23 July 2007

Water Management Progress Report

July 2007

1.  **PROJECT MANAGEMENT SUMMARY**

• Ted Engman participated in and presented a paper entitled "Satellites,
A Source of Water Cycle Information for Water Resources Management" at
the International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment in San
Jose, Costa Rica. The authors are: Ted Engman, Shahid Habib, Stephen
Ambrose and Fritz Policelli.

• Ted Engman presented a paper entitled "Opportunities for the Water
Resources Community in NASA's Applied Sciences Program" at the American
Society of Civil Engineers Environmental and Water Resources Institute
Congress in Tampa, Florida. The authors are: Lawrence Friedl, Jared
Entin, David Toll and Ted Engman.

• David Toll and Frances Verter (NASA/GSFC/SAIC) further developed and
updated the "Water Management Program -- Projects" web site
([http://wmp.gsfc.nasa.gov](http://wmp.gsfc.nasa.gov/)).

• The next Water Management PI Meeting is tentatively scheduled for the
October 29 to November 16 time frame. The meeting should last 1day and
will be in the Washington DC area. PI's and representatives should let
David Toll (<dave.toll@nasa.gov>) know their availability.

• David Toll served on the Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) User
Group. The GCMD review was June 19-20, 2007 in Lanham, Maryland. David
Toll represented NASA Water Management and NASA Water Cycle activities.
GCMD's goal is to enable users to locate and obtain access to Earth
science data sets and services relevant to global change and Earth
science research with an emphasis on NASA data. The GCMD database holds
more than 19,000 descriptions of Earth science data sets and services
covering all aspects of Earth and environmental sciences.
([http://gcmd.nasa.gov](http://gcmd.nasa.gov/)).

• Luis Gustavo de Goncalves (NASA/GSFC/ESSIC) is leveraging his ongoing
South American Land Data Assimilation work with CPTEC/INPE to support
NASA Water Management capacity building activities for Latin America.
This work supports the GEO Task Water 06-07, "Capacity Building and
Applications in Latin America". Gustavo is currently working with the
CPTEC/INPE Director, Maria Assuncao Dias to coordinate these activities.
CPTEC is providing support by making available its infrastructure and
providing funding for one full-time person. The primary focus has been
to use NASA satellite and modeling to support Latin America weather and
forecasting and water management.

• David Toll, Hugo Berbery, Ted Engman, Luis Gustavo de Goncalves, David
Herring and Venkat Lakshmi had a Telecon to assess how NASA Water
Management could support a new activity by the University of Maryland
and Inter-America Institute (IAI) for possible capacity building and
training efforts of South America university students.

• Groups associated with NASA and the Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA)
met May 15-17, 2007 in Washington DC and NASA/GSFC to further evaluate
the use of the NASA Land Information System to support the AFWA global
soil moisture and temperature activities. The NASA team is led by
Christa Peters-Lidard and the AFWA team is led by John Eylander. LIS
integrates NASA data such as from MODIS and TRMM into a computationally
efficient, end-user oriented, performance enhanced system providing high
spatial resolution (i.e., 1km) global land and hydrology data. An
additional objective of the meeting was for NASA and AFWA to explore
possible research and hydrologic applications with the USDA.

• David Toll presented a poster presentation and technical paper, "NASA
Satellite and Modeling Products to Improve Water Resources Management",
at the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS)
Annual Conference in Tampa, Florida. The authors are: David Toll, Ted
Engman, Lawrence Friedl, Kristi Arsenault, and Joe Nigro.

• NASA\'s 2007 Research Opportunities in Space and Earth Sciences: ROSES
was closed May 25 2007. Twenty-two Water Management proposals were
submitted. There will be a panel review this August to September.
Approximately 2-3 Water Management proposals may be selected for
funding.

• Ted Engman worked with a NASA EPSCoR student (Pravara Thanapura) from
South Dakota State University. Engman is serving as her EPSCoR technical
advisor as well as a member of her PhD committee. Her topic is "Testing
the Composite Runoff Index Geographic Model Using Medium-High Remote
Sensor Data and GIS for Urban Rainfall-Runoff Estimation: The Rational
and the NRCS-CN Methods in Las Vegas, NV".

• David Toll and Kristi Arsenault are sponsoring a summer student, Alvin
Rentsch, under the NASA Summer Institute for Undergraduates to work on
the application of NASA evapotranspiration products in the Middle Rio
Grande for used in the ET Toolbox DST by the Bureau of Reclamation.

-   

2.  **PROJECT UPDATES**

Projects Reporting for this time period are summarized below. Other NASA
Water Management Projects will report in the next update.

**2.1 Nonpoint Source Water Quality Using NASA Products**

Investigators: D. Toll (NASA/GSFC), Edwin Engman (NASA/GSFC/SAIC), Ed
Partington (EPA/OW), James Carleton (EPA/OW), G. Shenk (EPA/CBP),
Angelica Magness (USGS/CBP), J. Nigro (SSAI/NASA/GSFC), W. Ni-Meister
(Hunter College), ShihYan Lee (Hunter College), P. Townsend (Univ.
Wisc.), B. McNeil ((Univ. Wisc.), K. deBeurs ((Univ. Wisc.), C.
Kingdon(Univ. Wisc.), and K Eshelman (UMCES)

**2.1.1. Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Products from NASA/GSFC
and Hunter College**

EPA-based BASINS-HSPF streamflow runs were conducted on seven study
basins in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, including Calfpasture, Deer
Creek, Little River, Mahantango, Northeast Branch Anacostia, Pocomoke,
and West Branch Patuxent. Each basin varies in size, land cover, and
terrain and was selected accordingly to assess how these variables
influence the results. Sets of runs using precipitation from default
weather stations, NLDAS 1/8^th^ degree, Stage IV, NLDAS Noah
evapotranspiration datasets respectively, were conducted for each. The
NLDAS 1/8^th^ degree dataset represents NASA-corrected/constrained
precipitation values. The Stage IV dataset represents NWS quality
controlled next generation 4-km radar data that was processed in-house
by NASA for use within BASINS-HSPF. The parameters for each study basin
were based on the county-level calibration values provided by the
Chesapeake Bay Project. The output statistics summarized (not including
Noah ET estimates, representing yearly flow from 2001-2004 (except
Little River 2002-2004), reveal that for 74% of the runs, the NLDAS
1/8^th^ degree and Stage IV precipitation-based runs performed better
than when using only the default EPA weather station data. The figure
below shows results for the Anacostia watershed. Future work will
examine the performance of these datasets at more specific time periods
representing storm events as well as periods of low flow. In addition,
an automatic calibration method (PEST) and Noah ET results will be
further incorporated by Hunter College.

• A meeting between NASA/GSFC, EPA, Chesapeake Bay Program and Hunter
College was held July 12 in Lanham Maryland. The primary purpose of the
meeting was to get agreement from our EPA partner that our baseline funs
were done correctly and to coordinate NASA Benchmark plans by Hunter
College and NASA/GSFC by December 2007.

![](media/image1.jpeg){width="6.0in" height="4.5in"}

**Figure 1. Analysis of precipitation data demonstrates the utility of
spatial products to enhance streamflow estimates to the BASINS-HSPF DST.
For most EPA BASINS applications the nearest weather station data are
used.**

**2.1.2 Use of Landsat and MODIS to predict water quality. Coordinated
by University of Wisconsin**

Following on research reported by Townsend et al. (2004), we are testing
the empirical ability of generalized spectral indices derived from
Landsat and MODIS for predicting streamwater nitrogen export from
predominately forested watersheds undergoing disturbance. First, we have
found the disturbance index, a summary index that is easily computed
from Landsat Tasseled Cap bands (see Healey et al. 2005) to have a good
predictive power identifying spatial variability in N export caused by a
severe gypsy moth defoliation event (R^2^ = 0.45, p = 0.002, N = 18
watersheds, Figure 1a). Second, using an extensive plot-based,
multi-year network of defoliation measurements, we have identified a
novel index that directly relates the magnitude of forest disturbance
(in units of kg/ha/yr or % defoliation) to inter-annual changes in
Tasseled Cap wetness. This more physically-based and generalized index
also showed a good ability to predict N export (R^2^ = 0.38, p = 0.006,
N = 18 watersheds, Figure 1b). A physically-based and generalized
approach appears to scale well to a MODIS pixel. In fact, the MODIS
sensor actually appears to perform *better* than the Landsat-based
indices (R^2^ = 0.48, p = 0.001, N = 18 watersheds, Figure 1c), a
finding which we attribute to the enhanced capacity of MODIS to match
the date(s) of image collection to the peak of a disturbance event. Our
future work will explore generalizable indices from Hyperion, AVIRIS,
and ASTER, as well as using Hyperion and AVIRIS-based assessments of
species composition and foliar nitrogen to further understand the
mechanistic connections that drive the empirical relationships among
forest disturbance and streamwater N export (Figure 2). Interestingly,
in these analyses conducted within predominately forested watersheds
undergoing a severe disturbance event, percent non-forest cover and
other land use and land cover (LULC) variables exhibited no significant
predictive ability for watershed N export.

It should be noted that these analyses only address the predictive
capacity of inputs derived directly from remotely sensed variables. In a
modeling environment such as HSPF, additional variables would be
included in the modeling that may improve predictive ability. These
preliminary results show that alternative remote sensing variables have
the capacity to improve predictions of watershed N whereas standard LULC
products by EPA and related groups may not.

References:

Townsend, P. A., K. N. Eshleman, and C. Welcker. 2004. Relationships
between stream nitrogen concentrations and intensity of forest
disturbance following gypsy moth defoliation in 2000-2001. Ecological
Applications **14**:504-516.

Healey, S. P., W. B. Cohen, Y. Zhiqiang, and O. N. Krankina. 2005.
Comparison of Tasseled Cap-based Landsat data structures for use in
forest disturbance detection. Remote Sensing of Environmen**t**
97:301-310.

Figures:

![](media/image2.jpeg){width="5.99375in" height="1.7826388888888889in"}

**Figure 1: Empirical relationships predicting watershed N export from
three remote sensing spectral indices.**

![](media/image3.jpeg){width="6.0in" height="3.779861111111111in"}

**Figure 2: Partial representation of the data available in the
Fifteen-mile Creek watershed of western Maryland to examine mechanisms
driving the observed empirical relationships among forest disturbance
and water quality.**

**2.2 National Drought Monitoring System for Drought Early Warning Using
Hydrologic and Ecologic Observations from NASA Satellite Data**

**Investigators:** S. V. Nghiem (JPL, PI), J. P. Verdin (USGS, Lead
Co-I), D. A. Wilhite (National Drought Mitigation Center or NDMC), R.
Dole (NOAA Physical Science Division), D. LeComte (NOAA Climate
Prediction Center), G. R. Brakenridge (Dartmouth College), E. G. Njoku
(JPL)

**Background**

The overarching objective of this proposal is to assimilate hydrologic
and ecologic observations from NASA Earth satellite sensors, including
the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer - Earth Observing System
(AMSR-E), the QuikSCAT/SeaWinds Scatterometer (QSCAT), and the Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), into a national drought
monitoring system, specifically the United States Drought Monitor
(USDM), an existing national decision support tool used for drought
monitoring and drought early warning.

Drought is among the most difficult of all natural hazards to monitor
effectively. Therefore, it is critical for drought early warning systems
that all major components of the hydrologic and ecologic system be
monitored and the disparate indicators and indices be integrated
together into a comprehensive assessment of drought status. An existing
decision support system for drought is the U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM).
The USDM is a state-of-the-art drought monitoring system and decision
support tool that has been developed and is currently operational at the
National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC). USDM involves
multi-institution partners: University of Nebraska NDMC, USDA/NOAA Joint
Agricultural Weather Facility, and NOAA's Climate Prediction Center
(CPC) and National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). Many other organizations
also play a key role in support of this tool (e.g., NOAA-CIRES CDC,
USGS, USDA National Water and Climate).

**Progress**

-   NASA funding recently distributed to all co-investigators via JPL
    subcontracts to USGS, NDMC, and NOAA (April 2007). USGS sent a
    subcontract to NDMC from a JPL subcontract.

-   Kick-off meeting among the investigators for the NASA Drought
    Project at the National Drought Mitigation Center in Lincoln,
    Nebraska, April 24-25, 2007.

-   Plan to enhance USDM resolution from climate division to county or
    sub-county level.

-   Presentation at the AGU Joint Assembly meeting: S. V. Nghiem, G. R.
    Brakenridge, and G. Neumann, "Drought, wetland, and Flood Monitoring
    with Satellite Scatterometer," *EOS Trans, AGU*, *88*(23), Jt.
    Assem. Suppl., Abst. U53B-05, May 2007.

-   Participation by S. V. Nghiem (per invitation) in the Drought
    Challenge Workshop held in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in
    July-August 2006. The workshop addressed issues related to
    drought/NIDIS. It recommended: Focus studies on drought, integration
    of current and historical data for drought monitoring, climate model
    research for drought applications, and interagency coordination.

-   Implementing the modification of QSCAT Land Surface Water Processor
    to ingest newly reprocessed QuikSCAT data for drought monitoring.
    (The NASA Scatterometer Project decided to reprocess the entire
    QuikSCAT dataset collected since July 1999 -- 8 years of data and
    continuing).

-   We have demonstrated that QSCAT can measure NDVI with a high
    temporal resolution without cloud cover effects. QSCAT backscatter
    is highly correlated to NDVI as observed from multiple years of data
    including high-precipitation seasons as well as severe drought
    periods. The correlation coefficient between NDVI and backscatter is
    as high as 0.92 for the vertical polarization and 0.91 for
    horizontal polarization. NDVI derived from QSCAT can capture
    sub-seasonal response in the ecosystem dynamics to period of
    deficient or excessive precipitations. With the capability to track
    vegetation change in both wet seasons and drought periods, QSCAT
    will help to monitor vegetation conditions for drought applications.

-   Participating in the Drought/NIDIS Meetings in Longmont, Colorado.
    Input from this meeting was an important part of the Congressional
    briefing, which was conducted by Don Wilhite, Steve Wells (President
    of GSA), and Jack Hess (Executive Director of GSA) the week
    following the Drought meeting. NIDIS was passed by the House and by
    the Senate Commerce Committee. NIDIS bill was signed by President
    Bush for the drought portal development.

-   Providing comments and suggestions to the development of the NIDIS
    portal.

**Work Plan for FY 2008**

-   Continuing year-1 work from year-1 remaining funding while waiting
    for year-2 funding

-   Coordination of NASA data to be used in USDM and US Drought Outlook

-   System requirements for drought monitoring system

-   Comparison/calibration with in-situ data

-   Feedback from users and advisory board

**Publications**

S. V. Nghiem, "Drought Monitoring with NASA Satellite Data," *National
Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) Implementation Plan*,
Longmont, Colorado, Sept., 2006.

S. V. Nghiem, et al., "Pattern and Frequency of Soil Moisture
Variability over the Contiguous United States," full paper in
preparation for peer-reviewed journal publication, 2007.

S. V. Nghiem, G. R. Brakenridge, and G. Neumann, "Drought, wetland, and
Flood Monitoring with Satellite Scatterometer," *EOS Trans, AGU*,
*88*(23), Jt. Assem. Suppl., Abst. U53B-05, May 2007.

**2.3 Improving Water Resources Management in the Western U.S. through
use of Remote Sensing Data and Seasonal Climate Forecasts**

**Investigators**: Dennis Lettenmaier (PI, U. Washington), S.
Soorooshian (U. Cal. Irvine), A. Wood (U. Washington), A. Steinmann (U.
Washington), B. Imam (U. Cal. Irvine)

This is a joint project of the University of Washington and the
University of California, Irvine (PI S. Sorooshian). It is aimed at
utilizing NASA remote sensing data and hydrologic and climate prediction
models in a partnership with three operational water management agencies
-- the Natural Resources Conservation Service, which provides seasonal
streamflow forecasts over most of the west, the U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation, which has decision authority within the Klamath River basin
(where there have been ongoing and highly publicized conflicts over
water allocation), and the California Department of Water Resources,
which has decision authority for much of the Sacramento River basin. The
project leverages heavily from the University of Washington's west-wide
hydrologic forecast system
(http://www.hydro.washington.edu/forecast/westwide). While the primary
focus of this research is on water management, there are secondary
benefits for the energy sector, particularly hydropower. This report
covers work conducted by the University of Washington, and by U.C.
Irvine (under contract to UW). Task work to date is summarized next:

**Task: Klamath River forecast system enhancements**

The existing UW west-wide forecast system will be enhanced for
application in the Klamath R. basin. In particular, we will add
forecasts points of interest to USBR, and will apply MODIS SCA updating
that we have previously tested in the Snake River basin. We will modify
the current UW forecast system to a 1/16 degree grid resolution
(currently 1/8 degree), to capture smaller drainage areas within the
Upper Klamath River area. We will migrate the forecast system so that it
can be run at NWCC, with performance monitored by both the UW team as
well as USBR Klamath Basin Area Office operational staff. *Status: Work
to implement and calibrate the forecasting system at 1/16 degree for the
Klamath Basin has continued. In parallel, a daily-updating nowcast at
1/8 degree is now incorporating MODIS SCA in real-time, and the scheme
for assimilation is under study. The daily-updating assimilation
processes were extended to the western US, and a website for the project
was established at
[http://www.hydro.washington.edu/forecast/rsda/]{.underline} (Figure 1).
MODIS snow cover, MODIS snow fraction, and MODIS snow albedo are
assimilated with the direct insertion method. Figure 2 shows results of
the snow cover data assimilation for the Upper Klamath River basin.
Figure 3 shows SWE nowcasts before and after the data assimilation.
Other data assimilation algorithms are under study within this
framework.*

![](media/image4.jpeg){width="5.996527777777778in"
height="4.714583333333334in"}

**Figure 1: Remote Sensing Data Assimilation and Seasonal Climate
Forecasts website.**

![](media/image5.jpeg){width="5.763194444444444in"
height="1.8666666666666667in"}

**Figure 2: Estimated snow cover area (SCA) for Klamath River basin on
4/28/06 with a) no updating; b) including direct insertion of MODIS SCA
data, and c) MODIS SCA image.**

![](media/image6.jpeg){width="5.778472222222222in"
height="1.9715277777777778in"}

**Figure 3: Estimated snow water equivalent (SWE) for Klamath River
basin on 4/28/06 with a) no updating; b) including direct insertion of
MODIS SCA data, and c) difference.**

**Task: Forecast system implementation/monitoring for Feather/Sac River
basins**

Implementation of the UW west-wide forecast system for the Sacramento
basin will begin with the Feather R. before expanding to other basins in
the Sacramento basin. UCI/UW team members will implement additional
forecast points used by DWR, and increase the forecast system spatial
resolution (i.e., to a finer grid scale) if necessary. During the first
two seasons of the project, the forecasts will run in real-time
(parallel to DWR operations) at UCI. Subsequently, modifications in the
system required for transition to the DWR environment will be made, and
data assimilation algorithms similar to those planned for the Klamath
(Task 1) will be implemented. *Status: Work continues on implementation
of the CaliForecast system at UCI. Recent efforts have focused on
tracking the differences between UCI runs and those produced at UW.
Communication between the UCI/UW teams led to corrections of UCI input
scripts (i.e., wind-speed) as well as to some readjustments to both
west-wide and CaliForecast systems. Further discussions will be
initiated to address the remaining discrepancies.*

**Task: Forecast impairment in CADWR/SWP basins**

This task is similar to Task 2. UCI will establish, in consultation with
DWR, an arrangement by which forecasted streamflows will be routed
through the same decision process currently used by DWR for its
operational forecasts. Either DWR will route the forecasts in parallel
with their operational ones, or UCI will obtain the necessary algorithms
to do so at UCI. UCI will also develop analogous methods applying to

forecast system products that are new to DWR. *Status: UCI has
identified several potential forecasting points. Basin delineation and
model calibration is pending a decision on the final input/model
resolution.*

**Task: Forecast communication (Klamath and Sacramento basins)**

To facilitate NWCC, USBR, and DWR review of forecast system performance,
UW/UCI project team members will prepare summary or explanatory reports
for (a) regular, real-time forecast updates, and (b) any upgrades or
major changes to the experimental forecasting system, and will host
conference calls to interpret the results during the course of the
forecast season (probably weekly during the period March 1 -- June 1,
and less frequently at other times). These conference calls and
associated reports will be made available via the web. In addition,
during the off-season, UW and UCI will host one-day workshops at USBR's
Klamath Falls office, and DWR's Sacramento office, to evaluate forecast
system performance, and the means by which forecasts were used in the
decision process in the previous season. *Status: Communications have
continued with DWR's Operations Control Office in attempts to gain a
better understanding of how runoff forecasts are translated into
operational decisions. A sample decision calendar is shown in Figure 4,
which illustrates DWR's forecasting and allocation schedule for Oroville
Reservoir's operations. Initial water allocations for the coming
calendar year are made by DWR in December. The longer lead times offered
by climate-based forecasts could result in considerable improvements to
system performance. UW has been placed on the distribution list for
DWR's monthly Water Supply Index, their official water year
classification system used to make allocations amongst water use
objectives.*

![](media/image7.jpeg){width="6.0in" height="4.5in"}

**Task: Retrospective assessment (Klamath and Sacramento)**

We will undertake a retrospective assessment of forecast system
performance in both study areas to serve as the basis for evaluation and
modification of the forecast system. To the extent possible given the
limited period of record of remote sensing data sources such as MODIS,
we will perform retrospective forecasts made in a manner consistent with
real-time operation, and evaluate changes in forecast skill due to
incorporation of remote sensing data, and ensemble climate forecasts. We
will present results of the retrospective evaluation at one or more of
the planned one-day workshops (Task 5). *Status: Work has continued on
the retrospective assessment of CPC's \"consolidated, objective\"
seasonal climate forecasts. In addition, we have initiated a
retrospective assessment of the MODIS snow-covered area product in the
Feather River basin for 2001 to the present. Direct evaluation of the
product will be achieved via comparison with data from snow sensors
located within the basin and maintained by the California Cooperative
Snow Surveys (CCSS). Indirect evaluation will be achieved by
investigating the effect on seasonal streamflow forecasts of the
product's inclusion in the west-wide model's initial conditions.*

**2.4 "What is the Value of Integrating Best Estimates of Regional
Evapotranspiration into Hydrologic Decision Support Systems?"**

**Investigators**: PI: Jan Hendrickx (New Mexico Tech), Richard Stodt
(BoR), A. Byrd (ACE), Sung-ho Hong (New Mexico Tech)

-   Progress during this period has been slow due to unforeseen
    difficulties to hire a capable postdoctoral investigator. These
    difficulties have now mostly been resolved. PhD graduate student
    Sung-ho Hong is finishing his dissertation and has started work on
    the project. He has more than five years experience with remote
    sensing algorithms for evaporation including SEBAL and METRIC.

-   A Scope of Work has been prepared for the subcontract with the US
    Bureau of Reclamation (Co-PI Richard Stodt). An official subcontract
    has been sent to US BoR in Denver by New Mexico Tech. This
    subcontract ran into an administrative problem. Now, we are in
    contact with the US BoR office in Albuquerque to "piggyback" the
    subcontract on their ET Toolbox project. Al Brower, the developer of
    ET Toolbox, is prepared to work on the project during the months
    July through September.

-   A workplan has been discussed with Co-PI Aaron Byrd of the US Army
    Corps of Engineers. We also have identified a capable postdoctoral
    investigator to start the runs with GSSHA.

-   We are in the process of finalizing the subcontract with Dr. Rick
    Allen.

-   We have compared ET maps derived from Landsat and MODIS using
    SEBALNM and prepared a manuscript that will be submitted shortly. It
    appears that upscaling of ET maps (from Landsat to MODIS scale) can
    be realized by simple averaging routines.

**3.0 ISSUES AND CONCERNS**

• JPL (Ghiem and Verdin Project) has successfully processed and sent a
one-year subcontract from JPL to USGS including the portion for NDMC.
This subcontract covers only year-1 work for both USGS and NDMC. For
NOAA, JPL is still working to complete the subcontract, which is waiting
to be reviewed by the NOAA Council. All subcontracts from JPL to USGS,
NDMC, and NOAA are set up for only one year (year-1 of this 3-year
project). Subcontracting work has imposed extra workload on the PI,
whose time should be more effective and more valuable to do scientific
research work rather than subcontracting work. For JPL to process and
monitor subcontracts to NDMC, USGS, and NOAA, additional funds are
required to cover JPL subcontract overhead costs and PI work time for
subcontract monitor and management. In addition, non-cost extension will
be necessary due to the additional time needed for JPL to carry out the
subcontracting process after the funds are receive from NASA, and due to
the contract review and processing at the co-investigators'
institutions.

• Transfer of funds to Restrepo (PI) at NOAA is delayed due to legal and
administrative difficulties. FY07 funds to GSFC (Peters-Lidard) and MSFC
(Limaye) is also delayed.

• Initial funds to Cosgrove for the project "Improving Flash Flood
Prediction through a Synthesis of NASA Products, NWP Models, and Flash
Flood Decision Support System" have been delayed. Funding should arrive
from NASA HQ in the next month.