                    |
|               | Managed study to evaluate       |                    |
|               | health and environmental        |                    |
|               | impacts on animals and plants   |                    |
|               | in Prince William Sound,        |                    |
|               | Alaska, caused by hydrocarbon   |                    |
|               | evaporative emissions from the  |                    |
|               | Exxon Valdez oil spill.         |                    |
|               | Developed evaporative emission  |                    |
|               | model for individual air toxics |                    |
|               | such as benzene, toluene, and   |                    |
|               | xylene from oil spills. Air     |                    |
|               | concentrations resulting from   |                    |
|               | the evaporative emissions were  |                    |
|               | used to assess the risk of      |                    |
|               | adverse environmental impacts   |                    |
|               | in the vicinity of Prince       |                    |
|               | William Sound.                  |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Amoco                          |                    |
|               | Corporation]{.underline}:       |                    |
|               | Managed study to determine      |                    |
|               | impacts of a proposed chemical  |                    |
|               | plant expansion on ozone        |                    |
|               | concentrations and visibility   |                    |
|               | in a nearby national park, in   |                    |
|               | support of a Prevention of      |                    |
|               | Significant Deterioration (PSD) |                    |
|               | operating permit. A reactive    |                    |
|               | plume model was used to         |                    |
|               | evaluate ozone concentrations,  |                    |
|               | and a visibility screening      |                    |
|               | technique was used to determine |                    |
|               | the worst-case visibility       |                    |
|               | impairment caused by the plant  |                    |
|               | emissions.                      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Browning-Ferris                |                    |
|               | Industries]{.underline}:        |                    |
|               | Developed a health risk         |                    |
|               | exposure assessment of stack    |                    |
|               | emissions from a proposed       |                    |
|               | medical waste incinerator.      |                    |
|               | Estimated emission rates of     |                    |
|               | possible hazardous substances   |                    |
|               | released into the air from the  |                    |
|               | incinerator stack, including    |                    |
|               | metals, dioxins, furans, acid   |                    |
|               | gases, pathogens, hydrocarbons, |                    |
|               | and radioisotopes. Conducted    |                    |
|               | air dispersion modeling using   |                    |
|               | the ISCST model for five years  |                    |
|               | of meteorological data to       |                    |
|               | predict short-term and          |                    |
|               | long-term concentrations and    |                    |
|               | resulting health risks at       |                    |
|               | nearby resident receptor sites. |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [State of California, Air       |                    |
|               | Resources Board]{.underline}:   |                    |
|               | Managed an improved emission    |                    |
|               | inventory for oil production    |                    |
|               | and refining emission sources   |                    |
|               | in the San Joaquin Valley in    |                    |
|               | California, for use as input to |                    |
|               | a photochemical grid model. All |                    |
|               | available emission factor       |                    |
|               | models and equations applicable |                    |
|               | to oil production facilities    |                    |
|               | and refineries were reviewed    |                    |
|               | and compared, and an estimate   |                    |
|               | was made of the statistical     |                    |
|               | accuracy of the most            |                    |
|               | appropriate emission factor.    |                    |
|               | Hydrocarbon emissions were      |                    |
|               | apportioned into individual     |                    |
|               | chemical species for use in     |                    |
|               | photochemical modeling.         |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Major Oil                      |                    |
|               | Company]{.underline}: Developed |                    |
|               | a mathematical model for the    |                    |
|               | prediction of air quality       |                    |
|               | concentrations resulting from   |                    |
|               | the accidental releases of      |                    |
|               | hazardous components. A new     |                    |
|               | algorithm was developed for     |                    |
|               | multicomponent evaporation from |                    |
|               | a liquid spill mixture. Also,   |                    |
|               | techniques for calculating the  |                    |
|               | evaporation heat balance were   |                    |
|               | evaluated, and a method was     |                    |
|               | developed to determine the      |                    |
|               | phase partitioning of boiling   |                    |
|               | compounds.                      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Insurance                      |                    |
|               | Company]{.underline}: Directed  |                    |
|               | scientific investigation into   |                    |
|               | historical chemical             |                    |
|               | manufacturing and waste         |                    |
|               | disposal processes. Relevant    |                    |
|               | patents and process flow sheets |                    |
|               | were reviewed to determine the  |                    |
|               | basic process chemistry and the |                    |
|               | amount and type of waste        |                    |
|               | material created. Based on the  |                    |
|               | process chemistry, chemical     |                    |
|               | reaction calculations were      |                    |
|               | performed to determine the      |                    |
|               | composition of the waste stream |                    |
|               | by-products.                    |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Thermo Electron]{.underline}:  |                    |
|               | Developed a mathematical model  |                    |
|               | to predict evaporation and      |                    |
|               | transport of pollutants at high |                    |
|               | temperatures through porous     |                    |
|               | media. The model included the   |                    |
|               | effects of cylindrical as well  |                    |
|               | as rectangular geometry,        |                    |
|               | considered the addition of a    |                    |
|               | layer that inhibits diffusion,  |                    |
|               | and included the effects of     |                    |
|               | variable pore size and geometry |                    |
|               | in the porous medium.           |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [EPA Region II]{.underline}:    |                    |
|               | Evaluated potential human risks |                    |
|               | due to implementation of        |                    |
|               | recommended remedial actions at |                    |
|               | a hazardous waste site.         |                    |
|               | Calculated emissions and air    |                    |
|               | concentrations resulting from   |                    |
|               | five different remedial         |                    |
|               | activities, including soil      |                    |
|               | excavation, incineration, site  |                    |
|               | capping, and sediment dredging. |                    |
|               | Exposure and resulting health   |                    |
|               | risks due to emission of PCB    |                    |
|               | vapors and dust were examined   |                    |
|               | using EPA-recommended air       |                    |
|               | quality dispersion and          |                    |
|               | deposition models.              |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Major Chemical                 |                    |
|               | Company]{.underline}: Developed |                    |
|               | an innovative model for         |                    |
|               | evaluating the air emissions    |                    |
|               | from buried hazardous waste     |                    |
|               | material, resulting in a        |                    |
|               | presentation at the 1990 Air    |                    |
|               | and Waste Management            |                    |
|               | Association meeting. The new    |                    |
|               | model showed that typical       |                    |
|               | techniques used to calculate    |                    |
|               | buried waste emissions may      |                    |
|               | overpredict air concentrations  |                    |
|               | by an order of magnitude.       |                    |
|               | Conducted air quality           |                    |
|               | dispersion modeling to estimate |                    |
|               | downwind exposures and          |                    |
|               | concentrations.                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Browning Ferris                |                    |
|               | Industries]{.underline}:        |                    |
|               | Investigated air quality issues |                    |
|               | associated with the expansion   |                    |
|               | of a landfill in Minnesota.     |                    |
|               | Calculated the air exposures of |                    |
|               | nearby populations to potential |                    |
|               | releases of air toxics          |                    |
|               | emissions from the site by      |                    |
|               | using EPA-recommended air       |                    |
|               | quality models. Investigated    |                    |
|               | the effects on the air quality  |                    |
|               | modeling results of variability |                    |
|               | in terrain, year-to-year        |                    |
|               | changes in site meteorology,    |                    |
|               | and the use of rural vs. urban  |                    |
|               | dispersion coefficients.        |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Law Firm]{.underline}:         |                    |
|               | Developed a general indoor air  |                    |
|               | pollution model that can        |                    |
|               | predict indoor concentrations,  |                    |
|               | as a function of time, of       |                    |
|               | gases, particulates, or fibers  |                    |
|               | such as asbestos. A Gaussian    |                    |
|               | puff dispersion model was       |                    |
|               | combined with a flow field and  |                    |
|               | general building decay          |                    |
|               | parameters for a comprehensive  |                    |
|               | model of indoor air transport   |                    |
|               | and dispersion of a point       |                    |
|               | source of emissions.            |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [General Electric]{.underline}: |                    |
|               | Provided chemical process       |                    |
|               | analysis development for the    |                    |
|               | manufacture of a solid-state    |                    |
|               | energy conversion device.       |                    |
|               | Developed time and temperature  |                    |
|               | process parameters for          |                    |
|               | manufacturing, both             |                    |
|               | theoretically and               |                    |
|               | experimentally, and calculated  |                    |
|               | chemical formation and          |                    |
|               | degradation rates as a function |                    |
|               | of temperature.                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Government of                  |                    |
|               | China]{.underline}: Trained     |                    |
|               | representatives from Beijing    |                    |
|               | and Lanzhou, China, on the      |                    |
|               | theory, operation, and          |                    |
|               | practical application of        |                    |
|               | Gaussian and photochemical air  |                    |
|               | quality models. Developed a     |                    |
|               | microcomputer version of the    |                    |
|               | OZIPM-2 photochemical model to  |                    |
|               | determine ozone control         |                    |
|               | strategies in China.            |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Consortium of Oil              |                    |
|               | Companies]{.underline}:         |                    |
|               | Developed numerical modeling    |                    |
|               | techniques for predicting the   |                    |
|               | air quality impact of spills of |                    |
|               | cryogenic materials from        |                    |
|               | storage tanks and pipelines,    |                    |
|               | and two-phase (gas and liquid)  |                    |
|               | flow from high-pressure liquid  |                    |
|               | pipelines. A comprehensive      |                    |
|               | modeling system was developed   |                    |
|               | for handling any type of        |                    |
|               | hazardous spill.                |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [U.S. Department of             |                    |
|               | Energy]{.underline}: Designed a |                    |
|               | fluidized bed combustion        |                    |
|               | reactor to minimize air         |                    |
|               | pollutant emissions of SO~2~    |                    |
|               | and NO~x~. A numerical model    |                    |
|               | was developed to calculate      |                    |
|               | fluid flow, mixing, and         |                    |
|               | chemical reactions inside a     |                    |
|               | fluidized bed reactor, and the  |                    |
|               | results of the calculations     |                    |
|               | were used to guide pilot plant  |                    |
|               | experimental development.       |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Texaco]{.underline}: Managed   |                    |
|               | the successful air quality      |                    |
|               | permitting of an expansion of   |                    |
|               | oil production operations in    |                    |
|               | California. Met with state and  |                    |
|               | local representatives and       |                    |
|               | conducted emissions and air     |                    |
|               | dispersion modeling to          |                    |
|               | demonstrate compliance with     |                    |
|               | current regulations.            |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Consolidated Edison of New     |                    |
|               | York]{.underline}: Directed the |                    |
|               | successful air quality          |                    |
|               | permitting of a change in power |                    |
|               | plant fuel from oil to coal,    |                    |
|               | involving very detailed air     |                    |
|               | dispersion modeling that        |                    |
|               | considered \"street canyon\"    |                    |
|               | effects in New York City. Also, |                    |
|               | developed environmental and     |                    |
|               | economic analyses of currently  |                    |
|               | available and possible future   |                    |
|               | types of burners and control    |                    |
|               | equipment for reducing          |                    |
|               | pollutants from coal-fired      |                    |
|               | power plants.                   |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [State of Maine, Department of  |                    |
|               | Environmental                   |                    |
|               | Protection]{.underline}:        |                    |
|               | Developed a liquid spill        |                    |
|               | evaporation model to predict    |                    |
|               | time-dependent multicomponent   |                    |
|               | air pollution concentrations    |                    |
|               | resulting from oil spills.      |                    |
|               | Results of the model were used  |                    |
|               | to analyze the health risks to  |                    |
|               | residents near a liquid spill   |                    |
|               | waste facility.                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Northern Tier Pipeline         |                    |
|               | Company]{.underline}: Developed |                    |
|               | an improved visibility          |                    |
|               | degradation model, and used     |                    |
|               | this model to predict the       |                    |
|               | impact of a proposed marine     |                    |
|               | terminal on visibility impacts  |                    |
|               | in Washington\'s Olympia        |                    |
|               | National Park. Ten scenic       |                    |
|               | views, selected by the National |                    |
|               | Park Service, were modeled to   |                    |
|               | determine the amount of         |                    |
|               | visibility impairment due to    |                    |
|               | emissions from the proposed     |                    |
|               | marine terminal.                |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [EPA, Office of Air Quality     |                    |
|               | Planning and                    |                    |
|               | Standards]{.underline}:         |                    |
|               | Directed a major atmospheric    |                    |
|               | tracer study to develop basic   |                    |
|               | experimental data on dispersion |                    |
|               | in complex terrain. Dual        |                    |
|               | atmospheric tracers (SF~6~ and  |                    |
|               | Freon-11) were released from    |                    |
|               | different heights over a small  |                    |
|               | hill with over 50 sampling      |                    |
|               | locations. Responsible for the  |                    |
|               | experimental analysis and       |                    |
|               | database development for        |                    |
|               | thousands of air samples.       |                    |
|               | Results from this study were    |                    |
|               | used to develop EPA\'s Complex  |                    |
|               | II air quality model.           |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Aluminum                       |                    |
|               | Association]{.underline}:       |                    |
|               | Managed a comprehensive SF~6~   |                    |
|               | tracer study at an aluminum     |                    |
|               | plant to develop basic          |                    |
|               | experimental data for the       |                    |
|               | line-source type of releases    |                    |
|               | characteristic of aluminum      |                    |
|               | plants. Results from this study |                    |
|               | were used to develop EPA\'s     |                    |
|               | Buoyant Line and Plume (BLP)    |                    |
|               | model.                          |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [EPA, Region I]{.underline}:    |                    |
|               | Used the city-specific version  |                    |
|               | of the OZIPP photochemical      |                    |
|               | model to estimate hydrocarbon   |                    |
|               | emission reductions necessary   |                    |
|               | to attain the ozone air quality |                    |
|               | standard in Massachusetts,      |                    |
|               | Connecticut, and Rhode Island.  |                    |
|               | The city-specific ozone model   |                    |
|               | was run with the specific UV    |                    |
|               | intensity, transported ozone,   |                    |
|               | dilution rate, and emission     |                    |
|               | parameters for each of five     |                    |
|               | major urban areas to determine  |                    |
|               | the emission reductions         |                    |
|               | necessary in each area to       |                    |
|               | attain the ozone standard.      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [EPA, Office of Air Quality     |                    |
|               | Planning and                    |                    |
|               | Standards]{.underline}:         |                    |
|               | Developed procedures for the    |                    |
|               | acquisition and compilation of  |                    |
|               | emission information into the   |                    |
|               | form required for input into    |                    |
|               | photochemical air quality       |                    |
|               | simulation models. Emission     |                    |
|               | methods were applicable to both |                    |
|               | grid and trajectory             |                    |
|               | photochemical models.           |                    |
|               | Techniques were developed for   |                    |
|               | obtaining the necessary spatial |                    |
|               | and temporal resolution, and    |                    |
|               | for segregating hydrocarbon     |                    |
|               | emissions into the reactive     |                    |
|               | species required by the         |                    |
|               | photochemical model.            |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [State of Arizona, Highway      |                    |
|               | Department]{.underline}: Used a |                    |
|               | photochemical trajectory model  |                    |
|               | to analyze the impact on        |                    |
|               | ambient ozone levels of a       |                    |
|               | proposed new highway in         |                    |
|               | Phoenix. Nine worst-case air    |                    |
|               | trajectories were modeled that  |                    |
|               | would maximize the ozone impact |                    |
|               | of the new highway in major     |                    |
|               | residential communities in and  |                    |
|               | near Phoenix. The highway was   |                    |
|               | built after our study concluded |                    |
|               | that there would be only minor  |                    |
|               | ozone impacts.                  |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Zinc Galvanizing               |                    |
|               | Company]{.underline}: Directed  |                    |
|               | an emissions monitoring and air |                    |
|               | quality dispersion modeling     |                    |
|               | study for a zinc galvanizing    |                    |
|               | facility in Los Angeles. The    |                    |
|               | basic galvanizing process was   |                    |
|               | studied to determine emission   |                    |
|               | parameters, stack testing was   |                    |
|               | conducted, and the emission     |                    |
|               | results were used as input to   |                    |
|               | an air quality model. Provided  |                    |
|               | expert witness testimony on     |                    |
|               | emissions and air modeling.     |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [United Airlines]{.underline}:  |                    |
|               | Performed an air quality        |                    |
|               | dispersion modeling study for a |                    |
|               | proposed United Airlines food   |                    |
|               | waste incinerator at Los        |                    |
|               | Angeles International Airport.  |                    |
|               | Provided expert witness         |                    |
|               | testimony on air quality        |                    |
|               | modeling and the impact of the  |                    |
|               | incinerator on nearby           |                    |
|               | residents. The incinerator was  |                    |
|               | successfully permitted and is   |                    |
|               | currently operating.            |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [ASARCO]{.underline}: Monte     |                    |
|               | Carlo air modeling and risk     |                    |
|               | assessment at operating         |                    |
|               | smelter.                        |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| *             |                                 |                    |
| *Publications |                                 |                    |
| &             |                                 |                    |
| Pr            |                                 |                    |
| esentations** |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Brody, J.G., D.J. Vorhees, S.J. |                    |
|               | Melly, S.R. Swedis, P.J.        |                    |
|               | Drivas, and R.A. Rudel. 2002.   |                    |
|               | \"Using GIS and Historical      |                    |
|               | Records to Reconstruct          |                    |
|               | Residential Exposure to         |                    |
|               | Large-Scale Pesticide           |                    |
|               | Application.\" *Journal of      |                    |
|               | Exposure Analysis and           |                    |
|               | Environmental Epidemiology*,    |                    |
|               | 12: 64-80.                      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J., P.A. Valberg,     |                    |
|               | B.L. Murphy, and R. Wilson.     |                    |
|               | 1996. \" Modeling Indoor Air    |                    |
|               | Exposure from Short-term Point  |                    |
|               | Source Releases.\" *Indoor Air* |                    |
|               | 6:271-277.                      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Valberg, P.A., P.J. Drivas,     |                    |
|               | S.M. McCarthy, and A.Y. Watson. |                    |
|               | 1996. \"Evaluating the Health   |                    |
|               | Impacts of Incinerator          |                    |
|               | Emissions.\" *J. Hazardous      |                    |
|               | Material,* 47:205-227.          |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Hanna, S.R., P.J. Drivas, and   |                    |
|               | J.C. Chang. 1996. *Guidelines   |                    |
|               | for Use of Source Emissions and |                    |
|               | Atmospheric Dispersion Models   |                    |
|               | for Accidental Releases*.       |                    |
|               | Center for Chemical Process     |                    |
|               | Safety, American Institute of   |                    |
|               | Chemical Engineers, New York.   |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. 1995. \"A Review   |                    |
|               | of Source Emission Models for   |                    |
|               | Accidental Releases.\" Paper    |                    |
|               | No. 95-TP54A.03. *Proceedings:  |                    |
|               | The 88th Annual Meeting of the  |                    |
|               | Air and Waste Management        |                    |
|               | Association*, San Antonio, TX,  |                    |
|               | June 19‑23.                     |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | McCarthy, S.M., P.J. Drivas,    |                    |
|               | and R.J. Yamartino. 1994. \"The |                    |
|               | Design and Evaluation of Oil    |                    |
|               | Production Emission Database    |                    |
|               | Files for Input to the SARMAP   |                    |
|               | Modeling System.\"              |                    |
|               | *Proceedings: Regional          |                    |
|               | Photochemical Measurement and   |                    |
|               | Modeling Studies Conference*,   |                    |
|               | San Diego, CA, November 8-12.   |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Murphy, B.L. and P.J. Drivas.   |                    |
|               | 1993. \"Migration of Volatile   |                    |
|               | Contaminants into Buildings.\"  |                    |
|               | *Proceedings: Eighth Annual     |                    |
|               | Conference on Contaminated      |                    |
|               | Soils*, Amherst, MA.            |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J., K. Raabe, L.C.    |                    |
|               | Daly, and L.K. Zuke. 1993.      |                    |
|               | \"Air Toxics Modeling of        |                    |
|               | Excavation and Landfilling      |                    |
|               | Activities.\" Paper             |                    |
|               | 93-RA-114A.03, 86th Annual Air  |                    |
|               | and Waste Management            |                    |
|               | Association Meeting, Denver,    |                    |
|               | Co.                             |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Hanna, S.R. and P.J. Drivas.    |                    |
|               | 1993. \"Modeling VOC Emissions  |                    |
|               | and Air Concentrations from the |                    |
|               | Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.\"       |                    |
|               | *Journal of the Air and Waste   |                    |
|               | Management Association*,        |                    |
|               | 43:298-309.                     |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J., B.L. Murphy, and  |                    |
|               | P.A. Valberg. 1992. \"Exposure  |                    |
|               | Modeling of Indoor Sources of   |                    |
|               | Particulates or Fibers.\"       |                    |
|               | *Proceedings: Society for Risk  |                    |
|               | Analysis - 1992 Annual          |                    |
|               | Meeting*, San Diego, CA.        |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J., P.A. Valberg, and |                    |
|               | T.D. Gauthier. 1991. \"Health   |                    |
|               | Assessment of Air Toxics        |                    |
|               | Emissions from Alternative      |                    |
|               | Fuels.\" Paper 91-107.6, 84th   |                    |
|               | Annual Air and Waste Management |                    |
|               | Association Meeting, Vancouver, |                    |
|               | BC.                             |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. and L.C. Daly.     |                    |
|               | 1991. \"Calculation of          |                    |
|               | Evaporative Emission Rates of   |                    |
|               | Air Toxics from a               |                    |
|               | Multicomponent Liquid Spill.\"  |                    |
|               | Paper 91-84.7, 84th Annual Air  |                    |
|               | and Waste Management            |                    |
|               | Association Meeting, Vancouver, |                    |
|               | BC.                             |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. 1991. \"Validation |                    |
|               | of Hazardous Spill Emission     |                    |
|               | Models.\" Invited Paper,        |                    |
|               | International Conference and    |                    |
|               | Workshop on Mitigating the      |                    |
|               | Consequences of Accidental      |                    |
|               | Releases of Hazardous           |                    |
|               | Materials, New Orleans.         |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J., A.P. Toole, and   |                    |
|               | S.C. Gnewuch. 1990. \"The       |                    |
|               | Effects of Global Warming and   |                    |
|               | Increased UV Radiation on Urban |                    |
|               | Ozone Concentrations.\" Paper   |                    |
|               | 40C, American Institute of      |                    |
|               | Chemical Engineers, Summer      |                    |
|               | National Meeting, San Diego,    |                    |
|               | CA.                             |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J., D.H. Bass, and    |                    |
|               | B.L. Murphy. 1990.              |                    |
|               | \"Atmospheric Emissions from    |                    |
|               | Buried Hazardous Waste.\" Paper |                    |
|               | 90-74.4, 83rd Annual Air and    |                    |
|               | Waste Management Association    |                    |
|               | Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA.        |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Hanna, S.R., and P.J. Drivas.   |                    |
|               | 1987. *Guidelines for Use of    |                    |
|               | Vapor Cloud Dispersion Models.* |                    |
|               | Center for Chemical Process     |                    |
|               | Safety, American Institute of   |                    |
|               | Chemical Engineers.             |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. 1986.              |                    |
|               | \"Two-dimensional Resistance    |                    |
|               | Analysis in a Thermoelectric    |                    |
|               | Multicouple.\" *Proceedings:    |                    |
|               | 21st Intersociety Energy        |                    |
|               | Conversion Engineering          |                    |
|               | Conference*, San Diego, CA, pp. |                    |
|               | 1353-1356.                      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. 1985. \"Prediction |                    |
|               | of Multicouple Performance.\"   |                    |
|               | *Proceedings: Fifth Working     |                    |
|               | Group Meeting on                |                    |
|               | Thermoelectrics*, Pasadena, CA. |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J., J.S. Sabnis, and  |                    |
|               | L.H. Teuscher. 1983.            |                    |
|               | \"Simulation of Pipeline and    |                    |
|               | Tank Storage Failures.\" *Oil   |                    |
|               | and Gas Journal*: 162-169       |                    |
|               | (September).                    |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. 1982.              |                    |
|               | \"Calculation of Evaporative    |                    |
|               | Emissions from Multicomponent   |                    |
|               | Liquid Spills.\" *Environmental |                    |
|               | Science and Technology*,        |                    |
|               | 16:726-728.                     |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Heinold, D.W., P.J. Drivas,     |                    |
|               | D.A. Hansen, and T.F. Lavery.   |                    |
|               | 1982. \"Acid Rain Impact        |                    |
|               | Assessment: From Stack to       |                    |
|               | Stream.\" *Proceedings:         |                    |
|               | AMS/APCA Third Joint Conference |                    |
|               | on Applications of Air          |                    |
|               | Pollution Meteorology*, San     |                    |
|               | Antonio, TX.                    |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. and D.W. Heinold.  |                    |
|               | 1981. \"Visibility Impact       |                    |
|               | Analysis of a Marine Oil        |                    |
|               | Terminal.\" *Proceedings: Fifth |                    |
|               | Symposium on Turbulence,        |                    |
|               | Diffusion, and Air Pollution*.  |                    |
|               | Atlanta, GA.                    |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J., A. Bass, and D.W. |                    |
|               | Heinold. 1981. \"A Plume Blight |                    |
|               | Visibility Model for Regulatory |                    |
|               | Use.\" *Atmospheric             |                    |
|               | Environment* 15:2179-2184.      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J., K.H. Wilson, and  |                    |
|               | L.W. Wayne. 1979. \"A Case      |                    |
|               | Study: Use of City-Specific     |                    |
|               | EKMA in Massachusetts,          |                    |
|               | Connecticut, and Rhode          |                    |
|               | Island.\" *Proceedings:         |                    |
|               | Specialty Conference on         |                    |
|               | Ozone/Oxidants*, Houston, TX.   |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. 1978. \"Emission   |                    |
|               | Inventory Requirements for      |                    |
|               | Photochemical Air Quality       |                    |
|               | Simulation Models.\"            |                    |
|               | *Proceedings: Specialty         |                    |
|               | Conference on Emission Factors  |                    |
|               | and Inventories*, Anaheim, CA.  |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Wayne, L.W. and P.J. Drivas.    |                    |
|               | 1978. \"Sensitivity of the      |                    |
|               | Empirical Kinetic Modeling      |                    |
|               | Approach to Input Data and      |                    |
|               | Local Conditions.\" Paper       |                    |
|               | 78-72.2, 71st Annual APCA       |                    |
|               | Conference, Houston, TX.        |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. and L.W. Wayne.    |                    |
|               | 1977. \"Sensitivity Tests of a  |                    |
|               | Lagrangian Photochemical Air    |                    |
|               | Quality Simulation Model.\"     |                    |
|               | Paper 78-10.3, 71st Annual APCA |                    |
|               | Conference, Houston, TX.        |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J., M. Chan, and L.W. |                    |
|               | Wayne. 1977. \"Validation of an |                    |
|               | Improved Photochemical Air      |                    |
|               | Quality Simulation Model.\"     |                    |
|               | *Proceedings: AMS/APCA Joint    |                    |
|               | Conference on Applications of   |                    |
|               | Air Pollution Meteorology*,     |                    |
|               | Salt Lake City, UT.             |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. 1976. *Emissions   |                    |
|               | from Hot-Dip Galvanizing        |                    |
|               | Processes.* EPA Report No.      |                    |
|               | EPA-905/4-76-002, USEPA, Region |                    |
|               | V, Chicago, IL. Available as    |                    |
|               | Document PB251910, U.S. Dept.   |                    |
|               | of Commerce, National Technical |                    |
|               | Information Service,            |                    |
|               | Springfield, VA. March.         |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. 1975. \"On the     |                    |
|               | Measurement of Ambient          |                    |
|               | Halogenated Hydrocarbons.\"     |                    |
|               | *Proceedings:* *Caltech Air     |                    |
|               | Quality Symposium*, Pasadena,   |                    |
|               | CA.                             |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. and F.H. Shair.    |                    |
|               | 1974. \"Probing the Air Flow    |                    |
|               | Within the Wake Downwind of a   |                    |
|               | Building by Means of a Tracer   |                    |
|               | Technique.\" *Atmospheric       |                    |
|               | Environment* 8:1165-1175.       |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. and F.H. Shair.    |                    |
|               | 1974. \"A Tracer Study of       |                    |
|               | Pollutant Transport and         |                    |
|               | Dispersion in the Los Angeles   |                    |
|               | Area.\" *Atmospheric            |                    |
|               | Environment* 8:1155-1163.       |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Griffith, G.A., P.J. Drivas,    |                    |
|               | and F.H. Shair. 1974. \"An      |                    |
|               | Inexpensive Remote Sequential   |                    |
|               | Air Sampler.\" *Journal of the  |                    |
|               | Air Pollution Control           |                    |
|               | Association* 24:776-777.        |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J. and F.H. Shair.    |                    |
|               | 1974. \"Dispersion of an        |                    |
|               | Instantaneous Crosswind Line    |                    |
|               | Source of Tracer Released from  |                    |
|               | an Urban Highway.\"             |                    |
|               | *Atmospheric Environment*       |                    |
|               | 8:475-484.                      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Drivas, P.J., P.G. Simmonds,    |                    |
|               | and F.H. Shair. 1972.           |                    |
|               | \"Experimental Characterization |                    |
|               | of Ventilation Systems in       |                    |
|               | Buildings.\" *Environmental     |                    |
|               | Science and Technology*         |                    |
|               | 6:609-614.                      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Patent**    |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Shair, F.H., P.G. Simmonds,     |                    |
|               | R.B. Leighton, and P.J. Drivas. |                    |
|               | 1975. \"Technique and System    |                    |
|               | for Coding and Identifying      |                    |
|               | Materials.\"                    |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+

+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Areas of    |                                 |                    |
| Expertise**   |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Public health and exposure      |                    |
|               | assessment, with expertise in   |                    |
|               | indoor/outdoor air pollution    |                    |
|               | and particulate matter; air     |                    |
|               | dispersion modeling;            |                    |
|               | epidemiology; human health risk |                    |
|               | assessment; risk communication; |                    |
|               | statistical data analysis.      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Education** |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Sc.D., Environmental Science &  |                    |
|               | Engineering, Harvard School of  |                    |
|               | Public Health, 2000.            |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | M.S., Environmental             |                    |
|               | Engineering, Massachusetts      |                    |
|               | Institute of Technology, 1995.  |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | A.B., Chemistry and             |                    |
|               | Environmental Studies, *summa   |                    |
|               | cum laude*, Bowdoin College,    |                    |
|               | 1993.                           |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| *             |                                 |                    |
| *Professional |                                 |                    |
| Experience**  |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | 2000 -- Present GRADIENT        |                    |
|               | CORPORATION, Cambridge, MA      |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | Senior Project Manager.         |                    |
|               | Evaluate human exposure and     |                    |
|               | health effects of environmental |                    |
|               | pollutants, specializing in     |                    |
|               | airborne gases and particles.   |                    |
|               | Investigate indoor and outdoor  |                    |
|               | air quality problems, and       |                    |
|               | perform air dispersion and      |                    |
|               | exposure modeling. Conduct      |                    |
|               | human health risk assessments   |                    |
|               | and worker safety evaluations,  |                    |
|               | and review and interpret        |                    |
|               | epidemiological and             |                    |
|               | toxicological studies. Prepare  |                    |
|               | technical analyses, expert      |                    |
|               | reports, and risk communication |                    |
|               | materials.                      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | 1997 -- 2000 HARVARD SCHOOL OF  |                    |
|               | PUBLIC HEALTH, Boston, MA       |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | Research/Teaching Assistant.    |                    |
|               | Designed and conducted indoor   |                    |
|               | air particle characterization   |                    |
|               | study of nine Boston-area       |                    |
|               | homes. Also served as teaching  |                    |
|               | assistant for two graduate      |                    |
|               | courses: Seminar in Risk        |                    |
|               | Analysis, Management, and       |                    |
|               | Communication and Air           |                    |
|               | Pollution: Particles and Gases. |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | 1995 -- 1997 MENZIE-CURA &      |                    |
|               | ASSOCIATES, INC., Chelmsford,   |                    |
|               | MA                              |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | Environmental Scientist/Risk    |                    |
|               | Assessor. Conducted human       |                    |
|               | health and ecological risk      |                    |
|               | assessments for state and       |                    |
|               | federal hazardous waste sites.  |                    |
|               | Modeled fate and transport of   |                    |
|               | organic and inorganic           |                    |
|               | contaminants in all             |                    |
|               | environmental media.            |                    |
|               | Responsibilities also included  |                    |
|               | project management, proposal    |                    |
|               | writing, and litigation         |                    |
|               | support. Participated in        |                    |
|               | environmental site assessments  |                    |
|               | and field sampling activities   |                    |
|               | of aquatic and terrestrial      |                    |
|               | habitats. OSHA-certified        |                    |
|               | 40-hour training.               |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | 1993 -- 1995 MASSACHUSETTS      |                    |
|               | INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,        |                    |
|               | Cambridge, MA                   |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | Research Assistant. Conducted   |                    |
|               | research in trace organic       |                    |
|               | pollutant laboratory. Modeled   |                    |
|               | the fate and transport of       |                    |
|               | sewage-derived linear           |                    |
|               | alkylbenzenes (LABs) in the     |                    |
|               | Gulf of Maine.                  |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | 1992 NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT  |                    |
|               | CENTER, Greenbelt, MD           |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | Research Assistant. Selected as |                    |
|               | summer intern in Summer         |                    |
|               | Institute on Atmospheric and    |                    |
|               | Hydrospheric Sciences; worked   |                    |
|               | with atmospheric scientists in  |                    |
|               | GSFC's Atmospheric Chemistry    |                    |
|               | and Radiation Branch. Used a    |                    |
|               | photochemical box model to      |                    |
|               | explore the potential for ozone |                    |
|               | depletion in the Northern       |                    |
|               | Hemisphere stratosphere at      |                    |
|               | middle and low latitudes.       |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+

+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| *             |                                 |                    |
| *Professional |                                 |                    |
| Activities**  |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | • Invited technical peer        |                    |
|               | reviewer for the *Journal of    |                    |
|               | the Air & Waste Management      |                    |
|               | Association*, *Environmental    |                    |
|               | Science & Technology*,          |                    |
|               | *Environmental Health           |                    |
|               | Perspectives*, and *Journal of  |                    |
|               | Exposure Analysis and           |                    |
|               | Environmental Epidemiology*.    |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Aw          |                                 |                    |
| ards/Honors** |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | • U.S. EPA STAR Graduate        |                    |
|               | Fellow, 1998-2000               |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | • *Phi Beta Kappa*              |                    |
|               |                                 |                    |
|               | • Student abstract/presentation |                    |
|               | award at 1999 ISEA/ISEE Annual  |                    |
|               | Conference in Athens, Greece    |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| *             |                                 |                    |
| *Professional |                                 |                    |
| A             |                                 |                    |
| ssociations** |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | American Chemical Society (ACS) |                    |
|               | • International Society of      |                    |
|               | Exposure Analysis (ISEA) • Air  |                    |
|               | & Waste Management Association  |                    |
|               | (AWMA) • Boston Risk Analysis   |                    |
|               | Group                           |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Projects**  |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [State of Maine]{.underline}:   |                    |
|               | Assisted in the development of  |                    |
|               | a trial guideline for           |                    |
|               | protecting residents from       |                    |
|               | inhalation exposure to indoor   |                    |
|               | petroleum vapors released from  |                    |
|               | home fuel oil spills. Wrote     |                    |
|               | indoor sampling guidance.       |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Metropolitan District          |                    |
|               | Commission (MDC)]{.underline}:  |                    |
|               | Performed mass balance          |                    |
|               | calculations for mercury in     |                    |
|               | Wachusett and Quabbin           |                    |
|               | Reservoirs. Conducted extensive |                    |
|               | literature review on            |                    |
|               | environmental Hg cycling. Wrote |                    |
|               | technical report.               |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Private Client]{.underline}:   |                    |
|               | Provided technical analysis of  |                    |
|               | fate and transport of zinc and  |                    |
|               | fluoride emissions in           |                    |
|               | subsurface environment for an   |                    |
|               | aluminum manufacturing          |                    |
|               | facility. Evaluated fluoride    |                    |
|               | toxicity to aquatic organisms   |                    |
|               | and livestock and developed     |                    |
|               | ambient water quality criteria  |                    |
|               | based on U.S. EPA guidelines.   |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Law Firm]{.underline}:         |                    |
|               | Reviewed extensive body of      |                    |
|               | epidemiological studies of      |                    |
|               | ozone health effects and helped |                    |
|               | develop technical document for  |                    |
|               | litigation support.             |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Private Client]{.underline}:   |                    |
|               | Managed and conducted MCP       |                    |
|               | Method 3 risk characterizations |                    |
|               | for a chain of Massachusetts    |                    |
|               | gas stations. Contaminants of   |                    |
|               | interest included BTEX and      |                    |
|               | MTBE. Modeled indoor air        |                    |
|               | concentrations and collected    |                    |
|               | indoor VOC samples using Summa  |                    |
|               | canisters to validate model     |                    |
|               | findings. Conducted wetland     |                    |
|               | sampling and performed          |                    |
|               | screening-level ecological risk |                    |
|               | assessments                     |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Private Client]{.underline}:   |                    |
|               | Wrote scope of work, managed,   |                    |
|               | and performed MCP Method 3      |                    |
|               | human health risk assessment    |                    |
|               | for a former electronics        |                    |
|               | manufacturer with subsurface    |                    |
|               | dissolved-phase chlorinated     |                    |
|               | hydrocarbon contamination.      |                    |
|               | Indoor air modeling performed   |                    |
|               | using vapor intrusion model.    |                    |
|               | Risk to town drinking water     |                    |
|               | wells assessed.                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Private Client]{.underline}:   |                    |
|               | Developed risk-based soil       |                    |
|               | cleanup levels for BTEX and PAH |                    |
|               | compounds at a site with        |                    |
|               | pervasive asphalt               |                    |
|               | contamination. Provided         |                    |
|               | technical support during site   |                    |
|               | remedial actions.               |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Massachusetts Bays             |                    |
|               | Program]{.underline}: Assisted  |                    |
|               | in a project designed to        |                    |
|               | quantify point and nonpoint     |                    |
|               | sources of nitrogen to          |                    |
|               | Massachusetts harbors and       |                    |
|               | coastal embayments and to       |                    |
|               | evaluate the potential for      |                    |
|               | eutrophication. Delineated      |                    |
|               | watersheds and subwatersheds    |                    |
|               | using topographic maps.         |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [ASTM Committee                 |                    |
|               | E-50]{.underline}: Authored     |                    |
|               | sections on chemical properties |                    |
|               | and contaminant behavior in     |                    |
|               | ASTM Standard Provisional Guide |                    |
|               | for Risk-Based Corrective       |                    |
|               | Action (PS 104-98).             |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| project \#    | [Private Client]{.underline}:   |                    |
|               | Performed U.S. EPA              |                    |
|               | screening-level ecological risk |                    |
|               | assessments for two former      |                    |
|               | submarine manufacturing         |                    |
|               | facilities. Extensive list of   |                    |
|               | contaminants of concern         |                    |
|               | including metals, PAHs, and     |                    |
|               | PCBs.                           |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| **P           |                                 |                    |
| ublications** |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Long, C.M. and J.A. Sarnat.     |                    |
|               | 2003. Assessing Indoor-Outdoor  |                    |
|               | Relationships and Infiltration  |                    |
|               | Behavior of Elemental           |                    |
|               | Components of Ambient PM2.5.    |                    |
|               | Manuscript submitted to Aerosol |                    |
|               | Science & Technology.           |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Sarnat, J.A., C.M. Long, P.     |                    |
|               | Koutrakis, B.A. Coull, J.       |                    |
|               | Schwartz, and H.H. Suh. 2002.   |                    |
|               | Using Sulfur as a Tracer of     |                    |
|               | Outdoor Fine Particulate        |                    |
|               | Matter. *Environ. Sci.          |                    |
|               | Technol*. 36: 5305-5314.        |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Long, C.M., H.H. Suh, L Kobzik, |                    |
|               | P.J. Catalano, Y. Ning, and P.  |                    |
|               | Koutrakis. 2001. A Pilot        |                    |
|               | Investigation of the Relative   |                    |
|               | Toxicity of Indoor and Outdoor  |                    |
|               | Fine Particles: In-vitro        |                    |
|               | Effects of Endotoxin and Other  |                    |
|               | Particulate Properties.         |                    |
|               | *Environ. Health Perspect.*     |                    |
|               | 109: 1019-1026.                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Long, C.M., H.H. Suh, and P.    |                    |
|               | Koutrakis. 2001. Using Time-    |                    |
|               | and Size-Resolved Particulate   |                    |
|               | Data to Quantify Penetration    |                    |
|               | and Deposition Behavior.        |                    |
|               | *Environ. Sci. Technol.* 25:    |                    |
|               | 2089-2099.                      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Gustafsson, Ö, C.M. Long, J.    |                    |
|               | MacFarlane, and P.M. Gschwend.  |                    |
|               | 2001. Fate of Linear            |                    |
|               | Alkylbenzenes (LABs) Released   |                    |
|               | to the Coastal Environment near |                    |
|               | Boston Harbor. *Environ. Sci.   |                    |
|               | Technol.* 25: 2040-2048.        |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Long, C.M., H.H. Suh, and P.    |                    |
|               | Koutrakis. 2000.                |                    |
|               | Characterization of indoor      |                    |
|               | particle sources using          |                    |
|               | continuous mass and size        |                    |
|               | monitors. *J. Air & Waste       |                    |
|               | Manage. Assoc.* 50: 1236-1250.  |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Menzie, C.A., J.S. Freshman,    |                    |
|               | and C.M. Long. 1997. Developing |                    |
|               | Environmentally Acceptable      |                    |
|               | Endpoints for Soil Based on     |                    |
|               | Ecological Considerations. In   |                    |
|               | *Proceedings for the Air &      |                    |
|               | Waste Management Association\'s |                    |
|               | 90^th^ Annual Meeting &         |                    |
|               | Exhibition, Toronto, Ontario*,  |                    |
|               | June 8-13.                      |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Pr          |                                 |                    |
| esentations** |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Long, C.M. and B.D. Beck. 2002. |                    |
|               | An Evaluation of Potential      |                    |
|               | Human Exposures to Trace Metals |                    |
|               | and Radionuclides in            |                    |
|               | Construction and Building       |                    |
|               | Materials Containing Coal       |                    |
|               | Combustion Products. Poster     |                    |
|               | presentation at 2002            |                    |
|               | International Society of        |                    |
|               | Exposure Assessment             |                    |
|               | (ISEA)/International Society of |                    |
|               | Environmental Epidemiology      |                    |
|               | (ISEE) Annual Conference,       |                    |
|               | Vancouver, August 11-15, 2002.  |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Long, C.M., H.H. Suh, and P.    |                    |
|               | Koutrakis. 2001. Understanding  |                    |
|               | Indoor Exposures to Ambient     |                    |
|               | Particulate Matter: Estimates   |                    |
|               | of Penetration Efficiencies and |                    |
|               | Deposition Rates for            |                    |
|               | Residential Homes. Poster       |                    |
|               | Platform Presentation at the    |                    |
|               | 2001 Society for Risk Analysis  |                    |
|               | Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA,    |                    |
|               | December 2-5, 2001.             |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Sarnat, J.A., C.M. Long, P.     |                    |
|               | Koutrakis, and H.H. Suh. 2001.  |                    |
|               | Evaluating Tracers of Ambient   |                    |
|               | PM~2.5~. Platform Presentation  |                    |
|               | at the ISEA 2001 Conference,    |                    |
|               | Charleston, SC, November 4-8,   |                    |
|               | 2001.                           |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Long, C.M., H.H. Suh, and P.    |                    |
|               | Koutrakis. 2000. Using Time-    |                    |
|               | and Size-resolved Particulate   |                    |
|               | Data to Investigate             |                    |
|               | Infiltration and Deposition     |                    |
|               | Behavior. Platform presentation |                    |
|               | at the ISEA 2000 Conference,    |                    |
|               | Monterey Peninsula, CA, October |                    |
|               | 24-27.                          |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Long, C.M., H.H. Suh, and P.    |                    |
|               | Koutrakis. 2000. Using Time-    |                    |
|               | and Size-resolved Particulate   |                    |
|               | Data to Investigate             |                    |
|               | Infiltration and Deposition     |                    |
|               | Behavior. Platform presentation |                    |
|               | at the AWMA PM2000 Specialty    |                    |
|               | Conference, Charleston, SC,     |                    |
|               | January 24-28.                  |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Long, C.M., H.H. Suh, and P.    |                    |
|               | Koutrakis. 2000.                |                    |
|               | Characterization of Indoor      |                    |
|               | Particle Sources Using          |                    |
|               | Continuous Mass and Size        |                    |
|               | Monitors. Poster presentation   |                    |
|               | at the AWMA PM2000 Specialty    |                    |
|               | Conference, Charleston, SC,     |                    |
|               | January 24-28.                  |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Long, C.M., H.H. Suh, and P.    |                    |
|               | Koutrakis. 1999.                |                    |
|               | Characterization of Indoor      |                    |
|               | Particulate Source Strengths    |                    |
|               | Using Continuous Mass and Size  |                    |
|               | Monitors. Platform presentation |                    |
|               | at 1999 Annual ISEE/ISEA        |                    |
|               | Conference, Athens, Greece,     |                    |
|               | September 5-8.                  |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Bernays, W.H., D.J. Vorhees,    |                    |
|               | C.M. Long, and P. Eremita.      |                    |
|               | 1997. Trial Guideline for       |                    |
|               | Protecting Residents from       |                    |
|               | Inhalation Exposure to          |                    |
|               | Petroleum Vapors. Poster        |                    |
|               | presentation at 1997 Annual     |                    |
|               | Meeting of the Society for Risk |                    |
|               | Analysis, Washington, DC,       |                    |
|               | December 7-10.                  |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
| **Invited     |                                 |                    |
| Talks**       |                                 |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+
|               | Long, C.M. and J.A. Sarnat.     |                    |
|               | 2003. Infiltration Behavior of  |                    |
|               | PM~2.5~ Chemical Components:    |                    |
|               | Implications for Exposure       |                    |
|               | Assessment and Epidemiological  |                    |
|               | Associations. Platform          |                    |
|               | Presentation at the Particulate |                    |
|               | Matter: Atmospheric Sciences,   |                    |
|               | Exposure and the Fourth         |                    |
|               | Colloquium on PM and Human      |                    |
|               | Health, Pittsburgh, PA, March   |                    |
|               | 31-April 4, 2003.               |                    |
+---------------+---------------------------------+--------------------+

Appendix B

**MDEQ Analysis (Weidner, 2005)**

![](media/image12.wmf){width="9.488888888888889in"
height="6.489583333333333in"}

![](media/image13.wmf){width="9.488888888888889in"
height="6.489583333333333in"}

![](media/image14.wmf){width="9.488888888888889in"
height="6.489583333333333in"}

![](media/image15.wmf){width="9.488888888888889in"
height="6.489583333333333in"}

![](media/image16.wmf){width="9.488888888888889in"
height="6.489583333333333in"}

![](media/image17.wmf){width="9.488888888888889in"
height="6.489583333333333in"}

![](media/image18.wmf){width="9.488888888888889in"
height="6.489583333333333in"}

![](media/image19.wmf){width="9.488888888888889in"
height="6.489583333333333in"}

![](media/image20.wmf){width="9.488888888888889in"
height="6.489583333333333in"}

![](media/image21.wmf){width="9.488888888888889in"
height="6.489583333333333in"}

[^1]: After completion of the analysis set forth in this report, the
    authors received an additional examination of PM~2.5~ data prepared
    by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), in
    conjunction with the Southeast Michigan Council of Governments
    (SEMCOG) (Weidner, 2005). This additional MDEQ study analyzed
    PM~2.5~ data in the context of wind direction at five monitoring
    locations, including Dearborn and Oak Park, and relevant graphics
    from this MDEQ analysis are attached as Appendix B to this report.
    Although the MDEQ findings have not been independently verified by
    the authors, the data presented in Appendix B strongly support the
    conclusions in this report.

[^2]: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/airsaqs/detaildata/downloadaqsdata.htm

[^3]: Refer to Appendix A of our original March 7, 2005 report for a
    description of the calculations of 24-hour resultant wind speeds and
    directions.

[^4]: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/scram/

[^5]: As before, \"from the north\" includes winds blowing from both the
    northwest and northeast quadrants.

[^6]: Despite the \"contribution\" of the three Ohio counties to the
    USEPA\'s designated Southeast Michigan non-attainment area (shown in
    Table 1), USEPA has designated Lucas, Wood, and Fulton Counties in
    Ohio as attainment for PM~2.5~.