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| # Las | # Surge Protection Anthology                         | # Su |
| t upd |                                                      | rges |
| ated  | # Annex A -- Citations -- Part 3                     |  Hap |
| April |                                                      | pen! |
|  2003 | ###                                                  |      |
|       | Recorded surge occurrences, surveys and staged tests |      |
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**This list of citations is organized in three sections, the first
dealing with the low-voltage environment,**

**the second with occurrences in the medium-voltage environment, and the
third with lighting parameters**

**that can influence the surges induced in low-voltage power
distribution systems.**

#### Low-voltage (1000 V and less) power distribution systems

ACKERMANN, G., HUDASCH, M., SCHWETZ, S., and STIMPER, K.,
"Oberspannungen in Niederspannungs­anlagen" \[Overvoltages in low-voltage
installations\], *ETZ Bd. 114* (1993).

--- Reports surge monitoring performed in Germany.

--- (In German, cited in IEC 62066)

ACKERMANN, G., SCHEIBE, K., and STIMPER, K., "Isolationgefahrdende
Uberspannungen im Nieder­spannungsbereich," \[Overvoltages hazardous to
insulation in low-voltage systems\], *ETZ, Bd 118* (1997).

--- Reports surge measurements in Germany that include "energy content"
in Ws (watts x seconds).

--- (In German, cited in IEC 62066)

--- 10 references

ALLEN, G.W. and SEGALL, D., "Monitoring of Computer Installation for
Line Disturbances," Presented at the IEEE Power Engineering Society
Winter Meeting, New York, NY, Jan. 1974, *Paper C74 (Conference preprint
only.)*

--- Reports occurrence rates at computer sites, recorded with memory
scopes.

--- Possible artifact of insufficient writing speed discussed but not
appended to conference preprint.

--- See IEEE Std C62.41.1-2002 data base for that discussion.

--- 7 references

ASPNES, J.D., EVANS, B.W., and MERRITT, R.P., "Rural Alaska Electric
Power Quality," *IEEE Transactions PAS-104*, No.3, March 1985.

--- Survey with digital-output disturbance monitors.

--- Did not consider the effect of SPDs integrated in the instrument
power supply that limited observed surges.

--- 28 references, 2 discussions

BACHMAN, L., GULLBERG, M., STRICKLER, F., and SACHS, H., "An Assessment
of Shipboard Power Line Transients," *Proceedings, International IEEE
EMC Symposium,* Aug. 1981.

--- Surge recordings with storage oscilloscope and disturbance
analyzers.

BODLE, D.W., GHAZI, A.J., SYED, M., and WOODSIDE, R.L.,
*Characterization of the electrical environment*, University of Toronto
Press, 1976.

--- Book initially written from the communications point of view but
applicable to AC power circuits.

--- 124 references, 320 pages

BULL, J.H. and NETHERCOT, M.A., "The frequency of occurrence and
magnitude of short duration transients in low-voltage supply mains,"
*Radio Electronic Engineer, September* 1964.

--- Peak-reading recordings at substations, bus-bars, and point-of use.

--- 5 references

CANNOVA, S.F., "Short-Time Voltage Transients in Shipboard Electrical
Systems," *IEEE Transactions IA-9*, No.5, Sept/Oct 1973.

--- Oscilloscope recordings and histograms.

--- 18 references

DORR, D.S., "Point of Utilization Power Quality Study Results," *IEEE
Transactions IA-31* No.4, \~July/August 1995.

--- Presents results of four years of monitoring at 112 North American
locations.

--- Cites relatively low rate of occurrence of surges above 500 volts,
suggesting that the proliferation of SPDs can be

the cause of this low incidence.

--- Other Power Quality statistics include sags, swells, and outages.

--- 17 references

GOEDBLOED, J.J., "Transients in Low-Voltage Supply Networks," *IEEE
Transactions EMC-29*, No. 2, May 1987

--- Shows rates of rise up to 30 kV μs, peaks exceeding 3 kV.

--- Contains extensive analysis of data.

--- Avoids the use of 'energy in the surge' but defines 'energy measure'
based on integral of v^2^dt.

--- 13 references

GOEDDE, G.L. DUGAN, R.C., ROWE, L.D, HARTANA, R., SKLIUTAS, J., and
WALLING, R., "Full Scale Lightning Surge Tests of Distribution
Transformers and Secondary Systems," *IEEE Transactions PWRD-7*, No.3,
July 1992.

--- Low-side surges are known to cause failures of low voltage
distribution transformers.

--- Tests on low-side surges were found to consist of two basic
components:

--- The natural frequency of the system, responsible for corona
discharge spots at secondary bushings.

--- The inductive response of the system to the stroke current,
responsible for transformer failures.

--- 11 references

GOLDSTEIN, M. and SPERANZA, P.D., "The Quality of U.S. Commercial AC
Power," *Intelec Conference Proceedings*, 1982.

--- Monitoring with Dranetz 606-3 at Bell Telephone sites.

--- Statistical discussion of relative percentages of disturbances based
on arbitrary thresholds.

HAHN, G.J. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Surge Voltages in Residential Power
Circuits," *IEEE Conference Paper, Summer Power Meeting*, Portland OR
July 1967.

***Available as*** [Residential
surges](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Residential Surges.pdf)

--- First publication of the GE surge monitoring project

--- Later upgraded as IEEE Transactions PAS-89, No.6, July/Aug 1970 ---
See listing under Martzloff & Hahn.

HAIRABEDIAN, B. "A survey of Power Line Disturbances at Typical IBM
Computer Installations in the U.S. for the Period 1988-1992." *Document
Number TR 21 .1 507*, IBM Corporation, Kingston NY, June 1992.

--- The survey logged 22 201 monitor-days at 25 IBM computer sites.

--- Frequency-distribution tables, Weibull profiles, histories of
monthly events, and chronologies of vents.

--- The composite results of the survey are compared with those of the
1972 and 1982 IBM surveys.

--- 93 pages, 5 references

HASLER, R. and LAGADEC, R, "Digital Measurement of Fast Transients on
Power Supply Lines," *Proceedings, Third Symposium on EMC*, Rotterdam,
May 1979.

--- Results of monitoring with a digital system show ring waves and
nanosecond rise times near switching devices.

--- 1 reference (in German)

HUGHES, M.B. and CHAN, J.S., "Canadian National Power Quality Survey
Results," *Proceedings, EPRI­PQA'95 Conference* 1995.

--- Reports results of monitoring surge occurrences (only as part of a
power quality survey).

--- Three-year period at 550 sites classified as industrial, commercial,
and residential, each for I month.

--- 8 references

KEY, T.S. "Diagnosing Power Quality-Related Computer Problems," *IEEE
Transactions, IA-IS*, No. 4, July/Aug. 1979.

--- Records of disturbances and general discussion.

--- Early version of the computer susceptibility curve that became "The
CBEMA Curve."

--- 10 references

LENZ, J.E., "Basic Impulse Insulation Levels of Mercury Lamp Ballasts
for Outdoor Applications*," Illuminating Engineering*, Feb. 1964.

--- Reports (in the discussion) oscilloscope recordings at pole-mounted
transformers with 5.6 kV peaks, the

> maximum surge recording in 120 V circuits found in the literature.

MARTZLOFF, F.D., Surge Suppression in a Typical Home Wiring System,"
*Declassified General Electric TIS Report 63GL97*, 1963**.**

***Available as*** [Typical
home](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Typical home .pdf)

--- Injection of surges and their propagation in a residential power
system.

--- Examples of suppression achieved by selenium cells before the advent
of metal-oxide varistors.

--- 2 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D. and HAHN, G.J., "Surge Voltages in Residential and
Industrial Power Circuits" *IEEE Transactions PAS-89*, No. 6, July/Aug
1970.

***Available as***
[Res&Ind](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Res&Ind surges.pdf)

--- Oscilloscope recordings show ring waves; peak detector recordings
yield statistics.

--- Documents the anecdotal story of clock motor failures.

--- 9 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Transient Overvoltages in Secondary Systems,"
*Unclassified General Electric TIS Report 8ICRDI2I*, 1981.

***Available as*** [Secondary
transients](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Secondary Transients.pdf)

--- Capsule summary of data collected in the survey over the period of
1963-1970.

--- Large-size reproductions of oscillograms contributed to IEEE Std
C62.41

--- 6 references

McEACHERN, A. *Handbook of Power Signatures*. Foster City, CA: Basic
Measuring Instruments Publisher, 1989.

--- Reports generic types of disturbances.

--- Procedures on conducting a site survey.

MEISSEN, W., "Oberspannungen in Niederspannungsnetzen" \[Overvoltages in
low-voltage networks\], *ETZ Bd.* 104, 1983. (In German)

--- The seminal paper proposing long waveform with extremely high
energy-deposition capability (leading to the

> development of German Standard DIN 0160, but no longer acknowledged by
> the IEC TC77).

--- Documents the effects of fuse blowing in industrial environments.

MELLITT, B., "Transient Voltages Generated by Inductive Switching in
Control Circuits," *Proceedings lEE*, vol. 121, No. 7, July 1974.

--- Shows field and laboratory recordings of bursts such as those
involved in the IEC EFT specifications.

--- 11 references

MINEGISHI, S., ECHIGO, H., and SATO, R., "Frequency Spectra of the Arc
Current Due to Opening Electric Contacts in Air," *IEEE Transactions,
EMC-31*, No. 4, Nov. 1989.

--- Reports measurement in megahertz range of contact opening sequences.

--- 11 references

ODENBERG, R. and BRASKICH, B.J., "Measurements of Voltages and Current
Surges on the AC Power Line in Computer and Industrial Environments,"
*IEEE Transactions, PAS-104*, No. 10, Oct. 1985.

--- Reports long-duration surges (1000 μs).

--- 5 references, 2 discussions

PELLETIN, J. and LEROY, J. "Experimentation réseaux témoins - Résultats
de Ia campagne d'investigations 1973. Enregistrement de surtensions
atmosphériques affectant Ies postes MTIBT et Ies derivations d'abonnés
d'artères de distribution rurales - Analyse statistique des
enregistrements. \[Experiments on sample networks - Results from the
1973 investigation. -*EDF - DER - M15-375* - May 1974. (In French, cited
in IEC 62066)

--- Recordings of atmospheric overvoltages on MVILV stations and rural
distribution lines

--- Statistical analysis of the recordings

PFEIFFER, W, and SHEERER, F., "Oberspannungen in Niederspannungsnetzen"
\[Overvoltages in low-voltage networks\], *ETZ Bd.1I3* (1992) pp
578-584. (In German, cited in IEC 62066)

--- Reports measurements conducted in Germany in the late eighties.

--- Source of several figures illustrating switching surges included in
IEC 62066 and IEEE C62.41.1^TM^-2002.

POPOLANSKY, F., PROCHAKZKA, F., and SCHLAMP, M., "Frequency distribution
of peak values of lightning overvoltages in a rural low-voltage
network," *Proceedings, 21^st^ International Conference on Lightning
Protection*, Berlin, 1992.

--- Statistics of the recording of lightning-induced surges in an
overhead line.

RHOADES, W.T., "Characteristics of Unusual Power Mains Transients,"
*Proceedings, 1985 Zurich EMC Symposium*, 1985.

--- Transients associated with UPS operation and CRT flashover.

--- 5 references

SPERANZA, P.D., "A Look at the Quality of AC Power Serving the Bell
System," *Bell Lab Record,* JulyIAug. 1982.

--- Generic report of recordings and statistical discussion.

STANDLER, R.B., "Transients on the mains in a residential environment,"
*IEEE Transactions* *EMC-31*, No.2, May 1989.

--- A digital oscilloscope was used to measure transients on the
single-phase 120 V RMS mains in a residential environment.

--- Waveforms are shown for transient overvoltages on the mains caused
by three nearby lightning strikes and one unknown source. Statistical
summaries are presented for all naturally occurring transients.

--- Waveforms are presented for the transient caused by switching on
various loads, resulting in rates of rise ranging from 6 kV/μs to 17
kV/μs.

--- 6 references

TRUEBLOOD, H.M. and SUNDE, E.D., "Lightning Observations in Buried
Cables," *Bell System Technical Journal*, XVIII, April 1949.

--- Presents the concept of "stroke factor".

WERNSTROM, H., BROMS, M., and BOBERG, S., "Transient Overvoltages on AC
Power Supply Systems in Swedish Industry," *Report FOA E 30002-E2*,
Foorsvarets Forskningsanstaldt, Huvudavdelning 3, Sweden, 1984.

--- Shows rise times in the range of 60 ns to 600 ns.

--- Contains a graph of number of occurrences versus peaks.

--- 12 references

**Medium and high voltage power systems environment, lightning
environment**

AIEE Committee Report "Switching Surges - I - Phase to Ground Switching
Voltages," *AIEE Transactions PAS-80*, June 1961.

--- Comprehensive report, 1961 vintage, of the subject.

--- 84 references, 10 discussions

BELHOMME, R., PLAMONDON, M., NAKRA, H., DESROSIERS, D., and GAGNON, C.
"Case Study on the

Integration of a Non-Utility Induction Generator to the Hydro-Quebec
Distribution Network," *IEEE*

*Transactions PWRD-10*, No.3, July 1995.

--- Investigates the influence of load, capacitive compensation, machine
parameters on resulting overvoltages.

--- Presents results of simulation of a distribution network.

--- 11 references

BOEHNE, E.W. and LOW, S.S., "Shunt Capacitor Energization with Vacuum
Interrupters --- A Possible Source of Overvoltage," *IEEE Transactions,
PAS-88*, No. 9, Sept. 1969.

--- Field tests and computer analysis for overvoltages on transformers
and arresters, with proposed corrective measures.

--- 15 references, 11 discussions

GAIBROIS, G.L., MASHIKIAN, M.S., and JOHNSON, K., "Study of Lightning
Current Magnitude Through Distribution Arresters," *EPRI Report No.
EL-1140*, Sept. 1979.

--- Citation of long duration current in arresters.

--- 8 references

GREBE, T.E., "Application of Distribution System Capacitor Banks and
Their Impact on Power Quality," *IEEE Transactions IA-32*, No.3,
May/June 1996.

--- Discussion of capacitor switching transients and magnification
effects.

--- Provides several examples of recordings with the "PQ Node"
instrument.

--- Points out the need to evaluate energy considerations if MOVs are
applied for mitigation.

--- 6 references

MARTZLOFF, F.D., "Varistor Versus Environment: Winning the Rematch,"
*IEEE Transactions PWRD-1* No. 2, April 1986.

***Available as*** [Winning
rematch](http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/Winning Rematch.pdf)

--- Staged test of capacitor switching on remote MV side produces ring
waves on low-voltage load.

--- Coordination between 3 kV and 480 V varistor-based SPDs.

--- 5 references, I discussion

SABIN, D.D., "An Assessment of Distribution System Power Quality," *EPRI
Report TR-106294-V2*, 1996.

--- Comprehensive statistical data base of power quality measurements
collected during the EPRI Distribution Power

> Quality (DPQ) Project.

--- 15 references

#### Lightning-Related Citations

***Note:*** A on-line literature search on the keywords associated with
"lightning" produces the number of "hits" shown below -- thus giving an
indication of the magnitude of the research over the years since
electronic data bases were created (not starting with Franklin's papers)
and the resulting challenge of compiling a comprehensive bibliography --
hence the limitation here to only those papers that were considered in
the development of the IEEE C62.41.1^TM^-*2002 "Guide on the Surge
Environment in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits."*

Lightning 15 791

Lightning + surge 2348

Lightning + current 3306

Lightning + damage 1130

Lightning + protection 6349

Lightning + arrester 1816

Lightning + earth + electrode 139

ANDERSON, R.B. and ERIKSSON, A.J., "Lightning Parameters for Engineering
Application," *ELECTRA No.69*, 1980.

--- Probability of occurrence of lightning flashes.

--- Peak current amplitude and waveshape parameters.

--- 55 references.

BARKER, P.P., MANCAO, R.T., KVALTINE, D.J., and PARRISH, D.E.,
"Characteristics of Lightning Surges Measured at Metal-Oxide
Distribution Arresters," *IEEE Transactions PWRD-8*, January 1993.

--- Recording of 1309 lightning surges at four sites of distribution
systems.

--- Uses a modified MOV arrester as transducer to bring signals down to
low-voltage input of recorder.

--- 23 references

BEJLERI, M., RAKOV, V.A., UMAN, M.A., RAMBO, K.J., MATA, C.T., and
FERNANDEZ, M.l., "Triggered lightning testing of an airport runway
lighting system," *Proceedings, 25^th^ International Conference on
Lightning Protection*, Rhodes, September 2000.

--- Injection of triggered lightning current into a runway lighting
system at Camp Blanding.

--- Measurements of the dispersion of lightning current among ground
rods and counterpoise.

--- 3 references

BERGER, K., ANDERSON, R.B., and KRONINGER, H., "Parameters of Lightning
Flashes," *ELECTRA No.41*, 1975.

--- The seminal paper on lightning parameters.

--- Statistical distribution of 10 parameters, including peak current,
charge, and waveshape parameters.

--- 8 references

CHOWDHURI, P., "Estimation of Flashover Rates of Overhead Power
Distribution Lines by Lightning Strokes to Nearby Ground," *IEEE
Transactions PWRD-4*, No.3, July 1989.

--- Computation of flashover rates as a function of BIL.

--- 18 references, 1 discussion

CHOWDHURI, P., "Parameters of Lightning Stokes and Their Effects on
Power Systems." *Conference Record, IEEE/PES Transmission and
Distribution Conference*, 2001

--- Describes effect on power system transmission lines: direct stoke,
backflash, induction from nearby flashes

--- Presents a review of other published papers

--- Discusses front time and velocity, but not duration of the stroke
current

--- 16 references

CIANOS, N. and PIERCE, E.T., "*A Ground-Lightning Environment for
Engineering Usage,"* Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA 94205,
Aug 1972.

--- Comprehensive statistics on the characteristics of lightning.

--- 108 references, 136 pages

CUMM INS, K.L., MURPHY, M.J., BARDO, E.A., HISCOX, W.L., PYLE, R.B., and
PIFER, K.E., "A Combined

TOA/MDF Technology Upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection
Network," *Journal of Geophysical*

*Research*, Vol 103 No D8, April 1998.

--- Summarizes the development and upgrade of the U.S. National
Lightning Detection Network.

--- Provides examples of the cumulative distribution of peak current.

--- 36 references

DARVENIZA, M. and UMAN, M.A., "Research Into Lightning Protection of
Distribution Systems - Part II, Results from Florida Field Work 1978 and
1979," *IEEE Transactions PAS-103*, No. 4,1984.

--- Statistics on the occurrence of lightning.

--- 14 references

FERNANDEZ, M.I., RAMBO, K.J., STAPLETON, M.V., RAKOV, V.A., and UMAN,
M.A., "Review of triggered

lightning experiments performed on a power distribution system at Camp
Blanding, Florida, during 1996

and 1997." *Proceedings, 24th International Conference on Lightning
Protection*, Birmingham, UK, 1998.

--- Injection of triggered lightning current into several configurations
at Camp Blanding.

--- Review of tests reported in earlier papers and preview of
forthcoming test reports.

--- 3 references

FERNANDEZ, M.I., RAKOV, V.A., and UMAN, M.A., "Transient currents and
voltages in a power distribution system due to natural lightning,"
*Proceedings, 24^th^ International Conference on Lightning Protection*,
Birmingham, UK, 1998

--- Opportunistic natural flash events at the triggered lightning
facility of Camp Blanding.

--- One flash event struck earth away from the line: electromagnetic
coupling and injection via ground connections.

--- One flash event struck the directly the overhead distribution line,
equipped with MOV arresters at the time.

--- 4 references

HARUKI, H., SUNAGA, M., KIMATA, R., and KATOH, J., "Development of a
Lightning Current Waveform

Measuring System for 500 kV Overhead Transmission Lines, "*IEEE
Transactions, PWRD-4*, No. 3, July 1989.

--- Reports submicrosecond rise times of lightning current and
differences in winter and summer lightning in Japan.

--- 7 references

LYONS, W.A., ULIAZ, M. and NELSON, T.E., "Large Peak Current
Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Flashes During the Summer Months in the
Contiguous United States," *Monthly Weather Review*, August 1998.

--- Detailed analysis and flash density maps based on data from the
National Lightning Detection Network

--- Reports geographical differences in the flash characteristics (See
Orville comments, 1999, below)

--- 55 references

MacGORMAN, D.R., MAIER, M.W., and RUST, W.D., "Lightning Strike Density
for the Contiguous United

States From Thunderstorm Duration Records," *Report NUREGICR-3759,* U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory

Commission, 1984.

--- Lightning strike density computed from aviation stations
observations, presented as maps and tables.

--- 16 references

ORVILLE, R.E., HENDERSON R.W., and PYLE, R.B., "*Lightning Flash
Characteristics: 1987, Interim Report,"* EL-6413, Electric Power
Research Institute, August 1989.

--- Statistics and maps of lightning ground flashes for Eastern United
States.

--- 13 references

ORVILLE, R.E., "Comments on 'Large Peak Current Cloud-to-Ground
Lightning Flashes During the Summer Months in the Contiguous United
States'," *Monthly Weather Review,* Vol 127 No,8, August 1999.

--- Presents a discussion of the Lyons et al. paper (See citation above
under Lyons)

--- Expresses some doubts on the high peak currents cited in the
literature

--- 5 references

RAKOV, V.A. and UMAN, M.A., "On the Duration of Time Intervals Between
Lightning Return Stokes, *Proceedings, 22^nd^ International Conference
on Lightning Protection*, Budapest, 1994.

--- Electric field measurements and TV records of multiple strokes.

--- Time intervals between two strokes can be less than one millisecond.

--- 25 references

RAKOV, V.A., UMAN, M.A., FERNANDEZ, M.l., THOTTAPPILLIL, R.,
EYBERT-BERARD, A., BERLANDIS, J.P., RACHIDI, F., RUBINSTEIN, M.,
GUERRIERI, S., and NUCCI, C.A., "Observed electromagnetic environment
close to the lightning channel," *Proceedings, 23^rd^ International
Conference on Lightning Protection*, Florence, Italy, 1996.

--- Measurements at Camp Blanding of electric and magnetic fields at
distances of tens to hundreds of meters from

> point of strike.

--- Comparisons with data from Kennedy Space Center and Fort McCIeIIand.

--- 9 references

RUST, W.D., MacGORMAN, D.R. and ARNOLD, R.T., "Positive cloud-to-ground
lightning flashes in severe storms," *Geophysical Research Letters*, Vol
8 No.8, July 1981.

--- Review of the occurrence of positive cloud-to-ground flashes based
on measurement of electric field changes.

--- Documents rise time and total duration of the flashes, but no data
on current parameters.

--- 12 references

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| ## François Martzloff                                                 |
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| ##### END OF FILE "Citations Part 3"                                  |
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| ## April 2003                                                         |
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