INSTRUCTIONS FOR MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

EITHER AS PAPERS OR POSTERS

THIRTEENTH BIENNIAL SOUTHERN SILVICULTURAL RESEARCH CONFERENCE

The proceeding of the Thirteenth Biennial Southern Silvicultural
Research Conference will be published by the Southern Research Station
as a General Technical Report. Authors of presented papers **must
submit** a complete paper. Poster presenters may submit a complete paper
or a one page research summary. However, **abstracts by themselves will
not be published.**

Manuscripts should be submitted as an original paper in hardcopy and in
electronic format. The station will accept manuscripts prepared with
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compatible) computer. If MS Word is not available, save the manuscript
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not submit diskettes formatted for Apple computers; these will be
returned. Final manuscripts must be mailed (postmarked) May 15, 2005.

Manuscripts should receive a minimum of two peer reviews for clarity,
grammar, and content before submission. Authors will be responsible for
the contents and accuracy of each manuscript. U.S. Forest Service
authors MUST use Station procedures for review of papers and must submit
a Manuscript Approval form with their manuscript. The form is posted on
the BSSRC website.

Each manuscript will be edited for style by the Southern Research
Station for printing in a consistent page layout. If you fail to comply
with the instructions below, you will be notified and required to
resubmit within 2 weeks. When preparing your manuscript, you should
eliminate all control characters (e.g., **do not use bold, italic, or
underlined fonts unless instructed to do so, tabs at the beginning of
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This limit equates to approximately **10 single-spaced pages**
(including tables and figures).

**HIGHLIGHTS**

**These are the issues that gave us the most problems last year:**

1.  **Check your Lit. Cited to make sure it's in the proper format -see
    examples at end of sample manuscript. This was the biggest problem
    last year. WHEN AN ARTICLE IS BY THE U.S. Department of Agriculture,
    Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station: 512-522., make
    sure you put this and not U.S.D.A., For. Serv., So. For. Exp. Sta.:
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2.  **Fully spell out the names of journals in Lit. Cited, i.e. Annual
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3.  **Save figures in the preferred formats (see ILLUSTRATIONS)**

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6.  **Use dbh not DBH, D.B.H. or d.b.h.**

7.  **Use 'percent', not % (is ok in a table)**

8.  **When you send files to me, please make sure you save them under
    your name, i.e. Miller.doc, Millertable1.doc, Millerfig1.xls --
    saving a file as bssrc13.doc, bssrc.xls, etc. is too generic.**

9.  **When references are listed together in the text, list them
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    identified by many researchers (Johnson 1980, Johnson and Smith
    1968, Miller 1947, Zachary and others 1963, and Zachary 1962)." (see
    REFERENCES).**

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# FIRST-DEGREE HEADINGS 

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Second-degree headings should be typed flush left using initial capitals
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Begin the text immediately after the dashes (no spaces).

An example: **RESULTS AND DISCUSSION**

**Common Herbaceous Plants**

Common grasses\--There were 19, 26, and 18 taxa of

grasses found on study area one.

10\. TABLES AND FIGURES\--All tables and figure titles should be placed
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13\. ACKNOWLEDGMENT\--This section, if needed, should be placed after
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should only be used at the end of each citation. Separate each citation
with one blank line. This section should be titled "REFERENCES". All
Forest Service publications follow the American National Standards
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a.  The punctuation required in each citation

b.  If a paper has 5 or more editors or authors, list the first three,
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c.  Journal names must be spelled out, not abbreviated. The exception is
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e.  Papers with same author(s) are listed by date of publication.

Use the author-date method to refer to literature in the text; for
example, \"More rapid runoff may result in increased peak flows (Brown
1980)\" or \"Later experiments by Miller (1980) showed\.... If several
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Smith 1980, Endres 1972, Peterson 1974), and use a comma, not a
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With one exception, only published material should be included in the
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parenthetically in the text; for example: (Personal communication. John
Doe. 1991. Silviculturist, Kisatchie National Forest, 2500 Shreveport
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17\. NUMBERS AND UNITS OF MEASUREMENT\--Throughout the manuscript, spell
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With one exception, use standard GPO abbreviations in the tables and
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out the word 'percent' instead, but do use the '%' sign in the tables.
Write out units of measurement when used alone in the text, units are
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with the name of a town or county and spelled out when they stand alone.
Use the U.S. Postal Service two-letter state abbreviations.

19\. NOMENCLATURE\--Scientific names (including authority) should follow
the first mention of each common name in the manuscript (including the
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If the number of species is large, a list of common and scientific names
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An abbreviated sample of a manuscript is attached, as are sample
literature citations.

Sample Manuscript

(Sections of the original manuscript have been deleted)

**PLANT COMMUNITIES IN SELECTED LONGLEAF PINE LANDSCAPES ON THE
CATAHOULA RANGER DISTRICT, KISATCHIE NATIONAL FOREST, LOUISIANA**

**James D. Haywood, William D. Boyer, and Finis L. Harris**

Research Forester, Southern Research Station, 2500 Shreveport Highway,
Pineville, LA 71360; Silviculturist, Kisatchie National Forest, 2500
Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360; and Research Forester, Southern
Research Station, 520 Devall Dr., Auburn, AL 36849, respectively.

**Abstract\--**In Grant Parish, Louisiana, increases in overstory basal
area, canopy cover, and development of understory woody plants reduced
productivity of herbaceous plants in longleaf pine (*Pinus palustris*
Mill.) stands that were managed with fire. Still, the herbaceous plant
community can reestablish itself on properly managed upland longleaf
pine sites in the West Gulf Region. Management efforts were considered
most successful where pinehill bluestem (*Schizachyrium scoparium* var.
*divergens* (Hack.) Gould) is the dominant herbaceous plant. The lack of
oak (*Quercus* spp.) and hickory (*Carya* spp.) regeneration on more
mesic sites was worrisome. Use of nested subplots was the best method
for monitoring herbaceous vegetation.

**INTRODUCTION**

Fire was essential for the formation of many southern pine ecosystems.
Today, failure to use prescribed fire in upland longleaf pine landscapes
results in encroachment by hardwood trees and shrubs and the loss of
native pine and herbaceous vegetation. For example, in Alabama, over 90
percent of the green biomass on the forest floor of young unburned
longleaf pine stands is woody vegetation, while in periodically burned
stands, less than 50 percent of the green biomass on the forest floor is
woody vegetation (Boyer 1995). This woody vegetation can form a closed
midstory that reduces species richness and productivity of the
herbaceous plant community (Unpublished field notes. James Haywood.
1997. Research Forester, Southern Research Station, 2500 Shreveport
Highway, Pineville, LA 71360).

In January 1993, the Kisatchie National Forest and the Southern Research
Station began monitoring the effects of operational-scale burning in
longleaf pine forests on overstory and midstory trees and shrubs and
understory vegetation. In addition, research studies on the Catahoula
Ranger District (RD) have provided useful information about the effects
of fire. We are reporting on the fire effects from operational-scale
burns done on two Ecosystem Management Project (EMP) sites and compare
those results to research findings.

**SITES**

All sites are on the Catahoula RD, Kisatchie National Forest, Grant
Parish, Louisiana. Elevations of the sites range from 53 to 76 m. These
sites are within the historical range of the upland longleaf pine forest
type of the humid temperate, subtropical, outer coastal plain mixed
forest, and are located in the coastal plains and flatwoods Western Gulf
Ecoregion of the Southern United States (McNab and Avers 1994). The mean
January and July temperatures are 10 and 28^o^C, respectively (Louisiana
Office of State Climatology 1995). Yearly precipitation averages 143 cm
and growing-season precipitation averages 82 cm. The growing season is
more than 200-day long; it usually begins before or during early March
and ends because of dry weather in October.

**PROCEDURES**

On RES1, total current-year herbaceous production was determined in
February 1994 by clipping the aboveground foliage on 12 systematically
located 0.22-m^2^ subplots located within each 0.04-ha plot. Dry matter
production (oven-dried at 80 ^o^C for at least 24 hours) was determined
after the samples were subdivided into six taxa: pinehill bluestem;
other bluestems\--mostly broomsedge (*Andropogon virginicus* L.),
Elliott=s bluestem (*A. elliottii* Chapm.), big bluestem
([A]{.underline}. *gerardii* Vitm.), and slender bluestem (*S. tenerum*
Nees); longleaf uniola (*Chasmanthium sessiliflorum* (Poir) Yates);
other grasses\--mostly switchgrass *(Panicum virgatum* L.), yellow
indiangrass (*Sorghastrum avenaceum* (Michx.) Nash), low panicums
(*Dichanthelium* spp), lovegrass (*Eragrostis* spp.), and threeawn
(*Aristida* spp.).; grasslikes\--mostly nutrush (*Scleria* spp.), sedge
(*Carex* spp.), flatsedge (*Cyperus* spp.), spikesedge (*Eleocharis*
spp.), rush (*Juncus* spp.), and beakrush (*Rhynchospora* spp.); and
forbs. In March 1994, all woody, blackberry, and vine stems were counted
and heights and crown spreads estimated on five systematically located
40-m^2^ subplots.

On RES2, EMP1, and EMP2, 0.04-ha plots were established for measuring
heights and diameters at breast height of the overstory and midstory
trees. There were 16 plots on the uplands in RES2 and 10 plots on both
EMP1 and EMP2. Inventories were made in May 1996 on EMP1 and EMP2 and
July 1996 on RES2.

Within each 0.04-ha plot, five 4-m^2^ subplots were systematically
established for identifying and counting understory woody stems,
blackberry stems, and vines and for measuring heights and crown cover of
the woody and blackberry stems. This brush was inventoried in April 1995
on EMP2, August 1995 on EMP1, and August 1996 on RES2.

**RESULTS AND DISCUSSION**

**Overstory and Midstory Vegetation**

On RES2, EMP1, and EMP2, total stocking and basal area ranged from 54 to
279 stems ha^-1^ and 8.0 to 24.4 m^2^ ha^-1^ (table 1). Canopy cover was
too sparse to measure accurately on RES2 but averaged 67 percent on EMP1
and EMP2. Longleaf pine dominated the overstory on all sites and made up
from 81 to 96 percent of the total basal area. These three stands were
classed as pure longleaf pine based on basal area (Ford-Robertson 1971).

More species of overstory and midstory trees and shrubs occurred on EMP1
and EMP2 than on RES2. Species other than longleaf pine represented a
greater portion of the stand basal area on EMP1 and EMP2 than on RES2
(table 1).

EMP1 had nine common overstory and midstory species\--longleaf pine,
mockernut hickory (*Carya tomentosa* (Poir) Nutt.), flowering dogwood
(*Cornus florida* L.), sweetgum (*Liquidambar styraciflua* L.), loblolly
pine, southern red oak (*Q. falcata* Michx.), post oak (*Q. stellata*
Wangenh.), black oak (*Q. velutina* Lam.), and sassafras (*Sassafras
albidum* (Nutt.) Nees). The common species on EMP2 were longleaf pine,
mockernut hickory, blackgum (*Nyssa sylvatica* Marsh.), loblolly pine,
southern red oak, blackjack oak (*Q. marilandica* Muenchh.), post oak,
and black oak. On RES2, the common species were longleaf pine, sweetgum,
southern red oak, and post oak.

**Common Understory Woody Plants**

Excluding blackberry, there were 16 tree, 15 shrub, and 15 vine species
on EMP1 and 12 tree, 15 shrub, and 12 vine species on EMP2. Excluding
pine seedlings, there were 60,100 tree, shrub, and blackberry stems
ha^-1^ on EMP1 and 74,100 ha^-1^ on EMP2 (table 2). Height of this brush
averaged 0.8 m on EMP1 and 0.5 m on EMP2. Vines numbered 86,600 ha^-1^
on EMP2 and 71,100 ha^-1^ on EMP1.

Excluding blackberry, there were six tree, nine shrub, and five vine
species on RES2 and three tree, six shrub, and three vine species on
RES1. Excluding pine seedlings, there were 24,500 tree, shrub, and
blackberry stems ha^-1^ on RES2 and 9,700 ha^-1^ on RES1 (table 2).
Vines numbered 27,800 ha^-1^ on RES2 and 4,900 ha^-1^ on RES1.

The number of longleaf pine seedlings in the grass stage ranged from
none on RES1 to 260,000 ha^-1^ 21 months after burning on EMP2. The
number of loblolly pine seedlings ranged from 150 ha^-1^ 30 months after
burning on RES2 to 9,300 ha^-1^ on EMP2. However, these small pine
seedlings failed to develop because of the presence of overstory trees
on RES2, EMP1, and EMP2 or because of continual cutting on RES1. While
each successive burn reduced the number of pine seedlings, the
population recovered between burns. This cycle should continue until
there is either a natural disturbance or change in management.

Tree species common in the understory were red maple (*Acer rubrum* L.),
flowering dogwood, sweetgum, blackgum, black cherry *(Prunus serotina*
Ehrh.), southern red oak, post oak, and sassafras, although the stocking
and average height of these species varied among sites (table 2). Red
maple was not in the overstory on RES2, EMP1, and EMP2. However, red
maple is susceptible to fire, and it may be being curtailed by burning
on these upland sites (Haywood 1995).

Other hardwoods are also susceptible to fire (Chen and others 1975).
Prescribed burning kills back the tops of hardwood stems but the root
system is affected less (Silker 1961). This results in an increase in
stem numbers, but the regrowth is smaller. However, continual
burning\--especially on an annual or biennial basis\--eventually reduces
the numbers and vigor of woody stems (Lotti 1956; Chen and others 1975).

**Common Herbaceous Plants**

On all four sites, the most well distributed plants were pinehill
bluestem, low panicums, swamp sunflower (*Helianthus angustifolius* L.),
grassleaf goldaster (*Heterotheca graminifolia* (Michx.) Shinners), and
bracken fern (*Pteridium aquilinum* var. *pseudocaudatum* (Clute)
Heller).

**Common grasses\--**There were 19, 26, and 18 taxa of grasses commonly
found on RES2, EMP1, and EMP2, respectively. The grasses that occurred
most frequently were pinehill bluestem and low panicums on RES2 and EMP2
and pinehill bluestem and big bluestem on EMP1 (table 3). Spreading
panicum (*Panicum anceps* Michx.) was also common on these three sites.
On RES1, pinehill bluestem made up 58 percent, other bluestems 14
percent, and all of the other grasses 7 percent of the total
current-year herbaceous production.

**Effects of the Overstory on Herbaceous Vegetation**

The amount of current-year herbaceous production on each site was partly
associated with overstory and midstory basal area, canopy cover, and
number and size of understory trees and shrubs. EMP1 had the greatest
canopy cover, the tallest understory vegetation, and the least
current-year herbaceous production. RES1 had no overstory, the fewest
understory woody stems, and the greatest herbaceous production.

If overstory competition and understory brush are controlled, these
upland longleaf pine sites can support rich and productive herbaceous
plant communities dominated by pinehill bluestem. Also, these results
suggest that pinehill bluestem could be used as an indicator of
management success in establishing and maintaining herbaceous plant
communities on upland longleaf pine sites in the West Gulf Coastal
Plain. Examples of other species that could be used as indicators on
similar sites are swamp sunflower and grassleaf goldaster.

**ACKNOWLEDGEMENT**

This is where acknowledgements would go.

**LITERATURE CITED**

Boyer, W.D. 1995. Responses of groundcover under longleaf pine to
biennial seasonal burning and hardwood control. In: Edwards, M.B., comp.
Proceedings of the eighth biennial southern silvicultural research
conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-1. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 512-516.

Chen, M.Y.; Hodgkins, E.J.; Watson W.J. 1975. Prescribed burning for
improving pine production and wildlife habitat in the hilly coastal
plain of Alabama. Bull. 473. Auburn, AL: Auburn University, Alabama
Agricultural Experiment Station. 19 p.

Ford-Robertson, F.C., editor. 1971. Terminology of forest science,
technology practice and products. Washington, DC: Society of American
Foresters. 349 p.

Grelen, H.E. 1976. Responses of herbage, pines, and hardwoods to early
and delayed burning in a young slash pine plantation. Journal of Range
Management. 29:301-303.

Haywood, J.D. 1995. Prescribed burning and hexazinone herbicide as
release treatments in a sapling hardwood-loblolly pine stand. New
Forests. 10:39-53.

Louisiana Office of State Climatology. 1995. Louisiana monthly climate
review. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University.

McNab, W.H.; Avers, P.E., comps. 1994. Ecological subregions of the
United States: section descriptions. Admin. Pub. WO-WSA-5. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 267 p.

Silker, T.H. 1961. Prescribed burning to control undesirable hardwoods
in southern pine stands. Bull. 51. Austin, TX: Texas Forest Service. 44
p.

Vissage, J.S.; Miller, P.E.; Hartsell, A.J. 1992. Forest statistics for
Louisiana Parishes\--1991. Resour. Bull. SO-168. New Orleans, LA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment
Station. 65 p.

**FOOTNOTES**

This is where footnotes would go.

**Table 3\--Grass taxa with percent frequency of occurrence exceeding
either 4 percent on RES2 or 1 percent on EMP1 and EMP2; data on
frequency of occurrence were not taken on RES1. Cover types are longleaf
shelterwood with reserves (RES2) and longleaf forests (EMP1 and EMP2)**

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Stands

[\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]{.underline}

Taxa RES2*^a^* EMP1 EMP2

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--*Percent*\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\--

*Andropogon gerardii* 1.16 2.67 0.75

big bluestem

*Andropogon subtenuis* 4.65 \_\_*^b^* \_\_

fineleaf bluestem

*Aristida purpurascens* 23.26 0.08 1.25

arrowfeather threeawn

*Chasmanthium laxum* & *C. sessiliflorum* \_\_ 2.25 2.00

spike and longleaf uniola

*Dichanthelium* spp. 79.07 1.50 12.67

low panicums

*Eragrostis elliotti* and *E. spectabilis* 4.65 0.25 0.08

Elliott and purple lovegrasses

*Gymnopogon ambiguus* 18.60 0.17 1.42

bearded skeletongrass

*Muhlenbergia expansa* 4.65 0.08 \_\_

cutover muhly

*Panicum anceps* 3.49 1.83 1.00

spreading panicum

*Panicum virgatum* 2.33 1.67 \_\_

switchgrass

*Schizachyrium scoparium* var. *divergens* 95.35 7.58 8.08

pinehill bluestem

*Schizachyrium tenerum* 12.79 \_\_ \_\_

slender bluestem

*Sporobolus junceus* 4.65 0.17 \_\_

pineywoods dropseed

All grasses*^c^* 270.94 21.40 30.82

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

^*a*^ The high frequencies of occurrence on RES2 are high partly because
the sampling area was a 0.22-m^2^ subplot rather than the 2-cm-diameter
loop used on EMP1 and EMP2.

*^b^* Taxon was not present.

^*c*^ Frequency of occurrence for all grasses may include frequencies
for taxa not reported in table.

**FIGURE CAPTIONS**

Figure 1\--The height of woody vegetation on four sites on the Catahoula
Ranger District.