## FEMA

**Emergency Management Institute (EMI)**

**Emergency Management Higher Education Project**

**Development of a Course Treatment**

### 

### Comparative 

### Emergency 

### Management

### 

#### April 2008

**Submitted by:**

**Damon Coppola**

**US Embassy Bangkok**

**Political Section, Box 28**

**APO, AP 96546**

**Emergency Management Institute (EMI)**

**Emergency Management Higher Education Project**

**Development of a Course Treatment**

**April 2008**

**[Course Title: Comparative Emergency Management]{.underline}**

**Section 1**.  Recommended purpose, structure, Textbook, and outline
for a course focused on Comparative Emergency Management

 

**Section 2**.  Select list of key references that provide background
and source material for course developers

**Section 3**: Two introductory sessions, covering two hours of course
instruction, detailing the course framework, instruction methodology,
and introduction to the course material (Power Point slides are included
for Session 2)

**[Section 1: Recommended Course Purpose, Structure, Textbook, and
Outline]{.underline}**

**Course Purpose**

The purpose of Comparative Emergency Management is to present to
emergency managers and practitioners alike the fundamentals of the
emergency discipline as they exist in other countries of the world, and
on a global scale. At present, emergency management programs in the
United States tend to be heavily biased towards a domestic-centric
approach. This course will expand upon those domestic lessons by
examining many of the same topics seen in other emergency management
courses, but through the perspective of the greater international
emergency management community. Hazard, risk, vulnerability, and
disaster trends, as they differ throughout the world, will each be
presented. Other important topics include response and recovery funding
options, civil/military cooperation, emergency management obstacles,
disasters and development, and worldwide disaster trends. Finally,
emergency management agencies, including governmental, nongovernmental,
private, international, or international financial institutions, will be
defined and presented in terms of the myriad roles and responsibilities
they have taken in different nations.

**Course Structure**

The course treatment will employ the standard FEMA EMI course
development format found in several existing courses, including "Hazards
Risk Management" (URL - <http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/hram.asp>)
and "Business and Industry Crisis Management" (URL -
<http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/edu/busind.asp>). The course material
will be illustrated with examples and case studies drawn from many
different nations' systems, structures, and experiences, in order to
ensure that these international lessons may be better transferred into
the domestic curriculum. The course material will also include prompts
to drive class discussions, and question and answer sessions. Midterm
and Final exam questions will be included.

**Course Textbook**

It is recommended that the course be developed according to, and be
taught accompanied by, the textbook *Introduction to International
Disaster Management* (ISBN 978-0750679824), written by Damon Coppola and
published by Butterworth-Heinemann Press, Burlington, MA. At present,
this text is the only comprehensive resource spanning all of the topics
addressed in the course. Additionally, the format, material, and
structure of this textbook are perfectly suited to serve as source
material in the development of this course treatment. Supplemental
course material may be drawn from online publications, the official
websites of national emergency management agencies and other emergency
management organizations, as well as from media and other sources as
required.

**Course Outline**

**Session 1: Course Introduction (1 hour)**

Introduction of the course; explanation of the course goals and
objectives, and the requirements and responsibilities of students;
overview of international and comparative emergency management;
explanation of the course evaluation criteria and the instructional
methodologies employed.

-   Instructor and student introductions

-   Overall goal and objectives of the course

-   Student requirements, responsibilities, and course assignments

-   Course evaluation criteria

-   Course instructional methodologies, and justification for using them

**Session 2: The Importance of Comparative Emergency Management** **(1
hour)**

Presentation of five important reasons why emergency management students
and practitioners should study and learn from the emergency management
experience as it has and continues to exist outside of the United
States.

-   Explanation of Comparative Disaster Management

-   Why is the international experience often discounted?

-   Learning other nations' lessons

-   Greater involvement by the nongovernmental and private sectors

-   Adjusting to increases in the strength, size, and number of
    disasters

-   Preparing for the prospect of disaster-driven global instability

-   Working with the international emergency management community

**Session 3: The Global Historical Context of Emergency Management**
**(1 hour)**

Examination of the basis of modern emergency management systems
worldwide; presentation of key events that have guided the evolution of
emergency management throughout the world; explanation of the various
organizations historically involved in emergency management planning and
a presentation of their contributions; presentation of the most recent
events and drivers behind today's emergency management systems and
structures.

-   Disasters throughout history

-   The beginning -- emergency management in ancient times

-   Key actions and players in the evolution of emergency management

-   Emergency management's modern roots

# Session 4: International Efforts to Improve Emergency Management (1 hour)

# Presentation of and discussion about several efforts to improve upon and expand the successful practice of emergency management systems in all nations; explanation of emergency management standards, and presentation of the various standardization efforts currently underway.

-   The International Decade for natural Disaster Reduction

-   The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

-   The Yokohama Strategy

-   Other international efforts, including standardization

**Session 5: Disasters and Development (1 hour)**

Discussion of the established link that exists between the occurrence of
disasters and the rate of development in different nations; presentation
on how disasters affect nations differently, and what is being done to
assist nations that have been subject to repeat catastrophic disasters.

-   The correlation between disasters and poverty

-   The difference in disaster impact between the rich and poor
    countries

-   The impact of disasters on the development process

-   Disaster consequences and Gross Domestic Product

-   Breaking the cycle of poverty and vulnerability

-   Case study (Hurricane Mitch, Kobe Earthquake)

**Session 6: International Disaster Trends (1 hour)**

Introduction to the five major disaster trends that are occurring
throughout the world, and influencing disaster management in the
process.

-   Introduction to disaster trends

-   The number of people affected by disasters is rising

-   Overall, disasters are becoming less deadly

-   Overall, disasters are becoming more costly

-   Poor countries are disproportionately affected by disaster
    consequences

-   Globally, the number of disasters is increasing each year

**Session 7: Hazards (1 hour)**

Brief introduction to the three major categories of hazards that
emergency management agencies manage.

-   Natural hazards

-   Technological hazards

-   Intentional, civil and political hazards

# Session 8: Hazard Identification and Profiling (1 hour) 

# Discussion about the various methods by which hazards are identified, analyzed, and profiled; presentation of two important hazards risk management tools, the risk statement and the risk map.

-   Hazard identification methods

-   Hazard analysis

-   Risk statements

-   Risk maps

-   Case Study (World Bank ECA Regional Studies, United Arab Emirates)

# Session 9: Risk (1 hour) 

# Explanation of and discussion about the concept of risk; presentation of the various methods by which risk is measured.

-   Risk defined

-   The likelihood component of risk

-   The consequence component of risk

-   Quantitative representations of risk

-   Qualitative representations of risk

# Session 10: Risk Analysis (1 hour)

# Continuing discussion on risk, including the two methods by which it is analyzed; presentation of risk matrices and f:N Curves; discussion of the process by which risks are evaluated and their acceptability determined.

-   Quantitative and qualitative risk analysis

-   The risk matrix

-   f:N Curves

-   Risk evaluation

-   Risk acceptability

# Session 11: Vulnerability (1 hour) Examination of the factors that contribute to the vulnerability of various populations in a country and a community; explanation of the various risk factors that influence these major drivers of vulnerability.

-   Vulnerability defined

-   Physical vulnerability

-   Social vulnerability

-   Environmental vulnerability

-   Economic vulnerability

-   Risk factors influencing vulnerability

-   Case Study (Mexico City Earthquake, Gujarat Earthquake, Hurricane
    Katrina)

# Session 12: Risk Perception (1 hour)

# Definition of risk perception; discussion about the various theories and research that have emerged to explain how people and populations perceive the risks that affect them, and how perceptions differ around the world; Discussion about how and why emergency managers should expect their efforts to be influenced by the way populations perceive hazard risks. 

-   Risk perception defined

-   Risk perception research and theories

-   Risk perceptions as unique to populations and nations

-   The effect of risk perception on emergency management and
    preparedness behaviors

-   Case Study (Washington, DC Sniper)

# Session 13: The Emergency Management Cycle (1 hour) 

# Explanation of the four phases of emergency management (namely mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery); presentation of different approaches on this model used throughout the world, including the reasoning behind such approaches; discussion about the defining philosophies of different emergency management systems that exist throughout the world as a factor of the emergency management goals and approach.

-   The four phases of emergency management

-   Variations of the four phase system throughout the world

-   Response and recovery based management vs. prevention and risk
    reduction based management

**Session 14: Mitigation** **(1 hour)**

Definition and presentation of hazard mitigation; presentation of the
three major mitigation goals; discussion about the various obstacles to
mitigation, and how they differ throughout the world; explanation of how
emergency management capacity is a risk mitigation measure.

-   Mitigation defined

-   The goals of mitigation

-   Mitigation obstacles

-   Emergency response capacity as a risk mitigation measure

# Session 15: Structural Mitigation (1 hour)

# Presentation of the concepts behind and methods of conducting structural mitigation.

-   Resistant Construction

-   Building Codes and Regulatory Measures

-   Structural Modification

-   Construction of Community Shelters

-   Barrier, Deflection, and Retention Systems

-   Detection Systems

-   Physical Modification

-   Treatment Systems

-   Redundancy in Life Safety Infrastructure

-   Case Study (The Netherlands)

# Session 16: Nonstructural mitigation (1 hour) 

# Presentation of the concepts behind and methods of conducting nonstructural mitigation.

-   Regulatory measures

-   Community awareness and education programs

-   Nonstructural physical modifications

-   Environmental control

-   Behavioral modification

-   Case Study (Japan Tsunami Risk)

**Session 17: Risk transfer, sharing, and spreading (1 hour)**

Discussion about insurance as a risk mitigation method, and the
emergence of hazard-specific insurance policies throughout the world;
presentation of the various forms of risk transfer, sharing, and
spreading

-   Insurance

-   Hazard-specific insurance

-   Risk sharing pools

-   Case Study

**Session 18: Assessing and selecting mitigation options (1 hour)**

Discussion about how risk mitigation options are selected, and the
factors that influence those decisions; discussion about mitigation as a
component of development and relief, in terms of fostering overall
vulnerability reduction both before and after disaster events have
occurred.

-   The impact of risk mitigation options on community risk reduction

-   Probability that each action will be implemented

-   The cost/benefit of mitigation options

-   Standardized assessment methodologies

-   Incorporating mitigation into development and relief projects

**Session 19: Preparedness** **(1 hour)**

Definition and presentation of disaster preparedness; discussion about
the goals of disaster preparedness as they differ throughout the world
(and why those differences exist).

-   Preparedness defined

-   Preparedness goals

**Session 20: Preparedness Actions of Governments (1 hour)**

Discussion of the planning function of government; explanation of the
various components of a governmental planning effort; identification and
explanation of the various components of an emergency operations plan;
discussion about the exercise, training, equipment, and statutory
authority needs of a nation's or community's government.

-   Planning

-   The Emergency Operations Plan

-   Exercise

-   Training

-   Equipment

-   Statutory Authority

**Session 21: Preparedness Actions of the Public** **(1 hour)**

Discussion of the various categories of action that the public,
including individuals, families, communities, businesses, and other
groups can take to increase their preparedness to the consequences of
disasters.

-   Planning

-   Skills

-   Equipment and supplies

-   Community preparedness

**Session 22: Public Education** **(1 hour)**

Discussion about the process by which the general public is informed
about the existence of hazards, and educated about what they can do to
reduce their vulnerability; explanation of the components of a public
education campaign; presentation of public education lessons learned and
successes from the international experience.

-   Public education goals

-   The public education campaign

-   Analyzing the audience

-   Channels and messages

-   The Media as a public educator

-   Public education obstacles

-   The international experience

-   Case Study

**Session 23: Response** **(1 hour)**

Definition and presentation of emergency response; explanation of and
discussion about the three different phases of disaster response.

-   Response defined

-   The pre-hazard phase of response

-   The emergency phase of response, when hazard effects are ongoing

-   The emergency phase of response, when hazard effects have ceased

**Session 24: Disaster Response Functions** **(1 hour)**

Presentation of and discussion about the various disaster response
functions.

-   Search and Rescue

-   First Aid Medical Treatment

-   Evacuation

-   Disaster Assessments

-   Treating the Hazard

-   Provision of Water, Food, and Shelter

-   Health

-   Sanitation

-   Safety and Security

-   Critical Infrastructure Resumption

-   Emergency Social Services

-   Donations Management

**Session 25: Command, Control, and Coordination** **(1 hour)**

Discussion about the need for governments and organizations to
coordinate the response to an emergency or disaster event; presentation
of and discussion about various methods by which coordination is
conducted.

-   Emergency coordination systems

-   The Incident Command System

-   Disaster declaration

-   International coordination systems

**Session 26: Recovery** **(1 hour)**

Definition and presentation of disaster recovery; explanation of and
discussion about the two phases of recovery; discussion about how
disasters effect societies, and what must be done to ensure that
recovery actions are effective and equitable.

-   Recovery defined

-   Short term recovery

-   Long term recovery

-   The effects of disasters on society

-   Resisting the urge to return to normal

-   Recovery as an opportunity in disguise

-   Equity in recovery

**Session 27: Recovery Actions (1 hour)**

Discussion about recovery planning and coordination; explanation of the
informational needs of recovery organizations.

-   Pre-disaster recovery planning

-   Post-disaster recovery planning

-   Coordination

-   Information

**Session 28: Recovery Funding** **(1 hour)**

Discussion about the different sources of funding behind recovery
actions that are available to governments and other recovery
organizations.

-   Insurance

-   Reserve Funds

-   Donations

-   Loans

-   Catastrophe bonds and weather derivatives

-   Private development funding

-   Incentives

-   Tax increases

-   Allocation of relief funds

**Session 29: Types of Recovery (1 hour)**

Presentation of several different categories of recovery assistance.

-   Public assistance

-   The housing sector

-   Economic recovery

-   Individual, family, and social recovery

**Session 30: Midterm Exam (2 hours)**

**Session 31: Governmental Emergency Management Agencies (1 hour)**

Introduction to the various types of governmental agencies involved in
national emergency management systems; presentation and explanation of
the various components of a nation's emergency management structure as
they exist in different countries of the world.

-   Government emergency management structures

-   Fire Departments

-   Law Enforcement

-   Emergency Management and Civil Protection

-   Emergency Medical Services

-   Public Health

-   The Military

-   Other Resources

**Session 32: Governmental Emergency Management Organizational
Structures** **(1 hour)**

Presentation and explanation of the various forms of government into
which emergency management structures may be created; explanation of the
different organizational authorities that define various countries'
emergency management systems.

-   Structures explained

-   Locally based structures

-   Regionally based structures

-   Nationally based structures

-   No capacity or no recognized government exists

**Session 33: Bilateral Disaster Management Assistance** **(1 hour)**

Presentation of and discussion about how governments assist each other
prior to and in the aftermath of disaster events; explanation of the
three primary categories of assistance that are provided from one
government to another.

-   How governments provide bilateral assistance

-   Monetary assistance

-   Equipment and supplies

-   Expertise

**Session 34: Government Agencies Involved in Bilateral Assistance**
**(1 hour)**

Discussion about the various national government agencies and entities
that participate in disaster response on the global level.

-   Overseas diplomatic missions

-   International development agencies

-   National disaster management agencies

-   Other government agencies

-   Military resources

**Session 35: Nongovernmental Organizations (1 hour)**

Explanation of the various forms of nongovernmental agencies; discussion
of the roles that nongovernmental organizations, the private sector, and
academia play in the management of emergencies throughout the world.

-   Types of nongovernmental organizations involved in emergency
    management

-   The emergency management role of nongovernmental organizations

-   The private sector

-   Academia

**Session 36: Nongovernmental Emergency Management Operations** **(1
hour)**

Discussion about the expanding emergency management role that has been
assumed by nongovernmental organizations, and the methods by which those
organizations coordinate their efforts; explanation of and discussion
about the ongoing trouble area of civil / military cooperation in
disaster response; presentation of the voluntary codes of conduct that
have been developed and signed by coalitions of nongovernmental
organizations.

-   Funding

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-   Coordination

-   NGO / Military Cooperation

-   Standards of conduct

-   Case Study (The International Federation of Red Cross / Red Crescent
    Societies)

**Session 37: Multilateral Organizations** **(1 hour)**

Definition of and discussion about the various regional and global
multilateral organizations; explanation of the general role these
organizations play in emergency management throughout regions and the
world.

-   Multilateral organizations explained

-   Regional international organizations

-   The emergency management role of multilateral organizations

**Session 38: The United Nations** **(1 hour)**

Discussion about the important and expanding emergency management role
that the United Nations has assumed; explanation of the structure and
organization of the United Nations system, its agencies, and its
programs; definition of and discussion about the Consolidated Appeals
Process by which international disaster operations are funded.

-   The United Nations system

-   United Nations agencies and programs

-   The United Nations role in emergency management

-   The Consolidated Appeals Process

**Session 39: The International Financial Institutions** **(1 hour)**

Discussion about the emergency management role that the international
financial institutions have taken, and the benefits and problems
associated with their participation; presentation of several
international financial institutions, and the mechanisms by which they
participate in emergency management efforts throughout the world.

-   The emergency management role of IFIs

-   The World Bank

-   The International Monetary Fund

-   The Asian Development Bank

-   The Inter-American Development Bank

**Session 40: International Best Practices and Case Studies (3 hours)**

-   Case 1: Australia / New Zealand

-   Case 2: Canada

-   Case 3: Great Britain

-   Case 4: Denmark

-   Case 5: Japan

-   Case 6: Thailand

-   Case 7: India

**Session 41: Course Wrap-Up -- Review of course materials and topics (3
hours)**

**Session 42: Final Exam (2 hours)**

**[Section 2: Sources To Be Considered for Course
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